{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3588", "width": "2350", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3425", "width": "2067", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^M^\\n^^^^^^7^", "height": "3457", "width": "1980", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "n\\nil\\nA Rape Plant Grown for Seed.\\nWhatcom County, Washington.", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "FORAGE\\nCROPS\\nOTHER\\nTHAN GRASSES\\nHow to Cultivate,\\nHarvest\\nand Use Them\\nBy...\\nTHOMAS SHAW\\nProfessor of Animal Husbandry at the University of Minnesota\\nAuthor of\\nPublic School Agriculture Weeds and How to Eradicate Them\\nThe Study of Breeds Soiling Crops and the Silo\\nILLUSTRATED\\nNew York\\nORANGE JUDD COMPANY\\n1900", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "8EC0ND COPY.\\nTWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nLibrary of Cengret%\\nOffice of the\\nD\u00e2\u0082\u00acC 1 fi u^y\\nRegister of Copyrights,\\n64917\\nCopyright, 1)599\\nBY\\nOKANGE JUDD COMPANY\\nJ^", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "To the Farmers and Stockmen of America, this work is\\nmost respectfully dedicated by the Author.", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "AUTHOR S PREFACE\\nThis work has been written in the hope of meet-\\ning a long-felt want. It has been the aim of the\\nwriter to adapt it to the needs of the farmer, the\\nstockman and the agricultural student. It is left\\nwith the agriculturists of this country to say how far\\nthese objects have been attained.\\nUniversity Experiment Farm,\\nSt. Anthony Park, Minn., igoo.", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nChapter I.\\nPAGE\\nForage Crops ---------i\\nChapter II.\\nIndian Corn or Maize -------g\\nChapter III.\\nSorghum ---.-------28\\nChapter IV.\\nThe Non-Saccharine Sorghums 48\\nChapter V.\\nPlants of the Clover Family 67\\nChapter VI.\\nLeguminous Plants Other Than Clover 103\\nChapter VIL\\nRape and Cabbage 145\\nChapter VIII.\\nThe Common Cereals 170\\nChapter IX.\\nMillet 189\\nChapter X.\\nRoot Crops -----__.- 202\\nChapter XL\\nMiscellaneous Plants 221\\nChapter XII.\\nSuccession in Forage Crops 252\\nChapter XIII.\\nSheep Pastures Grown at the Minnesota University Ex-\\nperiment Farm 261", "height": "3414", "width": "2094", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nForage in its widest sense means any food\\nsuitable for horses, cattle, sheep and swine. Thus\\napplied, it would include pasture, soiling and fodder\\ncrops, and all manner of matured seeds. In the title\\ngiven to this book, however, and in the book itself,\\nit will be used only in the more restricted sense of\\npasture crops other than those provided by the vari-\\nous grasses. It is thus used for the reason, first, that\\nin the ordinary phraseology of the farm, it is so\\nunderstood. Second, that there is a felt necessity for\\na more restricted and precise use of certain terms in\\nagriculture that have heretofore been used in a loose\\nsense. And, third, that it would seem to express the\\nvarious subjects considered in the book more accu-\\nrately and more concisely than any other term that\\ncould be chosen. The terms forage crops as thus\\ndefined, and pastures, are frequently regarded as\\nsynonymous and interchangeable. But grasses are\\nnot included in the discussion, for the reason, first,\\nthat where grazed off they are usually spoken of as\\npasture crops, and, second, that to include them\\nwould unduly swell the contents of this volume.\\nIn nearly all instances these forage crops are\\nsown from year to year, whereas grass pastures usu-\\nally endure for several years. In many instances the\\nlatter grow, as it were, spontaneously; the former\\nseldom do. Forage crops, like pastures, are fed off", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2 FORAGE CROPS.\\nby the animals where they grow, and usually in the\\ngreen form but there are instances where both may\\nbe grazed in the matured form, as in the gleaning of\\nripe peas by swine, or the grazing of buffalo or bunch\\ngrass by cattle and sheep in the winter. Some of these\\nforage crops are grown and grazed off in succession\\nthe same season, and are also sown as catch\\ncrops, while grasses are never thus sown or grazed.\\nAnd some forage crops, as, for instance, Jerusalem\\nartichokes, are gathered from beneath the surface of\\nthe ground, w^hereas grass pastures are grazed only\\non the surface.\\nSoiling and Fodder Crops not Considered.\\nIn this book the question of forage crops only will be\\nconsidered, although excellent reasons may be given\\nfor including soiling and fodder crops in the discus-\\nsion. Soiling food may be defined as food cut or\\npulled and fed to animals in the green form. And\\nfodder crops may be defined as food for live stock in\\nthe matured form, and fed before or after the\\nremoval of the seeds. Both definitions are\\nrestricted rather than general, as both terms\\nare sometimes used, and, perhaps unfortunately,\\nin a wider and more general sense. Among\\nthe reasons that may be given for including\\nthese crops in the discussion, are the follow-\\ning: First, forage, soiling and fodder crops each\\nincludes a large number of the same plants. And, sec-\\nond, the processes of preparing the land for many of\\nthese and of growing them up to a certain stage are\\nexactly the same. Discussing these various classes\\nof crops therefore together would avoid no little repe-\\ntition, which it would be impossible to avoid when\\ndiscussing them separately. But to this plan there is", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "FORAGE CROPS. 3\\nthe one strong objection, vis., that it would so swell\\nthe contents of the book as to make it too unwieldy\\nfor commercial use as a text-book. It would also\\nincrease unduly the cost of the book to those readers\\nwho are desirous of obtaining information only with\\nreference to one phase of this three-fold question.\\nPossible Exception to Definitions. Agricultural\\nliterature is only in what may be termed the\\nformative stage. And more especially is this\\ntrue of agricultural text-books. Exception may\\nbe taken, therefore, by those critically inclined\\nto almost any definition that may be given of\\nforage crops, and, indeed, of other classes of\\ncrops, as, for instance, cereals and field roots.\\nIn formulating definitions in agriculture, no bet-\\nter plan, perhaps, can be followed than to give\\nheed to the common understanding regarding the\\nmeaning and application of the various terms in use.\\nBut this common understanding is not an absolutely\\nsafe guide, since it differs sometimes in communities\\nin regard to the use of a certain term, and often it\\ndiffers even in the same community. Some time must\\nelapse, therefore, before definitions in agriculture\\nwill so crystallize as to assume a form so definite and\\nabiding that it will meet with universal acceptance.\\nA Greatly Important Question. The growing\\nof forage crops is to-day what may be termed a burn-\\ning question, and it is likely to become more and more\\nso with the passing of the years. Some time, and in\\nthe future that is near, forage crops other than\\ngrasses will be grown from sea to sea, but, of course,\\nnot equally in all parts of the continent. The excep-\\ntions will be the range and mountain districts, which\\nforbid a varied agriculture.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 FORAGE CROPS.\\nBut little attention has been given to the grow-\\ning of this class of forage crops in the past, and for\\nmanifest reasons. The history of our agriculture has\\nbeen largely one of occupancy. Men have taken pos-\\nsession of the soil and tilled it after the most primi-\\ntive fashion. Such, at least, has been its history in\\nall the west. While it is true that some progress has\\nbeen made in intensive cultivation in the east, such\\nfarming has been greatly hampered by the tide of\\nagricultural products which has flowed eastward in\\ngreat volume from the cheap and fertile lands of the\\nMississippi basin. On every hand, however, there\\nare indications of change. The unoccupied tillable\\ndomain is only a fraction of what it was. And this\\nmeans that the great grazing lands of the tillable\\nprairies are only a fraction of what they once were.\\nThere is no further west. Populations are increasing\\nat a very rapid rate, and, therefore, a more intensive\\ncultivation will soon become a necessity in all parts\\nof the continent. And with the increase of intensive\\ncultivation, as surely as the sun goes down in the\\nevening, increased attention will be given to the\\ngrowing of these forage crops, some of the reasons\\nfor which will be stated below.\\nJVJiy Forage Crops Should be Grozmi. Forage\\ncrops, other than grasses and clovers, should be\\ngrown because of the many benefits which they bring\\nto those who grow them. Chief among these are the\\nfollowing First, they may be made to supplement\\npasture crops that are more permanent, that is to say,\\nperennial in character, when the area of these is insuf-\\nficient, or when from any cause or causes theymayfail\\nto produce plentifully. Second, many of them may be\\ngrown as catch crops where other crops have failed", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "FORAGE CROPS. 5\\nto grow, hence the use of the land for the season is\\nnot lost. Third, by growing these crops the farmer\\nis enabled proportionately to increase the live stock\\nof his farm, and, in consequence, proportionately to\\nincrease its producing power. Fourth, such a system\\nexercises a salutary influence on weed eradication,\\nbecause of the frequency with which the ground is\\nplowed and otherwise disturbed, and because the\\nweeds which grow in the forage are usually eaten\\ndown before they mature their seeds. Fifth, it\\nenables the farmer to provide succulent pasture for\\nanimals at certain seasons of the year, when ordi-\\nnarily it could not be obtained in any other way. And,\\nsixth, it provides vegetation that may be plowed\\nunder with great benefit to the land, when,* because\\nof its abundance, it has been only partially consumed\\nwhile being grazed.\\nWho Should Grow Forage Crops. All farmers\\non small or moderately sized holdings who keep live\\nstock should also grow forage crops in addition to\\ntheir grass pastures, since they so much reduce the\\narea required for the latter. But those stock grow-\\ners who live on large holdings, and more especially\\nthose of them whose tillable lands are in climates\\nwhere the rainfall is oftentimes less than could be\\ndesired, should also grow them. In these areas the\\nyields from grass pastures are frequently small, very\\nmuch less than can be obtained from crops sown\\nexpressly to provide pasture for a single season or but\\na part of a season. As a rule, therefore, the neces-\\nsity for growing these crops will increase with the\\nless favorable conditions for growing grass pastures,\\nand vice versa. Those crops can, however, be more\\nprofitably grown to furnish grazing for sheep and", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 FORAGE CROPS.\\nswine than to furnish the same for cattle anc horses,\\nsince the tramping of the latter, while grazing, leads\\nto a greater percentage of waste in the pasture.\\nNevertheless, s(~ me of these pasture crops may be\\ngrown with great advantage by dairymen, more\\nespecially in the prairie country west of the\\nMississippi.\\nThe Possible Outcome. When farmers gener-\\nally who live upon arable lands give that attention to\\nthe growing of this class of forage crops which they\\nought to, from the standpoint of self-interest, no\\nlimit can be set to the possible increase in live stock\\nand live stock products. More especially will this be\\ntrue when they give that attention also to the grow-\\ning of soiling and fodder crops which their impor-\\ntance demands. In those encouraging days that are\\ndrawing near, the production in these lines that will\\nbe obtained from small areas would astonish many\\nof the farmers of to-day. And the increase will no\\nless apply to the quantity than to the quality of the\\nproduct, because of the suitable character of the food\\nfurnished, because of its seasonableness and because\\nof its abundance. When nearly one hundred sheep\\ncan be pastured from the closing days of April to the\\nopening days of November on ten acres of such\\nforage, as was done in 1897 at the Minnesota Uni-\\nversity experiment farm, the possibilities in live stock\\nproduction in our republic light up with a peculiar\\nbrightness. When it is remembered that the soil was\\nsandy, that the subsoil was sand or gravel or a mix-\\nture of the two, that the land had been but feebly\\nfertilized, the brightness grows more radiant. And\\nwhen it is called to mind that 10.33 tons of cured\\nfodder and 10.39 ^^^s of soiling food were also taken", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "FORAGE CROPS.\\nfrom the same ten acres during the growing period\\nof the year mentioned, and that much unused forage\\nwas plowed under as green manure, the firmament\\nof possible production becomes all ablaze with prom-\\nise. The first to look at those happy indications will\\nprobably be the first to engage in growing forage\\ncrops.\\nPlants Discussed. The plants discussed in the\\nl)ook include those which can be grown for forage\\nin any part of the tillable areas of the United States\\nand Canada, grasses/excepted. Some varieties, how-\\never, but little known, or of only local value, are\\ndoubtless not included. The attempt has been made\\nto classify or group them in the hope of rendering\\nthe discussion more simple and concise. But in the\\nabsence of a guide, it is possible that some exception\\nmay be taken to the classification adopted. It is\\nbased largely on family relationships and, to some\\nextent, on similarity of treatment required in grow-\\ning them.\\nIn discussing the various plants considered, it\\nhas been the aim to give them space in the order of\\ntheir relative importance. But it was not in all\\ninstances found practicable to do so, and for the\\nreason that the relative importance of several of\\nthese plants has not yet been determined. Experi-\\nence in growing them has also been so limited that\\nsome time must yet elapse before such experience will\\nbe forthcoming. In the judgment of the writer, a\\ngreat future awaits the growing of vetches for\\nforage and soiling food in our country, but at the\\npresent time the growth of these crops is greatly\\ncircumscribed. Their adaptation, therefore, to cer-\\ntain localities is, in the meantime, a matter of con-", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 FORAGE CROPS.\\njecture rather than one of fact. And the same may\\nbe said of certain other crops.\\nIn addition to the various plants that are discussed\\nin the book, a chapter is written on succession in\\nforage crops, and also one on sheep pastures at the\\nMinnesota University experiment farm. In the\\nlatter an exemplification is given of what is advo-\\ncated in the book.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nINDIAN CORN OR MAIZE.\\nIndian corn (Zea Mays) is one of the greatest\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2food plants that was ever bestowed on any country.\\nIt is indigenous to this continent, and can be grown,\\nin one or the other of its forms, in nearly all parts of\\nthe continent capable of maturing cereals. There is\\nprobably no other plant at the present time that pro-\\nduces more food for man and beast, and that is sus-\\nceptible of being grown under so great a variety of\\nconditions.\\nCorn is of many varieties. They run up mto\\nthe hundreds, and the number of varieties is sure to\\nbe increased. It is well that it is so, for in this way\\nnew kinds can be produced with special adaptation\\nto the needs of the respective regions in which they\\nare to be grown. While new varieties are thus being\\nevolved, established varieties are continually being\\nintroduced into sections where they had not been\\ngrown hitherto, and in these sections they are being\\nacclimatized hence we can confidently hope that in\\nthe near future almost every part of America that\\ncan mature grain crops will be possessed of those\\nvarieties of corn best adapted to its needs.\\nCorn varies exceedingly in its habits of growth.\\nSome kinds grow only to the hight of a few inches\\nfrom the ground. Other varieties grow to the\\nhight of twelve feet and more. Some varieties pro-\\nduce only one stalk and but one or two ears. Other\\n9", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "lO FORAGE CROPS.\\nkinds produce several stalks and bear a number of\\nears. Some kinds produce but few leaves and much\\ngrain, other varieties grow many leaves and but little\\ngrain. Some are sweet, others much less so. Some\\nare flint and some are dent, and others are hybrid, as\\nit were, between these. Some kinds mature under\\nninety days, other varieties require many months to\\ncomplete their growth. Various other distinctions\\nappertain to the multi-form varieties of this food\\nproduct. Verily, their name is legion.\\nAt one time corn was grown chiefly for the\\ngrain product, but it is now grown more and more\\nto provide soiling food and fodder. It is not improb-\\nable that, ere many years shall pass, the area of corn\\nfed green and in the cured form unhusked, will much\\nexceed the area that will be husked. Notwithstand-\\ning the rapid increase in the growing of corn for soil-\\ning, for ensilage and for fodder to be fed in the\\nautumn and winter, the idea of growing corn for\\npasture does not seem to have made an impression\\non the mind of the corn growers of this country.\\nWhen the author sought information on this point,\\nin 1894, prior to taking up the work of experiment-\\ning in growing corn for sheep pasture, none could be\\nfound. It may be that the search was too narrow\\nand restricted, but the fact stated will make it clear\\nthat at that time information on the point at issue\\nwas not plentiful. It is of this particular feature of\\ncorn production that the present chapter will treat.\\nA view of sheep pasturing on first growth of corn\\nand rape at the Minnesota University experiment\\nfarm is seen in Fig. 2.\\nWhile it is more than proba1)le that corn will\\nnever become generally popular as a pasture for", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE.\\nII", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 FORAGE CROPS.\\nother classes of domestic animals than sheep, never-\\ntheless there are circumstances under which it may\\nbe fittingly grown to furnish grazing for cattle. In\\nthe upper Mississippi basin and the country lying\\nstill further north, grasses are much prone to lose\\ntheir succulence in the early summer, and frequently\\nthey do not regain it again the same year. In these\\nareas much wheat is grown from year to year on the\\nsame land. As a result, the lands become foul, and\\nmust be occasionally summer fallowed to clean them.\\nIt is while summer fallowing the land that corn may\\nbe thus grown to provide pasture for cattle or horses\\nnot at work. While the cattle are grazing the corn\\nmuch of it will be broken down and fouled, so as to\\nbe unfit for food. Notwithstanding, much pasture\\nrelatively can be thus furnished per acre. And when\\nthe plow immediately follows the grazing, as it ought\\nto, the uneaten portion of the corn plowed under will\\nvery materially increase the power of the land to hold\\nmoisture during the years following. The land will\\nthus be cleaned and supplied with humus in the one\\nseason, and much pasture will have been secured at\\nno added cost, other than that of the seed. This\\nmethod of growing corn forage is applicable to all\\nlands that are to be summer fallowed, wherever they\\nmay be located.\\nBut it is in providing pasture for sheep that the\\nbest results are obtained from growing corn forage.\\nAt the Minnesota University experiment station the\\ntests that have been made thus far in growing corn,\\nalone or in combination with other forage plants, to\\nprovide food for sheep, have been decidedly encour-\\naging. Further reference will be made to these experi-\\nments in the closing chapter. The waste in pasturing", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 1 3\\ncorn with sheep is very Httle, as compared with the\\nwaste in pasturing it with cattle. And, in providing\\npasture for this class of live stock, it may be success-\\nfully grown wherever sheep are kept in the arable\\nportions of the United States and Canada.\\nThe greatest obstacle in the way of growing\\ncorn for pasture lies in the cost of the seed, which in\\nsome seasons is a considerable item. But this cost is\\noffset in the abundance of the pasture furnished, and\\nin its timeliness.\\nDistribution. Corn can be grown successfully\\nfor forage in any part of the United States that is\\nsusceptible of cultivation. As would naturally be\\nexpected, some sections are much more favorable\\nthan others to its production but there is no state in\\nthe Union in which at least one crop of pasture can-\\nnot be grown every season, and in some of the states\\ntwo or more crops can be grown in succession. The\\nstates included in what is known as the corn belt have\\na most decided advantage in growing corn for the\\ngrain product; but in growing it as forage, the\\nadvantage is materially lessened. Since a corn crop\\nwill reach a stage sufficiently advanced for being pas-\\ntured off in from six to ten weeks from the time of\\nsowing the seed, according to the weather, the period\\nof growth is quite long enough to admit of growing\\na crop of corn forage as far north as Lake Winnipeg.\\nCorn wants heat and moisture to produce it quickly,\\nand in nearly all the tillable portions of the United\\nStates and Canada there is enough of both to pro-\\nduce a maximum crop of corn that will become suffi-\\nciently advanced for being eaten down before the\\ncoming of the cool weather of autumn.\\nInland from the oceans, the average heat of the", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14 FORAGE CROPS.\\ndays during the summer months is not much less\\nthan the average much further south hence corn\\ngrows almost as quickly at that period in the north-\\nern states as in the states included in the lower\\nMississippi basin. But in the states that lie\\nalong the northern boundary, the whole season\\nof growth is so short that the large and slow-\\nmaturing varieties of corn cannot always be ripened\\nin the areas adjacent to the Canadian border.\\nNor can the ripening of some of the small varieties\\nalways be depended on. But there is always time\\nenough to grow a crop of corn forage, and to pasture\\nit off before it is liable to be stricken down by frost.\\nIn the northern states in proximity to the sea,\\nboth east and west, the period without frost is longer\\nthan with the states inland, but the summer heat is\\nalso less, more especially on the Pacific side of the\\ncontinent hence the growth of the corn is much\\nslower. It is not improbable that corn sown at the\\nproper season at Duluth, would be as far advanced\\nin six to eight weeks from the time of planting as the\\nsame kind of corn would be at Puget Sound in ten to\\ntwelve weeks from the time of planting.\\nAt St. Paul, Minn., there is ample time to grow\\ntwo crops of corn to provide forage in succession on\\nthe same land in the average season. In the Gulf\\nstates, therefore, there should be ample time to grow\\nas many more crops in succession within the year,\\nproviding ample moisture is present. Hence, in this\\nway in the sunny south a very large quantity of\\ncorn forage could be obtained in one season from a\\npiece of land.\\nIn portions of the semi-arid region adjacent to\\nthe Rocky uKumtains on the eastern side, corn forage", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 1 5\\ncan assuredly be grown and turned to good account.\\nThe reference here is to much of the tillable land in\\nthe region named that cannot be suppHed with irri-\\ngating waters. Some moisture is precipitated on\\nthese lands every winter and spring. Now, if the\\nland has been plowed in the autumn previously, and\\nif pains is taken to so stir the surface of the ground\\nm the early spring that the ground moisture will not\\nescape by evaporation until the season has come for\\ncorn planting, the moisture thus retained in the soil\\nis likely to grow a good crop of corn forage. If not\\neaten off when grown, it will cure on the ground\\nwhen the moisture fails; but still it will provide\\nmuch food.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Corn for forage may be\\ngiven any place in the rotation. First, it may with\\npropriety be made to follow a cereal crop that has\\nbeen grown on foul land which requires to be\\ncleaned. Or, second, it may follow a hay or pasture\\ncrop when the presence of vegetable matter in the\\nsoil is an important consideration. Or, third, it may\\nwith peculiar fitness be grown as a catch crop. When\\ngrown as a catch crop, it may come after rye that has\\njust been pastured off after any kind of spring grain\\nthat may have failed to grow after a stand of grass\\npastured off early, but that is not good enough to\\nretain after winter oats, or crimson clover that has\\nbeen eaten down or harvested or, where the season\\nis long enough, it may follow rape eaten down. There\\nmay also be instances when it would be prudent to\\nsow corn again, although the principle of thus grow-\\ning two crops upon the same land in succession is\\nnot a good one. And it may, with much propriety,\\nbe sown on the bare fallow.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "1 6 FORAGE CROPS.\\nThe crops that shc^itld immediately follow corn\\nsown for pasture will depend somewhat on the fact\\nas to whether other plants have been grown with the\\ncorn and, to some extent, on the character of the\\nplants so grown. When the corn is sown alone, it\\nmay fitly be followed the same season with winter\\nrye and rape to furnish fall pasture, or with crimson\\nclover or winter wheat, according to the locality. But\\nit will not avail to sow these crops unless there is\\nsufficient moisture in the soil to sprout the seed. A\\ncrop of corn growing thickly, as for pasture, is\\nmighty to pump water out of the soil. When sown\\nwith such crops as rape, cowpeas or vetches, these\\ncrops will furnish more or less pasture after the corn\\nhas been eaten down. The amount of the pasture\\nthus furnished will, of course, be largely dependent\\nupon the amount of moisture that falls late in the\\nseason. The natural order the next year will be a\\ngrain crop where some cro]) has not l)een sown after\\nthe corn that is to live through the winter.\\nSoil. The soil best suited to growing corn for\\npasture will be much the same as that best suited to\\ngrowing corn for other uses, that is to say, it will be\\na deep, rich, mild, moist, friable loam. If well sup-\\nplied with humus, the condition will be further\\nimproved. The decaying humus furnishes readily\\navailable plant food and also much increases the\\npower of the soil to hold moisture. Stiff clay soils\\nmay be made to produce strong crops of corn when\\nthe season is favorable and when the plants get a\\ngood start, but it is usually at an expenditure of\\nmuch labor in preparing the land. Moreover, the\\ncorn grows slowly on these, and in a dry season it is\\nnot likely to prove a success. Light, sandy soils are", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 1 7\\nnot good, unless they have been artificially enriched.\\nThe same is true of gravelly soils low in fertility, and\\nwhen these poor soils lie on a subsoil of sand or\\ngravel, the condition is still less hopeful. And, if it\\nshould become dry, it is still further aggravated.\\nPeat soils are not good in a dry season. Muck soils\\nare excellent when moist, and the same is true of the\\naverage dark colored soils of the prairie and of the\\ngray soils of the Rocky mountain region. Hardpan\\nsubsoils that come near the surface are not good.\\nThey prevent the corn roots from getting down into\\nthe soil, and corn naturally ransacks the soil for food,\\nboth near the surface and down from it. Subsoils in\\nwhich- the water table lies quite near the surface are\\nnot good, since they hinder the downward course of\\nthe roots; nor will corn grow in saturated surface\\nsoils. Mild clay subsoils are considered the best,\\nsince the moisture does not filter too quickly through\\nthem, and the roots of the corn can easily penetrate\\ninto them in search of food.\\nPreparing the Soil. When preparing the soil\\nfor corn that is to be sown for pasture, the aim should\\nbe to secure a deep, firm, finely pulverized, moist and\\nclean seed bed. Sometimes, as, for instance, when\\nthe ground is plowed the autumn previously, all these\\nconditions can be secured. At other times some of\\nthem only can be reached, owing to the too limited\\nperiod for giving it the necessary cultivation. When\\nthe ground is plowed in the autumn, the plowing\\nshould be deep. It should be deep to enable the\\nyoung roots and rootlets of the corn to penetrate it\\neasily during the earlier stages of growth and to give\\nthe soil power to retain more moisture near the sur-\\nface. And the aim should be to plow it in the fall,\\n2", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "1 8 FORAGE CROPS.\\nthat time may be given for the upturned soil to\\nbecome warmer than it would be if spring plowed,\\nthrough the influence of the sun shining on it and of\\nthe warm rain penetrating it. Second, to give time\\nfor weathering influences, as that of frost, to operate\\nupon it, so tliat inert fertility will be unlocked and\\nmade available. Third, that the seed bed w^ill be\\ngiven time to regain its former density. And, fourth,\\nthat ample time may be given to sprout the weeds on\\nthe surface before sowing the corn. This can be\\ndone by running the harrow or cultivator over the\\nsurface of the soil as soon as the ground is dry, and\\nby using the harrow again and again on the same\\nsoil as often as the weeds have sprouted in consid-\\nerable numbers. It is very important that this shall\\nbe done even on fallow land that is to be sown with\\ncorn. In addition to the cleaning of the land, the\\nsoil moisture will be retained in it. But in some\\nlocalities, especially those in wdiich the soils are essen-\\ntially clay, and where the winters are mild and rainy,\\nit may be unwise to plow the land in the fall, lest it\\nassume an impacted and clammy condition that\\nwould seriously interfere with and hinder the opera-\\ntions of tillage. Under these conditions the land\\nshould be plowed as early as possible in the spring\\nand subsequently managed like fall plowed land up\\nto the time of sowing the corn.\\nWhen the corn is to follow rye or crimson clover\\nor winter oats, or any other crop that has been grazed\\noff in the spring, or grain that has been sown and\\nfailed to make a stand, the depth of the plowing\\nshould be regulated by the composition of the soil,\\nits present condition as to moisture, and the general\\ncharacter of the climate. The more clay the soil con-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. IQ\\ntains, so long- as it may be classed as a loam and not\\na clay soil, the moister its condition. The more\\nhumid the climate and the more frequent the show-\\ners, the more deeply may the land be plowed, and\\nvice versa.\\nWhen light and springy soils are plowed deeply\\nin the spring, they lie so loosely upon themselves that\\nthere is much loss by surface evaporation. The same\\nis true of these soils, but in a less degree, when they\\nare plowed shallow in the spring. And the drier the\\nclimate, the more aggravated does this condition\\nbecome. As soon, therefore, as such lands are\\nplowed in the spring, they should be at once rolled.\\nThe aim should be to roll them the same day that the\\nplowing is done. The pressure of the roller lessens\\nthe surface evaporation. But the rolled surface\\nshould ere long be followed by the harrow, to hinder\\nthe soil from lifting with the wind, as it does in cer-\\ntain sections of the prairie, and to create a more per-\\nfect dust blanket, that will hinder the escape of\\nground moisture. Cloddy surfaces should be made\\nfine by the use of the roller and harrow.\\nThe best time for applying fertilizers will be\\ndependent upon conditions, as, for instance, the sea-\\nson of the year at which the plowing is done. When\\nthe land is plowed in the fall, farmyard manure\\nshould then also be applied, when on hand. It should\\nbe plowed under, except in leechy soils, and where\\nthe rainfall is heavy in winter. On such soils it\\nshould be applied on the surface, and in the com-\\nposted or reduced form when spread on fall plowed\\nsoil. It may then be incorporated with the soil in the\\nspring by the aid of the disc or some other form of\\ncultivator. When the land is spring plowed, the", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 FORAGE CROPS.\\nmanure may be spread in the winter or at such other\\ntime as may be convenient, up to the season when\\ntlie land is to be plowed. When moisture is abun-\\ndant, fresh manure may be applied, providing it is\\nburied to a sufficient depth and with sufficient care to\\nprevent it from interfering with the proper sowing\\nof the seed. But in dry climates, fresh and long\\nmanure should not be thus buried in the spring, lest\\nit should keep the land so open and loose that the\\nmanure will not decay.\\nPotash as a commercial fertilizer may be applied\\nany time previous to the sowing of the crop, phos-\\nphoric acid shortly before or when the crop is sown,\\nand nitrogen when the crop is sown or subsequently,\\nbut before the plants have reached an advanced stage\\nof growth. The first may be incorporated with the\\nsoil as may be convenient. The second should be\\nincorporated with the surface soil, and the third\\nshould be similarly incorporated, or, what would be\\npreferable, sown upon the surface.\\nSozuing. The seed should not be sown until\\nreasonable danger from frost is past, until that sea-\\nson has arrixed when fairly warm weather may be\\nlooked for, or until the ground has become warm.\\nA slight frost, however, that only nips off the tops\\nof the blades may not work very serious harm. Corn\\nfor pasture may be sown, if desired, a few days earlier\\nthan corn grown for other uses. Owing to the thick\\ncharacter of the sowing, though a proportion of the\\nplants should fail, they will not be seriously missed\\nfrom the crop. And it may be sown far on into the\\nsummer, according to climatic and other conditions.\\nAs to the mode of sowing corn for pasture,\\nsomething will depend upon the facilities at hand", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 21\\nfor sowing it, and something- upon the combination\\nof the seeds sown along with it. Sowing it broad-\\ncast, however, is to be deprecated, since some of the\\nseed will not be covered by the harrow. And if a\\nshower of rain should fall soon after the seed is\\nsown, much of it would be washed bare, thus increas-\\ning the percentage of the seed that would perish\\nfrom exposure to air and sun. And when the harrow\\nwas run over the crop subsequent to the sprouting of\\nthe corn, many of the young plants would be dis-\\nturbed in their growth, if not, indeed, killed outright.\\nNevertheless, such harrowing may be done with\\nprofit when a plentiful supply of seed has been sown.\\nThe aim should be to plant the seed with the grain\\ndrill deeply in loose-lying soils, as deeply as three\\ninches, and less deeply in heavier loam soils.\\nWhen cowpeas or vetches are planted along\\nwith the corn, the seed should first be mixed with\\nthat of the corn. When rape is sown, it may be\\nbroadcasted before the corn is sown. The drill tubes\\nare likely to give it sufficient covering when the corn\\nis being planted. Or it may be sown just when the\\nfirst blades of the corn appear, and covered with the\\nharrow. The first method is preferable where the\\ncorn is to be given more than one harrowing. But\\nin such instances, the rape seed should be sown\\nthickly, to allow for the loss of plants that will result\\nfrom using the harrow.\\nThe amount of seed to sow will depend upon\\nthe soil, upon the kind of corn, and upon the other\\nkinds of forage sown along with the corn. Soils low\\nin fertility should be given a thick seeding to increase\\nthe sum total of the forage produced. Soils very\\nrich should also be sown very thickly, to produce", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "22 FORAGE CROPS.\\nforage less coarse than would result from thin sow-\\ning. And intermediate quantities of seed should be\\nsown on intermediate soils. Varieties of corn with\\na large seed kernel should be sown more thickly than\\nthose with a small seed kernel. And those kinds that\\nare naturally of a leafy habit of growth should be\\nsown more thinly than those opposite in character.\\nThe larger the proportion of other seeds sown\\nalong with the corn, the less will be the proportion\\nof the seed corn required. When corn is sown to\\nprovide forage without intermixture of other seeds,\\nthe quantity of seed to be used will range from one\\nto three bushels per acre. When sown in combina-\\ntion with other forage plants, the proportion of corn\\nmay be reduced as low, in some instances, as one-\\nhalf bushel per acre. Equal quantities of cowpeas\\nand corn sown together would answer well in some\\nlocalities. The proportions of two parts corn and\\none of vetches would answer well in other localities,\\nand Dwarf Essex rape seed sown with the corn, or\\nwith the corn and vetches, at the rate of two and\\nthree pounds of the seed per acre, should further\\nimprove the pasture. And when the corn had all\\ndisappeared, in consequence of the grazing, the other\\nplants would, under certain conditions, make a good\\nsecond growth. But the proportion of the seed of\\ntlie respective plants used that would best meet the\\nrequirements of each locality can be fully ascertained\\nonly by actual test. A field of second growth of\\nrape sown with corn is seen in Fig. 3.\\nCidtivai ion. When the corn is sown alone, it\\nwill be greatly benefited by harrowing it judiciously\\nat least two or three times from the period of sowing\\nthe corn and the period when it shall have attained", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE.\\n23\\nP^M^^r^r?^", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "2S FORAGE CROPS.\\nthe hight of four to six inches. By judicious har-\\nrowing is meant, using a hght harrow, adjusting the\\nteeth to a backward slant that will hinder them from\\ncutting too deeply and too erectly, and using it when\\nthe land is not overmoist. When the harrow teeth\\nare used in an erect position, they tear out too much\\nof the corn. As soon as the seed has been sown, the\\nroller may, in nearly all instances, be made to follow\\nthe drill with much advantage. It presses the par-\\nticles of soil more closely around the seed, lessens\\nthe degree of the exposure of the seeds to the light,\\nand lessens the drying out of the soil hence the\\nquick germination of the corn will be greatly facil-\\nitated, unless where moisture is abundant. On soils\\nthat lift with the wind, the harrow should soon\\nfollow the roller, and in any case the crop should be\\nharrowed before the corn has appeared. The other\\nharrowings, of course, come later. But when other\\nplants are sown with the corn, one harrowing given\\nbefore the plants are up may be all that can be given\\nwithout hazard to the plants.\\nPasturing. When pasturing corn with cattle or\\nwith sheep, it should be allowed to make a good\\ngrowth before the animals are turned in to graze it\\ndown, as it does not sprout up again. The grazing\\nshould commence when the plants are from eighteen\\nto twenty-four inches high. But where the promise\\nof forage is so abundant that the supply is likely to\\nbe quite beyond the requirements of the live stock\\nthat are to be grazed upon the corn, the pasturing\\nshould begin somewhat earlier, unless in instances in\\nwhich the residuum of waste from the pasturing\\nshould be looked upon as an important factor when\\nplowed under for improving the land. Care should", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 2$\\nbe taken not to turn the animals in to graze when\\nthey are hungry, at least at the beginning of the pas-\\nturing, on the principle that sudden changes of diet\\nare not good. But corn is not so much liable to pro-\\nduce bloating as some other kinds of green forage,\\nnor should the animals be pastured upon it when it\\nis wet, as then they foul the feed and impact the land\\ntoo much with their treading, and in the case of\\nsheep the fleeces would become more or less satu-\\nrated with water.\\nAs already intimated, there will be much waste\\nfrom treading by cattle, so much that it would not\\nseem profitable to graze them on corn, unless when\\ntlie residuum of waste forage to be plowed under just\\nafter the pasturing, is looked upon as an important\\nfactor. But when sheep are pastured upon corn, the\\nwaste is not nearly so great. They do not break\\ndown nearly so much of the corn as cattle, and much\\nof what is broken down they will consume in the\\ncured form.\\nOhservations. The chief strength of corn as a\\nforage plant lies, first, in the quickness with which it\\nwill grow; second, in the large amount of forage\\nwhich it produces; third, in the succession of the\\ncrops that can be grown the same season fourth, in\\nthe combinations in which it may be grown; and,\\nfifth, in its power to grow under dry conditions. Its\\nweakness as a forage plant lies, first, in the cost of\\nthe seed; second, in the fact that it will not grow\\nagain when grazed off; and, third, in the considera-\\nble proportion of the waste when grazed off by cattle.\\n2. The work of grazing corn as a pasture must\\nbe regarded as being only in the experimental stage.\\nAnd it would seem to be important that the combina-", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "26 FORAGE CROPS.\\ntions in which it can best be grown, as adapted to dif-\\nferent locaHties, should be made the subject of care-\\nful experiment in the near future.\\nIt is at least possible that in the dry regions\\nof the northwest, east of the Rocky mountains, some\\nsmall varieties of corn, as, for instance, squaw corn,\\nmay yet be grown to provide what may be termed\\nfinishing or fattening food for range sheep grown on\\nthe adjacent lands. Squaw corn will mature any-\\nwhere within the area named. Although possessed\\nof a low, bantam-like habit of growth, it branches\\nout considerably, and produces much grain in pro-\\nportion to the stalk. It may be best grown on fall\\nplowed lands, managed in the spring with a view to\\nconserving moisture. It should then be sown with\\nthe grain drill, care being taken to put the rows not\\nso distant as when planting larger varieties of corn,\\nand to give the crop proper cultivation. The sheep\\nshould then be turned in upon it in a prudently cau-\\ntious manner at first, to graze it down and to fatten\\nupon it before the closing in of the winter. In the\\nabsence of conclusive tests, judgment should not be\\npronounced hastily as to the value of this theory, for\\nin practical agriculture we can never be quite sure of\\nthe exact value of a reasonable theory until it has\\nbeen fairly tried. But it may be proper to mention\\nhere, that experiments conducted at the Minnesota\\nUniversity experiment farm, but not yet completed,\\nhave proved decidedly encouraging in character.\\n4. The pasturing of corn stover yet standing\\nwhere it grew, is to be deprecated. Corn stover, as\\nis generally known, is cc^rn from which the ears have\\nbeen removed. It is to be deprecated, because of the\\nwastefulness of the process. The stover dries so", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "INDIAN CORN OR MAIZE. 27\\nmuch after maturity that a great deal of the mitri-\\nment in the stalk is lost before the corn is eaten.\\nBecause of this overcuring, the palatability of the\\ncorn is greatly lessened hence much of it will not be\\nconsumed. A large proportion of it becomes broken\\ndown and fouled, which causes still further waste.\\nAnd the cattle are oftentimes required to graze\\nupon it when the weather is unfavorable, hence there\\nis a loss from thus exposing the animals. Of course,\\nit is better to pasture the corn thus than not to pas-\\nture it at all. But the stover Avould furnish much\\nmore food if it were harvested and fed to other ani-\\nmals as needed. The prodigality of some of the\\nwestern farmers of this country finds a striking illus-\\ntration in this wasteful method of handling, or rather\\nnot handling, corn stover. Each acre of the food, if\\nproperly utilized, is worth as much as an acre of\\naverage timothy hay.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nSORGHUM,\\nSorghum (S. viilgare saccharatum) was intro-\\nduced into the United States from China, and also\\nfrom South Africa, more than forty years ago. For\\nmany years it was grown only for the syrup made\\nfrom its juices. But within the last decade, and even\\nfor a longer period, considerable attention has been\\ngiven to growing it as a food for live stock in certain\\ncenters and in various sections of the country.\\nIt is a wonderful plant. It can be grown to pro-\\nvide cane for making syrup in every state in the\\nUnion. It is one of the best soiling foods that we\\nhave. It furnishes fodder of an excellent quality for\\nlive stock, when fed in the autumn and winter,\\nmore especially the early winter, and it is one of the\\nbest forage plants that we shall ever have. The seed\\nof sorghum can also be turned to good account as\\nfood for all kinds of domestic animals kept upon the\\nfarm. But it is as a forage plant that it will be dis-\\ncussed at this time. Sorghum grown for fodder is\\nseen in Fig. 4.\\nAlthough this plant, as just intimated, has hith-\\nerto been grown chiefly for the syrup which could be\\nextracted from it, in the near future it is more than\\nprobable that a much larger area will be grown to\\nfurnish food for live stock than to furnish syrup. In\\nsome of the states in the Mississippi basin, on both\\nsides of the river, in the Gulf states and in Texas,\\n28", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM.\\n29\\n2\\no\\nn\\n3*\\nB\\nI\\ns\\nO\\n3\\nn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 FORQGE CROPS.\\nmore or less of it has been grown for years to provide\\nforage for cattle and swine but, so far as known to\\nthe author, it has not been grown until recently as\\nforage for sheep; and yet there is no other class of\\nlive stock which are capable of turning sorghum pas-\\nture to better account. During the winter of 1893-4\\nthe author sought diligently for information as to the\\nadaptability of sorghum as a pasture plant for sheep,\\nbut found none. In not a single instance, by corre-\\nspondence or otherwise, was anyone found who could\\ngive a line of information as to the value of sorghum\\nfor sheep pasture. Doubtless, there were those who\\nhad tried it, but the fact just stated will show how\\nlittle was known at that time as to the value of this\\nmost wonderful forage plant in providing pasture\\nfor sheep. As an all-round food producing plant\\ncorn is quite ahead of sorghum, but as a forage plant\\nsorghum is quite ahead of corn. It is at least ques-\\ntionable if we have a forage plant in the United\\nStates that is so well adapted for being grown over\\nso wide an area.\\nSorghum is pre-eminently a summer pasture.\\nBlue grass and various other grasses slumber during\\nmuch of the summer. Medium red clover languishes,\\nespecially in the south, where midsummer suns wax\\nwarm. Rape becomes crisp and faded at that season,\\nif sown early, unless under exceptionally favorable\\nconditions as to moisture. Mammoth clover has\\ndone its work for the year, and the same is true of\\nalsike. These two take a rest after harvest, and as\\na ])asture in the autumn they are like the deceitful\\nwater brooks that have dried. Then it is that sor-\\nghum is at its best. Being a child of the sun, it strikes\\nits roots downward and pushes its leaves upward and", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 31\\noutward through all the hot season, thus furnishing\\nan abundance of succulent pasture at a time of\\nthe year when it cannot so well be obtained from\\nany other source.\\nThere are two distinct classes of sorghum,\\nknown as the saccharine and the non-saccharine,\\nrespectively. This classification is based on the pres-\\nence of sugar in considerable quantities in the\\nmatured cane or on its almost entire absence. The first\\nof these only will be discussed in the present chapter.\\nOf the saccharine sorghums there are many varieties,\\nbut for forage uses two of these are more extensively\\ngrown than the others. These are the Early Amber\\nand the Early Orange. The former, with its sub-\\nvariety, the Minnesota Early Amber, is grown in the\\nnorthern and northwestern states to the almost\\nentire exclusion of other varieties. And the latter,\\nwith what is probably a sub-variety, the Kansas\\nOrange, is extensively grown in the south and south-\\nwest. Folger s Early is also a favorite in growing\\nforage, but it also is grown in the southwest and\\nsouth. But in all-round adaptation, it is questionable\\nif any of the other varieties excels the Early Amber\\nand its sub-variety in the production of forage. The\\nAmber varieties are hardy, they furnish an abundance\\nof leaves, they have a high sugar content, and they\\nmature earlier than most other varieties.\\nWhen sorghum first appears above the surface\\nof the ground, it is a tiny plant bearing a close resem-\\nblance to foxtail (Setaria glauca), or, as it is some-\\ntimes called, summer grass or pigeon grass. It grows\\nslowly at first, and is easily pulled out or injured by\\ntreading when live stock graze upon it at too early a\\nperiod. But after it has reached the hight of several", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 FORAGE CROPS.\\ninches, it grows very rapidly. When less than a foot\\nhigh, sorghum forage is a mass of leaves, and makes\\na decidedly beautiful appearing forage crop. When\\na foot high or thereabouts, it joints and sends up\\nstems or canes with much quickness. In grazing it\\noff therefore, especially with sheep, it is important\\nthat it is eaten down before the crop has reached the\\nstage when it is common to begin to cut it for soiling,\\nthat is to say, while it is not yet more than from one\\nto two feet high. When grazed down, it at once\\nsprings up again. The pasture is likely to be thicker\\nin the second growth than it was in the first,\\nbecause ^of the increased number of sprouts that\\nspring from the root.\\nSorghum has much power to w^ithstand dry\\nweather, when once it has become established. It\\nwill grow under certain conditions where corn would\\ncurl in the leaf and shrivel from want of moisture.\\nIn its power to grow under dry conditions it will\\nrival Kaffir corn, and when the crop has become so\\nimperiled through long continued drouth that it\\nshows signs of languishing, it has much powder to\\nrevive again when rain falls.\\nAs a forage plant it is not usually grown in cul-\\ntivation with other forage plants, and for the reason,\\nfirst, that when sown thickly it fully occupies the\\ng-round, and, second, that it at once begins to grow\\nagain w^hen eaten down, thus rendering it unneces-\\nsary to sow a crop along with the sorghum to furnish\\nforage after the latter has been grazed off. But\\nsome forage plants may be sown along with it to pro-\\nvide a variety in the pasture. These will be referred\\nto again.\\nDistribution. There is probably no plant", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 33\\ngrown on this continent that has a wider range of\\ndistribution than sorghum. It can be grown for\\nforage with much success in nearly all parts of the\\nUnited States where the land can be tilled. And in\\nno part of the Union where crops are grown can it be\\nsaid to be a decided failure. It can also be grown\\nwith more or less of success in every portion of\\nCanada that has been disturbed with the plowshare.\\nNotwithstanding this wide range of adaptation,\\nthere are certain areas where its mission as a forage\\ncrop will be vastly more important than in other\\nareas. The areas which will be most benefited by\\ngrowing sorghum are those in which the summer\\ntemperature is warm, where the rainfall is fitful\\nand insufficient, and where the winters are mild\\nenough and sufficiently dry to admit of feeding sor-\\nghum out of doors, or of grazing it off where it grew.\\nAnd the areas that will profit the least by its growth\\nare those with much moisture and comparatively low\\nsummer temperatures. Moisture is of course not\\nantagonistic to the growth of sorghum. On the\\ncontrary, it is favorable, but where the mean tem-\\nperature in summer is low the sorghum grows too\\nslowly. And cool and moist climates are so well\\nadapted to the abundant production of grasses and\\ncertain other forage plants that in these sorghum\\npasture is much less needed.\\nThe states therefore that are likely to profit\\nmost by the growth of sorghum for forage are those\\nthat lie on the border of the semi-range country to\\nthe west, as, for instance, South Dakota, Nebraska,\\nKansas, Oklahoma and Texas. And those that will\\nprofit least by its growth are those parts of Wash-\\nington and Oregon that lie west of the Cascades.\\n3", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 FORAGE CROPS.\\nA wonderful field lies open for the growth of\\nsorghum in all the states which border on the\\nMississippi and Ohio rivers, and also in the\\nlower Atlantic and Gulf states. In New Eng-\\nland and the adjacent states it will also be freely\\ngrown. But in the Rocky mountain states, although\\nit has a mission, it is less important than that of their\\ngreat forage plant, alfalfa. The best adaptation for\\nsorghum pasture in Canada is found in southern\\nOntario, but it will also grow well in other sections.\\nAnd the least adaptation probably will be found for\\nit in British Columbia.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The place given to sor-\\nghum in the rotation will be much the same as that\\ngiven to corn hence nearly all that was said of corn\\nunder this head will equally apply to sorghum. (See\\nPage 15.) Like corn, it may fitly be made to come\\nafter a cereal crop when the land is foul, after winter\\nrye, winter oats, rape or crimson clover, when one\\nor the other of these has been pastured off; or, in\\nsouthern latitudes, after a crop of early matured mar-\\nket products. Figure 5 shows a crop of sorghum and\\nrape, the third crop grown on the land for the season,\\nand Figure 6 a crop of sorghum and rye. The\\norder in these crops was, rye, sorghum, sorghum\\nand rape. It may also be sown as a catch crop on\\nlands that are being summer fallowed. Sorghum\\nl)asture should in a sense be made a cleaning crop\\nhence it may best be followed in the regular rotation\\nwith some cereal. But when a succession of forage\\nplants is wanted in the rotation, sorghum may be\\nfollowed with winter rye, or winter oats.\\nSoil. The soils that are best suited to the\\ngrowth of corn are also those that are, in the main,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM.\\n35\\n3\\nw\\no\\nn\\nI\\nI C\\n=5 2\\nSi 5\\nn\\nX", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 FORAGE CROPS.\\nbest suited to the growth of sorghum. (See Page 16.)\\nBut as sorghum has greater power than corn to\\ngather food from the soil, it is not so necessary to\\nhave it in a high state of fertihty. And yet it is true\\nof sorghum, as of corn, that the return in the crop\\nwin usuahy be proportionate to the richness of the\\nland. This is particularly true of sorghum forage.\\nBut it is not so essential in growing sorghum that\\nthe land shall be well stored with nitrogen as that it\\nshall be well stored with phosphoric acid and potash.\\nThe idea has obtained currency that, because several\\ncrops of sorghum have been grown successively on\\nthe same land in certain instances, that sorghum is\\nnot hard on land. That simply proves that these\\nsoils possess a wonderful adaptation for growing\\nsorghum. To say that any crop which produces\\ngrain, other than a legume, is not hard on land is\\nsimply absurd. But since sorghum feeds more deeply\\nthan corn and, moreover, since it has greater power\\nto gather food in the soil and subsoil, good crops of\\nsorghum may be grown on land too low in fertility\\nto produce good crops of corn. The best soils for\\nsorghum are free-working, moist, sandy loams\\nunderlaid with a mild porous clay subsoil, rich in the\\nelements of phosphoric acid and potash. Humus\\nsoils are good, but not so good relatively as for corn.\\nHard clays lying on harder subsoils are quite unfit\\nfor growing sorghum. This plant will also grow on\\nsoils possessed of more or less of alkali. But,beyond\\na certain degree, the presence of this element would\\nbe fatal to its growth.\\nPreparing the Soil. It is even more important\\nwith sorghum than with corn that it shall be sown on\\nland thoroughly pulverized and with moisture com-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM.\\nZ7", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 FORAGE CROPS.\\ning Up near to the surface, since sorghum plants\\nare more deHcate when young than corn plants. In\\norder to clean the land, therefore, it is essential, first,\\nthat it shall be plowed in the fall or in the early\\nspring, and, second, that it shall be occasionally\\nstirred on the surface with harrow or cultivator from\\nthe opening of spring until the sowing of the seed.\\nIt is evident, therefore, that the longer the period\\nbetween the dawn of spring and the sowing of the\\nseed, the better is the opportunity given to clean the\\nland. And that this process may be secured in a\\nmore complete degree, it may be a wise plan to defer\\nsowing the sorghum for a w^eek or two or even for a\\nlonger period.\\nBut when sorghum is to follow a crop of forage,\\nas, for instance, winter rye, crimson clover or winter\\nvetches, there w^ill not be sufficient time to clean the\\nland in best form before the sowing of the sorghum\\nseed. And here, also, it may be wise in some\\ninstances to defer sowing the sorghum immediately,\\nthat opportunity may be thus given to secure a more\\nperfect degree of cleanness in the land. But the\\nseasons are in many places too short to admit of so\\ndoing, and in many other places they are too dry. In\\nany event, as soon as the land has been plowed after\\none of these pasture crops, it should be at once rolled,\\nto keep in the moisture. And before the seed is\\nsown the pulverization of the soil should be thor-\\nough. Too much care cannot be taken when prepar-\\ning a seed bed for sorghum.\\nSubstantially the same manures and fertilizers\\nmay be supplied for sorghum as for corn, and by the\\nsame methods. (See Page 19.) As previously inti-\\nmated, nitrogenous fertilizers are not so essential for\\nsorghum as for corn.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 39\\nSolving. Sorghum should not be sown until\\nthe weather has become decidedly warm. No good\\ncan result from sowing it sooner, e\\\\^en though the\\nseed should germinate. It will not make any marked\\nadvance in growth until the arrival of settled warm\\nweather, and if kept practically standing still after\\nit has sprouted, it would seem to lose much of its\\nnatural power to grow on the return of weather\\nfavorable to its progress. Sorghum sown late, under\\nfavorable conditions as to growth, will produce more\\nand better forage, and at an earlier period, than sor-\\nghum sown several weeks earlier, but which has been\\nseverely checked in its growth by weather unduly\\ncool. This has been demonstrated more than once\\nin the experience of the author.\\nOf course, no date can be fixed upon for sowing\\nsorghum that would be equally applicable to all parts\\nof the country. Nor would it be applicable to sec-\\ntions on the same parallel of latitude. The mean tem-\\nperature, as is well known, differs widely with a dif-\\nference in altitude and a difference of distance from\\nlarge bodies of water. No better rule probably can\\nbe given for sowing sorghum than that which would\\ninvariably delay sowing until toward the close of the\\ncorn-planting season. And where there is moisture\\nenough to produce a crop of forage the sowing may\\nbe continued in warm or mild latitudes until within\\neight to ten weeks of the arrival of frost. Frost will\\ninjure sorghum more readily than corn, hence the\\naim should be to delay sowing until the spring frosts\\nhave, disappeared, and to have the crop eaten off by\\nthe time that the autumn frosts arrive.\\nSorghum is frequently sown broadcast to pro-\\nvide soiling food and also winter fodder. But this", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 FORAGE CROPS.\\nmode of sowing* it, as compared with drill sowing,\\nnot only calls for more seed, but is attended with\\ngreater hazard. It calls for more seed because of the\\nimperfect covering given to the same by the harrow.\\nIn dry, hot weather that portion of the seed lying\\nnear the surface will not germinate, even though the\\nground should be moist below. And when the crop\\nis harrowed, more plants will be torn out by the har-\\nrow than if the seed had been sown with the drill.\\nThe hazard is also greater for the reason that, if dry\\nweather should follow the season of germination, the\\nplants that have rooted nearest the surface will be\\nthe first to suffer. But in the absence of a seed drill\\nit may be thus sown with the expectation that ordi-\\nnarily many of the seeds will fail to produce plants,\\nhence much seed ought to be sown.\\nThere is no better mode of sowing it than with\\nthe grain drill. When thus sown, ordinarily all the\\ntubes should plant seed. But in areas where moisture\\nis wont to be scant, every alternate tube only should\\nbe in use. The seed should not be covered deeply,\\nnever more deeply than one and one-half to two\\ninches, as in the black humus soils of the prairie, and\\nless deeply in soils of heavier texture. When sown\\nlate in the season and the weather has turned dry, it\\nmay also be well to close up some of the drill tubes,\\nlest there should be too many plants for the moisture.\\nThe number of these can, of course, be reduced by\\nrunning over the crop with the harrow, with no other\\ncost than that of harrowing, and no other waste than\\nthat of a portion of the seed. This mode of sowing\\nthe sorghum would be especially applicable to semi-\\narid regions, where the rainfall in summer is unreli-\\nable and ordinarily insufificient to perfect a crop. The", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 41\\nplants will not then rob each other of moisture so\\nreadily because of their greater distance from one\\nanother.\\nThe quantity of seed to use will depend upon the\\nmode of sowing, the extent of the harrowing that is\\nto follow, and the other seeds along with which the\\nsorghum is sown. When broadcasted, from one\\nbushel to one and one-half bushels of seed are sown\\nper acre. When sown with the drill, the writer has\\nfound three pecks of seed per acre quite sufficient.\\nBut if the sorghum is to be harrowed more fre-\\nquently than once after the heads of the young plants\\nbegin to show above ground, more than the amount\\nstated should be sown. If the sorghum is sown along\\nwith rape seed, the proportion of the sorghum should\\nbe reduced. From two to three pounds per acre of\\nthe rape seed should suffice. By mixing in the rape\\nseed with the sorghum seed occasionally during the\\nsowing process, the seeds of both may be deposited\\nsimultaneously by the drill tubes. The rape seed\\nma}^ also be sown before the drill tubes in instances\\nwhere the action of the latter would cover the rape\\nseed sufficiently while the sorghum was being sown.\\nThe rape seed may in other instances be sown broad-\\ncast and covered lightly with the harrow at the time\\nof sowing the sorghum seed, or when the first subse-\\nquent harrowing is being gi\\\\ en to the crop. When\\nsown with millet or cowpeas, the seeds may be mixed\\nand drilled in at the same time. But on some soils\\nthe cowpeas ought to be covered more deeply than\\nthe sorghum. In such instances the cowpeas would\\nhave to be sown first and then the sorghum, at a less\\ndepth. WHien other seeds are added to that of the\\nsorghum, this should be proportionately reduced.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 FORAGE CROPS.\\nUsually, but not always, the roller should follow\\nclosely upon the sowing of the sorghum.\\nCultivation. Ordinarily no other cultivation is\\ngiven to sorghum sown for pasture than that of har-\\nrowing it once or oftener after it has sprouted. But\\nif planted in rows sufficiently distant from one\\nanother to admit of using the cultivator, then it may\\nbe cultivated several times at proper intervals, in\\naddition to the harrowing that may be given with\\nmuch benefit just as the first blades of the sorghum\\nbegin to show above ground. But it is seldom neces-\\nsary thus to sow the sorghum to furnish pasture.\\nWhen the first harrowing is given to the sor-\\nghum, it is important that the harrow shall be light\\nand that when used the teeth are placed as far as\\npossible at a backward slant. The harrow simply\\nstirs the surface of the land without cutting d(nvn\\namid the roots of the young plants. Myriads of\\nweeds are at the same time destroyed as they are\\nspringing into life near the surface of the soil.\\nJust how mucli harrowing sorghum will stand\\nwithout harm, and just when it ought to be given,\\ndoes not appear to have been made the subject of any\\ncareful experiments, the results of which have been\\npublished. It would seem probable, however, that\\nunless an excess of seed has been sown, if a second\\nharrowing is given, it should not De given until after\\nthe plants have made a growth of, say, five to seven\\ninches. They will have then become more firmly\\nrooted, hence the harrow will not so readily pull them\\nout as if tlie liarrowing had ])een given at an earlier\\nperiod. Tn sections where the supply of moisture is\\ninsufficient or barely sufficient to produce a crop, the\\nloss of plants up to a certain limit would do no harm.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 43\\nPasturing. Sorghum furnishes excellent pas-\\nture for horses and mules not at work, for all kinds\\nof cattle and for sheep and swine. As it grows up\\nagain when eaten down, it is not necessary that it\\nshall be so far advanced as corn before the pasturing\\nbegins. When the area of the sorghum pasture is\\nlarge in proportion to the stock to be pastured on it,\\nthen pasturing should begin early, and vice versa.\\nBut in no case should it be eaten down until it has\\nmade a growth of several inches from the ground,\\nas when young and tender it is easily injured by live\\nstock feeding upon it. At the Minnesota University\\nexperiment station good results have been obtained\\nfrom turning sheep in upon the sorghum when it had\\nreached the hight of about fifteen to eighteen inches,\\nas shown in Fig. 6. But with the exception of a por-\\ntion of the stem, sheep will graze it down when it is\\nmuch higher than fifteen to eighteen inches. Cattle\\nwill, of course, break down and waste much more\\nthan sheep. Swine may be grazed upon it as early as\\nsheep. But it is when sorghum approaches maturity\\nand subsequently that swine would seem to be most\\nbenefited by pasturing upon it. They chew the\\nstem and extract the nutriment from it without swal-\\nlowing much of the stem.\\nAll things considered, however, sorghum pas-\\nture is more valuable relatively for sheep than for any\\nother kind of live stock. And to get the best results\\nfrom sorghum pasture, the sheep should not be\\nallowed to graze it off too closely. It will grow\\nagain, though grazed closely, but the growth will be\\nslower and less vigorous than if the pasturing had\\nnot been so close. Stripping off all the leaves would\\nseem to detract somewhat from the inherent vigor", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\na\\nX\\nH\\ni\\n-t-j\\nm\\nSi\\nD\\nE\\n3\\nC\\nP\\nb\\no\\nfT|\\n-t-J\\no\\nl\u00c2\u00ab\\n0)\\n1^\\nc\\nO\\nG\\no^\\nbe", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 45\\nof the plant. When sorghum is grazed by sheep,\\nmore pasture will be obtained if the ground thus\\ngrazed can be divided into two or three sections and\\nif the sheep are grazed on these alternately. Sor-\\nghum may thus be pastured off two or three or four\\ntimes in a season, according to conditions of soil and\\nclimate.\\nSometimes sorghum is grown, as described\\nsbove, to produce soiling food, and when one cutting-\\nhas been taken from it, the next or second growth is\\npastured off. A very large amount of forage may\\nthus be obtained when all the conditions are\\nfavorable.\\nThe aim should be to have sorghum grazed off\\nbefore the arrival of killing frosts. It is easily injured\\nby the frost, and when so injured live stock do not\\nrelish it. They will eat it under pressure, but do not\\nseem fond of it.\\nThe claim has been made that there is considera-\\nble hazard to animals, especially cattle, when pas-\\ntured on second growth sorghum. At the Minne-\\nsota experiment station we have not found it so dur-\\ning three successive seasons of pasturing, beginning\\nwith 1895. But our experience relates only to pas-\\nturing with sheep. A view of sheep pasturing on\\nsecond growth sorghum is presented in Fig. 8. The\\nfirst season some fifty-three animals, young and old,\\nwere pastured on the sorghum, the second year an\\naverage of eighty-six head, and the third year an\\naverage of ninety-three head. But one animal, a\\nlamb, was lost while feeding on the sorghum, and\\nthe cause of death in that instance arose from a lung\\naffection, and not from eating sorghum. There are,\\nhowever, well-authenticated instances wherein cattle", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nG\\nH\\nCO\\no\\nO .5\\n5 S\\n4\\nc\\no\\nM\\nc\\nbe", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "SORGHUM. 47\\nhave died suddenly while grazing on second growth\\nsorghum. The exact cause or causes of such loss do\\nnot appear to be well understood. It has been sur-\\nmised that death has been caused by some poisonous\\nelement in the sorghum, and that frost may have\\nsomething to do Avith thus changing the character of\\nthis splendid food. We must wait for a completely\\nsatisfactory explanation, for it has not as yet been\\nforthcoming. In the meantime, caution should be\\nexercised in pasturing cattle on second growth sor-\\nghum, especially late in the season.\\nCaution should also be exercised when cattle or\\nsheep are first put upon sorghum pasture. There is\\nsome danger from hoven or bloat, but not nearly so\\nmuch as with clover, or alfalfa. That, at least, has\\nbeen the experience of the Minnesota experiment sta-\\ntion. At the said station no instance of bloat\\noccurred from grazing on sorghum during the three\\nseasons of depasturing above referred to. Yet that\\nfact is not to be taken as positive evidence that sheep\\nwill not suffer from bloat in all sections of the coun-\\ntry and under all circumstances when pasturing on\\nsorghum.\\nSometimes cattle are turned in to graze upon\\nthe sorghum after it has matured. This practice is\\nfrequent in portions of the semi-arid country adja-\\ncent to the Rocky mountains, especially those por-\\ntions of the same that have mild winters. The cattle\\ndo well on it, but the practice is a wasteful one. Yet\\nwhere land is cheap and labor dear, sometimes it may\\nbe a proper thing to do. Of course, where the winters\\nare severe the practice would be without justification.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTHE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS.\\nThe non-saccharine sorghums are a somewhat\\nnumerous class. They are so called because of the\\nrelatively small proportion of sugar which they con-\\ntain, as compared with the saccharine varieties of\\nsorghum. Because of this, however, the conclusion\\nmust not be reached that they do not possess any\\nsugar when matured, or that they do not possess it\\nin considerable quantities. All the non-saccharine\\nsorghums are more or less rich in sugar, and some\\nof them are possessed of it in a very considerable\\ndegree.\\nThe chief of the varieties of the non-saccharine\\nsorghums grown in this country include Kaffir corn\\n(Fig 9), Milo maize, Dhourra and Jerusalem corn.\\nTeosinte is not, properly speaking, a sorghum, but it\\nwill be discussed along with the non-saccharine sor-\\nghums, because of the similarity of the cultivation\\nrequired to grow it and of the uses for which it is\\ngrown. Chief among the varieties of Kaffir corn\\nare the red and the white. There are two prominent\\nvarieties of Milo maize, named yellow and white,\\nrespectively. And of Dhourra there are also two\\nvarieties, the brown and the white. The last men-\\ntioned would seem to be identical with the plant\\nknown as White African millet. As but little, com-\\nl)aratively, has yet appeared in print with reference\\nto the non-saccharine sorghums, unless it be Kaffir\\n48", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCPIARINE SORGHUMS.\\n49\\n,-D O\\na", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 FORAGE CROPS.\\ncorn, it may be well to give a very brief description\\nof each.\\nKaffir corn, like sorghum, has an upright ha1)it\\nof growth, but it does not grow to so great a hight\\nas sorghum or corn, hence it is more easily handled in\\nthe sheaf, when matured, than either of these plants.\\nThe stalks are sturdy and strong, and they taper as\\nthey grow upward, as seen in Fig. lo, showing white\\nKaffir corn grown for fodder. The leaves are large,\\nlong and fairly numerous, more especially in the cen-\\ntral portion of the stalk, and they usually retain much\\nof their greenness for some time after the maturing\\nof the seed. The seed head is long and erect, and\\nthe production of seed is abundant. The white and\\nred varieties are distinguished chiefly by the color of\\nthe seed head and of the seed. The white variety is\\nlater in maturing than the red, but it produces\\nmore seed.\\nMilo maize, in both the yellow and white vari-\\neties, has an erect habit of growth and usually attains\\na great hight (Fig. 1 1 The stems are not so stocky\\nas those of Kaffir corn, and they are abundantly sup-\\nplied with leaves inclined to fine in quality. They\\nare the most numerous on the upper half of the stem.\\nWhen once well rooted, the plants grow rapidly and\\nproduce a large amount of good soiling food or\\nfodder. The yellow variety is distinguished from the\\nwhite l)y the color of the seed and by some other\\npeculiarities not of very great moment.\\nDhourra (Fig. 12) grows a strong and some-\\nwhat coarse stalk but, like Kaffir corn, it does not\\ngrow to a great hight. The leaves are broad and\\nlong, but are not so numerous as those produced by\\nYellow or White Milo maize. The seed head is", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS.\\n51\\nOS\\nO O\\nI\\nda\\nt?d", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "0-\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nthick and short and oval in shape, and the produc-\\ntion of seed is abundant. It does not produce so\\nmuch fodder as Milo maize.\\nJerusalem corn (Fig. 13) grows to a less hight\\nthan the other non-saccharine sorghums. The stems\\nare heavy and the leaf growth is not abundant. The\\nheads are large, thick and heavy, and are suspended\\non short stems resembling in their curve the neck of\\na goose. This plant would seem to be better adapted\\nrelatively to the production of seed than of fodder.\\nTeosinte (Rcana luxurians) is not erect, l)ut\\nbranching in its habit of growth. It is claimed that\\nas many as sixty stems have been produced from one\\nseed. The plant suckers wonderfully and produces\\na great mass of long slender leaves. It has\\nbeen affirmed that in some of the Gulf states a\\ngreater weight of green food can be obtained from\\nteosinte than from any variety of the non-saccharine\\nsorghums. It grows slowly for a time, but more\\nrapidly as the plants become older.\\nThe non-saccharine sorghums bear no little\\nresemblance to one another in their habits of growth.\\nChief among these resemblances are the following:\\nFirst, the seed of each is slow^ in germinating, con-\\nsiderably more so than the seed of corn. The growth\\nis also relatively slower for a time, although in the\\nlater stages thereof it is quite rapid. Second, the\\nplants are more tender than those of corn when\\nyoung, but when more advanced they are better able\\nto withstand vicissitudes of weather, and more espe-\\ncially such as arise from drouth. Third, with the\\nexception of teosinte, they all produce seed from a\\nhead which grows on the t(^p of the seed steiu that\\npushes upward from each plant. Teosinte produces", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS. 53", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsmall ears. They grow numerously around every\\ntop joint, and are inclosed in a husk. Some of the\\nheads remain erect, as those of Kaffir corn. Others,\\nas those of Dhourra and Jerusalem corn, hang down,\\nsuspended on a goose neck curve of the seed stem.\\nFourth, seeds are numerous, but are much smaller\\nthan those of corn. Fifth, they require a longer\\n])eriod to mature seed than is required by corn, hence\\nin the far south they may be cut from two to four\\ntimes in one season to provide green food. Strong\\nevidence is here presented of the marked adaptability\\nof these plants to furnish pasture, but with the excep-\\ntion of Kaffir corn the author is unable to cite conclu-\\nsive experience in growing these crops for pasture.\\nReasoning from general principles, teosinte should\\nlead the list in such adaptability, because of its extra-\\nordinary tendency to tiller and to produce an abun-\\ndance of fine leaves. But the question of palatabilit}-\\nwill have an important bearing on the relative value\\nof these various plants for pasturing, and this does\\nnot as yet appear to have been fully determined.\\nThe non-saccharine sorghums differ from one\\nanother in the following particulars among others\\nthat could be enumerated First, in the size and\\nstrength of the stem. Second, in the size and number\\nof the leaves. Third, in the erect or pendulous char-\\nacter of the stem which sustains the matured seed.\\nFourth, in the degree to which they sucker or tiller,\\nand, fifth, in the time which they require to mature\\ntheir seed. At the Minnesota University experiment\\nfarm in 1897, but little ripe seed was produced by any\\nof the non-saccharine sorghums, although planted on\\nMay 17th. These plants were not seriously injured", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS.\\n55\\nPig. 12. Brown Dhourra Grown for Fodder.\\nMinnesota University Experiment Farm.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 FORAGE CROPS.\\nby frost before October. White Milo maize did not\\nmature any seed, and teosinte did not reach even\\nthe earing stage. Several varieties of corn planted\\nat the same time matured seed by September i st and\\nsome even earlier; and Early Amber sorghum\\nplanted at the same date fully matured its seed.\\nIt is not easy to draw the line between the non-\\nsaccharine sorghums and some varieties of millet.\\nThe chief differences would seem to lie in the size of\\nthe stalk, the abundance or otherwise of the leaves,\\nthe size and shape of the head, and the size of the\\nseed. The stems of millets are smaller and more\\nleafy, though Pearl millet has stems nearly as large\\nas some of the sorghums. The heads of the sorghums\\nare larger and broader and less slender in character.\\nDistribution. The non-saccharine sorghums\\nare of course specially adapted to conditions warmer\\nand drier than are suitable for growing Indian corn\\nat its best. They have been found preferable to the\\nsaccharine sorghums in many localities, for the rea-\\nson that they give better yields of stalk and grain,\\nand some of them are more leafy. It would not be\\neasy or possible at the present time to state exactly\\nwhere the dividing line should run between those\\nportions of the United States which will grow corn\\nor the non-saccharine sorghums to the best advan-\\ntage. Bearing in mind that the latter require more\\nheat and can endure more drouth, they must be\\ngrown south rather than north. The non-saccharine\\nsorghums will probably grow more food per acre\\nthan corn south of a line as now described This\\nline would begin at the Atlantic and would probably\\nrun along or near the southern border of the states of\\nVirginia and Kentucky until reaching the Mississippi", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS.\\n57", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 FORAGE CROPS.\\nriver. It would then run irregularly across the\\nstates of Missouri and Kansas to about the latitude\\nof Denver in Colorado. From Denver it would\\nprobably rise to the latitude of Salt Lake City, or even\\nfurther northward in the lower valleys, and it would\\nagain dip southward, reaching the sea somewhere\\nabout San Francisco. North of this line it is pretty\\ncertain that corn could be grown more profitably at\\nthe present time, for the combined uses of the prod-\\nuct of the grain, the fodder and the pasture. But\\nfor pasture only, some of them are likely to prove\\nmore valuable than corn, although it is questionable\\nif any of them will show a higher relative value than\\nthe saccharine sorghums in providing pasture north\\nof the said line. Saccharine sorghums germinate\\nmore quickly, at least in some of their varieties, and\\nare better able to endure lower temperature. But as\\nthe non-saccharine sorghums become better acclima-\\ntized, more may be expected from them. The growth\\nof these, however, is not likely ever to prove profit-\\nable in any considerable areas of Canada, since in\\nthat country the mean summer temperatures are low.\\nAnd the expectation is natural that the non-\\nsaccharine sorghums will not grow equally well in all\\nparts of the south. Future experimentation with\\nthem will doubtless show special adaptation to cer-\\ntain peculiarities of soil and climate. Already are\\nthey being grown more in certain centers than in\\nothers. Kafiir corn has given excellent results in the\\ndry areas of Kansas and Oklahoma. Milo maize has\\ngrown excellently well in certain of the Atlantic\\nstates, notably Georgia, and teosinte is giving\\nevidence that it is going to be a child of the far south-\\nward portion of this country.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS. 59\\nPlace in the Rotation. When the non-saccha-\\nrine sorghums are grown on soils low in fertility and\\nleechy in character, the aim should be to grow them\\nafter some form of green crop that has been plowed\\nunder, as, for instance, crimson clover, one or the\\nother of the vetches, or winter rye. Since crimson\\nclover and the vetches are able to store nitrogen in\\nthe land, they will be much more suitable than rye\\nwhere they will grow equally well. These crops can\\nbe grown in the winter and plowed under in the\\nspring in ample time to admit of sowing one or the\\nother of the non-saccharine sorghums on the same\\nland. Thus treated they will greatly add to the\\nability of the soil to produce. In addition to fur-\\nnishing readily available food for the sorghums, they\\nwill also give the land much power to hold moisture.\\nBoth crops, that is to say, the green crop and the\\nsorghum crop coming after it, would be cleaning\\ncrops. Where these crops can not be made to follow\\na green crop plowed under, they may be placed\\nanywhere in the rotation. On poor soils it would be\\nnecessary to add commercial fertilizers before plant-\\ning the crop. But on the rich soils of the Mississippi\\nbasin this would not be so necessary, and the same is\\ntrue of much of the soil in Texas and in the moun-\\ntain valleys of the southwest.\\nSoils. The soils most suitable for the non-\\nsaccharine sorghums are much the same as those that\\nare best suited to corn. They will grow best on mild\\nloams, that is to say, loams that are warm and\\nfriable, in which the particles are fine rather\\nthan coarse, and in which the sand and clay\\nare so blended as to give the soil power to\\nretain a fair amount of moisture when lying", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "Go FORAGE CROPS,\\non a subsoil of somewhat porous clay. But since\\nthese sorghums are all possessed of much power\\nto gather food under dry conditions, they will grow\\nbetter relatively on sandy bottoms than corn. A\\nchief difificulty to be overcome in many of the soils of\\nthe south is a want of fertility, hence it is oftentimes\\nnecessary in some way to fertilize them in the Gulf\\nand Atlantic states of that region, in order to get\\ngood crops. But the black soils of many of the river\\nbottoms, of the prairies west of the Mississippi, and\\nthe gray soils of the southwestern valleys being rich\\nin food constituents, are admirably adapted to\\ngrowing these crops wdien sufficiently supplied with\\nwater, and without the necessity of adding fertility\\nin the meantime.\\nPreparing the Soil. When preparing the soil\\nfor these crops, much will depend on the attendant\\nconditions. In the Gulf states, wdiere moisture is\\nmuch more abundant than in trans-Mississippi areas,\\nthe land may be plowed in the spring. Of course\\nwhere a green crop grown through the winter was to\\nbe turned under, of necessity it would have to be\\nturned under in the spring. In areas more dry, as,\\nfor instance, western Kansas and Oklahoma, it would\\nbe better to plow the land in the autumn where the\\nsame could be done, and to harrow it betimes in the\\nspring until the season had arrived for planting the\\nsorghum. Where irrigation is practiced, of course\\nthe farmer may plow the land at that season that will\\nbest suit his convenience and the end that he has\\nin view.\\nWhen a green crop is turned under in the spring\\nthe land should be rolled as soon as possible there-\\nafter to hinder surface evaporation. And where the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS. 6l\\nland will not drift, the same treatment should be\\ngiven to spring plowed land in any case, in areas\\nwhere moisture is not plentiful.\\nWhere commercial fertilizers are applied, it is\\ncommon to sow them at the same time as the seed.\\nThe seed and the fertilizer, however, should not be\\ndeposited by the same drill tube, lest the fertilizer\\nshould injure the seed, because of too close proximity\\nJo it and in quantities too large. When it is desired\\nto sow the sorghums thickly, as for pasture, it would\\nbe easily practicable to apply the fertilizers in the\\nbroadcasted form and just before the drilling in of\\nthe seed. The kind of fertilizer to apply must be\\ndetermined chiefly by the needs of the land.\\nSozving. Since all the non-saccharine sor-\\nghums are natives of the south, they cannot endure\\nlow temperatures. It is useless to plant them in a\\nsoil not yet warm, or before the arrival of distinc-\\ntively settled warm weather. If planted sooner,\\neither the seed will not sprout at all or it will make\\nbut a feeble and sickly growth after it has sprouted,\\nif indeed the young plants do not perish outright.\\nAt the Minnesota University experiment station it\\nhas been noticed, first, that seed corn of varieties\\ngrown north until acclimated will sprout under con-\\nditions much more adverse than the more tender\\nsouthern varieties of corn, and that the growth of the\\nyoung plants will be correspondingly more vigorous.\\nSecond, that the early growth of varieties long\\nacclimated is more vigorous than that of varieties but\\nrecently acclimated. Third, that these varieties of\\ncorn will grow with a fair amount of vigor under\\nconditions where the seed of Early Amber sorghum\\nwith all its ruggedness would fail to germinate, or", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwhere though able to germinate it could make only a\\nfeeble and sickly growth. Fourth, Early Amber\\nsorghum plants made a fair amount of growth under\\nconditions of temperature too low for the successful\\nstarting of the non-saccharine sorghums. Fifth,\\nthat among the non-saccharine sorghums, the slowest\\nin starting was teosinte, and, sixth, that when any of\\nthese sorghums made but a feeble growth at the first,\\nthe plants from seed sown later and under more\\nfavorable conditions as to temperature made a much\\nmore satisfactory growth. There would seem to\\nbe no advantage therefore but rather disadvan-\\ntage in planting the seed of the non-saccharine\\nsorghums earlier than the season of abiding warm\\nweather.\\nIt would be impossible to fix the exact date at\\nwhich the seed of these plants should be sown. It\\nwill vary with the locality and with the season. The\\ndate for planting would of course be later than the\\ndate best suited to planting corn. Kaffir corn\\nshould follow doubtless close upon the corn planting\\nseason, while teosinte would not suffer though not\\nplanted until a period considerably later.\\nTo provide soiling food and also fodder, non-\\nsaccharine sorghums are usually sown in rows and at\\ndistances which vary with the soil and with the\\nvariety of the plant. Usually they should not be\\ngrown less distant than corn grown for the same\\nuses, that is to say, the rows should not be closer than\\nthirty inches nor more distant than forty-eight\\ninches. But a distance of sixty inches is allowed in\\nsome instances between the rows of teosinte; and\\nthe taller of these plants, as, for instance, INIilo\\nmaize, would seem to require a greater distance", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS. 63\\nl)etween the rows than the shorter varieties, as, for\\ninstance, Jerusalem corn.\\nWhen grown for pasture the seed may be sown\\nbroadcast and covered with the harrow, but when\\nthus sown more seed is required, as some of the plants\\nwill fail to germinate, nor will they come up so evenly,\\nsince the seed is buried at uneven depths. The sub-\\nsequent use of the harrow will tear out a goodly\\nnumber of plants, since at first they are less robust\\nthan corn plants, and less firmly rooted in the soil.\\nAnd if grazed while the plants are still young and\\ntender, more of them will be pulled up by the roots.\\nIt is preferable, therefore, to plant the seed with the\\ngrain drill, and with all the tubes in use but under\\nsome conditions, as, for instance, those in which the\\nprobable rainfall is deficient, it may be advantageous\\nto plant the seed in rows far enough apart to admit of\\ncultivation other than harrowing.\\nWhen the seed of these sorghums is sown broad-\\ncast to provide pasture, not less than one bushel per\\nacre of seed is required. But under conditions that\\nare very dry, much less than that amount may suffice,\\nsince the plants if too numerous will pine for want\\nof moisture. When planted with the grain drill with\\nall the tubes in use, three pecks of seeds should be\\nample and when the rows are made distant enough\\nto admit of horse cultivation, a few quarts of seed\\nper acre will be found sufficient.\\nCultivation. If sown broadcast, the only culti-\\nvation that can be given to these crops would be to\\nharrow them, and the harrow would have to be used\\nwith extreme caution. It should of course be light,\\nand when so used the teeth should have much of a\\nbackward slant, otherwise too many of the plants", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwonld be torn out or l)uried. In any event, many of\\nthem would be disturbed or uprooted, and to provide\\nfor such a contingency it would be necessary to sow\\nenough seed to allow for the thinning that would\\nthus be given to the plants. If sown with the grain\\ndrill, all the tubes running, or only a part of them,\\nthe cultivation would be the same. But when thus\\nsown there would be less disturbance to the plants, as\\nthe seed would be deposited more deeply in the soil,\\nand if the harrowing were given just before the\\nyoung plants appeared above the surface, the\\ndisturbance would be less than when given later.\\nSince these plants are more delicate than corn\\nwhen young, the harrow cannot be used upon them\\nso freely.\\nWhen planted in rows to provide pasture, or\\nindeed for any purpose, it would be greatly advan-\\ntageous to the crop to cultivate it frequently when\\nthe rows are sufficiently distant to admit of horse\\ncultivation. The kind of cultivation would be about\\nthe same as for corn, and the benefits therefrom\\nwould be similar in kind. (See Page 22.) After a\\nseason of depasturing such cultivation would be very\\nbeneficial, since it would take away any tendency\\nto over-impaction or encrustation of the soil that\\nmight arise because of the treading of the hoofs of\\nthe animals that had been thus grazed.\\nPasturing. No one of the non-saccharine sor-\\nghums would seem as yet to have been grown to any\\nconsiderable extent for pasture, and yet some of them\\nat least may be made to render excellent service in\\nthat way. Kaffir corn grown at the Minnesota Uni-\\nversity experiment station proved quite satisfactory\\nin providing summer pasture for sheep, but not quite", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE NON-SACCHARINE SORGHUMS. 65\\nSO much SO as the Early Amber variety of sorghum.\\nWhen grazed off at the hight of about a foot it at\\nonce shot up again and with a greatly increased num-\\nber of shoots. The blades of the Kafhr corn were\\ncoarser and when the pasture had been grazed down\\nthey did not grow up again so erectly nor so numer-\\nously and yet it is possible that in localities in which\\nthere is betimes a deficiency of moisture, Kaffir\\n.corn may furnish more pasture than sorghum.\\nMilo maize in both of its varieties should furnish\\nexcellent pastiire and much of it, since it is a vigorous\\nplant and prolific in growing leaves. But no one of\\nthese plants should prove equal to teosinte in provid-\\ning pasture. When teosinte is not sown too thickly,\\nit produces leaves in great abundance, nor has it a\\ntendency to throw up the stems at so early a period\\nas the other non-saccharine sorghums. But the\\nauthor has not been able to glean any information\\nbased on experience with reference to the pasturing\\nof this plant. In the far south it would prove a\\ngreat boon as a pasture plant.\\nWliile these plants may under some conditions\\nbe pastured off by any class of live stock, there w^ould\\nprobably be much waste from pasturing on them\\nheavy animals, as horses, mules or cattle, and the\\nmore advanced the growth of the crops the greater\\nwould be the relative waste. But it would not be w^ise\\nto pasture such animals upon them even at an early\\nstage of growth, for then the plants would be so\\nmuch bruised and crushed by the hoofs of the\\nanimals that many of them would be likely to\\nperish. But there may be occasions when it would\\nbe in order to pasture these crops with heavy\\nanimals, although much waste should result, as\\n5", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwhen, for instance, they are to be plowed under for\\ngreen manure.\\nIn providing pasture for sheep and swine, they\\nshould be equally serviceable with sorghum. Sheep\\nespecially should graze them down with but little\\nwaste, if turned in upon them before they got\\nbeyond the hight of, say, twelve inches.\\nIn pasturing off these crops, it would be neces-\\nsary to observe much caution in turning in animals\\nto graze after the application of irrigating waters,\\nor after much rainfall, especially on lands that are\\neasily injured by treading when thus pastured.\\nImpaction under these conditions would greatly\\ninjure the future growth of the crop.\\nThe duration of the season of depasturing\\nshould be considerable in the south, owing to the\\nlength of the season. The relative advantage, there-\\nfore, from growing such crops in the south and\\nsouthwest should be considerably greater than in the\\nnorth. For how long a period they will provide\\npasture from a single sowing, the author is unable\\nto say. Much that it would be greatly advantageous\\nto know in regard to the growth of these plants can-\\nnot be given as yet. It can be unfolded only by the\\nexperience of the future.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nPLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY.\\nUnfortunately the number of the species of\\nthis very useful family of forage plants that have\\nhitherto been grown in North America is not large.\\nThe list includes the common or medium red, the\\nmammoth, the alsike, the crimson, the white or\\nDutch clover and alfalfa. All of these are grown\\nfor forage to a greater or a lesser extent, and all of\\nthem are also grown singly or in certain combina-\\ntions to produce fodders to be eaten in the cured\\nform. But it is only with reference to pasture that\\nthey will be considered here.\\nCOMMON OR MEDIUM RED CLOVER.\\nCommon or medium red clover Trifoliiim pra-\\ntense) is one of the best forage plants that a kind\\nProvidence ever gave to the people of this continent.\\nIts great value as a forage plant arises, first, from the\\nlength of the season during which it will provide\\npasture second, from the large amount relatively of\\nthis pasture that it will furnish from a given area;\\nthird, from the high nutritive properties it possesses\\nfourth, from the almost uninterrupted continuity of\\nthe growth of the plants from spring until autumn\\nand, fifth, from the ease with which it may be grown\\nin combination with various other forage plants.\\nUsually, medium red clo\\\\ er will furnish pasture\\n67", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfrom the commencement of the season of growth\\nuntil the arrival of autumn frosts of some degree of\\nseverity. There is no other kind of clover that w^ill\\nfurnish as much pasture in a single season. The\\nhigh nutritive properties which red clover possesses\\nare made manifest in the chemical analysis which\\nthe pasture gives, and in the quick improvement in\\nthe condition of the animals that are pastured\\nupon it.\\nIt is also excellent for milk production, because\\nof its nitrogenous character. Medium red clover\\nwill grow from spring until fall, in a moist climate,\\nwithout any interruption. Of course, in dry cli-\\nmates continuity in growth will be interrupted soon\\nafter the arrival of dry weather, in the absence of\\nirrigation. And it may be grown for pasture with\\nmuch success in combination w^ith such plants as\\ntimothy, alsike, small white clover, and orchard\\ngrass. The weak point in common red clover as a\\nforage plant lies in its short life as compared with\\nsome other pasture plants. Speaking in a general\\nway, it would be called biennial, but in some sec-\\ntions of the republic peculiarly adapted to its growth,\\nas, for instance, the part of Washington state that\\nborders on Puget Sound, it assumes a perennial\\nrather than a biennial character, and the same is\\ntrue of it in many of the Rocky Mountain valleys.\\nDistribution. Happily, this wonderful plant,\\ntoo little valued because of its commonness, has a\\nwide distril^ution. Like blue grass, it is in a sense\\ncosmopolitan in much of the United States and Can-\\nada. But there are considerable areas, nevertheless,\\nthat are too cold, too warm or too dry for its suc-\\ncessful growth. Among the first are the areas west", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 69\\nof Lake Superior, north of the 50th parallel, and\\neast of the Rocky Mountains. Among the second\\nare the areas that lie south of an irregular line that\\nwould probably be confined within the states lying\\nbetween the 35th and 40th parallels. And among\\nthe third are the areas that lie in the upper Missouri\\nbasin and southward therefrom. But in each\\ninstance there are exceptions to the limits thus put\\ntipon the growth of medium red clover, for its suc-\\ncessful production depends even more upon altitude\\nthan upon parallels of latitude and longitude.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Medium red clover\\nmay be given any place in the rotation. But it is\\npeculiarly fitting that it shall be sown after a crop\\nthat has been cultivated with a view to cleaning the\\nsoil. When grown for pasture, however, it is not\\nso necessary that it shall be sown on clean land as\\nwhen grown for other uses, since timely depastur-\\ning will prevent nearly all forms of w^eed life from\\nripening their seeds in the pasture. And it is good\\npractice to follow it with some kind of crop that\\nrequires much nitrogen to grow it in good form,\\nsince, as is now generally known, clover has much\\npower to take nitrogen from the air and place it in\\nthe soil. The roots of the plants that immediately\\nfollow the clover may readily appropriate it. The\\nsmall grains, corn and sorghum, may, with much\\nadvantage, be made to follow clover.\\nSoil. Clay loam soils that lie upon a subsoil of\\nwhat may be termed mild clay are usually consid-\\nered the best for the production of clover. But to\\nthis there may be some exceptions. Stiff clay, with\\na subsoil not too unyielding, will produce good crops\\nof clover when sufficient moisture is present, particu-", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "yO FORAGE CROPS.\\nlarly those of a reddish cast, as, for instance, the\\nclay lands lying southward from Duluth, Minn. The\\nsame is true of some sandy soils, more especially\\nthose of volcanic origin, as, for instance, soils in the\\nFlathead valley, Mont. The light soils of the\\nprairie, that sink readily beneath the tread when\\nbeing cultivated, do not possess marked adaptation\\nfor the growth of clover but it can be successfullv\\ngrown on these when moisture is present in suffi-\\ncient quantities, and wdiere the climate is otherwise\\nsuitable. Over large areas where clover could not\\nbe made to grow successfully on these soils when\\nfirst brought under cultivation, it now grows with\\nmuch certainty as a pasture crop and also as a hay\\ncrop. This is partly owing to the firming of the\\nland through cropping it, and partly, it is claimed,\\nto the increase of certain bacteria in the soil favor-\\nable to the growth of clover. These, it is affirmed,\\nincrease in the soil with the continued growth of the\\nclover. Although clover will grow on land that is\\nnot rich, it may be necessary to enrich some kinds\\nof poor soil, as, for instance, poor sands, before\\nclover can be made to grow on them with any\\nmarked degree of success. The attempt to grow\\nclover successfully on such lands when the rainfall\\nis not plentiful, and when they are underlaid with\\nsand and gravel, is a hopeless undertaking in the\\nabsence of irrigating waters.\\nPreparing the Soil. In growing clover for\\npasture, the preparation of the soil is the same as in\\ngrowing it for hay. It is more commonly sown\\nalong with a nurse crop, hence the preparation of\\nsoil that is best suited to growing the nurse crop\\nwill also usually be best suited to the growing of the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 7 1\\nclover. With soils that are naturally of a stiff tex-\\nture, the aim should be to secure a deep and fine pul-\\nverization in the seed bed. Such are the clays of\\nOhio and of some states further east; and also\\nthose of Ontario and other provinces east from\\nOntario. With soils that are of a spongy character,\\nand especially with those that lift more or less\\nwith the wind, the aim should be to firm the seed\\nbed when preparing it. Such are certain of the\\nsoils covering a considerable proportion of the\\nupper Mississippi basin and its tributaries. Soils\\nthat are liable to be surcharged with water during\\nany considerable portion of the year will prove\\nmuch more suitable if drained before being laid\\ndown to clover. In some instances surface drains\\nwill suffice, but in others underdrains will be\\nmore suitable.\\nSozviug. The early spring will, in nearly all\\ninstances, be found the best time in which to sow\\nclover. But there may be localities abundantly sup-\\nplied with moisture and favored with mild winters in\\nwhich it would be practicable to sow clover during\\nthe late summer and early autumn months. This\\nshould not be attempted, however, in any locality in\\nwhich the winter temperatures are low. And w^hile\\nthere may be sections subject to severe frosts after\\ngrowth has begun in the spring, in which it may be\\nwise to defer sowing clover for a time after the\\nground is ready to receive it, as a rule clover should\\nbe sown as early as practicable in the spring.\\nAs has been stated, clover is usually sown with\\na nurse crop. A nurse crop is one that provides it\\nwith shade when it is young. Winter wheat, winter\\nrye and barley are very suitable as nurse crops for", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72 FORAGE CROPS.\\nclover, since the shade they furnish is less dense than\\nthat of some other crops; and the shade is sooner\\nremoved, as they are harvested early. The two first\\nnamed cereals also admit of early sowing. Spring\\nwheat and oats shade the seed overmuch, but of the\\ntwo spring wheat is more suitable than oats as a\\nnurse crop. Flax does not provide a dense shade,\\nhence it would sometimes answer well as a nurse\\ncrop but for the reason that the later season at which\\nit is sown makes a catch of the seed more hazard-\\nous to obtain.\\nSome authorities advocate sowing clover alone\\nthat is to say, sowing it as the sole crop on the land.\\nThere may be some instances where it may be wise\\nto adopt this plan, more especially where it is dififi-\\ncult to get a stand of clover because of the dearth of\\nmoisture. It is at least questionable if this method\\nof sowing clover will ever be very generally prac-\\nticed, and for the following reasons First, it is\\nnot necessary in moist climates second, the growth\\nof weeds is apt to crowd the clover plants more than\\na nurse crop of grain would and, third, on some\\nsoils, especially stiff clays, the shade furnished by\\nthe nurse crop when young is advantageous to the\\nclover plants while in the early stage of growth. It\\nwould seem to be a better way where there is a fight\\nfor moisture between the nurse crop and the clover,\\nto sow the clover along with oats, using not more\\nthan half the usual quantity of the seed of the oats\\nper acre. Oats are mentioned because of the use\\nthat can be made of them for hay when they are har-\\nvested. They should be harvested as soon as the\\nheads are fully out, and sometimes even earlier, that\\nmore moisture may be left for the clover, and that", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. J^i\\nmore sunlight may shine upon it to make the plants\\nstrong. But if the season should prove moist, the\\ncats may be allowed to stand until they have\\nmatured.\\nAt the Central Minnesota experiment station\\nthe author has had much success in getting a catch\\nof clover seed, and also of timothy seed, by sowing\\nthese along with a mixed crop of peas and oats,\\n.grown to provide summer forage for sheep. The\\nsoil is a sandy loam, light enough in texture to wash\\neasily. The clover seed was sown broadcast at the\\nsame time as the peas and oats, and covered with\\nthe harrow. The system of depasturing w^ill be\\ndescribed in Chapter VIII. And it is probable that\\nsuch a method of obtaining a stand of clover will be\\nfound even better adapted to the dark, spongy soils\\nof the prairie, whether the clover is sown along with\\npeas and oats, other cereals, or rape, and whether the\\npastures thus furnished are grazed down by cattle,\\nsheep or swine. The reasons for this belief are logi-\\ncal. The tramping of the ground firms the soil, and\\nso lessens the escape of moisture by evaporation\\nand the removal of the nurse crop by depasturing\\nleaves more moisture for the clover than would be\\nleft to it if the crop w^ere not grazed down, and also\\nlets in sunlight to strengthen the crop.\\nClover seed may be sown broadcast by hand,\\nwith any form of hand seeder that has been found\\nsuitable, or with an attachment to the grain drill. It\\nis sometimes mixed with the seed grain and is sown\\nalong with it, but this method of sowing is not to be\\ncommended. The clover, being the smaller seed,\\nruns out more quickly than the grain, hence the\\nseeding is irregular. More commonly it is con-", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsidered preferable to have the grain fall before the\\ntubes of the grain drill, that the seed may thus be\\nprovided with a covering.\\nWhether the harrow or the roller, or both, shall\\nbe used in covering the seed is a question entirely\\ndependent on conditions. On prairie soils and in\\nlocalities where dry weather is prone to come early\\nin the season, the seed should be covered deeply, but\\non clay soils it should be covered less deeply. When\\nsown on lands which carry a crop of winter wheat\\nor winter rye, the harrow should always be used to\\ncover the seed if the soil has dried enough to admit\\nof so doing. When the seed drops before the drill\\ntubes, with clay soils the covering furnished by the\\ngrain tubes which follow will be ample, but on loose\\nor light soils it may still be necessary to follow the\\ndrill with the harrow. And in a dry seed time\\ngreat good would almost certainly result from fol-\\nlowing the seed drill with the roller, and the roller\\nwith the harrow. The roller would impact the land\\nand the harrow would lessen the tendency to evapo-\\nration in the soil, and also the tendency to be lifted\\nby the winds. In the states and provinces east of the\\nupper Mississippi basin, when clover is broadcasted\\non land that has been sown with some spring cereal\\nthe roller alone will provide an ample covering for\\nthe clover seed.\\nCultivation. Medium red clover does not, of\\ncourse, require any cultivation after it has been\\nsown. But there may be instances in which the har-\\nrow may be used as an aid to the re-seeding of pas-\\nture lands, when it is not considered desirable to\\n1)1 )W them up. If the clover on these has not\\nbeen cropped too closely many clover heads will", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 75\\nmature their seeds. These in due time will fall to\\nthe ground. The following spring the harrow may\\nbe made to render good service by running it over\\nthese lands as early as possible. It helps to bury the\\nseed, and as the seed remains in the seed sacs, it is\\nalmost certain to grow. The harrowing may also\\nbe done so late in the fall that the seed will not\\nsprout previously to the coming of the winter. The\\nbenefit from this form of re-seeding will be depend-\\nent upon such conditions as relate to soil and climate.\\nMuch of the soil of the prairie seems to be adapted to\\nthis form of re-seeding. There are localities in\\nwhich it is possible to maintain a clover pasture for\\nyears by the adoption of this method.\\nPasturing. Common or medium red clover\\nshould not be pastured off ordinarily the same year\\nit was sown. Such pasturing removes the covering\\nthat would otherwise protect the roots of the clover\\nin winter. And if done early in the season it would\\nalso hinder root development. But there may be\\ninstances in which the growth of the clover would\\nbe so luxuriant that it would be proper to pasture it\\noff to prevent smothering in the winter, especially in\\nlocalities where a heavy snowfall may be expected.\\nThe second season after sowing the clover is\\nthat in which it provides an abundance of pas-\\nture. In grazing live stock upon it the aim should\\nbe to keep it so cropped off that it Avill not become\\nrank and coarse, otherwise much of it is liable to be\\ntrodden down rather than eaten off. If the clover\\nshould grow so rapidly as to get ahead of the needs\\nof the stock, the mower should be run over the field\\nnot later than the blossoming stage of the clover.\\nThe clover so cut may remain on the field as a", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "7^ FORAGE CROPS.\\nmulch, or it may be cured for hay, as desired. Swine\\npastures especially will be benefited by this mode of\\ntreatment, and in any event it will hinder the matur-\\ning of weed seeds.\\nThere is no better method of obtaining a crop of\\nmedium red clover seed than by pasturing the clover\\nclosely for a time, and then removing the stock.\\nThe pasturing should begin as soon as the growth\\nin the clover plants will warrant turning in the\\nstock. The season for removing the stock wall vary\\nwith the locality and with the rainfall, but in any\\nevent it should take place from, say, ten to fifteen\\ndays earlier than the period wdien the clover not so\\npastured would be in bloom. Clover plants thus\\nmanaged seem capable of bearing more and better\\nseed than those wdiich come into flower before they\\nare cut to be made into hay. After the seed has been\\nremoved, another season of pasturing may follow,\\nbut the production of seed lessens the power of the\\nplants to grow pasture.\\nAfter the first cutting of the clover has been\\nmade in order to provide hay, an abundance of pas-\\nture will usually be furnished by the clover the same\\nseason, providing a crop of seed or a second crop of\\nhay is not desired. As the weather at that season\\nis usually drier than in the spring, the live stock\\nshould not be turned in on the clover until it has\\nmade considerable growth, as then it furnishes more\\nor less shade, which tends to lessen evaporation.\\nMedium red clover furnishes excellent pasture\\nfor horses, cattle, sheep and swine. But sometimes\\nthere is hazard in turning cattle and sheep into a\\nclover pasture, more especially when the plants are\\nvery succulent, and the hazard is increased when", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. J J\\nthey are wet with dew or rain. If the cattle or\\nsheep are hungry they will eat so freely of the clover\\nthat hoven or bloating may follow. Unless treat-\\nment is promptly given they are pretty certain to\\ndie. The treatment suitable is given on Page 162,\\nObservation 4.\\nOhscrvations. i. The common or medium red\\nclover is not specially adapted for being grown in\\npermanent pastures because of its short-lived habit\\nof growth. It may be well to sow it in these, but\\nonly in limited quantities and with the expectation\\nthat it will nearly all disappear at the end of two\\nor three years.\\n2. When medium clover is to be sown on clay\\nlands or black loam soils, where it is liable to lift\\nor heave with the frost in the spring, such heav-\\ning or lifting may be avoided in a very considerable\\ndegree by first draining the lands. The heaving is\\ncaused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the\\nlands that are surcharged with moisture.\\n3. Much fall pasture may be furnished in\\nlocalities that are favored with an ample supply of\\nrainfall by sowing medium clover with all the cereal\\ncrops grown, even though the land is to be plowed\\nagain in the late autumn or in the spring following.\\nMuch pasture may thus be obtained, especially in\\ndropping or showery seasons, to say nothing of\\nthe plant food put into the land. But what is termed\\nheavy seeding should not be resorted to, lest a\\nperiod of dry weather should follow, when the seed\\nwould be lost. Less than half the usual quantity\\nsown would be enough to risk thus.\\n4. In seasons where clover is usually grown in\\nshort rotations and where seed crops are frequently", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "yS FORAGE CROPS.\\nharvested from it, much seed becomes stored in the\\nland. A portion of what is thus lodged in the soil\\nis brought near the surface by the ordinary processes\\nof cultivation, and in due time it grows. The\\nclover, as it were, seeds itself, and it thus fur-\\nnishes much autumn pasture without any cost to the\\ngrower.\\nMAMMOTH CLOVER.\\nMammoth clover (Trifolmm medium), as the\\nname would indicate, makes a strong and vigorous\\ngrowth on soils possessed of the requisite adapta-\\ntion. Like the common red clover, it is a biennial,\\nalthough to this habit of growth there are some\\nexceptions. On soils with a marked adaptation for\\ngrowing mammoth clover it will live longer than in\\nthose opposite in character. The same result will\\nfollow if the climatic conditions are just right. And\\nif hindered from producing seed, as, for instance,\\nwhen it is pastured, its life period will be prolonged.\\nIt resembles the common red in the form of the\\nleaves, the shape and color of the blossoms, and in\\nthe general habit of its growth as to form in top and\\nroot. And it differs from the same first, in the\\ngreater size of the stems and heads second, in the\\ngreater hight to which it grows; third, in the later\\nseason at which it matures; fourth, in the greater\\nsize of the roots and in the greater depth to which\\nthey penetrate and, fifth, in its inability to produce\\ntwo crops of hay in one season, or to provide an\\nabundance of pasture after the usual season for seed\\nproduction. It is evident, therefore, that mam-\\nmoth clover is not so well adapted to provide pasture\\nas the medium red but there is a place for it, and", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 79\\nthat place will be found, in many instances at least,\\non soils where medium red clover will grow but not\\nwith marked vigor. The mammoth being a stronger\\nplant, it has more power to gather plant food in\\nthe soil.\\nDistribution. The distribution of mammoth\\nclover is much the same as the distribution of the\\nmedium red variety. (See Page 68.) Where the\\none will grow so wdll the other, at least measurably\\nwell. So far as the two varieties have been tried\\nthis result has been noticed. The mammoth clover,\\nhowever, has not yet been grown over so wide an\\narea as the medium red, hence it is possible that\\nthere may be localities where one of these varieties\\nonly will flourish, but if so these have not hitherto\\nbeen defined.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Mammoth clover\\nshould be given the same place in the rotation as the\\nmedium red clover. (See Page 69.) It should be\\nsown for pasture, therefore, in short rotations, and\\nshould follow, when practicable, a cultivated crop,\\nto be succeeded by a grain crop.\\nSoil. The soils suited to mammoth clover are\\nsubstantially the same as those. suited to the medium\\nred variety. (See Page 69.) Since mammoth\\nclover, however, would seem to have greater power\\nto gather plant food in the soil than the medium red,\\nit is relatively better adapted to lands not well sup-\\nplied with fertility. And as it sends its roots deeper\\ninto the soil, it is better able to withstand drouth\\nin dry seasons, and also the influences that cause\\nheaving or lifting in dry soils supplied with too\\nmuch moisture in the season of freezing and thaw-\\ning. Mammoth clover, therefore, has, in some", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "8o FORAGE CROPS.\\ninstances, found more favor in the sandy soils\\nand even in the loam soils of the prairies that\\nborder on the semi-arid region east of the Rocky\\nmountains.\\nPreparing the Soil. Preparing the soil for\\nmammoth clover is substantially the same as prepar-\\ning it for the medium red variety. See Page 70.\\nBut it is even more important with mammoth clover\\nto have the ground deeply plowed previous to the\\ngrowing of the cultivated or other crop that pre-\\ncedes the clover, that its roots may readily push\\ndown into the soil. This is not inconsistent\\nwith firming spongy soils subsequent to the deep\\nplowing.\\nSowing. The various methods given as suit-\\nable for sowing red clover are the same as those that\\nshould be adopted in sowing mammoth clover. See\\nPage 71.) The amount of seed required to pro-\\nvide pasture will depend upon the fact as to whether\\nit is to be sown alone or in combination with other\\nkinds of pasture plants. When sown alone not\\nless, probably, than ten pounds of seed per acre\\nshould be used, as the seed is somewhat larger than\\nthat of the medium clover. And w^hen the condi-\\ntions are not all favorable, it would be good practice\\nto sow a larger quantity of seed. When sown with\\nthe seeds of other pasture plants, the quantity of\\nseed used should be proportionately reduced. More\\npasture will be furnished where mammoth clover is\\nsown along with medium red clover, as the latter\\ngrows vigorously in the spring and in the autumn,\\nand the former is at its best in the late spring and\\nearly summer. When thus grown, equal parts of\\nthe seed of each variety may be used.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 8 1\\nCultivation. As with medium red clover, no\\ncultivation is required. (See Page 74.) What is\\nsaid of medium clover under the head of cultivation\\nwill apply equally to the mammoth variety.\\nPasturing. Much of what has been stated in\\nregard to the pasturing of medium red clover \\\\n\\\\\\\\\\\\\\napply with equal propriety to the pasturing of mam-\\nmoth clover. (See Page 75.) Like medium\\n(flover, it will furnish pasture well adapted to the\\nneeds of all kinds of live stock grown upon the farm.\\nAnimals may be turned in on it as soon in the\\nspring as it will furnish them plentifully with food.\\nIt is even more important not to let the clover get\\nbeyond the power of the animals to crop it back than\\nwhen pasturing the medium variety. And it is\\nequally important that cattle and sheep shall not be\\nallowed to pasture upon it at will wdiile hungry,\\nmore especially when it is wet from dew or rain. It\\nwill not furnish much pasture in the autumn,\\nwhether it has been grazed during the season pre-\\nviously or cut for hay.\\nWhen the clover is to be cut for seed, it may\\nsometimes prove an excellent plan to graze it off\\nclosely for a time in the early spring, lest the ener-\\ngies of the plants become too much concerned in the\\nproduction of a superabundant growth of stems\\nand leaves. On soils pre-eminently adapted to\\nthe growth of clover this precaution should not be\\nneglected.\\nWhile the pasturing should be close, it should\\nnot be long continued, or the development of the\\nplants may not be sufficient to produce a maximum\\ncrop of seed. This result is certain to follow pro-\\nlonged pasturing if the weather should turn dry. It\\n6", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "^2 FORAGE CROPS.\\nis better, therefore, to run some hazard from over\\nvigor in the growth of the plants than from insuffi-\\ncient development, since the loss is likely to be less.\\nOn some soils it may not be necessary to pasture\\nthus to any extent.\\nObservations. i. Mammoth clover is not well\\nadapted for permanent pastures, since it is not usu-\\nally perennial in its habit of growth. Nevertheless,\\nit may be sown as a part of the mixture with the\\nexpectation that it will live for two years and pos-\\nsibly for a longer period.\\n2. This clover makes an excellent fertilizer to\\nplow under, because of the great bulk of the green\\nproduct that it furnishes, and because of the great\\nmass of vegetable matter in the root growth. When\\ngrown for this purpose, it may be advantageous\\nsometimes to let it grow up until near the blossom-\\ning stage and then to pasture off the more palatable\\nportions previous to plowing under the residue.\\nALSIKE CLOVER.\\nAlsike clover (Trifolium hybriduin) is distin-\\nguished from the common red or medium clover,\\nfirst, by the finer and more recumbent character of\\nthe grow^th second, by the later season at which it\\nmatures third, by its inability to produce much pas-\\nture after the season of maturity; fourth, by the\\npinkish rather than the blood red tinge which char-\\nacterizes its blossoms fifth, by the much less size of\\nthe roots and, sixth, by its perennial rather than\\nbiennial habit of growth. The roots do not go\\ndown so deeply into the soil, hence it has less power\\nto withstand prolonged drouth on the uplands. It", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 83\\nis much superior to the common red in providing\\nhoney for bees, and it is also better adapted for\\nbeing grown along with timothy, first, because it\\nripens at the same time; and, second, because\\nordinarily it crowds the timothy less than the com-\\nmon red. It can withstand lower temperatures than\\nthe common red, hence the limit of its growth is\\nfurther north than that of the other. And when\\n.supplied with moisture it would seem to be adapted\\nto temperatures equally warm. It can usually be\\ngrown in good form between the 40th and 50th par-\\nallels of north latitude, from the Atlantic to the\\nPacific, when sown on soils with the requisite adap-\\ntation and south of the 40th parallel it can also be\\nprofitably grown under certain conditions.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Alsike clover, like the\\nmedium red, should be sown on soils that have been\\npreviously cropped with grain, and to such an extent\\nthat they require an increase of nitrogen and of veg-\\netable matter. The clover roots will supply both\\nof these. If the crop immediately preceding the\\nclover has been a cultivated crop, and if it has been\\nsuitably cared for, the soil will be in a condition to\\ngrow the clover without any injurious admixture of\\nweeds. Cereal crops, or corn should follow the\\nclover. Alsike clover is not a good rotation crop,\\nbecause of its perennial habit of growth. When-\\never a stand has been secured it is usual to pasture\\nit, or to cut it for hay for several years.\\nSoils. Alsike clover has special adaptation for\\nclay soils, for clay loam soils, and for the soils of the\\nbottom lands of the Rocky mountain region that lies\\nwithin the clover belt. It thrives well on the stifTest\\nclays. It thrives better on loam soils well supplied", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "84 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwith humus and underlaid with clay; and, judging\\nby the tests that have been made, it would seem\\nto thrive best on the deposit soils of the Rocky\\nmountain basins. But moisture must be present in\\ngoodly supply before it can grow well on any soil.\\nThe slough lands of the prairie regions would seem\\nto have special adaptation for Alsike clover when\\nwater is not present in too plentiful supply. On\\nsuch soils it may be submerged for days at a time\\nwithout injury in the early springtime, but the\\nwaters that cover it must, of course, be quite shal-\\nlow. It will not grow well on sandy or gravelly\\nsoils, poorly supplied with the elements of fertility.\\nThe clay loam soils of the Puget Sound country,\\nwith the abundance of moisture which they possess,\\nfurnish a perfect paradise for Alsike clover.\\nPreparation of the Soil. The preparation of\\nthe soil for Alsike clover is essentially the same as for\\nmedium clover. (See Page 70.) And there are\\nlocalities where this clover can be sown on newly\\ncleared lands without any other preparation than\\nthat of removing the timber in whole or in part that\\ngrew upon them. Of course, if the fire has been\\nmade to consume a part of the waste timber, or all\\nof it, the catch of the seed will be more satisfac-\\ntory. Even harrowing may not be necessary. Such\\nare the timber lands west of the Cascade mcnuitains.\\nSome grasses, as blue grass, for instance, should 1)e\\nsown along with the clover. The small white\\nclover will soon come, as it were, spontaneously on\\nsuch lands.\\nSolving. Nearly all that has been said with\\nreference to the sowing of medium red clover will\\nalso apply to the sowing of Alsike clover. See Page", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 85\\n71.) The aim should be, however, to cover the\\nseed of the Alsike less deeply, since it is a much\\nsmaller seed. The proper depth will, of course,\\ndepend upon conditions. In moist New England,\\nin some states further west, in eastern Canada and\\nin the Puget Sound district, the tubes of the grain\\ndrill as they deposit the nurse crop will sufficiently\\ncover the seed that has been dropped or scattered\\nbefore the drill. In the absence of a grain drill the\\nroller will provide a sufficient covering. But in the\\nprairie soils of the upper Mississippi basin a light\\nharrow will not cover the seed too deeply.\\nTo provide pasture, Alsike clover is more com-\\nmonly sown along with some other kind of grass or\\nclover, as, for instance, timothy, orchard grass, Ken-\\ntucky blue grass, and medium red clover. But it\\nmay also be sown alone. Wherever orchard grass will\\nflourish, Alsike clover and blue grass make an excel-\\nlent combination along with it in providing pasture,\\nsince the two grasses grow both early and late in\\nthe season, and the clover is at its best in the early\\nsummer. On the slough soils of the prairie, Alsike\\nclover, timothy, and blue grass or red top make a\\ngood pasture.\\nThe amount of seed required will be dependent\\nchiefly on the grasses along with which the clover is\\nsown. If sown alone, four pounds of seed per acre\\nwill be found sufficient in nearly all soils. If sown\\nalong with other grasses, the quantity must needs\\nbe proportionately decreased.\\nCultivation. Alsike clover, like the other\\nkinds, does not require to be cultivated. But on\\nsuitable soils it may be made to re-seed itself, and\\nthus to retain its hold upon the ground for many", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86 FORAGE CROPS.\\nyears. The method by which this end may be\\naccompHshed is substantially the same as that given\\nfor securing the re-seeding of the medium red\\nclover. (See Page 74.) But with Alsike clover\\nthis end is more easily attained than with the com-\\nmon red, since heads of matured seed uneaten by\\nthe live stock are apt to be more numerous because\\nof the more recumbent character of the growth of\\nthe clover. It is also a hardier plant. However,\\non some soils, particularly those of a stiff character,\\nit would not be wise thus to perpetuate clover\\npastures.\\nPasturing. When Alsike. clover is sown alone,\\nit may be pastured continuously after it has made a\\ngood start in the spring. But it will not produce\\nmuch growth after the season for maturing the\\nseed that is to say, after the period about simulta-\\nneous with the ripening of the barley crop. Because\\nof this habit of growth the value of Alsike clover as\\na pasture crop is materially decreased. As with\\nother kinds of clover, more pasture will be obtained\\nwhere the cropping is not too close. When the pas-\\nture is grazed too closely, the hot sun produces a\\nmore rapid evaporation on the unshaded ground,\\nand it further weakens the chance of the plants to\\ngrow because of cramped breathing capacity. Close\\ncropping in the autumn increases the hazard to the\\nplants from cold winds and severe frosts, since it\\ncompletely removes the covering that would other-\\nwise aid in protecting them.\\nAlsike clover pasture is relished by all kinds\\nof live stock grown upon the farm and there would\\nseem to l)e less danger of hoven when animals are\\nfeeding upon it than when feeding upon medium red", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 87\\nor mammoth clover pastures. This point, however,\\nhas not been unequivocally established.\\nWhen Alsike clover is wanted for seed, it may\\nbe advantageous to pasture it for a time after it has\\nbegun to grow in the spring. The pasturing should\\nbe close as long as it is continued, to secure uniform-\\nity in the subsequent development of the crop.\\nSuch pasturing will prevent overluxuriance in the\\ngrowth of the clover on soils and in seasons when\\nsuch overgrowth is to be feared. The energies\\nof the plant are thus diverted from the over-\\nproduction of stems and leaves to the production\\nof seed.\\nThe duration of the pasturing given to these\\nseed crops cannot be stated, as it will vary with the\\ncharacter of the season. On some soils, as, for\\ninstance, stiff clays, pasturing is not required, and in\\nany event the pasturing should not be long contin-\\nued, lest it should prevent the plants from making\\ngrowth enough to produce seed plentifully.\\nObservations. i. Alsike clover is well suited\\nfor being sown with mixtures of grass seeds\\nused in making permanent pastures, because of\\nits hardihood and because of its perennial habit\\nof growth.\\n2. A stand of Alsike clover may not infre-\\nquently be obtained in slough lands of the prairie by\\nscattering the seed on the native sod in the early\\nspring. If the native grass can be cut early or pas-\\ntured off after the young clover plants have made a\\ngood start, the clover will be much benefited. But\\nin dry summers a stand of the clover is not likely to\\nbe secured.\\n3. Alsike clover and timothy are well adapted", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfor being grown together, whether for hay or for\\npasture, since both grow well on humus soils\\nCRIMSON CLOVER.\\nCrimson or scarlet clover (Trifolium incarna-\\ntinn) is so called from the beautiful rich bloom of\\nthe heads when in flower. It is said to be a native\\nof Central and Southern Europe. Until quite\\nrecently it has not been tested in many of the states\\nof the Union, hence its precise value as a forage\\ncrop in localities where it has not been proved cannot\\nbe stated.\\nCrimson clover is an annual, but has a semi-\\nbiennial habit of growth, since it is sown in the\\nsummer and matures its seeds in the springtime of\\nthe following year. It is more upright in its habit\\nof growth than some of the other clovers, and it has\\nprobably a less proportion of leaf growth to the\\nstems. It grows from twelve to thirty inches\\nhigh, according to conditions, and reaches maturity\\nin time to be followed with divers other crops, as\\ncorn, sorghum, and various garden vegetables. The\\nblossoms are cone-shaped, with much of length in\\nproportion to the diameter, and the bloom is of the\\nrichest crimson or scarlet. A field in the meridian\\nof blossoming is a beautiful sight.\\nDistribution. As stated previously, crimson\\nclover has not been fully tested in some of the states\\nof the Union, hence it is impossible in the present\\nstate of our knowledge to speak with sufficient defi-\\nniteness as to where it can or cannot be profitably\\ngrown as a pasture crop, or indeed for any purpose.\\nAnd the difficulty is increased by the contradictory", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 89\\ncharacter of the reports that have been pubHshed in\\nregard to it from the same locaHties. Some of these\\nrefer to it as a total failure, and others speak of it as\\nan encouraging success. These contradictory\\nreports arise, doubtless, from variations in the sea-\\nsons and in the mode of growing it.\\nSpeaking in a general way, the growth of\\ncrimson clover is attended with more or less of haz-\\nard north of 40 degrees that is to say, north of the\\ncities of Philadelphia, Columbus and Denver, and\\neast of the Rocky mountains. Nevertheless, there\\nare some exceptions. In Delaware, for instance, it\\nis a success. In some parts of Pennsylvania and\\nNew York it has proved satisfactory; and in por-\\ntions of other states north of the line named it has\\nbeen grown with success. But within the limits\\nmentioned there will be more or less of hazard in\\ngrowing crimson clover, according as the winter is\\npropitious or otherwise. In experiments conducted\\nby direction of the author at the Ontario experiment\\nstation, at Guelph, the clover failed to pass through\\nthe winter alive. Unless, therefore, the habit of\\ngrowth can be so changed that the plant will success-\\nfully fulfill its mission in one season, it is not likely\\nto prove a treasure to very much of the area that has\\nbeen set down as doubtful or prohibitory.\\nOf course, in the bench lands between the\\nRocky mountain ranges, and in the river bottoms,\\ncrimson clover is not likely to prove a success, unless\\nwhen grown under irrigation, and reports from\\ngrowing it thus do not as yet seem to be forthcom-\\ning. On the Pacific slopes of Oregon and Wash-\\nington and of Britisli Columbia it will doubtless\\ngrow, though but little tried hitherto. It should be", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "90 FORAGE CROPS.\\ncapable of furnishing early pasture in the spring\\ntime in that region of mild winters.\\nCrimson clover can be grown with success in\\nmuch of the area south of the 40th parallel, and east\\nof a line running irregularly down through the\\nstates of Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, and not\\nfar from the western border of these states. In\\nother words, crimson clover would seem to have the\\nleast adaptation for those states and provinces that\\nare far enough north to grow the medium red clover\\nat its best. And it would seem to have the highest\\nadaptation to localities with weather too warm to\\ngrow that species of clover at its best.\\nPlace in the Rotation. In the rotation crimson\\nclover should be grow^n as a catch crop; that is to\\nsay, it should follow some crop that has been har-\\nvested one season, and should precede some crop to\\nbe grown immediately after the clover the following\\nseason. The plan of growling it on land that needs\\nto be enriched is a wise one, hence it will frequently\\nbe sown after a grain crop, and before some culti-\\nvated crop that does not of necessity require to be\\nplanted early the following season. Crimson clover\\nis, therefore, commonly grown without missing a\\ncrop. Not infrequently it is sown annually in\\norchards that are in bearing, and plowed under to\\nfeed the fruit trees from year to year.\\nSoil. Crimson clover grows best on a warm\\nsoil that is to say, on a soil of open texture and with\\ngood drainage. It has special adaptation, therefore,\\nto loam soils with a free admixture of sand in them.\\nBut if the clover is to grow vigorously on these soils\\nit is necessary, first, that moisture shall be present in\\nthe growing season and, second, that sufficient fer-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 9I\\ntility shall be present in the soil or supplied to it to\\ngive the clover a good start. The average prairie\\nsoils do not seem to furnish the proper food con-\\nstituents, and in stiff clay soils the roots of the clover\\ncannot gather food with sufficient haste.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil for\\ncrimson clover much will depend upon the condi-\\ntions. When sown amid corn or cotton the cultiva-\\ntion given to these crops is a sufficient preparation\\nof the soil. After potatoes and early market garden\\ncrops, cultivating and then harrowing the ground\\nshould put it in good condition to receive the seed.\\nWhen sown after grain, success has followed simply\\nharrowing the land, and in other instances first cul-\\ntivating and then harrowing it but more commonly\\nthere is hazard in sowing it thus. In orchards in full\\nbearing the cultivation that is usually given to the\\ntrees is a sufficient preparation. In preparing the soil\\nthe aim should be to secure a fine and moist seed bed,\\nhence when the land is plowed in making it ready for\\ncrimson clover, a free use should be made of the\\nroller and harrow, unless peculiar conditions, as ex-\\ncessive rainfall, should render this work unnecessary.\\nSolving. Crimson clover seed is more gen-\\nerally sown from July ist to October ist, according\\nto the locality. Ordinarily the more southerly the\\nlatitude the later may the seed be sown without the\\nhazard of being winterkilled. If sown in the early\\nspring the growth made is seldom satisfactory, and\\nthe presence of the clover hinders the growing of\\nanother crop the same season. The seed is sown by\\nthe same methods as other kinds of clover seed that\\nis to say, it may be broadcasted by hand or other-\\nwise and covered with the harrow, or it may be sown", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwith a grain drill that will properly do such work, or\\nit may be dropped with the grass seeder attachment\\nto the grain drill, as, for instance, when it is sown\\nwith a nurse crop.\\nOrdinarily the seed of crimson clover is not\\nsown with a nurse crop, but sometimes it is sown\\nwith cowpeas. When thus sown the soil is more\\ncommonly infertile, and the peas are grown to pro-\\ntect the clover plants in the winter after the frost\\nhas killed the cowpeas. When sown with winter\\noats or winter rye the clover is prone to crowd these\\ncrops, as it continues to grow in weather too cool to\\nadmit of growth in the oats or the rye. On some\\nsoils these results will be reversed. But judicious\\npasturing should prevent injury from this source.\\nWhen rape is sown with the crimson clover it should\\nbe early in the season rather than late, so that both\\nplants would have time to make a good growth and\\nthus furnish fall pasture and if the rape survived the\\nwinter the two plants could be pastured again\\nin the spring.\\nThe amount of seed to sow w^ill vary with sev-\\neral conditions. When sown as the sole crop, more\\nthan fifteen pounds per acre of the clover seed should\\nnot be required, and usually less than that amount\\nwill suffice. Heavy seeding is to be preferred when\\nthe clover is to be plowed under as a fertilizer. When\\nsown as part of a mixed crop to provide pasture, a\\nfew pounds of the clover seed per acre will suffice.\\nThe grower can best learn by his ow^n or by his\\nneighbor s experience how to adapt the quantities of\\nthe respective seeds used to the soil conditions.\\nCultivation. No cultivation is ordinarily\\nrequired on crimson clover. But there may be", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 93\\ninstances when the harrow can be used upon it with\\nadvantage.\\nPasturing. Although crimson clover has been\\ngrown more as a fertilizer than to provide pasture,\\nits mission in furnishing pasture and also soihng\\nfood is an important one. When the strength of\\nthe clover growing alone or in combination with\\nother crops will justify so doing, it should of course\\nbe pastured, but not so closely as to endanger its\\npassing the winter safely. Any kind of domestic\\nanimals upon the farm may be grazed upon it. It\\nfurnishes pasture early in the spring and in bounti-\\nful supply. Sheep have been pastured on it early in\\nthe season, and after they were removed a good crop\\nof seed has been reaped. Such pasturing is favor-\\nable to seed production when the crop is likely to be\\ntoo rank. It may also be pastured with much advan-\\ntage by sheep or swine when it is grown in orchards.\\nThe fertility produced by the crop will all be returned\\nto the land when it is thus pastured.\\nObservations. i. After a crop of seed has been\\nharvested, another crop of clover can be obtained in\\nsome instances by simply harrowing or otherwise\\nstirring the soil.\\n2. When sheep or swine are used in pasturing\\nan orchard, the trees may be protected from injury\\nby inclosing the trunks m wire netting. To hinder\\nthe sheep, however, from eating the fruit on the\\nlower limbs that droop is practically impossible.\\nALFALFA OR LUCERN.\\nAlfalfa or Lucern (Mcdicago sativa) is a won-\\nderful food plant. No other plant grown in the", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 FORAGE CROPS.\\nUnited States or Canada will furnish so much valu-\\nable food for so long a term of years without re-seed-\\ning. There are some alfalfa fields on this continent\\nthat have produced several good crops a year for\\nmore than forty years, and, judging by the indica-\\ntions, they will continue to do so for many years\\nlonger. But those fields have been irrigated from\\nyear to year. However, there are instances on\\nrecord wherein alfalfa has produced good crops for\\na long term of years wdien not irrigated. It is not\\nso valuable relatively in providing pasture as forage,\\nalthough wnth judicious management it can also be\\nturned to good account in furnishing pasture, at\\nleast under some conditions.\\nAlfalfa is of course a perennial. It growls up\\nrapidly in the early spring, and when the plants\\nattain a hight of one to two feet or more, they pro-\\nduce bluish purple flowers. As soon as the plants\\nreach the blossoming stage the stems rapidly become\\nwoody, hence it is necessary to use much promptness\\nin cutting the crop for hay, or in pasturing it off in\\nthe early part of the season. When cut or eaten\\ndow^n, other stems come out from the basil root and\\nmore numerously, until the plants reach full size,\\nwhich they do in three or four years. These stems\\ngrow very rapidly, hence the number of crops that\\nmay be reaped in one season is sometimes as high as\\nsix to eight. It sends a taproot down to a con-\\nsiderable depth into the soil. Under very favorable\\nconditions this taproot is ten to twelve feet long,\\nbut usually it does not go down much beyond half\\nthat distance. This accounts for the great ability\\nof the plant to withstand dry weather when once it\\nhas firmly intrenched itself in the soil.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 95\\nThe idea that it will not be worth while to grow\\nalfalfa where medium red clover is at its best would\\nseem to be of the fog}^ order, although it has been\\npromulgated by some good authorities. As a rota-\\ntion plant it is not to be compared with clover, but\\neven where medium clover has proved a great suc-\\ncess, there may be good reasons for growing alfalfa\\nto provide soiling food and also pasture.\\nDistribution. Alfalfa can be grown with more\\nor less success in every state of the Union, and in a\\nnumber of the provinces of Canada. But it has\\nespecial adaptation for those states where the tem-\\nperatures are too warm and the conditions are too\\ndry to grow clover at its best. Speaking in a general\\nway, the highest adaptation for alfalfa culture is\\nfound in those states that lie south of the Missouri\\nriver, including the lands drained by that river, and\\nwest from the Mississippi where it is joined by the\\nMissouri. Next to these states in adaptation may\\nbe placed those areas that lie south of the Ohio and\\nbetween the Mississippi and the Atlantic. And after\\nthese in adaptation come various localities in the\\nother states where the measure of success attained\\nin growing the crop is usually more dependent on\\nsoil conditions than on those which relate to climate.\\nThere is probably no state in the Union in which\\nalfalfa may not be successfully grown. In Louisi-\\nana it has been made to provide green food every\\nday in the year. As far north as Toronto, in Onta-\\nrio, and Montreal, in Quebec, good crops of alfalfa\\nhave been grown. But in the northern portions of\\nNorth Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan,\\nthe low winter temperature will probably prove a\\nbarrier to its cultivation. Elsewhere in the United", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 FORAGE CROPS.\\nStates it will endure tlie winters as far north as the\\nCanadian boundary. It is not likely to succeed in\\nthe Canadian provinces that lie between Lake Supe-\\nrior and the Rocky mountains, but on the Pacific\\nslopes of British Columbia there should be no diffi-\\nculty in growing it when the soils are suitable.\\nPlace in the Rotation. As alfalfa is usually\\nsown with the intention of allowing it to remain\\nundisturbed by the plow for several years, it will be\\nreadily apparent that it is not a good rotation crop.\\nIn fact, it can only be used in very long rotations\\nwhen thus grown. But as it is sometimes sown to\\nprovide hay and pasture along with medium, mam-\\nmoth, or alsike clover, it may be used in rotations of\\nlimited duration, in conjunction with one or more\\nof these plants. When thus grown the rotation may\\nbe the same as that adopted in growing these clo-\\nvers; that is to say, it may, with much propriety,\\nfollow a cultivated crop in order to obtain a clean\\nseed bed on which to sow it. And it ought to be\\nfollowed by some crop that wants much nitrogen to\\nperfect it, as corn or one of the cereals. As alfalfa\\nis a somewhat delicate plant the first year, it is\\nimportant that it shall be sown on clean ground\\nwhere the weeds will not be likely to smother it.\\nSoil. The soil best suited to the growth of\\nalfalfa w^ill be measurably dependent on the moisture\\nthat can be furnished to it in the form of rain,\\nthrough surface irrigation or from a subterranean\\nsource. Loose, sandy loam soils rich in certain\\nelements of ])lant food, particularly lime, phosphoric\\nacid and potash, are usually regarded as the most\\nsuitable for alfalfa. These soils should be deep in\\ncharacter and should lie on sandy or gravelly sub-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 97\\nsoils, that is to say, subsoils which consist of fine\\ngravel intermixed with sand. Such soils are emi-\\nnently adapted for growing alfalfa when water is\\nplentifully supplied from the clouds, from irrigating\\nditches, or from the water table in the subsoil. This\\nwater table must not be too near the surface, or the\\nroot growth will be hindered to the great injury of\\nthe plants nor must it be too far from the surface,\\nor it will fail to reach the plants in sufficient quan-\\ntity. When water cannot be supplied from ditches\\nor from a subterranean source, and when the sum-\\nmer climate is dry in character, it will be found that\\nalfalfa will grow best in soils that are underlaid with\\nmild, porous clay subsoils, which the roots can easily\\npenetrate. If grown under those conditions, if the\\nsubsoil were sand or gravel, the plants would not\\nobtain sufficient moisture. The best soils probably\\nin the United States for growing alfalfa when amply\\nsupplied with water are the volcanic ash soils, allu-\\nvial in character, that are found in the valleys west\\nand southwest of the Missouri river. The sandy\\nsoils of the states south and southeast of the Ohio\\nare not usually rich enough to produce maximum\\ncrops without being fertilized. The soils of the\\nupper Mississippi basin, with exceptions somewhat\\nnumerous, do not seem to have the proper food ele-\\nments. In other localities, particularly in states\\nnorth and east of the Ohio, are stretches of hardpan\\nsubsoil, which forbid the growth of alfalfa. And\\nin all soils where the water table comes near the sur-\\nface at any time in the year, alfalfa cannot be suc-\\ncessfully grown.\\nPreparing the soil. When alfalfa is to be laid\\ndown for a term of years, it is important that the\\n7", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "98 FORAGE CROPS.\\nland on which it is sown shall first be well cleaned,\\neither by summer fallowing it, or, what would be\\nbetter, by growing- some crop on it that is given\\nclean cultivation. It is also important that the\\nground shall be plowed deeply in preparing it for\\nthe alfalfa, or, what would be better perhaps, in pre-\\nparing it for the cultivated crop that is to precede\\nthe alfalfa. Subsoiling the land will usually be\\nfound a good investment. But this should never be\\ndone by running the ordinary plow twice in the same\\nfurrow, except in soils that are as rich in available\\nplant focxl in the under furrow slice as in the upper\\none. Otherwise the plants from the newly sown\\nalfalfa may not be able to get food enough to pro-\\nduce a vigorous growth when they are young. But\\nwhen alfalfa is sown along with other plants to\\nprovide pasture, it is not so necessary to have\\nthe land in such a perfect condition of prepara-\\ntion, owing to the limited period during w^hich\\nit will be grown.\\nSozving. The time for sowing alfalfa varies\\nmuch with the locality. It should not be sown in\\nthe winter or in the summer. In the northern half\\nof the republic it is usually sown in the early spring,\\nas soon as the ground has become warm, and the\\ndanger from severe frosts is past. In the southern\\nhalf thereof it is sowai in the autumn and also\\nin the spring. When sown in the autumn, suffi-\\ncient time should be given to the young plants\\nto make enough growth to enable them to pass\\nthe winter safely, with its frequent periods of trying-\\ntemperatures.\\nThe method of sowing is by no means uniform.\\n\\\\Micn alfalfa is sown as the sole crop, there is no", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. 99\\nbetter way of putting it into the soil than by sowing\\nit with a seed drill of proper construction. But\\noftentimes it is broadcasted. When thus broad-\\ncasted, it may be advantageously covered with a light\\nharrow, with the teeth straight or aslant, with the\\nroller alone, or with the roller followed by the\\nharrow, according to the nature of the soil. When\\nsown with a nurse crop, as, for instance, a thin seed-\\ning of oats to be cut for hay at the earing stage, the\\nalfalfa seed is likely to be sufficiently covered if it\\nhas been sown by any process in front of the drill\\ntubes. And the same is true of other seeds, as clo-\\nver and timothy, sown along with the alfalfa. But\\nsometimes it is further necessary to roll the land,\\nand, it may be, to harrow it with a light harrow, the\\nteeth being set at a backward slant. When sown\\non some of the weedy lands of the south, it has\\nbeen found profitable to deposit the seed in rows\\nand to keep the plants clean the first year by\\ncultivation.\\nTo provide pasture, alfalfa is sometimes sown\\nin short rotations along with one or more varieties\\nof clover and timothy. The author has thus grown\\nit with no little success in Ontario. And there may\\nbe other combinations in which it can be successfully\\ngrown under some conditions.\\nWhen alfalfa is grown to furnish hay, thick\\nseeding is recommended, not less than twenty pounds\\nper acre, and in some instances more than that\\namount, that the stand of the hay may be of fine\\ngrowth. This will reduce the waste in feeding the\\nhay. To provide seed or winter pasture, it should\\nbe sown less thickly, about fifteen pounds per acre\\nis considered sufficient. When sown along with\\nLoCC.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "lOO FORAGE CROPS.\\nclovers and timothy, the following combination is\\na good one, viz.\\nPer acre\\nAlfalfa 4 lbs\\nMedium clover 2 lbs\\nMammoth 2 lbs\\nAlsike 1 lb\\nTimothy 3 lbs\\nTotal 12 lbs\\nCultivation. When alfalfa is sown in rows and\\ncultivated the first season, as is sometimes practiced\\nin the south and elsewhere, the cultivation may be\\ngiven with the hand hoe or horse cultivator, or with\\nboth, according to the distance between the rows\\nand to the necessity for hand labor. AMien the\\nplants have reached the hight of three or four inches,\\nand the ground has become encrusted on the sur-\\nface, a light harrow judiciously passed over the crop\\nwill help it materially. When sown without a nurse\\ncrop and the land becomes weedy, as it does in nearly\\nall instances, the mower should be run over the\\nalfalfa once, or more frequently, during the first sea-\\nson, as occasion may require. And the vegetation\\nthus cut off should be allowed to fall as a mulch for\\nthe crop, unless there should be special reasons for\\nremoving it.\\nIf grown dependent upon irrigation, the water\\nshould be applied the first year as needed, but not\\nless than two or three times. After the first year\\nthe water should be applied in the spring and after\\neach cutting, but not when the alfalfa is going into\\nthe winter. Irrigating waters should never be\\nallowed to stand on alfalfa for a longer period than\\nforty-eight hours at a time.\\nPasturing. Alfalfa may be made to furnish\\nexcellent pasture for horses, cattle, sheep and swine,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "PLANTS OF THE CLOVER FAMILY. lOI\\nbut the pasturing must not be done in an indiscrimi-\\nnate manner. It ought not to be pastured at any\\nand every stage of growth, nor at all seasons of the\\nyear. It should seldom, if ever, be pastured off the\\nseason that it is sown. It is somewhat of a delicate\\nplant when young, hence it is easily injured the first\\nseason. Neither should it be pastured in the late\\nautumn nor during the winter in cold latitudes.\\n.Such pasturing would likely prove fatal to the\\nalfalfa, hence probably the prevalent opinion that it\\ncannot be pastured at all in the winter season. Pas-\\nturing sheep on alfalfa is attended with the greatest\\nhazard to the plant, because of their habit of crop-\\nping plants closely. Most satisfactory results are ob-\\ntained from pasturing horses and swnne upon alfalfa.\\nHorses and swine can be pastured on it at any\\nseason without serious hazard to the animals. The\\nplan of pasturing off alfalfa with horses, introduced\\nand practiced by Mr. C. H. Larrabee of Home Park,\\nMontana, at his Brooknook ranch in that state,\\nwould seem to be a good one. His alfalfa is irri-\\ngated. His first crop is cut for hay. The second\\ngrowth is allowed to remain. Weanling colts which\\nare also fed grain are then turned in upon it in the\\nautumn. Later, older colts, and still later, horses,\\nare grazed upon it, and as spring approaches, cattle\\nare turned in to clean up the residue of the pasture.\\nThe animals are also given alfalfa hay when they\\nrequire it. And ranchmen further to the southwest\\nalso adopt a somewhat similar mode of wintering\\ntheir cattle. The re-seeding of the ground thus\\nevery year would seem to maintain a stand, despite\\nthe depasturing.\\nAlfalfa furnishes a grand pasture for swine.", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "T02 FORAGE CROPS.\\nThey may feed upon it through all the growing sea-\\nson if supplied with water. They will grow nicely\\non it without other food, but a little grain, as corn,\\nfor instance, can frequently be fed to advantage.\\nSwine pastures should be mowed occasionally to\\nsecure a plentiful supply of tender and succu-\\nlent alfalfa.\\nIf cattle and sheep are pastured on alfalfa when\\nit is in a succulent condition, and more especially\\nwhen wet with dew or rain, the alfalfa is liable to\\nproduce hoven or bloat, unless the animals have\\npartaken of other food before being allowed to graze\\non the alfalfa. Sometimes they may be pastured for\\na whole season without harm at other times the loss\\nis serious. But when the alfalfa is growing amid\\nother grasses, the danger from this source is much\\nlessened.\\nObservations. i. Alfalfa may be sown with\\nmuch propriety in permanent pastures when the con-\\nditions will admit of it. Its continuity in them will\\ndepend upon such conditions as the nature of the\\nsoil, the encroaching character of the other grasses,\\nand the closeness of the pasturing.\\n2. One acre of alfalfa will furnish pasture to\\nfrom ten to twenty hogs through the entire season\\nof growth, dependent, of course, upon the age of the\\nhogs and the conditions relating to growth in\\nthe pasture.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VL\\nLEGUMINOUS PLANTS OTHER THAN CLOVER.\\nChief among the leguminous plants other than\\nrlover that have heretofore been grown on this con-\\ntinent to provide forage are the field pea, the com-\\nmon vetch, the cowpea and the soy bean. The field\\npea and the common vetch have hitherto been grown\\nchiefly in Canada, and to a less extent in the United\\nStates that borders on Canada. But during recent\\nyears the vetch crop of the states of Oregon and\\nWashington is assuming proportions of some mag-\\nnitude. The sand vetch has been grown in a tenta-\\ntive way in various parts of the United States, and\\nthe cowpea and the soy bean have been grown in\\nthe southern states and to a less extent in those that\\nare central. The peas and vetches are all of a more\\nor less trailing habit of growth. The soy bean has\\nmore of the bush form. All of these have been\\nfound excellent food plants in the localities which\\nhave special adaptation for growing them.\\nTHE FIELD PEA.\\nThe field pea (Pisuni sativum) is of many vari-\\neties. These are variously distinguished, as by the\\nlength and strength of the straw, the more or less\\ntrailing habit of the growth, the size and number of\\nthe pods, the size of the peas and the relative number\\n103", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "I04\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nFig. 14. Eight Plants of Green Field Pea.\\nMinnesota University Experiment Farm.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. IO5\\nin each pod, the color of the blossoms and the color\\nand shape of the peas.\\nIn the United States, peas are usually spoken\\nof as Canada field peas, whatever the variety may\\nbe. The term is a misnomer, for many varieties of\\nfield peas are grown there which did not originate in\\nCanada (Fig. 14). Under the supervision of the\\nauthor, more than eighty varieties of field peas were\\ngrown at the Ontario experiment station at Guelph\\nIn 1893, only a very few of which were first grown\\nin Canada. The term originated probably in the\\nfact that the earlier importations of seed peas into\\nthis country came chiefly from Canada.\\nThe field pea, as is generally known, is of an\\nupright habit of growth until it reaches a certain\\nhight from the ground, more or less according to\\nthe presence or absence of wind and rain. Then it\\nfalls over unless sustained by other grain sown alon g\\nwith it, and it completes its growth in a recumbent\\nposition. It is this trailing habit of growth that\\nrenders it unsuitable for being grown alone to pro-\\nvide pasture for any kind of live stock except swine.\\nAnd it is because of this habit of growth that the pea\\nis usually sown along with one or the other of the\\ncereals to provide pasture for sheep.\\nIn Ontario a very large area is sown with peas\\nevery year. These are grown chiefly for the grain\\nfood which they furnish, but also for the winter fod-\\nder obtained from the straw when cured. And in\\nOntario and some parts of the United States they\\nare being somewhat freely grown in combination\\nwith other grain to provide soiling food for sum-\\nmer use and fodder in the unthreshed form for win-\\nter feeding. Peas are also sown along with oats or", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Io6 FORAGE CROPS.\\nOther grain to furnish pasture for sheep and swine.\\nThe peas improve the quahty of the pasture because\\nof the rich flesh-forming and milk-producing food\\nwhich they furnish. But when thus grown it should\\nbe on lands with special adaptation for growing the\\npeas, otherwise the cereal grown along with the peas\\nis likely to crowd them. Such pastures are not so\\nwell adapted for being grazed down by horses and\\ncattle, because of the greater injury which they cause\\nthe peas through treading. But it is when sown\\nalone that peas are more commonly grown as a pas-\\nture for swine. This chapter will consider only the\\ngrowing of peas for pasture, although it may be\\nmentioned here that the process of growing peas for\\nswine forage is essentially the same as when grow-\\ning them for the grain.\\nDistribution. Peas usually succeed best in a\\ncool and also in a moist climate in which the summer\\ntemperatures are not extreme in their variations and\\nwhere the nights are cool. But a moderately cool\\nand even temperature is more important relatively\\nthan moisture in the air, otherwise certain of the\\nMontana and other Rocky mountain valleys would\\nnot be able to grow peas with and without irrigation\\naccording to the locality, and in such magnificent\\nform. Hot and dry climates are ill adapted to the\\ngrowing of peas, and more especially where winds\\nhot and dry are apt to prevail at that season of the\\nyear when the peas are coming into bloom. At such\\na time intense heat of the sun or the warm breath of\\ncontinued hot winds would hinder the blossoms from\\nproducing pods and grain in tlie perfection of devel-\\nopment, and if sufificiently prolonged the vines would\\nshrivel and wither without fruiting at all.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. IO7\\nPeas may be grown as a grain crop with marked\\nsuccess in nearly all the tillable portions of the United\\nStates and Canada above the 45th parallel of\\nnorth latitude, that is to say, in all places north of\\nthe latitude of Bangor, in Maine, St. Paul, in Minne-\\nsota, and Salem, in Oregon. They can also be\\ngrown quite as successfully in some localities two or\\nthree degrees south of this parallel, from the Atlantic\\nto the Mississippi and also in Oregon on the Pacific\\nslope. And in some localities much further south it\\nis very probable that peas can be grown in good form\\nwhere the altitude is sufficient.\\nThe highest adaptation for peas grown without\\nirrigation is probably found in the states of Wash-\\nington and Oregon and in British Columbia, on the\\nslopes nearest to the sea (Fig. 15). The highest\\nadaptation when grown under irrigation is probably\\nfound in the inland valleys of Montana, Idaho,\\nWashington, Wyoming and Colorado. The most\\ngeneral adaptation in any one state or province is\\nprobably found in Ontario, with Michigan and Wis-\\nconsin close seconds. And the highest adaptation\\non the prairies is probably found in North Dakota,\\nnorthern Minnesota and Manitoba.\\nBut peas can be grown successfully for forage\\nand soiling food much further south than the line\\ndrawn as the southern limit of highest production of\\ngrain. This is more especially true when the peas\\nare grown in combination with other grain. When\\ngrown thus for pasture, the grain, of course, is not\\nconsidered, and when grown for soiling food it is\\nnot so important relatively as when the peas are\\ngrown for the fodder.\\nPlace in the Rotation. If a crop of peas is", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "(^S\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\n^A\\nA\\nlr\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb\\nc\\nI\\nc\\n!c\\nbe", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. IO9\\ngrown until mature (jn a piece of land and then har\\nvested, the land will contain more nitrogen than\\nbefore the peas were sown on it. It is evident, there-\\nfore, that the pea should be grown with an eye to\\npreparing the land for a crop that requires much\\nnitrogen, as, for instance, a crop of wheat or other\\ncereal, or a crop of corn. It is also evident that it can\\nbe grown successfully on soils lower in plant food\\nthan would suffice to produce a maximum crop of any\\none of the cereals, at least so far as concerns the pres-\\nence of nitrogen in the soil. If the ground is prop-\\nerly prepared it may be successfully grown on land\\nthat is foul with certain forms of weed life, as, for\\ninstance, annuals. But peas should not be grown\\non land infested with certain perennials, such as the\\nCanada thistle.\\nTheoretically, peas should not be sown on over-\\nturned sod. It is commonly considered better prac-\\ntice to give these lands up to other grain crops, as\\noats, because of the abundance of the vegetable mat-\\nter which they contain. Notwithstanding, peas\\ngrow handsomely on such land, the other conditions\\nbeing right, owing probably to the moisture which\\nis held for the peas by the grass roots as they decay,\\nand they put sod lands in excellent condition for\\nbeing followed with a cereal crop. Peas may be\\nsucceeded with much advantage if grown alone by\\nwinter wheat or rye, w^here the former can with-\\nstand the rigors of the winter. When followed by\\none or the other of these crops, the land requires\\nonly to be disked in preparing it, unless the soil\\nshould be foul with weed life.\\nSoil. The best soil for peas is a mild, porous\\nand moist clay loam, free from superfluous water", "height": "3383", "width": "2083", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I lO FORAGE CROPS.\\nin the soil or subsoil during all stages of the growth\\nof the plants. Sandy loams are good if moist, but\\nnot so good as clay loams. Peas will grow fairly\\nwell on stiff, unyielding clays, but not so quickly as\\non clay loams. Dry, sandy and gravelly lands defi-\\ncient in moisture are poor pea lands. The black\\nhumus soils of the prairie are prone to grow too\\nmuch straw for good yields of the grain. But this\\nis not objectionable when the peas are grown for\\nsheep forage along with other grain, or to provide\\nsoiling food. And muck lands are ill adapted to\\ngrowing peas for pasture or for the grain, since the\\nvines run chiefly to straw. While peas are rather\\neasily injured by drouth, if the soil on which they\\nare growing should be saturated with water for any\\nconsiderable time during their development, it would\\nbe fatal to the growing of the peas.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil for\\npeas, the aim should be, first, to plow the land in the\\nautumn unless where there are good reasons for not\\ndoing so; second, to plow it deeply; and, third, to\\nmake a fine seed bed. In localities where the win-\\nters are long, open and rainy, the land should not be\\nplowed in the fall. Nor is it necessary when the\\npeas are broadcasted and then plowed under. When\\nsod is plowed for peas, and more especially if it is\\nplowed for them in the spring, the furrow slices\\nshould be narrow and laid at an angle of about\\nforty-five degrees. When peas are broadcasted on\\nland thus prepared, they fall down in the depres-\\nsions between the cone or crest of the respective\\nfurrow slices. And when in covering the seed the\\nharrow is run straight along these furrow slices and\\nat one or two different angles over them, it drags", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. Ill\\ndown the earth into the depressions and in this way\\ncovers the seed. If the sod were turned over in\\nbroad furrow shoes and left in a flat state, it would\\nbe necessary to use the disk cultivator to make a\\nproper seed bed.\\nIt is not common to manure the land for peas,\\nbut manure will be very helpful on poor land. Farm-\\nyard manures are nearly always in order. When\\ncommercial fertilizers are to be used, phosphoric\\nacid and potash are likely to be more helpful than\\nnitrogen.\\nSolving the Seed. When peas and oats are\\nsown for sheep pasture, about three bushels of the\\ncombined mixture should be sown, but for some\\nsoils a less quantity will suffice. About equal parts\\nby measure of each kind of seed should be used, but\\nthere may be reasons for varying these proportions\\nas, for instance, when the oats grow more vigorously\\nthan the peas it would be necessary to increase the\\nproportion of the pea seed sown. The small varie-\\nties of field peas should be preferred, as they produce\\nmore forage. The seed may be mixed and sown\\nwith the drill, taking care to bury it deeply, as deep\\nas three to four inches. Sometimes the peas are\\nfirst sown broadcast and the land is then plowed, as\\ndeeply on light prairie soils as four to six inches,\\nand then the oats are drilled in less deeply. But on\\nthe whole, the first method is to be preferred when\\nit is the proper thing to plow the land in the fall for\\nthe reasons, first, that the moisture is better con-\\nserved second, that the labor is less, and, third, that\\nthe harrowing subsequently given by way of cultiva-\\ntion may be more thorough than when the oats are\\nplanted less deeply. And here it may be mentioned", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112 FORACE CROPS.\\nthat on firm st)ils wliorc ihcrc is usually ample rain-\\nfall it is not necessary to sow peas so deeply.\\nWhen peas are sown to furnish food for swine,\\nthe method is no way different from that of growing\\nI hem for the grain. Not less than two bushels of\\nthe seed of the small varieties should be sown per\\nacre, and not nu^re than throe and one-half bushels\\nof the large varieties. All things considered, the\\nsmall varieties are to be preferred. The aim shcnild\\nbe to sow the peas with the drill, and as in sowing\\nthem for sheep pasture, to bury them deeply. Of\\ncourse they can be broadcasted and i)lowed under,\\nbut the same objections will apply as when peas are\\nsown thus to provide sheep pasture. Peas should\\nnexer be broadcasted and covered simply with the\\nharrow, excei)t on sod land, the narrow furrow slices\\nof which are laid up as described in the preceding\\nsecti(Mi, or, in other words, as sod furrows are usu-\\nally turned over by Ontario i)l(nvnion. But it may\\nbe admissible sometimes to disk in peas on proj^erly\\nprepared land, \\\\\\\\1ien covered with the harrow st^ne\\nof the seed remains unburied, and if dry weather\\nshould follow, the peas will suffer much more than if\\nthey had l)ccn buried deeply. This one factor alone\\nmay make the difference between success and failure.\\nPeas sown for the grain they will produce, for\\nsheep pasture and for swine forage, had better be\\nsown as early as the land can be worked nicely in the\\nspring. But for the two purposes last named, there\\nmay be good reasons f(^r sowing them later, and as\\na rule the roller should follow the seed drill.\\nCulfri ati)if^. The (Mily cultivatic^n required by\\npeas s(nvn for sheep pasture or fov swine forage is\\na thoroui? h harrowin This should be given to", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. II3\\ntlicm before the seed appears above ground. It is\\nnot necessary that the harrow teeth shall go deeply\\ninto the ground. It is better that tlity should not\\ndo so, but the surface of the ground should be aM\\nstirred, even though the harrow shfmld have to be\\ndriven angle wise across the field after the first har-\\nrowing to accomplish the end sought. When the\\nsurface of the soil is thus stirred, the weeds that\\nhave sprouted are likely to die, and before they are\\nup again the peas are likely to be away ahead of\\nthem. The stirring of the soil also enables it the\\nbetter to hold the moisture. But there may be rea-\\nsons where such harrowing cannot be done because\\nof an excess of moisture. So much the worse will\\nit be, then, for the pea crop.\\nPasturing. When peas and oats are pastured\\nby sheep, they may l)e turned in to graze them down\\nwhen they are from six to ten inches high. The\\nsheep should not be allowed to pasture on them,\\nfc;r various reasons, when they are wet. If, when\\nthe pasture is grazed down, the sheep are shut away\\nfrcm it, the grain will soon spring up again, and vig-\\norously in moist weather, and will therefore furnish\\npasture a second time, and even a third time under\\nsome conditions. Peas and oats furnish an excel-\\nlent and a safe pasture for sheep and lambs. It is\\nexcellent because of its marked palatability, because\\nof the amount which it furnishes, and because of its\\ntimeliness. It comes in at a season when much milk\\nis wanted for the lambs, and much milk is sure to\\nbe the outcome if the dams are grazed upon this pas-\\nture when it is succulent. And it is safe because\\nno ill efifects may be expected from pasturing the\\nsheep upon it.\\n8", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114 FORAGE CROPS.\\nIf the pasture should i^row so fast that the\\nslieep could uot properly utilize it, the residue could\\nhe made into hay. l^it when so used, the sheep\\nshould he removed from the pasture some time ])re-\\nvious to cutting- the crop for fodder. And when\\nthe crop is jxastured for a time and the second growth\\nis made into hay, it will furnish the finest of hay;\\nsince the effect of the first pasturing is to cause the\\ngrain to stool out more than it (Otherwise w^ould. As\\na result the hay will he finer. But there may he\\ninstances in which the yield of the second grow^th\\nwould he very light, as on heavy and poor soils in\\na dry season. And it should not he forgotten that\\nif the oats are allowed to joint, or the peas to form\\nminiature huds for bh^ssoming before they are\\ngrazed down, their power to grow subsequently will\\nhe greatly lessened.\\nPeas are usually ])asture(l by swine before they\\nare matured, or after they are matured. When pas-\\ntured before the peas are ripe, it is common to begin\\nwhen the seeds are abcnit ready t(^ c(x^k, and to con-\\ntinue the grazing until the peas are ripe or until they\\nare all consumed. If the swdne are turned in to\\nglean at the stage indicated, they eat also of\\nthe green portions of the vine, hence the waste\\nof straw is much less if the gleaning can be all\\ndone while the peas are not yet (|uite ripe. This\\ncan be accomplished when the patch or field is not\\ntoo large.\\nSwine sIkhiIcI not be turned into a field of peas\\ngreen or ripe and left there for a long period at the\\nfirst. There is danger that the green peas wnll\\nderange the digestion and that the ripe peas will\\nswell in the stomach so as to cause death throu\u00c2\u00a3rh its\\no", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. II5\\nundue distension. But after a time the swine may\\nfcjrage upon them at will.\\nWhen foraj^ing upon ripe peas the swine should\\nnot have a larger area to feed upon than they can\\nconsume within a reasonahle time, otherwise the\\n])eas may waste much, especially in showery weather.\\nThe straw will, of course, be a total loss so far as\\nits food value may be concerned, and yet there are\\nareas where the lands are so cheap as to justify the\\npractice. The straw can be burned or plowed under.\\nIn several of the Rocky mountain valleys, peas may\\nbe grown as ])asture for swine in conjunction with\\nalfalfa. The swine can be grown chiefly on alfalfa\\nand then finished on peas, and with great profit to\\nthe grower. The swine gather the food for\\nthemselves.\\nAutumn pasture may also be furnished for\\nswine when moisture is present, by deferring the\\nburning of the straw or plowing the field so pas-\\ntured. The shelled jjeas that have been trodden into\\nthe ground by the feet of the swine will quickly grow\\nup and furnish excellent green pasture. But such\\npasture should not be sought for on stiff clays, lest\\nthe pasturing should lead to serious impaction of\\nthe land.\\nTHE COMMON VETCH.\\nThe common vetch (Vicia sativa) has not been\\nextensively grown on our continent, even where the\\nadaptation for it is all that could be desired. vSo\\nlittle attention has been given to it that its merits as\\na food for live stock are understood and appreciated\\nby only a very small percentage of those engaged\\nin agriculture.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "IK) J DUAi.l c K(\u00c2\u00bb1 S.\\nThe vetch is iA several species. But two of\\nthese, however, would seem to ha\\\\e heen m wn lt\\nany very great extent hy the inhahitants of Ani^io-\\nvSaxon speakini; countries. These are the eouuuon\\nvetch ami the sand vetch, and they are the only\\nkinds that will he included in the i)resent discussion.\\nrhe\\\\ will he considered separately, hecanse ol the\\ndistinctixe dilTerences in their hahits ^A i;rowth and\\nalso in general atlaptahility.\\nThe coninu^n \\\\etch includes the suh-\\\\ arieties\\nknown as winter ami sprini;- vetches, respectixely.\\nThese would seem to ha\\\\e sprung- from one and the\\nsame \\\\ariety. The dilTerences which now charac-\\nterize them ha\\\\e prohahly heen hroui^ht ahout hy the\\ndilTereiU season at which they ha\\\\e heen sown. The\\nlormer have hest adaptatii n for climates where the\\nw inters are mild. The latter, thoui^h hest adapted\\nto climates w ith cool summer temperatures, will also\\nL^row reasonahly well in warm climates if sown earl\\\\\\neimui^h in the season.\\nThe common \\\\etch hears no little resemhlance\\nto the ccMumon pea in its hahits o\\\\ ^rowth. Hut the\\n\\\\etch is more slender, has more tendrils and leaves,\\nthe Icaxes are more serrated, it hears its pods rather\\nin clusters than sini^l) or in pairs, and it i^r(n\\\\s more\\npersistently when ionized or eaten ofT hy h\\\\c stock\\nat any time previous to maturity. The seed is als(^\\nsmaller and is of a brown or hlack color. The flow-\\ners are purple.\\netches or tares, as they are sometimes called,\\nare much relished hy live stock n\\\\ all classes, and\\nthere are hut few kiutls oi focnl that are e(|uallv suit-\\nable for the animals of the farm. They are excel-\\nlent for milk production and their fattening- proper-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS I LANTS. liy\\nties are of a lii^li order. Hicy have special ada])ta-\\ntir)M for l)ciii^ ^rovvn alon^ with other grain to\\n])r()du(:c soihng food, and they may be made to ren-\\nder excellent service in pnjviding pasture for live\\nstock, especially shee]) and swine. But when grown\\nfor hay, for soiling food or for asture, vetches\\nshould be sown with some cereal grain to sustain\\nthem, because of their trailing habit of growth.\\nDistribution. The distribution of the common\\nvetch of the spring sub-variety is much the same as\\nthat of tlie field ])ea. l ut since the vetch can endure\\ncold even better than the ])ea, the limit of its growth\\nfor forage lies further north, and because of its abil-\\nity to withstand cold, a crop of spring vetches can\\nbe sown early enfnigh in the Gulf states to be pas-\\ntured off or cut for soiling food in time to be fol-\\nlowed by some other croj).\\nThe common s))ring vetch, notwithstanding its\\nability to withstand cold, has Imt little ability to\\nendure extreme heat, hence in climates with hf;t\\nsummer tem])eratures it would seem to have no\\nmission as a forage i)lant unless in the springtime.\\nIt would be ill ada])ted, therefore, to localities with\\nsevere winters and h(jt summers, such as are found\\nin the u])])er Mississii)pi basin and the river basins\\ntributary to the upi)er Mississip])i. And since the\\nwinter vetch would be ready for grazing much ear-\\nlier in states with mild winters, it would seem to be\\nwiser, therefore, in these latitudes to grow the winter\\nrather than the spring sub-variety.\\nSince the commrm s])ring vetch needs moist\\nweather as well as cool to perfect its growth, the\\nhighest arlaptation for this plant will probably be\\nfound on the Pacific slopes of Oregon, Washington", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "Il8 FORAGE CROPS.\\nand British Columbia. Next in point of adaptation\\nshould come the maritime provinces of Canada and\\nthe New EnHand states, and after these states and\\nprovinces, Quebec, Ontario, New York and the\\nnorthern parts of Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and\\nNorth Dakota, also Manitoba. While spring vetches\\ncan be grown further south, as stated, the hot\\nweather of summer is against them.\\nThe highest adaptation for the winter vetch\\nwill also be found probably in the Pacific coast states\\nwhich have been mentioned as possessed of highest\\nadaptation for the spring vetch. This is owing to\\nthe mildness of the winters, linked with the mod-\\nerate and moist summer temperatures. Next to\\nthese should come the Gulf states. How far north\\nthe winter vetch will prosper has not yet been\\ndetermined.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The vetch being- a legu-\\nminous plant should be grown as a land renovator.\\nThe aim should be, therefore, to ofrow it on land that\\nhad borne cereals. Like the pea, the vetch will grow\\nsplendidly on overturned sod lands, but such lands\\ncannot usually be spared for it. The winter vetch\\nmay be made to follow a crop that has been\\nharvested, because of the late season at which it is\\nsown. And in turn, when ])astured off this vetch\\nmay be followed by some catch crop, as rape, for\\ninstance, or sorghum, according as the climate is\\nfavorable to the grow^th of one or the other of these.\\nThe vetch crop should, as a rule, be followed by\\nsome cereal.\\nSoil. The common vetch, like the field pea,\\nflourishes best in a moist, clay loam soil of free work-\\ning texture. While it will grow most satisfactorily", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. I IQ\\nin a rich soil, it will grow better relatively in a poor\\nsoil than field peas. In nearly all respects it is a\\nmore rug-ged plant than the pea. But very hot suns\\nand warm winds will blight the vetch (juite as read-\\nily as the i)ea.\\nPreparing the Soil. When preparing the soil\\nfor vetches, the pulverization should be fine. For\\nspring sown vetches, deep fall plowing is to be pre-\\nferred. For autumn sown vetches the nature of the\\n])rcparatory cultivation will de])end somewhat on the\\ncrcj]) which they follow. The aim should be to have\\nthe land clean, firm and moist. If the vetch follows\\na hoed crop, as, for instance, early harvested pota-\\ntoes, it will suffice to disk the ground deeply and to\\nsmooth it with the harrow. If the cnj]) follows a\\ncereal, the land should be ])lowed some time before\\nsowing the seed, especially in dry weather, and then\\nit ought to be rolled and harrowed with a view to\\nenabling it to gather and hold moisture.\\nSowing the Seed. The spring vetch should be\\nsown for forage as early as the ground is dry enough\\nto be worked without injury. The winter vetch\\nought to be sown long enough before winter to\\nenable it to become firmly established that it may the\\nbetter withstand the rigors of the winter. But it\\nwill not avail to sow it until there is enough of mois-\\nture in the soil to sprout the seed. The seed may\\nbe broadcasted, but is better sown with the grain\\ndrill, either when sown alone or along with other\\nseed. It should be buried about as deeply as cereals.\\nWhen sown alone for pasture, four to six pecks of\\nseed per acre ought to be enough, but some authori-\\nties recommend an amount considerably larger, on\\nthe ground that when sown thus thickly the vetches", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "IJO FORACl-: CROPS.\\nwill more effectively smother weeds. When sown\\nwith a mixed crop, as winter rye or crimson clover,\\nthe proportion of the vetch seed to he sown mnst\\nmeasnrahly he determined hy the ahility of the land\\nto grow one or the tether of the crops named. The\\nmore aggressive the crop on that particular soil the\\nless of it should he sown. Ordinarily, from one to\\ntwo pecks of the vetch seed should suffice to sow in\\na mixed crop, whether of the spring or winter\\nvariety. The spring vetch is frequently sown with\\nsome cereal, as oats or harley, to provide pasture.\\nCultivation. The harrow is prohahly the c^nly\\nimplement that can henefit the vetch after it has\\nhegun io gnnv. As with peas, many of the weeds\\nthat would otherwise grow in the cn^p may he\\ndestroyed hy a judicious use of the harnnv hefore\\nthe vetches get ahove the surface of the grcnmd.\\nlUit when such seeds as rape (^r crimson clover are\\nsown with the vetches, the harrowing if done at all\\nshould he done wnth much discrimination, and with\\ncrimson clover it would i)n l)a1)ly he hetter not t(^\\nharrow at all. Rut the sowing of plants that would\\neasily he injured hy the harrowing could he deferred\\nuntil the vetches were ready to he harrowed.\\nPasturing. Vetches are more comnnMily\\ngrazed off hy sheep than hy other classes of li\\\\e\\nst(^ck. They are ready io he pastured when several\\ninches high. If grown along with cereals, as oats,\\nthe vetches, like the oats, will come again and\\nwith equal vigc^r where the conditions are favorahle\\nto the growth of the vetches. Care should he tak-en\\nnot to pasture off autumn vetches too earlv nor too\\nclosely, lest the winter weather should harm them.\\nThe extent of such pasturing during the late autumn", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 121\\nor early winter months that would be proper in each\\nlocality cannot be stated here.\\nObservations. i. But few plants grown have\\nbeen found more suitable than the common vetch in\\nproviding soiling food. It would seem to be equally\\nadapted to horses, cows, sheep and swine.\\n2. The hay of the common vetch is at least as\\nnutritious as clover and it is relished even more, but\\nit is easily injured by rain while being cured.\\n3. The seed is not commonly fed to live stock,\\nbut it furnishes an excellent food for them. The\\nseed crop is more precarious to grow than that of\\nmany other farm crops.\\n4. It is very probable that the common vetch\\ncan be utilized with much advantage in growing pas-\\nture for swine in conjunction with clover, but this\\ndoes not seem to have been proved by actual test in\\ntlie United States. The seed of both should be\\nsown early, and it will probably be found necessary\\nto pasture the vetches so closely that they will not\\nat any time get beyond the hight of six inches.\\nTHE SAND VETCH.\\nThe sand vetch (Vicia villosa) has but recently\\ncome into prominence in the United States. As yet\\nit has been tested in only a few localities, and in a\\nmajority of instances only in an imperfect way.\\nMuch caution, therefore, should be observed in dis-\\ncussing its merits, and also the various methods of\\ngrowing it, until these become better understood. In\\nboth respects the author has but little to fall back\\nupon save his own limited experience.\\nThe plants are naturally creeping in their habit", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 FORAGE CROPS.\\noi i^rowili. lion \\\\oiini;. os))oci;iIly, the tomlrils\\nhug the g n uiul cK^soly. Hioy arc liny and spiiulliiii;\\nat first, Init after a time they gTow w ith iniioh i!^\\\\ r\\n(Fig. lO). On the ciiHivated plat grown at the\\nIMinnesota l^niversity experiment station in iSc)/,\\nmany of tlie plants proilneecl eaeh fn^n eight to ten\\nrunners, not a few of whieh reaehed the length of\\neighteen to twenty feet, luich oi the runners pri\\ndneed numerons tentlrils, from, say, three Xo five feet\\nin length. These so intertw ined that it was almost\\nimpossihle to pnll away a single plant entire fn^ii\\nthe snrronnding mass. When well advaneed in\\ngrowth the runners are tough and ci^nseciuently hard\\nto pull asunder hy the animals in eating them.\\nDisfribufioii. llie sand veteh is very hardy\\nand is therefore adapted to a wide range of distri-\\nbution. It is pretty eertain that it may he gnnvn\\nin any part oi the United States, altlunigh only in\\nsome localities will it be fmnul more profitable than\\nthe common vetch. Where it cannot endure the\\ncold of winter it will nc^t be so profitable as when\\ngrown under conditions the opposite. It cannot be\\nso ])rofitably grown, therefore, in the northern states\\nas in those further south. It has never vet survived\\nthe winter at the Minnesota University experiment\\nstation, althcnigh the uneaten forage produced by it\\nhas been injured less by severe frosts prim- to the\\nfalling of the snow than the forage produced by anv\\nother plant grown at the station. It will doubtless\\nequal the common winter vetch in hardihood, and\\ntherefore can be grown in latitudes adapted to the\\ngrowth of the former. It shcnild survive the win-\\nters, speaking in a general way. in legalities south of\\nthe 40th parallel of north latitude, and also in some", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.\\n1^3\\n3\\n-i\\nsr\\nit\\n3\\na\\no\\na-\\n8\\nT. a", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 FORAGE CROPS.\\nlocalities several degrees north of that line. In\\nCanada its cnltivation is not likely to prove\\nprofitable.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Since the sand vetch is\\na legnme, and since it would seem to be more suitable\\nin providing pasture than for any other use, it\\nshould usually be grown between two crops of grain,\\n.as when thus grown it has a cleaning and also a reno-\\nvating influence upon the land.\\nSoil. As the name would indicate, the sand\\nvetch has special adaptation for sandy soils. It\\nwould seem to have a decided capacity to grow on\\nlight sands too poor to produce good crops of the\\ncommon vetch, the cowpea or crimson clover. But\\nit will, of course, grow more vigorously on a better\\nclass of soils.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil for\\nthe sand vetch the aim should be to secure a fine seed\\nbed. It is not usually difficult to do so on light soils,\\nInit such soils should also be firmed by running the\\nroller over them before sowing the seed. In some\\nof the southern states the seed of the sand vetch\\nmay be sown on stubble land irom which grain\\ncrops have been removed and then covered with\\nthe harrow.\\nSowing the Seed. Where the plants are\\nunable to endure the cold of winter, the seed can\\nonly be sown in the spring. At the Minnesota Uni-\\nversity experiment station, results somewhat encour-\\naging were obtained from sowing the seed along\\nwith oats. One bushel of the vetch seed was used\\nper acre along with half that amount of oats. The\\noats were cut for hay when nicely out in head. A\\nconsiderable proportion of the mixture consisted of", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. I25\\nvetches. While the oats were thus growing into a\\ncrop, the vetch plants had become firmly established.\\nAlthough they did not make a vigorous growth until\\nafter the oats were harvested, they then grew up\\nand covered the ground w^ith a dense carpet of fine\\nfoliage, which was pastured off by sheep just as the\\nwinter was closing in. The late season at which\\nthis plant can be pastured furnishes one reason w hy,\\nin some instances, it should be sown rather than rape.\\nThe attempts made by the author to grow the\\nvetches for autumn pasture by sowing them along\\nwith oats grown as a grain crop, and in the ordinary\\nway, were not altogether successful. The shade of\\nthe oats appeared to be too dense for the vetches.\\nBut the circumstances under which the trials were\\nmade were so unfavorable that quite a different\\nresult may possibly be obtained where the conditions\\nare more favorable.\\nWhere the plants w^ill survive the winter they\\ncan be most profitably sown in the autumn and as\\nearly as the arrival of the fall rains. It is then usual\\nto sow the seed along with winter oats or winter\\nrye. The latter is perhaps preferable, first, on\\naccount of its greater hardihood, and, second,\\nbecause of its greater ability to grow on poor land.\\nThe grain is sown with the vetch to furnish variety\\nin the pasture and to provide stems on which the\\nlatter may climb, but when the crop is pastured, the\\nnecessity of thus providing support for the vetches\\nwould not seem to exist.\\nHowever, the grain may greatly assist the vetch\\nin checking weed growth. The vetch starts so\\nslowly that alone it would seem to have but little\\nchance of ascendancy in the contest with weeds. One", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 FORAGE CROPS.\\nbiisliel of the vetch seed and one-half bushel of the\\nnurse crop are usually sown per acre. But the pro-\\nportions in which to blend the seed that will be found\\nthe most suitable for each locality can only be ascer-\\ntained bv actual test.\\nCnUivat ion. When the sand vetch is sown\\nalone or with some other crop, it would not seem to\\nbe necessary, usually, to give it any cultivation. But\\nin some instances a light harrow may be run over\\nthe land with decided advantage just before the\\nplants appear, and later the weeder may sometimes\\nbe thus used also. It may, how^ever, be sown in\\nrows and cultivated. In the plot thus grown at the\\nMinnesota University experiment station, the rows\\nwere thirty inches apart. A beautiful and dense\\nmass of foliage was secured which lay along upon\\nthe ground to the depth of one to two feet. The\\nyield was at the rate of 15.1 1 tons of green food per\\nacre. But it will not pay to grow the sand vetch\\nthus, because of the labor involved in keeping the\\nland clear while the plants are young. The creep-\\ning habit of the tendrils adds much to the labor of\\ncultivation.\\nPasHmng. Unquestionably the sand vetch has\\nbetter adaptability for providing pasture than for\\nproviding soiling food, fodder, or green manure.\\nNevertheless, some experiments in the southern\\nstates speak favorably of its adaptation to the pro-\\nduction of soiling food and also hay. When well\\nadvanced in growth it is not easily harvested, because\\nof the length and intertwining character of the ten-\\ndrils. And, for the same reason, it is not easily\\nburied with the plow. If pastured off by sheep\\nwhen not too far advanced it should readily grow", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 1 27\\nup again and again. Figure 17 represents sheep pas-\\nturing on sand vetches, October 30, 1897. The\\nmass of vine held aloft by the young man who\\nappears in the picture represents a single plant.\\nWhen the growth has become well advanced, sheep\\ndo not care to eat the stronger and more woody por-\\ntion of the tendrils.\\nObservations. i. Where the common winter\\nvetch can be grown successfully, it will probably be\\nfound superior to the sand vetch in providing soiling\\nfood and fodder, since it is more upright in its habit\\nof growth, is much more easily harvested and is less\\ntough in the stems.\\n2. When sowing sand vetches along with win-\\nter rye or other winter crops, the plan of sowing the\\ncombined crops at the same time would seem to be\\na good one.\\n3. The sand vetch could possibly be utilized in\\ncrowding out ferns that overshadow more useful\\nforms of growth in Washington and Oregon, by\\nsimply scattering the seed and not grazing too\\nclosely. And in the southern states it may yet be\\nmade to serve a similar purpose with other forms\\nof weed life.\\n4. The seed of the sand vetch cannot be grown\\nsuccessfully in any of the northern states of the\\nUnion east of the Rocky mountains. At the Min-\\nnesota experiment station only a few of the pods\\nmatured seed.\\nTHE COWPEA.\\nThe cowpea (Dolichos Chinensis) is proving an\\nunmingled blessing to the agriculturists of the\\nUnited States, and more especially to those of them", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "ij8\\nFORACl-: CROPS.\\na\\nX\\nW\\ni\\nb( I\\nc\\n0\\n60", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS I LAxVTS. 1 29\\nwho dwell in the southern half of the republic. It\\nis now bein^ ^^rown ior table use, for forage, for\\nsoiling food, and for winter fodder. But its great-\\nest value, probably, lies in its jxAver, first, to grow-\\nin worn and poor soils, and, second, in its power Xo\\nrenovate them. This renovating ])ower arises, first,\\nfrom the ability of this i)lant to gather nitrogen from\\nthe air and to store it in the soil seccjnd, from the\\nlarge amount of vegetable matter which it brings\\nto the soil in its roots and also in the vines when\\nplowed under; and, third, from the beneficial effects\\nwhich it exerts upon the soil mechanically.\\nFormerly the cow])ea was gn jwn more as a fer-\\ntilizer than as a focxl plant; hence it was generally\\nconsidered good ])ractice to plow under the entire\\ncrop. ut since it has been demonstrated that the\\nvines are even more valuable than the grain in fur-\\nnishing food f(jr stock, and that much fertility is\\nstored up in the roots, the ])ractice of using the vines\\nand the grain as food is beccmiing c|uite common.\\nThe cowpea resembles the bean more closely\\nthan the pea. In its habit of growth it is trailing,\\nrecumbent, semi-recumbent or erect, according to\\nthe variety and the favorable nature or otherwise of\\nthe surroundings. It has great power to gather\\nfood, even on poor soils, hence it can be grown on\\nsoils too ])oor even for growing clover. This fact,\\nlinked with its ability to withstand drouth, renders\\nit sim])ly indispensable to the farmers of the southern\\nand southwestern states, and also to those of the\\ncentral states.\\nThe cowpea will not grow satisfactorily in a\\ncold climate, hence, where the common field pea\\nflourishes the cowpea languishes, and where the com-\\n9", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130 FORAGE CROPS.\\nmen field pea begins to show signs of trouble or dis-\\ntress, from the excessive heat, the cowpea begins to\\nflourish accordingly it would not be incorrect to say\\nthat the southern isothermal for the common field\\npea is the northern isothermal for the cowpea. Either\\none of these plants, therefore, may be said to be the\\ncomplement of the other in the economy of our\\nagriculture.\\nThe cowpea is of very many varieties. These\\nare nearly all the product of the present century,\\nand the number is continually increasing. They\\ndiffer very much in their habits of growth. These\\ndifferences are such as relate, first, to the strength\\nof the vine and the amount of foliage and fruit\\nwhich it bears; second, to the character of the\\ngrowth, as erect, trailing or intermediate third, to\\nthe size, shape and color of the leaves, blossoms,\\npods and peas, respectively; and, fourth, to the time\\nof maturing. These differences cannot be dwelt\\nupon here. Among the favorite varieties in the\\nsouth are the Unknown, sometimes called Wonder-\\nful, the Clay and the Whippoorwill or Speckled.\\nAmong the favorite varieties in northerly latitudes\\nare the Whippoorwill and the Black.\\nDistribution. It has already been intimated\\nthat the cowpea is a child of the sun, and that in con-\\nsequence it is not adapted to cool latitudes. In its\\nmost perfect form it cannot at present be grown with\\nmarked success east of the Mississippi and north of\\nforty degrees, that is to say, north of the cities of\\nPhiladelphia, Columbus, Indianapolis and Spring-\\nfield, in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana\\nand Illinois, respectively. West of the Mississippi\\nthe line would run across the states of Iowa,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. I3I\\nNebraska, Wyoming-, Idaho and Oregon, till it\\nreaches the Cascade mountains. It would then turn\\nsouth to the northern boundary of California, which\\nit would follow to the ocean. In some favored val-\\nleys this plant can be grown north of the line thus\\ndrawn, and on many elevations south of that line it\\ncannot be successfully grown. But it will probably\\nbe f(nmd that north of that line the common field pea\\ncan better be made to serve any ends sought by\\ngrowing the cowpea, and vice versa. But beyond\\nall question the limit of the successful production\\nof the Cfnv])ea will be extended further to the north\\nin the near future. Providence is good, nature is\\naccommodating and man is wise. By a careful\\nchoice of varieties, coupled with rigid selection of\\nthe early maturing seeds from vigorous plants, it\\nwill be found that the line of successful growth of\\ncowpeas will be pushed much further to the north,\\nas has Vjeen done in growing Indian corn. Within\\nthe past three months and since the above was for-\\nwarded for publication, cowpeas of the TLarly Black\\nvariety have been grown for pasture and grazecl\\noff by sheep with much success at the Minnesota\\nUniversity ex])eriment farm, as seen in Figure 18.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The cowpea being a\\nlegume should be made to follow a crop that had\\ndrawn heavily on the nitrogen in the soil, as, for\\ninstance, a crop of grain or corn. And since it is\\na soil renovator it ought to be followed by some such\\ncrop as cotton, or corn, or sugar cane. And since\\nin the south, where there is a long season for growth,\\nthe cowpea can be grown as a catch crop, it may be\\nmade to follow such winter cn)ps as rye, rape,\\nvetches or oats, and it may also be made to come", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\np\\nS\\nc c\\no c", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. ^^33\\nafter any garden or field crop that has been har-\\nvested early, as potatoes, for instance. When soils\\nare much worn a crop of cowpeas turned under after\\nrye will bring speedy renovation to the land. And\\nif the peas should be pastured off upon the land, the\\nsoil would still be left almost as rich as though the\\nentire crop had been buried. Hence it is that the\\ngrowing of cowpeas for soil renovation and pas-\\nturing them off may go hand in hand. And since,\\nowing to the long season of open weather in the\\nsouth, tw^o crops can oftentimes be grow^n in suc-\\ncession in one season for renovating the land, two\\ncan also be grown in one season for pasture.\\nSoil. Cowpeas will grow better on a rich soil\\nthan on a soil that is poor. But in soils that are\\noverrich, they will produce an excess of vine in pro-\\nportion to the fruit which they bear. Notwithstand-\\ning, one of the grand properties of the cowpea arises\\nfrom its ability to grow in poor soils. It is a deep\\nand also a gross feeder; hence, when once started,\\nthe plants will go down into the subsoil and gather\\nfood to sustain growth in soils where various other\\nuseful farm products would pine and die.\\nThough this plant will give a good account of\\nitself on poor soils even, it is much better able to do\\nso when some fertilizer, as superphosphate, for\\ninstance, has first been applied to the land. The\\ncowpea, however, like the common pea, will give the\\nbest returns from soils in w^hich the clay element is\\npresent in considerable quantities. And even on\\nstiff, red clays, the plants are able to make a strong\\ngrowth. But they are easily injured by a super-\\nabundance of moisture, even though confined to\\nthe subsoil.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "134 FORAGE CROPS.\\nPreparing the Soil. Since cowpeas in the south\\nmay be placed ahnost anywhere in the rotation, since\\nthey may be sown as an intervening crop and as a\\ncatch crop, and since they may be sown at ahnost\\nany time during- the growing season when the ground\\nis moist enough to sprout them, the methods to be\\nadopted in preparing the land will of necessity vary.\\nIt would unduly encroach on space to give in detail\\nthe mode of preparing the land that would suit every\\ninstance. But when so preparing it, the aim should\\nbe to secure fine tilth, a firm seed bed and enough\\nmoisture to start the crop. After a cultivated crop\\nwhich has been kept clean, such as a crop of potatoes,\\nit may be well in some instances simply to disk the\\nland without plowing it when preparing it for cow-\\npeas, especially when there is a scarcity of moisture.\\nAnd this method of preparing the land for peas to\\nbe grown for pasture or to provide fertility after\\na harvested crop on clean land, may also be the best,\\nbut there may be exceptions.\\nOn soils low in fertility it will usually pay to\\napply some fertilizer. While farmyard manure is\\nadmirably adapted to promoting the growth of the\\nvines, it can seldom be spared for this crop in the\\nsouth. Nor is it considered strictly economical to\\nuse it thus, since the nitrogen content in the manure\\nis not absolutely needed by the pea crop. If nitro-\\ngen is used, it can be applied with advantage in the\\nform of nitrate of soda. The nitrate should be\\nsown broadcast a short time after the crop has\\nappeared above ground. Potash when used should,\\nas a rule, be sparingly applied, and on some soils,\\nespecially such as are covered with oak or hickory\\ntimber, it does not seem to be needed.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 1 35\\nOn the average southern soil, superphosphates\\nseem to be the great need of the cowpea crop. The\\nfertiHzer would seem to increase the crop in propor-\\ntion as it is used, up to the extent of 400 pounds per\\nacre. But a light application, as light as fifty pounds\\nper acre, will render much benefit to the same if\\nincorporated with the soil in proximity to the seed.\\nWhen the peas are planted in rows and cultivated,\\nthe superphosphates should be thus applied, but when\\nthey are broadcasted or sown with the grain drill,\\nall the tubes running, the fertilizer may also be\\nbroadcasted and incorporated with the soil near the\\nsurface while the peas are being sown.\\nSowing. The time for sowing cowpeas will\\ndepend upon the climate and the purpose for which\\nthe peas are sown. Evidently the period during\\nwhich they may be sown will, in some localities,\\ncover several months. But in no case should they\\nbe sown before both soil and weather have become\\nwarm, otherwise the seed will be almost certain to\\nrot in the soil. This peculiarity of the cowpea\\nstands much in the way of growing it successfully\\nin the north. The seed of this plant should seldom\\nbe sown earlier than the late corn planting season.\\nWhether the seeds should be sown broadcast,\\nwith the grain drill, using all the tubes, or only some\\nof them, will depend upon conditions. The aim\\nshould be to avoid broadcasting them, since when\\nthus sown it is not easy to cover them with the har-\\nrow so that the rain w^ill not wash them out. But\\nthe disk harrow, followed by the ordinary harrow,\\ncould be made to provide a sufficient covering when\\nthe seed is thus broadcasted. If sown for sheep\\npasture, ordinarily the seed drill ought to be used,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "136 FORACK CROPS.\\nall the tul)os \\\\vcM*kini;\\\\ F(M-ai;e fine rather than\\ncoarse will thus he seeured. When si \\\\vn to proxicle\\njKisture for cattle, in man) instances only e\\\\ ery other\\ndrill tnhe is usetl. The pasture is then slr\u00c2\u00ab ni;er, hut\\nit is also coarser than when sown w ith all the tuhes\\nin use. If sown only iov the i;rain or to ])rovi(le\\nswine ])asture, the nnvs are planted still wider, that\\nhorse cultivation may he j^iven them, it is mani-\\nfest, therel ore, that the amount of seed required will\\nvary w ith the ohject sought when growing the peas.\\nWhile the amount of seed recjuired slunild sel-\\ndom exceed one and one-half hushels jkm* acre,\\nsometimes only a fractional i)art of that amount is\\nrequired.\\nThe comhinatic^ns with which cowpeas may ])e\\ngrown as forage do not appear to he well ascertained\\nas yet, hut there would seem to be no g-ood reason\\nwhv thev ccHild not he qrown aloui?- with C(M-n sor-\\nghum. rape, vetches, and other forage plants. Thev\\nshoultl have special adaptati(^n for being grown\\nalong with sorghum for sheep pasture.\\nCiiltk atioii. Cowpeas may usually he har-\\nrowed with some advantage to the crop and to the\\nsoil a short time before they appear alxn-e the sur-\\nface (^f the ground. But w hen sown by hand it may\\nbe better tt^ use some form of weeder, lest the peas\\nbe too much disturbed by the process. Ordinarily\\nno other cultivation is given w hen the crop is grown\\nfor pasture or for being i)lowed under, but in some\\ninstances a weeder and even a light harnwv mav be\\nused with ad\\\\antage after the cn^p has appeared.\\nhen gnwvn for the grain the lu^rse cultivatic^n\\nshould he very similar {o that given to a 1)ean c\\\\ o\\\\^.\\nIt should be sufficiently frequent to keep the ground", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 1 37\\nclean and moist until the peas have grown so far\\nthat further cultivation would injure them.\\nPasturing. When C(: wpeas are pastured with\\nsheep, the pasturing may begin before the peas have\\nreached the blossoming stage, and when pastured\\nwith cattle, about the time that they come into bloom.\\nBut these statements are only intended to be gen-\\neral. There may be reasons why, with both these\\nclasses of live stock, pasturing may be commenced\\nearlier or later. But when swine are to pasture\\nupon the peas, the latter should be allowed to attain\\nfull size before turning the swine upon them. The\\nleast waste arises when the crop is pastured off\\nwith sheep, and it may be mentioned here that cow-\\npeas usually spring up vigorously again when grazed\\noff. Especially is this true of them during the\\nearlier stages of growth.\\nObservations. i. While cowpeas make excel-\\nlent forage when cured properly, they are difficult\\nto cure. They are, therefore, better adapted rela-\\ntively to providing forage than hay, and this fact\\nshould not be overlooked by those who may engage\\nin growing them.\\n2. Cowpeas would doubtless be much more\\nextensively grown for hay or fodder and also for\\nthe grain, but for the difficulty in harvesting them.\\nThe pea harvester, such as is used in Canada in\\nharvesting field peas, should do this work admirably,\\nbut it does not appear to have been introduced into\\nsections where cowpeas are grown. It is simply an\\nattachment to the field mower. This attachment is\\ninexpensive and yet very efficient. With a driver\\nand one man walking behind to remove the\\nbunches, cowpeas may be harvested nearly as", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "138 FORAGE CROPS.\\n(|uickly as hay, however much the vines may trail\\nalong the ground.\\nTHE SOY BEAN.\\nThe soy hean (Glycine hispida) was prohahly\\nintroduced into the United States from Japan more\\nthan twenty years ag(X Like cowpeas, it may he\\ngrown for the grain, for soiling foc^d, for ensilage,\\nfor pasture and for green manuring. Its greatest\\nvalue, however, will prohahly he found in furnish-\\ning soiling food for dairy cows, as it is in tlie proper\\ncondition for heing thus fed at that season of\\nthe year when hut few i)lants are availahle for\\nsuch a use that is to say, during the latter part\\nof summer.\\nThe soy hean, like the cowpea, is a hot weather\\nl)lant, hut it would seem to he ahle to stand more\\ndrouth than the former. It has nuich adaptation,\\ntherefore, for localities that are hoth warm and dry.\\nWhen once well rooted, hot winds that would wilt\\nand wither many other forms of vegetation will not\\nseriously injure the soy hean.\\nSome authorities claim that the soy hean will\\nnot succeed so well on poor soils as the cowpea.\\nNevertheless, it can he successfully grown on soils\\nlow in fertility, and may therefore, like the cowpea,\\nbe turned to good account as a renovator of the soil.\\nExperience in pasturing the soy hean in the\\nUnited States has not heen extensive. It is impos-\\nsible, therefore, at present to give its precise value\\nas a pasture plant under American conditions. But\\nsince it is stiffer in the stem and UK^re erect in its\\nliahit of growth than the cowpea. and in conse-\\nquence is more easily broken off than the latter, it", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 1 39\\nshould pnjvc less valuable relatively in providing\\npasture, especially for cattle and sheep.\\nThis plant, like the cow^pea, develops somewhat\\nslowly at first, especially in northerly latitudes, but\\nlater it grows more rapidly. In appearance it\\nresembles a common bean, but the fcjliage is larger\\nand much more luxuriant, and the habit of growth\\nis more upright, as previously intimated. With all\\nthe conditions favorable this plant in some of its\\nvarieties will grow to the bight of at least four feet,\\nand it produces a large yield of green food. And\\nwhere the seasons are long enough, the plants lade\\nheavily with ])ods which mature a food for stock\\nthat is exceedingly rich in ])rotein.\\nDistribution. The distribution of the soy bean\\nis not very different from that of the cowpea, at least\\nso far as concerns climatic conditions (see Page\\n130) But some of the early varieties, as the medium\\nor green, can be grown successfully further north\\nthan the cowpea. The claim, however, that they\\nwill flourish as far north as corn is not quite correct,\\nalthough good results have been obtained from\\ngrowing them at the Massachusetts ex])eriment sta-\\ntion. Since the soy bean re(|uires better land than\\nthe cowpea, its distribution will be somewhat more\\ncircumscribed, that is to say, it will be more sec-\\ntional within the general area where it may be grown\\nat its best. And since it will stand dnnith better\\nthan the cowpea, it has special adaptation for some\\nof the states west of the Mississippi and south of\\nMinnesota, as, for instance, the states of Kansas,\\nNebraska, Arkansas and Oklahoma.\\nWhile the soy bean can be grown at its best in\\nall the states south of the Ohio and east of the Mis-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "140 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsissippi, and while it is likely to prove worthy of an\\nimportant place in the agriculture of these states, it\\nis not likely that it will ever wholly supplant the\\ncowpea. But it may prove a great aid to the latter\\nin furnishing food and in renovating the soil. North\\nof the Ohio and east of the Mississippi the soy bean\\ncan be grown with more or less success, even up to\\nthe Canadian border. But within much of this area\\nit cannot be depended on to mature its seeds. For\\nthis reason, and for the further reason that clover\\ngrows well within the same area, it is likely that the\\nsoy bean will not be looked upon as an indispensable\\ncrop within the limits of the area that is being con-\\nsidered. When clover fails, however, it may some-\\ntimes prove advantageous to sow soy beans to sup-\\nply the lack.\\nIn the states north of the Missouri and west of\\nthe Mississippi, there is probably no place for the\\nsoy bean in the economy of the farm, unless in the\\ntriangle between those rivers at the juncture, which\\nincludes a part of Minnesota, Iowa and South\\nDakota. In the Rocky mountain valleys south\\nfrom Montana and \\\\\\\\^ashington it may grow\\nwell under irrigation, but the excellent crops of\\nalfalfa which grow in these valleys are likely to ren-\\nder its growth less necessary. In Canada the soy\\nbean is not likely ever to gain a permanent foothold,\\nunless its properties should become considerably\\nmodified.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The place in the rota-\\ntion for the soy bean is not far different from that\\nof the cowpea (see Page 131) It is generally\\ngrown as a cleaning crop, and when so grown it\\nought to be placed between two grain crops, if it is", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. I4I\\npracticable to grow it thus. Its province as a catch\\ncrop is more circumscribed than that of the cowpea,\\nsince in many of its varieties it takes longer to\\nmature. Nevertheless, there are many crops which\\nit may be made to follow the same season, as, for\\ninstance, winter rye, winter wheat, grain forage\\neaten down, or an early crop of potatoes.\\nSoil. A warm, rich vegetable soil with a\\nporous subsoil is best adapted to the growth of the\\nsoy bean. The soils of the fertile prairie, therefore,\\nare a natural home for it. It will also grow admir-\\nably in the russet volcanic ash soils of the country\\nwest of the Rocky mountains. On poor, sandy soils\\nit will not make a large growth unless these are first\\nfertilized. A moderate amount of clay in the soil\\nis grateful to the soy bean, but an excess of clay in\\nthe soil or subsoil hinders growth. Of course a soil\\nsaturated with water during much of the period of\\ngrowth would be fatal to success.\\nPreparing the Soil. The preparation of the\\nsoil for the soy bean is much the same as for the\\ncowpea (see Page 134). A reep, fine, firm and\\nmoist seed bed should be sought. But this does not\\nnecessarily imply that the plowing shall be deep\\nwhen done in the early summer and on the dry soils\\nof the prairie. When the soy bean is planted after\\na grain crop which has just matured, a free use of\\nthe harrow and roller should be made in a normal\\nseason to conserve moisture. When the soil needs\\nfertilizing, those fertilizers which are most needed\\nby the cowpea are also most needed by the soy bean,\\nand the mode of applying them is also similar (see\\nPage 134).\\nSozving. Soy beans are commonly sown on", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "142 FORAGE CROPS.\\nlevel land, but there may be some few instances when\\nraised drills would be superior. When sown for the\\ngrain, for ensilage, for soiling food or for hay they\\nare put in with the grain drill. But they may also\\nbe planted with a corn planter or a bean planter. It\\nis customary to make the rows about thirty inches\\napart. If the crop were grown for pasture the\\nrows could be made considerably closer, under some\\nconditions, but not so close as to preclude cultiva-\\ntion, except such as may be given with the har-\\nrow. There may be instances when it would be\\nadvisable to broadcast a crop of soy beans. When\\nthe rows are thirty inches apart, from two to four\\npecks of seed will suffice per acre. If the rows were\\nplaced closer, as for growing forage, more seed\\nought to be used.\\nThe soy bean and the cowpea should grow\\nfairly well together. The beans would furnish\\nsome support to the peas. But further experiments\\nare required before it can be claimed that this method\\nof growing them has any decided advantage over\\ngrowing the beans separately. At no time should\\nthe seed be sown earlier than the corn planting sea-\\nson, and north of the 40th parallel of latitude it\\nought to be planted later. But south of that line,\\ngood crops have been grown, the seed of which was\\nnot planted until July. In the north, early varieties\\nonly should be sown, and even in the south very late\\nvarieties ought not to be used.\\nCultivation. The cultivation suitable for the\\nsoy bean is about the same as that which ought to be\\ngiven to the cowpea (see Page 136). A harrow\\nwith the teeth aslant can be used with advantage\\nbefore the beans are up, and also in some instances", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "LEGUMINOUS PLANTS\\n143\\n3\\n09\\n3\\nn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a20\\n3\\n3 3\\np 00\\nq 3\\n09\\n(D\\n3", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "144 FORAGE CROPS.\\nat a later period. The cultivation should be prompt\\nand generous, more especially when the plants\\nare young.\\nPasturing. But little can be said as to the best\\nmodes of pasturing off this crop in the present state\\nof our knowledge. It has not been much grown for\\npasture, although some instances are on record\\nwhere it has been so grown. There would seem to\\nbe no good reasons why it should not be pastured off\\nby sheep and swine and even by cattle, although\\ncattle would doubtless waste more or less through\\ntreading upon the plants. At the Alinnesota Univer-\\nsity experiment station, lambs fed off the pods and\\nleaves, but not the coarse stems. Cattle and sheep\\nunused to soy bean pasture might not take kindly to\\nit at first, but doubtless they would soon become\\nfond of it. A view of sheep pasturing on soy beans\\nis presented in Figure 19.\\nOhservations. i. For making hay, the soy\\nbean should be cut when the beans in the pod are\\nfully half grown, or before the lower leaves begin\\nto fall freely, and the aim should be to handle it but\\nlittle during the curing process, lest many of the\\nleaves should be lost.\\n2. The soy bean is an excellent soiling plant,\\nsince it produces a large yield of green food per\\nacre and very rich in quality.\\n3. When mixed with corn in the silo the qual-\\nity of the ensilage is thereby considerably improved.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nRAPE AND CABBAGE.\\nSeveral plants of the Brassica genus have been\\ngrown as forage for many years in Great Britain\\nand other European countries, and so they will be,\\ndoubtless, in the near future in the United States.\\nOnly two of these, viz., rape and cabbage, will be\\nconsidered here, as these are the only two species of\\nthis genus that have hitherto been grown for forage\\non this continent. Some of the other plants of the\\nBrassica genus that may yet be introduced will be\\nconsidered in Chapter XI. Of these two plants,\\nrape is unquestionably the more important for for-\\nage, but the day is probably near when cabbage also\\nwill be extensively grown, more especially to pro-\\nvide late pasture for sheep.\\nRAPE.\\nThe rape plaint (Brassica napus) is beyond all\\nquestion one of the most useful fodder plants that\\nhas yet been introduced into the United States, and\\nso it is likely to continue through all time. In writ-\\ning to the agricultural press in 1890, the author ven-\\ntured the opinion that the day would come when\\n10,000,000 sheep and lambs would be fattened every\\nyear in the United States on rape. Why should\\nsuch a statement be looked upon as extravagant?\\nIt would require only 1,000,000 acres of rape to\\naccomplish such an end.\\n10 145", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146 FORAGE CROPS.\\nThe rape plant has been grown for forage in\\nGreat Britain and some other countries of Europe for\\nabout 200 years. It is also probable that for many\\nyears it has been grown for a similar use in limited\\nareas of the United States, but not to any great\\nextent until quite recently. Its superlative value as a\\nfodder ]3lant for sheep is even now not known to one\\namong a thousand of our farmers. The isolated\\nfew who grew it did so mainly as an aid in\\npreparing their sheep for competing at the live\\nstock fairs. Many of them did so in a sort of\\nsecretive way. So long as their competitors did\\nnot know its value, the growers of rape felt\\nthat in the show rings they would have an advan-\\ntage over their rivals who were ignorant of the\\nvirtues of the plant.\\nIn Wellington and two or three of the other\\ncounties of Ontario, rape has been grown in con-\\nsiderable quantities for nearly a quarter of a cen-\\ntury, if not indeed for a longer period, but except\\nin these counties rape does not seem to have been\\ngrown elsewhere in Canada prior to the experiments\\nconducted with it by the author at the Ontario gov-\\nernment farm at Guelph. These experiments began\\nin 1889. The first bulletin based upon them\\nappeared in 1890. At that time it was afiirmed by\\nleading seedsmen who were in a position to know\\nthat there were not 500 pounds of rape seed sold per\\nannum to provide sheep pasture in all the United\\nStates. The same authorities have expressed the\\nopinion that in 1897 not less than 500,000 pounds of\\nrape seed were sold by the seedsmen of the\\nsame, that is to say, enough to sow 125,000 to\\n150,000 acres. It would now be hazardous to", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 47\\ntry to fix any limits to extension in the growth\\nof this plant.\\nRape will grow in one form or another in nearly\\nall parts of this continent. The season for sowing\\nit usually covers a period of about three months. In\\nsome climates it covers a period considerably longer.\\nThe farmer, therefore, can generally find some spot\\non which to grow it without diminishing the area of\\nthe other crops grown. It can be sown in a score\\nof different ways and under a score of different con-\\nditions. When once started it will stand much\\ndrouth and cold. If desired it may be so grown\\nthat the cultivation given to it will be found pecul-\\niarly helpful in cleaning the land (Fig. 20). It\\nfurnishes one of the finest pastures for sheep and\\nswine that can be grown for them, and it makes\\nexcellent soiling food for any class of live stock kept\\nupon the farm. It may be grown as a catch crop\\nand also as a green manure. It is indeed a veritable\\njewel among the forage crops of this country, as in\\naddition to the good qualities just enumerated, its\\nfood value, pound for pound, is about twice that of\\ngreen clover, and it will usually grow about twice as\\nmuch per acre.\\nThe rape plant bears a close resemblance to the\\nrutabaga in the early stages of its growth. So close\\nis this resemblance that an expert cannot distinguish\\nbetween them. The former, however, becomes more\\nupright as it clevelops and produces much more of\\ntop than the latter, but its root is fusiform and there-\\nfore of no value for food purposes. Its many prongs\\nand long rootlets penetrate the soil in all directions,\\nhence it is a gross feeder and draws heavily on the\\nsoil. But since it is commonly pastured off by live", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "148\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\ns\\na\\ne\\no\\na\\na\\nc\\no\\na\\n4\\nV\\nJ=\\n60", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. I49\\nstock where it has grown, the soil will not be\\ndepleted of its fertility where rape has been thus\\ngrown and pastured.\\nRape is an annual. It is of several varieties.\\nSome of these mature their seeds the same year that\\nthey are sown. Such are the varieties that are sown\\nto provide food for certain birds and also to furnish\\noil. But sometimes the winter varieties are used\\nto furnish oil. The summer varieties are not of\\nmuch value for forage, since the proportion of leaf\\ngrowth upon them is small, the season for pasturing\\nthem is brief, as the stems which shoot upward to\\nsustain the seed pods when formed soon become so\\nwoody that live stock do not relish them. The\\nvarieties that are really valuable for forage do not\\nmature seed the same year that they are sown, and\\nof these the Dwarf Essex is probably the best.\\nIndeed, it is about the only kind that has heretofore\\nbeen thought worthy of cultivation in this country.\\nDistribution. The Dwarf Essex rape can be\\ngrown with more or less success in nearly all the\\narable portions of the United States and Canada,\\nproviding due attention is given to the requisite\\nvariations as to the time and also as to the method of\\nsowing it in the various states and provinces. It is\\nwhat may be termed a cool weather plant, hence in\\ngrowing it the best results relatively may be looked\\nfor in the states which extend northward to the\\nCanadian boundary. And in the tier of states that\\nlie immediately to the south of these border states,\\nfairly good crops may be grown. But the adapt-\\nability of the republic to rape production would seem\\nto lessen with the increase in distance from the\\nnorthern boundary line, and yet there is perhaps no", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "150 FORAGE CRUPS.\\nstate in the Union in which the rape plant cannot\\nbe turned to good account in furnishing forage, pro-\\nviding it is grown at that season of the year when\\nthe temperature is best adapted to its growth. Moist\\nand moderately cool climates are the most favorable\\nto the growth of rape, hence it does particularly\\nwell in those portions of New England where the\\nsoil is sufficiently rich to grow it, and also on the\\nfinal slope of the Pacific coast, in Oregon, Washing-\\nton and British Columbia. All the arable portions\\nof Canada will grow rape in good form, but in none\\nof the provinces does it succeed better than in\\nOntario.\\nThe seed is all imported at present from Great\\nBritain and other European countries. It cannot\\nbe grown with much success in the northern and\\nmiddle states, and in the provinces of Canada, east\\nof the Rocky mountains, owing to the coldness of\\nthe winters. In some of the states that lie pretty\\nwell to the southward and that are also favored with\\na goodly supply of moisture, it may be demonstrated\\nthat rape seed may be grown with success. And\\non the Pacific slopes, more especially those which\\nborder on Puget Sound, the indications all point\\nto singular adaptability for the production of the\\nseed of this plant (Fig. 21\\nPlace in the Rotation. When rape is sown in\\ndrills and properly cultivated it becomes a cleaning\\ncrop which may be made as efYective as the best\\nmanaged bare fallow in cleaning the soil. If thus\\ngrown it may be given any place in the rotation, but\\non account of the beneficent influence on the crops\\nthat follow, it may be well to sow it on land that\\nneeds to be freed from superabundant weeds, When", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "RAPK AND CABBAGE.\\nI-\\nFig. 2!. Rape Grown for Seed.\\nWhatcom County, Washington.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "152 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsown broadcast it ought to be on rich and clean land,\\notherwise the growth will not be sufficiently vigor-\\nous, and the weeds may choke the rape. If sown as\\na catch crop or as a green manure it may be made\\nto follow any kind of crop, as occasion may\\nrequire, even though weed seeds may be abundantly\\npresent in the land, for the pasturing or the plowing\\nin of the crop, as the case may be, can be done suffi-\\nciently early to prevent the maturing of wxed seeds\\nin the rape.\\nThis plant may usually be broadcasted with\\nadvantage on overturned sod. The abundance of\\nthe vegetable matter furnished by the grass roots\\npromotes growth, and such lands are not so liable to\\nbe filled with weed seeds or other germs of plant life,\\nas lands that have been cropped successively with\\ngrain for a term of years. If rape is sown after win-\\nter rye, or mixed grains or corn that has been eaten\\noff, two crops may thus be obtained in a single year\\nfrom the same piece of sod. Such cropping is favor-\\nable to the clearing of the land, howsoever the rape\\nmay be grown. And the same is true when it fol-\\nlows cereal crops or clover that has been harvested\\nat maturity. It may also be grown with much\\nadvantage on land that is being summer fallowed,\\nwhether the rape crop is turned under or pastured\\noff. The aim should be to follow rape that has been\\ncultivated with some cereal crop, because of the\\nfavorable condition in which it leaves the land for\\ngrowing these crops.\\nSoil. Rape is best adapted to what may be\\ntermed deep, rich, moist and free working soils, well\\nstored with humus. It grows magnificently in muck\\nsoils not unduly saturated with water during the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 53\\nseason of growth. On stiff clays, the seed is slow\\nof germination, and subsequent development on this\\nclass of soils is also slow. On poor, sandy lands it\\nmay start rjuickly, but the growth will not be vigor-\\nous unless fertilizer in some suitable form has been\\nfreely ajjplied to them. When moisture is present,\\ngood farmyard manure is particularly favorable to\\nthe growth of rape. Nor would it be easy to sup-\\n])ly the manure in excessive quantities. Commer-\\ncial fertilizers rich in hosphates have been found\\nvaluable in stimulating the growth of this plant.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil for\\nrai)e, much will depend upon its nature, upon the\\ncharacter oi the season, ancl upon the time of year\\nwhen the rape is sown. But, in any event, the aim\\nshould be to have the seed bed fine, moist, and as\\nclean as it can be made under the conditions. When\\ntlie crop is sown early, moisture is usually present in\\nample sujji^ly. If it is sown in the late spring or\\nduring the summer the roller should follow close\\nupon the i^lowing to prevent the escape of moisture.\\nWHien the seed is sown early, or when the rape crop\\nfollows just after the removal of another crop, but\\nlittle can be done by way of sprouting weed seeds\\nwith a view to destroying them before sowing the\\nrape seed; but if it is not sown until the season is\\nadvanced and on land not previously cropped the\\nsame year, there is ample time to clean the land on\\nand near the surface before the rape is sown.\\nSowing. The time for sowing rape will\\ndepend, first, on the object sought in growing it;\\nsecond, on the nature of the seasrjn and, third, on\\nthe character of the climate. Ra])e sown for pas-\\nture will usually reach a maximum growth in from", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 FORAGE CROPS.\\neight to twelve weeks from the time of sowing the\\nseed. To provide sheep pasture, rape is not com-\\nmonly sown until after the season for planting corn,\\nas it is in the autumn that such pasture is most\\nwanted. But to pro\\\\ ide swine pasture it ought to\\nbe sown early, and also later at successive intervals.\\nIn ccnnitries with moist autumns and mild winters,\\nit may he advantageous to sow the seed in the\\nautumn.\\nThe method of sowing will depend upon such\\nconditions as the nature of the climate, the strength\\nof the soil, its cleanness or the opposite, whether the\\nseed is sown alone or along with another crop, and\\non the nature of the machinery at hand for sowing\\nit. The more moist the climate, the stronger the\\nsoil and the cleaner the land, the less the\\nhazard in l)roadcasting the seed. The drier tlie\\nclimate, the poorer the soil, and the more foul the\\nland, the greater the necessity for sowing in drills\\nthat cultivation may be given. When cleaning the\\nland is one of the objects sought in sowing rape, it\\nshould always be sown in drills. If sown with\\nanother crop it must usually be broadcasted. The\\nbroadcasting is commonly done by hand, or by using\\nsome form of hand seeder, but when the seed is put\\nin rows and sown on large areas, it is put into the\\nsoil with the grain drill, or with a two-row\\nturnip drill.\\nThe amount of seed required will also vary with\\nthe conditions. When rape is broadcasted and\\nwhere it is the sole cro]) grown upon the land, from\\nthree to five pounds of seed are required per acre.\\nIf drilled in rows, from one to two pounds are used.\\nThe stronger the soil and the more favorable the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 55\\nccjnditions for growth, the less the quantity of the\\nseed required. When the seed is broadcasted, it is\\ncommonly covered with one stroke of the harrow,\\nand may or may not be rolled subsequently with\\nadvantage, according to conditions. If drilled in,\\nmuch benefit will result from following the seeder\\nwith the roller, unless where the soils are so light\\nas to carry with the wind. In moist climates it will\\nbe advantageous to sow in raised drills, otherwise\\nthe rows should be on the level.\\nRape may be sown with corn to provide pas-\\nture, as described in Chapter II. It may also be\\nsown in the same just before the last cultivation\\ngiven to the corn, when the corn is iaid by for the\\nseason. When thus sown, an average of three\\npounds of seed may be used per acre. It can be\\nmost easily sown from the saddle. The seed is car-\\nried in a sowing box in front of the rider and is held\\nin place by shoulder straps. The cultivation that\\nfollows should be light. After the corn crop has\\nbeen removed, the rape is pastured. The value of\\nthe pasture thus furnished will depend upon the\\ncharacter of the soil and season, and on the lack of\\ndenseness in the shade furnished by the corn. When\\nthe late summer and autumn weather are both dry,\\nand when at the same time the shade of the corn is\\ndense, but little pasture will be provided. Under the\\nopposite conditions, however, and where the winter\\ncloses in tardily, much pasture may be thus grown.\\nRape may also be grown along with sorghum,\\nas described in Chapter III. And in many instances\\nit may be sown with much advantage along with\\nall the common cereals, as wheat, oats, barley and\\nrye, whether these are grown singly or in conjunc-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "156 FORAGE CROPS.\\ntion, for the grain or to produce soiling food. When\\nthus sown, from one to two pounds of seed per acre\\nwill suffice. There is not so much hazard in sowing\\nthe lesser quantity named, since in a very dry season\\nno return may be realized. The largest return in\\npasture is likely to be obtained from sowing the rape\\nseed along with barley, and the smallest ivom sow-\\ning it with oats, because of the less dense shade fur-\\nnished by the former, and the more dense shade\\nfurnished by the latter. With winter wheat or win-\\nter rye, the seed may be sown in spring, as soon as\\nthe ground is dry enough to sustain a span of horses\\nwithout taking injury from their treading upon it.\\nIt should then be covered w^ith the harrow. With\\nthe other crops named it may be mixed with the\\ngrain at short intervals while it is being sown. This\\nmethod of sowing the rape seed is best suited to the\\nloam soils of the prairie. On the average soils of\\nthe northeastern states and of the eastern half of\\nthe Dominion of Canada, it would bury the rape\\nseed too deeply.\\nA second and probably a better method of sow-\\ning the rape seed with these crops would be to put\\nit into the seed box of the grass-seed-sowing attach-\\nment of a grain drill, and to have it fall in front of\\nthe tubes which sow the grain. On many soils this\\nwould furnish a sufficient covering for the seed, but\\nnot on all. The same amount of covering would\\nalso be secured by sowing the seed by hand, or with\\na hand sower before the drilling in of the grain.\\nWhere more covering is desired the harrow will\\nfurnish it.\\nWhen the rape seed is sown thus early, there is\\nsome danger in moist seasons, and especially w^ith a", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 57\\nbarley crop, that the rape will grow so vigorously in\\nthe barley as to interfere with the harvesting of the\\nsame. This seldom happens with any of the other\\nkinds of grain, and it does not happen very often\\nwith the barley crop. But it may be prevented by\\nsowing the rape seed one or two weeks after the bar-\\nley is sown. The objection to sowing it thus arises\\nfrom the fact that it is likely to go unharrowed. If,\\nhowever, the rape seed is sown just when the first\\nblades of barley begin to appear, a light harrow with\\nthe teeth slanting backward may be used (but not\\nalways), with decided advantage to the rape and also\\nto the barley.\\nIn an average season and on good soils, no\\neasier method of sowing rape for pasture can be\\nadopted. But there is not the same certainty that\\npasture will be obtained as when the rape is the sole\\ncrop grown on the land. Sometimes an excellent\\ncrop of fall pasture will result and at other times\\nthere will be little or none. It would not be wise\\nto sow rape thus on hard or infertile land.\\nCultivation. When rape is sown broadcast, no\\ncultivation other than harrowing can be given to it.\\nIt is a hardy plant, and if sown thickly enough to\\nallow for a small proportion of the plants being torn\\nout, it may be harrowed under some conditions with\\npositive advantage. But it is not usual to harrow\\nrape that has been broadcasted.\\nIf rape is sown in drills, the cultivation should\\nbegin as soon as the plants are easily traced in the\\nline of the row. The cultivator should run near the\\nplants, especially at first, but not so as to bury\\nany considerable number of them. Shallow but\\nthorough cultivation should follow at intervals, until", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "158 FORAGE CROPS.\\nthe leaves are not far distant as they reach out\\ntoward the center of the space between the rows.\\nIt is not common to thin the rape, l)ecause of\\nthe amount of labor involved, although larger crops\\nwould result if it were thinned. Unless the land is\\nquite foul with weeds that grow rapidly, the rape\\nwill generally choke the weeds in the line of\\nthe row. But large weeds should be struck out\\nwith the hoe or topped back rather than have them\\ngo to seed.\\nPasturing. Rape may be pastured off at vari-\\nous stages of development, according to the object\\nsought. When eaten down before it has made a\\nmaximum growth it will grow up again with more\\nor less vigor. The strength of the second growth\\nwill be proportionate to the character of the soil as\\nto texture and richness, to the character of the sea-\\nson as to moisture or the opposite, and to the nature\\nof the pasturing. The richer and moister the soil,\\nthe more moist the weather, and the earlier and less\\nclose the depasturing, the stronger will be the second\\ngrowth of the rape. But depasturing should not\\ncommence in any event until the rape has become\\nwell established in the soil, that is to say, until it has\\nmade a growth of several inches. And in pasturing\\noff rape with a view to getting a second or a third\\ngrowth, the animals which feed upon it are very\\nprone to crop it off so closely that the capacity of the\\nplant to grow again is weakened. This is particu-\\nlarly true of sheep. Experiment has not told us\\nwhether more food will be obtained from allowing\\nthe rape to approach the maximum of development\\nbefore it is eaten down or from pasturing it off at\\ntwo or three successive intervals. But in the judg-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "RAPE Ax\\\\D CABBAGE. 1 59\\nment of the author the first system will furnish con-\\nsiderahly more food than the second.\\nRa]je may be pastured off with horses, cattle,\\nsheep, swine and fowls. Horses and cattle waste\\nmore through treading than the other classes of live\\nstock named. Cows in milk should not usually be\\nallowed to pasture on rape lest a taint be given to the\\nmilk, but it may be cut and fed to them after each\\nperiod of milking. Neither cattle nor sheep should\\nbe turned in upon rape when hungry, lest they eat\\ntoo much of it and so induce bloating, which, in a\\nvery short time, may prove fatal. And when the\\nrape is wet from rain or dew, the tendency in the\\nrape to produce bloating is increased. And in cli-\\nmates where moisture abounds, the danger from\\nbloat is greater than when moisture is not plentiful.\\nThe author has observed that in the country drained\\nby the Mississippi and its tributaries, the danger\\nfrom bloating in animals pasturing on rape is less\\nthan from pasturing them on the same in New Eng-\\nland, eastern Canada and the further Pacific slope\\nnorth of California.\\nCattle and sheep may be accustomed to rape by\\nturning them into a field of the same after they have\\neaten freely of some other food and then leaving\\nthem in the rape pasture. But the danger will be\\nstill further decreased by allowing them to remain\\nen the rape only for a short time the first day, and\\nly gradually increasing the time during each suc-\\nceeding day. In less time than a week they may be\\nallowed to remain on the rape, having access at will\\nat the same time to an adjoining grass pasture, for\\nreasons given further on. In thus accustoming a\\nlarge flock of sheep to a rape pasture, the aid of a", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "l6o FORAGE CROPS.\\nsaddle horse will be found serviceable, owing to the\\ndifficulty of walking through a heavy crop of rape\\non foot.\\nWhen animals that have never been pastured\\nupon rape are first turned in upon it, they may not\\ntake kindly to it, not having acquired a taste for the\\nrape, but if confined to it they will soon eat it raven-\\nously. So fond do they become of it that ere long\\nwhen feeding upon a mixed pasture in which rape is\\none of the factors, they will first search out the rape\\nand consume it in preference to almost all other kinds\\nof plants. And when once they have acquired a\\ntaste for rape they never tire of it.\\nIf live stock are pasturing on rape it is generally\\nconsidered beneficial to the animals to give them\\naccess also to a grass pasture. And if the grass in\\nthe latter has lost some of its succulence through age,\\nthe benefit will be increased. The grass lessens the\\ntendency to scours in the animals, that is to say,\\nit lessens the tendency to a too lax condition of the\\ndigestion. Grain, as oats, for instance, fed once\\na day at the rate of, say, half a pound per head for\\neach animal, will have a similar effect upon the diges-\\ntion. But it is not usually considered necessary to\\nfeed grain to live stock that are being pastured on\\nrape, for the sole object of hastening the fattening\\nprocess, as it is doubtful if any kind of grain can\\nbe added to rape pasture in a mature stage of growth\\nthat will cause the sheep to lay on fat much more\\ncjuickly than if they are pastured on rape alone.\\nCattle and sheep should always have free access to\\nsalt when pasturing upon rape, and when nec-\\nessary they should also be supplied daily with\\nwater. But when sheep are pasturing upon sue-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. l6l\\nculent rape in the autumn, they will drink little or\\nno water.\\nIf sheep are turned in upon a rape pasture that\\nis neither very tall nor very dense, they will first con-\\nsume the leaves because of their greater succulence.\\nThey will finally consume all the stems, eating them\\noff close to the ground. But if the rape should be\\ntall and thick they will feed it off clean, or virtually\\nso, as they pasture. The stems are considered even\\nbetter for laying on fat than the leaves. When the\\nleaves, but not the stems, of a rape pasture have been\\neaten by sheep, if cattle are then turned into the same\\nto complete the depasturing, there will be much less\\nloss of rape by trampling than if the cattle had been\\nturned in at an earlier stage of the depasturing.\\nOn soils that do not poach, that is to say, on\\nsoils in which the hoofs of the sheep do not sink\\nbeneath the surface, sheep may be pastured upon\\nrape with profit until the closing in of winter. And\\nit may yet turn out that in warm latitudes they can\\nbe pastured on rape through the whole of the winter.\\nOftentimes they may be pastured on it with profit\\nafter the fi.rst snows have fallen. But in climates\\nwith cold winters, rape should be eaten off before\\nthe arrival of severe frosts. After the rape has\\nbeen frozen until the stems become so crisp that they\\nare easily broken asunder, the value of the rape pas-\\nture is much impaired. And when the early frosts\\ncover the rape with rime, the sheep should not be\\nallowed upon the rape until after they have partaken\\nof a feed of oats or other suitable grain. In the\\nabsence of such food they should not be given access\\nto the rape until the frost has lifted, or serious diges-\\ntive troubles may arise.\\nII", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "1 62 FORAGE CROPS.\\nObservations. i. The rape crop is sometimes\\nsaid to be severe on land, that is to say, that it will\\nsoon deplete the soil of its fertility. That will\\ndepend on the use to which the rape is put. If pas-\\ntured off by live stock, as sheep, for instance, that\\nremain upon the field while they are depasturing the\\ncrop, it is difficult to see how it can deplete the soil\\nof its fertility, since what has been produced is put\\nback upon the soil.\\n2. It should be remembered that clay lands are\\nunsuitable for being pastured in moist weather, even\\nby sheep, when they are carrying a crop of rape. If\\nthey are thus pastured off when in the condition\\nstated, the land will be so impacted as to render sub-\\nsequent cultivation both difficult and costly.\\n3. The number of sheep that one acre will sus-\\ntain, and the period through which it will sustain\\nthem, will, of course, depend upon the character of\\nthe growth in the rape. But an average crop will\\nsustain from ten to fifteen animals per acre for sixty\\ndays. At the end of the sixty days they should all\\nbe in condition to take the market, even though\\nlean in form when put upon the rape.\\n4. When sheep eat so excessively of rape or\\nof any other fodder plant as to induce bloating,\\nrelief must be at once given or the animals will\\nalmost certainly die. And they will die with great\\nsuddenness. When they are being pastured on\\nrape in large numbers, therefore, a trocar should\\nalways be on hand. The moment that a case of\\nl)loat is detected, the paunch should be tapped to\\nallow the gas to escape. This is done by striking\\nthe trocar into the stomach on the left side and some-\\nwhat low down in the triangular fleshly space", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 63\\nbetween the last rib and the hip. Sheep die so\\nquickly from bloat that medicine given is seldom of\\nmuch value. But if animals dying or just dead from\\nbloat are at once bled, the meat is not injured as food.\\nCABBAGE.\\nCabbage (Brassica olcracea) has been grown to\\nsome extent as a soiling food for sheep, both in\\nEurope and America, but so far as known to the\\nauthor it has not been grown to provide pasture\\nfor sheep elsewhere than at the Minnesota Univer-\\nsity experiment farm. The experiments there con-\\nducted were carried on under the direction of the\\nauthor, and they have been quite successful, in fact,\\nencouragingly so. No plant grown at the said farm\\nhas furnished more valuable food for sheep to the\\nacre. The field thus opened for growing this plant\\nwill prove surely a very wide one.\\nAlthough very similar to rape in its food con-\\nstituents, a crop of cabbage, when well matured, will\\nsustain less injury from frost, and consequently will\\nprovide pasture later in the season. A second advan-\\ntage that cabbage has over rape as a pasture plant,\\narises from the fact that there is even less hazard in\\ngrowing the former. It cannot be said that the cab-\\nbage has more of inherent vigor than rape, but the\\nmode of cultivation which it requires is almost cer-\\ntain to insure a crop even in the driest seasons.\\nThere is certainly a wide future before this plant in\\nproviding pasture for sheep.\\nDistrihution. Cabbage, like rape, can be suc-\\ncessfully grown in nearly all sections of the United\\nStates and Canada. But, like rape and rutabagas,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "164 FORAGE CROPS.\\nit can be grown more successfully in cool and\\nmoist latitudes than in those that are warm and dry.\\nBut cabbages can be successfully grown in warmer\\nlatitudes than either of these crops. Wherever they\\ncan be successfully grown for table use without too\\ngreat an expenditure of labor, they can also be suc-\\ncessfully grown to provide sheep pasture.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Cabbages may be suc-\\ncessfully grown for forage anywhere in the rotation,\\nbut since they should receive cultivation while they\\nare growing, they should preferably be put on\\nground that requires to be cleaned, and should ordi-\\nnarily be followed by a crop of grain sown with\\ngrass seeds.\\nSoil. The best soils for growing rape are also\\nthe best for growing cabbage, and these have been\\ndescribed previously when treating of rape. But it is\\neven more important that the land shall be rich when\\ngrowing a crop of cabbage on it than when growing\\na crop of rape. Cabbage can also be successfully\\ngrown on land that has too much clay in it to grow\\nrape well. It would not be wise, nevertheless, to\\ngrow cabbage for forage on such land, as pasturing\\noff the crop late in autumn would tend very much\\nto impact the soil.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil for\\ncabbage, the ground should, as a rule, be plowed\\ndeeply the autumn previous. But there may be\\nlocalities, as those with winters open and rainy,\\nwhere it would be better not to plow in the autumn.\\nIf not rich naturally, it should be made so by turn-\\ning under a free application of farmyard manure,\\nin a somewhat advanced stage of decay. Where the\\nsoils are leechy, the manure should be spread over", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 65\\nthe surface after the land has been plowed. Usually\\nit is not necessary to plow the land again in the\\nspring, but it ought to be deeply stirred with the cul-\\ntivator as early as the work can be done, and a suc-\\ncession of harrowings may also be in order. The\\nnumber of these will be somewhat dependent on the\\ntime at which the seed is sown. The earlier the seed\\nis sown the less the opportunity that will be given\\nfor thus sprouting the weeds on and near the surface.\\nSowing. The time for sowing the seed will\\ndepend, first, on the character of the climate second,\\non the variety of the cabbage and, third, upon the\\nseason when the crop is to be depastured. Sowing\\nshould be deferred until danger from frost is past.\\nIf early pasture is wanted, then the seed of some\\nearly or semi-early variety should be sown, and as\\nearly as the sowing may be safely done, otherwise\\nsome late variety should be chosen and the sowing\\ndeferred until the soil has been well cleaned and\\nmellowed. About the corn planting season will be\\nfound a very suitable time for planting cabbage seed\\nof the late varieties, and those varieties should be\\nchosen that have been found well adapted to the\\nlocality.\\nWhen a limited area is to be sown, after the\\nground has been thoroughly pulverized it should\\nthen be rolled and the rows marked off with some\\nform of hand marker. They should vary in dis-\\ntance from thirty to thirty-six inches, according to\\nthe variety of the cabbage and strength of the soil.\\nThe seed may then be sown with a hand machine.\\nThe roller should again be passed over the soil where\\nthe wind is not liable to blow it away. When a\\nlarge area is to be sown the drills may be slightly", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "l66 FORAGE CROPS.\\nraised by using a double mold-board plow and\\nmarker, and the seed sown with a machine drawn\\nby a horse, and which sows, covers and rolls two\\nrows at a time. Or it may be sown on the level,\\nafter the ground has been rolled, w^ith a grain drill\\ncapable of sowing properly so small a seed. There\\nare grain drills that will do such work nicely. When\\nthey are driven with sufficient care the rows will be\\nstraight enough to admit of easy cultivation. Of\\ncourse, the openings for seed in the drill must all be\\nclosed, except those which are to be used in sowing\\nthe cabbage seed.\\nThe amount of seed required will vary with\\nthe variety of the cabbage, with the strength of the\\nsoil, and with its condition as to moisture. But, as\\na rule, less than one pound per acre should not be\\nsown and more than two pounds will seldom\\nbe needed.\\nIt will generally be found cheaper to sow the\\nplants thus than to grow them elsewhere and then\\ntransplant them into the rows. When they grow\\ntoo thickly they are quite as easily thinned as tur-\\nnips or rutabagas. The work of thinning can be\\ndone even more quickly in the case of cabbage, as\\nthey are to be thinned to a greater distance. In\\nsome sections it would scarcely be possible to grow\\ncabbage plants after this fashion, because of the\\nravages of insects and because of the slow growth\\nthat they would make when young on certain soils.\\nWhere they cannot be grown thus, it is at least\\nquestionable whether the attempt should be made\\nto grow cabbage as forage.\\nCultivation. As soon as the cabbage can be\\ndistinctly traced in the line of the row, the cultiva-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE.\\n167", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1 68 FORAGE CROPS.\\ntion should begin. It should come as near to the\\nyoung plants as possible without covering them.\\nAnd it should be frequently given and continued\\nuntil it cannot longer be done lest the leaves of the\\ncabbage be broken. The thinning of the plants\\nshould begin when they are from three to four inches\\nhigh. The work is nearly all done with the hoe.\\nThe individual doing it stands squarely in front of\\nthe row, that is to say, he faces it, not standing too\\nnear, and strikes out the plants which intervene\\nbetween those which are to be left. Of course, the\\nstrong plants are to be left, and to secure such an\\nend it may be necessary sometimes to vary a little\\nin the distance to which the plants are to be thinned.\\nThe proper distance between the plants in the line\\nof the row will vary with the conditions, but the aim\\nshould be to secure large heads in the cabbage, hence\\nthey should be thinned accordingly. From twenty\\nto thirty inches between the plants in the line of the\\nrow may be named as the two extremes of close and\\nwide thinning, respectively.\\nPasturing. Cabbage are best adapted to pro-\\nvide pastures for sheep. Although they are especially\\nadapted to furnishing autumn pasture, the season of\\npasturing should not be too long deferred in localities\\nwith cold winter climates, as, if the crop is not all\\neaten before winter closes in, the part uneaten will\\nbe lost. In sections with mild winter climates, the\\npasturing may go on far into the winter season.\\nFigure 22 represents sheep pasturing on cabbage.\\nAs the sheep are turned into a cabbage pasture,\\nthe same care should be exercised as with rape, that\\nthe change, of diet shall not be too suddenly made.\\nWhen used to the new diet, the sheep may be left", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "RAPE AND CABBAGE. 1 69\\non the cabbage all the time, or they may also be given\\naccess to a grass pasture, as may be convenient. If\\ngiven time enough, the sheep will eat the entire crop\\nsave the stalks.\\nObservations. i. Cabbage for sheep pasture\\nmay be grown with special reason where the soil will\\ngrow an abundance of rutabaga tops, but will not\\nproduce good roots, and where severe early frosts\\nwould injure rape.\\n2. This crop will produce a very large amount\\nof pasture high in nutrition.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE COMMON CEREALS.\\nWheat, oats, rye and barley are included in the\\nterm, common cereals. In the popular idea, peas\\nalso are included, though not a cereal in the strictest\\nsense of the term. With the exception of rye, these\\ngrains are seldom used singly in providing pasture.\\nBut they are frequently grown in combination for\\nsuch a use. When thus grown, it is believed that\\nmore pasture will be produced than could be obtained\\nby growing any one variety alone. This arises\\nmainly from a difference in the habit of the growth\\nof the plants of each variety, first, as to quickness\\nof grow^th, and, second, as to stooling properties.\\nFor instance, if oats and barley are sown in com-\\nbination, the barley, because of its more rapid\\ngrowth, will furnish the bulk of the pasture during\\nthe earlier grazing period, while the oats will furnish\\nthe bulk of the same during the later grazing\\nperiod. And the oats will stool more than the\\nbarley. Good grazing may be furnished, there-\\nfore, for a longer period by growing the two\\nin combination than by growing either singly.\\nThe variet}^ thus afforded is also advantageous, on\\nthe principle that variety in grass pastures is\\nadvantageous.\\nPastures from these grains will not be equally\\nserviceable in all parts of the United States. They\\nwill be serviceable, first, in proportion as grasses\\n170", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. t/I\\nand clovers grow shyly or not at all in any locality\\nsecond, in proportion to the success which attends\\nthe growing of cereals for pasture; and, third, in\\nproportion to the lack of success which attends the\\ngrowing of plants of the sorghum family for pas-\\nture. While pastures of more or less value may be\\nobtained from cereals in all parts of the United States\\nin which cereals can be grown with success, it will\\nfollow, therefore, that they will render the best serv-\\nice in states that lie in the upper half of the Missis-\\nsippi basin, and in the arable portions of Canada\\nwhich drain into Hudson Bay. Cereal pastures\\nwill be less valuable relatively in the eastern, more\\nespecially the New England, states, and in the prov-\\ninces of Canada which extend from Lake Huron to\\nthe Atlantic. In these areas the rainfall is usually\\nabundant and well distributed. The soils are also\\nof heavier texture than in the west, and the protect-\\ning snows are more abundant in winter, hence the\\nconditions are relatively more favorable to the\\ngrowth of grass pastures than in the prairie states\\nand provinces. In the former, the cereals not only\\ngrow more slowly, but more difficulty is experienced\\nin grazing them off, from liability to impaction of\\nthe soil through the treading of the stock. Over all\\nthe southern half of the United States the conditions\\nare more favorable, relatively, to growing pasture\\nfrom the saccharine and non-saccharine members of\\nthe sorghum genus.\\nPastures from cereals are usually obtained, first,\\nby sowing winter rye; and, second, by sowing the\\nsmall grains, as rye, wheat, oats and barley, in\\nvarious combinations. Under some conditions,\\ncereals may also be pastured, in some instances,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "172 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfor a time and with profit, by sheep, even when\\nthey are to be harvested for the grain which\\nthey produce.\\nWINTER RYE.\\nOf the cereals, rye (Secale cereale) is beyond\\nall question the most suitable for forage uses. It is\\nan annual, and, therefore, it is usually necessary to\\nsow it every year. But instances are on record in\\nwhich it has been pastured for a period considerably\\nlonger than a year, by keeping it eaten off closely.\\nThe various kinds of rye may be divided into two\\nclasses, one of which is know^n as winter rye and the\\nother as spring or summer rye. The winter varie-\\nties are much more valuable than the spring varieties\\nin providing pasture, since the former are frequently\\ngrazed both autumn and spring, whereas the latter\\nfurnish pasture for a short season only in the early\\npart of summer. The great value of winter rye as\\na forage plant is not as generally understood as it\\nought to be, or much more of it would be sown to\\ngrow forage.\\nDistribution. Rye can be grown for pasture in\\nall, or nearly all, the tillable portions of the United\\nStates. Where lands are irrigated, it may not\\nalways be profitable to grow rye for pasture, but, of\\ncourse, on these it may be thus grown, and in great\\n]:)erfection. As a forage crop it will probably be\\nmore valuable relatively in those areas where grasses\\nand sorghums do not grow at their best. Hence, it\\nmay be made to render peculiar service in providing\\nforage in all parts of the upper Mississippi basin,\\nand in the regions of Canada which drain into Hud-\\nson Bay. In some portions, however, of the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 1 73\\nHudson Bay basin, the low temperatures of winter\\nwill preclude the possibility of growing winter rye.\\nAlthough extremely hardy, even more so than any\\nof the clovers, there are low temperatures which it\\ncannot survive. Winter rye also renders yeoman\\nservice in furnishing forage in latitudes with mild\\ntemperatures, and more especially when the air in\\nthese is moist and the rainfall sufificient. In such\\nareas the season for pasturing the rye is more con-\\ntinuous and prolonged than it can possibly be where\\nthe w^inters are long and cold.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Rye for pasture may be\\nplaced anywhere in the rotation. This is more par-\\nticularly true of winter rye. But since it becomes\\nin a sense a cleaning crop when another crop\\nimmediately follows the depasturing, it will be\\nfound good practice to sow it on land that requires\\ncleaning. As the period for pasturing in the spring\\nis of but short duration, there is ample time to\\nfollow rye pasture with corn, potatoes, sorghum\\nin any of its varieties, field roots, millet, or rape.\\nSuch a succession cannot but prove destructive\\nto w^eeds, and the only sections where it cannot\\nbe adopted successfully are those in which the rain-\\nfall is so meager as to prohibit the growing of\\nthese crops the same season, after the rye has\\nbeen eaten off.\\nSoil. Winter rye may be successfully grown\\nfor pasture on any soil possessed of the requisite\\nfertility and moisture. It has much power to gather\\nfood in the soil, hence, even on poor soils, it will\\nmake a fair growth when supplied with the needed\\nmoisture. On the other hand, the vigor of the\\ngrowth will be proportionate to the richness of the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "174 FORAGE CROPS.\\nland, and to the ease with which the rootlets of the\\nrye can gather food from it. Rye has peculiar\\nadaptation for sandy land, hence on such land it\\nmay be grown for forage with a fair measure of\\nsuccess, although too poor to grow other cereals in\\ngood form. On stiff clay soils, the growth is slow.\\nA further objection to growing rye on such soils for\\npasture arises from the fact that grazing it off in\\nwet weather so tends to impact the land as to render\\nsubsequent cultivation difficult and more or less\\nunprofitable.\\nPreparing the Soil. When the moisture is\\nample, the preparation of the soil for winter rye is a\\nsimple process. The land only needs to be plow^ed\\nand pulverized so as to produce a fine tilth, that is to\\nsay, a fine condition of pulverization on the surface\\nand for some distance below it. Under these condi-\\ntions, the plowing of the land may be deferred until\\nthe time approaches for sowing the rye, if it is more\\nconvenient to have it thus, but where moisture is\\ndeficient it would be necessary to plow the land\\nsome time previously. When thus plow^ed, it should\\nbe at once rolled w^ith a heavy roller or packed with\\na subsoil packer, as conditions might require. The\\nharrow- should follow within a few days, and after\\nan interval one or more subsequent harrowings may\\nbe necessary. Ground moisture sufficient to sprout\\nthe rye can thus be arrested near the surface,\\nunless under conditions extremely adverse. In the\\nabsence of enough moisture to sprout the rye, it\\nw^ould be useless to sow it. Where a crop of peas\\nhas just been removed from clean land, it is usually\\nnot necessary to plow before sowing the rye.\\nDisking it once or twice will be found a suffi-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 175\\ncient preparation when followed by more or less\\nharrowing. The second disking should be made so\\nas to cross the first.\\nSozi ing. The best time to sow rye for pasture\\nwill depend upon the amount of moisture in the soil,\\nthe severity of the winters, and the extent of the\\npasturing that is sought. No good can come from\\nsowing the rye on a soil with insufficient moisture\\nto produce germination. If there should be only\\nmoisture enough to start germination and not\\nenough to sustain it, the young plants must perish.\\nIn some instances, therefore, it may be necessary to\\ndefer sowing for several weeks after the ground has\\nbeen made ready.\\nWhere the winter climate is severe, the aim\\nshould be to sow the rye sufficiently long before the\\nadvent of winter to enable it to make a good growth\\nin the autumn. When the roots have a strong grip\\non the soil, and wdien the top growth made is\\nsufficient to act as a mulch, the rye is enabled, espe-\\ncially in the absence of snow, to endure the rigors of\\nan open winter with much less injury than if the\\nplants entered the winter with but little of develop-\\nment. Later sown winter rye ordinarily makes but\\na feeble growth in the early spring, even though it\\nshould not be seriously harmed by the cold of winter,\\nand it is in the early spring that rye pasture is espe-\\ncially valuable.\\nIf pasturing the rye in the autumn is an impor-\\ntant consideration, then, of course, the rye must be\\nsown early, as early as August in the northern\\nstates, somewhat later in the central, and still later\\nin the southern. In the northern states and in\\nCanada, the aim should be to sow^ rye for pasture not", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 76 FORAciE CROPS.\\nlater than the middle of September, whether it is to\\nbe eaten down or not in the autumn. It may survive\\nthough not sown until near the advent of w^inter, but\\nlate sowing is not likely to produce an abundance of\\npasture in the spring, although in some instances it\\nmay produce a good crop of grain.\\nRye should be sown thickly when it is to be\\npastured. Not less than twc^ and one-half bushels\\nof seed per acre should be used, and on some soils\\nthree bushels will prove more satisfactory. The less\\nfavorable the conditions, the greater should be the\\namount of seed sown. It is more satisfactory to put\\nthe seed in with the grain drill than by any other\\nmethod. The grain drill buries the seed to a\\nuniform depth, hence all of it is more likely\\nto grow. The roots are nearer the sources of\\nmoisture, and since they are deeper than would\\nresult from broadcast sowing, the plants sufifer\\nless injury from adverse winter weather. The\\ndepth to plant the seed will vary with the con-\\nditions, but ordinarily from two to three inches\\nwill suffice.\\nCultivation. Usually no further cultivation is\\nnecessary after the rye has been sown, but in some\\ninstances it may be harrowed with advantage in the\\nearly spring. The stirring thus given to the surface\\nof the ground tends to promote the growth of the\\nrye and to discourage the growth of weeds. In dry\\nregions it will also render good service in the extent\\nto which it will prevent the escape of ground mois-\\nture. If grass seeds have been sown upon it, the\\nharrowing renders the catch of the seeds more\\ncertain. But sowing grass seeds on rye that is to\\nl)e pastured is of dcmbtful advantage, owing to the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. I77\\nearly period at which the depasturing ought to begin.\\nThere are some soils on which sowing grass seeds\\nmay prove quite successful.\\nPasturing. Rye pasture is excellent for all\\nkinds of live stock. It is particularly helpful in pro-\\nducing an abundant milk flow, before it reaches the\\njointing stage. Live stock may be turned in upon\\nit in the autumn as soon as it has made a sufficient\\ngrowth to furnish a good bite. and likewise, also,\\nin the spring. Sheep may be put upon it earlier\\nthan cattle, because of their greater ability to gather\\nfood from short pastures. It should be kept so\\nclosely grazed that it will not joint. As soon as it\\njoints to form the head, its power to produce much\\npasture, and also good pasture, is gone. And when\\nnot eaten until the jointing stage has been reached,\\nlive stock will not then relish it because of the woody\\ncharacter which it assumes. It should also be\\nremembered that when rye has been pastured for a\\nconsiderable period in the autumn, it is not likely to\\nproduce so much pasture in the spring as it would\\nhad it not been so pastured. Plants, like people,\\nexhaust their powers when they have done a certain\\namount of work.\\nMore food would be obtained by dividing the\\nrye into two or more sections and alternating the\\ngrazing. But this may seldom be practicable because\\nof the labor and expense involved. When sheep are\\nbeing pastured on rye, if they are given some con-\\ncentrated food at the same time, as, for instance, oil\\ncake or corn, both sheep and land will be much\\nimproved. When cows in milk are being pastured\\non rye, they should not be allowed to graze upon it\\nmore than two or three hours per day, and only just\\n12", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1/8 FORAGE CROPS.\\nafter they have been milked, otherwise both milk and\\nbutter will be affected adversely.\\nObservations. i. Winter rye is not altogether\\nsatisfactory as a pasture plant when sown in the\\nspring. It will make a good and rapid growth for\\na time, but when the hot weather of summer comes,\\nit usually turns a sickly, rusty color, and in very dry\\nweather dies outright. This, at least, has been the\\nauthor s experience in growing spring sown winter\\nrye, both in Ontario and Minnesota. Several other\\ncereal plants will furnish more and better pasture\\nwhen sown in the spring.\\n2. Winter rye is sometimes pastured with\\nswine from early spring until the crop has been har-\\nvested by the swine. When thus pastured the rye\\nis in excess of the immediate wants of the swine,\\nand consequently it forms ears that mature. In many\\ninstances it may be well to remove the swine for a\\ntime to prevent breaking it down unduly until the\\ngrain is nearly matured. The grain is then consumed\\nby the swine. Much of it will, of course, shell (Uit\\nand become more or less imbedded in the ground by\\nthe trampling of the swine. In moist weather, it soon\\nsprings up and in turn furnishes late summer pas-\\nture. If clover has been sown on the rye in the\\nearly spring, the pasture will be much improved in\\nconsequence, when a good catch of the clover is\\nobtained. This method of furnishing food for\\nswine has met with some favor in Ohio and else-\\nwhere, but it does not seem to find much favor as\\nyet with the average farmer.\\n3. When rye is sown in the late summer with\\na view to pasturing it in the autumn and also in the\\nspring, Dwarf Essex rape seed may be sown along", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 1 79\\nwith the rye, and g^enerally with no little advantage.\\nI^Vom one to two pounds of rai)e seed should be sown\\nper acre, and, in some instances, a larger quantity.\\nHie seed may be sown, first, by adding it to the rye\\nin the drill grain box at short intervals and mixing\\nit with the rye while the latter is being sown second,\\nby the grass-seed-sowing attachment to the grain\\ndrill, when it has one the rape seed should fall\\nbefore rather than after the grain tubes, that a cov-\\nering may thus be ])rovided for the seed; third, by\\nsome other form of seeder, or by hand, after the rye\\nhas been sown. One stroke of the harrow should\\nthen l)e given to cover the ra])e seed. Ra])e sown\\nwith rye docs not grow so vigorously as when it is\\nthe sole occupant of the ground, but if sown five or\\nsix weeks before the pasturing begins it will usually\\nadd much to the value of a rye pasture, and more\\nes])ecially when it is to be eaten down by shec]).\\nJjut the rape will not live through the winter, as the\\nrye does, excei)t in mild latitudes.\\n4. The few trials that have been made in grow-\\ning rye and crimson clover together have not proved\\naltogether satisfactory. Although these plants are\\nfrecjuently sown at the same season, one is liable to\\nbe weakened by the growth of the other. In locali-\\nties quite favorable to the gnnvth of crimson clover,\\nas, for instance, the state of Delaware, the clover\\nunduly shades the rye, and in places where the oppo-\\nsite conditions prevail, the rye may unduly crowd\\nthe clover. But when both are kept grazed ofif, the\\nauthor fails to see why these should not be grown\\nwith much advantage together in providing pasture,\\nat least under some conditions.\\n5. Rye may be pastured for a time in the spring", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "l8o FORAGE CROPS.\\nand still produce a good crop of matured grain the\\nsame season. The pasturing tends to make the rye\\nstool more than it would without being pastured,\\nbut if the grazing is continued too long, the plants\\nwill be so weakened that the heads will be small,\\nand, consequently, the yield of the grain will be light.\\nThe best time to remove the live stock cannot be\\nstated, conditions vary so much, but the drier the\\nweather, the slower the soil, and the poorer the\\nland, the earlier should the live stock be removed.\\n6. If the rye should joint and so get beyond the\\npower of the stock to feed it down, it should be\\nplowed under, and not later than the earing stage.\\nWhen thus buried, in a normal season, it will give\\nthe land much increased power to hold moisture.\\nMIXED GRAINS.\\nPastures from cereal grains grown in combina-\\ntion are not only more productive, relatively, in some\\nsections than grass pastures, but they can be grown\\nany season, hence they may be made to supplement\\nthe latter in whole or in part when they may have\\nfailed from any cause, or combination of causes.\\nThey are especially serviceable in providing pasture\\nfor sheep and swine, since they are injured less by\\ntreading than if pastured with cattle and horses, but\\non many of the western prairies they may be turned\\nto excellent account in providing pasture for either\\ncattle or horses. While these pastures are variously\\nformed, the following are the more common of the\\nmixtures sown, viz. i, peas and oats 2, barley and\\noats; 3, wheat, barley and oats; and, 4, wheat, bar-\\nley, oats and rye. The place given to these pastures", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. l8l\\nin the rotation, the soils suitable to their growth, the\\nmode of preparing the soils, of sowing the seed, and\\nof feeding them off, are essentially the same.\\nDistribution. Although grain pastures may be\\ngrown successfully in any part of the country in\\nwhich grain will grow successfully, they are espe-\\ncially adapted to prairie soils, for reasons already\\ngiven. The first of these mixtures is considered the\\nmost suitable in providing pasture for sheep and\\nswine. Oats for seed may commonly be obtained\\ncheaply, and pea vines furnish palatable and nutri-\\ntious food. Peas would be much injured by the\\ntreading of horses and cattle. The second mixture,\\nviz., barley and oats, is a favorite in providing pas-\\nture for swine, more especially in those portions of\\nthe northwestern states in which clover has not yet\\nbeen successfully grown. But it will answer equally\\nwell in providing pasture for sheep, and in many\\nparts of the country it can be more cheaply produced,\\nsince barley is cheaper, relatively, than peas. The\\nthird and fourth of the mixtures are more commonly\\nsown to provide pasture for horses and cattle. Peas\\nare not included in them, because of the injury the\\npeas would receive from being trodden upon by the\\nbroad hoofs, and because of the greater relative\\ndearness of the seed. In the upper Mississippi and\\nHudson Bay basins, therefore, they will render the\\nbest of service.\\nPlace in the Rotation. These pastures may be\\ngiven any place in the rotation that may be con-\\nvenient. When grass seeds are not to be sown upon\\nthem they may be grown upon land that is foul with\\nweeds, for the reason, first, that the grazing of the\\npastures prevents the weeds from maturing their", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "1 82 FORAGE CROPS.\\nseeds, and, second, that the pasturing season is over\\nsufficiently early to admit of following with a\\ncatch crop the same season, or of fallowing the land.\\nSoils thus managed would be much cleaner at the\\nclose of the season than at its commencement. If,\\nhowever, grass seeds are to be sown on these pas-\\ntures, they should be grown only on clean land.\\nSoils. The most suital)le soils for these pas-\\ntures are those ordinarily found on the northwestern\\nprairie, that is to say, loam soils rich in humus, w ith\\nenough sand in them to keep them free-working,\\nand, withal, resting on a subsoil of clay. Any soil\\nthat has been found peculiarly adapted to the produc-\\ntion of heavy crops of grain will also grow good\\ncereal pastures. And these may also be grown with\\nmuch advantage on soils that produce straw too\\nabundant and too weak for first-class yields of grain,\\nsince these pastures may be eaten down before the\\ngrain is far enough advanced to lodge upon them.\\nIn the northeastern states of the Union, and in the\\neastern provinces of Canada, soils of free texture\\nsh(3uld be given the preference in growing these\\npastures. Infertile sands will not produce sufficient\\ngrowth. And stiff clays would be greatly injured\\nl)y eating down the pastures in a wet season. These\\npastures require soils that admit of early sowing,\\nthat will produce a quick growth, and that will\\nnot take serious harm by grazing the pastures\\nwhen moist.\\nPreparing the Soil. As a rule, the ground\\nshould be plowed in the fall, but to this there may\\nbe some exceptions. It should be plowed in the fall\\nthat the seed may be sown u])on it early and for\\nother reasons. Whether autumn or spring plowing", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 183\\nis preferable will depend upon conditions of soil and\\nclimate. The best time for plowing land to produce\\na good grain crop will also be the best time to plow\\nfor cereal pastures, and this knowledge will be pos-\\nsessed by farmers in their respective localities. It\\nmay be said, further, that the best preparation of the\\nsoil for grain production will also be the best prepa-\\nration for producing grain pasture.\\nSolving. The seed of each of these mixtures\\nshould be sown as soon in the spring as the ground\\nis in a good condition to be worked. When thus\\nsown, more food will be produced in an average\\nseason than if sown later.\\nIt is preferable to sow the seed with the grain\\ndrill, as it is then buried more uniformly than if cov-\\nered with the broadcast seeder or the harrow. The\\ndrill is also more economical of seed, and it puts the\\nseed so far down that the young plants are not so\\nliable to be torn out by the harrow when the latter\\nis run over the ground subsequent to the sprouting\\nof the seed. When labor is not pressing, it may be\\nwell to divide the seed into two equal lots and to\\nsow it with two casts of the drill. The second cast\\nshould be made to run at a right angle across the\\nfirst. The seed should be buried at the depth that\\nhas been found the most suitable for cereals as\\nordinarily sown.\\nWhat is termed heavy seeding is preferred.\\nThe amount of seed best suited to the different kinds\\nof soil will vary, hence it cannot be stated here, but,\\nas a rule, it will prove satisfactory to sow not less\\nthan three bushels per acre of the combined grain\\nmixture, of whatever varieties it may be composed.\\nIn determining the proportions of each variety", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "184 FORAGE CROPS.\\nof grain included in a mixture, no better general\\nrule can be adoi)ted than to use by measure equal\\nparts of each. But in some instances it will be\\nadvantageous to depart from this rule. In some\\nsoils, for exami)le, peas may grow much more vigor-\\nously than in others, and a less proportion of the\\npeas would be required in these, and so of each of\\nthe other grains. The pasture produced by some\\ncereals is better relished by certain kinds of live\\nstock than that produced by others, hence more,\\nrelatively, of these should be sown.\\nBarley is more relished by swine than oats,\\nthus when these two are sown to provide swine\\npasture, more of the barley should 1)e used than of\\nthe oats. Indeed, barley alone makes an excellent\\nswine pasture, but oats sown along with it prolongs\\nthe term of pasturing. Again, the seed of some one\\nkind of grain may be so dear that it may be well to\\nomit it from the mixture. Wheat, for instance,\\nmay be so much dearer than the other kinds of grain\\nthat it would not be advisable to sow it with them.\\nCultivation. Oftentimes further cultivation is\\nnot needed after these mixtures have been sown, but\\nin instances not a few the harrow may be used w^ith\\nsome benefit to the pastures, and more especially\\nwhen a mixture of peas and oats has been sown.\\nA light harrow only should be used, and with the\\nteeth aslant, unless the surface soil has become\\nencrusted. Usually the best time to use the harrow\\nis just before the grain comes up. Harrowing helps\\nto keep the soil moist and free from weeds.\\nPasturing. The most suitable stage of growth\\nat which to begin the pasturing cannot be stated, as\\nit will vary with the character of the season, the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 1 85\\nextent of the pasture and other conditions. The\\nmore vigorous the growth of the plants, and the\\nlarger the area of the pasture in proportion to the\\nlive stock that are to feed upon it, the earlier should\\nthe pasturing begin. Ordinarily, it should be sev-\\neral inches high before turning in the live stock upon\\nit. When it can be grazed so as to prevent the\\nplants from reaching the jointing stage, much more\\npasture will be obtained than under conditions the\\nopposite, since it will then grow again.\\nSuch pasture is excellent for all kinds of live\\nstock. There is no danger that the animals will be\\ninjured by bloating when feeding upon it. But care\\nshould always be taken to avoid making a sudden\\nchange from all-grass pasture to all-grain pasture,\\nlest disturbance should arise in the digestion. Such\\npasture is excellent in stimulating milk production,\\nhence lambs that are still nursing grow rapidly upon\\nit, and cows in milk produce abundantly.\\nSheep and swine may be allowed to remain\\nupon grain pastures all the time, when the weather\\nis dry, and the same is also true of cattle and horses,\\nbut it is not a good plan to keep the latter upon them\\nall the time, more especially when the growth is\\nsomewhat advanced, as they injure it more by tread-\\ning and lying down upon it than they would if\\nremoved from the pasture when they had eaten a\\nsufficiency of it.\\nObservations. i. It would be impossible to\\nstate just when one or another of these mixtures\\nshould be preferred under all conditions. However,\\npeas and oats or oats and barley have been found\\nvery suitable in providing sheep pasture. Barley\\nalone or with a moderate addition of oats makes an", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "1 86 FORAGE CROPS.\\nexcellent swine pasture. And the combination with\\nall the cereals in it is more frequently used in pro-\\nviding pasture for cattle and horses.\\n2. The aim should be to keep the stock away\\nfrom these pastures when wet with rain, or even\\nwith heavy dew, and more especially when they are\\nrank and advanced in growth. At such times tread-\\ning will soil and bruise them much more than when\\nthey are dry.\\n3. If the pasture gets ahead of the live stock,\\nthat is, if it becomes so abundant that much of it\\ncannot be consumed, it will serve an excellent pur-\\n])ose if plowed under. But it ought to be thus\\nburied while yet succulent, else in sections deficient\\nin moisture it may not decay with sufficient rapidity.\\n4. If these pastures could be eaten down, as it\\nwere, at successive stages, that is to say, by cropping\\nthem dowm and then removing the live stock entirely\\nuntil considerable growth had again been made, more\\npasture would be secured than can be obtained by\\nconstant grazing. But to manage them thus is not\\nalways practicable.\\n5. Winter rye may be sown with much pro-\\npriety immediately after the grazing of these pas-\\ntures has been completed, as it may then have a long\\nperiod of growth before the closing in of winter.\\n6. At the Minnesota University experiment\\nfarm, the author has met with encouraging success\\nin sowing grass seeds at the same time that the\\ngrains were sown. A good stand of grass has thus\\nbeen obtained during successive years from timothy\\nand clover sown with peas and oats and eaten down\\nby sheep. The treading of the sheep on average\\nprairie soils thus sown would seem to be helpful", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE COMMON CEREALS. 187\\nrather than harmful to the grass. And the same\\nwould seem to be true of the treading of cattle,\\nthough in a less degree.\\nPASTURING CEREALS WHEN YOUNG.\\nOn the rich soils of the upper Mississippi basin,\\ncereals may oftentimes be pastured for a time by\\nsheep with positive advantage to the crop. This\\nhas been demonstrated by individual farmers, but\\nnot with that exactness that could be desired. The\\nsheep are allowed to feed upon the grain for a longer\\nor shorter period, and then they are removed and\\nthe crop is left to mature.\\nBenefits Resulting. The following are chief\\namong the benefits resulting from such depasturing\\nI, the treading of the land by the hoofs of the\\nsheep tends to make it firmer, and because of this\\nincreased firmness, the loss of moisture from sur-\\nface evaporation is materially lessened; 2, cropping\\noff the grain when it is young tends to make it stool\\nmore, and consequently increases the number of the\\nheads of the grain and, 3, the pasturing hinders that\\nexcess of growth in the crop which it would other-\\nwise have on very rich lands in moist seasons, hence\\nthe liability to lodge is lessened and the energies of\\nthe plant are centered on producing grain rather\\nthan exhausted in producing an excess of straw.\\nMode of Pasturing. The sheep may be put\\nupon the grain as soon as it is far enough advanced\\nto furnish them with food, or they may be allowed\\nto roam over it from an adjacent grass pasture from\\nthe date of sowing. The duration of the pasturing\\nwill depend chiefly on the character of the season.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1 88 FORAGE CROPS.\\nIn a season of much growth, the sheep may feed\\nupon the pastures for a period considerably longer\\nthan in a season opposite in character.\\nGood Judgment Required. Good judgment\\nmust be used in thus pasturing off cereals. If the\\npasturing is too long continued the grain will not\\nmake sufficient growth. As the character of the\\nweather subsequent to the removal of the sheep can-\\nnot be known beforehand, prudence would dictate\\ntheir removal at an early period. The pasturing of\\ncereals should probably not be attempted on land\\nwhere the danger of an excess of growth is not immi-\\nnent. Nor should sheep be used in thus pasturing\\noff cereals on clay lands when these are wet, however\\nstrong the growth of the young cereals may be, as\\nthe impaction of the land that would follow would\\nbe more or less disastrous to the grain.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nMILLET.\\nMillet in all its species and varieties may\\nbe made to furnish food for live stock in the\\nform of grain or seed, fodder, soiling food or\\npasture. More commonly, however, it is grown\\nto provide fodder. For this purpose it is most\\nexcellent, especially in the smaller and finer\\ngrowing varieties. But to furnish fodder at its\\nbest, it should be cut as soon as fully headed\\nout, or very soon after reaching that stage, and it\\nmust be cured with care. Under favorable condi-\\ntions, in some of its varieties, it produces enormous\\nyields. Of the small varieties, however, the average\\nyield may be placed at one to two tons per acre. If\\nthe seeds are allowed to mature or to approach\\nmaturity, the fodder rapidly becomes woody, hence\\nits value for food is much impaired. When fed in a\\nripe condition, there is some hazard in feeding it\\nindiscriminately to certain kinds of live stock, but\\nthis would not seem to hold true of millet hay cut\\nat the stage indicated. It furnishes excellent soil-\\ning food and at a season when it is much needed.\\nHeretofore, millet has not been much grown\\nto provide pasture, but in this respect also it has a\\nmission. On the bare fallow of the prairies it may\\nbe grown as a pasture with much success. In addi-\\ntion to the food furnished, the land will be benefited\\nby the treading of animals while pasturing upon it.\\n189", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "190 FORAGE CROPS.\\nNor would it always be necessary to replow the land\\nafter the millet when preparing- it for the crop\\nwhich would next be sown. And on any farm\\nwhere live stock are kept, it may sometimes be pas-\\ntured with advantage. But because of its value for\\nhay, and because of the ease with which it may be\\ncured and handled as hay, it is usually considered of\\ntoo much value to grow it as pasture. The pasture\\nis much relished by all kinds of farm animals, since\\nthe leaf growth is abundant. But it is not equally\\nso in the different varieties.\\nThere are many kinds of millet, and the dis-\\ntinctions which characterize them have not hereto-\\nfore been very clearly drawn. The following\\nclassification, however, submitted by the department\\nof agrostology at Washington, D. C, would seem\\nto be incomparably the best that has yet been made\\nIt divides the cultivated millets into four groups,\\nviz The Foxtail, the Barnyard, the Broomcorn and\\nthe Pearl millets.\\nThe first group includes the varieties derived\\nfrom the various species of the genus Chaetochloa\\n(Setaria). To this group belong the common mil-\\nlet, the German, the Hungarian and the Golden\\nWonder. Common millet, of which there would\\nseem to be several varieties, does not produce so\\nabundantly as the other members of this group.\\nThe heads are small and likewise the seeds. Ger-\\nman millet, sometimes called Golden, from the\\nrich color of the heads, is characterized by a plentiful\\nproduction of leaves. The heads are thick and\\nheavy and are covered with short, fine hairs. They\\nhave a plump and heavy appearance when fully\\ndeveloped. Hungarian millet is sometimes called", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "MILLET. 191\\nHungarian grass. It has a long and slender head,\\nand the heads are of a darker shade than those of the\\nGerman variety. Golden Wonder millet produces\\nlarge and long heads. The panicle is somewhat\\nbranched, that is to say, it is made up of many min-\\niature heads attached to the central stem of the same.\\nThis sort is well adapted to the production of\\ngrain. Of the Foxtail group the German variety is\\nprobably the best for pasture under average condi-\\ntions, because of the abundance of the leaves which\\ncharacterizes it.\\nThe Barnyard millets include the varieties\\nderived from the common barnyard grass (Panicam\\ncrus-galli) and such related species as P. colonum\\nand P. frumcntaccum. The Japanese kinds belong\\nto this group. These are of much larger and coarser\\ngrowth than the Foxtail millets. The leaves are\\nvery long, and as they approach maturity they\\nbecome pendent. The heads are very large and\\nproduce an abundance of seed. The Japanese mil-\\nlets are adapted to the production of soiling food\\nrather than to the production of pasture, but under\\nsome conditions they may be grown for the latter\\npurpose also.\\nThe Broomcorn millets are derived from Pani-\\ncum miliaccinn. They are so named, doubtless,\\nfrom the resemblance of the head or panicle to the\\nbrush on broomcorn. The varieties are exceedingly\\nvariable and are as yet not well understood in\\nAmerica, hence it is not possible to classify them at\\npresent with unerring accuracy. They are rela-\\ntively better adapted to produce seed than to provide\\npasture. One variety of Broomcorn millet, now\\ngrown somewhat extensively in the northwestern", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "192 FORAGE CROPS.\\nstates, is frequently called lioj;* millet, from the\\nextent to which the seed has been ^rown to provide\\nfood for swine.\\nThe Pearl millets include varieties belong^ing to\\nthe various species of Pciiiiisi tiiiii. One kind of\\nPearl millet (PcniciUaria spicata) is sometimes\\ncalled cat-tail millet, from the marked resemblance\\nof the ])anicle to the common cat-tail (Typha lat i-\\nfolia) of the swamps. It is like corn in the tall and\\nupri ;ht habit of its i^rowth. It is like teosinte in\\nits tendency to produce an abundance o\\\\ leaves and\\nsuckers, and it is like sorghum in its Ihibit of bearing\\nseed on a head which grows on the upper extremity\\nof the stem. Wlien jilanted on rich soil and culti-\\nvated, it will grow to the bight of eight to ten feet.\\nAs many as nintr-five tons have been grown i)er\\nacre on very rich land from three cuttings in one\\nseason. When cut off or eaten down it springs up\\nagain ([uickly and with much vigor. It should,\\ntherefore, be valuable as a pasture, as soiling food or\\nas fodder, providing it is found sufticiently pala-\\ntable. If cut when approaching maturity, or\\neven after the head has appeared it may be easily\\ncured, and in the same manner as corn. But it is\\ndifficult to cure if cut before the heading-out stage.\\nSome authorities speak discouragingly of its value\\nas a i(MH\\\\ for live stock. The exi)erience of the\\nauthor in growing it at the Minnesota University\\nexperiment station will m^i permit the un(|ualified\\nacceptance of such a view.\\nDistribution. Millet in one or the other of its\\nvarieties may be grown so as to mature its seed in\\nnearly all j^arts of the ITnited States and Canada\\nwhere the land is tilled. This wide distribution", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "UlLLKT. 193\\narises from the short period reciuired to enable the\\ncrop to perfect its gnjwth. Some of the smaller\\nvarieties will mature in sixty to seventy-five days\\nfrom the date of sowing, under favorable conditions.\\nThese conditions include a good soil, warm\\nweather and a sufficiency oi moisture. In some\\nportions of Canada, as Manitoba and Assiniboia, f(jr\\ninstance, these varieties do not recjuire a much\\nlonger ])eriod to mature their growth than in states\\nfar to the S(nith. This is owing to the heat and to\\nthe hmg hours of sunlight which characterize the\\nsummer days in these northerly climes. But, since\\nsome of the large varieties, as Pearl millet, for\\ninstance, re(|uire about 150 days to mature seed,\\nthese are not well adapted to being grown in the\\nnorthern states to provide winter fodder. Some of\\nthe Japanese varieties, however, will perfect their\\ngrowth in the inland portions of the continent as\\nfar north, at least, as the latitude of St. Paul. Since\\nmillet cannot flourish where the mean summer tem-\\nl)eratures are low, it is somewhat lacking in adapta-\\ntion to the maritime pnjvinces of Canada, as New\\nBrunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.\\nNor has it special adaptation for the New England\\nstates, although good crops of millet may be grown\\nin these. The mean summer temperatures of\\nOregon, Washington and British Columbia between\\nthe mf)untains and the sea are also rather low for\\nmillet, and the same is true of the elevated Rocky\\nmountain valleys. In the lower of these, however,\\nit will flourish if given moisture. In what is\\ntermed the dry belt west of the Mississippi river, in\\nsome seasons millet may fail because of the lack of\\nmoisture at the proper season for sowing the seed.\\n13", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "194 FORAGE CROPS.\\nThe prairies of the Mississippi hasin and its tribu-\\ntaries have marked adaptation for the growth of\\nmillet, and this adaptation would seem to be the\\nmost complete in loose soils not very well adapted\\nto the growth of hay and some other grasses.\\nriacc ill the Rotation. Owing to the lateness\\nof the season at which millet is sown, it is frecjuently\\ngrown as a catch crop, that is to say, as a crop\\nwhere that which previously occupied the land has\\nfailed, or between two cn^ps. It may thus be made\\nto come after winter wheat which has suffered so\\nmuch from the severity of the winter weather that\\nit is not worth while leaving it. It may come after\\nspring grain that has succumbed to such adverse\\ninHuences as frost, too much or too little moisture\\nor to the ravages of insect i)ests. And with much\\nappropriateness it may come after clover that has\\nbeen winterkilled, for then nitrogen, its favorite\\nfood, is plentiful in the soil. But there is no place,\\nprobably, where millet can be grown with more\\nappropriateness for pasture than when it is sown on\\nthe bare fallow.\\nIt is possessed of peculiar adaptaticni for being\\nthus grown on the loose soils of western prairies,\\nsince these are usually improved rather than injured\\nby being trodden upon by live stock. When thus\\ngrown it interferes with the growth of no other\\ncrop. It may be eaten off at any stage of growth\\ndesired, and without injury to the fallow in any\\ninstance where a due regard is had to the conditions\\nwhile it is being grazed down.\\nMillet may be followed by any crop that it is\\ndesirable to grow, but since it greedily preys uj^on\\nthe fertihty of the soil and absorbs much moisture", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "MILLET. 195\\nfrom the same, there may he seasons in which it\\nwould be unwise to follow millet with winter wheat\\nor winter rye. But when the millet is pastured\\nrather than made into hay, the drain upon the fer-\\ntility and also upon the moisture in the soil is much\\nless than when the millet is grown for hay or\\nfor seed.\\nSoils. The soils best adapted to millet are\\nthose rich in humus. Such are the soils of swamps\\nand slough lands, basins or pockets surrounded by\\nhigher land, the lesser and also the greater valleys\\nin clay sections, and river bottoms in which sand is\\nnot present in any considerable proportion. Many\\nof the soils of the prairie also abound in humus,\\nespecially when they are first broken, hence their\\nhigh adaptation to the growth of millet. Muck\\nsoils are excellent when not too wet or too dry. The\\ncrop may oftentimes be grown successfully on these\\nwhile yet undrained, after the saturating waters of\\nthe springtime have subsided. But on such lands\\nthe danger is imminent, in climates of ample rainfall,\\nthat the saturating waters may come again before\\nthe crop has been utilized. Medium to good crops\\nof millet may be grown on clay soils amply supplied\\nwith moisture, but usually the growth on these is\\nslow. Sandy soils are ill-adapted to its growth\\nwhen low in plant food, and the want of adaptation\\nin these soils increases with the increasing dryness\\nof the climate. But the gray soils of the Rocky\\nmountain valleys have much adaptation for millet.\\nIt is not so much needed in these areas, however,\\nbecause of the wonderful adaptation of the soils for\\ngrowing alfalfa.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the soil on", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "196 FORAGE CROPS.\\nwhich millet is to be sown, the aim should be to have\\nit in fine tilth, clean and moist. With stiff clay soils\\na fine seed bed is absolutely essential to the success-\\nful growth of the crop. When millet is the only\\ncrop grown on the land during the season, there is\\nample time so to till the same that all the conditions\\nnamed above shall be secured before the period\\narrives in which to sow the millet. They are secured\\nby stirring the surface betimes in the spring before\\nthe seed is sown. This should not be neglected,\\nwhether the land is plowed in the fall or in the early\\nspring, for when the land is thus harrowed at inter-\\nvals, weed seeds that lie near the surface will be\\nmuch reduced, to the great advantage of the crop.\\nBut when millet is grown as a catch crop, the season\\nfor preparing the soil is short, hence it may be nec-\\nessary to make a free use of the harrow and roller to\\nmellow sufficiently the upturned surface of the land.\\nWhen it is sown as a catch crop on a bare fallow,\\nthere will be ample time to prepare the land in good\\nform. If the land cannot be plowed until dry\\nweather sets in, it ought to be rolled the same day\\nthat it is plowed, to assist in retaining the moisture.\\nBut when millet is sown as a catch crop, there are\\ninstances when plowing would not be necessary.\\nSome form of cultivation would be sufficient.\\nIt is not customary to manure land when pre-\\nparing it for millet, since it is seldom looked upon\\nas a leading crop. There are few crops, neverthe-\\nless, that will give a more liberal response to the\\napplication of suitable manures. These are manures\\nrich in nitrogen and in an easily available form.\\nNone are more suitable than farmyard manures\\nin a somewhat advanced stage of decay, and incor-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "MILLET. 197\\nporated with the surface soil. But to get much\\nbenefit from mamu es apphed just previous to\\nthe sowing of the crop, an ample supply of mois-\\nture is needed.\\nSowing. Since millet will not grow vigorously\\nwhile the weather is cool, nothing can be gained by\\nsowing it before the arrival of settled warm weather.\\nIt should not be sown sooner than the usual season\\nfor planting corn. But it may be sown considerably\\nlater than that season when the conditions as to\\nmoisture are favorable. Since some varieties of\\nmillet will mature in tw^o months or a little more\\nthan that from the date of putting in the seed, the\\nsowing of millets may be continued until within\\nsixty to seventy-five days of the usual season for\\nearly frosts. Millet in all its varieties is easily\\ninjured by frost. When grown for pasture, even a\\nshorter period would suffice in which to grow it,\\nsince it would of necessity be eaten down before the\\nplants had reached so advanced a stage of growth.\\nIf sown sooner than the season mentioned, the plants\\nwill start feebly, insomuch that no after conditions,\\nhowever favorable they may be, can enable them to\\nregain what they have lost in stamina. This has\\nbeen demonstrated again and again by the author\\nwhile growing millets.\\nThe mode of sowing will vary with circum-\\nstances. More commonly the seed is now sown\\nbroadcast, but in some instances it is sown with a\\ngrain drill, all the tubes being in use. The latter\\nmethod buries the seed more uniformly, and there-\\nfore insures a more uniform germination when\\nmoisture is deficient in the surface soil. Some kinds\\nof grain drills cannot be made to sow millet sufii-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "198 FORAGE CROPS.\\nciently thin unless the seed has first been mixed with\\nsome such substance as salt.\\nSome kinds of millet, as, for instance, the Jap-\\nanese, ought rather to be sown in drills or rows with\\nspace enough between them to admit of horse culti-\\nvation. But when thus sown, the object sought is\\nto obtain fodder rather than pasture.\\nWhen Pearl millet is grown to provide soiling\\nfood in the cured form, it should probably be sown\\nin drills (Fig. 23). At the Minnesota University\\nexperiment station good results were obtained from\\ngrowing Pearl millet in rows thirty inches apart,\\nbut more experimentation is needed with reference\\nto this question. In the south it may be necessary\\nto have a greater distance between the rows. When\\nsown for pasture it is also probable that Pearl millet\\nwill prove more satisfactory if sown in rows and\\ncultivated. It may yet be found that good results\\nwill arise from sowing it broadcast and somewhat\\nthinly to give the plants room to tiller. But it could\\nnever be thus grown successfully unless on\\nclean land.\\nWhen sown broadcast to provide soiling food\\nor fodder, from two to four pecks of the seed per\\nacre of the small varieties should prove ample.\\nWhen sown to provide pasture, the amount of seed\\nused should not be less than four pecks. More seed\\nis required on worn land than on a new or rich soil,\\nsince in the former it does not tiller so much.\\nWhen sown in rows for cultivation, a few\\npounds of seed per acre will suffice. The amount\\nwill vary with the distance between the rows and\\nthe plants in the line of the row, but in no case is\\nthe (|uantity large. At the Minnesota University", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "MILLET.\\n199\\n:^-i i.irife.ia\\nFig. 23. Pearl Hillet Grown for Fodder.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Minnesota University Experiment Farm.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "200 FORAGE CROPS.\\nexperiment station six pounds of seed were found\\nample to sow one acre with Pearl millet when the\\nrows were thirty inches apart. The seed may be\\nsown with the ordinary press grain drill.\\nThe covering- given to millet seed ought to be\\nlight. If the roller is run over the ground before\\nthe seed is sown, it will be buried to a more uniform\\ndepth, especially when it is sown broadcast. And\\nwith soils that do not lift with the wind it will be\\nadvantageous to use the roller again soon after the\\nseed is sown, when moisture is not present in suffi-\\ncient quantity. Since millet is sown somewhat late\\nin the season, every care should be taken to conserve\\nample moisture to give the crop a good start.\\nCultivation. When millet has been sown\\nbroadcast, it would not be possible to run even a\\nlight harrow over the ground after the seed has\\ngerminated without injuring some of the young\\nplants. And yet there may be conditions when the\\nground is so filled with weed seeds near the surface\\nthat harrowing the crop thus would result in an\\nincreased yield of millet. The aim should be to\\nclean the soil as far as possible on the surface before\\nsowing the millet. But when the seed has been\\nburied with the drill it would be advantageous to\\nrun a light harrow over tlie surface with the teeth\\nmuch aslant, just before the young plants have\\nappeared. The after cultivation suitable for millet\\nthat has been thus planted is about the same as that\\nwhich would be suitable for corn fsee Page 22).\\nBut in the case of Pearl millet cut for soiling food\\nor even grazed down, the cultivation could be pro-\\nlonged till toward the end of the season. Cultiva-\\ntion given just after the plants had been eaten down", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "MILLET. 201\\nand for some time subsequently, would enable them\\nto grow up again more quickly and more vigorously\\nthan if such cultivation were not given.\\nPasturing. Any class of live stock may be\\ngrazed upon millet. Sheep will injure it less\\nthrough treading than other animals. The stock\\nmay be turned in upon it as soon as the plants are\\nsufficiently well rooted to retain their hold upon the\\nsoil while it is being grazed. This period will vary\\nnvith variations in soils, but usually it will arrive\\nsome days before indications of jointing manifest\\nthemselves in the plants. When sown on summer\\nfallows where green manure is an important consid-\\neration, the millet may be allowed to reach a more\\nadvanced stage of growth before live stock are\\nturned in upon it. The uneaten residue may be\\nplowed under to benefit the soil.\\nAt the Minnesota University experiment sta-\\ntion, Pearl millet has been grazed down, at least to\\nsome extent, by sheep. The results were not dis-\\ncouraging. The sheep fed upon it without hesita-\\ntion, and when removed from the plot it sprang up\\nquickly again. But it should not be allowed to\\nbecome coarse and rank before turning in the sheep.\\nWhere sorghum can be grown in good form, how-\\never, it is questionable whether, under any condi-\\ntions, it would be more advantageous to grow Pearl\\nmillet for pasture.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nROOT CROPS.\\nRoot crops can be said to be grown for forage\\nonly when the animals which consume them are\\nallowed to feed upon them in the field where they\\ngrew. They harvest them without the aid of man,\\nunless in so far as he regulates the freedom of access\\nwhich they are given to these crops. The variety\\nof root crops that may thus be harvested with profit\\nis limited. On this continent the chief of these\\nwould be rutabagas, turnips and artichokes. Tur-\\nnips are grown to a much greater extent than ruta-\\nbagas and artichokes.\\nRUTABAGAS.\\nThe term rutabaga (Brassica campestris)\\nwould seem to be American, in its application, at\\nleast, whatever may be said of its origin. In Britain\\nand Canada this field root is known as the Swedish\\nturnip. In Britain it has long been grown as for-\\nage for sheep, but it is also grown there even to a\\ngreater extent for winter feeding. When grown\\nfor forage it is allowed to mature before being\\ngrazed ofi^. The grazing takes place in the late\\nautumn and early winter months. In Canada it\\ncannot be thus grazed off, unless in British Colum-\\nbia, owing to the severity of the winter weather.\\nAnd the same is true of nearly all parts of the United\\n202", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 203\\nStates that are well adapted to its growth. The\\nexceptions are along the coast line of Washington\\nand Oregon. In the United States and Canada,\\ntherefore, the rutabaga when grown is chiefly stored\\nin cellars and pits and fed to the live stock in w^inter.\\nIt makes a grand winter food for all kinds of\\nlive stock.\\nWhile the rutabaga can only be grazed off after\\nthe English method on the Pacific slope, or in cer-\\ntain of the mountain valleys of the south and south-\\nwest, it can also be grown as pasture for sheep in\\nmany sections of the country by broadcasting it on\\ncertain soils and grazing it off before the season of\\nhard frost. When thus grown it is usually on new\\nlands, frequently spoken of as breaking. This\\nmethod of growing rutabagas is not likely to become\\nvery prevalent in this country.\\nDistribution. The rutabaga as a winter food\\nfor live stock has a wide range of adaptation. Like\\nrape this plant is found at its best where the weather\\nis moist and cool. But good crops can be grown in\\nsome of the western mountain valleys in which it\\ncannot be said of the air that it is really moist.\\nWestern Oregon and Washington, near the sea,\\nBritish Columbia and Ontario have special adapta-\\ntion for rutabagas. In all the provinces of Canada\\neast from Assiniboia they may be successfully\\ngrown, and also in all the states that border upon\\nCanada, but not equally well in all parts of these.\\nRutabagas may also be grown further south, but\\nnot with the same success, unless in places with a\\nsufficiently high altitude.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The rutabaga crop\\nshould always be made a cleaning crop, save when", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "204 FORAGE CROPS.\\nthe seed is sown broadcast. It may, therefore, with\\nmuch propriety come after a succession of grain\\ncrops when the land has become weedy through\\ngrowing these crops upon it thus, as it assuredly\\nwill become in time. Turnips will grow nicely in\\noverturned sod lands when the sod is not too fresh\\nand dense, but such lands are usually wanted for\\ncereals because of their clean condition. A grain\\ncrop should follow the rutabaga crop, and because\\nof the clean condition of the land, it would be well\\nto sow grass seeds or clover seeds, or both, with\\nthe grain.\\nSoil. Rutabagas are partial to a deep, moist\\nloam soil, with enough of sand in it to keep it friable.\\nClay lands, light sands and muck soils are ill-adapted\\nto growing rutabagas. In the first, they start shyly\\nand grow slowly, and the soil is also hard to till. In\\nthe second, there is not enough food or moisture to\\nsustain a good growth, unless much fertilizer with\\nthe proper elements in it should first be applied, and\\nin the third, the rutabagas make too much growth\\nof neck and top and too little growth of bulb-like\\nroot. In some instances, but not always, gravelly\\nsoils grow good crops. The gray deposit soils of\\nthe higher Rocky mountain valleys also produce\\ngood crops of rutabagas.\\nPreparing the Soil. The same preparation of\\nsoil is wanted for a crop of rutabagas to be grown\\nfor forage as for a crop to be stored for winter feed-\\ning. Ordinarily the ground should be plowed\\ndeeply and in the autumn. On retentive soils the\\nfarmyard manure should then be applied and also\\nplowed under. But in leechy soils the results will\\nbe more satisfactory if the manure can be spread on", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 205\\nthe land, plowed or unplowed in the autumn, winter\\nor quite early spring. Decayed manure is preferred,\\nbut when moisture can be relied on, manure in the\\nfresh form will answer very well.\\nWhile various commercial fertilizers have been\\napplied in growing rutabagas, none has been so\\napplied that has given more satisfaction than ani-\\nmal superphosphate. Sometimes it is strewn over the\\nland just previous to the ridging of the land for the\\ncrop, and sometimes it is drilled in with the seed.\\nWhether the land should be plowed again in the\\nspring, or simply disked, or otherwise cultivated, will\\ndepend upon conditions. If fresh manure has been\\nstrewn over the land, the plow will have to be used\\nto bury it. When moisture can be relied on, there\\nneed be no hesitancy in plowing the land in the\\nspring, even though plowed previously in the fall.\\nBut with a doubtful supply of moisture spring plow-\\ning should be avoided. In any event, the harrow\\ncannot be used too freely in preparing the land. It\\nis important that soil on which rutabagas are to be\\nsown should be of fine tilth, moist and firm.\\nNew land on which a crop of rutabagas is to be\\nbroadcasted should not be deeply plowed, as the\\nplants will then be able to feed more readily in the\\ndecayed vegetable matter. It cannot usually be\\nplowed too early in the spring, nor can it be made\\ntoo fine by the use of the harrow and roller.\\nSolving. Rutabagas are more commonly sown\\nin raised drills, although it may sometimes be pref-\\nerable to sow them on the level, as, for instance,\\nwhen the land is liable to be short of moisture dur-\\ning the growing season. The cultivation is more\\neasily done when the drills are raised, but if raised", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "206 FORAGE CROPS.\\nhigh the plants are more Hable to be injured by dry\\nweather. The raised drills can best be made with\\na double mold-board plow and marker attached.\\nThey may also be made with a single mold-\\nboard plow, but they can only be made thus\\nat a serious loss of time as compared with the\\nother system of making them. The distance\\nbetween the rows varies, say, from twenty-four\\ninches to thirty-six inches, but the average distance\\nis about twenty-six inches.\\nThe seed may be sown with a hand drill such\\nas is used in a garden, when only a small quantity\\nis to be sown, but when a large area is to be sown\\na drill made for the purpose of sowing field seeds is\\ncommonly used. It is draw^n with one horse, sows\\ntwo rows of seed at a time, and a roller attached\\nfirms the earth over the seed. But when the\\nweather is dry and the soil is not liable to blow, it\\nwill be advantageous to use the heavy field roller\\nafter the seed has been sown.\\nFrom two to four pounds of seed are sown per\\nacre, according to the more or less favorable condi-\\ntions of soil and weather. The time for sowing\\nwill, of course, vary much with the locality. The\\nfurther north, as a rule, the later should the sowing\\nbe, but the last half of May and the first half of June\\nwill pretty well cover the best season for sowing\\nrutabagas.\\nWhen the seed is broadcasted, it is sown about\\nthe season already mentioned, but on new lands the\\ncrop will sometimes be al)undant when sown later.\\nIt may be sown In^ hand or by the aid of a hand\\nbroadcasting machine, and at the rate of, say. three\\nto four pounds of the seed per acre. A light har-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 207\\nrow sometimes, but not always, followed by a roller,\\nmay be used in covering the seed.\\nCultivation. When rutabagas are sown in\\ndrills, the horse cultivation should begin as soon as\\nthe young plants can be distinctly traced in the line\\nof the row. The cultivation ought to be deeper at\\nfirst than later, and close to the rows, but not so\\nclose as to disturb the young plants. If, at the same\\ntime, the undisturbed portion of the soil is disturbed\\n-with the hoe, but without cutting out any of the\\nplants, the weeds can never again become so trouble-\\nsome along the line of the row. The cultivation\\ngiven should be frequent, and it ought to be con-\\ntinued as long as it can be done without breaking\\noff any considerable proportion of the leaves of\\nthe rutabagas.\\nWhen the plants have produced four or five\\nleaves, or when they are three to four inches high,\\nthe thinning should be done and with much dispatch.\\nThe workman stands facing the row, and with a\\nforward and backward movement of the hoe strikes\\nout the plants that are to be removed. The distance\\nbetween the plants may be varied from six to twelve\\ninches, but it is not common to thin the plants to a\\ngreater distance than, say, nine to ten inches.\\nAnd they shouM be gone over a second time with\\nthe hand hoe, to perfect the thinning and also the\\ndestruction of the weeds. When rutabagas are\\nbroadcasted they are not given any cultivation.\\nPasturing. Rutabagas are more commonly\\ngrazed off by sheep. When the crop has been grown\\nin drills the sheep are usually inclosed in hurdles,\\nand these are moved from time to time, as required.\\nThe object of the hurdling is, first, to secure the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "208 FORAGE CROPS.\\neating of the crop with measurable cleanness, and,\\nsecond, to secure an even fertilization of the land.\\nSometimes additional food is given to the sheep\\nwhen they are thus being grazed, as, for instance,\\noil cake. Such food aids in fattening the sheep\\nmore quickly and also in fertilizing the land.\\nSheep may thus be grazed also on the broad-\\ncasted rutabagas when the growth is sufficiently\\npronounced to justify such a course. Otherwise it\\nmay prove a better way to allow them to have the\\nfreedom of the whole field when they are graz-\\ning it off.\\nTURNIPS.\\nThe turnip (Brassica rapa) is of many varie-\\nties. They are sometimes called fall turnips,\\nbecause they are more commonly fed in the\\nautumn, whereas the Swedish varieties are more\\ncommonly fed at a later period. They are charac-\\nterized by differences in the size, shape and color of\\nthe bulb, and by the habit of growth in the top.\\nCompared wnth rutabagas they are flatter in shape,\\nthey grow more quickly and more above the ground\\nand are less firm in flesh, hence they cannot be kept\\nso long when harvested. They are more frequently\\ngrown to provide forage than rutabagas, because of\\ntheir quick growing properties, and because it would\\nnot be so remunerative to harvest a crop that keeps\\nbut for a short time. Sometimes they are raised\\nfor forage by sowing the seed in drills and cultivat-\\ning the plants, but more frequently they are sow^n\\nfor this purpose in the grain fields. They furnish\\nforage for all farm animals, but are best adapted to\\nsheep and swine.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 209\\nDistribution. The distribution of fall turnips\\nis much the same as that of rutabagas (see Page\\n203). But fall turnips may be grown further south\\nthan the former, especially when grown late in\\nthe season.\\nPlace in the Rotation. The place of fall tur-\\nnips in the rotation is essentially the same as that of\\nrutabagas, when they are grown in drills and culti-\\nvated (see Page 203). Since they may be sown\\nlater in the season, where the climate is suitable,\\nthey may not infrequently be raised as a catch\\ncrop, and after various crops, as, for instance, har-\\nvested hay, grain or early potatoes, but never in the\\nabsence of moisture.\\nSoil. The soil for fall turnips is about the\\nsame as that which will be found adapted to ruta-\\nbagas (see Page 204). The former will grow bet-\\nter, relatively, in what may be termed humus soils,\\nhence they grow better than rutabagas in the black\\nloam soils of the prairie.\\nPreparing the Soil. The soil is usually pre-\\npared for fall turnips in the same way as for ruta-\\nbagas, when the crop is given cultivation (see Page\\n204). But w^hen it is thus grown as a catch crop,\\nmuch attention should be given to the retention of\\nmoisture in the soil. When sown in a grain crop\\nthe preparation of the soil will be the same, of\\ncourse, as that given to it in preparing it for\\nthe grain.\\nSolving. When fall turnips are sown with a\\nview to feeding them as soiling food in the early\\nautumn, or to harvesting the crop for autumn feed-\\ning, the directions given for sowing rutabagas will\\nequally apply to the fall varieties (see Page 205).\\n14", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "Jio FORAeii-: ckors.\\nTo i)n)vi(lc forage they are commonly sown with a\\nwinter grain crop, as wheat or rye, or witli a spring\\ngrain crop, as wheat, oats or barley. But they\\nshould not ordinarily he sown with a grain crop that\\nhas also been sown with grass seeds, for the pastur-\\ning in the autumn would very probably prove hurt-\\nful to the young grass. With a winter crop they\\nshould be sown early, so that it will not too much\\nshade the plants while they are young and tender.\\nWith a spring crop they should usually be sown at\\nthe same time as the grain, but may be sown later.\\nFrom one to two pounds of seed will usually\\nprove sufficient to sow per acre. On winter grain\\ncrops the seed will have to be broadcasted. It should\\nthen be covered with a harrow. The harrowing\\nwill also be helpful to the grain when it is judici(msly\\ndone. On spring grain it may be sown with the\\ngrass-seeder attachment of the grain drill when it\\nhas one, and except on stiff soils the seed should fall\\nbefore the drill tubes. When the seed is thus\\ndropped before the drill tubes it will be sufficiently\\ncovered. When it is sown just after the grain it\\nwill, in nearly all instances, be necessary to cover it\\nwith the harrow, except on lumpy (^r cloddy soils.\\nOn these the roller ought to be used rather than\\nthe harrow.\\nIf the seed should be sown just when the blades\\nof the grain begin to appear, a light harrowing at\\nthat time will not only cover the seed, but it will be\\nhelpful to the grain, that is to say, when the soil is\\nnot too wet to be harrowed.\\nOf the various kinds of spring grain, barley\\nmakes the best nurse cro]) for turnips, because of the\\nless dense growth which it produces, and because", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 211\\nof its early removal. Oats is the most unsuitable as\\na nurse crop for reasons just the opposite.\\nThe value of the turnip crop for forage will\\ndepend much on the character of the season and\\nsoil. In any case, the turnips are not likely to grow\\nso as to hinder growth in the grain crop. But\\nunder favorable conditions they will come on after\\nthe crop is harvested and will produce an excellent\\ngrowth of top and root. In very dry seasons they\\nmay not give any return, but in turnip growing sec-\\ntions it is seldom, indeed, that the crop will not be\\nfound worth more than the seed and the cost of\\nsowing it.\\nPasturing. The sheep or other live stock that\\nare to be pastured on the turnips may be allowed\\nfreedom of access to the pastures after the first two\\nor three days. And if they can have access to other\\ngrass pasture, the outcome will be still further satis-\\nfactory, for the danger of an unduly lax condition\\nof the bowels is less likely to occur. The pasturing\\nshould be completed before the weather becomes\\nreally cold, for turnips freeze much more easily than\\nrutabagas, and when hard frozen they should not be\\neaten by the stock.\\nObservations. i. When rape and fall turnips\\nare thus grown together, the combination is an\\nexcellent one for sheep. The seed of each may be\\nsown in ec|ual (|uantities.\\n2. When fall turnips are thus sown with grain,\\nthe plowing of the land must usually be deferred\\nuntil late in the season, and this is so far an objec-\\ntion to the system.\\n3. When the turnips grow to a large size, as\\nthey sometimes do, the largest are harvested and", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "212 FORAGE CROPS.\\nStored away for late feeding before the graz-\\ning begins.\\nARTICHOKES.\\nBut few plants have been grown upon the farm\\nwith reference to which opinions differ so widely.\\nMany of those who have grown the Jerusalem arti-\\nchoke (Helianthus tiiherosus) speak very highly of\\nit, more especially as a food for swine. Others,\\nagain, look upon it as a nuisance on the farm, owing\\nto the difficulty they have met with in cleaning the\\nland of the plants. This difference in opinion may\\narise, first, from a difference in soils; second, from\\na difference in the methods of growing them third,\\nfrom a difference in the varieties grown fourth,\\nfrom a difference in the method of handling the\\ncrop after it has been grown; and, fifth from a dif-\\nference in handling the land when ridding it of the\\nartichokes. That there is a place for the artichoke,\\nespecially as a forage for swine, should not any\\nlonger be questioned. The testimony sustaining\\nthis view comes from so many reputable men in\\nvarious states, and from so many states, that it is\\nnot to be gainsaid.\\nThe artichoke is a tuber which bears consider-\\nable resemblance to the potato, both in appearance\\nand habits of growth. The tops, which frequently\\ngrow to a bight of six or eight feet, closely resemble\\nthe wild sunflower. The flowers are yellow, and\\nseed is produced, though not so plentifully as by\\nthe sunflower. The tubers are more elongated and\\nirregular in shape than those of the potato. They\\ncluster more closely around the parent stem and yet\\nthey throw out runners at the same time which bear", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 213\\nsmall tubers. This it is that gives them so much\\npower to completely occupy the land, since these\\nsmall tubers, if allowed to remain in the ground, will\\nthrow up fresh plants. The tuber is less firm than\\nthat of the potato. The plant is extremely hardy,\\nso much so that it may be allow^ed to remain in the\\nground all winter without being harvested.\\nThis plant is grown for table use and for dif-\\nferent kinds of live stock, to which it is variously\\nfed. Its highest value comes from growing it for\\nswine, and with a view to having the swine harvest\\nthe crop in the autumn or in the spring, but more\\nespecially in the autumn. The tops are sometimes\\nfed as fodder to horses and cattle, but where other\\nfodders grow freely, it would not be wise to set a\\nhigh value on such fodder.\\nThe strong points in favor of the artichoke\\ncrop are found, first, in the large amount of health-\\nful food w^hich they furnish for swine; as high as\\n700 bushels per acre are reported by farmers who\\nhave grown them for years, but the average yield\\nwould probably run from 300 to 400 bushels per\\nacre, and in many instances it w^ould be less than\\nthese amounts; second, in the fact that the swine\\nmay harvest them; third, in their immunity from\\ninjury by frost, especially while not yet harvested;\\nfourth, in the fact that they can be planted fall and\\nspring and, fifth, in the number of successive crops\\nthat they will produce from one planting under cer-\\ntain conditions of management. As many as seven\\nsuccessive crops have been grown without any inter-\\nruption, and under some conditions the growing of\\nthese successive crops could be further extended.\\nThe chief objections to their grow^th arise,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "214 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfirst, from the difficulty sometimes found in ridding\\nthe land of them, and, second, from the impaction\\nof certain lands which follows harvesting them by\\nswine when those lands are unduly moist. These\\nobjections will be further considered elsewhere.\\nThere are several varieties of the artichoke.\\nBut two, however, would seem to have been exten-\\nsively grown on this continent. These are the com-\\nmon Jerusalem artichoke and the French Improved.\\nThe first is probably the hardier of the two. The\\nsecond is more refined, and under favorable condi-\\ntions may be expected to produce larger crops, and\\nit is more easy of eradication.\\nDistribution. But few good plants are of wider\\ndistribution than the artichoke. There are few\\nplaces in the United States or Canada where the soil\\ncan be tilled in which this plant cannot be grown suc-\\ncessfully. And yet there are certain areas with\\nmuch better adaptation to its growth than other\\nareas. As it is a very hardy plant it can be grown\\non high altitudes, and yet if planted sufficiently\\nearly in the season it can be grown in the\\nwarmest valleys.\\nIn considering the highest adaptation in this\\nplant it is necessary to bear several things in mind.\\nThese are, first, the soils and climates in which it\\nwill grow most readily; second, the soils in which\\nit can be most easily harvested by swine third, the\\nsoils that will receive the least injury from harvest-\\ning the crop by swine in the fall or spring; and,\\nfourth, the duration of the season for harvesting.\\nIt is very evident, therefore, that localities with con-\\nditions for producing the largest crops in the\\nabstract are not of necessity the best in all-round", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 215\\nadaptability. For instance, though it were possible\\nto produce a larger crop of artichokes in the soils\\naround Winnipeg than in those around Kansas City,\\nit would not follow that it would be more profitable\\nto grow artichokes as forage for swine in the former\\nsoils than in the latter. The climate of Winnipeg\\nwould lock the artichokes in the ground for five to\\nsix months in the year, while the climate of Kansas\\nCity would not so lock them for more than a few\\nweeks. But for a crop to be dug and stored for\\nwinter, the former soils might be more suitable than\\nthe latter. Highest adaptation, therefore, is to be\\nsought for in soils that will grow maximum crops,\\nand in a climate where they may be harvested by\\nswine during a large portion of the season which\\nfollows the maturing of the crop. And it will prob-\\nably be found in the alluvial lands of the Mississippi\\nand its tributaries, but not very near the sources of\\nthese streams.\\nPlace in the Rotation. Artichokes may come\\nafter any kind of a crop, but since they should be\\ncultivated much the same as corn, they should natu-\\nrally be given the place of a cleaning crop. How-\\never, because of the difficulty that is frequently\\nfound in ridding the land of artichokes, they should\\nalways be followed by some kind of cultivated crop,\\nas corn, for instance. But a crop that could be\\nplanted later, as rape, would be even better, as a\\nlonger period would then be given for cleaning the\\nland before sowing the crop which follows the\\nartichokes.\\nWhen artichokes are grown as swine forage,\\nhowever, it will frequently be found advantageous\\nto grow them during successive seasons on the same", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "2l6 FORAGE CROPS.\\npiece of land for at least a limited term of years.\\nWhen thus grown, replanting will not be necessary,\\nand the labor of cleaning out the artichokes for the\\nnext crop in the rotation will be lessened in propor-\\ntion as the term of growing the successive crops of\\nartichokes is extended.\\nSoil. A soil that will grow artichokes in\\nexcellent form should be deep, moist, friable, free\\nfrom stagnant water at all seasons of the year, and\\nwell filled with vegetable matter. Black loams,\\ntherefore, and muck soils will be found very suitable.\\nGood crops may be grown on sandy soils in moist\\nseasons, providing they have first been properly\\nenriched, but not when the opposite conditions pre-\\nvail. The sandy and alluvial soils of the Rocky\\nmountain region should grow excellent artichokes\\nwhen irrigated. Strong and even hard clays may\\nproduce good crops, but artichokes should not be\\ngrown on such lands as forage, since the swine can-\\nnot dig them except at the expenditure of too much\\nlabor, and if they are allowed to search for them in\\nclay land when it is wet, it would become so\\nimpacted that for a time subsequent to such foraging\\nit would be impossible to cultivate it without\\ngreat labor.\\nPreparing the Soil. In preparing the land for\\nartichokes, much will depend upon the season of\\nthe year when the sets are to be planted. When\\nplanted late in the fall it is not absolutely necessary\\nto have the soil in tilth as fine as for spring planting.\\nWhen planted in the spring the tilth should be fine.\\nIn the moist states of the east the aim should be to\\nhave the soil lie loosely upon itself, but in the more\\ndry prairie soils the aim should be to have the land", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 217\\nfirm. In either case, the plowing should be deep.\\nManure may be plowed in or put upon the surface\\nbefore planting the crop or after planting, according\\nto conditions.\\nSolving or Planting. Artichokes may be\\nplanted in the fall or in the spring. When planted\\nin the fall, late planting will usually be found pref-\\nerable, as then the winter frosts will not cut off the\\nyoung growth. This would be seriously injurious\\nTo the plants when young. But in the spring the\\nplanting should be early, considerably earlier than\\nwould be safe in planting potatoes. When planted\\nin the fall, whole tul^ers ought to be used. When\\nplanted in the spring, cut sets will answer, though\\nperhaps not quite so well as medium-sized tubers\\nplanted whole. Deep planting is preferable to\\nshallow planting, since it makes possible more\\nthorough cultivation before the plants are up, and it\\nfurther removes the feeding ground of the roots\\nfrom the influences of surface evaporation.\\nThe planting may be done, first, by the ordinary\\npotato planter, or, second, by making furrows or\\ntrenches with the plow at suitable distances and\\ndropping the artichokes in these by hand. These\\nfurrows will vary from three to six inches in depth,\\naccording to conditions. The trenches may be cov-\\nered with the plow or the harrow, according to\\nattendant circumstances. In slough lands that are\\ndry enough for artichokes it may very well serve the\\npurpose to drop the artichokes in certain of the fur-\\nrows while the land is being plowed.\\nThe distance between the rows and also between\\nthe plants in the row varies, but the rows should not\\nbe nearer to each other than three feet, and the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "2l8 FORAGE CROPS.\\nplants in the line of the row should not be nearer\\nthan eighteen inches. A greater distance between\\nthe plants will probably provide the largest yields,\\nunless in soils deficient in fertility.\\nCultivation. The first year the cultivation of\\nartichokes should be thorough during all the early\\npart of the season. The first harrowing should be\\ngiven a few days after the artichokes are planted.\\nThe subsequent harro wings should ordinarily be\\nfrom two to four in number, and they ought to be\\nmade before the plants reach the hight of, say, six\\ninches. The horse cultivation should then begin.\\nIt ought to be given frequently, and it is important\\nthat it shall be shallow so as not to break the hori-\\nzontal rootlets of the plants.\\nWhen the crop is to be grown during successive\\nyears on the same land without replanting, the soil\\nshould be carefully harrowed, or otherwise leveled,\\nevery spring before other cultivation is attempted.\\nAs soon as the young plants appear, they should\\nbe all cut out with the cultivator, except such as are\\nallowed to remain in narrow strips about three feet\\napart to form the rows. The cultivator should\\nthen be made to cross the rows likewise, but\\nin the second instance the rows may be left\\nsomewhat closer. The artichokes will then grow\\nat the corners of squares, or of rectangles, hence\\nthe cultivator may be used so as to run in vari-\\nous directions. The harrow will probably be the\\nnext implement to use, that the weeds around\\nthe plants may be killed. Horse cultivation should\\nthen follow, as previously described.\\nPasturing or Foraging. The management of\\nthe foraging of this crop will vary with variations in", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "ROOT CROPS. 219\\nclimate. In any climate, ordinarily, it ought to\\nbegin as soon as the crop has matured for the season.\\nBut in cool climates it is especially important that\\nit shall begin early, for as soon as the ground freezes\\nthe foraging must cease until the following spring.\\nIt may then be resumed if the ground is not too\\nmoist, but generally the season for spring foraging\\nis very brief, as the value of the tubers for feeding\\nis much impaired after they begin to grow.\\nWhen swine are foraging on artichokes, they\\nmay be given access to them at will. But when\\npracticable it will also be better to allow them the\\noption of feeding on other pasture, on the principle\\nthat a variety of suitable foods is beneficial. Whether\\nthey should be given additional grain food will\\ndepend upon the age of the pigs and the object\\nsought in feeding them. Young pigs should be\\ngiven additional grain food, as shorts, for instance,\\nbut brood sows will not usually require a grain por-\\ntion. The exercise which the sows get in foraging\\nfor the artichokes is very beneficial to them, and\\nmore especially when they are pregnant. Pigs that\\nare being made ready for fattening will do well on\\nartichokes supplemented with grain, especially corn.\\nBut swine that are being fattened should not be\\nrequired to labor so hard for their food. However,\\nwhen they have been reared chiefly on a corn diet,\\nsuch exercise, when not excessive, will tend to keep\\nthem in a healthy condition.\\nObservations. i. When artichokes are grown\\nfor successive years on the same land, well rotted\\nmanure may be advantageously applied to them by\\nincorporating the manure with the soil while the\\nland is being leveled in the spring.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "220 FORAGE CROPS.\\n2. In preparing the soil for a crop which is to\\ncome after the artichokes, the plowing of the land\\nshould be deferred in the spring until the more\\nadvanced of the volunteer plants have reached the\\nhight of twelve inches or more. If the plowing is\\ndone with due care, many of the artichokes that\\nthus sprouted will die. The cultivation given to\\nthe crop that is then planted, along with some hand\\nhoeing, should destroy the artichokes in a single\\nseason.\\n3. Owing to the great yield that artichokes\\nare capable of producing, it is not necessary to plant\\na large area unless where the herd of swine kept is\\nnumerically large.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nMISCELLANEOUS PLANTS.\\nThe plants which have been discussed in the\\npreceding chapters have all been found more or less\\nuseful in providing pasture or forage for domestic\\nanimals, although experience in growing some of\\nthem for such a purpose has not been at all extensive.\\nIn addition to these there are a number of plants,\\nthe value of which in providing pasture has not been\\nproved on this continent at all, or if so proved, it has\\nbeen in only limited areas, although elsewhere, as in\\nsome parts of Europe, for instance, they have been\\nfound more or less valuable in providing pasture.\\nProminent among these are the following The flat\\npea, sweet clover, yellow clover, Japan clover, sain-\\nfoin, spurry, kale, white mustard, lupines, sacaline,\\npeanuts, the velvet bean, beggar s ticks and Austra-\\nlian saltbush. Further experience is required in test-\\ning these plants on our continent before it would be\\npossible to pronounce with even approximate cor-\\nrectness as to their value in providing pasture or\\nother food for live stock. But they should be tested\\nby the experiment stations rather than by the farm-\\ners, since all experimentation is more or less costly.\\nThis is a work which the experiment stations are\\nalways ready and willing to take up, and carry on\\nuntil tangible results are obtained. One object sought\\nin referring to them here is to call attention to the\\n221", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "222 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfact that their value in providing forage has not\\nyet been determined.\\nTHE FLAT PEA.\\nThe flat pea (Lafhyrus syhestris) is a\\nlegume. It is perennial in its habit of growth. In\\nappearance it bears no little resemblance to the grass\\npea, which has been grown for many years in some\\nsections of the United States and Canada. The\\nseed is tardy in germinating. The plants grow\\nslowly for a time. The first year the growth varies\\nfrom six to twenty-four inches, according to the\\nnature of the soil, climate and season. The next\\nyear and subsecjuently they should furnish from one\\nto two or three cuttings, according to the conditions.\\nComplaints have been made that the plant is a shy\\nbearer of seed.\\nThe flat pea is certainly a hardy plant. When\\nonce established it will endure much drouth. At\\nthe Ontario experiment station at Guelph, it with-\\nstood the cold of winter without apparent injury.\\nIt has also lived through several winters in the state\\nof Michigan. At the University experiment station\\nof Minnesota, however, it has in some instances suc-\\ncumbed the first winter when planted in exposed\\nsituations. As to its duration, claims have been\\nmade for it that sound extravagant. It has been\\naffirmed that the plants will live indefinitely, or at\\nleast from fifty to sixty years. At the Michigan\\nexperiment station, 41,185 pounds of green food per\\nacre were obtained from two cuttings in one year.\\nBut it was found that the stock consumed the food\\nwith reluctance, whether fed in the green or the dry", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 223\\nState. Of course if this experience should prove gen-\\neral there will be no place for the plant in the agricul-\\nture of this country, but conclusions should not be\\ndrawn hastily with reference to the palatability of\\nfodder plants when but newly introduced. The\\ntaste of domestic animals is quite susceptible of cul-\\ntivation. The limited quantities grown by the\\nauthor in Ontario were apparently relished by the\\nbovines to which they were fed in the green form.\\nIt is probable, however, that the flat pea will\\nnot become greatly popular in areas well adapted to\\nthe growth of clover, alfalfa and vetches. Nor is it\\nlikely soon to find a prominent place in regions\\nwhere the rainfall is sufficient in a normal season to\\nmeet the needs of ordinary farm crops. If there is\\na place for this plant in the agriculture of the United\\nStates, it is likely to be found in the dry areas of the\\nsouthwest and on lands in these which cannot be\\nirrigated. And it is also probable that it will be\\nfound more valuable, relatively, in providing pas-\\nture for sheep than in growing soiling food. But\\nexperience with reference to pasturing the flat pea\\nwould seem to be wholly wanting in America.\\nBecause of the slow growth of the seeds of the\\nflat pea, it has been recommended to start the seed\\nunder favored conditions, as in a bed prepared for\\nthe purpose, and then to transplant into rows where\\nthe plants are to remain. Such a process, however,\\nwould involve so much labor that it is not likely ever\\nto come into general favor. Nor does it seem nec-\\nessary, where the preparation of the ground for the\\nseed has been given sufficient care.\\nThe soil for this plant ought to be porous and\\nfree from stagnant water in both soil and subsoil.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "224 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsince it feeds deeply. It should be so prepared that\\nthe weeds will not be superabundant while the plants\\nare yet young. The seed should be sown in rows\\nfrom two and one-half to three feet distant. The\\nground must be kept free from weeds the first sea-\\nson by using the cultivator and also the hoe. And\\nit is recommended that cultivation should also be\\ngiven during subsequent seasons. But more expe-\\nrience is required before pronouncing definitely on\\nthe necessity for such cultivation, and also on the\\nbenefits accruing therefrom. There are good reasons\\nfor continuing experimentation with this plant, espe-\\ncially in the southwest and south.\\nSWEET CLOVER.\\nSweet clover (Melilotus alba) is so named,\\ndoubtless, from the fragrance of the odor which\\ncharacterizes it. It is also frequently called Bokhara\\nclover. The two species, Melilotus alba, and yel-\\nlow sweet clover (Melilotus ofReinalis) are closely\\nallied, but the blossom of the former is light colored,\\nwhile that of the latter is yellow.\\nSweet clover is a strong, vigorous growing\\nbiennial. It is branched and upright in its habit of\\ngrowth. It is one of the most hardy plants of the\\nclover family. When once firmly rooted it has\\ngreat power to withstand drouth and heat, and it\\ncan also endure low temperatures. Being a raven-\\nous feeder it is able to maintain itself in soils too\\npoor to sustain other species of the clover family.\\nThe writer has succeeded in growing sweet clover on\\na vacant lot in St. Paul, from which several feet of\\nthe surface soil had been removed, insomuch that", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 225\\nonly sand and gravel remained. Moreover, it is a\\nlegume, and one which has much power to renovate\\nsoils. A plant, therefore, which is possessed of such\\npowers should not be looked upon as worthless.\\nThat it is so is the popular idea. It has even been\\nlooked upon as a weed, and some countries and\\nstates have included sweet clover in the list of pro-\\nscribed noxious weeds.\\nBut sweet clover has been grown to some\\nextent to provide hay for live stock in the cured\\nform, and also to provide pasture. And it has been\\ngrown to furnish food for bees when it is in bloom.\\nIt has been grown for all these uses in the south,\\nmore particularly in the states of the lower Missis-\\nsippi basin. For providing hay it is not very suit-\\nable, for the reasons, first, that it is woody and\\ncoarse in character; second, that it is difficult to\\ncure and, third, that it is not much relished by live\\nstock. They do not care to eat it when they can\\nget a sufficiency of other food, as corn, sorghum,\\nor other clovers. As a food for bees it is excellent,\\nand if a part of the plot or field is cut before coming\\ninto bloom, the season of bloom will be much pro-\\nlonged. It is also sown along the sloping embank-\\nments and the sides of railway cuttings. The object\\nsought is to prevent these from washing, and it has\\nproved highly serviceable for the purpose.\\nSweet clover has not been much grown for\\npasture, but for such a use it may yet prove to be of\\nvalue. When sheep have access to a variety of\\ngrasses they will probably pass sweet clover by, even\\nwhen it is young and tender. But if confined to\\nsuch a pasture when it first begins to grow they\\nwould soon begin to crop it down. To force ani-\\n15", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "226 FORAGE CROPS.\\nmals thus to eat food under constraint is not good\\nfor them, but thus it is that in some instances sheep\\nhave to be confined on rape and forced to eat it\\nthrough sheer hunger. In a short time they become\\nvery fond of the rape. So hkewise they may be\\ntaught to eat sweet clover. Of course where other\\nand better kinds of clover w^ill grow, it would not be\\nwise to trouble w^ith sweet clover. But in the semi-\\narid belt east of the Rocky mountains, and in the\\npoor, sandy soils of the south, it may yet be found\\nthat an important mission awaits this plant, first, in\\ngrowing a crop that will renovate the soil when\\nplowed under and increase its power to hold mois-\\nture second, in furnishing food for bees and, third,\\nin providing pasture. Hay should be sought from\\nit the first year rather than the second.\\nSweet clover can only be sown in the spring or\\nsummer in very cold latitudes, but in those that are\\nmild it can be sown in the autumn or spring, prefer-\\nably the former. Usually not less than fifteen\\npounds of the seed is sown to the acre. In the south\\nit is frequently sown on the surface of stubble land\\nafter the crop has been harvested, and when thus\\nsown it is simply covered by the harrow. If sweet\\nclover is kept from blossoming, the land will soon\\nbe freed from it when it is so desired. Although\\nsweet clover seeds profusely, the high price of the\\nseed at the present time stands much in the way of\\nextending its growth.\\nYELLOW CLOVER.\\nYellow clover (Mcdicago lupulina) is sometimes\\ncalled black medic. At other times it is spoken of", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 227\\nas trefoil, but this term is not sufficiently specific.\\nNor is it to be confounded with hop clover (Trifo-\\nliiim procumbcns), although there is much of resem-\\nblance between the two plants.\\nYellow clover is perennial and recumbent in its\\nhabit of growth. It does not make sufficient growth\\nto render it of much value for hay. But as a pas-\\nture plant it is, to some extent at least, deserving of\\na place in our agriculture. It bears seed profusely,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2and as the season of bloom is prolonged when it is\\npastured, this plant has much power to re-seed itself\\nand therefore to maintain its hold upon land where\\nit has been grown.\\nYellow clover has special adaptation for soils\\nwell supplied with lime. On such soils it has in\\nsome localities almost assumed the character of a\\nweed. But this can only happen in rainy climates.\\nIt will also grow in gravelly soils w^here some of the\\nother varieties of clover would fail. The author\\nhas met with it growing in great luxuriance in a\\nsemi-wild condition on the coast of Puget Sound.\\nIt also grows freely in several of the northern states\\nand of the provinces of the Dominion of Canada\\nthat lie eastward from Lake Huron. And it is\\nprobable that it may be grown with more or less\\nsuccess in all, or nearly all, the tillable portions of\\nthe United States and Canada.\\nWhere other and superior kinds of clover will\\ngrow freely, it is not necessary to give much atten-\\ntion to yellow clover. But in permanent pastures,\\neven among superior sorts, it has a place, since it\\ncomes on early in the season and grows vigorously,\\nand it is fine and leafy when young. But as sum-\\nmer advances it becomes woody and ceases to grow.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "228 FORAGE CROPS.\\nAs a pasture plant it is not the equal of white clover\\n(Trifoliuin re pens), but it may be able to grow in\\nsome situations where white clover will not succeed.\\nThe seed of yellow clover is relatively cheap,\\nhence to add one or two pounds of the seed per acre\\nto a mixture to be sown for permanent pasture will\\nnot add much to the whole cost of the seed. When\\nsown alone, from three to five pounds of seed would\\nprobably be ample. But it should only be thus sown\\nto provide seed. The seed may be sown by hand or\\nwith some form of hand seeder, and covered with a\\nlight harrow or a roller, according to the character\\nof the soil. When not sown to provide seed it ought\\nto be made a part of a grass mixture rather than\\nthe sole crop. In such instances one to two pounds\\nof seed per acre should suffice.\\nJAPAN CLOVER.\\nJapan clover (Lespedeza striata) is growing in\\nfavor in the south. It is said to have been first intro-\\nduced into the United States from China, and has\\nbecome prominent since the time of the civil war. It\\nwould seem to be adapted only to southern condi-\\ntions and will probably never have a place among\\nthe pasture crops of the northern half of the United\\nStates or in Canada. It has been grown with no\\nlittle success in all, or nearly all, the Gulf states.\\nJapan clover is a low growing annual. On\\nlands low in fertility it can only grow to the bight\\nof a few inches, but on rich soils otherwise suitable\\nit sometimes reaches the hight of sixteen inches or\\nmore. The leaves are triplicate. The flowers are\\nnumerous and blue in color. The plants produce", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 229\\nseed abundantly. On lands not too foul with weeds,\\nit is able to maintain itself for years by the process\\nof self-seeding, if not kept grazed too closely or har-\\nvested too early in the season. But if harvesting is\\ndeferred until some of the seed scatters, the feeding\\nvalue of the hay will be lessened.\\nAs Japan clover is a legume, its growth is of\\ncourse beneficial to the land. It is useful as a pas-\\nture crop and also in producing hay. The taste\\nresembles that of white clover, and it is relished by\\nlive stock. Although it responds to cultivation it\\ngrows in a wild state in some parts of Louisiana.\\nIt starts late in the season and has no little power\\nto withstand the influences of dry weather. It is\\nwhat may be termed a summer or an autumn crop.\\nIn preparing the soil for Japan clover it ought\\nto be given sufficient cultivation to clean it on and\\nnear the surface, otherwise on rich lands the weeds\\nwill greatly injure the growth of the clover. On\\npoor land that is foul, the clover will better resist\\nthe encroachments of weeds than on rich land thus\\ninfested. It has some adaptation for hard, dry,\\nclay soils, but will grow better on soils where the\\nconditions are more favorable. As this plant does\\nnot grow until the weather becomes warm, nothing\\ncan be gained by sowing it earlier. For pasture or\\nfor hay, twelve to fifteen pounds of seed are sown\\nper acre. Since it is a summer rather than a spring\\nplant, the pasture which it furnishes is seasonable.\\nSAINFOIN.\\nSainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) is sometimes\\ncalled esparcette or asperset. The German spelling", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "230 FORAGE CROPS.\\nis esparsette. It is a legume of the clover family,\\nwhich has special adaptation for limestone and dry,\\nchalky soils. It has been grown in the south of\\nEngland, in France and in other countries of Europe\\nfor several centuries. It has been made to render\\nthe best of service in providing pasture for sheep\\nand soiling food and fodder for cattle and horses.\\nIn the south of England it is considered indispen-\\nsable on many sheep farms, notwithstanding the\\nexcellence of the turnip crops that are grown\\non these.\\nSainfoin is a vigorous growing plant. It is\\nbranched and spreading. Its flowers are numerous\\nand of a showy red color. It \\\\y\\\\\\\\\\\\ frequently pro-\\nduce two or more cuttings of hay or of seed, and\\nseveral cuttings of soiling food, in a single sea-\\nson. But it is seldom advisable to seek two\\ncrops of seed in one season, since the first crop does\\nnot yield nearly so w^ell as the second. It is better\\npractice to cut the first crop for hay, to use it as\\nsoiling food, or to pasture it, as in growing the seed\\nof common red clover. This plant will retain its\\nhold upon the soil for several years. But other\\ngrasses are much prone to crowd it out as it becomes\\nolder. In some instances it is only grown for one\\nor two seasons, but usually the seed is too costly to\\nadmit of thus sowing sainfoin.\\nIn Europe it is common to sow the seed while\\nyet in the seed sac, but it is not always sown thus.\\nIn the rough form from four to five bushels of seed\\nper acre are used. When harvesting the seed much\\ncare must be exercised in handling the crop or much\\nof the seed will be lost. It should not be handled in\\nthe heat of the day. And when being made into", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 23 1\\nhay the same care is necessary or many of the leaves\\nwill be lost. Much care must also be given the seed,\\nor it will heat and spoil. Inattention to this matter\\nis largely responsible for the many failures to secure\\na good stand of plants. But it would also seem to\\nbe true that the seed loses its germinating power\\nmore quickly than the seed of many other legumes.\\nSainfoin, like clover, is very beneficial to the soils\\nupon which it is grown.\\nBut little attention has been given heretofore to\\nthe growing of sainfoin in this country. It is\\nscarcely mentioned in the reports of the experiment\\nstations. And yet it is not improbable that it may\\nbe turned to excellent account in furnishing food for\\nlive stock in some sections of the republic. The\\nauthor has traced its successful growth in the vicin-\\nity of Deer Lodge, Montana. The grower prized\\nit on account of the early season at which it fur-\\nnished food. At the Ontario experiment station, at\\nGuelph, the attempts to grow it were not encourag-\\ning. Unquestionably it ought to have a milder\\nclimate. It is probable that it will grow admirably\\nin the coast states between the mountains and the\\nsea. It ought to do well in the mountain valleys\\nfrom central Montana southward. And there may\\nbe localities in the balmy Gulf states favorable to the\\ngrowth of sainfoin. Beyond all question, this plant\\nis worthy of more careful experiment than it has\\nhitherto received.\\nBut why should the attempt be made to grow\\nsainfoin where we can grow alfalfa, or clover? For\\nthe reason that there is less danger from bloating\\nwith the animals pastured on sainfoin. At least it\\nhas been so claimed. If this be true it invests sain-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "2^2 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfoin with a peculiar interest to those who grow\\nsheep. A plant that will grow equally well, or\\nnearly as well, as alfalfa where sheep are kept\\nnumerously, and that could be pastured by them\\nwithout danger from bloating, would be a great\\nboon to the owners of sheep, since they cannot be\\nsafely pastured on alfalfa.\\nThe preparation of the land for sainfoin is sub-\\nstantially the same as for alfalfa (see Page 97).\\nThe seed in the rough form is commonly sown by\\nhand, but there would seem to be no good reason\\nwhy it should not be deposited with the grain drill.\\nIt may be sown with or without a nurse crop, accord-\\ning to the conditions.\\nSPURRY.\\nSpurry (Spergula arvensis) is looked upon as a\\nweed in some of the light soils of Great Britain.\\nThis, at least, was true of it at one time. In Scot-\\nland it was called yarr, and in Norfolk, pickpurse.\\nIn other countries of Europe, as, for instance, Den-\\nmark, Holland, Belgium, and some parts of Ger-\\nmany and Russia, spurry is highly esteemed as a\\npasture for cattle and sheep, and it is also valued for\\nits fodder. It has been found specially valuable\\nas a pasture for sheep and milch cows. Animals\\npastured on it are not liable to injury from bloat.\\nThough they may not take kindly to the pasture at\\nthe first, they soon get exceedingly fond of it, both\\nin the green and cured form. It is also claimed that\\nit has good milk producing and fattening properties.\\nSpurry is a tiny-like plant which grows from\\na few inches to fully twenty inches in hight, accord-\\ning to the soil. The variety that has come into the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 233\\nmarket under the name of giant spurry is simply\\nthe ordinary spurry. It is not capable of making a\\nstronger growth than ordinary spurry, as the name\\nwould indicate. The stems of spurry are numerous\\nand exceedingly branched. They are fine in char-\\nacter, and they so interlace as to make it difficult to\\nwalk through the crop in an advanced stage of\\ngrowth w^ithout tripping. The flowers are very\\nmany, are not more than one-eighth of an inch in\\ndiameter and are white in color. The seeds are\\nsmall. They are contained in small seed heads\\nresembling those of flax, but not more than half as\\nlarge. They vary from dark brown to black in\\ncolor. The plants seed profusely. On some soils\\nthe yield of fodder has been estimated as equal to\\nthat of clover, but ordinarily it would not be\\nso much.\\nThe plant has special adaptation for light,\\nsandy soils, and for climates that are moist.\\nWhether it will be given a place of much prominence\\nin our agriculture has yet to be determined. On\\nproductive soils it is not likely to come into general\\nfavor, since other plants equally nutritious will give\\ngreater yields. But on light, sandy soils low in fer-\\ntility, it should render valuable service where mois-\\nture is sufficiently abundant. But few of the agri-\\ncultural experiment station reports even mention\\nspurry, hence testimony regarding its adaptation to\\nour conditions is almost entirely wanting. It has\\nbeen grown, however, on the light and infertile\\nsands of the experiment sub-station at Grayling,\\nMichigan, since 1888, and the reports concerning it\\nare encouraging. When plowed under in the green\\nform it has been found specially helpful in giving", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "234 FORAGE CROPS.\\nbody to the light, sandy land and in otherwise\\nfitting it to grow successfully crops of clover and\\ngrain. At the Minnesota University experiment\\nstation, spurry has not proved altogether satisfac-\\ntory thus far. The growth secured has not been\\nsufficient to make it a competitor with some\\nother crops.\\nSpurry should be sown more as a catch crop\\nthan as a regular crop in the rotation. It should be\\nready to pasture or to plow under in from six to\\neight weeks from the date of sowing, providing it is\\nnot sown before the weather has become warm.\\nWhere there is moisture enough to insure germina-\\ntion, spurry can be sown after a grain crop, and\\nsimply covered with a harrow. On the bare fallow\\nit would also seem to have a place. When grown\\nas a green manure or as a pasture for sheep, two\\ncrops a year may be secured, and in some climates\\nthree. This crop, therefore, would seem worthy of\\nattention on the part of our agriculturists, more\\nespecially on pine lands where the soil is sandy\\nand poor and where the climate is moist in\\ncharacter.\\nSince spurry is best adapted to light, sandy\\nlands, but little labor is necessary in preparing the\\nsoil. The seed should fall on a smooth, impacted\\nand fine surface, and it may be scnvn and covered in\\nthe same wav as clover seed. As the seed is small,\\na light harrow will give a sufficient covering. From\\nsix to eight quarts of seed are sown per acre to pro-\\nvide pasture, fodder or green manure. But a less\\nquantity will suffice to produce a seed crop in good\\nf(^rm. Tt is ready to cut for hay after the seed has\\nformed and before it is ripe. The seed may be liar-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 235\\nvested and threshed Hke clover seed. When grown\\nfor the seed, a sufficient quantity is Hkely to shatter\\nout to produce a crop the next year, by simply run-\\nning the harrov^ over the land in the early spring.\\nSpurry has been called the clover of light,\\nsandy soils, because of its value in improving the\\nsame, both in texture and fertility, v^hen grown as a\\ngreen manure. It should be turned under with a\\nlight furrow that the plant food may be kept near\\nthe surface. If some of the seed is allowed to ripen\\nbefore the crop is thus buried, another crop of spurry\\nwill grow above the decaying plants without the\\nnecessity of sowing any more seed. Under some\\nconditions it is possible to plow under three crops\\nof spurry in one season.\\nKALE.\\nKale is a variety of Brassica oleracea, the\\nspecies of cruciferous plants to which cabbage,\\ncauliflower and Brussels sprouts belong. Ordi-\\nnarily, it means any variety of headless cabbage\\nwhich produces curled and crinkled leaves, but in\\nsome varieties the leaves are smooth. In some of\\nits varieties it is grown in kitchen gardens for its\\nleaves. These are variously cooked, as for greens,\\nfor potherbs, or as a component in making some\\nkinds of soup. In certain parts of Virginia, much\\nkale is grown and shipped to the northern markets\\nin winter. In Great Britain some varieties of kale\\nare grown to provide green food for sheep and lambs\\nat certain seasons of the year, but more especially in\\nthe early spring. One variety is very much\\nbranched. It is popularly spoken of as thousand-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "236 FORAGE CROPS.\\nheaded kale. It produces fine and tender herbage,\\nwhicli is greatly relished by lambs, and is also very\\nsuitable for them. Kale bears no little resemblance\\nto rape in what may be termed its general habit of\\ngrowth. It produces only leaves and stems the first\\nseason, and in these its virtue consists as a pasture\\nor as a soiling food. The common varieties of kale\\ndo not seem so well adapted as rape to furnish either,\\nsince, on many soils at least, they do not grow so\\nquickly, nor do they produce so much in bulk.\\nThe trial plots grown at the Minnesota Uni-\\nversity experiment station proved fairly satisfactory.\\nWhen sown late in Alay, the plants were ready for\\nbeing fed off by the middle of July. Those not\\nused as food at that season lost what may be termed\\ntheir bloom, while the hot weather lasted, but when\\nthe autumn rains began to fall, they measurably\\nrevived and retained their greenness until the\\napproach of winter.\\nKale is adapted to the same kinds of soil as\\nrape (see Page 152). The preparation of the soil\\nis also the same. But it will probably be found that\\nkale is not so well adapted to broadcast sowing as\\nrape, since it is not so vigorous a grower. When\\nsown in rows these should not be closer than twenty-\\nfour inches. The directions given for sowing rape\\nin rows will apply equally to kale. From one to\\ntwo pounds of seed will be sufficient to sow an acre.\\nThe wisdom of sowing such varieties of kale to\\nprovide pasture as are usually grown in our gardens\\nis at least to be questioned. Dwarf Essex rape will\\nprobably better serve the end sought. But the\\nvariety grown in Great Britain as thousand-headed\\nkale may yet be given an important place in our list", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 237\\nof pasture plants. On the coast of the Atlantic\\nthere should be a place for this plant, and also on the\\ncoast of the Pacific. But when it is to be used as a\\nspring pasture, it can only be grown in mild lati-\\ntudes. It should certainly be given careful experi-\\nmentation in the areas referred to.\\nMUSTARD.\\nThe only species of mustard that have been\\nextensively grown as field crops are known as black\\nand white mustard, respectively. Black mustard\\n(Brassica nigra) is known also as brown or red\\nmustard. Formerly it was extensively grown for\\nthe seed in Great Britain and certain other countries\\nof the continent of Europe, and in some localities it\\nis still looked upon as a valuable crop. It has been\\nobjected to as a regular rotation crop, first, because\\nof its exhaustiveness on the land; second, because\\nof the liability to damage through discoloration of\\nthe seed, as by rain when it is being harvested, and,\\nthird, from the danger that plants from the seed will\\nspring up and make trouble in succeeding crops.\\nWhite mustard (Brassica alba) is distinguished\\nfrom the black by its stems being covered with rough\\nleaves and by the pods terminating in a broad two-\\nedged beak. The seeds are of a pale yellow color.\\nThis kind is also frequently grown for the seed.\\nA good crop in Great Britain yields from thirty\\nto forty bushels per acre. It is sometimes grown\\nfor being plowed under. It is excellent for such a\\nuse because of its rapid growth and bulky character,\\nbecause of the large proportion of the food which it\\ngathers from the air, and because of the ameliorating", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "238 FORAGE CROPS.\\ninfluence which it exerts upon the soil. But it is\\ngrown even more frequently as a catch crop to pro-\\nvide pasture for sheep, and more especially in sea-\\nsons when turnips have failed. In the climate of\\nEngland it is ready for being pastured or plowed\\nunder at eight weeks from the date of sowing, when\\nit is not sown sooner than the last half of July nor\\nlater than the end of August. In the Mississippi\\nbasin, and indeed in the major portion of the United\\nStates, it should grow even more quickly, because of\\nthe higher mean summer temperature. Some day,\\ntherefore, there ought to be an extensive place for\\nthis plant in our system of agriculture. There is\\nample time to grow it after many crops have been\\nharvested. On fallow lands and especially on those\\nof the prairie there should be a place for white mus-\\ntard. When grown on these it could be wdiolly\\ngrazed off by sheep. If too abundant to admit of\\nits being all eaten, after the depasturing the residue\\ncould be plowed under with great advantage to the\\nsucceeding crop or crops.\\nWhite mustard will probably grow in any of\\nthe tillable portions of Canada or the United States\\nwhere the land is supplied with a sufficiency of mois-\\nture, whether obtained from a natural or an artificial\\nsource. On the valley soils amid the Rocky moun-\\ntains it should produce large yields of seed, because\\nof their richness in phosphoric acid. The high price\\nof the seed may interfere with the extensive growth\\nof this plant at the present time, but it would be\\neasy indeed for the farmer to grow^ his own seed.\\nThe author grew it to some extent at the Ontario\\ngovernment experiment farm, at Guelph, where it\\nyielded seed profusely. Nor is there any real diffi-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 239\\nculty in ridding the land of the plant where seed has\\nbeen grown, as in the case of black mustard.\\nWhen grown as pasture or as green manure, the\\nseed may be broadcasted on nicely pulverized land\\nand covered with the harrow. From ten to fifteen\\npounds of seed would be ample to sow an acre, and\\non soils rich and in a good condition of tilth, prob-\\nably half that amount would suffice. The seed\\nshould not be sown until danger from frost is past,\\nas mustard plants are much susceptible to injury\\nfrom frosts at any stage in their growth. In warm\\nweather they grow with great. rapidity in light soils.\\nWhen mustard is grown for sheep pasture, it\\nmay be sown alone or in conjunction with rape. It\\nis believed that when sheep are pastured on a mixed\\ncrop of rape and mustard, they are less liable to take\\ninjury from bloat than when pastured on rape alone.\\nIn other words, the mustard would seem to lessen\\nthe hazard. One chief objection to mixing the seeds\\nof mustard and rape to produce such a crop arises\\nfrom the greater quickness with which the mustard\\ngrows. It is ready for being pastured sooner than\\nthe rape, hence by the time the rape is ready, the\\nmustard has become in a sense woody. The leaves\\nand pods will be eaten, however, though the stems\\nmay be rejected. This difficulty may be obviated, in\\npart at least, by sowing the mustard in one or more\\nportions of the pasture later than the rape.\\nMustard alone is not a sufficient pasture for\\nsheep. When feeding on it they should also have\\naccess to grass or other pasture. Although it fur-\\nnishes a healthful food for them, it may lead to purg-\\ning when they are first turned in upon it if allowed\\nto pasture upon it at will, and the danger is all the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "240 FORAGE CROPS.\\ngreater if they have previously 1)een accustomed to\\ndry pasture only. It is ready for being grazed off\\nwhen the plants are forming flower buds. And it\\nshould be eaten down quickly because of the short-\\nness of the period which it requires to mature.\\nTHE LUPINE.\\nThere are many species of the lupine genus. It\\nbelongs to the Pulse or Legtuninosae family. Sev-\\neral species were known to the ancients and culti-\\nvated by them as food for man and beast. In the\\nUnited States the species are numerous, and they\\nare found chiefly west of the Rocky mountains.\\nTheir agricultural value does not appear as yet to\\nhave been determined. In the eastern states there\\nare several species, with flowers ranging from blue\\nto white in color, and some of these are cultivated\\nin gardens.\\nOf the sorts now grown in Europe, the\\nwhite lupine (Lupinus albiis) is by far the most val-\\nuable. It is still extensively cultivated, in Italy,\\nSicily, and other Mediterranean countries for forage,\\nfor plowing in to enrich the land and for its round,\\nflat seeds, which form an article of food. The cul-\\ntivation of the lupine in Portugal has proved a great\\nnational blessing, and has regenerated large tracts\\nof wornout land. In Germany and other countries\\nof western Europe, great use is made of this plant in\\nbringing fertility to poor, sandy lands too poor to\\ngrow other food crops profitably, until so renewed.\\nThe white lupine is an annual. It derives its\\nname from luptis, a wolf, in allusion to its voracious\\nqualities, that is to say, to the greedy way in which", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 24I\\nit gathers plant food from the soil. Its long roots\\nstrike deeply into the same, and appropriate to them-\\nselves whatever they find there capable of nourish-\\ning them, and when again plowed under they leave\\nthe food thus gathered near the surface, and in a\\nreadily available form, so that it can be easily taken\\nup by more shallow rooted plants. The strength of\\nthe plant will of course depend upon such conditions\\nas climate, soil and soil constituents. The young\\n^plants are readily eaten by sheep, and some of the\\nother domestic animals. At least, so it is claimed\\nby many authorities. The author has only grown\\nlupines to a limited extent, and not with results\\nhighly encouraging. The tests were made in the\\nprovince of Ontario. In central Michigan, several\\nvarieties, after numerous trials, have uniformly made\\na slow, sickly growth. The seeds are not looked upon\\nas being of great commercial value. The greatest\\nvalue of the lupine arises from the enrichment\\nwhich it brings to poor soils, as light sands, gravels\\nand thin clays.\\nThe white lupine has not been much grown\\nin this country, hence information regarding it is\\nmeager. The localities, therefore, in which it is\\nlikely to flourish cannot now be given with precision.\\nBut there would seem to be no good reasons why it\\nshould not be made to render valuable service in pro-\\nviding pasture for sheep and in bringing fertility to\\npoor, sandy and gravelly soils in such portions of the\\nUnited States and Canada as are favored with a\\nmoist summer climate. Such are certain of the\\nsoils of New England, northern Michigan and Wis-\\nconsin and the Atlantic provinces of Canada, and\\nsuch is the climate in these localities. The same is\\n16", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "242 FORAGE CROPS.\\nalso measurably true of portions of the Gulf states,\\nand lupines may also have a mission in renovating\\nworn soils in the same areas. The agricultural\\nexperiment stations can soon determine this question.\\nSACALINE.\\nSacaline (Polygonum Sachalinense) has been\\ngiven more attention by experimenters in our agri-\\ncultural colleges than many other plants more\\ndeserving of investigation. In field experiments at\\nthe experiment stations, the claims of some plants\\nfor investigation would seem to come at high tide,\\nwhile the claims of some other plants rich in promise\\nhave been but little heeded. The experiments thus\\nmade with sacaline, however, have been valuable in\\ndetermining so quickly the comparative worthless-\\nness of sacaline as a forage plant or as a fodder\\nplant in the United States. In this finding the\\nreports are practically vmanimous.\\nOnly two or three years ago certain of the seeds-\\nmen were extravagant in their recommendations of\\nsacaline. They claimed that it was a most vigorous\\ngrower, that it would flourish in almost any kind of\\nsoil, wet or dry, loamy or tenacious, light or heavy,\\nrich or poor; that it would furnish several cuttings\\na year; that it was highly nutritious, and that live\\nstock were fond of it. No one of these claims has\\nbeen verified in any considerable degree by the\\nreports that have been published regarding it by the\\nvarious experiment stations on this continent. At\\nthe Minnesota University experiment station, the\\ngrowth made in any one season has been inconsider-\\nable. The plants soon became woody, and the live\\nstock could not be induced to eat it.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 243\\nSacaline is said to have come from the island of\\nSaghaHn or SakhaUn, in the sea of Okhotsk, between\\nJapan and Siberia. It is shrub-Hke and leafy in its\\nhabit of growth. It is more commonly propagated\\nby means of root cuttings. It is of more than one\\nvariety, and this fact may be measurably responsible\\nfor the almost universal condemnation given to it in\\nAmerica. In some parts of Europe it has found no\\nlittle favor. In the meantime the farmers of this\\ncontinent will do well to leave sacaline in the hands\\nof the agricultural experiment stations.\\nTHE PEANUT.\\nThe peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is variously\\nknown by such names as goober, earth nut, ground\\nnut, pindar, ground pea, jar nut, manilla nut and\\nmonkey nut. It is an annual and belongs to the\\nPulse family. The habit of the growth is trailing\\nThe branches are numerous and likewise the leaves.\\nThe latter bear no little resemblance to clover leaves.\\nAfter blossoming, the little pods bend down and\\nthrust themselves into the ground. The cultivation\\nadopted still further aids in burying the fruit of this\\nplant. It matures, therefore, below the surface of\\nthe ground. Within the shell or kernel one, two or\\nthree irregularly ovoid-shaped seeds are produced.\\nThe peanut is a tropical or sub-tropical plant\\nand is adapted only to warm climates. Botanists\\nare not agreed as to whether it is a native of Africa\\nor America. For a long time it has been much\\ngrown in America, Africa, India, China, and the\\nislands of the Malayan archipelago. It can be\\ngrown in fairly good form in all the states of the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "244 FORAGE CROPS.\\nUnion south of the 40th parallel, that is to say, south\\nof the latitude of Indianapolis.\\nThis plant has hitherto been grown chiefly as\\nan article of commerce. It is cultivated much the\\nsame as Indian corn. The fruit is sold somewhat\\nextensively as food in all cities north and south, and\\nit is made into an oil that is used as a lubricant and\\nalso for lighting.\\nIn some of the southern states it has been grown\\nas a food for live stock and more especially as a for-\\nage for swine. Since it is adapted to sandy land it\\nmay be grown on large areas in the southern states.\\nThe yield in some instances is not much less than\\nforty bushels per acre, but ordinarily it is consider-\\nably less than that amount. Whether it shall come\\nto be generally grown as a food for swine may\\ndepend somewhat on the market values of the fruit.\\nSwine are fond of the nuts, and when thus fed the\\nlabor of digging is avoided.\\nTHE VELVET BEAN.\\nThe velvet bean (Dolichos miiltifloriis) is a\\nplant which has only recently been brought before\\nthe American public. It has been grown for several\\nyears in Florida, but rather as a trellis shade than\\nas a food plant or a fertilizer. It is said to have\\nbeen imported into Florida from Brazil, and into\\nthe test gardens of some seedsmen from Japan. Its\\nprecise value to the United States has yet to be\\ndetermined, although there can be but little question\\nthat as a food plant and also as a source of fertility\\nit may yet be made to bestow much benefit on the\\nmore southern of the Atlantic states and also on", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 245\\nthose which border on the Gulf of Mexico. But\\npresent indications would seem to point to the con-\\nclusion that it is not likely to be extensively grown\\nmuch further north than the areas named, since it\\nrequires a comparatively long season to mature its\\ngrowth.\\nThe velvet bean is of a trailing habit of growth.\\nThe vines run out from the hills in every direction\\nand to the distance of ten to twenty feet. It com-\\nj^ences to fruit near the hill, and thence along\\nthe whole length of the vine at intervals. The\\npods appear in clusters and they contain each\\nfrom three to five beans. They are thick and\\nleathery and of a brown color. The surface of\\nthe pod is velvety in character, hence the name given\\nto the plant.\\nThe velvet bean has highest adaptation for\\nsandy soils, and on these its power to grow is so\\nmarked that it will push ahead where rye will grow\\nbut feebly. Since it requires a long season for per-\\nfecting its growth, it should be planted reasonably\\nearly in the spring. Much has yet to be learned\\nabout the best methods of growing it, but some\\nexperimenters favor planting in hills in squares four\\nfeet distant. Other growers recommend planting at\\na greater distance. From three to five seeds are\\nsufficient for a hill. Careful cultivation should then\\nbe given in due time and this ought to be continued\\nas long as the work can be done without injury to\\nthe extending vines.\\nIt is claimed that stock eat the velvet bean with\\navidity when green or cured and that it makes\\na valuable hay. But these claims should be re-\\nceived with some reserve until they have been", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "246 FORAGE CROPS.\\nfarther attested. It must surely be somewhat\\ndifficult to harvest a plant for hay which grows\\nas the velvet bean does. But there can be but\\nlittle doubt as to its unusual power to grow even\\nin poor soils and to bring fertility to them. Its\\npower to produce root tubercles is marked, and\\nthe mass of foliage with which it covers the\\nsoil is very great, hence when this leguminous\\nplant is buried with the plow in the green form\\nit not only adds much to the fertility of the land,\\nbut it greatly increases the power of the same\\nto hold moisture, at least for a time.\\nbeggar s ticks.\\nBeggar s ticks (Dcsmodinm tortuosum) some-\\ntimes called beggar weed, is an annual, and it\\nis, moreover, a legume. It is a vigorous grower\\nand it has much power to grow on poor soils.\\nDuring recent years it has come into considerable\\nfavor in Florida and some other parts of the south\\nas a hay producing plant, and since it grows again\\nwhen eaten off or cut down and is also relished by\\nlive stock, it should have considerable merit as a pas-\\nture plant. At the Minnesota University experiment\\nfarm, plants from seed sown in May were coming\\ninto flower in September. The plants are sturdy\\nand branching and are somewhat coarse because of\\nthe space given them to branch out.\\nIt is at least questionable if as good results will\\nbe obtained from growing beggar s ticks for pasture\\nas from growing cowpeas where the latter do well,\\nbut this question does not appear to have been settled\\nas yet. Since it is able to fight its own battle in the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 247\\ncompanionship of many noxious weeds and since it\\nis an enricher of the soil, its merits are not to be\\noverlooked.\\nThe very best methods of growing- it do not as\\nyet appear to have been wrought out, but it can be\\ngrown by sowing the seed broadcast or in drills and\\ncultivating it. The former method will probably be\\npreferable when it is grown for pasture. Because of\\nthe branching nature of its growth and of the\\nstrength of the stems when not crowded, the seeds\\nshould be sown thickly. And since they germinate\\nslowly when encircled by the outer covering they\\nshould be sown in the fall rather than in the spring\\nwhere the winters are not too severe. This plant\\nshould also be more easily harvested for fodder than\\ncowpeas. It is not probable. that beggar s ticks will\\nrender much service north of the Ohio river, but in\\nmany sections of the south it is certainly well worthy\\nof most careful testing.\\nAUSTRALIAN SALTBUSH.\\nThe Australian saltbush is of many species.\\nThe most useful of these that have yet been\\ntried under American conditions is that known\\nas Atriplcx semihaccata, introduced into Califor-\\nnia in 1888. This plant is a child of semi-arid\\nregions. It is possessed of peculiar power to\\ngrow in soils strongly impregnated with alkali. It\\nfurnishes both pasture and hay which are more or\\nless relished by domestic animals. It has given\\nencouraging returns in certain areas of California\\nwhere the rainfall was less than five inches per\\nannum. And, since it is easily established under suit-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "248 FORAGE CROPS.\\nable conditions, it should therefore prove of much\\nvalue in providing forage and fodder in very con-\\nsiderable areas of the western and southwestern\\nstates.\\nThe species of saltbush under discussion is\\nspreading and drooping rather than erect in its habit\\nof growth. The stems branch out very numerously\\nfrom the crown, and branchlets covered with long\\nnarrow shaped leaves multiply on them in a marked\\ndegree. The outer stems, therefore, are fine and\\nvery numerous, but toward the base the larger stems\\nbecome more or less woody (Fig. 24). The plants\\nbear no little resemblance to the Russian thistle at\\nvarious stages of their growth. The habit of root\\ngrowth is much dependent on the character of the\\nsoil. In suitable soil the tendrils are numerous.\\nThey spread out not very far below the surface and\\nthrow down numerous rootlets into the subsoil\\nbelow. On hardpan, however, they send a taproot\\nfar down, with but few rootlets on it.\\nAustralian saltbush has already been tried with\\nmore or less of success in various counties of Cali-\\nfornia, as described in Bulletin No. 125, issued by the\\nexperiment station of that state. The same is true\\nof the more limited experiments conducted in Utah,\\nWashington, Nebraska and various places in Texas\\nand New Mexico.\\nWhere semi-arid conditions prevail is unques-\\ntionably the place for this plant, and more especially\\non lands so impregnated with alkali as to practically\\nforbid the successful growth of more valuable food\\nproducts in the absence of irrigation. It may,\\ntherefore, have an important mission for many sec-\\ntions of the United States eastward from the Missis-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS.\\n249\\n3\\nO K)\\nC\\nw\\n:t. 5\\nr 3\\nS\\nO f*-\\nP CD\\n2", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "250 FORAGE CROPS.\\nsippi basin and up to that as yet undetermined north-\\nward hmit which will hinder its successful growth.\\nThat its growth will be profitable where other and\\nmore palatable food crops can be grown is not at\\nall probable.\\nThe best modes of growing this plant have not\\nyet been fully wrought out, but it is pretty certain\\nthat the practice of sowing the seed on well prepared\\nland as soon as the first autumn rains come is a com-\\nmendable one. It will be better probably to sow in\\nrows, that the land may be kept free from intrusive\\nweed growth for a time and from, say, six to eight\\nor ten feet should be close enough for the row^s, since\\nin some instances plants reach out and cover a cir-\\ncumference of sixteen to eighteen feet, but that is\\nvery much more than the average diameter of the\\nplant. At the Minnesota University experiment\\nstation, seed sown in May produced plants fully\\nthree feet in diameter by September ist. The method\\nsometimes practiced of starting the plants in pots\\nand then transplanting them is too laborious for\\ncommon practice over large areas. As they seed\\nplentifully, the volunteer plants soon fill up the\\nvacant space when at least a portion of the seed is\\nallowed to shatter out. On alkali lands the seed will\\ngerminate better when simply pressed into the\\nground with a heavy roller than when covered, but\\non other soils it should be covered lightly.\\nMuch conflict of opinion has been expressed as\\nto the feeding value of Australian saltbush, but the\\ndifference relates more to palatability than to nutri-\\ntion. There can be no question as to its valuable\\nnutritive properties, since it stands high in protein.\\nSome growers claim that stock will not eat it, but", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. 25 1\\na majority of these state that horses, cattle, sheep\\nand goats are fond of it and thrive well on it. Where\\nmore palatable plants cannot be grown, the classes of\\ndomestic animals named will probably become fond\\nof it, while those fed on more tasty products will eat\\nit very shyly, as do sheep at the Minnesota Univer-\\nsity experiment station.\\nOn the whole, the Australian saltbush is well\\nworthy of wide and careful experimentation in all\\nthe semi-arid country in the United States. Infor-\\nmation on the very best modes of sowing, pasturing,\\ncutting and curing this plant, and of saving the seed,\\nis not as yet forthcoming, at least under American\\nconditions. Such knowledge will have to be gleaned\\nfrom experiments not yet undertaken.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nSUCCESSION IN FORAGE CROPS.\\nBy succession in forage crops is meant that\\norder in which they may be grown throughout the\\nseason so as to provide pasture in uninterrupted con-\\ntinuity, and so that each kind of forage may be\\ngrazed when at its best. The treatment of this\\nquestion is difficult because of the great variation in\\nthe forage crops that are adapted to various sections\\nin the wide area under consideration, and because of\\nthe no less variation in the climates of the same.\\nNo better plan, probably, can be adopted than to\\ndivide the country into sections, and to formulate a\\nsuccession in forage crops that would be suitable to\\neach. This division should, of course, have a due\\nregard to similarity in conditions such as relate to\\nclimate and soil.\\nThe various forage crops will be enumerated in\\nthe order in which they are usually ready for being\\ngrazed. They are not thus enumerated wath the\\nidea that the farmer shall grow all of them, or even\\na majority of them, in a single season. It would\\nseldom be wise for him to do so. But they are men-\\ntioned in the order named that he may the more\\nreadily select such of them for being grown as shall\\nbest suit his purpose. Where grasses are a sure\\nreliance, it will seldom be necessary for the farmer\\nto grow more than one, two or three kinds the\\nsame year. Forage from grass should always be\\n252", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "SUCCESSION IN FORAGE CROPS. 253\\nlooked upon as the great reliance for pasture,\\nwherever such forage grows freely, whether spon-\\ntaneously or otherwise. Other forage crops should\\nbe made auxiliary to it, unless the growth of grasses\\nis so meager as to forbid giving these so prominent\\na place. Wherever practicable a reserve of grass\\nforage should be held, as it were, for seasons of wet\\nweather and for those periods of emergency when\\nother forage crops may not be on hand or may not\\n15e ready for being grazed.\\nGrouping States and Provinces. For the prac-\\ntical illustration of this question, the United States\\nand Canada may be divided into eight sections.\\nBeginning at the northeast. Section No. i will\\ninclude all the arable country east of Lakes Superior\\nand Michigan and north of the Ohio river. Section\\nNo. 2 includes the states west of Michigan and Ohio,\\nnorth of the Missouri and Ohio rivers, taking in\\nManitoba, and east of the Dakotas and Assiniboia.\\nSection No. 3 includes the states south of the Ohio\\nand east of the Mississippi, and also the states of\\nLouisiana, Arkansas and Missouri, west of the Mis-\\nsissippi. Section No. 4 includes the states west of\\nIowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, south of\\nDakota and east of the Rocky mountains. Section\\nNo. 5 covers the states and provinces of Canada\\nwest of Minnesota and Manitoba, north of Nebraska\\nand east of the Rocky mountains. Section No. 6\\nincludes the Rocky mountain valleys north from\\nSalt Lake. Section No. 7 includes the Rocky moun-\\ntain valleys south of Salt Lake and extends west-\\nward to the sea. And Section No. 8 includes the\\nnarrow area north of California and between the\\nCascades and the sea.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "254 FORAGE CROPS.\\nAnd here it ought to be mentioned, that of\\nnecessity these divisions are more or less arbitrary.\\nThe factor of altitude alone may so affect plant\\ngrowth as to materially neutralize the value of any\\nattempts that may thus be made to illustrate succes-\\nsion in forage crops. Wind currents also have their\\ninfluence, and likewise precipitation.\\nSuccession in Section No. i. The rainfall in\\nSection No. i is more abundant and timely than in\\nany of the other sections, unless it be in No. 8. The\\nsoil is also well adapted to the growth of grasses,\\nhence in this section every reasonable effort should\\nbe made by the farmers to utilize grasses as factors\\nin forage. The influences that are so favorable to\\ngrass pastures are also favorable to the growth of\\nvariety in forage crops, hence the list of these that\\nmay be grown in succession is a long one. Promi-\\nnent among these crops are winter rye, blue grass\\nand other grasses, clover, mixed grains, as peas and\\noats, rape, vetches and cereals, corn and rape, sor-\\nghum, millet, clover, rape, winter rye and rape, cab-\\nbage and blue grass. These are mentioned in the\\norder in which they are naturally in season for being\\npastured, but this order may be modified by the time\\nat which they are sown or planted. For cattle, the\\nmore valuable of these are grasses and clovers, and\\nnext in point of value are mixed grains and sor-\\nghum. For sheep they are all possessed of much\\nvalue, but after grass, none are more valuable than\\nrye, sorghum and rape. With the aid of these three,\\nsheep may be carried through any season in good\\nform. For swine, clover and rape are the most\\nvaluable, and to these may be added peas and arti-\\nchokes, not enumerated in the list given.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "SUCCESSION IN FORAGE CROPS. 255\\nSuccession in Section No. 2. ^The succession\\nin forage crops that may be grown in Section No. 2\\nincludes winter rye, blue grass or native prairie,\\nalfalfa, clover, mixed cereals, rape, corn, corn and\\nrape, sorghum, millet, clover, cowpeas, soybeans,\\nrape or turnips or the two mixed, cabbage and\\nblue grass. In this section much of the soil\\nis richer than that of Section No. i, but the\\nrainfall is not distributed so regularly, and the\\nclimate is warmer in summer, hence it is not\\nquite so well adapted to the production of grasses.\\nBut it is better adapted, relatively, to the growth\\nof such foods as corn and sorghum, or indeed\\nto the growth of any of the pasture foods named\\nwhich admit of being grown quickly. Less\\ndependence should be placed upon grass forage than\\nin Section No. i, and more dependence, relatively,\\non such forage as is furnished by mixed grains, win-\\nter rye, rape, corn and sorghum. In the northern\\nareas of the section, winter rye, clover and alfalfa\\ncannot be grown with profit for forage, and in the\\nsouthern part only can cowpeas and soy beans be\\ngrown with advantage. The forage crops other than\\ngrass that can be grown most successfully for cows\\nand other cattle in all parts of this section are such as\\nmixed grains, corn in summer fallows and millets.\\nThe more important of these crops that can be grown\\nfor sheep in all parts of the section are winter rye,\\nsorghum, rape and turnips. The more valuable of\\nthe same for swine are mixed grams and rape. Of\\ncourse in the southern half of the section, clover can\\nbe utilized with great advantage as swine pasture,\\nand in the northern half the same is true of field peas.\\nSuccession in Section No. j. The succession", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "256 FORAGE CROPS.\\nin forage crops that may be grown in Section No. 3\\nincludes besides certain grasses, winter rye, rape,\\ncrimson clover, alfalfa, the winter vetch and the\\nsand vetch, mixed cereals, corn, sorghum of the\\nsaccharine and non-saccharine varieties, millet, cow-\\npeas, soy beans, artichokes and peanuts. The more\\nimportant of these forage crops include winter rye,\\nrape, vetches, the sorghums and cowpeas. The\\nthree first mentioned will be specially valuable in\\ncool weather, and the two last mentioned in the\\nwarm season. The mission of cowpeas in provid-\\ning forage and soiling food in nearly all parts of\\nthe section may be made especially important.\\nMixed grains are considered of too great value to\\ngrow as forage in much of the area named. The\\nmore valuable of these forage crops for cattle are\\nwinter rye, the sorghums and cowpeas. The more\\nvaluable of the same for sheep are winter rye, rape,\\nvetches, the sorghums and cowpeas. And for swine\\nthe more valuable are winter rye, rape, alfalfa, cow-\\npeas, artichokes and peanuts. This section is favor-\\nable to the growth of certain of these crops in con-\\njunction, as, for instance, winter rye and rape and\\ncowpeas and sorghum.\\nSuccession in Section No. 4. In section No. 4\\nthe succession in forage crops, in addition to certain\\nnative grasses, will include winter rye, the sand\\nvetch and possibly other varieties of vetch, alfalfa,\\ncorn, saccharine and non-saccharine sorghums, cow-\\npeas, soy beans and rape. The more valuable of\\nthese crops in furnishing forage for cattle will\\ninclude winter rye, sorghum, cowpeas and the soy\\nbean. These also, along with vetches and rape,\\nwould all provide good forage for sheep. For swine", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SUCCESSION IN FORAGE CROPS. 257\\nthe more valuable of these forage crops will include\\nalfalfa and cowpeas. In some parts of the section,\\nforage crops will be grown under irrigation. The\\nrape plant will not be so valuable, relatively, as in\\nsome other parts of the country, because of the\\ndrouth and heat. Nevertheless, it should be given\\na place. But the sorghums and soy beans will be\\nquite valuable, relatively, because of their drouth-\\nresisting properties.\\nSuccession in Section N^o. 5. In Section No.\\n5 the succession in forage crops, in addition to the\\nwild grasses of the prairie, will include winter rye,\\nrape, mixed grains, peas, vetches, corn or corn and\\nrape, sorghum, turnips and cabbage. Winter rye\\ncannot be grown in all portions of this section, espe-\\ncially the north and northwest. Corn and rape can\\nbe grown with much advantage, particularly on the\\nwide areas of fallow land that are usually found in\\nthe section every year. But in growing corn for-\\nage, a due regard must be had to choosing seed of\\nthe hardy varieties. Rape and turnips may be\\nsafely sown with nearly all grain crops. And pas-\\ntures from mixed cereals will grow well when sown,\\nin nearly all parts of the section. Sorghum may be\\nutilized with no little advantage, but the climate is\\ntoo cold, except in the extreme southern portion,\\nfor the non-saccharine sorghums. In much of the\\nsection peas can be grown in good form, more espe-\\ncially toward the north. The more valuable of the\\nforage crops for cows include mixed cereals, corn\\nand rye. To provide sheep pasture, all those named\\nexcept peas may be grown with much advantage.\\nAnd for swine, the more valuable will include rape,\\nmixed cereals and peas. Rape may be turned to\\n17", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "258 FORAGE CROPS.\\nexcellent account in providing swine forage, espe-\\ncially when sown early.\\nSuccession in Section No. 6. In Section No. 6,\\nin addition to certain native grasses, the succession\\nin forage crops will include winter rye, alfalfa, clo-\\nver, mixed cereals, peas, vetches, sorghum and rape.\\nAlfalfa and clover may not succeed in the extreme\\nnorthern portion of Section No, 6, but in the more\\nsouthern valleys of the same they grow wonderfully\\nwtU when supplied with water. Mixed cereals\\ngrow admirably under similar conditions, but where\\nclovers will grow the same necessity does not exist\\nfor growing cereals for forage. The most impor-\\ntant of these forage crops for cattle in this section\\nis clover, next in order is winter rye, and after win-\\nter rye mixed cereals. These are all important for\\nsheep and are easily grown for them, and, of course,\\nrape and sorghum may be added to the list. Alfalfa,\\nclover and peas are the most important for swine.\\nWith such pastures for swine, pork should be pro-\\nduced very cheaply and of unsurpassed quality in\\nSection No. 6.\\nSuccession in Section No. 7. In many parts of\\nsection No. 7 the native grasses grow very shyly,\\nbecause of the dry weather. More reliance, there-\\nfore, must be placed on the other crops that may be\\ngrown for forage. The succession in these includes\\nwinter rye, alfalfa, the saccharine and non-\\nsaccharine sorghums, the cowpea, soy beans, the\\nsand vetch and rape. Much of the crop could only\\nbe grown by irrigation. Because of this, however,\\nthe succession in the crops could be more perfectly\\ncontrolled than where irrigation is not practiced,\\nand in the absence of a regular and reliable rainfall.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "SUCCESSION IN FORAGE CROPS. 259\\nIn the succession those pasture crops could be given\\nthe preference which grow again and again, as, for\\ninstance, alfalfa and the sorghums. For cattle the\\nmore important of these forage crops would be sor-\\nghum and the cowpea in summer, and alfalfa in win-\\nter. But the alfalfa thus pastured in winter should\\nbe grown chiefly in the late summer and early\\nautumn. The more important of these crops for\\nsheep would be winter rye, the sorghums, the sand\\nT^etch and rape. And for swine the most suitable\\npasture crops would be alfalfa, soy beans, cowpeas\\nand rape.\\nSuccession in Section No. 8. In Section No.\\n8 the succession in forage crops is varied and com-\\nprehensive, more so, probably, than in any other\\npart of the United States. It includes native grasses\\nand nearly all the cultivated varieties that are grown\\nin permanent pastures, clovers in all the important\\nvarieties, vetches in several varieties, as the winter,\\nthe common and the sand vetch, alfalfa, mixed\\ngrains, rape, cabbage and artichokes. The soils of\\nthis section are possessed of unsurpassed adaptation\\nfor growing clover in any of its varieties, and also\\nfor growing all, or nearly all, the grasses that are\\ngrown in western Europe. And the moist charac-\\nter of the happy climate would seem to keep these\\ngrowing and therefore succulent during much of\\nthe year. It would be possible, therefore, to secure\\nsuccession in forage from grasses alone. It is also\\nprobable that rape could be so managed that it would\\nproduce forage during much of the year, and the\\nsame is true of mixed grains. In growing these,\\ngreat use could be made of peas or vetches, or of\\nboth, because of the marked adaptability of the", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "26o FORAGE CROPS.\\ncountry for growing them. It would also be an\\nideal land for artichokes because of the long season\\nfor pasturing them off. In this section, therefore,\\nthe question is not so much which are the crops that\\nmay be grown in succession, as which are the crops\\nwhich shall be chosen for being thus grown. Cattle\\ncould be kept very nicely nearly all the year on grass\\nand clover pastures, and the same is true of sheep,\\nand they could be finished on rape in the autumn or\\nin the early spring. Swine could feed on clover,\\nalfalfa and artichokes nearly all the year, and they\\ncould be finished on peas.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nSHEEP PASTURES GROWN AT THE MINNESOTA UNI-\\nVERSITY EXPERIMENT FARM.\\nDuring the past three years experiments have\\nbeen conducted in growing various kinds of pasture\\nfor sheep at the Minnesota University experiment\\nfarm. This work was begun and carried out under\\nthe supervision of the author. It is unique in char-\\nacter and the results obtained have been not a Httle\\nremarkable. Only the merest outline of the work\\ncan be given here, though every detail thereof should\\nbe of interest to the flockmaster.\\nObjects Sought. The following are chief\\namong the objects sought in the experiment, viz.\\nI, to ascertain the extent to which sheep may be\\nconfined with safety to pastures other than those\\nprovided by the ordinary grasses without endanger-\\ning their good health; 2, to ascertain the various\\nplants that are the most suitable to provide such\\npastures, and also the relative suitability of these;\\n3, to ascertain the best modes of growing them and\\nof pasturing them when grown 4, to ascertain the\\nmaximum amount of sustenance that could thus be\\nprocured for sheep under the conditions, or, in other\\nwords, to find out how many sheep could be sus-\\ntained on a limited area and also the mutton product\\ntherefrom for the season; and, 5, to ascertain the\\ninfluence of such a system of pasturage upon the\\ncleaning of the land and also upon the maintenance\\nof fertility in the same.\\n261", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "262 FORAGE CROPS.\\nIt is evident that some of these problems,\\nbecause of their comphcated character, can never be\\ncarried to what may be termed an absolute demon-\\nstration. Approximate results only can be obtained\\nand that is all that is claimed for the findings that\\nare submitted below.\\nOutline of the Experiments. The experiments\\nwere begun in the spring of 1895. During that\\nyear some fifty-three head of sheep and lambs were\\npastured for many days on the forage that grew on\\ntwo and three-fourths acres of land. The pasture\\nconsisted of winter rye, rape, peas and oats, vetches\\nand oats and sorghum. During the intervals in\\nwhich these plants failed to provide a sufficiency of\\ngrazing, the sheep were given grass pasture.\\nIn 1896, an average of eighty-six head of sheep\\nand lambs were grazed during the whole season of\\npasturage on ten acres of land. Nearly two-thirds\\nof these were mature sh^ep. The grazing began\\nMay 1st and it ended November ist. The pasture\\nwas not supplemented by any grain except for a\\nshort period at the first, w hen the change was being\\nmade from dry winter food to succulent pasture.\\nIn addition to the pasture, 8,60 tons of cured fodder\\nand 7.30 tons of soiling food were taken from the\\nsame ten acres. The cured fodder consisted of hay\\nmade from grass, peas and oats, and the first cutting\\nof sorghum. The sorghum was injured by rain\\nw^hile it was being cured and was not much relished\\nby the sheep. The chief of the crops grown were\\nwinter rye, fall and spring sown peas and oats, rape,\\ncorn and rape, sorghum, Kaffir corn, cabbage, rape\\nand winter rye.\\nIn 1897, an average of ninety-three head of", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 263\\nsheep and lambs were pastured on practically the\\nsame ten acres from April 26th to November 5th. No\\ngrain food was given after the change had been\\nsafely made from a winter to a summer diet, except\\nto eight rams and ram lambs that were being reared\\nfor sale. In addition to the pastures, 10.33 tons of\\ndry fodder were obtained from the land and also\\n10.39 tons of soiling food. The fodder was made\\nup of grass hay, pea and oat hay, corn well\\nadvanced in growth and mature sorghum. It was\\nall of excellent quality. The varieties sown were\\nsubstantially the same as those sown the previous\\nyear, but there were some variations in the combina-\\ntions sown and in the order of the succession.\\nThe Sheep While on Pasture. In 1896 and\\nalso in 1897, two and one-half acres of the ten acres\\nwere in grass pasture. In 1896, clover predomi-\\nnated in the pasture, and in 1897 timothy was in the\\nascendant. The sheep were grazed on this pasture\\nwhen the other pastures were too wet because of rain\\nor dew. The sheep barn, a view of which is repre-\\nsented in Fig. 25, stood in the portion laid down to\\ngrass. In the heat of the day the sheep were given\\nthe benefit of the cool shade furnished by the barn.\\nAt night they were also inclosed in the yards sur-\\nrounding the barn to protect them from dogs. Cor-\\nralling them thus at night would, of course, not be\\nnecessary under ordinary conditions, nor is it any\\nadvantage to their well-being.\\nSUCCESSION IN THE CROPS GROWN.\\nWinter rye was ready for being pastured sev-\\neral days in advance of blue grass and fully four to", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "264\\nFORAGE CROPS.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 265\\nfive weeks of any of the spring sown cereals (Fig. 26\\nshows sheep pasturing on rye), and, with the excep-\\ntion of cabbage, it was the last crop that furnished\\ngood pasture in the autumn. It was also found that\\nrye sown early enough in the autumn to become\\nfirmly rooted was ready to pasture much earlier and\\nprovided pasture more abundantly than rye put in\\nso late that it had not become so rooted before the\\nclosing in of winter. Rye and grass pastures,\\ntherefore, carried the sheep from the opening of\\nspring until some time early in June. The spring\\nsown winter rye did not prove altogether satisfac-\\ntory as a pasture. It grew luxuriantly for a time,\\nbut it ceased to grow when settled warm weather\\ncame. Later, it turned russet in color and\\nfinally died.\\nPeas and oafs were the next crop ready. They\\nwere sown as soon as the work could be done after\\nthe dawn of spring. The pasture which they fur-\\nnished was greatly relished by the sheep. In one\\ninstance the pasture was grazed down three times\\nin succession with an interval of two weeks or more\\nbetween the periods of grazing. Rape was then\\nsown on the same ground. In another instance they\\nwere grazed off three times in succession, as just\\nstated, after which the clover and timothy sown at\\nthe same time as the grain were given time to gather\\nstrength to fortify the plants against the rigors of\\nwinter, and in other instances the peas and oats were\\ngrazed down once, after which the second growth\\nwas mown for hay. Figure 27 represents a rape and\\nclover pasture. The catch of the grass seeds thus\\nobtained was all that could be desired. But the\\ntests thus made have covered only two seasons. In", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "266\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\n0)\\nH\\noj\\n4)\\nc\\no I\\nc\\nQ.\\nJS\\nb", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 267\\n1897, the clover blossomed and produced much seed,\\nbut the crop was left to enter the winter undisturbed.\\nRape was the next pasture ready. It, too, was\\nsown as soon as the ground was suitable, and it was\\nsufficiently grown for being grazed just after the\\nfirst grazing of the peas and oats. In one instance\\nit was eaten down four times during the season.\\nFigure 28 represents the grazing of this crop the sec-\\nond time it was eaten down. In another instance it\\nVas grazed off twice and then the clover sown along\\nwith the rape was allowed to grow undisturbed. In\\nyet other instances it was allowed to approach the\\nmaximum of full growth, and after being grazed\\ndown was followed by such crops as sorghum, or\\ncabbage. More food w^as obtained from the last\\nnamed method, but it also involved more labor.\\nRape was also sown at various times as the season\\nprogressed, so that a reserve of rape pasture was\\nusually on hand when wanted, from the middle of\\nJune until the end of October. In point of pala-\\ntability rape should probably be given the first place\\namong the forage plants that were grown.\\nThe first grazing of the rape was no sooner\\ncompleted than corn, or corn and rape sown\\ntogether, was ready. Corn that had reached a foot\\nin hight never grew again when eaten down. In\\nsome instances, therefore, this crop when consumed\\nwas at once followed by another crop, as rape, sor-\\nghum, or rape and winter rye. But in one instance\\nthe rape was allowed to produce a second growth,\\nwith results that were on the whole encouraging.\\nMore pasture was obtained, however, from the two\\ncrops grown in succession than from the two suc-\\ncessive grazings of the one crop, but more labor was", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "268\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nc\\n3\\nw oj\\n09\\nu c\\nz\\no\\nc I\\neg\\n4)\\na", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 269\\nalso involved. The corn crop was ready for being\\ngrazed in about six to nine weeks from the date\\nof sowing.\\nAs soon as the corn was grazed down, sorghum\\nwas ready. It was sown alone in nearly all\\ninstances, but on two or three occasions rape seed\\nwas mixed with the sorghum seed. The advantage\\nof thus growing the two plants together was not\\nclearly apparent, as either the rape or the sorghum\\nwas pretty certain to crowd the other, but the plan\\nshould not be condemned without further trial. Fig-\\nure 29 shows sorghum and rape^ the third pasture\\ncrop grown on the land for the season. The first was\\nrape and the second was corn and rape. In one\\ninstance the sorghum was mown and then pastured.\\nIn some instances it was grazed down three times\\nin succession and in others but twice. Whenever\\nit was deemed expedient, the sorghum was foUowed\\nby winter rye sown to provide pasture for the fol-\\nlowing year, as the sorghum ceased to furnish any\\nmore pasture after the first frost. Sorghum is not\\nrelished so highly as some of the other pasture plants\\ngrown, but when the animals are confined to it they\\nconsume it with an evident relish, and they make\\nmuch better progress than if confined to dry and\\ninadequate grass pastures.\\nThe last crop grown in the succession was\\ncabbage. The seed was sown in rows thirty inches\\ndistant and at various times. On one plot it was sown\\nas early as May nth and on another as late as July\\n8th. The late heading varieties sown early proved\\nthe most satisfactory, but this may not hold true of\\nlocalities in which the cabbage worm (Pieris rapac)\\nis not troublesome. This crop proved more satis-", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "270\\nFORAGE CROPS.\\nO,\\na. .1^\\no o\\nc\\no 5!\\nu I\\nto\\nc\\no\\nM\\nc\\n.2", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 2yi\\nfactory, all things considered, than any other in pro-\\nviding pasture in the autumn after the arrival of\\nheavy frosts. Severe frosts injure cabbage less\\nthan rape. If given time enough, sheep v^ill eat the\\ncabbage down close to the stem and with almost\\nno waste.\\nJVhen to Begin Pasturing. The stage of\\nadvancement in the various crops at which the pas-\\nturing ought to commence will depend upon various\\nconditions, as, for instance, the area to be pastured,\\nthe habit of growth in the crop and the char-\\nacter of the season. The larger the area to be\\neaten down, the greater the tendency in the plants\\nto sprout up again, and the more moist the sea-\\nson, the sooner may the stock be turned into\\nthe pasture to graze upon it.\\nThe pasturing of zvinter rye in the spring\\nshould begin ordinarily as soon as the rye has begun\\nto grow vigorously, and the aim in pasturing should\\nbe to keep it short. It is then more relished and it\\nalso furnishes more pasture. In no instance should\\nit be allowed to reach the stage of shooting up to\\nform the ear before it is grazed down.\\nPeas and oats should not be allowed to get more\\nthan six to ten inches high before the pasturing is\\ncommenced, and when the area sown is large, it may\\nbe advantageous to turn in the stock before the crop\\nreaches the hight of six inches.\\nThe pasturing of rape may begin when the\\nplants are, say, twelve inches above the ground, but\\nit would seem to be true that more pasture will be\\nobtained if the rape is allowed to attain its full\\ngrowth before it is eaten down, and the pasture thus\\nobtained is probably more valuable. If more than", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "272\\nFORAGE CROPS.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 2/3\\none growth is to be taken from the plants they\\nshould not be grazed off closely.\\nCo7 n, since it does not sprout again, except\\nwhen grazed while quite young, should be allowed\\nto reach the hight of several inches before the sheep\\nare given access to it. If they should break much\\nof it down while pasturing upon it, they will con-\\nsume not a little of what has been so broken in the\\ncured form.\\nThe pasturing of sorghum should begin at an\\nearlier stage, relatively, than the pasturing of corn,\\nin fact, any time after the plants have become so\\nfirmly rooted that they cannot be pulled up by the\\nsheep while being grazed. But it may be deferred\\nto a later period if circumstances should call for\\nsuch a course.\\nCabbage should be allowed to attain a maxi-\\nmum of growth before the grazing is commenced.\\nIf matured before the desired season of pasturing,\\na portion of the leaves on each plant will wither and\\nwaste away, which means a loss of food in propor-\\ntion to the extent of the wasting of the leaves.\\nWhen grazing down such of these pasture\\ncrops as grow up again and again, more pasture will\\nbe obtained when the grazing is done quickly and\\nin successive periods, with an interval between these,\\nthan when animals are allowed to remain continu-\\nously on the pastures. In other words, alternation\\nin pasturing such crops is better than continuous\\npasturing.\\nComparative Yields. The amount of pasture\\nfurnished by the respective crops, as was to be\\nexpected, varied from time to time and from year to\\nyear. The following, however, were the maximum\\ni8", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "274 FORAGE CROPS.\\nyields obtained from the various plants named below\\nin a single season. They represent the pasture\\nobtained from one-fourth of an acre. Rape alone\\nfurnished pasture sufficient for one matured sheep\\nfor 356 days; corn followed by sorghum for 507\\ndays; rye followed by sorghum for 590 days, and\\ncabbage alone for 762 days. One acre of cabbage\\nof similar development w ould have furnished food\\nenough to sustain one sheep for eight years and\\n128 days.\\nBut these yields must not, by any means, be\\nregarded as the largest that may be obtained from\\nany of these crops. The soil on which they grew\\nwas comparatively infertile. Under the most\\nfavorable conditions it would be possible to obtain\\nfrom rape, for instance, not less than three times\\nthe amount of pasture mentioned above. And it\\nshould also be borne in mind that the crops which\\nfurnish the largest yields of pasture are not neces-\\nsarily the most productive in mutton and wool. The\\nfood constituents in some are much richer than\\nin others.\\nMode of Hurdling. While pasturing off the\\nvarious plats, movable hurdles w^ere used. The fol-\\nlowing is a description of these hurdles Each panel\\nis composed of four boards. The one at the bot-\\ntom is 6x1 inches and the others are 4x1 inches.\\nAcross these are nailed three slats or crossbars 4x1\\ninches. Two of these are nailed six inches from the\\nends of the panel and on the same side of it, one\\nbeing at each end. The third is nailed across the\\ncenter and on the other side of the panel. The bottom\\nspace thus formed is six inches, the middle space\\nsix and one-fourth inches and the top space seven", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 275\\nand three-fourths inches. The second board from\\nthe top is cut off flush with the outer edges of each\\nend crossbar.\\nThe headpiece consists of three boards nailed\\ntogether so as to form a triangle. The bottom\\nboard, 6x1 inches, is three feet six inches long on\\nthe ground side. The two upright pieces are 4x1\\ninches and four feet long. One is nailed on each\\nside of the sole piece and they cross each other at\\nabout six inches from the upper ends. Two notches\\nare cut, one above and one below. These are two\\ninches wide and three inches deep. They receive\\nand hold the top and bottom boards of the panels\\nwhen in place. Wrought or wire nails are used.\\nWhen these hurdles are in place, the headpiece\\nstands at right angles to the panel. But strong-\\nwinds will sometimes tip over such a fence. To\\nprevent this, short stakes made of strips of inch\\nboards may be driven down at intervals alongside\\nthe headpiece and fastened to it with a nail, which\\nshould not be clinched, so that the stake may be\\neasily loosened when the fence is lifted. Such a\\nfence is not costly. It can be quickly and easily\\nmoved. It can be stored away with but little labor\\nwhen not in use, and if handled with due care it\\nwould last for many years. But there would be\\nmore wear to it if the boards in. the headpiece were\\nmade of thicker lumber, as they would not then split\\nso readily at the notches. It is possible, however,\\nthat other styles of hurdles may yet be introduced\\nthat will better serve the end sought.\\nCharacter of the Soil. The soil is what may\\nbe termed rolling in character. In composition it\\nis a sandy loam on the surface. In texture it is so", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "276 FORAGE CROPS.\\nOpen that much trouble was caused by the washing\\nof the soil through heavy rains. In depth, the sur-\\nface soil varies from, say, six inches on the high\\nground to eighteen inches on the low ground.\\nUnderneath the subsoil is chiefly gravel and sand\\nadmixed. The crops, therefore, as can easily be\\nimagined, soon showed signs of languishing on the\\nhigher ground when the weather became dry and hot.\\nNor was this quick-growing, though naturally\\nhungry soil in a high state of fertility. From the\\nbeginning of 1891 to 1895, no manure had been\\napplied, notwithstanding that a grain crop had been\\ntaken from the land every year. In 1897 a mod-\\nerate dressing of barnyard manure was applied. No\\nadditional fertilizer was used during all these years,\\nsave on inconsiderable portions to aid in growing\\ncertain special crops.\\nCharacter of the Weather. During the three\\nseasons of the experiment, the weather was, on the\\nwhole, favorable to the growth of these pasture\\ncrops. Showers fell with a fair amount of regu-\\nlarity. In some instances the moisture from the\\nsame w^as superabundant, while at other times there\\nwere intervals of several weeks between the show-\\ners. With less favorable weather the results could\\nnot have proved so satisfactory. But in justice to\\nthe system it ought to be stated here, that in dry\\nseasons the results from growing sheep pastures as\\nin this experiment would be relatively even more\\nfavorable when compared with results from grazing\\ngrass pastures only, than they would be in a wet\\nseason.\\nNecessity for Some Grass Pasture. When\\ngrowing these crops for pasture, it will be necessary", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 277\\nto have a reserve grass pasture on which to graze\\nthe sheep as occasion may require. For instance,\\nif sheep are grazed upon these crops when wet with,\\nrain or even heavy dews, the treading of the land\\nat such times will tend to impact it and to break\\ndown and befoul the food. It will also tend to\\nsaturate the fleece w4th water, more especially when\\nthe food is rank and tall. To avoid these hazards,\\na grass pasture should be on hand where the\\n.sheep may graze after rain and where they may\\ngraze and rest at night. Such a pasture is always\\nopportune, as when an interval may occur during\\nwhich the other pastures may not be ready for\\nbeing grazed, and the variety thus furnished is also\\nhelpful.\\nHealth of the Animals. The health of the\\nanimals was exceptionally good. Five animals only\\nwere lost during the three seasons of pasturing. Of\\nthese, four died from hoven or bloat while feeding\\non the clover in the grass pasture in the spring of\\n1896. The fifth animal died of what was diagnosed\\nas pneumonia. There was no instance of bloat\\nwhile feeding upon the other foods.\\nEffects on Weed Grozvfh. Growing crops as\\nin the succession given above proved quite destruc-\\ntive to weed growth. But few weeds were given\\ntime to mature because of the frequent stirring of\\nthe land and also because of the cropping down by\\nthe sheep. It is doubtful if any method could be\\ndevised that would be so potent in quickly subduing\\nweeds in the soil and at so little cost. Early in the\\nseason, while the weeds were juicy and tender, they\\nwere usually the first food eaten by the sheep. But\\nlater, some varieties, particularly summer grass", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "278 FORAGE CROPS.\\n(Setaria glauca) were not consumed so eagerly. But\\nthe seed pods and seed heads of the weeds were con-\\nsumed wherever these had been produced. The\\nweeds were turned into mutton.\\nInflncnce on Fertility. The influence on the\\nfertihty of the soil was marked. Since but little\\nof the food was removed from the pastures, the\\nproduct of the same went back on the land and in\\na readily available form. When sheep are thus\\ngrazed upon land, if in addition to the pasture they\\nare also fed some grain or oil cake, the soil must\\nsoon become rich in fertility and virtually without\\nlabor, for the return in mutton and wool should in\\nitself bring a direct net profit.\\nSixteen Sheep Pastured on One Acre. A sec-\\nond experiment was carried on, which also formed\\na part of the first experiment. It was an experi-\\nment within an experiment. It consisted of pastur-\\ning sixteen animals on one acre as far as it was\\nfound practicable throughout the growing season.\\nOf these, six were dams and ten were lambs. The\\nacre was divided into quarters, and the pasturing\\nalternated on these. During two successive years\\nwas this experiment continued, beginning with 1895.\\nIt was not found practicable to keep the sheep con-\\nfined to the acre through all the season. There were\\nsome short intervals each year during which they\\nhad to be kept on other pasture, and in some\\ninstances had other sheep to be brought in to eat\\ndown the excess of pasture. After balancing the\\npasture borrowed against the pasture given away,\\nit was found that the acre thus pastured in 1895 and\\nalso in 1896 had sustained the sixteen animals for\\nabout five months. With soils rich and productive,", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 279\\nthe results could doubtless be considerably exceeded.\\nNo grain was fed during the experiment, save for a\\nfew days at the first, when the change was being\\nmade from winter to summer food. The ten lambs\\nmade an increase in live weight of 560^ pounds\\nwhile pasturing on the acre in 1895, and of 532\\npounds while pasturing on the same in 1896.\\nConclusions. The following are prominent\\namong the conclusions that may be drawn from\\n^he experiment:\\n1. That sheep may be carried safely through\\nthe summer when confined chiefly to pastures other\\nthan the common grasses. The uniformly good\\nhealth of the sheep during the three years of the\\nexperiment was one of the most encouraging of its\\nfeatures. When sheep can be confined to such pas-\\ntures in the early summer, the danger from parasitic\\ntroubles will be materially decreased, and more\\nespecially with the lambs.\\n2. That in the United States and Canada a\\ngreat variety of plants may be grown to provide\\nsuch pastures. Those which are the most suitable\\nfor each locality will vary with the conditions.\\n3. That among the plants adapted to such a\\nuse, winter rye, sorghum and rape are worthy of a\\nprominent place. Each in its season produces a\\nlarge amount of pasture. Each can be grown in\\nnearly all parts of the United States and Canada\\npossessed of an arable soil, and each is the comple-\\nment of the other two. Winter rye furnishes pas-\\nture in the spring and in the autumn, but chiefiy\\nin the spring. Sorghum is at its best in the hot\\nweather of summer, and rape is emphatically the\\nautumn pasture plant. With these three and a", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "280 FORAGE CROPS.\\ngrass pasture, sheep can be kept on succulent food\\nall the season.\\n4. That with the aid of such pastures a much\\nlarger number of sheep can be kept upon an arable\\nfarm than could be sustained by grass pastures with-\\nout the aid of these. The extent of such increase\\nwill depend upon a number of conditions.\\n5. That such a system of pasturage is eminently\\nhelpful in destroying weeds and also eminently\\nbeneficial to the land, as explained above.\\nThe Principle in the Experiment. It may be\\nmentioned here, and with much propriety, that this\\nexperiment is not intended to be an absolute guide\\nfor the farmer. The chief aim sought in carrying\\nit on was to demonstrate the possibility and the\\npracticability of pasturing sheep during the greater\\nportion of the season on pastures other than grass,\\nthat is to say, on pastures sown expressly for the\\npurpose. The principle thus sought has been dem-\\nonstrated, notwithstanding that many things about\\nit are yet undetermined, as, for instance, the relative\\nsuitability of certain foods for the purpose, and the\\nvery best methods of growing them, also the rela-\\ntive profit in pasturing sheep thus as compared with\\npasturing them on grass only. Some of these, of\\ncourse, can never be determined other than in an\\napproximate way.\\nTlie Application of the Principle. The appli-\\ncation of the principle must be made by the flock-\\nmaster himself, and in consonance with the nature\\nof his surroundings. For instance, he must ascer-\\ntain, first, which of these summer crops are the best\\nadapted to his conditions second, how many of them\\nhe will grow and the relative acreage of each third.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "SHEEP PASTURES. 28 1\\nthe succession at which he shall grow them, and,\\nfourth, the nature and extent of the fencing\\nrequired. Though the principle is applicable in all\\nthe arable sections of the United States and Canada,\\nthe application of it will vary with the surroundings,\\nand it will vary from year to year with the specific\\nrequirements for that particular season.\\nThere are but few flockmasters, however, pos-\\nsessed of tillable land who cannot embody the prin-\\nciple, to some extent at least, in their practice. They\\ncan grow one or more of these foods to pasture the\\nsheep on when the grasses are dry. That alterna-\\ntion in grazing off the pastures may be possible, the\\nfields may either be permanently fenced, or movable\\nfences may be used. The greatest convenience and\\nprofit wilfmost probably be found in combining the\\ntwo ideas, that is to say, in having some fields long\\nrather than broad enclosed with permanent fences,\\nand then using some portable fence to be placed\\nacross the narrow fields as occasion may require.\\nWith winter rye, sorghum, rape and a grass pas-\\nture, sheep can be supplied with succulent food from\\nspring until the advent of winter. In some seasons\\none of these along with grass may suffice, in other\\nseasons two of them, and yet, again, all three may\\nbe necessary. But various other plants may yet be\\nintroduced which will possess even superior adapta-\\ntion in providing summer pasture for sheep.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\\nFIG. PAGE.\\n1. Rape Plant Grown for Seed, Frontispiece\\n2. Sheep Pasturing on F irst Growth of Corn and Rape 1 1\\n3. Second Growth of Rape Sown with Corn 23\\n4. Sorghum Grown for Fodder 29\\n5. Sorghum and Rape -------35\\n6. Sorghum and Rye, Third Crop -37\\n7. Sheep Pasturing on First Growth Sorghum 44\\n8. Sheep Pasturing on Second Growth Sorghum 46\\n9. Red Kaffir Corn Grown for Fodder 49\\n10. White Kaffir Corn Grown for Fodder 5i\\n11. White Milo Maize Grown for Fodder 53\\n12. Brown Dhourra Grown for Fodder 55\\n13. Jerusalem Corn Grown for Fodder 57\\n14. Eight Plants of Green Field Pea 104\\n15. Field Peas, Noosack Valley, W^ash 108\\n16. The Sand Vetch in Bloom 123\\n17. Sheep Pasturing on Sand Vetch 128\\n18. Sheep Pasturing on Cowpeas 132\\n19. Sheep Pasturing on Soy Beans _ 143\\n20. Sheep on Rape Sown for Early Pasture 148\\n21. Rape Grown for Seed 151\\n22. Sheep Pasturing on Cabbage 167\\n23. Pearl Millet Grown for Fodder 199\\n24. Australian Saltbush 249\\n25. Sheep Barn 264\\n26. Sheep Pasturing on Winter Rye 266\\n27. Rape and Clover Pasture 268\\n28. Sheep Pasturing on Second Growth Rape 270\\n29. Sorghum and Rape Pasture 272", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nPAGE\\nAlfalfa, discussion of.. 93-102\\ndescribed 94\\ndistribution of 95\\nplace in the rotation for. .96\\nsoils for 96\\npreparing the soil for 97\\nsowing 98\\ncultivating 100\\npasturing 100\\nobservations on 102\\nAlsike clover 82-87\\nArtichokes, discussion of\\n212-220\\ndescribed 212\\nreasons for growing 213\\nobjections to growing.. 213\\nvarieties of 214\\ndistribution of 214i\\nplace in the rotation for\\n215\\nsoils for 216\\npreparing the soil for.. 216\\nplanting 217\\ncultivating 218\\npasturing 218\\nobservations on 219\\nAustralian salt bush.. 248-251\\nBeggar s ticks 246-248\\nCabbage, discussion of,\\n163-169\\ndistribution of 163\\nplace in the rotation for 164\\nsoils for 164\\npreparing the soil for.. 164\\nsowing o 165\\ncultivating 166\\npasturing 168\\nobservations on 169\\nCereals, discussion of,\\n170-188\\nClover olants, discussion\\nof 67-102\\nClover, alsike, discussion\\nof 82-87\\ncontrasted with the me-\\ndium red 82\\ndistribution of 83\\nplace in the rotation for. .83\\nsoils for. CO... ..83\\nFAOB\\nClover Continued\\npreparing the soil for.... 84\\nsowing 84\\npasturing 86\\nobservations on 87\\nClover, crimson, discus-\\nsion of 88-93\\ndescribed 88\\ndistribution of 88\\nplace in the rotation for. 90\\nsoils for 90\\npreparing the soil for 91\\nsowing 91\\ncultivating 92\\npasturing 93\\nobservations on 93\\nClover, mammoth, discus-\\nsion of 78-82\\ncontrasted with me-\\ndium red 78\\ndistribution of 78\\nplace in the rotation for.. 79\\nsoils for 79\\npreparing the soil for 80\\nsowing 80\\ncultivating 81\\npasturing 81\\nobservations on 82\\nClover, medium red, dis-\\ncussion of 67-78\\ndistribution of 68\\nplace in the rotation for.. 69\\nsoils for 69\\npreparing the soil for.... 70\\nsowing 71\\ncultivating 74\\npasturing 75\\nCommon vetch 115-121\\nCorn or maize, discus-\\nsion of 8-27\\nvarieties of 9\\nhabits of growth of 9\\nfor pasture for sheep 10\\nfor pasture for cattle 10\\ndistribution of 13\\nplace in the rotation for.. 15\\nsoils for 16\\npreparing the soil for 17\\nfertilizers for 19\\n285", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "2S6\\nINDEX.\\nFAOB\\nCorn or maize Continued\\nsowing or planting 20\\nsowing rape seed with.. 21\\ncultivating 22\\npasturing 24\\nobservations on 25\\nCowpea, discussion of. 128-138\\ndescribed 129\\nvarieties of 130\\ndistribution of 131\\nplace m the rotation for,\\n131\\nsoils for 133\\npreparing the soil for.. 134\\nsowing 135\\ncultivating 136\\npasturing 137\\nobserv^ations on 137\\nCrimson clover 88-89\\nDhourra 50-52\\nField pea 103-115\\nFlat pea 222-224\\nForage, definition of 1\\ndefinitions, exceptions to.. 3\\nwhy not grow more 4\\nreasons for growing 4\\nwho should grow 5\\noutcome from growing 6\\nplants discussed 7\\nJapan clover 228-229\\nJerusalem corn 52\\nKaffir corn 50\\nKale 235-237\\nLeguminous plants other\\nthan clover 103-144\\nLupines 240-242\\nMammoth clover 78-82\\nMedium red clover 67-78\\nMillets, discussion of.. 189-201\\nclassified and described. 190\\ndistribution of 192\\nplace in the rotation of.. 194\\nsoils for 195\\npreparing the soil for... 195\\nfertilizers for 197\\nsowing 197\\ncultivating 200\\npasturing 201\\nMilo maize 50\\nMiscellaneous plants, dis-\\ncussion of 221-251\\nMixed grains, discussion\\nof 180-187\\npastures from 180\\ndistribution of 181\\nI A6S\\nMixed grains Continmd\\nsoils for 182\\npreparing the soil for... 182\\nsowing 183\\ncultivating 184\\npasturing 184\\nobservations on 185\\nMustard 237-240\\nNon-saccharine sorghums,\\ndiscussion 48-66\\nvarieties of 48\\ndescribed 50\\ncomparison between 52\\ndistribution of 56\\nplace in the rotation for.. 59\\nsoils for 59\\npreparing the soil for 60\\nsowing or planting 61\\ncultivating 63\\npasturing 66\\nPasturing cereals when\\nyoung 187-188\\nPeanuts 243-244\\nPeas, field, discussion of,\\n103-115\\nvarieties of 103\\nhabit of growth 105\\ndistribution of 106\\nplace in the rotation for.107\\nsoils for 109\\npreparing the soil for 110\\nfertilizers for Ill\\nsowing Ill\\npasturing 113\\nPlants discussed 7-8\\nRape, discussion of 145-163\\nrapid extension in the\\ngrowth of 146\\nqualities of 147\\ndescribed 148\\ndistribution of 149\\ngrowing seed 150\\nplace in the rotation for 150\\nsoils for 152\\npreparing soils for 153\\nsowing 153\\nRoot crops 202-212\\nRutabagas, discussion of,\\n202-208\\ndistribution of 203\\nplace in the rotation for. 203\\nsoil for 204\\npreparing the soil for.. 204\\nfertilizers for 205\\nsowing 205\\ncultivating 207", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n287\\nPAGE\\nRutabagas Continued\\npasturing 207\\nRye 171-180\\nSacaline 242-243\\nSainfoin 229-232\\nSand vetch 121-128\\nSheep pastures at the\\nMinnesota university\\nexperiment farm. ..261-281\\nobjects sought in grow-\\ning 261\\noutline- of 262\\ngrazing off 263\\nsuccession in 263\\nwhen to begin grazing.. 271\\ncomparative yields of ..273\\nmode of handling 274\\ncharacter of the soil.... 275\\nweather when grazing.. 276\\nsome grass pasture nec-\\nessary 276\\nhealth of the animals.. 277\\neffects on weeds 277\\ninfluence on fertility ..278\\nsixteen sheep on one\\nacre 278\\nconclusions 279\\nprinciple in the experi-\\nment 280\\napplication of the prin-\\nciple 280\\nSorghum, discussion of. .28-47\\nuses nf 28\\na midsummer pasture ..30\\nclasses of 31\\nmanner of growth 31\\npower to withstand\\ndrouth 132\\nnot much grown in com-\\nbinations 32\\ndistribution of 32\\nplace in the rotation.. ..34\\nsoils for 34\\npreparing the soil for.... 36\\nfertilizers for 38\\nsowing- or planting 3P\\nsowin;^ rape with 41\\ncultivating 42\\npasturmg 43\\nalleged danger from pas-\\nturing 45\\nSoy bean, discussion of,\\n138-144\\ndescribed 130\\ndistribution of 139\\nPAGE\\nSoy bean Continued\\nplace in the rotation for. 140\\nsoils for 141\\npreparing the soil for ..141\\nsowing 141\\ncultivating 143\\npasturing 144\\nobservations on 144\\nSpurry 232-235\\nSuccession in forage\\ncrops discussed 252-260\\nSweet clover 224-226\\nTeosinte 52\\nTurnips, discussion of\\n208-212\\ndistribution of 209\\nplace in rotation for 209\\nsoil suitable for 209\\npreparing the soil for.. 209\\nsowing 209\\npasturing 211\\nobservations on 211\\nVelvet beans 244-246\\nVetch, the common, dis-\\ncussion of 115-121\\ndescribed 116\\ndistribution of 117\\nplace in the rotation for. 118\\nsoils for 118\\npreparing the soil for ..119\\nsowing 119\\ncultivating 120\\npasturing 120\\nobservation 121\\nVetch, the sand, discus-\\nsion of 121-128\\ndescribed 121\\ndistribution of 122\\nplace in the rotation for. 123\\nsoils for 123\\nsowing 123\\ncultivating 126\\npasturing 126\\nobservations on 128\\nWinter rye, discussion of,\\n171-180\\ndistribution of 172\\nplace in the rotation for.173\\nsoils for 173\\npreparing the soil for... 174\\nsowing 175\\ncultivating 176\\npasturing 177\\nobservations on 17^\\nYellow clover 226-228", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "STANDAi^D liOOKS.\\nCommended by the Greatest Educators of Germany, England and the Tnlted\\nStates. Endorsed by Officials, and adopted in many Schools\\nneu^ methods in Education\\nArt. Real Manual Training, Nature Study. Explaining Processes\\nwhereby Hand, Eye and Mind are Educated by Means that Conserve Vital-\\nity and Develop a Union of Thought and Action\\nBy 3* Liberty tadd\\nHirector of the Public School of Industrial Art, of Manual Training and Art in the\\nli. C. Hi jli School, and in several Nitjht Schools, Member of the Art Club, Sketch\\nClub, and Educational Club, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia\\nBASED on twenty-two years* experience with thousands of\\nchildren and hundreds of teachers. A method reasonable,\\nfeasible and without great cost, adapted to all grades,\\nrrom child to adult; a plan that can be applied without friction\\nto every kind of educational institution or to the family, and\\nlimited only by the capacity of the individual a method covered\\nby natural law, working with the absolute precision of nature it-\\nself; a process that unfolds the capacities of children as unfold\\nthe leaves and flowers a system that teaches the pupils that they\\nare in the plan and part of life, and enables them to work out\\ntheir own salvation on the true lines of design and work as illus-\\ntrated in every natural thing.\\nH OSealtb of Tllustratlon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 47$ Pictures and 44 Tull-Page Plates\\nshowing children and teachers practicing these new methods or\\ntheir work. A revelation to all interested in developing the won-\\nderful capabilities of young or old. The pictures instantly\\nfascinate every child, imbuing it with a desire to do likewise.\\nTeachers and parents at once become enthusiastic and delighted\\nover the Tadd methods which this book enables them to put into\\npractice. Not a hacknej ^ed thought nor a stale picture. Fresh,\\nnew, practical, scientific, inspiring\\nAMONG THOSE WHO ENDORSE THE WORK ARE\\nHEKBPTRT SPEN()ER, DR. W. W. KEENE, PRESIDENT HUEY-Of the Phila\\nflel|)liia board of pflucatioii.\\nDR. A. K. WINSmP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Editoi .Journal of p:(liifatioii.\\nW. F. SLOCU VI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President Colorado College.\\nfREDEKICK WINSOR-Head master The Country School for Boys of Baltlmor*\\nKansas City.\\nCity, under th\u00c2\u00bb auspices ot Jotuis Hopkins University.\\nG. B. MOHHISON-Prineipal Manual Training High School.\\nDR. ED W AIM) KIRK-Dean UniversU.y of Penn.\\nG. E. I)AWSON-(Clark University), Professor of Psychology, Bible Normal\\nColle e.\\nROMAN .STEINER-Baltlmore.\\nSPECIFICATIONS Size, 7^x1 0^ Inches, almost a quarto; 4. i6 papes, fine plate\\nF)aper, beautifully nound in cloth and hoards, cover Illuminated in gold; weight,\\ni^ Ihs. Boxed, price $3.00 net, postpaid to any part of the world.\\nOrange 3udd \u00e2\u0082\u00acotnpanv\\nWew York, N. Y., 52-54 Lafayette Place. Sprine:field, Mass., Homestead Bde,\\nCliicafi:o, niv Marquette Buildinjf.", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Mil\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nSENT FREE ON APPLICATION J\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\niHf\\nOf\\nContaining loo 8vo, pages, Jt^^^J A^A^ if^\\nJjj profusely illustrated, and D,\\\\\\ngiving full descriptions of J i g y^ y^X 7 t^ S\\nthe best works on the fol- |-C If 1 K ^k 2\\nT^escriptive\\nCatalog\\nViii\\n4if lowing subjects\\nBOOKS\\nA^ i^i Poultry, Pigeons and Bees\\niti\\ni#; Farm and Garden\\ni^j Fruits, Flowers, Etc. i|i\\nij^ ij^i Cattle, Sheep and Swine\\nl\u00c2\u00a3 i^i Dogs, Horses, Riding, Etc. m\\nm\\nit, ^M^\\\\ m Angling and Fishing J^\\njj M Boating, Canoeing and Sailing m\\n^P y^ j^j Field Sports and Natural History JJ\\nitt li Hunting, Shooting, Etc. J\\nS IMi Architecture and Building\\n\u00c2\u00abi\\n:i(ji Landscape Gardening ili\\nyi i Ji Household and Miscellaneous jj\\nS Publishers and Importers i|i\\nI Orange Judd Company\\njj 52 and 54 Lafayette Place 91\\nNEW YORK IS\\nili BOOKS WILL BE FORWARDED, POSTPAID, ON JJ\\nRECEIPT OF PRICE ifi\\nw ill", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nGreenhouse Construction.\\nBy Prof. L. R. Taft. A complete treatise on greenhouse\\nstructures and arrangements of the various forms and\\nstyles of plant houses for professional florists as well\\nas amateurs. All the best and most approved structures\\nare so fully and clearly described that anyone who desire3\\nto build a greenhouse will have no difficulty in deter-\\nmining the kmd best suited to his purpose. The modern\\nand most successful methods of heating and ventilating\\nare fully treated upon. Special chapters are devoted\\nto houses used for the growing of one kind of plants\\nexclusively. The construction of hotbeds and frames\\nreceives appropriate attention. Over one hundred excel-\\nlent illustrations, specially engraved for this work, make\\nevery point clear to the reader and add considerably to\\nthe artistic appearance of the book. Cloth. i2mo. $1.50\\nGreenhouse Mana\u00c2\u00a7:ement.\\nBy L. R. Taft. This book forms an almost indispensa-\\nble companion volum.e to Greenhouse Construction. In\\nit the author gives the results of his many years expe-\\nrience, together vrith that of the most successful florists\\nand gardeners, in the management of growing plants\\nunder glass. So minute and practical are the various\\nsystems and methods of growing and forcing roses, vio-\\nlets, carnations, and all the most important florists\\nplants, as well as fruits and vegetables described, that\\nby a careful study of this ^\\\\\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ork and the following of its\\nteachings, failure is almost impossible. Illustrated.\\nCloth. 12mo $1.50\\nBulbs and Tuberous-Rooted Plants.\\nBy C. L. Allen. A comolete treatise on the history,\\ndescription, methods of propagation and full directions\\nfor the successful culture of bulbs in the garden, dwel-\\nling and greenhouse. As generally treated, bulbs are an\\nexpensive luxury, while when properly managed, they\\na^ord the greatest amount of pleasure at the least cost.\\nThe author of this book has for many years made bulb\\ngrowing a specialty, and is a recognized authority on\\ntheir cultivation and management. The illustrations\\nwhich embellish this work have been drawn from nature,\\nand have been engraved especially for this book. The\\ncultural directions are plainly stated, practical and tc\\nthe point. Cloth, 12mo $1.50\\n:rri\u00c2\u00a7:ation Farming:.\\nBy Lute Wilcox. A handbook for the practical applica-\\ntion of water in the production of crops. A complete\\ntreatise on water supply, canal construction, reservoirs\\nand ponds, pipes for irrigation purposes, flumes and\\ntheir structure, methods of applying water, irrigation of\\nfield crops, the garden, the orchard and vineyard; wind-\\nmills and pumps, appliances and contrivances. Profuse-\\nly, handsomely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. |L60", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nLandscape Gardening:.\\nBy F. A. Waugh, professor of horticulture, University of\\nVermont. A treatise on the general principles governing\\noutdoor art; with sundry suggestions for their application\\nin the commoner problems of gardening. Every para-\\ngraph is short, terse and to the point, giving perfect\\nclearness to the discussions at all points. In spite of\\nthe natural difficulty of presenting abstract principles\\nthe whole matter is made entirely plain even to the\\ninexperienced reader. Illustrated, 12mo. Cloth. .50\\nFun\u00c2\u00a7:i and Fungicides.\\nBy Prof. Clarence M. Weed. A practical manual con-\\ncerning the fungous diseases of cultivated plants and\\nthe means of preventing their ravages. The author has\\nendeavored to give such a concise account of the most\\nimportant facts relating to these as will enable the\\ncultivator to combat them intelligently. 222 pp., 90 ill.,\\n12mo. Paper. 50 cents; cioth $1.00\\nTalks on Manure.\\nBy Joseph Harris, M. S. A series of familiar and prac-\\ntical talks between the author and the deacon, the doctor,\\nand other neighbors, on the whole subject of manures\\nand fertilizers; including a chapter especially written for\\nit by Sir John Bennet Lawes of Rothamsted, England.\\nCloth, 12mo $1.50\\nInsects and Insecticides.\\nBy Clarence M. Weed, D. Sc, Prof, of entomology and\\nzoology. New Hampshire college of agriculture. A prac-\\ntical manual concerning noxious insects, and methods of\\npreventing their injuries. 334 pages, with many illus-\\ntrations. Cloth, 12mo $1.50\\nMushrooms, How to Grow Them.\\nBy Wm. Falconer. This is the most practical work on\\nthe subject ever written, and the only book on growing\\nmushrooms published in America. The author describes\\nhow he grows mushrooms, and how they are grown for\\nprofit by the leading market gardeners, and for home\\nuse by the most successful private growers. Engravings\\ndrawn from nature expressly for this work. Cloth. $1.00\\nHandbook of Plants and General Horticulture.\\nBy Peter Henderson. This new edition comprises about\\n50 per cent, more genera than the former one, and em-\\nbraces the botanical name, derivation, natural order,\\netc., together with a short history of the different genera,\\nconcise instructions for their propagation and culture,\\nand all the leading local or common English names,\\ntogether with a comprehensive glossary of botanical and\\ntechnical terms. Plain instructions are also given for\\nthe cultivation of the principal vegetables, fruits and\\nflowers. Cloth, large 8vo $3.00", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nGinseng:, Its Cultivation, Harvesting:, Marketing: and\\nMarket Value.\\nBy Maurice G. Kains, with a short account of its history\\nand botany. It discusses in a practical way how to\\nbegin with either seed or roots, soil, climate and location,\\npreparation, planting- and maintenance of the beds, arti-\\nficial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for mar-\\nket and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the\\nprofits that may be expected. This booklet is concisely\\nwritten, well and profusely illustrated, and should be\\nin the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to\\nsupply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable\\nindustry to their farms and gardens, without interfering\\nwith the regular work. 12mo .35\\nLand Draining:.\\nA handbook for farmers on the principles and practice\\nof draining, by Manly Miles, giving the results of his\\nextended experience in laying tile drains. The directions\\nfor the laying out and the construction of tile drains\\nwill enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect\\nconstruction, and the disappointment that must neces-\\nsarily follow. This manual for practical farmers will\\nalso be found convenient for references in regard to many\\nquestions that may arise in crop growing, aside from\\nthe special subjects of drainage of which it treats. Cloth,\\n12mo. $1.00\\nHenderson s Practical Floriculture.\\nBy Peter Henderson. A guide to the successful propaga-\\ntion and cultivation of florists plants. The work is not\\none for florists and gardeners only, but the amateur s\\nwants are constantly kept in mind, and we have a very\\ncomplete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under\\nglass, or in the open air, suited to those who grow flowers\\nfor pleasure as well as those who make them a matter\\nof trade. Beautifully illustrated. New and enlarged\\nedition. Cloth, 12mo $1,50\\nTobacco Leaf.\\nBy J. B. Killebrew and Herbert Myrick. Its Culture\\nand Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. A practical\\nhandbook on the most approved methods in growing,\\nharvesting, curing, packing, and selling tobacco, with an\\naccount of the operations in every department of tobacco\\nmanufacture. The contents of this book are based on\\nactual experiments in field, curing barn, packing house,\\nfactory and laboratory. It is the only work of the kind\\nin existence, and is destined to be the standard practical\\nand scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco\\nfor many years. Upwards of 500 pages and 150 original\\nengravings. |2.00", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nFlay and Profit in My Garden.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Rv E P Roe The author takes us to his garden on\\nthe rocky hillsides in the vicinity of West Foint, and\\nshows us how out of it, after four years experience, he\\nevoked a profit of $1,000. and this while carrying on pas-\\ntoral and literary labor. It is very rarely that so much\\nliterary taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural\\nexperience and good sense. Cloth. 12mo. $l.uu\\nForest Planting:.\\nBv H Nicholas Jarchow, LL. D. A treatise on the care\\nof woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timber-\\nlands on plains and mountains. The author has fully\\ndescribed tho^ie European methods which have proved\\nto be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the\\nold world. This experience has been adapted to the dif-\\nferent climates and trees of America, full instructions\\nbeing given for forest planting of our various kinds of\\nsoil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley.\\nIllustrated, 12mo\\nSoils and Crops of the Farm.\\nBy George E. Morrow, M. A., and Thomas F. Hunt. The\\nmethods of making available the plant food in the soil\\nare described in popular language. A short history of\\neach of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion\\nof its culture. The useful discoveries of science are\\nexplained as applied in the most approved methods of\\nculture. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo $1-00\\nAmerican Fruit Culturist.\\nBy John J. Thomas. Containing practical directions for\\nthe propagation and culture of all the fruits adapted to\\nthe United States. Twentieth thoroughly revised and\\ngreatly enlarged edition by Wm. H. S. Wood. This new\\nedition makes the work practically almost a new book,\\ncontaining everything pertaining to large and small\\nfruits as well as sub-tropical and tropical fruits. Richly\\nillustrated by nearly 800 engravings. 758 pp., 12mo. $2.50\\nFertilizers.\\nBy Edward B. Voorhees, director of the New Jersey Agri-\\ncultural Experiment Station. It has been the aim of\\nthe author to point out the underlying principles and to\\ndiscuss the important subjects connected with the use\\nof fertilizer materials. The natural fertility of the soil,\\nthe functions of manures and fertilizers, and the need\\nof artificial fertilizers are exhaustively discussed. Sepa-\\nrate chapters are devoted to the various fertilizing ele-\\nments, to the purchase, chemical analyses, methods of\\nusing fertilizers, and the best fertilizers for each of the\\nmost important Held, garden and orchard crops.\\n335 pp", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nGardening: for Profit.\\nBy Peter Plenderson. The standard work on market anc\\nfamily gardening-. The successful experience of the author\\nfor more than thirty j ears, and his willingness to tell,\\nas he does in this work, the secret of his success for\\nthe benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable\\ninformation. The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth,\\n12mo. $1.50\\nHerbert s Hints to Horse Keepers.\\nBy the late Henry William Herbert (Prank Forester).\\nThis is one of the best and most popular works on the\\nhorse prepared in this country. A complete manual for\\nhorsemen, embracing: How to breed a horse; how to buy\\na horse; how to break a horse; how to use a horse; how\\nto feed a horse; how to physic a horse (allopathy or ho-\\nmoeopathy); how to groom a horse; how to drive a horse;\\nhow to ride a horse, etc. Beautifully illustrated. Cloth,\\n12mo. c $1.50\\nBarn Plans and Outbuilding:s.\\nTwo hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most val-\\nuable work, full of ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc.,\\nfor the construction of barns and outbuildings, by prac-\\ntical writers. Chanters are devoted to the economic\\nerection and use of barns, grain barns, house barns,\\ncattle barns, sheep barns, corn houses, smoke houses,\\nice houses, pig pens, granaries, etc. There are likewise\\nchapters on bird houses, dog houses, tool sheds, ventila-\\ntors, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops,\\npoultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc.\\nCloth, 12mo. $1.00\\nCranberry Culture.\\nBy Joseph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history\\nof cultivation, choice of location, preparing the ground,\\nplanting the vines, management of meadows, flooding,\\nenemies and difficulties overcome, picking, keeping, pro-\\nfit and loss. Cloth, 12mo $1.10\\nOrnamental Gardening: for Americans.\\nBy Elias A. L-ong, landscape architect. A treatise on\\nbeautifying homes, rural districts and cemeteries. A\\nplain and practical work with numerous illustrations and\\ninstructions so plain that they may be readily followed.\\nIllustrated. Cloth, 12mo $1.50\\nGrape Culturist.\\nBy A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of works\\non the culture of the hardy grapes, with full directions\\nfor all departments of propagation, culture, etc., with\\n150 excellent engravings, illustrating planting, training,\\ngrafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo $1.50", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0m:m\\n1^", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nDDD57bS ^345", "height": "3513", "width": "2169", "jp2-path": "foragecropsother01shaw_0312.jp2"}}