I STORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR BEGINNER' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Cliai)£('J?^Copyright No.. 8helfTi$ and h^id by them for nany years^. The Ei^li^]i took no spoeial intepeist in the y. V Worid for many years after the Toyaire^s of Cumbx^ and the Cabots. Bat when they did b^esin to s>ei3d ^hips ^i^ settiei^ and adven- tiTpeis they elaimed Xonh Ameiiea, beeac^e of the diseoveiies made by Jc^ CaJxit. TTe know oar ei>imtiy consisted at one time ci thirteen edkimies which l^elonged to Great Rritain. Let os see what tiiese thirteen col- cnies wei>e, and let ik try to leam why Englidi- ^peakii^ pecfile eaume to Ameiiea to establish eojcnie^. We earn imd^stand this better if w« know a littie abc«iit Gi^eat Britain and the pec^iie liTiii^ :lfrf. If y " "^ yon win se^ ^^"'^ Oeean : 5^=™™**^ we^ e . - -_-fr > ^ isfes. very si^ :ii^"\ for a gr - - - I -_ -r—'-^ f-^ r Virginia 63 other nation on the globe. En^:i-r. sLips are to "rie>^. V>e found in everv port. Thev take rallies mann- ^- ^^^^ factured in England to exchange for wheat, com, rice and other foodstuffs needed to fee»l the English x>eopIe, and woo!, cotton and other materials with which to mannfactnre their clothing, wood for their houses, and ores and minerals of the earth for their great factories. England Is so small in area, and the number of peofjle living there is so great, that they must depend on other countries for the greater i»art of these things. England has always been anxious to own more land, where her p»eople might go to make themselres homes. Those who go out to such new homes can, it is thought, produce what the home -folks nee«i and exchange wares with their fellow English- men on the little islands. "When Englishmen first began to come to this FngT f: ^ country to settle, the ruler of Great Britain was Queen Elizabeth (155.S-16<33). She was a good and wise queen, whom most of the English people loved. Many of the rulers of Cireat Britam had been cruel, unwise and selfish kings, who did not work for the good of their subjects, but tried to have everything for their own luxury and ease. Because of such rulers it happened that the English people were often compelled to do what was very wrong, and what they would not have done had they been allowed to do as thev wished. 64 The United States Two impor- tant reasons for colonizing. In this are found two of the most important reasons why English- speaking people estab- lished colonies on the shores of America. They were bold and adventurous sailors, who delighted in exploring new and unknown countries whose soil they could cultivate, whose forests they could cut down, whose iron and precious metals they could mine. The pro- ducts of their labor they would send to Eng- land, thus benefiting themselves and their country at the same time. Loving freedom and hating the unjust rule of cruel kings, they were eager to build homes for themselves in some new land, where they could live according to their own desires, and yet be Englishmen. SIR WALTER RALEIGH Raleigh, Among the foremost men during the reign of Queen Elizabeth was Sir Walter Ealeigh, a brave and fearless soldier and a polished and refined gentleman. Anxious to serve his queen, and eager to make his country great and pow- erful, he thought that an English-speaking na- tion, a second England, should be established on the shores of America, a country then but little known. And his In 1584 he sent an expedition to the coast of expedition. ^^iSit is uow North Carolina. Although this expedition resulted in great suffering and loss of life, Ralei^fi^h was not discouraged. He sent Sir Walter Raleigh 65 several other expeditions to America, spending a great deal of money on them. But these also were unsuccessful, so his attempt to plant an English-speaking nation in the New World was a failure. His efforts, however, had been watched with interest by the people of Eng- land, and the idea of establishing an English settlement in America be- came widespread. When, therefore, we speak of the men who started the foundations of the English colo- nies in America we should men- tion Raleigh first. After one man has tried to do some brave and unheard of thing, though he may have failed, it is not hard for other men, profiting by his experience, to suc- ceed, '^^e early In the early days when Englishmen first ^^^^^^l^ thought of making their homes in this country, know how all the territory between Cape Fear and the f'^^|^'^^^ Potomac River from the Atlantic Ocean as far was. Sir Walter Raleigh. 66 The United States west as the land reached was called Virginia , in honor of the virgin queen, Elizabeth. No one then realized the great breadth of our continent. When they found that our America was not the continent of Asia, they believed that this land was simply a great number of islands lying in the ocean between Europe and the eastern shore of Asia. Even when people began to realize that America was a separate continent, they still thought that it was very narrow, and that they would be able to find a passage through which they could sail their ships and reach Asia. When the ships of the Europeans first sailed into such rivers as the James, the Potomac, the Delaware, the Hudson or the St. Lawrence the sailors said, "Now we have found the passage for which we have been looking." But when they sailed their ships farther up these rivers, they learned that their passage was barred either by falls or by the shallowness of the water. The first Virginians. Settlement of Jamestown. JAMESTOWN About twenty years after Sir Walter Raleigh's unsuccessful attempt to establish a settlement in this country, on May 13, 1G07, three ship -loads of tired and worn Englishmen were standing on the soil of Virginia. Their stout little ships were riding at anchor on the James Eiver, which flows into Chesapeake Bay and joins there the waters of the Potomac and other rivers. Jamestown 67 In a wild and unbroken land, hemmed in on all sides with dense forests where every tree might be a lurking place for a wild and treacherous Indian, these men began the work which resulted in opening the western conti- nent to the distant England. Thousands of miles of stormy waters lay between them and their homes. They were ill -prepared for their great work ; Disappoint- they had come expecting to find the river beds "^^^^^ ^^ *''^ shining with gold, and the hills and valleys glittering with precious stones. In this way the people in England thought of this distant and unknown Virginia. Instead, they found a rough, rugged country, beautiful, it is true, but covered with forests. The jewels and gold were not to be seen. Disappointed at not finding gold, and having been accustomed at home to an idle life, the greater part of this little band became dis- couraged and anxious to return to England. Their leaders, however, were brave men. They began to cut down the trees and build rude huts to protect themselves from the rain and cold, and they influenced the men by their example to do the same. These men were the first Virginians, and the little cluster of huts which they built on the James River and called James- town, in honor of their king, James I (1603- 1625), was the first permanent settlement of English-speaking people in the New World. 68 The United States They cleared little patches of ground, spaded it and planted a few seeds. But the discontent rife among them was hard to overcome. JOHN SMITH John Smith jjg^(^ i^ j^Q^ been for one man in that little band. band of Englishmen, a man who was not afraid of work and who was accustomed to command men and have them obey liim, this attempt would probably, like that of Raleigh, have been a failure. But Captain John Smith was a brave, daring soldier, and not the man to be beaten. He forced the men to build cabins. He told them that if they did not plant seeds there would be no food for them the coming winter. He sailed up the James Eiver and tramped through the forests. He showed the Indians a mariner's compass, and told them about the stars and the sun and the moon, and he showed them how he could fire his gun and hit some object at a distance with the little leaden bullet. The poor Indians were afraid of him, for they thought he was a wizard come perhaps to destroy them, so they gave him food for his little band. Captain John Smith learned from the Indians how to plant and raise the native maize, or Indian corn, as the white men called it. On one occasion, when Captain Smith knew there was to be an eclipse of the moon, he told the John Smith 69 Indians that if they did not give him food the moon would become darkened at a certain time. The Indians did not believe him, for they could not see how any man could tell when the moon would become darkened. But when at night the shadow becfan to cover the bright moon Captain John Smith. they were frightened, and quickly sent food to the hungry settlers at Jamestown. In these ways Captain John Smith prevented starvation in the little colony. More adventurers came from England. They stm other were, however, little better than the first in colonists. 70 The United States their williDgness to do hard work. The men suffered for want of food. Their huts were not proper! 5^ built, and they were often cold and wet, while the Indians were at all times danger- ous neighbors. But Captain Smith and the other leaders were resolute in their determina- tion to establish a second England in Virginia. They were successful, for, after a few years of hard work and great suffering and danger, ships began to come from England with men better able to contend with the difficulties of pioneer life, and thus the settlement at James- town was saved. Captain Duriug thcsc first years of trial and hardship eX^redthe Captaiu Smith made many voyages on the coast. rivers of the new land and on the ocean, both up and down the coast. He sailed up the James River to the falls above the spot where now the city of Richmond is built. He saw the little falls of the Potomac, where Washington fisher- men now go to catch black bass. He built his camp fires where the city of Baltimore now stands. He sailed out into the ocean and up the coast to the Delaware River. He followed the New England coast, naming capes and bays. It is said that in three months this bold captain traveled nearly three thousand miles. When, in 1609, Captain Smith returned to England, after two years of hard work, the little settle- ment at Jamestown was beginning to be strong, and the settlers were beginning to feel more A New Plan 71 secure in their new homes. The Captain wrote a history of Virginia, and made a map of the country through which he traveled while on his exploring expeditions. The country north of Long Island had been called North Virginia, but on his map Smith called it New England. A NEW PLAN New leaders, no braver than Smith, but wiser organiza- perhaps, were sent to Virginia. Idle men who tio^^ofthe T -I 1 . 1 T 1 1 -, . colony. did no work were told they would receive no food, and the vicious and unruly were pun- ished. The colony thus became a place of order and honest work. In the beginning, whatever food was raised by the hard workers of the little band, or obtained by the leaders from the Indians, was divided among all, so that a man received food whether he did any work or not. This bad plan was now changed. The new leaders said, "He who does no work shall receive no food." So each man found it to his advantage to do his share of the work. Better houses were built, larger clearings in the forests were made, the Indian corn was cultivated, and the discontented soon found that in their w^ork their discontent vanished. ENGLISH WOMEN During the first few years of English settle- ment ill America there were no white women in 72 The United States Virginia. Jamestown was a town of men who had to cook their own meals and attend to their own little cabins. When at night, tired after a hard day's work, they returned to their firesides, no smiling, gentle faces were there to Women wclcome and cheer them. In 1619 a ship load colonists. ^^ women came from England to give their aid to their stronger brothers. The women of Eng- land began to do their share in the bnildhig of another England, in America. The men became more contented and happy. They now took pride in making their cabins more com- fortable and homelike, and in clearing the land surrounding their homes for the cultivation of beans, maize and other foods. The coming of the women and the establishment of pleasant home life caused the men to look upon Vir- ginia, and not the distant England, as their permanent home. All did what they could to make their settlement in the New World as attractive and pleasant for themselves and their families as possible. TOBACCO The English Whcu Sir Walter Ealeigh (1584) sent his to^baccr expeditions to North Carolina the Indians were found chewing and smoking the leaves of a plant. The Englishmen called the plant tobac- co, from the word "tabaco" by which some of the Indians designated the pipe in which the Tobacco 73 broken leaves were smoked. Some of this to- bacco was taken back to England, where the people began to take pleasure in astonishing their friends by smoking it and puffing the smoke from their mouths. The demand for it soon became very great, for almost every one wished to try this new, strange weed. So, too, the settlers at Jamestown saw the Indians using tobacco, which they cultivated in considerable quantities. The English soon discovered that the soil of Virginia was well suited for tobacco raising, and, as the people at home were anxious to get tobacco, the set- tlers began to turn their attention to supplying the demand. As other people came over from England Rise of trade from time to time, the colony gradually grew eoioTiIsInd larger. The ships which brought settlers were the mother sent back loaded with tobacco, for the settlers ^"^^^^^y- soon found that they could trade tobacco in England for such things as they needed in Virginia. Ships loaded with food, clothing, furniture, and indeed with anything which the settlers wanted, were sent from England, and the cargoes were given to the settlers in exchange for the much prized tobacco. Well- to-do, hard working farmers in England saw that they could become rich by going to Vir- ginia and raising tobacco. If one settler had something which his neigh- Tobacco as bor wanted, he sold it to him for so many ^^"^^^^ 74 The United States pounds of tobacco. In those early days to- bacco was used as money in the colony. Its growth on planta- tions. PLANTATIONS The demand for tobacco became so great in England that the settlers in Virginia devoted most of their energies to raising it. The low- lands near the rivers were soon turned into great tobacco farms. These farms were called plantations, and the farmers were called plan- ters. As the country near Jamestown became covered with plantations, the new settlers who came from time to time settled in other parts of Virginia. They sailed further up the James and ventured on other rivers. Up the creeks, and on little bays or at convenient bends of streams, little towns were built where ships from England could unload their cargoes and be filled with tobacco for the consumers in England. BOKOUGHS Boroughs. Usually each of these little towns consisted of only a few cabins, a church and a store or two perhaps, where the planters could get food and clothing in exchange for the tobacco raised on the surrounding plantations. Each little settle- ment with the plantations near it was called a borough. In a short time there were eleven such boroughs in the new colony of Virginia. Bond -Servants 75 BOND -SERVANTS Since there is a ^reat deal of work connected ^°"*^- • 11 • • T 1 in servants. With tobacco raising, and because nearly all the settlers wanted to clear land and start plantations, they needed many men to help them. So the English began to send ships over to Virginia with prisoners from the English jails, or poor, idle workmen found in the large cities of Great Britain. The English rented these men to the planters for a term of years for a certain sum of money or a certain quantity of tobacco. They worked for the planters on the plantations, receiving in return what food and clothing they needed. They received no pay. They were for the time being slaves. Such laborers are called bond -servants. Often innocent working men, going from their work or walking with their families, were forced on board a ship in England and taken to Virginia to be rented to the planters as bond -servants. When a bond- servant had worked the term of They years for which he had been rented, he became fre^"^^ free. He could clear the land for a planta.tion of his own, where he could raise tobacco, and perhaps, in his turn, rent bond- servants to help him in his work. In this way many of the idle and bad men of England learned to lead better lives. And the innocent men who had been taken to Virginia against their will were able to send for their families at home and estab- 76 The United States lisli themselves in pleasant homes in this new country. Large numbers of these bond- servants were brought to Virginia in the course of a few years. SLAVES The arrival of negroes, And their enslave- ment. One day, in 1619, a ship sailed into Chesa- peake Bay on which were a number of black people from Africa, in chains. The white men called these Africans "negroes," from the Latin word " niger," meaning black. These negroes had been captured in Africa and had been brought to Virginia to be sold to the planters as slaves. Unlike the bond- servants, they did not become free after a cer- tain number of years. They were slaves as long as they lived, and their children, too, were slaves, and were made to work on the plantations as soon as their little muscles were strong enough. These Africans were savages and very igno- rant. But they were very strong, and able to do a great deal of work. As Africa is a hot country, those Africans who were brought to this country as slaves did not suffer on account of the long Virginia summers, because they were used to the hot sun. Few people thought it was wrong to capture these negroes and sell them as slaves, so the slave trade became a very prosperous business, both for Indians 77 the men who brought the negroes to America and for the planters who bought them for work on their great plantations. This was the real beginning of the slave trade in this country, although nearly one hundred years before, on about that same spot, an attempt was made by the Spanish to establish a settlement with slaves. Large numbers of slaves were now brought to this country, more plantations were cleared and planted with tobacco, new settle- ments were made, so Virginia fast became a very prosperous colony of Great Britain. INDIANS When the Englishmen first came to Virginia The Indians the forests were inhabited by Indians, who ofvu-gmia. were wild and veiy cruel. While Captain John Smith remained they were not very troublesome, because they feared this man. But the Indians saw that their land was being taken from them, and they saw their forests, where they had roamed at will, being cut down. On the rivers where they had fished, and where they had glided up and down in their little canoes, they now saw great ships with big white sails. The Englishmen at first treated the Indians well, but as they could easily be cheated the white men were inclined to impose on them. The Indians then began to annoy the white 78 The United States Their hostility toward the settlers. men and do what they could to drive them out of the country. They murdered the planters, burned their homes, killed their cattle, and destroyed their plantations. Sometimes the settlers united and made war against them, and drove them far into the forests. Then perhaps the white men would be left unmolested for years to work their plantations. But when new plantations were made, distant from the little towns, the Indians again became so trouble- some that the lives of the settlers were never secure. Sometimes an entire town would be destroyed by these wild men ; the inhabitants would be killed, and all the houses burned. The best men in the colony tried to prevent these attacks by buying the land from the Indians. But the Indians were treacherous, and often when they appeared to be most friendly they were plot- ting for the de- struction of the white men. Un- til after the war of the Revolution the Indians and white men were fighting one another from time to time. The settlers had to be constantly on their guard, especially when they were not near a town or in a thickly settled borough. As the settlements of the white men became larger and stronger, Indian Earthenware. From a mound in Arkansas. House of Burgesses 79 the Indians were gradually driven further back into the forests and mountains. Then the Virginians living in towns near the rivers and the shores of Chesapeake Bay were not much troubled by them. HOUSE OF BURGESSES At first affairs in the Virginia colony were managed by a company of rich men in Eng- land. When, however, the colony became stronger and more prosperous, the King of England, James I, began to meddle with the government of Virginia. The settlers had been accustomed when in England to have some voice in the government, so they thought they ought to have similar privileges in Virginia. They thought they should not be called on to contribute money for the support of the colony unless they also had the right to say how that money should be spent. So loud were they in demanding this right that the company in England allowed them to have a legislature. Each one of the boroughs about which you have been told was to send two of its repre- sentative men to this legislature, where, when assembled, they formed the House of Burgesses or the House of Representatives. The first The first House of Burgesses met at Jamestown on Burgesses. July 30, 1619. We should aMays remember this date, for in that first meeting the spirit 80 The United States spirit of freedom of the Ameri- can colonies First expres- ^f freecloiii of tliG Americaii colonies found ex- sion of the . f^, . . . . ^^. . . pression. This spnit grew m Vn-gmia and other colonies until it resulted in the establishment of the United States as a separate government. James I, who died in 1625, was succeeded by his son Charles, who became King of England as Charles I (1625-1649). King Charles had so many serious matters at home to take his attention that for a few years he did not give much thought to the settlement of Englishmen in America. The king, however, finally became interested in the Virginia settlement, and wished to derive some benefit from it, so he dissolved the Virginia Company in England, whose mem- Royai gov- ])e,Ys wcrc quarreling among themselves, and vi'r-inil*! sent, in 1629, the first royal governor to Vir- The House of Burgesses could make many laws, but if the king and his governor did not think these laws were what they should be, the colony could not be governed by them. The governors were changed from time to time. Some of the governors were good, wise men, who were in sympathy with the colonists, and let them govern themselves much as they pleased. Others were cruel, imjust men, who would not give the colonists their rights. This was sure to cause trouble. The colo- nists insisted that they should have the power to determine hhw much money was to be col- lected by them and how it was to be spent House of Burgesses 81 for the good of the colony. They insisted that they were to make laws by which they were to be governed, while the governor insisted that the colonists should do as he might direct. From 1649 to 1660 there was no king in The com- „ -, „, IT, monwealth Hingland. The country was ruled to a great in England. extent by the people, with Oliver Cromwell, and later his son, at the head of the government as protector. This period was called the period of the Commonwealth. In 1660, however, Charles, son of Charles I, was placed on the throne as King Charles II (1660- 1685). In 1676, when William Berkeley was the governor of Virginia, the colonists were so badly treated that they took up arms against *)?"! him and drove him out of James- town. But receiving aid from England, he marched against the little band of colonists. When the colonists, wiiiiam who were led by a man named Bacon, saw ^*^^*^^^^>' they could not hold Jamestown, they burned the town to prevent the governor from getting possession of it. Bacon at one time nearly succeeded in driv- Bacon's ing the governor and his followers out of Virginia. Had he succeeded in this, his plan was to establish Virginia as a little nation free A Virginia Cavalier. Rebellion. 82 The United States We should honor Bacon. Troubles not settled till the Revolution. from England. But the king sent over more soldiers to support his governor, and Bacon died of fever soon afterward, so, as there was no one who seemed to have the courage and ability to carry on the rebellion, the royal governor was in the end victorious. After this he was more cruel and unjust than ever. Finally, in 1677, the complaints be- came so strong against him that he was re- called to England and another man sent in his place. Bacon was called a traitor, and his attempt to help the colonists was called a rebellion. But we, in this day, should honor him for trying to make the rule of the governors less cruel and the lives of the settlers freer and happier. This trouble between Bacon and Governor Berkeley happened just one hundred years before the Declaration of Independence was issued by the thirteen colonies. Jamestown was never rebuilt. The capital was in time moved to Williamsburg, where it remained until it was established in Richmond, now the capital of the state of Virginia. We can see today some of the ruins of Jamestown, the first English settlement in America. Although other governors sent to Virginia were better men than Berkeley, yet the trouble between the colonists and the king's governors continued until the Revolution, Massachusetts 83 3. MASSACHUSETTS Let us see how the other colonies were born and grew strong enough to declare themselves free, and, with Virginia, finally establish them- selves as the United States. One of the rights which every one in this Religious country enjoys is that of worshiping God as he tL thinks best. A man may go to church where united he pleases, and need not pay money toward the support of any church, against his will. When, in 1585, Englishmen began to think of establishing colonies in America there was but one recognized religion in England. All the people were forced to worship according to the forms of this religion. Every one was called on to go to church and to help support Formerly in the church. People who did not do so were Engi^^/the ^ form of very severely punished. The ruler of Great religion was Britain was the head of the church as well as established by law. of the government of the country. The rules of the church were very strict, and there were a great many ceremonies connected with the service. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth the number of people who thought there were too many ceremonies connected with the service began to grow very large. PURITANS These people thought the service should be made more simple, and sought to lessen the 84 The United States The rise of number of ceremonies. They called this ^'puri- Puritans. f ying " the cliurcli, and for this reason they came to be known as Pmitans. Some of the Puritans even dared to say that the queen was not the head of the church, but this was consid- ered treason, and was punished as such. They determined to leave the old church, that they might worship God as they pleased. It was thought very wrong for anyone to want to leave the old established church. Those who did so had to meet in secret places to hold their church services. They were often driven from their meeting places and some of them were thrown into jail, and sometimes their leaders were exiled from England. This quarrel between the extreme Puritans and the old Church of England continued many years. The Church of England was not willing that the Puritans should worship as they pleased. The Puritans would not give up their right to do so. At last, in 1608, when Captain John Smith and his fellow Englishmen were struggling to establish a settlement in Virginia, a little band ThePuri- of Puritaus, men, women and children, left tans left their homes in England and went to Holland, England for ^ i^ i i i n Holland. where they could worship Grod as they pleased. Holland was a very different country from Eng- land. The people were strange and spoke a strange language, but they were kind to the Eng- lishmen, and tried to make them feel at home. The Puritans 85 When the Puritans reached Holland nearly Their all of them were very poor, for it was not an ^^^^^'^^g^- easy matter for so many people to leave Eng- land at one time and get a proper value for their homes, farm implements and cattle. It was hard for them to make a living in a The Mayflower. strange land, so they often suffered for want of food. Notwithstanding this they were happy, because they could worship God as they thought best. Within a few years there were more than a thousand of these brave English Puritans living in Holland. But they were Englishmen, 86 The United States and loved their country and its customs. They were afraid that should they continue to live in Holland they would become less like Englishmen and more like the people of Hol- land. They knew that their children, growing up in a place where a language different from their own was spoken, would be likely to for- get the English language. They would come to look on Holland and not England as their home. Eeports came to them of the suc- cessful establishment of a colony in Virginia. " Why can we not go to this new land and build up a little England for ourselves, where we can worship God as we please and yet be Englishmen I " they said ; but that land was so far off, and the dangers of the trip were so many, that they dreaded to make the attempt. PILGRIMS They At last it was decided that a little company became ^^ them should make the venture and become Pilgrims, Pilgrims, wanderers seeking a home where they could worship God as they thought best. In November, 1620, one hundred and two of these brave Pilgrims were anchored in their little ship "Mayflower" near Cape Cod, off the New England coast The Pilgrims had left Holland in a ship called the " Speedwell," and had been joined by the "Mayflower" off the coast of England. Plymouth 87 The " Speedwell " proving unseaworthy, the Pilgrims on board were transferred to the "Mayflower," which made the long and danger- ous voyage alone. Before landing on this new and unknown land the Pilgrims held a service on their little ship, giving thanks to God that they had made the long voyage of sixty-three days in safety. They then decided how they should govern themselves in their new home, and wrote down the laws they decided on. These laws were their constitution, and these they promised to obey. This was the first body of laws made by the people themselves, by which any people living in America were governed. The Pilgrims elected John Carver to be their first o-overnor. PLYMOUTH Exploring the coast for a suitable place to land and begin the building of their homes, they decided on a place which Captain John Smith had called Plymouth on his map. Strange it is that many of these Pilgrims had ^^^ lived in a town called Plymouth, in England, Plymouth, before they went to Holland ; so they did not change the name. On the 22d of December, 1620, the little band landed on the New Eng- land shore. The ground was covered wdth snow, and the air was cold and biting. But their hearts were glad that they were at last 88 The United States Their bravery. Their first summer in Plymouth. on soil where they would not be put in jail or be otherwise persecuted for thinking as they liked. Here they could have their own religion, and still be Englishmen and live as English- men lived at home in Old England. How brave were these hundred Pilgrims ! They had left friends, country and home because they would not do what they thought was wrong, and had come to live in a wild, unknown land, surrounded by all the dangers of cold, hunger, and the wild Indians. The long, cold months before the snow had left the hills and before the early spring flowers gladdened their eyes were hard ones. More than half the Pilgrims were lying in their graves when nature began to rouse herself from her long sleep. But when the Mayflower returned to England, there was not a single Pilgrim who was not brave enough to stay with his fellow- workers in Plymouth. Among the dead was Governor Carver. The little colony elected in his place William Brad- ford. The Pilgrims, who treated the Indians kindly and fairly, learned from them how to raise Indian corn. During the first summer they strengthened their homes and made them warmer and more comfortable. They were also able to raise considerable corn, wheat and other articles of food for the long, cold winter that was to follow. In the center of their Massachusetts Bay 89 little cluster of huts was built their church. Although their lives were hard and full of Tiie found- suffering, yet they loved their little Plymouth, sXm. and were happy. During the years that the Pilgrims had been exiled in Holland, and while they were build- ing their New England homes and making Plymouth a safe and happy place, the Puritans were becoming very strong in Old England. A little band of them, led by John Endicott, came to New England in 1628 and settled at a place which they called Salem, a word mean- ing " peace." MASSACHUSETTS BAY In this same year, 1628, a great company The of wealthy and prosperous Puritans was formed MasTa^chu-'' in England for the purpose of sending settlers setts Bay. to the New England coast, across the ocean. The king, Charles I (1625-1649), the next king after James I, gave to this company, which was called the Company of Massa- chusetts Bay, the right to govern themselves as they wished. They were, however, not to make any laws which opposed the laws of England. The Massachusetts Company bought all the land extending across the continent between the Charles and Merrimac rivers. A company called the Plymouth Company, which as early as 1608 had, without success, attempted to plant colonies in America, sold it to them. 90 The United States JNIany new settlers. Two years after the Massachusetts Bay Company obtained its charter from the King of England, eleven ships, carrying nearly a thousand settlers, left different parts of Eng- land for the shores of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor of these settlers was John Winthrop, a wise, good and brave man, who knew how to treat the Indians so that they would be friendly, and who knew, also, how to govern the colonists and make them contented and happy. Soon several little towns were built on Massachusetts Bay. BOSTON The founding of Boston. Soon after Governor Winthrop arrived in New England he made his home on a little peninsula stretching out into the waters of Massachusetts Bay. The little town built there was afterwards called Boston, after a town in Old England where some of the settlers had lived before coming to America. Boston be- came the capital of the little colony, and has ever since then been the most important city in Massachusetts. TOWNS When a ship came to the New England shores it usually had on board families belong- ing to the same parish in Old England, who The Church 91 had dec-ided to move in a body to the new The growth world, bringing with them their minister, images. When they landed they built their little village with its church in the center, and there their minister continued to preach to them and pray with them as he had done in England. In this way the country around Massachusetts Bay became dotted here and there with little settlements, each with its own church and its own minister. The settlers cleared the land near each settlement for farming purposes. Each little settlement, with its surrounding what farms, was called a town. The settlers in each J^'JJ^ town met at the church not only on Sundays, but at other times, to elect a new minister, or to admit new members into the congregation. And it was at the church, too, that they met to decide how much money they should collect from all the settlers of the town to pay for a new road, a bridge over the creek, or a school -house. THE CHUKCH When the Puritans were in England they ThePuri- had belonged to the Church of England, and ^^l'''^'''' had been compelled against their will to do as religious the church wished. When they had been in f^-^edom. America a short time they left the Church of England entirely, as the Pilgrims had done before they fled to Holland. After the Puritans had left the Church of 92 The United States But sent from themselves in faith. England they would not let any one of their number follow that form of worship. If by chance some settler preferred the forms of away those ^^ Qhurch of Ensfland, and desired to wor- tlinerinff ° ' ship as he had been accustomed to do in England, he was not allowed to stay in the colony, but was sent back across the ocean. The Puritans had suffered so much to have their own church that they were afraid to let the old form of worship obtain any footing in their little colony. Perhaps they were too strict when they sent the settlers back to Eng- land for not believing as they did. They should have remembered what they had been made to suffer while seeking the right to worship God as they pleased, and they should have allowed everyone to do as he liked so far as the question of religion was concerned, whether agreeing with him or not. FAKMS The Massachusetts colonists could not raise tobacco, as the Virginians did, because the soil was not suitable and the winters were too long and too cold. For this reason there were no TheMassa- great plantations in New England. The land chusetts ^yas divided into little farms, where the settlers products! ^ raised wheat and barley, and peas and other vegetables. They found it was so easy to culti- vate the Indian corn that they devoted much of Farms 93 their energies to planting and raising that grain. As the colony grew larger and stronger the settlers were able to raise more corn and other grain than they needed. Ships which brought new settlers were sent back to England loaded with the products of the fields, which were to be exchanged for such things as they needed and had to get from England. These ships also The traffic carried lumber, and the furs of wild animals ^ ^.^^ ' Puritans from the forests, and great quantities of fish with the from the waters near the settlements. All oid country, these were sent to England in exchange for other kinds of food, for furniture and for books. Cows and horses and pigs were brought from England, and the colonists began to live much as they had lived in the old coun- try. Now, however, they were governing them- selves and they had their own religion. You can see why in New England nearly Their plain every one of the settlers was a farmer or a j^^^^ '^^^ fisherman, or a little storekeeper, and why each man did his own work, with the help, perhaps, of his sons. His wife and daughters took care of the little home ; they milked the cows and made the milk into butter and cheese. The New England women were never idle. During the day, after the regular house work was over, and at evening when the hus- band and brothers had returned from the fields or had drawn their fishing- boats up on the shore for the night, the women were busily 94 The United States And industrious habits. Their-heip" England mainly from neighbors' families. engaged in making clothes for themselves, the men and the children. When a young girl was married she took pride in showing how much homespun clothing, how many sheets and blan- kets, table cloths and other necessary household articles she had for her housekeep- ing on some little clearing. When, on Sunday, the Puri- tans came from all parts of the settlement to the little church, the men carried their guns for a protection against a possible attack of some wild Indian. SLAVES AND BOND -SERVANTS Because the Puritans lived in this way there was little need for servants in New If a farmer found that he could not do all his work with the help of his sons, he would take the son of some neighboring farmer into his family. He treated this boy as he did his own sons, giving him his food, his clothing, and, of course, a little pay besides. This far- mer's son was considered one of the family for which he worked, and was not looked on as a servant. There were a few bond -servants, and in time also a few slaves, but the Puritans did not feel the need of such help. Puritan Costume. The General Court 95 THE GENEEAL COURT Bond- servants and slaves had no voice in Male church . , , „ members the government. During the early years oi conducted the colony none but church members were J.^g^t^^''''"" allowed to vote for governor, or for any of the colony's ^ officers, or to help determine what money should be collected for improvements in the col- ony. At that time all the male church members met to determine these things. But as the colony grew larger, and more settlements were formed, each little town chose its rep- resentative men to meet at the capital, Boston, to arrange matters for the good of all the people. This meeting was called the General Court. You see this was nmch like the government ^^"^ General of Virginia, with its House of Burgesses, but the men of Massachusetts elected their own governor, while the King of England named the man who should be governor of Virginia. Don't you think the settlers of a colony, the men who made the long, dangerous trip across the ocean, who broke the soil and planted seeds and raised crops, and who built their own little homes, were better able to determine Puritan Costume. 96 The United States who should be their governor than a king several thousand miles away, who did not care for the colony except to make something out of it? If the kings of England had not always wanted to manage affairs just to suit their own pleasure, but had let the colonists take care of themselves a little more, there would have been no Revolution. We should probably have remained subjects of Great Britain. So, per- haps, we should be glad that the kings were so selfish. Otherwise our United States might not have existed. The success The Massachusctts colony was so successful, of the ^j^^l ^j-^g people were so happy in their new life colonies :J- ijiii- brought out of free church and free government, that ship many new l^^^ ^f^^g^. gj^^p \q^^ of PurltaUS CaUlC frOlU old England to establish little settlements. The colony at Plymouth, too, was growing, and several settlements had been established near and around it. THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS The Plymouth farmers were much poorer than those of Massachusetts Bay, because they had been compelled to leave their homes hur- riedly. The colonists who formed the Massa- chusetts Bay settlements had left home of their own free will, and had been able to take their household effects with them. Though for settlers. Virginia and Massachusetts 97 this reason the Plymouth colony grew much more slowly than that of Massachusetts Bay, yet in time the farms of the one colony began to reach the farms of the other, so it was decided to unite the two for the general good of all. This was done in the year 1691, and Union of the the two colonies together became the colony andTLsV of Massachusetts, with many little settlements chusettsBay -, I ^ u J.J.1 colonies. and a lar^-e number or settlers. VIRGINIA AND MASSACHUSETTS You now know how two of the American colonies were born and were growing strong and prosperous— Virginia in the South and Massachusetts in the North. And you have seen how the settlers of one came to the New World to find riches and wealth and those of the other to find freedom in religion. Though the Virginians found that there was object of neither gold nor jewels for them, they soon settlers^'"''' discovered that there was a great deal of money to be made by raising tobacco in the rich Virginia soil. Large plantations were laid out, the bond- servants and slaves doing most of the work, while the planters directed them. Surrounded by plantations of tobacco, and having many slaves to work for them, the Virginians became rich. They built for them- selves great mansions, sometimes with brick brought from England, and there, under the 98 The United States southern sun, their lives were to a great extent kixurious and easy. Object of On the contrary, in the North, the Puritans *^^., came to America for freedom and not for Puritans. wealth. The winters w^ere long and cold, and the soil was rocky and needed most careful attention before it would yield even corn, which is a very hardy plant. There were no great plantations, and few slaves. Each man did his own work, so New England became a land of farms and little settlements. Life with the New England farmers was a rough and hard one. They lived in little houses, built usually of wood cut from their forests, in which they dwelt contented and happy, not seeking wealth, but insisting on having their own reli- gion and their own government. Yet both jjo^ different were these first two colo- frlldom. iiies! And yet in each the colonists were be- coming accustomed to depend on themselves for food, shelter and protection from the dan- gers of a new country, and were always rest- less when interfered with by the rulers of England. These two colonies were far apart, but both were colonies of Great Britain, and both were growing and developing, and preparing them- selves for the time when they could take matters into their own hands and establish themselves as a part of a free and independ- ent nation. New York 99 4. NEW YORK You now know that the Pilgrims came to New England from Holland, and that one reason for this was because they were afraid their children would become Dutchmen, and would forget England and the English lan- guage. The Dutch had for some years been sending The Dutch ships to the coast of America to catch fish, ^^^^""^"^^^^^1^ which were so plentiful there, and to trade settlements trinkets with the Indians for furs, but they had in the not attempted to plant a settlement in the New World. When, however, they learned of the success of the Pilgrims who had lived with them, they said to themselves, " Why should not we, too, have colonies in America?" Virginia and New England belonged to Great Britain, which claimed, also, the land between these two settlements. But the Dutch did not recognize this claim. They said, "America does not belong to the English; it belongs to the Indians. If we buy the land of the Indians and establish settlements over there, England can have nothing to do with it at all." HENRY HUDSON The Dutch had another claim to land in America. While Captain John Smith and his fellow Virginians were building Jamestown, and Lore. 100 The United States Henry Hudson sailed up a river. The Dutcli claimed the country through which the river flows. at the time when the Puritans were leaving England for Holland, an English sailor, Henry Hudson, was employed by the Dutch to make voyages of discovery in America. In the hope of finding a passage through the continent by wdiicli ships might sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, he sailed up a river which is now called the Hudson in his honor. He did not succeed in reaching the Pacific, of course, but he saw and was impressed by the fine country through which the Hudson flows. The Dutch did not forget what he told them on his return. They remembered that he had brought great quantities of valuable furs to Holland, and now they determined to establish a colony on the banks of the Hudson, so that they could get more furs from the Indians. They did not ask England's consent to estab- lish a colony in the New World. They claimed that the country through which the Hudson River flows belonged to them, because Henry Hudson, who sailed in their ship, had dis- covered it. NEW NETHERLANDS A great portion of the city of New York, the largest city in the United States, is built on an island, called Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson Eiver. In 1626, the Dutch bought this island from the Indians for trinkets which would, perhaps, be worth today about The Fur Trade 101 twenty -five dollars. They built there a little town, which they called New Amsterdam, after a large city of their own country across the ocean, called Amsterdam. All the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers was claimed by the Dutch, under the name of New Netherlands. THE FUR TRADE The Dutch did not expect to find gold and The purpose riches lying on the ground to be picked up ^^J^^^^ at will, nor did they come to this country because they were dissatisfied with affairs at home. They came because they knew the for- ests were filled with wild animals, and that those wild animals were covered with warm, furry skins, which, if taken to the old countr}^, would be very valuable. The Dutch realized that if they could get these furs for nothing by killing the animals, or very cheap by trad- ing beads and looking-glasses and other like things for them, they could make a great deal of money in a very easy way. They did not attempt to till the soil. They built their little town of New Amsterdam, and then began to get all the furs they could, either by killing the animals or by trading with the Indians. The Indians were pleased with the Their Dutch, for these men had bought their island '^!f,'"'P ' ^ ^ with the of them, and they gave them pretty things for Indians. 102 The United States Success of the Dutch settlers. the furs they brought in. Between the Dutch and the Indians there was no trouble at first. The first Dutch settlers were so successful in their fur business tliat soon other Dutch- men came to New Netherlands, and also many Englishmen and people from other countries. New settlements w^ere built further up the Hudson, nearer the Indians, and on the Dela- ware River, also, trading j)osts were established. DUTCH TOWNS Quaint The Virginians lived on plantations, the Dutch towns settlers of Massachusetts lived on little farms, and houses. . but the Dutch lived m towns. And what funny towns they were ! The streets of New Amsterdam were very narrow and crooked. The houses, which were built of brick brought from far across the ocean, had steep, high roofs, with little windows, which looked like great eyes keeping watch to see that no hostile ships sailed into the bay. Each little house had its porch in front, over- looking the street. On these stoops, as they were called, the men at night sat smoking their long pipes and chatting in Dutch with their neighbors. Sometimes, Dutch Bukohek Costume. tOO, the WOmCU WOUld joiu their Landed Proprietors 103 husbands in these evening visits. But the Dutch women liked to keep everything so clean about the house that they did not find much time for idle talk. They scrubbed and scoured their floors, walls, tables and dishes until every- thing looked as bright and clean as it could. Perhaps this is w^hy the men w^ent out of doors to smoke and exchange the news of the day. Perhaps they feared to get a speck of dirt on the snow-white floors. Some of the old Dutch houses can still be seen in New York city. Dutch Buegher Costume LANDED PROPRIETOKS The soil in the forest was very rich. After all the animals near the settlements had been killed, and much of the wood had been sent to The Holland, the Dutchmen began to think of cul- Dutchmen 1 T ^ • c n^^ uetermmed tivating the ground and makmg farms. The to make settlers or traders already in New Netherlands *^^^^^^- were so anxious to make money out of the fur trade that they did not care to devote any of their time to the cultivation of the soil. A 104 The United States The landed proprietors. The small farmers. strip of land sixteen miles wide was, therefore, promised to anyone who would bring to the new colony fifty settlers. At a time when people in many countries were walling to estab- lish homes in a new land, if they could only get there, it was not a difficult matter for some enterprising man with money to gather together a little company of fifty people. Very soon the banks of the Hudson became peo- pled with tillers of the soil. The man to whom the land had been given for bringing the fifty settlers was called a proprietor, who ruled his little settlement of people himself. He built himself a great, fine house, where he lived in ease, while his fifty settlers cut down the trees and cultivated the soil. Those who had come to New Amsterdam at his expense worked for the proprietor for several years without pay, and in that way learned the ways of the Dutch colony. At the same time they made the proprietor's land very valuable. When these men had learned how to make a success of farming, and when if they had come from some other country than Holland they had learned the Dutch language, they left the man who had brought them over and established themselves on farms of their own. Perhaps they would rent a little patch of land from the proprietor, and establish themselves on the land where they had worked for him» as his servants. Then the fine mansion and Dutch Governors 105 gTOunds of the proprietor were in time sur- rounded by many little farms. Each had houses and barns of its own. The proprietor was looked up to by his former servants, and was a great man in the country. In this way New Netherlands became a farming colony as well as one of trade. Many of the families living in New York today can trace their ancestry back to those early farmers, and some of the great farms established at that time are still owned by their descendants. DUTCH GOVERNOR In 1G26, the Dutch Republic sent Governor Minuet to New Netherlands to manage affairs character in the colony. The Dutch colonists were gov- *^^^ ^"^^^ governors. erned much as they had been at home, and as they were pretty well satisfied with their treat- ment, there was little complaint. Everything went well, and the colony was prosperous under the rule of Governor Minuet. With other governors, however. New Nether- lands did not prosper so well. Governor Keift was an unwise man and a dishonest one, too. He began to give the Indians rum for their furs. As the Indians liked this rum, they would do anything to get it. The fiery liquor made them savage and cruel, and they attacked the Dutch settlers and killed many of them. Then, too, the governor demanded that 106 The United States Twelve rep- resentatives advised the governor. the Indians should give the white men a quan- tity of furs every now and then for the privi- lege of trading with them. Of course, the Indians did not like to do this. They knew the white men were making more by the fur trade than they were. They became very dan- gerous. But finally, when they began to burn the villages of the settlers and to murder the people, the governor determined to make war on them. He did not like to do this of his own accord, because the settlers seemed to think he was to blame for all the trouble with the Indians. So he called together twelve of the representative men to help him decide what to do. These men could not come to an understanding with the governor, so they were dismissed by him. Yet they had a taste of helping to decide matters in the colony and, as this is the first instance of a representative government in New York, the date of August 29, 1641, should not be forgotten. The Indians became more and more cruel, and murdered many of the settlers. At last the governor made war on them, and for several years there was bloodshed between the white men and their Indian neisrhbors. PETER STUYVESANT In 1647 Governor Keift became so disliked by the colonists that he was recalled, and Peter Stuyvesant 107 Peter Stuyvesant was sent in his place from Holland. Peter Stuyvesant was a very strict, harsh ^^^^'* , . ITT 1 stuyvesant. man, but he was just to the Indians and treated them well, causing them to become friendly with the Dutch again. Though Stuy- vesant was able to straighten things out in the little colony, yet the colonists did not like his stern rule. They did not forget their twelve select men chosen in 1641 to consult with the governor. They heard of the General Court of Massachusetts and the House of Burgesses of Virginia. Fierce quarrels were And his waged between them and Governor Stuvvesant. ^i^^^''^! ^ " with the They began to demand that they, too, should colonists, be allowed to have a House of Representatives, which should help to govern the colony. When this quarrel had grown most bitter English in- the English began to interfere with the little terference. Dutch colony of New Netherlands. "What's this!" the English king said. "A Dutch colony on my American shore ! What right have the Dutch in America? That land belongs to me, and the furs, too, which the Dutchmen are buying from the Indians for almost nothing and selling in Holland for so much money." NEW YORK So in 1664, the king of England, Charles H, gave the little colony to his brother the Duke 108 The United States The Duke of York gained possession of York and told him he could do with it as he pleased. Don't you think it was rather strange for a man to give something away which did not belong to him ! But this was a very common thing for kings to do. The Duke of York, however, did not think the Dutch would be willing to let him take their colony. So a large fleet was sent to America. Governor Stuyvesant himself made a great show of defending the colony, and was very angry that anyone should dare to take it from him. Yet so many of the colonists were Englishmen, and they as well as the Dutch settlers were so dissatisfied with the way they had been treated, that the Duke of York did not have much difficulty in gaining possession of New Amsterdam. In this way it happened that the English flag was raised in place of that of Holland in New Netherlands The name New Amsterdam was changed to New York. The whole colony was called b}^ was changed that uamc, too. A fcw ycars later, when there New York ^^^ troublc across the ocean between England and Holland, the colony came under Dutch rule again. This was for a short time only, for the trouble between the mother countries being settled, the colony of New Amsterdam was given by the Dutch government to England. The town of New York, as well as the whole colony far up the Hudson River, grew larger and richer, until today New York City is the And the name New Amsterdam Maryland 109 largest and richest city in the United States, and the state of New York is called the Empire State. After the Duke of York became the pro- prietor of New York, and before he became King of England as James II (1G85-1688), The Duke he made many promises to the colonists. This false led them to think that they would receive fair promises. treatment from him when he became king. But James II seemed to think that promises made while Duke of York were not binding. He did not believe in giving the colonists any power to govern themselves. The spirit of freedom, however, was growing in New York, as well as in Virginia and Massachusetts, and after James's death, when there were other rulers in England, the New York colonists gained the right to have a House of Eepre- Growth of sentatives of their own. But England treated f^e Jom!* ""^ New York no better than she did her other colonies, so there was constant trouble between the colony and the royal governors. 5. MARYLAND The Puritans were not the only people in England who were badly treated because of their religious belief. The Catholics, who neither belonged to the Church of England nor believed as the Puritans believed, were not allowed to worship God in peace in the manner which they thought right. 110 The United States THE CALVEKTS In Maryland Among the Catholics of England was one Baltimore ^^^ ^^^^ wislied to establish a colony in established America where the Catholics would not be a colony for ^..^^^^^i^,^ ^i^j^^^, ]^ the Cliurch of England or Roman •^ ^ ^ Catholics, by the Puritans. This man was George Cal- vert, whom the English king, James I, had honored with the title of Lord Baltimore. George Calvert first attempted, in 1621, to form a settlement in Newfoundland, and for that purpose went there in 1627 with his family and many followers. The soil being poor and the climate cold, he was unsuccessful. However, he did not abandon his purpose to form a colony. Exploring the country on the north shore of the Potomac Eiver, and, finding it suitable in every respect for the establishment of a colony, he sought and obtained from Charles I a grant to a great territory. This land, which lay on Chesapeake Bay and on the Potomac Eiver, he called Maryland, in honor of Queen Maria, the wife of Charles I. Of this territory he was to be the proprietor for life. Before he was able to form any settlement in his Maryland, George Calvert died. His son, the second Lord Baltimore, who became the proprietor of Maryland on his father's death, established, in the year 1634, a little settlement at the mouth of the Potomac, which he called St. Mary's. The Maryland Colonists 111 Here the settlers could worship God as they pleased, whether they were Catholics or not. Every man had a voice in the government of the little settlement. Dissatisfied Puritans Growth of came here from New England, and Virginians ^ ^^ ^^^' who were badly treated in the colony across the river came to Maryland to settle, because of the great freedom which Lord Baltimore gave to his settlers. THE MAEYLAND COLONISTS Because the soil of Maryland, like that of And of its Virginia, was suitable for the raising of tobacco, *^"^^^- large plantations were laid out on the Potomac and on the other rivers and streams which flow into Chesapeake Bay. Slaves were bought by the settlers, and many bond- servants were brought from England. New settlements were formed, and the colony grew in population until there were too many people to allow them all to meet in any one place to help the proprietor decide matters. The colonists then sent representative men to the capital, St. Mary's, where they and Lord Baltimore, or the governor whom he appointed, made the laws by which the colony was governed. Many of the colonists now devoted their efforts to the raising of wheat. Much wheat and flour was sent to England, where it was exchanged for things the Marylanders needed. 112 The United States Many of the owners of lai'ge plantations built themselves wharfs, where vessels from England could come to unload their cargoes, and be loaded in turn with tobacco, grain and flour. BALTIMOKE The Baltimore, the largest city in Maryland, was founding of founded in 1729. So successful were the plan- ters in Maryland that Baltimore soon became one of the important cities of America. Each year great numbers of ships came into Chesa- peake Bay from England, bringing new settlers and supplies for the colonists, and each year these ships returned laden with the tobacco and wheat which the soil of Maryland had gener- ously given and the flour which the Maryland millers had ground. The Calvert family continued to be the pro- prietors of Maryland until the Revolutionary War, with the exception of a few years, when the ruler of Great Britain sent royal gover- nors. So happily were affairs managed in The Maryland, and so prosperous were her inhab- piospentj j^r^j^^g^ fi^^f^ when Maryland ratified the Con- Maryiand. stitutiou aud bccamc one of the United States, she was one of the most successful and impor- tant of the thirteen colonies. Can you tell wherein the colonization of Maryland differed fi'om that of Virginia ; of New York ; of Massachusetts ! New England ' 113 G. NEW ENGLAND Most of the early settlers in the colony of Massachusetts were happy and contented, and were enjoying then- new homes. Yet there were some who were dissatisfied with the way affairs were managed. As yoii know, only clmrcli members were Dissatisfac- allowed to have a voice in the government of tioninNew the colony, but often those colonists who were ^"^ ^^ ' not church members were doing just as much toward the building of the colony as those who were church members. These dissatisfied settlers began to look about them for some de- sirable locality to which they might emigrate, and where they might manage their own affairs. CONNECTICUT These discontented colonists of Massachu- setts discovered that the valley through which the Connecticut Eiver winds was very fertile. Thinking that this would be a pleasant place to build theu' homes, many of them left the The settlements round Massachusetts Bay during ^7^^^^^^°^^^^ the years 1635 and 1636, and emigrated to the Connecticut Valley. In one or two instances, citizens of an entire town moved in a body to the Connecticut Eiver, where they began the building of another town. This was the beginning of the state of Con- necticut. H 114 The United States NEW HAVEN In the year 1638 several ship-loads of settlers came to Massachusetts from England. These settlers thought that, instead of joining the colony of Massachusetts, they should seek some place where they could form a separate colony. So they set sail again in their little ships and finally landed on the banks of the Quinnipiack Eiver, and built there a town. The which they called New Haven. If you will New'^Hav^n. ^00^ at the map you will see that this river is not far from the Connecticut. This colony did not grow very rapidly at first. Many of the settlers who went there to build their homes preferred to move over to the Connecticut Val- ley, because there they found they would have more religious freedom. THE TWO SETTLEMENTS UNITED The two The settlers in these two new colonies had a uniteT^^ ^ great deal of trouble with the Indians and also wdth the Dutch, who were pushing up from New Amsterdam. They were able to overcome the Indians ; and peace was made with the Dutch. The little colonies grew and prospered. In 1665 they were united, and the whole settlement was called Connecticut. The colonists in Connecticut received the right from the ruler of Great Britain to gov- Roger Williams 115 ern themselves so long as they made no laws They made contrary to the laws of Great Britain. They J^'^'J^'''^^ elected their own legislature and their own governor. For many years after the Revolu- tion, and after Connecticut was a state in the Union, the people of Connecticut were gov- erned in state matters by the same laws which the early settlers had made. For many years there were two capitals of Connecticut, show- ing how at one time the state had been two little colonies. ROGER WILLIAMS Among the men of Massachusetts who did not like the way affairs were going on in that colony' was Eoger Williams , a young minister of Salem, one of the wisest and best men of his time. Roger Williams thought that the government should have nothing to do with the church. No man, he said, should be compelled to go to church, and no man should pay money toward the support of a minister unless he wished to. The Puritans of Massachusetts con- sidered this very bad talk. They were afraid Roger Williams. 116 The United States Roger Williams's flight to the Indians, that Roger Williams would cause them trouble, so they decided to send him back to Eng- land. The young minister heard that he was to be sent across the ocean, but as he wished to stay here, he managed to escape into the forest, where, for many weeks, he lived with the Indians. Although he knew how to make himself liked by the red men, yet he suffered many hardships and often barely escaped death. In a short time he was joined by some members of his congregation, who preferred to be with him rather than to remain in Massa- chusetts. He obtained from his Indian friends a tract of land on Narragansett Bay, where in 163G he started the little town of Providence. And the founding of Providence. PROVIDENCE Here every man was allowed to think just as he pleased, and to speak his thoughts and act according to what he thought in religious mat- ters. It was not long before many settlers came from Massachusetts, where freedom was not so great. MRS. HUTCHINSON Among those who came to settle in the new land was Mrs. Hutchinson, who had been driven out of Boston because of her belief. Mrs. Hutchinson bought of the Indians a little island in Narragansett Bay, where she and her follow- Rhode Island 117 ers began a settlement. They called the set- Purchase tlement Portsmouth, and the island on which gg^uement it was made they called Rhode Island. Not of Rhode long after there were several little towns built ^«^^"<'- on Rhode Island. Near Providence, too, where Roger Williams lived, were soon established several settle- ments. The people near Providence ruled themselves as they wished, and those on Rhode Island did the same. The two settlements were friendly, however, and in 1644 the two united Rhode imder one government, and took the name of proviarnc'l Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. puintations. RHODE ISLAND At first all the men of Rhode Island met to decide matters concerning the colony. Later, as their numbers grew larger, each little town or settlement sent its representative men to form the colony legislature. The people of the whole colony elected a governor from among their number. Every man could go to whatever church he Freedom in pleased. But if he did not want to go to f^^^^l church, he need not, but could still have a voice in the government. The legal name of Rhode Island is still Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, but it is nearly always spoken of as Rhode Island only. There are two capitals of Rhode Island today. 118 The United States It is the only state in the Union which has more than one. The legislature meets first at one capital and then at the other. The people of Rhode Island had more free- dom in the affairs of the church and in their government than those of any other colony in America. This is the reason why they did not send any one to the meeting in Philadelphia, .of which you read on pp. 43, 44, which was to decide how the United States should be gov- erned. They were so well satisfied with their own government that they were slow to enter into a compact (agreement) with the other colo- nies. They feared that by doing so their form of government might be changed to their dis- advantage. But, as you know, Ehode Island ratified the Constitution at last, and joined with her twelve sister colonies in forming the United States of America. 7. TEE MIDDLE COLONIES NEW SWEDEN In 1638, while the Dutch were building their town of New Amsterdam and extending their New Netherlands colony, a little band of Swedes came to America. The Swedes are a sturdy The race, living in Sweden, on the northwestern ofNeT""^ coast of Europe. Without asking permission Sweden. of the Dutch, thcsc Swedes settled at the mouth of the Delaware Eiver, which was within the New Sweden 119 territory claimed by the Dutch. They bought the land of the Indians, and thus placed them- selves on friendly terms with the savage natives. Their little settlement they called New Sweden, '^^^. which was the beginning of the present state ofoTiawfre, of Delaware. Peter Minuet, who, you remember, had been at one time governor of New Amsterdam, was now in the service of the Swedes, and was the first governor of this new settlement of New Sweden. The first Swedish settlers at once began to build themselves good homes, and to carry on trade with the Indians. From the very start the Dutch, who were opposed to the coming of the Swedes, tried to make them leave by threatening them. The Swedes, however, paid no attention to their Dutch neighbors, but continued to trade with the Indians, and to send the furs they obtained to Sweden. For two years the number of set- tlers was not increased by fresh arrivals from Sweden with supplies, so the second winter was one of extreme suffering and hardship. So ^^^ the great, indeed, was the privation during this of'the'°^^ time that the few Swedes left almost decided to colonists abandon their colony and to go to New Am- sterdam, or to find a ship which would carry them back to Sweden. But in the following spring ships came from Sweden with more col- onists and fresh supplies. From this time until 1655 the little colony of New Sweden continued 120 The United States to grow in extent and in population, in spite of the opposition of the Dutch. There was no more suffering for want of supplies, for ships came regularly from Sweden. Some of the new settlers began to trade with the Indians, while others broke up the soil, in little farms, and raised vegetables and corn and other grain. DELAWARE A PART OF NEW NETHERLANDS In 1655, however, the war- like Peter Stuy- vesant, then governor of New Amsterdam, attacked the Swedes, and, after conquering Subjection them, made the little settlement of New Sweden of New ^ ^^,^ ^£ -j^^^ Netherlands, and placed it under Sweden to -*■ ' ^ Dutch gov- Dutch government. A number of the chief ernment. ^^^^^ ^^ ^j-^^ Settlement, iucludiug the governor, were sent across the ocean. A few of the Swedes went to other colonies, w^iere they built new homes. But most of the settlers in New Sweden quietly accepted the change in their government, and continued to work for the good of their settlement on the Delaware. DELAWARE A PART OF NEW YORK When, in 1664, New Netherlands passed into the hands of the English, and became New York, the settlements on the Delaware likewise came under English rule, as a part of New York. Delaware was never a distinct, separate New Jersey 121 colony, except for the first few years, when the Swedes first began to settle there. It was after- wards a part of New Netherlands, then a part of New York, and at last, until the Revolution, as you shall soon learn, a part of Pennsylvania, a colony of which you shall read later. But Delaware had its own legislature while Delaware a part of Pennsylvania. The Delaw^are people legislature, considered themselves as members of an inde- pendent colony, even though the governor of Pennsylvania was also the governor of Dela- ware. NEW JERSEY Soon after he became proprietor of New York, the Duke of York sold a part of the New Netherlands territory to two of his friends. The land lay between the Delaware and the Hudson Elvers. These men, who had bought it for a large sum, began the establishment of settlements there, one in the eastern part and the other in the western. The settlements Thebegin- formed in these parts were the beginnings of nTw Jersey. the state of New Jersey. The climate of the Jerseys, as the country was called, was very fine. In addition to this, the proprietors made great promises to any one who should settle there. It was not long before the new settle- ment was fairly started and flourishing. The colony of New Jersey continued to pros- per until 1670. Then trouble between the 122 The United States colonists and the proprietors arose about the payment of taxes. The quarrel continued until 1673, when New York, which included New Jersey, fell into the hands of the Dutch for a year. In 1674, when New York became once more, by treaty, the property of England, an Trouble in . . tat New Jersey, arrogaut, uuwise man named Andros was ap- pointed by the English government to be the governor of all New England, and New York and New Jersey. New York, of course, also included Delaware. Until 1689, when the English government was compelled to take Andros away from America, the Jerseys and all of New England were badly treated. Many of their rights were taken from them. Nevertheless, they all con- tinued to grow larger and stronger. From 1702 until 1738 the colony of New Jersey was Which really a part of New York, although it had an became a asscmbly of its owu. But iu that year, 1738, colony. New Jcrscy became a separate and distinct colony. Lewis Morris was appointed the first royal governor. QUAKEKS Among those who came to live in this new colony of New Jersey was a sect or class of people called Quakers, who could not live in peace in the old country. They were also badly treated in the colonies of America wherever they had tried to establish homes. The Quakers William Penn 123 are a religious people, who are very strict in Character their manner of life. They believe that every q^^^^^.^ man is the equal of every other man. They believe in plain dress and simple language. They do not believe in the use of titles. They are an honest people, who think that kindness to one another is best. War of any kind, even defensive, is opposed by them. The early Quakers obtained the western half of New Jersey in which to live as they wished. WILLIAM PENN Chief among these good people was William penn's Penn. *^"^""-^- Penn wished to establish a separate colony for his fellow Quakers. In 1681 he obtained from the King of England, Charles II, a large grant of land extending toward the west, in payment of a debt which the king owed him through his father, now dead. Here Penn be- gan the building of a colony where Quakers would not be hindered by quarrels between the people of New Jersey and the proprietors. This colony afterward developed into the state of Pennsylvania. William Penn was a very good man, and also a very wise one. He had watched the growth of other colonies in America, and had formed plans in his own mind by which a colony should be conducted. When he obtained from 124 The United States The • governor and colonial assembly, with laws approved in England. the king this large grant of land he began at once to put his plans into practice. He was the proprietor of the colony and was to be its governor, or was to appoint some one to serve in his place. The colonists chose from armllf/fi among their number a colonial assembly to make laws. These laws had to be sent to England to be approved by the king before they went into effect. In the colony of Mary- land, which was also governed by a proprietor, Philadelphia 125 the laws which the assembly passed did not have to be sent to England for the king's approval. William Penn encouraged settlers to come to ment^fffrtd his colony by offering to sell them land very settlers. cheap, and by allowing them to worship as they pleased. He also allowed all to have a voice in the government. Penn treated the Indians so well, giving them a fair value for all the land which the white settlers took from them, and being honest with them in all things, besides giving them many presents, that the Indians held the Quakers in great respect. The settlers in the colony of Pennsylvania were the only colo- nists in this country who did not have to fight the Indians while they were building their homes. PHILADELPHIA In 1683 Penn began to build the city of The Philadelphia. He laid out the city so that the pm^I^^^^ streets were straight and regular. He saw to deiphia. it that these streets were well paved, and he insistea that the houses which the colonists built should be neat in appearance. It was not long before Philadelphia was one of the most important of all the cities in the colonies. DELAWARE A PART OF PENNSYLVANIA The colony of Pennsylvania was not touched by the ocean at any point. It was the only 126 The United States Delaware a part of Pennsyl- vania, The prosperity of Penn- sylvania. colony which had no seacoast. Penn, knowing that this was a great disadvantage to the peo- ple, secured from the Duke of York the right to be proprietor of Delaware. You remember Delaware was a part of New York because it had been conquered by the Dutch, and was included in New Netherlands when that colony became one of the English colonies, as New York. In this way Delaware became a part of Pennsylvania instead of remaining under the government of New York. This union gave the Pennsylvania colonists easy access to the sea. Although Delaware was a part of Pennsyl- vania, and was ruled by the proprietor of that colony, yet at the time of the Eevolution, and for many years before, each of these two colo- nies had its own legislature. Pennsylvania prospered and grew so rapidly that in a very short time it became one of the strongest of all the colonies. 8. OTHER COLONIES THE EXTKEME NORTHERN COLONIES The rpj^^ present states of New Hampshire and of^N^w^^ Maine were in the early days a part of Massa- Hampshire. chusctts. But iu 1679 a part of the territory was formed into a separate colony by the ruler of Great Britain. This colony was named New Hampshire. New York and New Hampshire both claimed Extreme Southern Colonies 127 the country which we now call Vermont, and Vermont quarreled about the ownership until 1791,Avhen ^''^ ^^^''''^' Vermont was admitted to the Union as a state. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until it was admitted as a separate state, long after the Revolution, in 1820. THE EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES We have now learned about the establishment of ten colonies, reaching from Virginia, on the southern bank of the Potomac, to New Hamp- shire, far away in the forests of New England. The Virginians came to seek precious stones and metals. The New England colonists came for religious freedom. The Dutch of New York came to trade with the Indians. Lord Baltimore established Maryland so that perse- cuted Catholics could have a home in the New World and worship as they wished. The Qua- kers established Pennsylvania because they were not allowed to live as they wished in any other of the colonies of America. We know that there were three more colo- The nies at the time of the Revolution. Let us andGe"o^gia see how these colonies. North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, were established. THE CAROLINAS When, in 1649, Charles I, King of England, was beheaded, his son Charles did not become 128 The United States A result of the coming to the throne of Charles II. king, nor was there any king in England for the eleven years following. This, as we have learned, was the time of the Commonwealth in England (the time of Cromwell and his son). In 1660, however, the English people were again ruled by a king. Charles, aided by powerful friends, was called from his exile and placed on the throne as Charles II (1660-1685). The king, wishing to reward these friends for the help they had given him, gave to some of them the land in America between Florida and Virginia. This land had been called Carolina by a Frenchman many years before, in honor of his king, Charles IX, of France. The Latin name for Charles is Carolus. As the King of England was also named Charles, the gentlemen to whom the land was given did not change the name. The first two settlements in this new terri- tory were made far apart, one near Virginia and the other far down the coast, where Charleston, S. C, now stands. Other set- tlements grew around these two, and in time there came to be two separate governments for the two parts of Carolina. These were called North Carolina and South Carolina, respectively. NORTH CAROLINA Some of the early settlers of North Carolina were rough, adventurous men from Virginia. South Carolina 129 Life in their colony had, to their taste, become Early too tame. Others of the settlers were bond- !!"Ir^°^ North servants who, seeing, as their time of service Carolina, expired, that they were not treated as eqnals by the Virginia planters, wished to go else- where. Others who pushed through the woods into North Carolina were people who were not allowed to worship as they pleased in Virginia. Most of these settlers were very poor. There were no great plantations in North Carolina, but instead there came to be many small farms, where tobacco was raised. Many of the settlers earned their living in the forests by cutting lumber, by making tar, or by col- lecting turpentine from the trees. SOUTH CAROLINA The settlers of South Carolina, although much Settlers of South Carolina. like those of North Carolina, lived in a very ^"^^^^ different manner. Great plantations of rice and indigo were started and great numbers of slaves were set at work. Although the settlers were troubled by Indians, and moreover had fre- quent quarrels with the proprietors, yet new settlers continued to come, and the two colonies grew in population and wealth. In 1729 the proprietors gave up their rights, and North and South Carolina became two separate royal colonies, with a royal governor at the head of each government. 130 The United States Contests with the Spanish The Spanish in Florida did not hke to see the English establishing permanent colonies near their own settlements. They tried to drive the South Carolina settlers out of the country . Although the Spanish had the help of the wild In- dians, who were al- ways ready to fight the English, they did not succeed in their endeavor. Oglethorpe. GEOEGIA In 1732 James Ogle- thorpe obtained from George II,* the King of England, a grant of land between the settlements in South Led to the Carolina and Florida, where he hoped to estab- settlement . of Georgia, hsli colouies which would serve as a protection for the South Carolina people against the Spanish in Florida. At that time, according to English law, peo- ple who owed money and did not pay their debts could be thrown into x)rison and kept there until the money was paid. Oglethor]3e * Charles II, 1660-1685; James II, 1685-1688; William and Mary, 1689-1694 ; William alone, 1694-1702; Anne, 1702-1714; George I, 1714-1727, wud George 11,1737-1760. Georgia 131 suggested that such prisouers be allowed to go to Georgia to establish homes for them- selves. At the same time they would be build- iug up the Euglish possessions in America and holding the Spanish in check. This plan was agreed to by the government in England. The soil of Georgia was very rich, so great Products of quantities of rice and indigo were easily raised, ^^^^'^la soii. Within the bounds of the new colony were many forests filled with valuable trees. After the colony was once started many settlers who were not debtors came to Georgia. At different times there was trouble between the Spanish in Florida and the Georgians, but neither was able to drive the other away. In 1752 Georgia became a royal colony, with a royal governor. You now know why some of the people from The thirteen far across the ocean wished to establish homes ^^^^^^^^ grew each in America. You have learned how our thir- year, teen colonies were born, and you are acquainted with some of the difficulties with which the early settlers had to contend. We cannot follow the history of each colony to see how each one grew in size and strength, how each one had its quarrels with its pro- prietors, or its royal governors, or directly with the King of Great Britain. In each one the colonists became more and more dissatis- fied with the unjust treatment of the English govex'nment, Each year the colonies became 132 The United States And became stroiiger aiid better able to take care of them- bettlrlwe ^elvos, and each year the great quarrel between to take England and her colonies became fiercer and care of j^gg ^^^gy ^^ SCttlc. themselves. a i As the years passed on the people of one colony became better acquamted with the peo- ple of the other colonies. All began to think of themselves as Americans, with the same interests and the same rights. The people of one colony consulted the people of other colonies on matters of trade with one another Friendliness and with the motlicr country. They helped Inother^ ouc auothcr in protecting themselves from the developed. Indians, and they exchanged messages of sym- pathy and good will and encouragement during the many quarrels with the government in their old home. One of the greatest dangers to which the colonists in America were exposed was the pres- ence of the Indian tribes. Let us now study these Indians, that we may know better what they were and why they were so dangerous to our brave colonists. 9. INDIANS The early Wlieu tlic first wliitc uicu cauic from far Indians. across tlic ocean to seek wealth or build new homes for themselves, they found a strange race with brown skins, living in the forests. These men they called Indians. From that early time until after the thirteen colonies had Indians 133 become the United States the settlers were never sure of the friendship of the Indians. They added greatly to the sufferings and dangers to which those who made the begin- nings of our country were exposed. Accus- tomed to roam at will from valley to valley, opposed to through the forests and *^'^ ^^^^°- ^ _ , of the white up and down the streams, camping w^ h e r e the y Aj^ra^w . pleased, they did not like .MMM^imM^.^x « ^^ g^^ ^Y\Q white men building towns, cutting Indian Canoe. down the forests and breaking up the soil into farms and plantations. The land that was taken by the settlers was sometimes paid for. They were then, usually, able to live in peace. But more frequently the Indians re- ceived nothing for their hunting grounds and 134 The United States They wished to possess the land. camping places, so they were led to do every- thing in their power to prevent the white men from making permanent settlements. But, as we have learned, the Indians were gradually driven farther and farther away from the ocean into the mountains. The settlers advanced, but each foot of ground taken by them was fiercely fought for. INDIAN TKIBES Although all the original inhabitants of this continent were called Indians, there were great differences among them in various parts of the country. There were many separate bands or tribes. Many different languages were spoken. The customs and habits of the tribes were not the same. Each of these tribes, which had for its leader a chief or sachem, lived in a certain part of the country, and bitterly opposed Indians of a different tribe who came into its territory to hunt the wild animals of the forest. The Indians lived in towns and villages, but they did not live on farms or plantations. Since they lived chiefly by hunting and fishing, they had to move frequently from place to place when game became scarce. INDIAN HOMES A cave in the side of a cliff, a hole in the ground, or a few branches placed on end and covered with skins, served as a protection from Indian Homes 135 the rain and heat of summer and rne snow and cold of winter. Sometimes houses were made with straight sides and slanting roofs, covered with the bark of trees or the skins of animals, more, in fact, like the houses in which we our- selves live. A hole in the roof permit- ted the smoke of the little fire, which was built on the floor in the middle of this rude home, to escape into the air. Some- times these houses were built large enough to accommodate several families, and then there were as many fires and as many smoke holes as there were families. When a tribe decided to move from one valley to another their little settlement or village would be deserted. When the new camping ground was reached, new homes were easily built. Indian wigwams. Indian Wigwam. INDIAN WOMEN The work of moving and of building new homes, and in fact all the work of the Indians, 136 The United States All the work was doiie by the women, or squaws, as they Indians ^^^'® Called. The Indian man, or brave, did done by the iiot think it manly to work. When he was women. ^-^^^ lazily lounging in the sun or boasting with his companions around the campfire, he spent his time in hunting and fishing, or in fighting, while his wife built his home, removed the skins from the animals which he had killed in the hunt, and prepared the flesh for eating. She also planted and cultivated a little corn, a few beans, and perhaps a pumpkin or two in the soft ground on the banks of the stream from which the tribe ^yi§k,.. got its water for cooking and (-«% .w"a#w^' drinking. The amount of food thus raised was very small, however, for the Indians depended for their food almost entirely on the flesh of wild animals and on the seeds, berries and roots of plants which they found growing in the valleys or on the hill- sides. They made a kind of bread by grinding in the hollow of a stone the corn which they raised. They mixed the meal with water and cooked the cake on a flat stone, heated over a fire. You see that the processes of preparing and serving food among the Indians were much more simple and easy than they are with us. Indian Woman and Papoose. The Indian as a Hunter and Warrior 137 THE INDIAN AS A HUNTER As the Indian brave spent much of his time The Indian hmiting and fighting, he became very expert fought. with his weapons of the chase and of war. He made his bow of tough, springy wood, stretching from end to end a strip of deer skin for a string. His arrows, too, he made from the trees of the forest, each with a bit of sharpened stone or flint on one end and with feathers at the other end. With the bow and arrow the Indian hunter could kill the swiftest and largest animals. His knife was of stone or of bone, or was perhaps rudely fashioned of shell. THE INDIAN AS A WARRIOR In battle with Indians of other tribes or ^^^_ with white men, the bow and arrow became a warrior. a terrible weapon. Swift and true the arrow sped on its deadly mission. In a hand-to- hand encounter the Indian fighter used his knife with cruel strength and dexterity. Another weapon used by the Indians in their warfare was the tomahawk. The tomahawk was much like the hatchet which we use for splitting kindling wood. But instead of iron or steel the blade was of stone, fastened to its handle with strips of deer skin, or with the fine, stout twigs of a tree. An Indian could hurl his tomahawk with 138 The United States Their barbarism such great force as to kill an enemy at quite a distance. He was not satisfied with killing his foes. He did not consider that his object was accomplished until he had removed a part of the scalp, with its covering of hair, from his fallen foe. The scalp was often I taken before the victim was dead. The number of scalps which a warrior had hanging at his waist showed how great a fighter he was. A young man was not held in high esteem until he had won at least one scalp, either in battle or by I treacherously murdering Imdian Weapons. Mohawk Sealping-knife and deer-shank Tomahawk ; Dakotah Bow and Quiver, with Bow-sack. some settler in his cabin, or surprising him at his work in the field. The Indian always tried to take as many prisoners as possible so as to torture them, which he too often did in a most cruel manner. THE INDIAN PAPOOSE The Indians did not believe in showing their feelings either by laughing or by crying. Even Indian Papoose 139 the little baby strapped to its mother's back — The ufe of for that was the Indian baby carriage — seldom p^poo'le!'''' cried or laughed. As the mother hoed the little field of corn, cooked her husband's meal, or built for him a new home, she carried her baby strapped to her back. There the little fellow slept or looked about him, uncomplain- ing and contented, the burning sun shining down on his unprotected head, or the biting winds of winter playing against his little brown cheeks. As soon as the boy babies were large enough to walk they were taught to use the bow and arrow and the tomahawk. They were also taken by their fathers into the forests to hunt the animals which served them as food. The girl babies were not much liked by the Indians, and Avere liable, because of bad treatment or neglect, to die while yet in infancy. This was better, perhaps, for the baby than being allowed to live. When it became necessary for a band of Indians to move to some fresh hunting ground, the women carried on their backs the earthen water jars and cook- ing utensils, the skins and perhaps the canoes and wigwam poles, with baby perched on top. Indian Earthenware. From southern Utah. 140 The United States Indian canoes. Although the Indians spent so much time roaming through the wild forests, they never lost their way. They could tell by looking at the sun or the stars in what direction they were going, and they could tell by marks on trees and bushes just how far and in what direction they were from their camp. The Indians used the streams as roadways on which their little canoes glided rapidly. Some of these canoes were made of bark ; others were made by covering with skins the branches of trees bent into proper shape. Sometimes they would cut down a great tree wdth their stone hatchets. Then after cutting the trunk into the right length and rounding the ends, they would burn out the wood until a thin, light shell was left. THE INDIANS AND THE COLONISTS After the white settlers came, the Indians began to use guns and bullets and knives of steel, but they still carried tomahawks with them and used them with cruel results. An Indian Head-Dress. The Indians rpj^^ early scttlcrs were never safe from Indian colonists. attacks. With terrible yells and with bodies hideously painted and decorated with flying feathers, they would surround a settler's cabin, Indians and the Colonists 141 kill his family, take their scalps, burn the little The Indian home and be away among the trees of the forest ^^^l^^l^ ""^ before the neighbors could come to the rescue. Sometimes a whole tribe would make an attack on a settlement. The men and babies would be killed, and the women and older children taken away as prisoners to be slaves to the Indians, or to be put to death by fire or other torture. When the settlers built their towns they usu- Reasons for ally placed side by side with the church a ^^^ ^^'^''^' , T , . , . . p houses of little fort, or blockhouse, to which m time of the settlers. attack they could fly and protect their lives. But even in the blockhouse they were not always safe, for the Indians would fasten burn- ing branches to their arrows and thus set fire to the dry timbers. Those who had fled to the house would then be forced into the open, where they would be murdered or taken captive. AVhen the farmers went to their work in the field in the morning they took with them their guns and powder and balls to defend themselves in case of an attack. And wdien on Sunday the little families went to church, the men carried their guns and were constantly on the lookout for their foes. But in spite of the many lives which the The colonies Indians took, and the many homes and settle- ^''*'''' ''' ' *^ strength. ments which they destroyed, together with all the other difficulties to which the settlers were exposed, the thirteen colonies grew larger and stronger. The Indians were gradually driven 142 The United States farther and farther away from the settlements, so that the colonists livmg near the ocean and on the large streams were comparatively safe. The Indians saw that the white men w^ere becoming stronger, and year by year were tak- ing more of their hunting grounds. They at length began to unite and to try, with the united strength of several tribes, to drive the white men out of the country. Indian Bows. 1 and 2, Yew, from California; 3, Willow, from Alaska; 4, 5, Cow's horns, made by Gros Ventres Indians, Montana. War with In 1636 the various tribes called the Pequots thePequots. jj^^^q ^ determined attack on the settlers of Connecticut. But, by the coming of the set- tlers of Massachusetts to the aid of their Con- necticut neighbors, the Pequots were almost entirely destroyed. This war served to show the colonists that in union there is strength, and that if they were not to be driven from the country by the Indians they must help on^ another by uniting their forces, The French 143 10. THE FRENCH While the Enghsh were buildmg homes and The French attempts at colonization. establishmg colonies between the mountains and I ^^^ the Atlantic Ocean, men from a country in Europe called France were making explorations beyond the mountains. The French were fur- traders, buying furs from the Indians and giving them fair value for what they bought. The French traders, many of whom married Indian women, treated the Indians in every way as if they were their equals. In this way the French and Indians became very friendly, so that the French did not have the dangers of Indian warfare to contend with, except from a few tribes which were always friendly with the English. Whenever there was trouble between France The French and England in the old country across the ^"^^ ^^^^^^ ~ 'J wars. ocean, the English colonists in America and the French fur-traders took up the quarrel. There was then war in America. In these wars the French had the aid of the Indians. But even then the English colonists were always successful, although many people were killed, many homes burned, and some settlements entirely destroyed. The first of these wars began in 1689 and lasted until 1697. The last one, which began in 1754, was waged until 1763. During all that time between these two wars the thirteen colonies grew larger and stronger, 144 The United States The colonists learned by these wars that they must depend on themselves for help in their troubles. Although Grreat Britain sent over soldiers to help her colonies, yet these soldiers did not know how to fight either the wild Indians or the French of America, who had become ac- customed to life in the wilds of the new country. Moreover, the English colonists of America had become, to a certain extent, accustomed to governing their own affairs. They had learned how strong they were when united against a common enemy. NEW FRANCE You know that bordering the United States on the north is a country which belongs to Great Britain, called Canada. Many years ago Canada belonged to France. Samuel de Cham- plain should be remembered as the Father of Canada, as John Smith is of Virginia, or Wil- liam Penn of Pennsylvania. It was he who established the first permanent settlement of French people in that country. Robert de La Salle is another man whom we should always remember with great respect. By his heroic efforts the great country beyond the Ap- palachian Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the mouth of the Mississippi River, was opened to white men for settlement. The French people did not come to this coun- try so much with the intention of establishing New France 145 new homes for themselves as to secm-e weahh object of by tradmi>- with the Indians. Becanse they saw *^^ ^'*^"<^^ '^ ~ . "^ settlers. the great dangers of living in a wild, nnbroken conntry, snrronnded by savages who were not friendly, they treated the Indians as they wonld KoBERT Chevalier de la Salle. have treated a race of white people with whom Their they wished to carry on trade. They gave them fair values for their furs. They did not cheat them in their dealings with them. In manv instances French traders married Indian treatment of the Indians. 146 The United States women. At all times, wherever fm-- traders were found, there, in the same company, was a French priest, who fearlessly went among the Indians, giving them medicine in their ill- ness, dressing their wounds after battles, and doing what he could to convert them to Chris- tianity. The French were rewarded for their kindness and honesty by having the Indians as their friends. THE IROQUOIS The There was one tribe of Indians, the Iroquois, Iroquois. ^houi tlic Freucli did not treat well. Indians never forget a kind or an unkind act. The Iroquois, consequently, always hated the French, and did what they could to help the English in their quarrels with the French. It is im- portant to remember this. It is probable that had it not been for these friendly savages the history of our country would have been very different, and that Canada would today be owned by France. A war between the United States and France would apparently have been necessary to determine the ownership of the Mississippi Valley. The English The English claimed our entire continent and French f^.^^^^ ^^^^ Atlautlc to the Pacific bccausc they had been the first to establish colonies on the Atlantic coast. France claimed the Mis- sissippi Valley because La Salle and other brave men had explored the great river which King William's War 147 drains the country between the Rocky Moun- tams and the Appahichian Mountains. The French had estabhshed many trading posts in Canada and in the eastern part of the Mis- sissippi Valley. To these stations the Indians brought furs to exchange for trinkets and for guns and powder and bullets or other things which the French brought from over the ocean. As the English settlers began to push farther The into the country across the mountains, diffi- ^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' ' they gave culties arose between the English colonists rise to. and the French traders. The French then built strong forts near their trading posts, wdiere they kept soldiers for their protection. The Frenchmen told the Indians that if the English were allowed to cross the mountains their forests would soon be destroyed and they themselves would be driven away or killed. So the Indians, urged on by the French, attacked the English and made their lives hard and dangerous. The French were not satisfied with having The French Canada and the Mississippi Valley. They ^""^^pJ -^ -*- -^ '' upon New wished to have a seaport on the Atlantic Nether- Ocean nearer the center of the country, where ^^"^^^^ their ships could luring* them provisions and in turn receive the furs which they had bought. They attempted to take New Nethe'rlands, through which the Hudson River flowed, away 148 The United States from the Dutch. A good opportunity for doing this, it was thought, came to them in 1689. The ruler of France was King Louis XIY, in whose honor the whole of the Mississippi Valley had been called Louisiana. This king was so powerful in France, and his great armies were so strong and well trained, that the other governments of Europe were becom- ing much afraid of him. They thought that he might send his armies to conquer the countries which did not belong to France. English For this reason, several of the powerful nations unued''^^^ of Europe united against him, and a great war against the followcd. King William, of Great Britain, who French. ^iSid bccu the govcmor of Holland for several years before he became King of England, was one of the chief opponents of the French king. When war was announced in the old country the French in America wished to help their mother country, and, at the same time, to better their own condition, so they sent an expedition against New Netherlands in order that they might have New Amsterdam and the Hudson Eiver as their own. Holland and England were opposed to France across the ocean, and it followed that the Dutch and English were opposed to the French in America. The "French were unsuccessful in this at- tempt, in spite of the fact that they were Queen Anne's War 149 helped by the Indians. Then* red friends caused a great deal of suffering to the Dutch and English settlers in the outlying districts of New England and New Netherlands. The date 1689 is quite an important one in The lesson the history of the American colonies, because «f*^e^^^- it was then that the colonists first began to realize their strength. At this time they learned that if they did not wish to lose all the benefits for which they had suffered, they must help one another against the Indians and the French. King William's War, as it was called in America, lasted until 1697. QUEEN ANNE's WAR King William's War was soon follow^ed by stm another another called Queen Anne's, for Anne (1702- ^-^r which Vjofl it's 1714) became ruler of Great Britain after King origin in William's death. This war, like the former, Europe. had its origin in the old country. France and Spain were on one side, with England and other countries opposed to them. The English in the thirteen colonies and the French and Spanish in America were soon at war with one another. And again the English colonists suffered a great deal from the cruelties of the Indians. Peace was finally made between England and France, and for nearly thirty years the Eng- lish colonists were not troubled by any united attacks of the French and Indians. 150 The United States King George's War. KING GEORGE'S WAR In 1744 another war broke out between France and England, and, as before, the colo- nists of each of these two countries did what they could to help the mother countries at home by fighting here in America. This war is known as King George's War, for George II was then King of England, being the second ruler after Queen Anne.* FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Overthrow of the French in America. The three wars named above came about because of trouble between the mother coun- tries across the ocean. In 1754 another war, called the French and Indian War, began, which lasted nine years. The French and Indian War w^as brought about by the French and English in America without any reference to what w^as going on across the ocean. The English colonists saw that if they wished to settle in the Mississippi Valley they must drive the French away. The French, for their part, realized that if they wished to hold their trade with the Indians they must prevent the English from crossing the mountains and establishing homes on the western side. It was during this war that George Washing- *George I (1714-1727) -George II (1727-1760). French and Indian War 151 ton first became known throughout the colonies. During this He was sent by the ^rovernor of yh'2:inia across ^y ^^^^g^ the mountains to attempt to settle matters with entered the French. And, although he was unsuccess- p"^^^^ ^^^®- ful, yet he showed great bravery and a great deal of wisdom and common sense. When Great Britain saw that her colonies were wag- ing a real war against the Frenchmen in America, she declared war against France, and sent soldiers to help her colonies fight. France did likewise toward her colonies. For seven years, the English armies helped, the colonists to fight the French armies and the French traders until, finally, the French in America were beaten. The war continued two years longer between the mother countries in Europe before the French gave up. As a result of the war, Canada and Louisiana became a part of the territory belonging to England. George Washington did much gallant service during this war against the French and Indians. He proved his great ability as a leader of men, and established his reputation throughout the country as a careful, wise and fearless officer. The Iroquois were the staunch friends of the Aid of the English during this long war. For the aid i^o; sooii fouiid oiit that s.nuggiing was searched for camecl Oil, SO liG issiied WHts of Assistance. smuggled These Writs of Assistance were pax)ers which goods. gave the king's officers power to go into any man's house to look for smuggled goods. This action on the part of the king greatly enraged the people of the thirteen colonies, who opposed the officers bitterly when they attempted to use their Writs of Assistance. THE STAMP ACT The act to Auotlicr act of the British government which for^xpeTsTs the colonists regarded as most unjust was the in the passage by Parliament of the Stamp Act. Money was needed to pay the judges and other officers whom the king sent to the colonies to carry out his orders. The king also decided that it was necessary to send English soldiers to the colonies, although the colonists had proved in the French and Indian wars that they were perfectly able to take care of them- selves. The Stamp Act was passed so that the king could get money for these purposes. By this act marriage licenses, deeds by which land was transferred from one person to another, and all legal papers, and even newspapers, were to bear this stamp before they could be issued. Duty on Tea 161 Lawyers agreed that they would consider all The papers legal, even though they did not bear "^^^^^fj^*^ -■■-'■ o 7 o ^ would pay the royal stamp. Young people determined no such tax. not to marry if they could not get a license without a stamp attached to it. Many people in all the colonies refused to use the stamps for any purpose. Many boxes containing the hated stamps were burned. Officers who tried to enforce the act were harshly treated and so frightened that they ceased their efforts to make the people use the stamps. When the English government discovered that it could raise no money by the Stamp Act, the law was repealed. But George III took pains to say at the same time that even though this act was repealed he had the right to tax the colonists as he pleased. The colonists did not care what the king said ; it was what he did that affected them. DUTY ON TEA The king now attempted to enforce the duties The king on imported goods. The colonists were, how- ^J^J^gJ'''' ever, so determined not to be taxed, that he was compelled to allow everything to come into the colonies without a tax, except tea. On that article he said the colonists must pay. The English people and many of the best men in Parliament spoke fearlessly in favor of the colonists, telling the king that he was unwise 162 The United States of the colonists and unjust in his attitude. But George III was obstinate. He insisted that the colonists should pay the tax on tea at least. If the colonists had done this the king would have gained his j^oint. They would then have been paying a tax levied on them without their voice and without their consent. Many ship- loads of tea were sent to the various ports, but the people refused to buy the tea. They The preferred to go without their favorite drink resentment rather thau to pay a tax imposed without their consent. Many ships, with their cargoes of tea, were compelled to return to England. In other places the chests of tea were brought on shore and stored in damp cellars and store- houses, where the tea soon spoiled. The people of Boston, however, took more vigorous methods, to show the king that they would not be imposed on. After trying in vain to have the tea ships sail away, and realizing that unless they took more decisive action the tea would be landed, a band of Boston citizens disguised as Indians boarded the tea ships in the harbor and without noise or disorder broke open the chests and poured the tea into the water. They then went quietly to their homes. This act so enraged the king that he ordered the port of Boston closed. This means that no ships were allowed to sail into or out of Boston harbor. The king hoped to show the The port of Boston closed. Duty on Tea 163 colonists that he would be obeyed, whether they liked his actions or not. The wharfs of Boston were soon covered with grass. The streets suffering were filled with idle men, so that everywhere ^'^''''^ ^^^ people. throughout the city among the people there was srreat sufferins: from lack of food. But ^^^^^^^ Boston in the Time op the Revolution. From the "Royal American Magazine," 1774. the neighboring towns of Massachusetts, and the towns in other colonies, came to the assist- ance of their sister city, sending to Boston provisions and money and also letters of cheer and encouragement. By this time the colonies had begun to rely a great deal on one another. Committees of correspondence had been organized in the dif- 164 The United States Tte ^ ferent colonies and promises of help exchanged, stand'for Each colonj tried to enconrage all the other their rights, colonics boldly to stand for their rights. 12. THE BE VOLUTION The First jn September, 1774, the First Continental cZgreT' Congress met at Philadelphia. Many of the and the colonies Sent some of their best men to repre- Declaration of Rights. Congress. sent them at this Congress. These men issued a Declaration of Rights, in which they begged the king to treat the people of the colonies better. They told him they loved Eng- land, and they honored him as their king. They said that they were loyal British sub- jects, and that all they wanted was fair and just treatment. A Provincial Tlic pcoplc of Massachusctts organized a Provincial Congress, which began to prepare an armed force and to collect guns and ammu- nition. Many of the patriotic men of New England, both old and young, were now spending the time they had free from work in learning to march, to handle guns as soldiers should, and to be quick to obey the word of command. These were called minute men because they were prepared to march at a minute's notice. Old guns were taken down from the chimneys, or from the garrets where they had lain forgotten since the trouble with the French and Indians. Pieces of lead The Revolution 165 were collected from all out-of-the-way places P^epara- aiid melted and moulded into balls. All the ^.^r! spare money of the farmers was spent for a fresh supply of powder. The roll of the drum and the sharp commands of officers, fresh from a day's work in the field or behmd the coun- ter of a store, were heard on all sides during the evening hours. The women encouraged the men to prepare themselves well for the trouble which it was believed was not far distant. Every one was anxious. Every one was brave. All were willing to give up home, family, life, everything except the liberty which they had learned to know and cherish during colonial life on the American shore — every one except the Tories. The Tories were colonists who were friendly to England in the quarrel between the mother country and her colonies. Of these Tories there were many. They caused much annoyance to the patriots, and were often a source of danger to their cause. But by far the greater number of colonists were patriotic Ameri- cans, standing on the side of right and justice. The Continental Congress at Philadelphia sent hearty words of encouragement to the Provincial Conerress at Boston. The Minute Man. After the original in bronze by Daniel C. French. 166 The United States THE FIRST BLOODSHED General r; age's attempt to capture supplies. The battle Lexington April 19, 1775. When General Gage, the commander of the British soldiers in Boston, saw the prepara- tions for war which were going on aronnd him, he decided to capture the guns and ammunition of the Massachusetts colony. To accomplish this he sent a body of men to Concord, where many munitions of war were stored. He tried to do this secretly, but his movements had been watched. By the time his soldiers had started, a brave man, Paul Revere, was riding on his good horse along the road between Boston and Concord, calling the minute men to wake and oppose the king's soldiers. When, therefore, the British soldiers advanced along the Concord road they were fired at from behind fences and barns, so that although they succeeded in destroying the storehouse at Concord, many of them were killed. Those who escaped were very glad to get back into Boston again. *^^ This first bloodshed between the troops of England and the minute men of her colonies is called the Battle of Lexington. It was in the town of that name on the Concord road that the first shot of the Revolution was fired on that morning of April 19, 1775. This date should be remembered by us all. The people of New England were greatly excited when the news of this battle reached The First Bloodshed 167 them. Within tliree days a force of 16,000 colonial minute men surrounded Boston and the British troops quartered there On the 10th of May the Second Continental Second Congress met in Philadelphia and decided to congress. organize a Continental army to oppose the English. George Washington, well known because of his bravery and wisdom in the French and Indian War, and because of his sensible and patriotic conduct in the Virginia House of Burgesses, was called to be its com- mander. The Revolutionary War was now begun in earnest, although at this time the colonists had no idea of attempting to free themselves from British rule. The same Congress that made these war- like preparations sent a letter to the king, telling him of their loyalty and begging him to treat them with fairness and honesty. The king paid no attention to this appeal. On the contrary, he sent over more soldiers, and even hired soldiers of other countries to fight for him. The men assembled at Phila- delphia in the Second Continental Congress issued on the 4th of July, 3776, as you already know, the Declaration of Independence. The Battle of Lexington was fought on the Washington 19th of April, 1775, the Second Continental general. Congress met in Philadelphia in May, 1775, and George Washington took charge of the Continental army on the 3d of July, 1775, 168 The United States at Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was not until October 19, 1781, however, that the British general. Lord Cornwallis, finally sur- rendered his army to George Washington, and the long, bravely fought war of the Revolution was brouerht to a close. His undis ciplineO troops. Lord Howe sailed from BostoB. IN THE NORTH When Washington took charge of the sol- diers who had assembled near Boston, he found them undisciplined, armed only with such guns as they had themselves been able to pro- cure, and dressed for the most part in their every- day clothing. He at once began to train the men, teaching them to rely on their offi- cers and to obey them in every way. He also did what he could to have his soldiers sup- plied with better guns and more suitable clothing. While thus preparing his army for the coming war, he carefully watched the British soldiers quartered in Boston. In the spring of 1776, Lord Howe, who had come from England to take General Gage's place at the head of the British troops, be- coming alarmed at the increasing strength of the colonial army, placed his troops on board the English men-of-war in the harbor and sailed away. Boston was now occupied by American sol- diers, so the citizens were no longer harassed by the enemy. In the North 169 General Washington and His Soldiers. During the time the American soldiers held the British army in Boston much progress had been made by Washington in the organization of Washing- his forces. Our soldiers had now had experience j^^ of thT in camp life, in watching a besieged army and American in actual warfare against the soldiers of Eng- land. This training was of great value to them. 170 The United States It was believed that after the British left Boston they would attack New York and at- tempt to gain control of the Hudson Eiver. It was of the utmost importance that they be prevented from accomplishing this, for since the British had many powerful ships with which they could prevent the transfer of American troops from port to port by way of the sea, the colonists depended in great measure on the Hudson River for the moving of troops from New England to the middle colonies. Washington Washiugtou quickly moved his army from moved his Boston to Ncw York. He prepared to defend army to New York, the city against the approachmg English, but the British soldiers proved too strong for his little army. New York and its harbor fell into the hands of General Howe. After several severe engagements near New York, the British attempted to march across New Jersey to capture Philadelphia. Wash- ington prevented this by engaging them in several battles. The British then succeeded in reaching Philadelphia by sailing down the coast from New York and up Chesapeake Bay and then marching overland to that city. The opposition of Washington's army was so stubborn that the English accomplished little, and suffered at the same time heavy losses. The English army was soon taken to New York again, closely followed by General Wash- The British In the South 171 iiigton. An attempt on the part of the Eng- The attempt lish, directed by General Burgoyne, to conquer ^ewYorr the state of New York by leading an army from from Canada, failed utterly, resulting in the c-'^"^^^- capture of a large force of British soldiers. IN THE SOUTH In 1779, after several years of severe fight- ing, which resulted in great loss, both to the English and to the Americans, the English gave up their attempt to obtain control of New York and the other central states. They advanced against the South, where they hoped the south, soon to be victorious. The English first took possession of Georgia and reinstated the royal governor there, after which they defeated the Americans in South Carolina. It appeared as if they were to suc- ceed in all the southern states. At the end of the year 1780, however, a new army for the South was organized by the Americans and placed in command of the brave General Greene. But General Greene was himself under George Washington, for General Wash- ington was the Commander-in-Chief of all the armies of the United States. The American soldiers were now more successful. In the spring of 1781, Lord Cornwallis, who was then the British general, withdrew his army from North Carolina into 172 The United States The French aid. Lord Coriiwallis's surrender. Virginia. Cornwallis took his stand in York- town, Virginia. A large fleet from France was on its Wciy to aid the United States. Learning of this, Washington led his army from the North, where he had been battling with the English, doing w^hat he could to prevent their destruc- tion of the northern cities, and, by uniting his forces with those of General Greene, surrounded the British army under Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown. The French fleet which had ar- rived, prevented the escape of the British army by water. At Yorktown on the 19th of October, 1781, after a long siege, and after several vain at- tempts to escape, Lord Cornwallis surrendered the English army to George Washington. GENERAL MARION General Marion, "The Fox," and his men. When the British government decided to try to conquer the colonies by attacking them in the South, instead of devoting all their ener- gies to the North, the prospects w^ere very dark for the Americans. The English were success- ful in Georgia and the Carolinas, but, even while successful, they were greatly annoyed by the frequent attacks of a band led by General Francis Marion. Marion and his men, and their brave deeds for their country, are of great interest in eon- General Marion 173 nection with the study of the American Revo- lution. Mounted on swift and trusted horses, living in the woods like frontiersmen, Marion's By permission of George Putnam's Sons band was a constant menace to the British a constant troops. These sly followers of "The Fox," as to the*" General Marion was called, could not easily be British captured. At unexpected moments, and at un- ^'^^^^ 174 The United States expected places, they would rush on the well- uniformed, strictly disciplined and well -sea- soned British troops. After hindering the progress of the hostile army, killing many of their soldiers, and freeing American prisoners, they would turn their horses and be back among the protecting trees almost before the English had recovered from their surprise. Marion and his men also proved during the war that they were brave soldiers in open war- fare. More than once they met the English in regular battle. General Marion and his men had fought the Indians before the Ee volution. They knew well the sly tricks of the Indians which the The poverty Britisli could ucvcr understand or successfully ofthe^sT^"^^ cope with. The general and his men had no Americans, tcuts, oftCU UOt CVCU blaukcts iu whicll tO sleep. The bare ground was their bed, the trees and sky their shelter. The berries and • roots of the woods were their food. Ready to move at a moment's notice, whether during the day or in the middle of the night, the English could not surprise or capture them. Many interesting stories are told of the sacrifices, the narrow escapes and the suc- cesses of Marion's men. One will be enough to show you how they were regarded by the British. An English officer, being captured by General Marion, was invited to dine with him. The Englishman was surprised to find that Marquis Lafayette 175 the only thing the general and his men had for dinner that day was a batch of potatoes, baked in the embers of a camp fire and served on pieces of bark. The dainty officer in his gaudy uniform was hardly prepared for such a feast; but the simple politeness and open hos- pitality which Marion showed to his captured enemy did more than a sumptuous repast could possibly have done. When the British officer ^ British regained his liberty he resigned his commission opinion of and returned to England, saying that there Jib^ert}^^^ was no use fighting such men. The trained armies of England could not hope to be suc- cessful against men who were willing to lead such lives, suffer such hardships and brave such dangers, for the sake of liberty. General Marion and his band of patriots did much to secure the freedom of the colonies. General Marion was born in the same year with Washington, 1732, in South Carolina. He died in 1795. MARQUIS LAFAYETTE We owe a great deal to the help which the French gave us during our struggle for inde- pendence. The French had been for years the enemies of the English, so they were glad to unite with those at war with England. After the Continental Congress had issued the Declaration of Independence France was the first nation to acknowledge the right of the 176 The United States Tbe colonies to freedom. And after France had Z%T2lZ acknowledged this right, she treated the United States as an independent nation, even before By permission of George Putnam's Sons From a French print, 1781. the United States had succeeded in* winning freedom and while they were still called the rebellious colonies of England. Benjamin Franklin 177 In the early part of the Revolution a brave young Frenchman, the Marquis Lafayette, be- coming impatient with his country for not sending aid to the United States, fitted out a ship witli men and arms at his own expense, The zeai of which he placed at the disposal of the colo- ^''^^J'^"®- nists. Lafayette, who was with Washington much of the time during the war, rendered valuable assistance to the colonial army. We should not forget to honor this noble French- man. BENJAMIN FKANKLIN For some years before the Revolution several of the colonies had employed a man by the name of Benjamin Franklin to go to England, to do what he could to help the colonies by pressing their claims before the English gov- ^ foremost ernment. As he was one of the foremost patriot, patriots of our young country, and as he did a great deal to secure the help of the French nation during our Revolution, let us learn a little about him. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in the year 1706, his parents having come to this country some time before, from England. He could not, he tells us in his autobiography, remember the time when he could not read. His greatest pleasure, even when a young boy, was to secure a book and master the lines contained in it. 178 The United States His work While still very young, Franklin worked with his brother in a printing office, in Boston, and soon began to write for his brother's paper. This was the second newspaper ever published in the United States. Franklin's brother, being jealous of the younger man's ability to write so well, made life very uncomfortable for him, which caused Benjamin, when seventeen years old, to leave home. He went to Philadelphia, w^hicli city from this time until his death he considered his home. Soon after his arrival in Philadelphia he found employment in a printing office, where, because of his great ability, he soon came to be regarded as the foremost man in the office. His^ He spent all his spare moments in study, mastering, among other things, the German and French languages. He also gained a fair knowledge of several other tongues. Later, after spending some time in Europe, where he worked in a printing office, Franklin returned to Philadelphia, where he opened a printing office of his own. When he grew older he was elected to the Assembly of Pennsylvania, where his influence did much to increase the prosperity of the colony. He wrote and printed many pamphlets, which contained words of much wisdom. They are still read today. He published an almanac called " Poor Richard's Almanac," for which studies. Benjamin Franklin 179 he had collected so many wise and sharp sayings that, next to the Bible, "Poor Rich- Poor ard's Almanac" was the best known publica- ^J^rnac! tion in all the colonies. Franklin was not only a printer and anthor; he was also the man who discovered that lightning is electricity. This discovery was of such importance to the world that it caused the name of Franklin to be known and honored throughout America, and in the coun- tries of Europe as well. He had long won- dered of what lightning consisted. So one Frankim stormy night he went into a field, where he ng^7^tgt* sent up into the clouds a large kite which electricity. he had made. At the end of his kite string was a key. Pretty soon a flash of lightning brightened the darkness, and a little spark, just such a spark as is seen on an electric motor, was seen at the end of his key. Franklin then was sure that lightning was nothing more than electricity. He made many , other experiments, which proved this to be true. This discovery showed the world that electricity exists in the air all about us. The lightning rod, which collects the elec- tricity in the air during a storm, and carrying it harmlessly into the ground, prevents the destruction of buildings, was the invention of Benjamin Franklin. The advancement made in electrical appliances since the time of Franklin is so great that it can not be estimated. 180 The United States electricity. Franklin sent on a mission to France. The value TliG telephone and telegraph would not be ofTe^'useof POSslble wlthout the power of electricity. These inventions permit people not only of the same town, but people separated by thou- sands of miles of land and water, to talk with one another. They cause the people of all countries of the earth to feel more like broth- ers to one another. Many of our houses and streets are lighted by electricity. Our street cars are moved by the power of this strange force, and electricity is beginning to be used for the moving of railroad trains and ships on the water. En- gines of all sorts are propelled by electricity. If Benjamin Franklin had never done any- thing else but discover that lightning and electricity are the same, his name would have been remembered and honored. Franklin was sent to England to try to induce the king to treat the American colonies better, and for what he did there his fellow countrymen loved and respected him. When the war with Great Britain began Franklin was sent by this country to France to secure the aid of the French government. It was partly through his wise conduct there, and his brave appeals for help, that the French sent ships and soldiers to America to aid the colonies in securing their independence. After the surrender of Cornwallis, Franklin gave his aid to the United States by insisting Benjamin Franklin 181 that their rights should be observed in the treaty of peace, which was finally agreed to. Eeturning to America, Franklin spent the re- His -, i?i'Ti? !• J? !• J. constant mamder oi his lire working for his country, patriotic He had much to do with the "taking of the endeavor. Constitution which the United States adopted. _.......«.,... ^ ,K^- Benjamin Fkanklin, He did much to make Philadelphia the well- ordered and beautiful city which it is today. His service to the state of Pennsylvania and the whole country will always be remembered. Franklin died in Philadelphia in 1790 in the His death, eighty -fifth year of his life, honored and loved by the people of America and looked up to by the people of foreign countries. 182 The United States PEACE The patriotism and endur- ance of the people. The treaty of peace. The colonies had won their independence and showed King George the Third of England that he conld not tax his colonies as he pleased. Great were the sufferings of George Wash- ington, the brave commander, and his invin- cible Continental army, but during the long years of war these brave soldiers were cheered and encouraged by patriotic mothers and wives, sisters and daughters. These women said to the men, "Go! Fight for om- country and our rights. We will take care of things here at home while you are gone. We will work the farm, and we will do the best we can to keep you supplied with good, warm clothing. Do not give up." With such brave soldiers and such loyal women opposed to her, England could not conquer. It was not until the fall of 1783, two years after the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, that a treaty of peace was finally agreed to by the United States and Great Britain, and the British soldiers were withdrawn from our territory. By the terms of the treaty the United States extended from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi Eiver in the West. Canada belonged to England, whereas Florida, as well as the vast expanse of country between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, the Louisiana territory, belonged to Spain. After the Revolution 183 DIFFICULTIES AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAE During the Revolution the colonies had had The great difficulty in holding themselves together, confeder''-^ They had agreed to be governed by a collec- ation tion of laws which were called the Articles of Confederation. But since these laws gave Con- The United States in 1783, at the Close of the Revolution. gress no real power, it was a hard matter for the government to secure money for the sup- se7ve\o port of the nation and to keep the different keep the colonies at peace with one another. This same pea'lT^ ^ difficulty existed after the close of the war. It was only through the exertions of Wash- 184 The United States ingtoii and Franklin and other peace-loving men that the thirteen states were held together. At times it looked as if there would be thirteen separate nations formed of the thir- teen colonies. Again some of the colonics seemed to be anxious to bind themselves into a nation apart from the other states. It was suggested by some that George Washington be made king of the country, but to this proposi- tion he refused absolutely to listen. Finally matters were settled to a great extent by the forming of the Constitution and its adoption by the thirteen states. 13. OUB COUNTRY AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR The Now that the Revolutionary War is over and an^' ^^ ^^^^ President and Congress are hard at work Congress in in Ncw York City trying to straighten matters New York. ^^^^ |^^ ^^ pausc to scc wliat kind of country the colonists had established for themselves, and what Great Britain had lost by the un- fairness of her kings. At the close of the war there were thirteen states within the territory of the United States. Some of these had well-defined boundaries, but the boundaries of others were much in The dispute. The settlements were for the most conditions i • i i j i j i i they worked P^^'^ cithcr ucar the 'ocean or on the large rivers. The country west of the Appalachian Mountains was but little known, the settle- ments there being few and widely separated. with. After the Revolution 185 In all the thirteen states the population did ^^^ not equal more than half the number of i3eople living today within the one state of New York. Of this population the greater part was to be found south of the Potomac River, where fully one-seventh of the people were slaves. The reason for the large number of settlers to be found in the South is plain, when we think of the great difference in climate, and also the difference in kind of soil between the two sections of the country. In the South the air is warm, almost tropical, for the greater part of the year. The soil yields great quan- tities of tobacco and cotton, with little help from man other than that of planting and harvesting the crops. In the North the summer is short and the winter long and cold. The soil is not easily adapted to the raising of to- bacco or cotton, nor is the summer loug enough to warrant the planting of such crops. Corn and othei* grain can be grown, but the fields must be cleared of stumps and rocks and the soil must be carefully tilled. The southern settlers lived on great planta- in the tions, where, with the aid of slaves, and by ^^''^^• very little hard work themselves, they raised great crops of tobacco and cotton and rice. The settlers of the North lived on little farms and in towns, each man doing his own work, raising his little crops of corn and of wheat, keeping his little store or shop, or owning his North. 186 The United States boat and making his living by fishing in the streams or in the waters of the ocean. In the far North, New Hampshire and that country which was afterwards admitted to the Union as Maine and Vermont, were but little popula- ted. The few settlers there made a living by felling the trees of the forest and sending the wood to the other colonies, or to England. Then, too, they hunted animals in the woods, they caught codfish, and they captured whales and extracted the oil. In the far South great quantities of rice and indigo were grown, and from the trees the settlers secured pitch and tar. In tbe In the North were many little towns on the seacoast, and between and behind the towns the country was divided into little farms. Philadelphia was the largest and most modern of all the cities in the country. New York was the second in point of size, while Boston, in Massachusetts, was the third city of impor- tance. In the South there were few towns and cities. One might travel for hours through great plantations without seeing a house of any kind. In the North each little town had its church and its school house. So, too, each little com- munity of farmers had a church conveniently located, where the farmers and their families could worship on Sundays, and a school house, where the children could be educated during the week. In the Middle States churches and Travel 187 school houses were found only in the towns, and sometimes not even there, while in the South churches were only in the larger places, the planters frequently driving many miles on Sunday to attend services. Of school houses there were very few. TKAVEL The people did not go much from home. How people Few Virginians had been to Georgia. Few of t^^^^^^*^- the settlers of New York had made the trip to Boston. A man who had traveled from New An Old-Time Family Coach. Hampshire to the far South was looked on as a wonderful traveler. Raih*oads were un- known. All travel was either by water, or by stage coach, or on horseback, over the roughest roads, through wild forests, and by fordiufi: streams and wadins: The >^ swamps, traveler who wished to 2:0 from Boston to New 188 The United States How they dressed. York spent a week in doing so when the weather was fine and the roads in good condi- tion. At other times ten days or two weeks were necessary to cover the distance. If he wished to coutinue to the far South he had to be prepared to spend nearly an entire month in a stage coach, eating liis meals and sleep- ing nights at inns and taverns by the side of the road. As our traveler went from place to place he w^as eagerly questioned about what was happen- ing in those parts of the country through which he had passed. There were few newspapers printed, and these were seldom seen at any distance from the town where they were issued. Letters were carried at great expense by boys and men on horseback. The trips of these early postmen were few, because each required much time. DKESS z:^Z^^^^^.-^~'— The dress of the colonists was Dress of the Time of ^^^j^ ^^ ^.^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ THE Revolution. *' The men wore three-cornered hats, coats short in front and long behind, trousers reaching only to the knee, and low shoes. This was the dress clothing of the men. The Patriotic Spirit 189 a suit of which lasted a man many years and was often handed down by him to his son. In the fields homespun clothes of linsey-woolsey were worn. In the South the planters were often richly dressed in clothing brought from Europe, but the style there was much the same as at the North. The women wore high hats, or enormous bonnets and skirts con- taining many yards of material, held in place by great hoops of ** "• Dress of the Time In the North the settlers led op the revolu- hard working, severe lives, yet '^^^^' were able to earn only a bare living. The who did housewives and the daughters spent their time t^^work. making clothes for themselves and the men, and also table-linen, bed-clothes and blankets. In the South the slaves did most of the work, while the planters led comparatively easy lives, entertaining one another and seeking amuse- ment. THE PATKIOTIC SPIRIT Everywhere we find the settlers, both men The and women, looking eagerly toward New York ^j^g'^^go^^i, and trusting that the President and Congress will do their work well and justly. Every- where from New Hampshire to Georgia the 190 The United States men met to suggest plans for strengthening the country and to speak patriotic words. The patriots were proud of their little country, and every one was anxious to do his or her share in helping it become great and strong. NEW STATES The growth Many settlers now came to the United States tionTnT from other countries to enjoy the freedom living which the United States had won. They facilities. Q^j^Q ^o establish homes in the great valleys and on the mighty streams where yet no homes were built. The thirteen original states began to grow in population. New settle- ments were made. Towns increased in size. Roads became better. More newspapers were printed. Letters were carried more easily and quickly. The country in and beyond the mountains was being settled by hardy fron- tiersmen. Before the capital of the United States was permanently established at Washing- ton, three new states, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee, were admitted to the Union. Ver- mont was the first state to be added to the United States after the adoption of the Consti- tution, the date of her admission being 1791. EOBEKT FULTON In 1806 Robert Fulton invented the steam- boat which made trips on the Hudson River Robert Fulton 191 between New York and Albany. It is neces- sary that the people of a conntry, if they wish to make their country great and strong, be of th steamboat Some re- sults of the invention ^i^^:^^^^ able to travel from place to place quickly and easily. They can then see and know one another. The products of one part of the country can then be carried to the people in 192 The United States other parts where they are needed. The inven- tion of the steamboat was a great step toward bringing about this better state of affairs. Wliile the states of the Union were growing and adding to their number, they not only had a great deal of trouble among themselves, but with other countries also. LOUISIANA Louisiana You remember that all the territory between hl'isos!'^ tlie Appalachian Mountains and the Eocky Mountains had been claimed by France. The French based their claim on the fact that it was Frenchmen who first extensively explored the Mississippi and the other rivers which drain all that vast territory. As a result of the French and Indian War all the land of the Louisiana territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River became the property of Great Britain. That west of the river was ceded by France to Spain. Later (1801) the land between the river and the Eocky Moun- tains was ceded back to France. Wliile the young states were strengthening themselves and adding to their number, France and England became involved in a great quarrel. France felt that she would be unable to hold Louisiana if England should attempt to take it away from her. Therefore Napoleon, the ruler of France, offered to sell Louisiana to the United States. Thomas Jefferson 193 111 this way he would get a great deal of money for territory which he felt sure he would other- wise lose. He thought, too, that in this way he would strengthen the friendship between France and the United States. Thomas Jeffer- son was President of the United States at the time the purchase was made. THOMAS JEFFEKSON You have been told that George Washington was the first President of the United States, and that he served for two terms — from April 30, 1789, to March 4, 1797. Although the people of the United States wished to elect him again to the Presidency, he would not accept this additional mark of their trust. John Adams, John Adams of Massachusetts, who had been Vice-President during the eight years of Washington's Presi- ton as dency, was chosen to succeed him. At the same P^'^sident. time, in 1796, Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice-President. Adams and Jefferson were in- augurated at Philadelphia, March 4, 1797. As the name of Thomas Jefferson is closely linked with .that of Washington, we shall enjoy learning a little about his life. Jefferson's ancestors came to Virginia and became planters in the colony before the Pilgrims sailed across the ocean in the gallant little Mayflower. Our Jefferson was born in 1743, on April 2. At that time George Washington was already M succeeded Washing- 194 The United States eleven years old, attending school and playing soldier with his mates, jefiferson's Althougli Jefferson's father was not well edu- cated himself, he was anxious that his son should have the advantages which learning gives. He therefore sent his boy to a good school and later to college. As Jefferson had been an earnest student, and was capable of remembering and applying what he learned, when he left college he was a well-educated man. From early boyhood he had been inter- ested in history and politics. After graduating from college he devoted his time to the study of law. With the money he earned as a law- yer he bought more land, to add to the plan- tation which he inherited from his father. Jefferson's plantation was located near the present city of Charlottesville, in the mountains of Virginia. His home was called Monticello. Jefferson, like Washington, enjoyed plantation life and at Monticello, surrounded by his slaves, he spent many happy hours. Although Jefferson owned slaves, he did not think it right that men should be thus deprived of their freedom. He did much to better the condition of the slaves in this country by the expression of his opinion in regard to them. Like Washington, he hoped and believed that slavery would gradually die out. He succeeded in having a law passed prohibiting the bringing of more slaves into Virginia. After the colonies had become the Thomas Jefferson 195 United States, lie tried to have Congress pass a law freeing all the slaves and prohibiting slavery in the United States. Thomas Jefferson was an honest, perfectly His frank man, who did not fear to say or write ^^^l^"^' ^ what he believed to be true. Kind-hearted patriotism. and cordial to every one, he made many 196 The United States His work in the Declaration ■ of Indepen- dence. friends. Even those who opposed him on matters of national importance loved and re- spected him because it was known that he was honest in his convictions and that all his actions were prompted by patriotism. He was a hard and earnest worker for the good of the colonies, and later in life for the United States. In 1768, he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and from that time until the Ee volution he was a member of that body. Foremost in demanding of the king and the royal governors the rights which he knew the colonists should have, he became known throughout the thirteen colonies as the cham- pion of freedom and the enemy of oppression and tyranny. He was one of the members of the Virginia Committee of Correspondence. He was sent by Virginia to the Second Continental Congress, which issued the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. The work of preparing a Decla- ration of Independence was placed, by Congress, in the hands of five men, three of whom were Benjamin Franklin, ^ John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence, as it was finally passed and issued, is largely the work of Jefferson. In it are embodied the thoughts and sentiments which he had so often urged as a member of the Virginia House of Bur- Thomas Jefferson 197 gesses and of the Committee of Correspon- dence. Soon after the Declaration of Independence was issued, Jefferson resigned his seat in Congress to become a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he thought he could work to the better advantage of his countrymen. In 1779, he was elected governor of Virginia^ where, in the discharge of his duties, he as- sisted Washington in his work of driving the English from the country. Soon after he again occupied a seat in Con- gress. In 1785, he was sent to France to succeed Franklin, who, as you already know, had been there for several years. While Washington was President, he asked Jefferson to come home from France to be his Secretary of State. The Secretary of State is an assistant of the President, whose duty it is to watch over the affairs which affect the relation of our country with other countries. The Secretary of State is one of the most important offices connected with our govern- ment. In 1796, Jefferson was elected Vice-President, Jeflferson and in 1800 he was chosen by the people to president. be their President, and in 1804 he was again elected to that high position. At the close of his second term, Jefferson returned to his home at Monticello, where he remained until his death, in 1826. There his 198 The United States body was buried. Many visitors still go every year to his grave to show their venera- tion and respect for one of the founders of our United States. T!ie rights Jeffersou was a firm believer in state rights. ' ''^■^* He thought that Congress was given too much power by the Constitution, being afraid that our government would become too much a government by a few people. He thought that if any state did not like a law which the National Congress should pass it could nullify "that law; that is, it might declare that such law was not binding on the people of that state. Jefferson was the leader of the state rights party in the United States, to which there were many adherents. Jefferson's Jcffcrsou was vcry plain and unaffected in his private life. He objected, also, to any show of pomp or finery in his jDublic life. When, in 1801, he was inaugurated in the capital city, Washington, — he was the first President to be inaugurated there — he urged that the ceremonies be simple in character. He let the people of the country know that he did not want them to celebrate his birthday each year with gay festivals and balls. He wore the simplest of clothing, used plain language, and objected to the use of titles. While he considered himself the equal of any man, he believed that the rights of every man were deserving of his respect and con- simplicity of life. The Louisiana Purchase 199 sideration. When men in public life today lead very simple, unostentatious lives they are said to observe Jeffersonian simplicity. Jefferson was one of our greatest statesmen. His wisdom For forty years, as a member of the Virginia ^""f . ^. •^ «^ ' ^ patriotism- House of Burgesses, as one of the men who represented Virginia in the Continental Con- gress, as our Minister to France, as Secretary •of State to Washington, as Vice-President during the administration of Adams, and as President for two terms, he honestly worked for his country and for the good of its citi- zens. Dming the last years of his life he was frequently consulted on grave matters by those who were in power at Washington. In the try- ing time after the Revolution his wisdom and patriotism did much to build and strengthen the foundations of the peaceful and happy government which is ours today. It was during Jefferson's first administration The values that Louisiana was purchased from Napoleon, f^^^. ^ ^ Louisiana Jefferson saw the great advantage which this purchase, territory would be to the United States, so he made terms with Napoleon by which it became the property of the United States in 1803. Thus, you see, the boundaries of the United States were extended at that time to the Rocky Mountains on the west, and included all the country between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico with the exception of Florida and that part of our country which is the state of Texas; 200 The United States and also small portions of New Mexico, Kansas and Colorado, which were still in the possession of Spain. The United States in 1803. England and France. 14. THE WAE OF IS 12 Effect of rj^Y^Q great struggle going on in Europe between bctweeu England and Erance had a harmful effect on the United States. Each of these distant countries wished to injure the other as much as possible. Each declared that Ameri- can ships containing American products should not enter the ports of the other nor ports friendly to these countries. Thus, American ships carrying tobacco or cotton or lumber Causes of the War of 1812 201 could not enter English ports to dispose of their cargoes because the French would inter- fere. Nor could they enter French ports be- cause the English would interfere. As nearly every country of any importance in Europe was friendly either to France or England, there were few ports which American ships could enter without opposition . CAUSES or THE WAR Nor was this all. England claimed the right to force any Eng- lishman wherever he was found to serve on her ships as a sailor or fighter. She claimed that many Englishmen were sailing in Ameri- can ships. Whenever, therefore, an English Seizure of man-of-war sighted an American ship she quickly overhauled the latter, and such seamen as the commander of the man-of-war desired to have were forcibly transferred from the American to the English vessel. It made no difference whether these sailors were English- men or Americans. The English commander claimed that they were Englishmen. And in the open sea it was not an easy matter for an American, with the appearance and speech of an Englishman, to prove that he was a citizen of the United States. A great many of our sailors were thus forced to sail in British ships against their will. The Eng- American seamen. 202 The United States Seizure of j^g}^ sMps iiot oiily took our sailors, but they also robbed the United States of much mer- merchan dise. chandise. The ships of the United States were seized I by the French A Naval Battle of 1812. men-of-war also and robbed of their valuable cargoes. But the French commanders could not very well take our sailors on the supposition that Causes of the War 203 they were Frenchmen, for an American neither looks nor speaks hke a Frenchman. The United States government did not wish to go to war with either of these countries. But at last the treatment of our ships and sailors became so unjust that it was decided that war was necessary. It was known that with whichever of these two countries we made war, we should by so doing secure the friendship of the other. So it was decided to make war on England, as France had been our friend during the Revolu- tion. Another reason for deciding to wage war with England instead of with France was that we could harass England by attacking Canada, whereas France had no possessions in America against which we could move our armies. In 1812 war was therefore declared against Great Britain, and the Americans at once made an attempt to capture Canada. For nearly three years war was waged be- The war tween the two countries, it being for the most ^'^"^^^^^ , . nearly part a war between English and American three years, sliips. The Americans did not succeed in taking Canada, but they won many naval battles. And the United States, by capturing many British ships, proved that on the ocean her sailors were as brave as her soldiers were on land. As England was the strongest naval power in the world, other nations were sur- prised at the successes of our little navy. They of New Orleans. 204 The United States learned that it was not safe to interfere with American ships or American sailors. Dming this war, which is called the War of 1812, the British captured our capital, Washington, and burned the Capitol building and nearly all of the other government offices, as well as some private residences. This act on the part of the English was a most extreme one. The burn- ing of the buildings of the capital and the destroying of many valuable papers did the English no good, and, so far as the result of the war was concerned, was without effect. The battle Tlie last battle of the war was at New Orleans, in Louisiana, which state had been admitted to the Union in September, 1812, just before war was declared. The result of the battle was the utter defeat of the English army. A great number of English were slain or wounded. In this battle of New Orleans the Americans were led by Andrew Jackson, who was afterwards elected by the people to be President of the United States. END OF THE WAK This great battle, fought on the 8th of Janu- ary, 1815, was the last battle fought between English and American soldiers. As a result of the war, England acknowledged the rights of Americans, not only in the United States, but also on all oceans. A treaty of peace had been agreed to in Europe on December 24, 1814, End of the War 205 but as communication in those days between distant places was slow and uncertain, this fact was unknown in America at the time of the battle of New Orleans ; otherwise this bat- tle would not have been fought, and many British lives would have been saved. The war with Great Britain did not change in ^^^"^ results any way the boundaries of the United States. However, it did result in giving the people of the United States greater trust in their own strength. It served, also, to strengthen the Union, and make the different states care more for the United States as a whole, and less for the separate states as states. The War of 1812 may almost be considered as a part of the War of the Revolution, because until England, as well as other nations, gave to American ships and American sailors their rights on the ocean, the American people could not feel that they were entirely free and independent. But now that they had proved that they would not be meddled with either on land or on water, it was acknowledged that the United States was in fact, as well as in name, a free and independent nation. Great numbers of people continued to come to the United States from all parts of Europe to seek homes in our free country. In 1819 Florida Florida was added to the territory of the ^'^'^^ United States by purchase from Spain. The Mississippi Valley became the home of 206 The United States many thousands of settlers, and new states formed there were added to the Union. ANDREW JACKSON The first six presidents of the United States, four of whom served two terms each, were well-educated, well-known and powerful men, whose names had been before the public for many years previous to their election. In 1828 a man was chosen to be President who was very different from his predecessors. This man was Andrew Jackson, who served from 1829 to 1837, being elected for two terms. Jackson's Tlic great mass of people in the United States, the farmers and townsfolk, who were not anx- ious to attain prominence in the affairs of the nation, but were content to be simply honest, industrious citizens of their communities, con- sidered Jackson as one of their own number. He was much more like such men than either Washington or Jefferson, who had always been prominent in national as well as local affairs. Jackson was born March 15, 1767, at a place called the Warsaw settlement. The exact location of this settlement is not known, but that it was somewhere near the present boundary line between North and South Carolina is certain. Being of poor parents, who could not afford to send their son to school, his early education was very irregular. Moreover, characteris tics, Andrew Jackson 207 the schools of the far South at that time were And his very poor. As Jackson grew older he studied law. He began his work as a lawyer in Nash- ville, Tennessee. He was sent by the people of his adopted state as a Eepresentative to the Federal Con- gress at Philadelphia in 1796, and the follow- ing year was elected a United States Senator. 208 The United States South Carolina's attempt at state rights. He resigned this office after serving a single year. Jackson was much more of a soldier tlian a statesman. He was brave, fearless, and very fierce and combative in disposition. His gen- eral knowledge was slight. He was a very obstinate man, so that when he had once formed an opinion it was hard for any one to cause him to change it. But Jackson did great ser- vice to his country in wars against the Indians at various times, and also against the English in 1812. He knew how to make his men do just what he wanted them to do. And he was pretty sure to be victorious when he met the enemy, because he would never acknowledge that he was beaten. He often won by obsti- nacy what other generals less forcible than himself might have lost. At the battle of New Orleans he overcame a force of English soldiers far greater than his own army. In 1823 Jackson was again elected to the United States Senate, and in 1828 he was elected to the Presidency, being inaugurated March 4, 1829. He was so successful and so well liked that in 1832 he was again elected. During his first administration the state of South Carolina attempted to assert the suprem- acy of its state government over that of the United States, or Federal government. In other words. South Carolina attempted to carry out in fact Jefferson's theonj of state George Stephenson 209 rights. The people of this state were dissatis- fied with the laws which Congress had passed with regard to our trade with foreign coun- tries, and threatened to disobey these laws. By his prompt, vigorous action Jackson averted trouble, and showed the country that at least while he was President the national government was of greater importance than that of any individual state. During Jackson's administration, he suc- ceeded in collecting several large sums of money from various European nations for damages inflicted on American interests some years before. Although Jackson was not a highly educated person, and was unfamiliar with the ways of statesmanship, yet he made a good President, and was much liked by his countrymen. He died in 1845. GEORGE STEPHENSON In the time of the colonies, and after the George Eevolutionary War until 1830, all the travel Stephenson •^ ' and the was done either by wagon or on horseback steam or in little boats on the streams. The power f^ii^ay ■^ locomotive. of steam had already been discovered and ap- plied to stationary engines, and in a few cases boats were propelled by steam on the rivers. But in 1814, an Englishman, Greorge Stephen- son, had invented the steam railroad locomo- tive. The first locomotive and the first cars M 210 The United States Travel by- railway at first deemed impractical. were very amusing in appearance, and at that time were laughed at by many people. They thought them unsafe. They considered travel by such means out of the question. But the By permission of yas. B. Lyon, Albany, George Stephenson. rails began to be laid in various parts of the country, and by 1830 the little trains began to make regular trips. People gradually becoming accustomed to the new mode of travel, soon realized the many advantages the steam railroad The Mexican War 211 afforded over the slow thongli faithful horse. Passengers, baggage, merchandise and farm produce could now be moved with speed and safety from place to place. People living far apart could more easily see one another, and could exchange more easily such things as they raised or manufactured for what was raised or manufactured in some other part of the country. For instance, corn could be more easily exchanged for cloth, or cotton for flour, than was possible before. The invention of the locomotive was of the The effect greatest importance to our country, because it ^f the brought all parts of the United States into the railroad close relationship with one another. We can ^^^^^ ' now go without difficulty from one state to irtii^s '^'^'' another, and because of the railroad we can country. obtain the products of all parts of the country wherever we live. The invention of the steam locomotive did much to open to settlement the great country west of the Mississippi Elver. Do not forget the name of George Stephenson, an Englishman, when you are thinking or talking about the men who helped to make our coun- try the strong nation it is today. 15. THE MEXICAN WAR Soon after the discovery of America the Spanish made themselves masters of Mexico. There they continued to rule until 1821, when the people of Mexico secured their indepen- 212 The United States dence by force of arms. In this way the Republic of Mexico was established, the terri- tory of which included, in addition to the country included within its present boundary lines, that part of the United States lying south of Oregon and west of the Louisiana purchase. Causes of Qj^^ ^f ^]^q statcs of the new republic which War, bordered on the United States was Texas, into which many adventurous citizens of this coun- try had migrated. The feeling grew on the part of the Texans that Texas should be indepen- dent of Mexico. In 1835-36 Texas declared and secured its independence. It at once asked to be annexed to the United States, which re- quest was granted by our country in 1845, Texas being admitted as a state in that year. Mexico had never formally acknowledged the independence of Texas, and now that she had been admitted to the Union there arose a dis- pute over the bomidary line between Texas and Mexico. This dispute developed into a war between Mexico and the United States, which resulted favorably to the United States after a two years' struggle. And its ^s a result of the treaty of peace, which was signed in 1848, a large extent of territory was added to the western and southwestern part of the United States. Because of this added ter- ritory the United States was extended to the Pacific Ocean, across the great Rocky Moun- tains, results. The West 213 About tliis time, in 1846, the question of the The ownership of the territory which is now divided ^f oregoT into the three states, Oregon, Idaho and Wash- ington, was settled between England and the United States, and the territory came into the undisputed possession of the United States. In 1850, that part of the original province of Texas not included within the present boun- daries of that state was ceded to the United States by the state government of Texas. In 1853, those parts of the territories of ^he Arizona and New Mexico which are south of Purchase, the Gila River were purchased from Mexico by the United States. This transaction is termed the Gadsden Purchase, James Gadsden having been prominently identified, on the part of the United States, with the negotiations between the two countries. THE WEST In 1848 great trains of wagons began to cross The the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, orgow^in where, during that year, gold had been dis- California, covered in the soil of what is now the state of California. Within a year a city of 500 houses had been built on the shore of San Francisco Bay, and in the harbor were ships from every part of the globe. In 1850 California was admitted to the Union as a state. Gradually the railroads crept across the conn- California try, carrying settlers with them. The territory 214 The United States Increase of betweeii tliG Mississippi Eiver and the Pacific Ocean began to develop and add to the wealth and prosperity of our country. The telegraph had been invented, which helped to make the people in all parts of the country know one another better. By the railway letters could be exchanged quickly between the people in different states and territories. Newspapers contained the latest news brought by tele- graph, so that everywhere people were able to know of events happening in other parts of the country almost as soon as if they had taken place at home. We will not now undertake to study the many events which brought about this condition of affairs. We can all see that the spirit which influenced the settlers in the thirteen colonies And our (\i([ not dic out, but continued to grow and expalXnto ^^paud. Thirty -four states, instead of thir- thirty-foiir tceu, wcre now united. Thirty- one and a half states. million people were dwelling between the two oceans instead of the three million people, living for the most part in the narrow strip between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, who constituted the United States at the close of the Revolution. This was the size and extent of our country in 1860, at which time our Union, for which Washington and the colonists fought and worked so nobly, was in danger of being dis- solved. The Civil War 215 IG. THE CIVIL WAR In the last of May, 1865, for two days, Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, was lined with people who were cheering from early morning till late at night, thousands of tired and worn soldiers who were returning to their homes after long years of warfare on the battlefields of a great war. On March 4th of the same year, Abraham Lincoln had passed down that same avenue toward the Capitol building, where he was inaugurated President for the second time, having already served the country for four years, during the most critical period of the history of our nation since the Ee volution. When Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated the first time, in 1861, although there were many people to welcome him, the people of the United States were not happy. Every one was expecting trouble, and was anxiously waiting to see how the newly elected President would meet these troubles. For many years there had been differences between the people in the Southern part of the United States and those of the Northern part. As you have already learned, when this Tne causes country was very young a great number of ^^^^^^^"^ negroes were brought here from Africa, a country, far, far away, where the skins of the natives are black. These negroes were 216 The United States savages in their own eonntry, spending most of their time hunting in the forests and fight- ing among themselves. White men sent great ships to Africa, where the negroes were captured, taken on board the ships and then brought to this country to be sold as slaves to the people living here. Slavery. Wlicu a man needed help on his farm or plantation, instead of hiring men to do his work, he would buy negroes. These negroes were then that man's property, and had to do just as he told them. He furnished them what food they needed, and clothed them, but gave them no money for their work. If a man found he had too many slaves he sold of his number to those w^ho wanted to buy. It made no difference whether the slave wished Its evils. to go or not. He was like a man's horse or cow; he was property, and as such could be sold or traded away. In 1808 our government declared that no more slaves should be brought to this country. People began to see that it was very wrong to take a man from his country, his home and his family without his consent and sell him in a far land. Then gradually, as the slaves who were in this country became more civilized, and learned our language and began to live more like white people, the people in some parts of the United States thought that they should be free. The Civil War 217 It was mainly the people who lived in the Northern ]3art of the United States who thought this way. Possibly this was because there were not so many slaves in the North as in the South. Perhaps, too, opinion was affected by the fact that the people in the Northern states could get their work done quite easily without the use of slave labor. Their farms were small. Usually a farmer, with the help of his sons, could harvest his crops without any outside help, except, perhaps, a hired man or two during the busy part of the harvest season. In the South, however, the planta- tions were large. Many men were required to take care of the enormous crops of tobacco and cotton which were raised there. The negroes its utility were well fitted for this work, because they *^^ ^^""^^ were accustomed to a hot climate, and were able to work for many hours in the hot sun. You remember, too, that the first slaves ever brought to this country were those brought by the early Virginia settlers. So most of the slaves were held in the Southern states. As this feeling that it was wrong to hold men as slaves grew, the Northern states freed their slaves, and passed laws which made it illegal for any one living in those states to own slaves. The people in the Southern states had a different view of this matter. The loss of slave labor would mean much to them. Each planter needed many men to work his 218 The United States plantation for him. And the people of tlie South thought that, inasmuch as they had bought the slaves, and were giving them food and clothing, and were, in most cases, treat- ing them as well as hired laborers would be treated, they should be allowed to keep them. Although many of the Northern people did not think it right that human beings should be held as slaves, they also did not think it would be fair to take the slaves from those to whom they were so necessary. If the number of states in our Union had not increased, serious trouble over the slave Ttie question would undoubtedly have been long shouurthe delayed. But the great West was fast becom- greatwest ing populatcd and built up with cities and hokUngT towns, and the people living in its various agitating the parts werc demanding admission to the Union, people. rpj^^ numbcr of states where slaves were owned and the number of states where it was against the law to hold men as slaves were quite evenly balanced. Each time a new ter- ritory was formed, or a territory asked admis- sion to the Union as a state, there was much bitter discussion as to whether or not the new territory or state should be allowed to hold slaves. These discussions often resulted in bloody fights. Northerners TllC pCOplc of Cacll SCCtioU of tllC COUUtry rrre'fh^ve thought they werc right. The North was will- states, ing that the South should retain its slaves, Abraham Lincoln 219 but it was not willing that any new territories or states should be formed in which slavery was permitted. The South thought that the Southerners balance between slave and free states should ^airnce be maintained. It was fearful lest the repre- between sentation in the National Congress from the gjave^stttes free states might become so large, and the should be objection to slavery so strong, that the final ^^^^' result would be the freeing of the slaves in the states already in the Union. ABEAHAM LINCOLN It was during this time, when the South and the North were differing about slavery, that Abraham Lincoln grew to manhood. Every one in the United States, wherever he may live, loves and honors the name of Washing- ton; so, too, does he love and honor that of Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809, but soon after his birth his parents moved to Indiana, where the future President passed his boyhood. As Lincoln's parents were very poor, the boy's life was very different from that of Washington, whose parents w^ere rich. Instead of passing the Lincoln's early years of his life in a large mansion sur- ^^^ ^ rounded with all the things which make life most pleasant, Lincoln lived in a little house built of logs, having only the bare necessities 220 The United States of life. Lincoln's bed was a bed of leaves, his meals were eaten on a table roughly made with his father's ax out of some one of the trees with which the Lincoln cabin was sur- rounded. The chairs on which the Lincoln family sat were made in this same manner. The part of the country in which Lincoln lived was very wild at that time. There was danger from the Indians, as well as from wild animals in the forests. The people were so few that often a man's nearest neighbors were many miles away. The fact that Lincoln's father was poor, combined with the fact that the family lived in such a new and unbroken country, made it difficult for young Lincoln to attend school. But sometimes he was able to go to the little log school house, where he His self- learned to read and write. The young fellow was anxious to learn, however, so he managed to collect a few books, which he read and re-read until he knew everything in them. Sometimes he was able to borrow a book which he had never read, and then he was most happy. His life was hard. He helped his father in cutting down trees in the forest, building fences, making roads and in all work that makes the country a more pleasant place in which to live. He grew to be a strong man, the most powerful of any in his neighborhood, but, as he was honest and upright in all his education. I/,. I . /'■' ; ■;■ '■',. I, ^^ujtur^^ 222 The United States dealings, people liked him more for these good qualities than for his strength. LINCOLN AS A YOUNG MAN Lincoln as a Lincohi, like Washington, left his home young man. ^yj^^gj^ y^t a joung man to fight the Indians. However, his experience as an Indian fighter was not very great. But he proved at that time that he was strong and fearless, as well as honest. To make a living for himself and to help his family, Lincoln did many things. He worked on the Mississippi as a boatman, he split logs into rails for fences, he served as a clerk in a little store, and he was at one time a country postmaster. Once he and a friend together owned a store. But whatever Lincoln was • doing, he managed to spend a great part of his time reading and studying. He was especially interested in such books as related to the laws of his country. And he did every- thing in his power, by borrowing books, or by buying new ones with his hard-earned money and reading them, by talking with older and wiser men about what he read, and by reasoning much with himself, to make himself a lawyer. While Lincoln was thus working for a living and an education, his father removed to Illinois, where, with his son's help, a new log cabin was built, Lincoln as a Lawyer 223 LINCOLN AS A LAWYER Lincoln began his work as a lawyer in Lincoln as s Illinois. Because people knew him to be ^^^y®^- honest, brave, trustworthy and industrious, they engaged him for advice. It was not long before his neighbors called on him to be their representative in the legislature. In 1837, he moved to Springfield, which had just been made the capital of the state. The people of Springfield and vicinity also chose Lincoln for the legislature. Until 1847, he worked for their interests, devoting his spare moments to the practice of law. He was then sent as the representative of his neighbors and townspeople to the National Congress at Wash- ington. At this time the trouble between the Southern and Northern states was becoming so great that wise and good men were es- pecially needed in the National Legislature. Lincoln was chosen from a state where slaves were not held, and he himself was opposed to the addition of new territories or states in which the holding of slaves was allowed. After serving one term (two years) in Con- gress, Lincoln returned to Springfield, wdiere he continued his law practice. He made many speeches as the friend of the negro. Lincoln was a tall, thin, large-boned man, His with a most gentle and loving disposition, ^pp^^^^^^^- Everyone, even those who were bitterly opposed 224 The United States to him on the slave question, admired and re- spected him. He was kind and considerate to everyone, yet bold and honest in his convic- tions. He had many public arguments with men better known than himself, but so sound was his reasoning and so forcible his way of explaining his reasons that he was considered one of the best public speakers of the time, THE SLAVEKY QUESTION The Washington and other men of his time vTiuTof'^ thought that slavery would ' gradually die out slavery. in the United States, and that the question would thus in time settle itself. The value of slave labor to the Southern states was, however, so great that serious trouble could not be averted. Eli Whitney In 1793, au invention was made which greatly cotton gin. increased the value of land in the South, and was, at the same time, the cause for the bring- ing of many more slaves into this country. This was the cotton gin invented by Eli Whit- ney. This cotton gin was a very simple con- trivance, which quickly and easily separated the cotton seed from the fiber. Previous to that time the work had been done, neither so well nor so quickly, by hand. This invention gave a new incentive to the raising of cotton, caused many new plantations to be cleared, and made necessary the importation of great The Slavery Question 225 numbers of slaves. Because cotton cannot be raised in the North on account of the climate, these new slaves were brought to and used only in the South. As you know, the slave fZlllT trade was prohibited in 1808. But the children in isos.; Eli Whitney. of slaves were slaves, too, at their birth, and belonged to the man who owned the mother. So, although slaves could not be brought from Africa, yet the number of black men was in- creasing from year to year. As early as 1787 226 The United States The line between free and the government of the United States passed a law by which no man could be held as a slave in any of the territory of the United States north of the Ohio Eiver and east of the Mis- sissippi. At that time, then, the free states slave states, wcre Ncw Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, while the slave states were Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Louisiana were soon admitted as slave states, Vermont and Ohio being admitted as free states about the same time. In 1816, Indiana, a free state, was admitted, and in 1817, Mississippi, a slave state, joined The balance, the Uulou. lu 1818, Illiuois, a free state, was made one of the United States, and the next year, 1819, Alabama, in which the holding of slaves was permitted, was made one of the Union . The people of the South were not willing that a state in which slaves could not be held should be admitted to the Union unless a state in which slavery was permitted was also ad- mitted. MISSOUKI COMPKOMISE When the territory west of the Mississippi River became settled, and people living there demanded admission to the Union, there was no natural boundary line, like the Ohio River, Missouri Compromise 227 south of which all territory was to be open to slavery and north of which slavery was to be prohibited. In 1820, Maine was admitted to the Union The as the twenty -third state. The people in what ^^^^^^^^^ . Compro- is now the state of Missouri also demanded mise, and admission as a state. But the southern part ^ involved. what it of our country insisted that Missouri should be a slave state. This brought up the question of how the territory west of the Mississippi River should be divided. In 1821, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but Congress at the same time determined that from that time the line of separation between free and slave soil in all territory ceded to the United States by France, under the name of Louisiana, should be the parallel of 36° 30' north lati- tude. By looking at the map you can see just where this line is, between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. It was thought that this act of Congress, which is called the Missouri Compromise, would settle forever the slavery question in the admission of new states to the Union. Arkansas was admitted as a slave state in 1836, and in 1837 Michigan, a free state, was added as an offset for Arkansas. In 1845, Texas and Florida came into the Union as slave states, Iowa and Wisconsin following in 1846 and 1848 respectively as free states. When California, where gold was discovered, 228 The United States was asking admission to the Union in 18^9, it was seen that the provisions of the Missouri Compromise would not apply to that state, for part of California was south of the parallel of 36° 30^ and part of it was north of this line. Another compromise was made in 1850, by which California was admitted to the Union as a free state, the territories of Utah and New Mexico being organized, in which slavery was permitted, as an offset. The present states of Utah and Nevada were included in the terri- tory of Utah, and the territories of Arizona and New Mexico in that of New Mexico. As a part of this compromise, the sellin.e: of slaves was forever prohibited in the District of The fugitive Columbia. Moreover, a very strict fugitive slave law was passed. By this law, any slave could be captured and returned to his owner, even though he had fled to a free state. KANSAS -NEBKASKA BILL People of In 1854, the government of the United States ^^^"^ passed a law by which the people of a new territory to -^ "^ ^ ^ decide for territory who might wish to enter the Union as or against .^ statc wcrc to dccidc for themselves whether their state, or uot slavcry should be permitted in their state. This act was the Kansas -Nebraska bill, by which the two territories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized. This act was the cause of a great deal of >lave law. D' Kansas -Nebraska Bill 229 trouble and some bloodshed. The politicians of the North and South influenced many set- tlers to migrate to the West, each faction hop- ing that when the time came for the admission of the new state formed there, their sympathi- zers would exceed in numbers those of their opponents, and they would thus gain the state for their cause. The opposition between the two sections was most bitter. The Southern people claimed that the government of the United States had no more power to say whether slavery should be 13ermitted in a territory than it had to say whether slaves should be held in a state. The The North people of the North insisted that neither new thenumber territories nor new states in which slavery was of slave permitted should be organized. should not Neither Kansas nor Nebraska was aamitted increase, to the Union as a slave state. Kansas was ad- ^nd that the Federal mitted as a free state in 1861. Nebraska did government not ioin the Union until the question of slavery should be siiDr^niB. in the United States had been settled forever. We must remember that the North did not wish to abolish slavery in the Southern states. It simply insisted that the number of states in which slavery was permitted should not be in- creased. The South claimed that the national govern- ment could not enforce laws in states wdiich did not wish to be governed by these laws. It believed in state rights, as Jefferson had 230 The United States The South believed. It claimed that any state had the claimed that • i . •« •. i -> . l^^(» the national ^ght, it it pleased, to iiullity any law passed government ^y Congress. TMs was the claim made by enforcelaws Soutli Carolina in the time of Andrew Jackson . in states You scc, if any state could obey or not, as it noTwishto pleased, the laws passed by Congress, our be governed couutiy would bc sui'e to dcvclop iiito a great by these number of little nations, each with its own laws, ^ ' laws, instead of one great nation with one central government. The North insisted that the federal government, the government of the United States as a whole, should be the su- preme government of our nation ; that is, the people of the North believed that any law which was passed by Congress should be accepted by every state in the Union, even though the people of any particular state did not think such law was what it should be. This is what Andrew Jackson meant when he said, "The federal government must be preserved." Abraham Lincoln was among the foremost men in the country who held that the extension of slavery must cease. He was very outspoken, and was forcible in everything he said, so that there was no doubt at all about his opinions with regard to the slavery question. LINCOLN ELECTED PKESIDENT When, in 18G0, the people of the United States were discussing among themselves who Lincoln Elected President 231 would make a good President to succeed Mr. Buchanan, whom they had elected in 1856, a great many people in the North thought of Lincoln. They thought him the best man to send to Washington as President, because they knew him to be honest and patriotic, and they also knew that his views on the slavery ques- tion were the same as their own. He was, therefore, selected as a candidate, and at the election in the fall of 1860 he was elected Lincoln's President. This election was considered a con'^skiered a victory for the Northern people, who thought victory for that slavery should not be extended. But ^^^n^^*^- the Southern states were much alarmed, fear- ing that slavery would not only be forbidden in any new territory or state which might be organized, but that slaves in the states already in the Union would be set free. The people in all parts of the Union, both South and North, still hoped that the trouble would be settled without bloodshed. But Lin- coln's opinions were so well known, and the bitterness between the North and the South was so great, that the Southern states were afraid they would not receive fair treatment at the hands of the new administration. THE CONFEDEKATE STATES OF AMEKICA After Lincoln's election, but before he was inaugurated, seven states, — South Carolina, 232 The United States The Confederate States of America. Their organiza- tion. Fall of Fort Sumter. Further secession. Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louis- iana and Texas, — seceded from the United States; that is, the people who lived in these states said, "We will be governed by the Con- stitution of the United States no longer. We will establish a government of our own, with a Constitution which suits us.'' These states organized themselves as the Confederate States of America. This was in February, 1861. They adopted a Constitution, elected Jefferson Davis President, and selected Montgomery, Alabama, for their capital. This Southern Confederacy immediately began to take possession of forts and arsenals belong- ing to the United States located within the states which formed the Confederacy. One fort, however. Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, the Southerners could not easily take. The Union commander there refused to sur- render. Abraham Lincoln, who had now been inaugurated, sent word to the commander of Fort Sumter that he would soon send him aid. As soon as this was known, the people of South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter, over which the United States flag was flying, and succeeded in forcing the United States soldiers to leave their fort. (April 13, 1861.) The President at once called on the United States for soldiers. North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas and Tennessee refused to send sol- diers in response to this call. Instead, these The War 233 states joined the Confederacy. Thns you see tkere were eleven states which left the Union, refusing to be governed by the Constitution which had bound the original thirteen states to- gether, and under which our country had grown and prospered for many years. Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, although slave -holding states, did not secede from the Union, but remained loyal to the Constitution and to the flag. Richmond, The capital of the Confederacy was soon Virginia, moved from Monto-omery to Richmond, in *^e capital ^^. . . & J 'of the Con- Virgmia. federation. THE WAR During the seven long years of the Revolu- tion it was the union of the Southern colonies with those of the North that had made free- dom possible. The Southern states and the Northern states had grown side by side since that war, prospering and growing greater. Growth and The United States was one great nation. In P^*o«pe"ty this nation there were two brothers. One and south owned slaves; the other did not. These two before the brothers had many discussions and many quarrels, but each loved the other and each tried in every way to prevent these quarrels from developing into more serious difficulties. The Northern brother said to his brother of the South, "You have bought your slaves; you 234 The United States statement of the quarrel. Lincoln's call for soldiers to protect United States property. have fed and clothed them, and they are yours. I do not wish to take them away from you, for then you would suffer a great deal. But when we together add more land to that which we already possess, I think that slaves should not be permitted in our new acquisition." The Southern brother said, " I do not ask you to own slaves. If you do not want them you do not need to have them. I think I do need slaves, and I do not think that you should decide whether new territory should be free or slave soil." And so they quarreled. At last the Southern brother began to fear that not only would slavery be prohibited in new ter- ritory, but that the slaves that he already owned would be taken from him, so he said to his Northern brother : " I will leave you, and we can have two separate governments, so that each of us can do as he pleases." Abraham Lincoln called for soldiers to pro- tect the forts and arsenals of the United States which were located in the Southern states. These soldiers were told that they were to serve but three months. Nearly all the people in the North believed that within that time the South would realize that the various states of the Union were " one and inseparable," and would again agree to be gov- erned by the old Constitution. But at the end of three months people both of the South and of the North saw that a much longer time The War 235 would be needed to mend the quarrel between the two sections. Many people living in the states which called themselves the Southern Confederacy did not believe that any state had the right to leave the Union. But when their state did leave they said, " We must stay with our state. If it leaves the Union so must we, and we must fight for our state, even though we are fighting against our country." The people in Eastern Tennessee, however, thought differently. They remained loyal to the United States even though their state did join the Confederacy. So, also the people living in the western part of Virginia, loving their country more than their state, refused to join the Confederacy. In 1863 the western portion of Virginia was admitted to the Union as a separate state. West Virginia. The first bloodshed between the brothers of warfrom the North and the South was on April 19, Apni i9, ^ ' 18G1, to 1861, and from that date until General Lee's aphi 9, surrender, April 9, 1865, the men of the United ^^^^ States fought one another in one of the most terrible wars the world has ever known. Both the North and the South were fighting for what each thought was right. The soldiers in each army were Americans, and so it was a war waged by soldiers than whom none in the world are braver. In the end the North proved to the South, and to the whole w^orld, that no state in the Union can leave the 236 The United States Sufferings of the South. Union of its own free will. The South suf- fered a great deal more than the North in this war, for most of the fighting was done in terri- tory south of the Potomac River. Both the Southern and the Northern armies lived in the South for four years. Houses, barns and By permission of James B. Lyon. Robert E. Lee. fences were destroyed and plantations were over- run and well-nigh ruined. The suffering of the people of the South was very great. But through it all they showed the utmost bravery and loyalty to what they thought was right. The soldiers who were fighting one another The War 237 were the descendants of the men whom the trained soldiers of the great British nation could not conquer one hundred years before. The North could not conquer the South, and the South could not conquer the North. The North was in the end victorious, but the South was not beaten because she was less brave than the North. The South was beaten be- cause there were hardly any Southern soldiers left to fight. The South fought as long as she had any strength with which to fight. Every one, now, whether he lives south or The lesson north of the Potomac, knows that no state ^^*^^^^^'^- can leave the Union. When the Southern states wished to leave the Union in 1860, how- ever, the people of the South thought they were right. And for bravery in fighting for what they thought was right the South has never been surpassed. The South was laboring under insurmount- able difficulty in obtaining money with which to supply the Confederate armies with the necessities of war. Her soldiers were fighting against almost unlimited numbers of men who were as brave as themselves. The homes of these men were not destroyed by the rav- ages of war. And their government could pro- cure any amount of money with which to supply them with food, clothing and the muni- tions of war. The South could not succeed; the struggle was too unequal. As it was, the 238 The United States South continued the struggle for a year after the result was a certamty. For a year they struggled against hope, against sure defeat, against unconquerable odds, because they thought that they wei'e right and that the North was wrong. We have been sorry that these two American brothers could not settle their difficulties without shedding each other's blood. Bat we may be proud of their unsur- passed bravery. Let us hope that our country, Unity and which is uow ouc, will always be the land of thrmiXut ^^^^ ^^'^^> ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ shall call another the country, mastcr. We should be proud of our Union, and work to keep the government of the peo- ple, and for the people, a government by the people wherever they may live, whether under the Southern sun, on the plains of the West or among the hills and valleys of the North. There is no South and there is no North. For a few years there was such a distinction. When the war was ended, however, and the soldiers of the North returned to their homes, the nation became one again, and together the people of these United States have worked for the one flag and for the one government which the men of the thirteen colonies fought to establish. The two brothers developed side by side, they differed on certain matters, they quar- reled, they fought. One was stronger than the other, as must always be the case. But when these two sheathed the sword of contention The War 239 and clasped hands in friendship, the nations of the earth learned a lesson which will never be forgotten. When the North found that the Confederacy was not to be quickly and easily overcome, a certain question arose which had not been thought of when the war began. This was the freeing of the slaves of the Confederate states. There were so many more men in the North than in the South that while some joined the army and went to the South to fight, others stayed at home, working the farms for food for their absent neighbors. In the South, however, every man was needed in the army. Old men, gray -haired and feeble, marched bravely side by side with young men and boys who had left school to join the army. The slaves were left to work the plantations and earn the money with which to supply their masters with food. Slaves were the teamsters of the Southern army. They were the ser- vants of the Southern officers. Moreover, many persons in England, who Foreign did not forget that they had been beaten so H^"^^^^'' badly by the United States in the Revolution and in the War of 1812, were glad to do any- thing they could to injure our country. They knew that they could do this by helping the South. But if the slaves should be declared free, England could not so well take sides with the South, zers. 240 The United States THE EMANCIPATION OF THE SLAVES The emancipa- tion of the slaves. General Lee. On September 22, 1862, President Lincoln told the South that on the 1st of January, 1863, the slaves in all states then fighting the Union would be declared free. You see, Lin- coln did this so as to bring the war to a close. He did it to weaken the South, and to make it more easy for the North to conquer. If the South did not give in by the 1st of January, 1863, she would be fighting not only to make a separate nation of herself, but also for the right to hold men as slaves. England could not well give aid to soldiers fighting for slavery against soldiers fighting that a race should have freedom. The South refused to come back into the Union, so all the slaves in the Confederate states were on January 1, 1863, de- clared free forever.* Of course the South did not recognize the freedom of the slaves until the close of the war, but the proclamation by President Lincoln, declaring that they were free, did much to hasten the close of the war. On April 9, 1865, General Kobert E. Lee, Commander-in-Chief of the Southern armies, surrendered his Confederate army to General U. S. Grant. The Civil War was at an end, and the North and South were one again. *The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the slaves in the loyal slave states, nor to those of several portions of the Confederate states that were loyal. Not until the ratification of the Thirteenth Amend- ment to the Constitution, December 18, 1865, was slavery completely abolished in the United States, The Emancipation of the Slaves 241 General Lee was a great soldier, who loved his country, but who thought that the South was not justly treated, and so took up arms against the flag under which he had once General served. General Grant was Commander -in- Grant. U. S. Grant. Chief of the Northern armies. His name is coupled with Lincoln's name in the hearts of the people, for doing so much to perpetuate the Union. Robert E. Lee and U. S. Grant, the one the leader of the soldiers of the South, 242 The United States the other the leader of the soldiers of the North, both honest m then- belief, were soldiers and generals of whom the whole nation is proud. "When the thirteen colonies took up arms against the King of England they had no inten- tion of declaring themselves free. They discov- ered, however, that by so doing they would be strengthened, that their chances of successfully gaining their rights would be increased, therefore they issued the Declaration of Independence. The Northern people in 1861 did not fight the South for the sake of freeing the slaves. After the war had been waged for two years, they discovered that their success depended largely on declaring the slaves free. The Emancipation Proclamation was then issued. Why the The Revolution was fought so that the colo- Revoiution ^^^^ could obtalu their rights. The Declaration W^as lought. c5 of Independence was issued, and a new nation formed, as a war measure, to aid in bringing victory to the colonies. Why the The Civil War was fought to prove to all the Civil War g^r^^gg of ii^Q countrv that no state could leave was fought. " the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and the slaves declared free, as a war measure, to aid the North and weaken the South. The time immediately after the Civil War was one of anxiety and trouble, as were the few years succeeding the Revolution. On the even- ing of April 14, just five days after the sur- render of the Southern armies. President Lin- Assassination of Lincoln 243 coin was shot while attending a theater in Death of Washington. The man who did this cruel ^^""^'°- deed was one of a band of fanatics who thought that they would be serving the South by killing the President and his assistants. No one realized the mistaken idea of these men more than the i^eople of the South. Lin- coln was a Southerner by birth. His early boyhood was spent in southern Indiana, and his early manhood in southern Illinois, on the border line of the South. The friend of every one, honest and true to his country and to each of its citizens, his love for his Southern brother was unbounded. So just was he in all his dealings with the serious questions of the time that on the outbreak of the war he was even called traitor by members of his own party in the North for not declaring the slaves free. Had the hand of the assassin been stayed, it is probable that the fearless justice of Lincoln, and his unbiased wisdom, would have saved the South much suffering, and have brought peace and a feeling of security much sooner to all the people of the Union. Lincoln was buried at Springfield, Illinois. Sacred and hallowed is the ground where Washington's dust lies buried; so, too, sacred and hallowed is the resting-place of Lincoln. On the death of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, became President for the uncompleted term. 244 The United States Grant j^^ ^ggg General U. S. Grant was chosen by cliosen President, the people to be their President. He was so popular throughout the nation that he was chosen for a second term, serving until 1877, when he was succeeded by Rutherford B, Hayes. 17. SINCE THE WAR Growth of As you have been told, at the beginning of popu a ion. ^^^ Civil War the population of the United States was 31,500,000. Today over 70,000,000 people are within its territory. The great West has been developed until now forty -five states compose the Union. Others will proba- bly soon be admitted. Unity of the There is no North and there is no South, but the whole country is one great, prosper- ous nation. It is one of the foremost in human advancement, and the flag of Stars and Stripes is honored in every land of the earth. You, the children of this great nation, the future builders, you, whose minds and hands are to mould the destiny of the country, should study well the reasons why the United States came to exist, and the reasons why the gov- ernment still exists today. PKOGKESS OF THE UNITED STATES During the years which have passed since the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Progress of the United States 245 to the presidency, the history of our country is a story of great changes and remarkable advancement. The histories of all peoples are filled with The accounts of bloody battles and the deeds of of disputes brave soldiers. Disputes about trade, boun- byarbitra- dary lines and injuries of all kinds have been settled on the field of battle and by the shed- ding of human blood. Since the close of our Civil War, a new system of settling inter- national disputes has been advanced, and has shown the world that strife and warfare are not always necessary in the settlement of dis- agreements between nations. The more honor- able method of peaceful arbitration, by which questions of serious importance between our government and that of Great Britain have been settled, fitly illustrates the progress which civilization has made. During the Civil War, by certain friendly ^1^^^^"^^'^" acts toward the Southern Confederacy, Great England Britain did much damage to the property of tiius settled citizens of the United States. At one time the demands made by the United States for payment for these injuries, and the refusal of Great Britain to make such payment, threat- ened to involve our country a.new in a war with the mother land. At last, however, both nations agreed to place the matter in the hands of disinterested parties and to abide by their decision. The question was thus settled 246 The United States without bloodshed in favor of the United States. Soon difficulties arose regarding the boundary line between the United States and British Columbia, which belongs to Great Britain. These difficulties, also, were settled by arbitration. Again, our country and Great Britain quar- reled over the right to hunt and kill seals in the waters of the ocean adjacent to territory belonging to the United States. This question also was submitted to arbitration. The establishment of an International Board of Arbitrators has been suggested, by which all questions of dispute between nations having representation on the Board shall be settled peaceably in an honorable way. Arbitration jJq^ much bcttcr it is to settle disputes between nations by friendly talk and discus- sion, and by hearing testimony from people who know about the question in dispute, than by warfare. By weighing carefully each dis- puted point, in the end the truth is sure to be discovered, and the nation which is in the right is almost certain to sustain its just claims. Marching armies against each other causes great loss of life, untold suffering to the loved ones at home, great destruction of property, and the expenditure of vast sums of money, for the earning of which many years of peace and hard work are necessary. Peo- ple and governments must be better when war. Progress of the United States 247 great questions between them of right and wrong are settled without resorting to the rifle and sword. At the close of the Revolution, when peace increase of was made with England, the territory of the territory. United States reached only to the Missis- sippi River, and embraced but 828,000 square miles. At present there are* over 3,600,000 square miles of territory within the juris- diction of the government on the American continent. At the close of the Revolution, as you know, increase of the population of the country was about 4,000,- P^P^^^t^^^- 000; at the beginning of the Civil War it was about 31,500,000, while today there are over 70,000,000 people living within the boundaries of the United States. The increase in popula- tion since the Civil War has been greater than it was during the seventy years previous. This proves how great has been our prosperity since the close of the war. The disputes which brought about the war Late immi- having been settled, the soldiers of the two s^^*'^'"' great armies, at peace with all the w^orld, re- turned to their customary occupations. The free and happy government, together with the inexhaustible means of earning a livelihood- soil, forests, mines and factories— have brought thousands of foreigners to our shores, who have become citizens of the United States and have united with us in developing our resources and 248 The United States in broadening our civilization. This has been accomplished by building cities, by clearing farms, by digging the earth or boring in the rocks for minerals, by utilizing water power, or substituting for it steam and electricity, in turning the great wheels of industry. It has also been accomplished by building railroads, resulting in reducing the time of communi- cation between points, by adding to the gen- eral intelligence and happiness in establishing universities, colleges and a system of free public schools, and by circulating the thought and news of the day through papers and magazines. All these, with other things, have helped to make our nation one of the fore- most of the earth. The country Tlic pcoplc of tlic United Statcs have within everything ^^^^ territory belonging to their country every- necessary to tiling uccessary to sustain life. It is true that sustain life. ^^^^ imports cach year are large. Yet those things which are imported can be considered more as luxuries than as necessary articles of life. Our soil and climate are so varied that not only do we raise sufficient food -stuffs for our own consumption, but also a large surplus with which the people of foreign countries are supplied. Our streams and the waters of the oceans abound with endless varieties of fish. Our forests give us lumber for building pur- poses. The ores and minerals found beneath the soil of our country are of untold wealth. The West 249 THE WEST The growth of the United States since the Growth Civil War has been mainly westward. .The ^^^^f^^^ West extension of railroads has rendered this growth through the possible. In 1830 there were only about twenty ^^"i^^ing^f . A 1 • railways. miles of railroad m this country. At the time of the Civil War about 30,000 miles were in operation. Today nearly 175,000 miles of rails extend in all directions from Canada to Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and afford means for transporting passengers and freight quickly and in safety to within convenient distance of almost every home in the United States. The ambition of Colunibus was to discover a shorter route from Europe to the wealth of the East — the Indies, in Asia. When, after crossing the Atlantic he discovered land, he thought he had discovered such a route. But, in time, people realized that a new continent had been found, and then brave seamen came over to explore the rivers in the hope of finding a passage leading to the Pacific Ocean. Not for many years was the length and breadth of America fully known. The much- looked -for passage to the Indies was never found. During the first term of the presidency of General Grant the final rail was laid and the final spike was driven in the railroad which 250 The United States united the extreme eastern portion of our country with the extreme western shore. The e^.y«; y-; om a pnotograph loaned by General G. M Dodge Driving the Last Spike of the Union Pacific Railroad, 1869. Solution of the problem p^^^ifl^. EaiU^oad was completed in 1869. Sci- of the early . . /^ n i i j.i explorers, cuce and mveutive genms ImalJy solved the The West 251 problem of a passage to India. But it was across the American continent. The distance from New York to San Fran- The oid and Cisco is 3,300 miles. A traveler e^oinsr from ^^'''^''^^ ^ o & method of one City to the other may cover the distance in travel. the same time that it took George Washington to go from his home at Mount Vernon to New York at the time of his inauguration. Wash- ington ate his meals at inns and farmhouses. He slept wherever the end of his day's journey found him, in the spare -room of the cottage of a countryman, or in the candle-lighted sleeping apartment of a village hotel. Today the trav- eler eats his meals in a luxurious dining-car, with all the comforts of home, while his train is running at the rate of forty miles or more an hour. At night a porter prepares his bed for him in the car wdiere he has enjoyed the com- forts of a parlor and library during the day. When he sleeps at night he maj^ be winding through a mountainous region. But w^hen he rises in the morning to prepare for breakfast his train is on the flat prairies, w-ith the moun- tains left far behind. The building of the Pacific 'Railroad opened Settlement the western country to settlement. Now great p^J^'^^*'''"'' cities thrive in the center of rich farming lands or still wealthier mining districts, w^here but a few years ago the coyote and buffalo, the mountain lion and bear roamed at will. Vast herds of cattle have taken the place of the 252 The United States Industry and its fruits. The remnant of the Indians. buffalo, and grain ripens where once tlie prickly leaf of the cactus bade the adventurous i3ioneer a scanty welcome. The smoke and din of mining camps now greet the eye and ear, where but a few years ago uncut forests and seemingly inaccessible mountain ranges bade the seeker after wealth beware. Several lines of railroad now cross the continent, so that the South and Northwest are as accessible as the central portion of the West. In the harbors of the Pacific are ships from the ports of the world. Railroads which run to these harbors exchange the pro- duce of our western states for the wealth and exports of foreign lands. Railroads, schools, colleges, churches, great stores and handsome homes exist so far from Washington's grave at Mount Vernon that in his time a journey to the places where these have sprung up would have been considered most foolhardy, if not utterly impossible. The remaining tribes of Indians, the last remnant of that vast horde which made the settlement of America so dangerous for the early colonists, are now living peaceably on reservations allotted them by our government. Even until the present day, however, these tribes have been a source of danger and trouble to the settlers of our country. In 1876 the Sioux Indians, one of the fiercest of all the tribes, refused to move peaceably to The West 253 the reservation allotted them by the United States. Troops were sent against the Indians to compel them to do as they were ordered. Dnring the ensuing trouble General Custer and General his troops were surrounded by the yelling ^''^^®''- savages, and before aid could reach them all the white men were killed. As a rule, however, the Indians are now peaceful and contented, and endeavoring to lead quiet lives on their reservations. Many of them are learning to farm. Schools have been established by the government for the edu- cation of the Indian boys and girls. It is hoped that the rising generation may become useful citizens. Althoucrh the invention of the steam encrine Cables now and its use in propellin«: ships across the ocean ^"^^^^ ^i^ , ■"- -^ o ± parts of the greatly reduced the time necessary for com- worm, munication between Europe and America, it was felt that a quicker means of sending mes- sages and exchanging news should be estab- lished. People on land, although living many miles apart, could exchange greetings and news by means of the telegraph. Why could not a telegraphic communication be established across the ocean f This seemed a very great under- taking. But it was accomplished, after repeated failures and the expenditure of vast sums of money. In 1858 a line of cable uniting Amer- ica with the Old World was laid on the ocean bed. Only a few messages were sent before 254 The United States this cable ceased to operate. Finally, however, in 1866, an improved line was laid, since which there has been uninterrupted cable communi- cation between this country and Europe. Now, events across the ocean, thousands of miles away, can be known here almost instantly. There are several lines of cable between the United States and distant lands. The growth The great strides of advancement our country has made within the past thirty years, particu- larly in the western portions of the United States, can be no more fittingly illustrated than by a brief survey of the growth of Chi- cago. This city is the metropolis of the West, — the mouth of the great streams of traffic which have their sources in the granaries, mines and forests of the West. CHICAGO Located on Lake Michigan, Chicago is the natural gateway from the East to the West. A score of railroad lines enter the city from all directions. Grreat ships, loaded with the pro- duce of the world, sail the lakes to be unloaded at the city's wharfs. Vast storehouses, where the crops of the West wait shipment to the con- sumers of the world, rise high into the air. In 1871 a terrible fire destroyed property and human life on every hand. A large portion of the city was swept away. Before the dying Chicago 255 embers had cooled, the stricken citizens were making plans for the rebuilding of their town. Within a short time a new city, more beautiful, greater and finer in every respect, had grown on the ashes of the old Chicago. In 1871 the inhabitants of Chicago numbered 310,000, while today there are more than 2,000,000 busy people within the bounds of this great city. Court of Honor, World's Fair. When the four hundredth anniversary of the TheWorid' discovery of America by Columbus — 1492-1892 ^'''''' —was approaching, it was decided to celebrate this event by a great fair. The city of Chicago was chosen as the most suitable place in which to hold the exhibition. The World's Fair, or Columbian Exhibition of 1893— the opening of the fair was delayed until the spring of 1893 — 256 The United States was a wonderful exhibition of the advancement and progress of man. CONTRAST When our Grreat is the contrast between the United wiryoung, States of today and that which Washington knew and loved. The citizens of the young republic had few of the advantages which our citizens have today. To secure the most good from life, free and frequent intercourse with one's fellow- men is necessary. The people, at the time when our republic was very young, lived in widely separated towns, or on farms distant from one another. All travel was by means of horses, slow and uncomfortable, or by boat, but little swifter and no more comfortable. The opportunities of sending or receiving letters were few. Books were scarce. The telegraph and telephone were unknown. Newspapers were for those only who lived in or near some one of the larger towns. All this is changed. The United States is a nation of thousands of well-populated com- munities. Great cities lie within a day's ride of one another from the Atlantic to the Eock- ies, and all along the western coast. The one city of Greater New York has nearly as many inhabitants as our entire nation had at the close of the Revolution. There are many towns larger by far than the city of New York was Contrast 257 when, in 1789, Washington went there to be inaugurated. The journey from any one city to any other And in later is now accomplished with comfort and speed. ^^^^'^• Good roads are everywhere to be found, so that those hving in the country are able, with but little difficulty, to reach a town. Mail trains are running at high rate of speed every day to within a comparatively short distance of every home, and postmasters are kept busy every- where in the distribution of mail. The tele- graph and telephone supply the daily news- pa]3ers with the news. By these means the ah parts of homes of the United States are kept in touch t'^^/^^^t^y ^ m touch with the doings of the rest of the country and through the the world. There are books in great numbers, easydistri- at prices which prevent no man from having knowledge at least a few good volumes at his command, ^ud means The resident of San Francisco or of Los ^ ''^''^* Angeles, in California, is in the midst of as busy and progressive a life, surrounded with the same cultivation and refinement of the age, as his eastern brother in Boston, New York, Philadelphia or Washington. The family in New Orleans, Memphis, Atlanta, Columbia or Richmond is in sympathy and accord with its northern cousin. Portland, Oregon; Helena, Montana; Minneapolis, St. Paul, Ogden, Den- ver, Santa Fe, Omaha and Kansas City rival in importance the cities in the older central states, such as Cincinnati, St. Louis, Indian- 258 The United States Cities as centers of production. Today in the United States. apolis, Cleveland and Pittsburg. These and many more are abounding with life and prog- ress, each with its circle of busy towns and villages, and its prosperous farms, ranches, mining camps, and settlements. Each has its own special reason for existence, and each is being strengthened by the brain and muscle of America. The mining districts have their mountain cities, where the ore is smelted and refined, and the wealth of the rocks is made serviceable to man. The busy hum of machin- ery resounds on every side. Again, in the lumber districts, great cities have been built where the mighty monarchs of the forests are hewn and shaj^ed for the service of man. The peop^.e who spend their lives in the care of fur- and food -producing animals, and those who till the soil, have their cities into which the product of their labor pours, to be distrib- uted again to those who need it. The great harbors of the Atlantic and the Pacific have their cities into which the products of other lands come in mighty ships, to be exchanged for such growths and manufactures of ours as we do not need ourselves. So, too, on the great lakes and on the banks of many rivers, fine cities have been built where this exchange is being carried on. Everywhere are churches, schools, lecture- halls, theaters and other places of amusement Contrast 259 and instruction. Every community has its societies, its clubs and its associations. The people throughout the country are in com- munication with one another, holding meet- ings from time to time for the purpose of exchanging the latest and best thought in that particular occupation to which their lives are devoted. Everyone is working hard for himself and for his neighbor and for his government. This is the United States of today. And the capital of these busy, happy people work in the is a city of nearly 300,000 inhabitants on the w^Jino-ton. noble Potomac. In Washington the President and Congress are doing the work for which they were elected by the people of the United States. It can make little difference whether they are members of one political party or of another. Ours is a government by the people, and the people of the United States are such as have been accustomed to be in the lead in the race of progress and civilization. But it The destiny rests with you, the children of our nation, to coimt%in see that in this race the country for which the hands of the colonists fought, and for which the people ''' '^''^'^''''' of the past one hundred and twenty years have labored, does not lose its foremost position and become a laggard and a follower. It is your muscle and your brain which are to uphold the foundations of our government and advance our civilization. In you is vested the responsibility 260 The United States of guarding tliouglitfully the nation's honor and the nation's progress. The children of today are to be the men and women of tomorrow. 18. EEC E NT TERRITORIAL EXPANSION ALASKA You have learned how our country has ex- panded from the time of the Ee volution, until the Pacific Ocean became its western limit and the present boundary line with Mexico was established. In those early days, you know, it embraced only the territory between the Mis- sissippi Eiver and the Atlantic Ocean, from Canada on the north to Florida in the south. Until 1867 the United States was a compact Purchase of natiou, contiuuous in its extent. In that year, Alaska. howcvcr, Alaska, which is separated from the United States by British Columbia, was pur- chased from Russia for $7,200,000. This dis- trict, which comprises about 577,000 square miles, is of great value to the United States because of its fisheries, its fur-bearing animals, its lumber and its untold mineral wealth. HAWAII The Two thousand one hundred miles from San Hawaiian Fraucisco, lying peacefully in the Pacific Ocean, are the Hawaiian Islands, the Sandwich Islands, Hawaii 261 as they were once called. Consisting of several islands, the largest of which is Hawaii, this group is of importance because of its situation between the United States and Asia, on the line of traffic between the West and the East. The islands are nearly 7,000 square miles in extent, having a population in 1890 of about 90,000, of which not more than 35,000 were native Hawaiians, the remaining population being composed of Chinese, Japanese, Europeans and Americans. Of the latter there were, in 1890, about 2,000 in the islands. The Hawaiian Islands were governed by Their native kings or queens almost uninterruptedly ^^^^''^*^^^' from the time the islands became known to the world until 1894. Then a republic was established, with a president at its head. Steps were then taken to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, annexation being finally accomplished in 1898. These islands of the mid-Pacific are now under our government. Sanford B. Dole was appointed by President McKinley (1900) the first governor of Hawaii. The existing form of government at the time of annexation has been little changed, the people of the United States not yet having fully determined the manner of governing these, the first of their island possessions. Sugar is the principal product of the Ha- waiian Islands, although the timber found there is of value. 262 The United States POKTO EICO "Tiie Although the people of the United States are American stauiich advocates of the principles of arbitra- war. tion as a means of settling disputes between nations, and they will go to great extremes before resorting to the force of arms, yet, in 1898, it became necessary for them to declare war with the kingdom of S]3ain. The first land seen and occupied by Colum- bus and his followers after their perilous voy- age across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, in 1492, was one of the Bahama Isles, in the archipelago which extends from Florida to South America. By right of discovery these islands of the West Indies were held by Spain. The largest of the group, Cuba, became the headquarters of the Spanish government in the discovery and conquest on the mainland. Al- though many of the hundreds of islands in this archipelago of the Caribbean Sea long since passed from the hands of Spain into the pos- session of other countries, Cuba, the largest and most important of all, and Porto Eico, ' another of the most valuable of these islands, have from the time of Columbus until recently been held and governed by Spain. They were colonial possessions or provinces of Spain, with the exception of a few months (1762), when Cuba was held by Great Britain. Some of the governors sent by the Spanish Porto Rico 263 government to administer affairs in the island character of of Cuba were broad-minded, honest men, whose govemorl'^ ambition was to devote their energies to the of Cuba, welfare of the colonists. More of the govern- ors sent, however, were cruel and avaricious, thinking only of their own advancement and View of Matanzas, Cuba. gain, and caring nothing for the happiness and prosperity of the Cubans. The Cubans were excluded from the privilege of holding office; they were denied the right of religious and civil liberty, and they were oppressed by cruelly unjust taxation for the support of the Spanish officials and Spanish 264 The United States armies sent to their island. Tiiis unfair treat- ment of the Cubans engendered in their hearts an intense hatred for the Spaniards. The struggle Siuce the early part of this century the Cubans. native Cubans, Creoles, as they are called, have striven to free themselves from the oppressive rule of Spain. The sympathy of the people of the United States had long been with the Cubans in their efforts to establish themselves under a government of their own. This effort on the part of the Cubans assumed a more definite and concerted form than ever before in 1893. This was just 400 years after the first white man set foot on the island. Two years later the Cubans declared their inde- pendence of Spain, which, of course, the Spanish government refused to acknowledge. Many soldiers were sent to Cuba to suppress the revolution. But the Cubans bravely held their own, although they were opposed by large numbers of Spanish soldiers. The difficulties that beset the Cuban patriots were much the same as those that the Ameri- can colonists had encountered : trouble in obtaining money ; lack of proper arms and other munitions of war; lack of clothing and food, and the opposition of superior forces, better trained and disciplined. But, whereas the American colonists were at war with a people who respected the laws of war and civilization, the Cubans, on the other hand, Porto Rico 265 were contending against a nation which seemed to be utterly devoid of the common instincts of liumanity, and which practiced the most horrible atrocities in its vain endeavor to make the colonists bow to its tyrannical rule. The actions of the Spaniards in their treatment The attitude of prisoners of war, and in their cruelties to ""J^^"^ , ^ ^ ' Spaniards. women and children, and sick and wounded soldiers, make a chapter in histoiy so bar- barous, so contrary to the instincts of man- hood, that we turn in horror from its perusal. In 1897 the United States government pro- tested to Spain against the manner in which she was treating the Cubans. To this pro- test the Spanish turned a deaf ear. So great became the cruelties of Spain, however, and so loud became the indignant protestations of the American people, that, in 1898, diplomatic relations between the two governments were severed, and, on April 19, war was declared by the United States. This action was pre- cipitated by an event which threw the whole country into the w^ildest state of excitement and called forth from all sides urgent pleas to the authorities in Washington to take im- mediate action. For the protection of Ameri- can interests on the island of Cuba the battle- ship Maine was sent to the harbor of Havana. At that time the United States and Spain were still on friendly terms, although the war clouds were rapidly gathering. Greeted by 266 The United States the Spanish in Havana with the usual cour- tesy, and escorted to her anchorage by the Spanish authorities, the Maine rode in the harbor of Havana for three weeks, her pres- ence there being in an entirely friendly spirit. The On the evening of February 15, after all prep- destruction . i?il 'IXlTl 1 J^ of the arations for the night had been made, a ter- Maine. nfic cxplosiou rudcly awakened the Ameri- can sailors, who had barely time to leap to their feet before the gallant Maine sank to the bottom of Havana harbor. We shall probably never know who caused the explo- sion which sent to their graves 266 American sailors and carried grief and anger to the hearts of an entire nation. Spain expressed sympathy for the terrible event and disavowed any knowledge of the cause of the explosion. That the harbor was a network of submarine mines, that over one of these the Maine was anchored, that the mine exploded, destroying our ship and killing our sailors, are facts but too well known. The American people did not know what caused the mine to explode, but in their state of horror and indignation at the manner the Spanish were treating the Cubans it was difficult for them to believe that the ex- plosion was the result of an accident. The destruction of the Maine did much to hasten the declaration of war. In this dechiration, the United States insisted that the Cubans were, and by right ought to be, The Philippine Islands 267 free, and that Spain must withdraw her forces End of from Cuba, as well as from her other posses- ^^^^ein Spanish rule in sions in the West Indies. The declaration of America, war was so well supported by the bravery and impetuosity of the American soldiers and sailors Admiral Dewey. sent to Cuba that on the 12th of August, 1898, hostilities ceased, and Spanish rule was at an end in America. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The scene of the war with Spain was not restricted entirely to the West Indies. 268 The United States View of Manila, on The In the distant eastern waters of the Pacific, Philippine ^^^^ ^^^, from the coast of China, in Asia, is Islands. ' ' sitnated a gronp of over twelve hnndred islands known as the Philippine Islands, which were long in the possession of Spain. When this country declared war with Spain, a fleet of Spanish ships was in the waters of the Philip- pines. It was determined to destroy these ships, if possible, and to that end Commodore Dewey, who was in command of the United States war vessels assembled in the harbor of Hong Kong, was instructed to proceed to the Philippines and capture or destroy the fleet. The victory Ou the Ist of May, Commodore Dewey sailed of Manila. ^^^^ ^^iQ harbor of Manila, on Luzon, the lar- gest of the Philippines, engaged the fleet of the enemy and completely destroyed it. With- out the loss of a single American life, and with but little damage done to his ships, Dewey and his men annihilated the Spanish ships, sinking the entire fleet. As soon as the knowl- edge of this victory reached America, prepara- tions were made to send soldiers to the Phil- The Philippine Islands 269 Luzon, Philippine Islands. ippines to completely overcome the Spanish soldiers on the islands. This was successfully accomplished about the time hostilities ceased in the West Indies. When the war was at an end, the United States was in armed possession of Luzon, Porto Rico and Cuba. By the treaty of peace between the two The treaty nations, Cuba secured her freedom, and Porto ^^p^*^^^ Rico and the other Spanish islands of -the West Indies passed into the possession of the United States. The island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain to the United States on the payment of $20,000,000. The various islands which came into the possession of the United States were taken as a partial indemnity for the expenses of the war, while the money paid to Spain for the Philippines was considered but a fair return to her for the improvements which she had made on those islands. At the time of the declaration of war with Spain the natives of the Philippines were in insurrection against the home government. 270 The United States Future t}-^q future govemmeiit of the Philippines ofihe ^^^^ <^f Porto Rico are matters which the Philippines, American people must decide. At present Cuba and cubZ^ ^^ being governed by the authorities of the United States. But this protectorate is to con- tinue only until such time as the Cubans them- selves shall feel capable of assuming control of their own affairs. The United States is simply acting as a protector to Cuba while that country is still weak and bleeding from the effects of its long struggle with Spain. By virtue of recent diplomatic negotiations, resulting in a treaty between Great Britain, Germany and the United States, our country has secured certain rights on the island of Tutuila, one of the islands of the Samoan group, in the Pacific Ocean. Your teacher will explain to you just what these privileges are, and wherein the United States has been bene- fited. You should carefully notice the loca- tion of the Samoan Islands in relation to Hawaii and the Philippines. By the acquisition of Porto Rico and the Philippines the United States has added about 118,000 square miles to its territory and perhaps 10,000,000 people to its population. Many of the Filipinos, however, are in an uncivilized or barbarous condition. The gaining of these island possessions, while adding to the area and population of our country, and while assuring an increase The Philippine Islands 271 of wealth to many of our citizens individually, as well as to our government, has at the same time brought to us new and great responsi- New ana bilities. We are hopeful of beiner able to solve ^^®^* , . , T , responsi- the problem of govermng the islands, not only bmties. with honor and profit to ourselves, but with justice to the people who are placed under the protection of our flag. The Flag of Today, INDEX Adams, John, 193. Alabama, admitted, 22G. Alaska, 8; purchase of, 260. America, discovery of, 60 ; named, 01. Andros, rule of, 122. Arbitration, principles of, 245. Arizona, 8, 213, 228. Arkansas, admitted, 227. Articles of Confederation. 183. Bacon, rebellion of, 81. Bahama Islands, discovery of, 60. Baltimore, founding of, 112. Berkeley, William, 81 ; recalled, 82. Bond-servants in Virginia, 75 ; in Massachusetts, 9i. Boroiaghs, description of, 74. Boston, founding of, 90; "Tea-Party," 162; port of, closed, 162; relief of, 168. Bradford, William, 88. Buchanan, President, 231. Burgoyne, General, 171. Cable, Atlantic, 253. Cabot, John, 60. California, 213; admitted, 228. California Compromise, 228. Calvert, George, 110. Carolinas, the, 128. Carver, John, 87. Champlain, Samuel de, 144. Chicago, 254. Colonies, birth of, 27; extent of, 28 ; location of, 29; trouble in, 31; gov- ernment of, 32; revolt of, 35. Colonization, reasons for, 63. Columbian Exposition, 255. Columbus, Christopher, theories of, 55; birth and early life of, 57; first voyage of, 58. Confederate States of America, 231. Congress, formation of, 10. Connecticut, founding of, 113; govern- ment of, 115. Constitution, the, 43; ratification of, 44. Continental Congress, 39; First, 164; Second, 167. Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 168, 172. Cotton gin, invention of, 224. Cuba, 262. Custer, General, death of, 253. Davis, Jefferson, 232. Declai'ation of Independence, 38, 167 ; recognized by France, 176. Delaware, beginnings of, 119; part of New Netherlands, 120; part of New York, 120 ; part of Pennsylvania, 126. Dewey, George, 268. District of Columbia, 8; how governed, 12; location of, 20; capital removed to, 49 ; extent of, 50 ; change in area, 51. Dole, Sanford B., 261. Dress, early, 188. "East,'" the, 56. Emancipation Proclamation, 240. Endicott, John, 89. (273) 274 INDEX Florida, purchase of, 205; admitted, 227. Franklin, Benjamin, 177. French, colonization by, 143 ; fur- traders, 143; treatment of Indians, 145. French and Indian War, 150. Fugitive Slave Law, 228. Fulton, Robert, 190. Gadsden Purchase, 213. Gage, General, 166. Georgia, beginnings of, 130; becomes Royal colony, 131. Gold, discovery of, 213. Government, state, 6 ; territorial, 8 ; district, 8; national, 9; colonial, 32. Grant, U. S., 241; becomes President, 244. Greene, General, 171. Guam, Island of, 269. Hawaii, 8; annexation of, 260. Hayes, Rutherford B., 244. House of Representatives, 10. Howe, Lord, 168. Hudson, Henry, discoveries of, 100. Hutchinson, Mrs., 116. Idaho, 213. Illinois, admitted, 226. Import Duty, 155. Indian Territory, 8. Indiana, admitted, 226. Indians, 77, 132; tribes, 134; homes, 134; women, 135; weapons, 137; and the colonists, 140; the Pequots, 142; the Iroquois, 146; present condition of, 252; the Sioux, 252. Internal Revenue, 158. Iowa, admitted, 227. Jackson, Andrew, 204; President, 206. Jamestown, founded, 67. Jefferson, Thomas, 193. Johnson, Andrew, 243. Kansas, territory organized, 228; ad- mitted, 229. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 228. Keift, Governor, 105. Kentucky, admitted, 226. King William's War, 147. King George's War, 150. Lafayette, 175. La Salle, Robert de, 144. Laws, necessity for, 3; makers of, 5; enforcement of, 5, 13. Lee, Robert E., surrender of, 235,240. Lexington, Battle of, 166. Lincoln, Abraham, President, 215; birth of, 219; early life of, 220; as a young man, 222; in Congress, 223; first election, 230; assassination of, 242. Louisiana, admitted, 226. Louisiana Purchase, 192, 199. Luzon, Island of, 268. Maine, beginnings of, 126; admitted, 227. Maine, battleship, destroying of, 265. Manhattan Island, purchase of, 100. Marion, Gen. Francis, 172. Maryland, establishment of, 110; colo- nists of. 111; government of. 111. Massachusetts, establishment of, 97; Provincial Congress, 164. Massachusetts Bay, colony of, 89; John Winthrop governor of, 90 ; General Court of, 95; becomes Mas- sachusetts, 97. [97. Massachusetts and Virginia compared, "Mayflower," the, 80. Mexican War, 211. Michigan, admitted, 227. Minuet, Peter, 105, 119. Minute men, 165. Mississippi, admitted, 226. Mississippi valley open to settlement, 144. INDEX 75 Missouri, admitted, 227. Missouri Compromise, 22G. Montgomery, Alabama, capital of the Confederate states, 232. Morris, Lewis, 122. Mount Vernon, 23. Nebraslia, territory organized, 228 ; admitted, 229. Nevada, 228. New Amsterdam, building of, 101. New England, named by John Smith, 71; colonized, 8G; towns of, 90; the church of, 91; farms of, 92; slaves and bond-servants in, 94. New France, 144. New Hampshire, beginnings of, 126. New Haven, founding of, 114. New Jersey, beginnings of, 121; Lewis Morris governor of, 123, New Mexico, 8, 213; organized, 228. New Netherlands, established, 101; fur trade in, 101; towns of, 102; landed proprietors of, 103; government of, 105; becomes New York, 108. New Orleans, battle of, 204. New Sweden established, 118. New York named, 108. North Carolina, establishment of, 128. Ohio, admitted, 22G. Oglethorpe, James, 130. Oklahoma, 8; territory formed, 9. Oregon, 213. Penn, William, 123. Pennsylvania, establishment of, 128 ; government of, 124. Pequots, 142. Philadelphia, founding of, 125 ; Eng- lish enter, 170. Philippine Islands, 8, 267. Pilgrims in Massachusetts, 86. Plantations, description of, 24. Plymouth, founding of, 87. "Poor Richard's Almanac," 178. Population of the United States, 244, 247, 270. Porto Rico, 8, 262. President, duties of, 13; how elected, 14; inauguration of, 17 Providence, R. I., founding of, UG. Puritans, 83. Quakers, characteristics of, 123. Queen Anne's War, 149. Railroad, first, 209 ; first trans-conti- nental, 249. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 64. Resources of the United States, 248. Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions, 117; government of, 117. Richmond, Va., capital of Confeder- acy, 233. Salem, founding of, 89. Samoan Islands, 270. San Francisco, founding of, 213. Senate, 10. Slavery Question, 215, 224. Slaves, first brought to Virginia, 76; in New England, 94. Smith, John, 68. South Carolina, 129. Spanish-American War, causes of, 262 ; results of, 269. "Speedwell," the, 86. St. Mary's, 110. Stamp Act, 160. Stars and Stripes, 40. State Rights, 198, 208, 229. Steamboat, invention of, 190. Stephenson, George, 209. Stuyvesant, Peter, 107. Sumter, Fort, assault on, 232. Taxation, 152 ; direct, 155 ; indirect, 156; on tea, 161. Tennessee, admitted, 226. 276 INDEX Territorial growth of United States, 249, 270. Territories, 8. [227. Texas, Republic of, 212 ; admitted. Tobacco, first use of, 72 ; cultivation of, 73; used as money, 74. Travel, early, 187. Tutuila, Island of, 270. Utah, territory organized, 228. Vermont, beginnings of, 127; becomes a state, 127, 22G. Vespucius, Americus, Gl. Virginia, establishment of, 6G ; women in, 71; bond-servants in, 75; slaves in, 76 ; House of Burgesses, 79 ; first royal governor of, 80; capitals of, 82. Virginia and Massachusetts compared, 97. War of 1812, causes of, 201 ; results of, 205. Washington, George, birth of, 25 ; sketch of, 34; elected President, 45; inaugurated, 47 ; second term, 52 ; death of, 52; in French and Indian War, 150; head of Continental Army, 167. Washington, city of, 9, 50 ; captured by British, 204; at present, 259. Washington, state of, 213. West Virginia, formation of, 235. Whitney, Eli, 224. Williams, Roger, 115. Winthrop, John, 90. Wisconsin, admitted, 227. World's Fair, 255. Writs of Assistance, 160. Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 172. A Short History of the United States for School Use By EDWARD CHANNING Professor of History in Harvard University; author of ** Students' History of the United States," etc. 12mo Half Leather Price 90 cents 425 PP. OF TEXT, WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, A TABLE OF DATES, A MARGINAL ANALYSIS, AN APPARATUS OF QUESTIONS AND SUGGES- TIONS TO TEACHERS, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND AN INDEX. • " It is an admiraljle presentation of the origin and growth of our nation. From cover to cover it is made intensely interesting, not only by striking illustrations and complete maps, but by the arrangement of the text and the facts presented in a clear, logical manner. The' references to other text-books in history is a commendable feature. I fully agree with the author's statement in the preface as to the best method of studying the history of our country.'— iV. G. Kingsley, Pres. of the Rhode Island Institute of Instruction, Providence, li. I. 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