{"1": {"fulltext": "I I\\nI 1 1\\nfl.,V afttH\\nn^9s\\nZUftfMl\\n,i I\\nmus\\nH\\nlCS i\\n1\\n1\\n-4\\nc H\\nWJtWtiffi\\nl\\nZ X,\\n^m\\n33\\nJ8S\\nmff\\nmmw\\niJaiJ\\nM.iJ .Vvwu.\\n^^^H\\nfflBm\\n;j;\\n^-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^i,-\\n;;rJ:., ffi\\nEkF\\n5S\\n^h\\nH\\nKrC .V/ EMJ\\niQJDjr\\nif8\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r X\\nttuff\\nI", "height": "3523", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "V\\n1\\n^Arf\\n0\u00c2\u00b0\\no5\\nA.\\n%o\\n7 V r V\\ns", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "3\\n~o\\nails (Or\\nQ,\\nr/\\no\\n^W-, r9^ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i J", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S\\nLIVES\\nCONTAINING BRIEF AND ACCURATE ACCOUNTS\\nOF THE LIVES OF FAMOUS GREEKS AND ROMANS\\nEdited, with Introduction and Notes by\\nEDWARD S. ELLIS, A. M.\\nAuthor of A Classical Dictionary/ etc.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nTHE PENN PUBLISHING COMPANY\\n1900", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "|l-ibr.ry\u00e2\u0080\u009etu\\nTwCo\u00c2\u00abESRECf. VF0\\nJUN 16 1900\\ncorv\\n2d\\n\u00c2\u00b0*D\u00c2\u00a3R DIVISION\\nJUL 9 1900\\nKION\\nI900_J\\n64902\\nCopyright 1895 by the Woolfaix Company\\nDPYRIGHT I9OO BY THE PeNN PUBLISHING COMPANV", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGSf\\nIntroduction, k\\nTheseus, i*\\nxvOMULUS, 2C\\nLYCURGUS, .24\\nNUMA, 31\\nSolon, 36\\npubligola, .40\\nThemistocles, 42\\nCamillus, 45\\nPericles, 50\\nFabius Maximus, 56\\nAlcibiades, 63\\nCaius Marcius Coriolanus, .67\\nTlMOLEON, 70\\nPaulus ^Emilius, 73\\nPelopidas, 77\\nMarcellus, 79\\nAristides, o 84\\nCato, the Censor, 86\\nPhilopcemen, 90\\nTitus Quinctius Flaminius, .91\\nPyrrhus, 93\\nCaius Marius, 98^\\nLysander, 102\\nSylla 105", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "T V^VAI A\\nPAGE\\nClMON, IQ 8\\nLuCULLUS,\\nIO9\\nNlCIAS,\\nIl8\\nMarcus Crassus,\\n123\\nSertorius,\\n126\\nEUMENES,\\nI30\\nAGESrLAUS,\\n133\\nPOMPEY,\\n135\\nAlexander,\\n154\\nJulius Caesar,\\nHI\\nPhocion,\\n182\\nCato, the Younger,\\nI83\\nAgis,\\n185\\nCleomenes,\\nl86\\nTiberius Gracchus,\\nig2\\nCaius Gracchus,\\n194\\nDemosthenes,\\n197\\nCicero,\\n202\\nDemetrius,\\n208\\nAntony,\\n211\\nDion,\\n215\\nMarcus Brutus,\\n218\\nArtaxerxes,\\n220\\nAratus,\\n222\\nWeights, Measures, and\\nMoney,\\n224\\nChronological Table,\\n225\\nIndex,\\n231", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nThe name of Plutarch will be remembered\\nthrough all ages to come. He was born at\\nChaeronea, in Boeotia, Greece, probably about\\na.d. 45 or 50, and studied philosophy under\\nAmmonius at Delphi, at the time of Nero s\\nvisit to Greece, 66 a.d. Plutarch traveled ex-\\ntensively in Italy, visited Egypt, and spent\\nsome time in Rome, where he lectured on\\nphilosophy. Returning to his native city, he\\nheld office as a magistrate and died at an ad-\\nvanced age. He is known to have married,\\nand was the father of at least five children,\\nof whom two sons survived to manhood.\\nThis famous scholar wrote many works,\\nthere being sixty extant bearing his name\\nand treating of various subjects. They were\\ncollected under the common title of Moralia\\nand translated into English by several au-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6 INTRODUCTION.\\nthors. The work, however, which made him\\nfamous in antiquity, and afterward in all\\ntime, is his Parallel Lives, edited by C. Sin-\\ntenis (4 volumes, Leipsic, 1639-53), and trans-\\nlated into all European languages. It has\\nbeen translated into English several times\\nby North, under the name of Dryden, and by\\nJohn and William Langhorne. The Dryden\\ntranslation was revised and corrected by A.\\nH. Clough. It consists of forty-six biogra-\\nphies, divided into pairs one from Greek and\\none from Roman history.\\nThe question naturally occurs as to why\\nthis work has exercised such a charm over\\nyoung and old, educated and uneducated,\\nthrough the past centuries, and why such\\ncharm has in no way diminished to-day.\\nThere are two causes: the subjects treated\\nand their method of treatment. The sub-\\njects are men who in their lives were the\\nworkers-out of the destiny of their time, and\\nwho after they crumbled to dust became\\nmodels in all the after ages for those who\\naspire to become great and to make their im-\\npress upon human events. Plutarch attempts", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 7\\nno analyses of the genius of those men and of\\ntheir influence, but with a quick outline of\\nthe political and historical stature of the\\nman, he vivifies his character by a Series of\\npersonal traits which are as comprehensible\\nto the uneducated as to the educated mind.\\nWhile he is not a historian, he is always in-\\nstructive and entertaining, for he himself\\npossessed comprehensive knowledge, was\\nsympathetic with all that was great and good,\\nand wielded a pen that never failed to charm\\nbecause it was tipped with the fire of genius.\\nAnything relating to this extraordinary\\ngenius is interesting. His wife was Ti-\\nmoxena, the daughter of Alexion. Late in\\nlife a daughter was born to them but died.\\nHow pathetic and lofty is the letter addressed\\nto his wife upon learning of the death of this\\nbeloved child!\\nPlutarch to his wife, greeting The mes-\\nsengers you sent to announce our child s\\ndeath apparently missed the road to Athens.\\nI was told about my daughter on reaching\\nTanagra. Everything relating to the funeral\\nI suppose to have been already performed", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 INTRODUCTION.\\nmy desire is that all these arrangements may\\nhave been so made as will now and in the\\nfuture be most consoling to yourself. If\\nthere is anything which you have wished to\\ndo and have omitted, awaiting my opinion,\\nand which you think would be a relief to you,\\nit shall be attended to, apart from all excess\\nand superstition, which no one would like\\nless than yourself. Only, my wife, let me\\nhope, that you will maintain both me and\\nyourself within the reasonable limits of grief.\\nWhat our loss really amounts to, I know and\\nestimate for myself. But should I find your\\ngrief excessive, my trouble on your account\\nwill be greater than on that of our loss. I\\nam not a stock or stone, as you, my partner\\nin the care of our numerous children, every\\none of whom we have ourselves brought up\\nat home, can testify. And this child, a\\ndaughter, born to your wishes after four\\nsons, and affording me the opportunity of re-\\ncording your name, I am well aware was a\\nspecial object of affection.\\nAfter referring to the sweet temper and\\nloving ways of the child, the father says:", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 9\\nYet why should we forget the reasonings\\nwe have often addressed to others, and re-\\ngard our present pain as obliterating and effac-\\ning our former joys? The letter closes with\\nexpressions of his belief in the immortality\\nof every human soul.\\nA great man it may be said is great in\\nsmall things. Plutarch was as attentive to\\nhis humbler as to his more important duties.\\nReferring to Epaminondas as giving dignity\\nto the office of chief scavenger, he says:\\nAnd I, too, for that matter, am often a jest\\nto my neighbors, when they see me, as they\\nfrequently do, in public, occupied on very\\nsimilar duties but the story told about An-\\ntisthenes comes to my assistance. When\\nsome one expressed surprise at his carrying\\nhome some pickled fish from market in his\\nown hands. It is, he answered, for ?nyself.\\nConversely, when I am reproached with\\nstanding by and watching while tiles are\\nmeasured out, and stone and mortar brought\\nup. This service, I say, is not for myse/f, it is\\nfor my country.\\nIt should be borne in mind that Plutarch s", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "IO INTRODUCTION.\\nLives are biography, not history. In the\\nwords of Montaigne, He is a philosopher\\nthat teaches us virtue. It was probably his\\npurpose to show that the great men of his\\nnative land had no cause to fear comparison\\nwith those of proud Rome, which led him to\\ngive the biographies in pairs, one Greek and\\none Roman in each pair, but such a great\\nman as Plutarch could not be partial or\\nmorally undignified. He condemned and\\ncommended with unerring judgment, and\\nsought to bring back to the Romans a re-\\nminder of the qualities which in their fore-\\nfathers conquered the world, and to indi-\\ncate that oft-proven certainty that the loss of\\nmoral sanity must sooner or later entail\\npolitical disintegration and national decay.\\nIt is a singular fact that the Lives were\\ntranslated and printed in Latin more than a\\ncentury before the appearance of the first\\nprinted edition of the original Greek works.\\nAmyot, a French abbe, published a transla-\\ntion in the reign of Henry II. of England,\\nfrom which Sir T. North rendered it into\\nEnglish in the time of Queen Elizabeth. By", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. II\\ncareful research, Amyot made many correc-\\ntions in the text. Dryden lent his name to a\\ntranslation written by probably a score of\\ndifferent hands, with the inevitable result of\\na motley work, full of errors, irregularities\\nand inconsistencies. The appearance of the\\nadmirable translation by John and William\\nLanghorne removed the necessity for any\\nother.\\nWe have deemed it advisable to place at\\nthe head of each biography a summary of its\\nsalient points. Plutarch gave little attention\\nto dates, and while it is impossible to recall\\nthe words of his captivating narratives, it is\\neasy to fix in the mind the important and lead-\\ning facts in the career of those whose lives\\nhe relates. This will supply the historical\\ndata necessary to a complete understanding\\nof the biography.\\nThe eulogies of Plutarch are immeasurable.\\nKing Henry IV. of France, upon being told\\nthat his wife was pleased with the perusal of\\nPlutarch s Lives, wrote to her: You could\\nnot have sent me tidings more agreeable.\\nTo love Plutarch is to love me, for he was", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTION.\\nthe instructor of my early years; and my\\ngood mother, to whom I owe so much, who\\nwatched over the formation of my character,\\nand who was wont to say that she had no desire\\nto see her son an illustrious ignoramus, put\\nthis book into my hands when I was little\\nmore than an infant at the breast. It has\\nbeen my conscience, and has whispered in\\nmy ear many good suggestions and maxims\\nfor my conduct and the government of my\\naffairs.\\nJean Jacques Rousseau affirmed that he\\nnever read Plutarch without profit Madame\\nRoland referred to it as the pasture of great\\nsouls, and Ralph Waldo Emerson made the\\nprophecy that Plutarch will be perpetually\\nre-discovered from time to time, as long as\\nbooks last.\\nIt is to be deplored that many of the writ-\\nings of this incomparable genius have disap-\\npeared beyond recovery. What a triology\\nis lost to mankind in his Lives of Scipio,\\nEpaminondas, and Pindar Not a scrap re-\\nmains of his commentaries on Homer and\\nHesiod, nor of his essays and fables.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 13\\nThe learned Theodoras Gaza, of the Fif-\\nteenth Century, uttered what is perhaps the\\nmost striking tribute ever rendered to the\\ngenius of Plutarch. Being asked that if\\nlearning were doomed to suffer general ship-\\nwreck, and it was given him to choose the\\none author that should survive, he replied,\\nGive me Plutarch.\\nAgathias, who flourished in the Sixth Cen-\\ntury, is the author of the following epigram\\nChaeronean Plutarch, to thy deathless praise\\nDoes martial Rome this grateful statue raise,\\nBecause both Greece and she thy fame have shared,\\n(Their heroes written, and their lives compared).\\nBut thou thyself couldst never write thy own;\\nTheir lives have parallels, but thine has none.\\nE. S. E.\\nJuly, 1895.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nOF\\nFAMOUS GREEKS AND ROMANS\\nTHESEUS.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Theseus (Greek). About all that is known,\\nin addition to the sketch given by Plutarch, of\\nthis famous king is that the facts occurred during\\nthe thirteenth century B.C.\\nThe mother of Theseus was ^Ethra, and in his\\nyouth he was committed to the care of Pittheus,\\nhis grandfather, governor of the small city of the\\nTrcezenians. This man was reputed to be the\\npossessor of wonderful knowledge and wisdom.\\nIn his youth, Theseus displayed great strength\\nof body, undaunted courage, and quickness alike\\nof force and understanding. On the road to\\nAthens, he slew Periphates, near Epidaunis, and\\ntook away his club; killed Sinnis, often surnamed\\nthe Bender of Pines the Crommyonian Sow,\\ncalled Phcea and Sciron, said to have been a", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 6 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nnotorious robber (though others claim he was a\\ngood man). There were many victims to the\\nprowess of Theseus, who, despite his numerous\\nvaliant exploits, was guilty of flagrant crimes and\\nimmoralities.\\nWhen Theseus arrived at manhood, he went to\\nDelphi, as was the custom, to offer the first fruits\\nof his hair to Apollo. He shaved, however, only\\nthe front part, as Homer tells us the Abantes did.\\nBecause of this, that kind of tonsure was called\\nTheseis. The Abantes were a warlike people, who\\nfound that long hair was a disadvantage in close\\nfighting, of which they were fond. It was for a\\nsimilar reason that Alexander of Macedon ordered\\nhis troops to cut off their beards.\\nTheseus was a relative of the great Hercules,\\nwhose marvelous exploits fired him to imitation.\\nAfter the deeds that have been referred to, The-\\nseus, hoping to make himself popular with the\\nAthenians, left Athens to fight with the bull of\\nMarathon, which had done much mischief to the\\ninhabitants of Tetrapolis. He captured the bull\\nand brought him alive to Athens, where he was\\nsacrificed to the Delphinian Apollo.\\nThe next exploit of Theseus was against the\\nMinotaur\\nA mingled form, prodigious to behold,\\nHalf bull, half man.\\nAriadne, daughter of the King of Crete, had\\nfallen in love with Theseus, and gave him great\\nhelp in this famous encounter, by handing to him\\na sword and a long thread. The latter was un-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 17\\nwound, as he followed the devious turnings of the\\nlabyrinth to where the Minotaur sheltered him-\\nself, and gave the necessary guidance to Theseus\\nin making his way out again. He slew the Mino-\\ntaur, and carried away Ariadne with him.\\nOn his return from Crete, Theseus put in at\\nDelos and having sacrificed to Apollo, and dedi-\\ncated a statue to Venus, which he received from\\nAriadne, he joined the young men in a dance,\\nwhich imitated the mazes and outlets of the laby-\\nrinth, in which the Minotaur had sheltered him-\\nself, and with all its varying movements per-\\nformed in regular time. He also instituted games\\nin Delos, where he originated the custom of giving\\na palm to the victors.\\nDrawing near Attica, Theseus and the pilot\\nwere in such high spirits that they forgot to hoist\\nthe sail which was to be the signal to ^Egeus of\\ntheir safety. He was so overcome with despair\\nat their supposed death that he threw himself\\nfrom the rock and was dashed to pieces.\\nJEgeus being dead, Theseus undertook a stu-\\npendous work. He sent to consult the oracle\\nof Delphi concerning the fortune of his new gov-\\nernment and city, and received this answer\\n14 Son of the Pitthean maid,\\nTo your town the terms and fates\\nMy father gives of many states.\\nBe not anxious nor afraid;\\nThe bladder will not fail to swim\\nOn the waves that compass him.\\nThis was B.C. 1235. Theseus settled all the in-\\nhabitants of Attica in Athens, and made them one\\n2", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "1 8 plutarch s lives\\npeople in one city. He dissolved the corporations,\\ncouncils, and courts of each particular town, and\\nbuilt one common Prytaneum and court hall. He\\nresigned his kingly power, and organized the\\ncommonwealth under the auspices of the gods.\\nHe divided the people into noblemen, husband-\\nmen, and mechanics. To the nobility were as-\\nsigned the care of religion, the supplying of the\\ncity with magistrates, the expounding of the laws,\\nand the interpretation of whatever related to the\\nworship of the gods.\\nThe nobles excelled in dignity, the husbandmen\\nin usefulness, and the artificers in number. The\\nmoney was stamped with the image of an ox,\\nwhence came the expression of a thing being\\nworth ten or a hundred oxen.\\nHaving conquered and annexed the country ad-\\njoining Megara, Theseus set up the famed pillar\\nin the isthmus, and inscribed it with two verses\\nto distinguish the boundaries. That on the east\\nside ran\\n11 This is not Peloponnesus, but Ionia;\\nand that on the west side was\\n44 This is Peloponnesus, not Ionia.\\nTheseus instituted games in imitation of Her-\\ncules, desirous that as the Greeks, in pursuance of\\nthat hero s appointment, celebrated the Olympic\\ngames in honor of Jupiter, so they should cele-\\nbrate the Isthmian in honor of Neptune. He next\\nmade war with the Amazons, and received their\\nqueen Antiope, as the reward of his valor.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 19\\nThere are many contradictions in the various\\naccounts of Theseus. Herodotus thinks that\\namong all the famous expeditions of those times,\\nthe only one in which this hero was engaged was\\nin assisting the Lapithae against the Centaurs.\\nOthers claim that he attended Jason to Colchos,\\nand Meleager in killing the boar, from which\\ncame the proverb Nothing without Theseus.\\nIt is admitted that he performed many amazing\\nexploits, which gave rise to the saying, This\\nman is another Hercules.\\nTheseus aided Adrastus in recovering the bodies\\nof those that fell before Thebes, by persuading\\nthe Thebans to a truce. Philochorus thinks this\\nwas the first truce ever known for burying the\\ndead, though Hercules previous to this gave leave\\nto his enemies to carry off their slain.\\nIncited by Menestheus, the Athenians rose\\nagainst Theseus, and while he was occupied in\\nsuppressing the sedition, the Tyndaridse declared\\nwar against him Though Athens was thus placed\\nin great danger, Menestheus persuaded the people\\nto admit the Tyndaridae and to treat them hos-\\npitably, since they were warring against Theseus\\nalone.\\nTheseus was compelled to flee the country, and\\nhe applied for help to Lycomedes, king of the\\nScyrians. This monarch, either jealous of\\nTheseus or anxious to oblige Menestheus, having\\nled the hero to the highest cliffs of the country,\\non pretence of showing him his lands, threw him\\nheadlong from the rocks and killed him. An", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "2 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nequally probable account is that Theseus slipped,\\nwhile taking a walk, according to his custom,\\nafter supper. His death was disregarded, and\\nMenestheus quietly possessed the kingdom of\\nAthens, while the sons of Theseus attended Ele-\\nphenor as private persons to the Trojan war.\\nAfter the Median war, Phaedo being archon of\\nAthens, the Athenians, consulting the oracle of\\nDelphi, were commanded to gather together the\\nbones of Theseus, and laying them in some hon-\\norable place, keep them as sacred in the city. It\\nwas hard to rind the remains, because of the sav-\\nage temper of the people who inhabited the island.\\nWhen, however, it was conquered by Cimon, he\\nchanced to see an eagle pecking with his beak,\\nand tearing up the earth with his talons. As if\\nby inspiration, he knew this was the burial-place\\nof Theseus. Digging there, he found the coffin of\\na man of more than ordinary size, with a brazen\\nspear-head and a sword lying by it. All these\\nwere taken on board Cimon s galley and brought\\nto Athens, where they were interred with great\\nhonor.\\nROMULUS.\\nNote. Romulus (Roman). Romulus is considered to\\nbe the mythical founder of imperial Rome,\\nwhose foundation was laid B.C. 753.\\nRomulus was the traditional founder of Rome\\nbut from whom and for what cause the city\\nobtained that name, historians are not agreed.\\nThe story goes that Romulus and his twin-brother", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 21\\nRemus were in their infancy thrown into the river\\nTiber, but were miraculously floated ashore and\\nsuckled by a she-wolf till they were found by a\\nshepherd named Faustulus, who brought them up.\\nThe beauty and dignity of their persons, even in\\ntheir childhood, promised a generous disposition,\\nand as they grew up they both showed great cour-\\nage and bravery. Grown to the state of manhood,\\nthey determined to build themselves a city but\\nwhile they were intent upon building, a dispute\\nsoon arose about the place. Romulus having\\nbuilt a square, which he called Rome, would have\\nthe city there but Remus marked out a more\\nsecure situation on Mount Aventine, which, from\\nhim, was called Remonium. The dispute was\\nreferred to the decision of augury, the result being\\nthat Remus was highly incensed, and as Romulus\\nwas opening a ditch round the place where the\\nwalls were to be built, he ridiculed some parts of\\nthe work and obstructed others. At last, as he\\npresumed to leap over it, some say he fell by the\\nhands of Romulus, others by that of Celer, one of\\nhis companions. The day on which they began\\nto build the city is allowed to be the 21st of April,\\nb.c. 750.\\nWhen the city was built Romulus divided the\\nyounger part of the inhabitants into battalions.\\nEach corps consisted of three thousand foot and\\nthree hundred horse, and was called a Legion\\nthe rest of the multitude he called The People.\\nA hundred of the most considerable citizens he\\ntook for his council, with the title of Patricians,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 plutarch s lives\\nand the whole body was called the Senate. To\\nobtain wives for his citizens he planned a capture\\nof Sabine women as follows He appointed by\\nproclamation a day for a splendid sacrifice, with\\npublic games and shows. Multitudes assembled,\\nand Romulus himself presided. At a pre-arranged\\nsignal the Romans rushed in with their swords\\ndrawn, and seized the daughters of the Sabines,\\nbut quietly suffered the men to escape. The\\nSabines demanded their women back, but were\\nrefused, whereupon Acron declared war with\\nRomulus but in single combat with Romulus he\\nwas killed, his army routed, and his city taken.\\nOn this occasion Romulus made a vow that if he\\nconquered his enemy he would himself dedicate\\nhis adversary s arms to Jupiter.\\nRomulus having considered how he should per-\\nform his vow in the most acceptable manner to\\nJupiter, and withal make the procession most\\nagreeable to his people, cut down a great oak\\nthat grew in the camp, and hewed it into the figure\\nof a trophy; to this he fastened Acron s whole\\nsuit of armor, disposed in its proper form. Then\\nhe put on his own robes, and wearing a laurel\\ncrown on his head, his hair gracefully flowing, he\\ntook the trophy erect upon his right shoulder, and\\nso marched on, singing the song of victory before\\nhis troops, who followed completely armed, while\\nthe citizens received him with joy and admiration.\\nThis procession was the origin and model of future\\ntriumphs.\\nIn a subsequent battle with the Sabines, while", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 23\\nthe conflict was at its height the ardor of the com-\\nbatants was repressed by an astonishing spectacle.\\nThe daughters of the Sabines, that had been forci-\\nbly carried off, rushed with loud cries and lamen-\\ntations, like persons distracted, amidst the drawn\\nswords, and over the dead bodies, to come at their\\nhusbands and fathers, some carrying their infants\\nin their arms, some darting forward with dishev-\\nelled hair, but all calling by turns both upon the\\nSabines and Romans by the tenderest names.\\nBoth parties were extremely moved, and room\\nwas made for them between the two armies.\\nTheir lamentations pierced to the utmost ranks,\\nand all were deeply affected, particularly when\\ntheir upbraiding and complaints ended in suppli-\\ncation and entreaty.\\nAfter much negotiation peace was concluded,\\nand the Sabines were incorporated with the\\nRomans. Many honorable privileges, however,\\nwere conferred upon the women, some of which\\nwere these That the men should give them the\\nway wherever they met them that they should\\nnot mention an obscene word, nor act indecently\\nbefore them that in case of their killing any per-\\nson, they should not be tried before the ordinary\\njudges and that their children should wear an\\nornament about their necks, called Bulla, from\\nits likeness to a bubble, and a garment bordered\\nwith purple.\\nAfter the wars Romulus behaved as almost all\\nmen do who rise by some great and unexpected\\ngood fortune to dignity and power for, exalted", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nwith his exploits, and loftier in his sentiments,\\nhe dropped his popular affability, and assumed\\nthe monarch to an odious degree. He gave the\\nfirst offence by his dress his habit being a purple\\nvest, over which he wore a robe bordered with\\npurple. He gave audience in a chair of state.\\nHe had always about him a number of young men\\ncalled Celeres, from their dispatch in doing busi-\\nness and before him went men with staves, called\\nlictors, to keep off the populace, who also wore\\nthongs of leather at their girdles, ready to bind\\ndirectly any person he should order to be bound.\\nRomulus disappeared in an unaccountable man-\\nner at the age of fifty-four, in the thirty-eighth\\nyear of his reign.\\nLYCURGUS.\\nNote. Lycurgus (Spartan). This celebrated Spar-\\ntan legislator, whose existence is doubted by some\\nmodern critics, is said to have lived in the ninth\\ncentury b.c\\nOf Lycurgus, the lawgiver, we have nothing\\nto relate that is certain and uncontroverted. For\\nthere are different accounts of his birth, his trav-\\nels, his death, and especially of the laws and\\nform of government which he established. But\\nleast of all are the times agreed upon in which\\nthis great man lived. After reigning over the\\nSpartans eight months he set sail for Crete, and\\nwhile there he was struck with admiration of some\\nof the Cretan laws, and he resolved at his return", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 25\\nto make use of them in Sparta. From Crete Ly-\\ncurgus passed to Asia, desirous, as is said, to\\ncompare the Ionian expense and luxury with the\\nCretan frugality and hard diet, so as to judge\\nwhat effect each had on their several manners\\nand governments. There also, probably, he met\\nwith Homer s poems, which were preserved by\\nthe posterity of Cleophylus. Observing that many\\nmoral sentences and much political knowledge\\nwere intermixed with his stories, which had an\\nirresistible charm, he collected them into one\\nbody, and transcribed them with pleasure, in\\norder to take them home with him. For his glori-\\nous poetry was not yet fully known in Greece\\nonly some particular pieces were in a few hands,\\nas they happen to be dispersed. Lycurgus was\\nthe first that made them generally known.\\nAmong the many new institutions of Lycurgus\\nthe first and most important was that of a senate\\nwhich sharing, as Plato says, in the power of the\\nkings, too imperious and unrestrained before, and\\nhaving equal authority with them, was the means\\nof keeping them within the bounds of moderation,\\nand highly contributed to the preservation of the\\nState for before it had been veering and unsettled,\\nsometimes inclining to arbitrary power, and some-\\ntimes toward a pure democracy but this estab-\\nlishment of a senate, an intermediate body, like\\nballast, kept it in a just equilibrium, and put it in\\na safe posture.\\nA second and bolder political enterprise of Ly-\\ncurgus was a division of the land. He made nine", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthousand lots for the territory of Sparta, which\\nhe distributed among so many citizens, and thirty\\nthousand for the inhabitants of the rest of Laconia.\\nEach lot was capable of producing, one year with\\nanother, seventy bushels of grain for each man,\\nand twelve for each woman, besides a quantity of\\nwine and oil in proportion. Such a provision they\\nthought sufficient for health and a good habit of\\nbody, and they wanted nothing more.\\nAfter this he attempted to divide also the mov-\\nables, in order to take away all appearance of in-\\nequality but he soon perceived that they could\\nnot bear to have their goods directly taken from\\nthem, and therefore took another method, counter-\\nworking their avarice by a stratagem. First, he\\nstopped the currency of the gold and silver coin,\\nand ordered that they should make use of iron\\nmoney only then to a great quantity and weight\\nof this he assigned but a very small value so that\\nto lay up ten minae a whole room was required,\\nand to remove it nothing less than a yoke of oxen.\\nWhen this became current many kinds of injustice\\nceased in Lacedsemon. Who would steal or take\\na bribe, who would defraud or rob, when he could\\nnot conceal the booty, when he could neither be\\ndignified by the possession of it, nor, if cut in\\npieces, be served by its use?\\nDesirous to complete the conquest of luxury and\\nto exterminate the love of riches, he introduced a\\nthird institution, which was wisely enough and\\ningeniously contrived. This w as the use of public\\ntables, where all were to eat in common of the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 27\\nsame meat, and such kinds of it as were appointed\\nby law.\\nThe rich were more offended with this regula-\\ntion than with any other, and rising in a body they\\nloudly expressed their indignation nay, they pro-\\nceeded so far as to assault Lycurgus with stones,\\nand in the disturbance he had one of his eyes\\nknocked out. Children also were introduced at\\nthese public tables, as so many schools of sobriety.\\nThere they heard discourses concerning govern-\\nment, and were instructed in the most liberal\\nbreeding. There they were allowed to jest with-\\nout scurrility, and were not to take it ill when the\\nraillery was returned. For it was reckoned worthy\\nof a Lacedaemonian to bear a jest but if any one s\\npatience failed, he had only to desire them to be\\nquiet, and they left off immediately. When they\\nfirst entered, the oldest man present pointed to\\nthe door, and said Not a word spoken in this\\ncompany goes out there.\\nA third ordinance of Lycurgus was, that they\\nshould not often make war against the same\\nenemy, lest, by being frequently put upon de-\\nfending themselves, they too should become able\\nwarriors in their turn.\\nAs for the education of youth, which he\\nlooked upon as the greatest and most glorious\\nwork of a lawgiver, he began with it at the very\\nsource. He ordered the virgins to exercise them-\\nselves in running, wrestling, and throwing quoits\\nand darts that their bodies being strong and\\nvigorous, their children might be the same.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nIt was not left to the father to rear what chil-\\ndren he pleased, but he was obliged to carry the\\nchild to a place called Lesche, to be examined by\\nthe most ancient men of the tribe, who were as-\\nsembled there. If it was strong and well pro-\\nportioned, they gave orders for its education, and\\nassigned it one of the nine thousand shares of\\nland; but if it was weakly and deformed, they\\nordered it to be thrown into the place called\\nApothetae, which is a deep cavern near the moun-\\ntain Taygetus, concluding that its life could be\\nno advantage either to itself or to the public, since\\nNature had not given it at first any strength or\\ngoodness of constitution. For the same reason,\\nthe women did not wash their new-born infants\\nwith water, but with wine, thus making some\\ntrial of their habit of body imagining that sickly\\nand epileptic children sink and die under the ex-\\nperiment, while the healthy become more vigorous\\nand hardy.\\nAs for learning, they had just what was abso-\\nlutely necessary. They wrote to be read, and\\nspoke to be understood. They were very spare\\nin their diet, so that they might grow tall. For\\nwhen the animal spirits are not too much op-\\npressed by a great quantity of food, which\\nstretches itself out in breadth and thickness, they\\nmount upwards by their natural lightness, and\\nthe body easily and freely shoots up in height.\\nThis also contributes to make them handsome\\nfor thin and slender habits yield more freely to\\nNature, which then gives a fine proportion to the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 29\\nlimbs whilst the heavy and gross resist her by\\ntheir weight.\\nLycurgus was short and sententious in his dis-\\ncourse, if we may judge by some of his answers\\nwhich are recorded that, for instance, concern-\\ning the constitution. When one advised him to\\nestablish a popular government in Lacedaemon,\\nGo, said he, and first make a trial of it in\\nthy own family. That again, concerning sacri-\\nfices to the deity, when he was asked why he ap-\\npointed them so trifling, and of so little value?\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThat we may never be in want, said he, of\\nsomething to offer him. The Spartans hated\\nlong speeches. Even when they indulged a vein\\nof pleasantry, one might perceive that they\\nwould not use one unnecessary word, nor let an\\nexpression escape them that had not some sense\\nworth attending to. For one being asked to go\\nand hear a person who imitated the nightingale to\\nperfection, answered\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I have heard the nightin-\\ngale herself. Nor were poetry and music less\\ncultivated among them than a concise dignity of\\nexpression. Their songs had a spirit which could\\nrouse the soul, and impel it in an enthusiastic\\nmanner to action. The language was plain and\\nmanly, the subject serious and moral. At the\\npublic games they relaxed the severity of their\\ndiscipline, the men dressing their hair in curious\\nfashions. They let their hair grow from their\\nyouth, but took more particular care, when they\\nexpected an action, to have it well combed and\\nshining, remembering a saying of Lycurgus, that", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "3 d plutarch s lives\\na large head of hair made the handsome more\\ngraceful and the ugly more terrible.\\nLawsuits were banished from Lacedaemon with\\nmoney. The Spartans knew neither riches nor\\npoverty, but possessed an equal competency, and\\nhad a cheap and easy way of supplying their few\\nwants.\\nTheir discourse seldom turned upon money or\\nbusiness or trade, but upon the praise of the ex-\\ncellent or the contempt of the worthless and the\\nlast was expressed with that pleasantry and hu-\\nmor which conveyed instruction and correction\\nwithout seeming to intend it. Nor was Lycurgus\\nhimself immoderately severe in his manner for\\nhe dedicated a little statue to the god of laughter\\nin each hall. He considered facetiousness as a\\nseasoning of their hard exercise and diet, and\\ntherefore ordered it to take place on all proper\\noccasions, in their common entertainments and\\nparties of pleasure. Upon the whole, he taught\\nhis citizens to think nothing more disagreeable\\nthan to live by (or for themselves. Like bees,\\nthey acted with one impulse for the general good,\\nand always assembled about their prince. They\\nwere possessed with a thirst of honor, an enthusi-\\nasm bordering upon insanity, and had not a wish\\nbut for their country.\\nLycurgus likewise made good regulations with\\nrespect to burials. In the first place, to take\\naway all superstition, he ordered the dead to be\\nburied in the city, and even permitted their mon-\\numents to be erected near the temples accustom-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 31\\ning the youth to such sights from their infancy,\\nthat they might have no uneasiness from them,\\nnor any horror for death, as if people were pol-\\nluted with the touch of a dead body, or with\\ntreading upon a grave. In the next place, he\\nsuffered nothing to be buried with the corpse ex-\\ncept the red cloth and the olive leaves in which it\\nwas wrapped. Nor would he suffer the relations\\nto inscribe any names upon the tombs, except of\\nthose men that fell in battle, or those women who\\ndied in some sacred office. He fixed eleven days\\nfor the time of mourning on the twelfth they\\nwere to put an end to it, after offering sacrifice to\\nCeres. No part of life was left vacant and unim-\\nproved but even with their necessary actions he\\ninterwove the praise of virtue and the contempt\\nof vice and he so filled the city with living ex-\\namples that it was next to impossible for persons\\nwho had these from their infancy before their eyes\\nnot to be drawn and formed to honor. Lycurgus\\nis reported to have starved himself to death.\\nNUMA.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Numa (Roman). Numa Pompilius was the\\nsecond mythical king of Rome, and, according to\\nlegend, was elected after the death of Romulus.\\nHe flourished in the eighth century B.C., and\\nreigned some forty years. About b.c 180, a\\npretended discovery was made of the sacred books\\nof Numa.\\nNuma was born at Cures, a city of the Sabines,\\nfrom which the Romans, together with the incor-\\nporated Sabines, took the name of Quirites. He", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nwas the son of a person of distinction, named\\nPomponius. It seemed to be by the direction of\\nthe gods that he was born on the 21st of April,\\nthe same day that Rome was founded by Rom-\\nulus. His mind was naturally disposed to vir-\\ntue and he still further subdued it by discipline,\\npatience, and philosophy not only purging it of\\nthe grosser passions, but even of that ambition\\nand rapaciousness which was reckoned honorable\\namongst the barbarians persuaded that true for-\\ntitude consists in the conquest of appetites by\\nreason. On this account he banished all luxury\\nand splendor from his house and both citizens\\nand strangers found him a faithful counselor and\\nan upright judge. As for his hours of leisure, he\\nspent them not in the pursuits of pleasure, or\\nschemes of profit, but in the worship of the gods,\\nand in rational inquiries into their nature and\\ntheir power.\\nAt the age of forty Numa, on the death of Rom-\\nulus, was elected king but he declined the\\ncrown until he was persuaded by his father and\\nMarcius to accept it. His first act of government\\nwas to discharge the body of three hundred men\\ncalled Celeres, whom Romulus always kept about\\nhim as guards, for he neither chose to distrust\\nthose who put confidence in him, nor to reign\\nover a people that could distrust him. To him\\nis attributed the institution of that high order of\\npriests called Pontifices, over which he is said to\\nhave presided himself. The Pontifex Maximus,\\nor chief priest, had care not only of public sacri-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 33\\nfices, but even of private rites and offerings. To\\nNuma also is ascribed the establishment of the\\nVestal Virgins and the whole sacrifice with re-\\nspect to the perpetual fire which they watch con-\\ntinually. If this light happens by accident to be\\nput out, as the sacred lamp is said to have been\\nat Athens under the tyranny of Ariston, at Delphi\\nwhen the temple was burned by the Medes, and\\nat Rome in the Mithridatic war, as also in the\\ncivil war (when not only was the fire extinguished\\nbut the altar overturned) the lamp is not lighted\\nagain from another fire, but new fire is gained by\\ndrawing a pure unpolluted flame from the sun-\\nbeams. They generally kindled it with concave\\nvessels of brass formed by the conic section of a\\nright-angled triangle, whose lines from the cir-\\ncumference meet in one central point. This\\nbeing placed against the sun causes the rays to\\nconverge in the center, which, by reflection, ac-\\nquiring the force and activity of fire, rarefy the\\nair, and immediately kindle such light and dry\\nmatter as they think fit to apply.\\nNuma taught the Pontifices to look upon the\\nlast offices to the dead as no pollution. He like-\\nwise fixed the time of mourning according to the\\ndifferent ages of the deceased. He allowed none\\nfor a child that died under three years of age\\nand for one older the mourning was only to last\\nas many months as he lived years, provided those\\nwere not more than ten. The longest mourning\\nwas not to continue above ten months, after which\\nspace widows were permitted to marry again.\\n3", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nNo occupation implants so speedy and so ef-\\nfectual a love of peace as a country life where\\nthere remains indeed courage and bravery suffi-\\ncient to defend the property, the temptations to\\ninjustice and avarice are removed. Numa, there-\\nfore, introduced among his subjects an attachment\\nto husbandry as a charm of peace, and contriving\\na business for them which would rather form their\\nmanners to simplicity than raise them to opu-\\nlence. He divided the country into several por-\\ntions, which he called pagi or boroughs, and ap-\\npointed over each of them a governor or overseer.\\nSometimes also he inspected them himself; and,\\njudging of the disposition of the people by the\\ncondition of their farms, some he advanced to\\nposts of honor and trust and, on the other hand,\\nhe reprimanded and endeavored to reform the\\nnegligent and the idle. But the most admired of\\nall his institutions is his distribution of the citi-\\nzens into companies.\\nThis distribution was made according to the\\nseveral arts or trades, of musicians, goldsmiths,\\nmasons, dyers, shoemakers, tanners, braziers,\\nand potters. He collected the other artificers\\nalso into companies, who had their respective\\nhalls, courts, and religious ceremonies, peculiar\\nto each society. By these means he first took\\naway the distinction of Sabines and Romans, sub-\\njects of Tatius and subjects of Romulus, both\\nname and thing the very separation into parts\\nmixing and incorporating the whole together.\\nHe attempted the reformation of the calendar", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 35\\ntoo, which he executed with some degree of skill,\\nthough not with absolute exactness. In the reign\\nof Romulus it had neither measure nor order,\\nsome months consisting of fewer than twenty-\\ndays, while some were stretched to thirty-five,\\nand others even to more. They had no idea of\\nthe difference between the annual course of the\\nsun and that of the moon, and only laid down the\\nproposition that the year consisted of 360 days.\\nNuma, then, observing that there was a differ-\\nence of eleven days, 354 days making up the lu-\\nnar year and 365 the solar, doubled those eleven\\ndays, and inserted them as an intercalary month\\nafter that of February every other year. He\\nlikewise altered the order of the months, making\\nMarch third, which was first, and January and\\nFebruary first and second, which in the time of\\nRomulus were eleventh and twelfth. Many, how-\\never, assert that the two months of January and\\nFebruary were added by Numa, whereas before\\nthey had reckoned but ten months in the year.\\nOf this we have a proof in the name of the last,\\nfor it is still called December or the tenth month\\nand that March was the first is also evident, be-\\ncause the fifth from it was called Quintilis, the\\nsixth Sextilis, and so the rest in their order. If\\nJanuary and February had then been placed be-\\nfore March, the month Quintilis would have been\\nthe fifth in name, but the seventh in reckoning.\\nBesides, it is reasonable to conclude that the\\nmonth of March, dedicated by Romulus to the\\ngod Mars, should stand first. Numa seems to", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhave taken away the precedency from March,\\nwhich is denominated from the god of war, with\\na design to show his preference of the political to\\nthe martial virtues. For Janus, in the most re-\\nmote antiquity, being remarkable for his political\\nabilities and his cultivation of society, reclaimed\\nmen from their rude and savage manners. He is\\ntherefore represented with two faces, as having\\naltered the former state of the world, and given\\nquite a new turn to life. He had also a temple at\\nRome with two gates, which it was customary to\\nopen in the time of war and to shut in time of\\npeace. The latter was seldom the case till Numa s\\nreign, when, however, it was not opened for one\\nday, but stood constantly shut during the space\\nof forty-three years.\\nNuma wasted away insensibly with old age\\nand a gentle decline, and was some few years\\nabove eighty when he died.\\nSOLON.\\nNote. Solon (Greek). Solon, one of the seven\\nsages of Greece, was born at Salamis in the\\nseventh century b.c He was chosen archon,\\nB.C. 594, and is supposed to have died at the age\\nof 80, about b.c 558.\\nSolon was a celebrated Grecian lawyer. His\\nfather, Execestides, having hurt his fortune by\\nindulging his great and munificent spirit in assist-\\ning others, was ashamed himself to accept assist-\\nance, and Solon had to apply himself to merchan-\\ndise. Some, however, say that he traveled", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 37\\nrather to gratify his curiosity and extend his\\nknowledge than to raise an estate. For he pro-\\nfessed his love of wisdom, and, when far ad-\\nvanced in years, made this declaration, I grow\\nin learning as I grow in years. That he was\\nnot too much attached to wealth we may gather\\nfrom the following lines\\n11 The man that boasts of golden stores,\\nOf grain that loads his bending floors,\\nOf fields with fresh ning herbage green,\\nWhere bounding steeds and herds are seen,\\nI call not happier than the swain,\\nWhose limbs are sound, whose food is plain,\\nWhose joys a blooming wife endears,\\nWhose hours a smiling offspring cheers.\\nThe profession of merchandise was honorable,\\nas it brought home the produce of barbarous\\ncountries, engaged the friendship of kings, and\\nopened a wide field of knowledge and experience.\\nNay, some merchants have been founders of\\ngreat cities; Protus, for instance, who built Mar-\\nseilles. Thales also, and Hippocrates, the math-\\nematician, are said to have had their share in\\ncommerce and the oil that Plato disposed of in\\nEgypt defrayed the expense of his travels.\\nIt was a saying of Solon that absolute mon-\\narchy is a fair field, but it has no outlet.\\nThe first of his public acts was that debts\\nshould be forgiven, and that no man for the fu-\\nture should take the body of his debtor for secur-\\nity and some friends of his who knew of his\\nintention, taking advantage of the secret before", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 plutarch s lives\\nthe decree took place, borrowed large sums of the\\nrich and purchased estates with them. After-\\nwards, when the decree was published, they kept\\ntheir possessions, without paying the money they\\nhad taken up which brought great reflections\\nupon Solon, as if he had not been imposed upon\\nwith the rest, but were rather an accomplice in\\nthe fraud. This charge, however, was soon re-\\nmoved by his being the first to comply with the\\nlaw, and remitting a debt which he had out at\\ninterest. But his friends went by the name of\\nChreocopidae, or debt-cutters, ever after.\\nHe repealed the laws of Draco, except those\\nconcerning murder, because of the severity of\\nthe punishments they appointed, which for almost\\nall offenses were capital. Even those that were\\nconvicted of idleness were to suffer death, and\\nsuch as stole only a few apples or pot-herbs were\\nto be punished in the same manner as sacrile-\\ngious persons and murderers. Hence the saying\\nthat Draco wrote his laws, not with ink but with\\nblood.\\nHe established the council of the Areopagus,\\nwhich was to consist of such as had borne the\\noffice of archon, and himself was one of the num-\\nber. But observing that the people, now dis-\\ncharged from their debts, grew insolent and im-\\nperious, he proceeded to constitute another council\\nor senate of four hundred, a hundred out of each\\ntribe, by whom all affairs were to be previouslj*\\nconsidered and ordered that, without their ap-\\nprobation, no matter should be laid before the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 39\\ngeneral assembly. In the mean time, the high\\ncourt of the Areopagus were to be the inspectors\\nand guardians of the laws.\\nSolon s law is justly commended which forbids\\nmen to speak ill of the dead. His law concerning\\nwills has likewise its merit, for he gave every\\nman the full and free disposal of his own.\\nHe regulated, moreover, the journeys of women,\\ntheir mournings and sacrifices, and endeavored\\nto keep them clear of all disorder and excess.\\nThey were not to go out of town with more than\\nthree habits the provisions they carried with\\nthem were not to exceed the value of an obolus\\ntheir basket was not to be above a cubit high and\\nin the night they were not to travel but in a car-\\nriage, with a torch before them. At funerals they\\nwere forbidden to tear themselves, and no hired\\nmourner was to utter lamentable notes, or to act\\nin any way that tended to excite sorrow. He\\nmade a law that no son should be obliged to\\nmaintain his father if he had not taught him a\\ntrade. His regulations with respect to the plant-\\ning of trees were also very judicious. He that\\nplanted any tree in his field was to place it at\\nleast five feet from his neighbor s ground and if\\nit was a fig-tree or an olive, nine for these ex-\\ntend their roots further than others, and their\\nneighborhood is prejudicial to some trees, not\\nonly as they take away the nourishment, but as\\ntheir effluvia is noxious. He that would dig a pit\\nor a ditch was to dig it as far from another man s\\nground as it was deep and if any one would raise", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "4 3 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nstocks of bees, he was to place them three hun-\\ndred feet from those already raised by another.\\nThese are some of the most noticeable of the\\nlaws of Solon. He made the Athenians take an\\noath to observe his laws for ioo years, but after\\nan absence of ten years in Egypt he found his\\nlaws disregarded, and he retired to Cyprus,\\nwhere he helped to build a city called Soli, and\\ndied at the age of 80 years.\\nPUBLICOLA.\\nNote. Publicola (Roman). Valerius Publicola was\\none of the founders of the Roman republic, and\\nflourished in the sixth century b.c.\\nPublicola was so called by the Romans in ac-\\nknowledgment of his merit. He was a son of\\nValerius, and was descended from that ancient\\nValerius who was the principal author of the\\nunion between the Romans and the Sabines.\\nOur Valerius distinguished himself by his elo-\\nquence and riches even while Rome was yet\\nunder kingly government. His eloquence he em-\\nployed with great propriety and spirit in defense\\nof justice, and his riches in relieving the neces-\\nsitous. Hence it was natural to conclude that if\\nthe government should become republican, his\\nstation in it would soon be one of the most emi-\\nnent.\\nThe famous eulogium which he pronounced\\nover the body of Brutus* gave rise to the custom\\nLucius Junius Brutus (?iot Marcus Brutus).", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 41\\nof funeral orations. The Romans were so much\\ncharmed with the speech that afterward all the\\ngreat and illustrious men amongst them, upon\\ntheir decease, had their encomium from persons\\nof distinction. This funeral oration was more\\nancient than any amongst the Greeks, unless we\\nallow that Anaximenes, the orator, relates that\\nSolon was the author of this custom.\\nDesirous to make his high office, as well as\\nhimself, rather agreeable than formidable to the\\npeople, he ordered the axes to be taken away\\nfrom the rods, and that, whenever he went to the\\ngreat assembly, the rods should be lowered in re-\\nspect to the citizens, as if the supreme power were\\nlodged in them a custom which the consuls ob-\\nserve to this day. The people were not aware\\nthat by this he did not lessen his own power (as\\nthey imagined), but only by such an instance of\\nmoderation obviated and cut off all occasion of\\nenvy, and gained as much authority to his person\\nas he seemed to take from his office for they all\\nsubmitted to him with pleasure, and were so much\\ncharmed with his behavior that they gave him\\nthe name of Publicola, that is, the people s re-\\nspectful friend. He not only acquired but em-\\nployed his riches honorably, for he was a gener-\\nous benefactor to the poor so that if Solon was\\nthe wisest, Publicola was the happiest of human-\\nkind.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nTHEMISTOCLES.\\nNote. Themistocles (Greek). This statesman and\\ngeneral was born in the latter half of the sixth\\ncentury B.C. His death (attributed by Plutarch\\nto suicide by poison, though the account is\\ndoubted), occurred at Magnesia, Asia Minor,\\nB.C. 470 or 472.\\nThemistocles was an Athenian general. He had\\nan early and violent inclination for public busi-\\nness, and was so strongly smitten with the love\\nof glory, with an ambition of the highest station,\\nthat he involved himself in troublesome quarrels\\nwith persons of the first rank and influence in the\\nState, particularly with Aristides, the son of Ly-\\nsimachus, who always opposed him.\\nWhen Themistocles went to the Olympic games\\nhe endeavored to equal or exceed Cimon in the\\nelegance of his table, the splendor of his pavil-\\nions, and other expenses of his train. These\\nthings, however, were not agreeable to the\\nGreeks; they looked upon them as suitable to a\\nyoung man of a noble family but when an ob-\\nscure person set himself up so much above his\\nfortune, he gained nothing by it but the imputa-\\ntion of vanity.\\nAt length, having attained to a great height of\\npower and popularity, his faction prevailed, and\\nhe procured the banishment of Aristides by what\\nis called the Ostracism.\\nThough the several engagements with the Per-\\nsian fleet in the straits of Eubcea were not decis-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 43\\nive, yet they were of great advantage to the\\nGreeks, who learned, by experience, that neither\\nthe number of ships, nor the beauty and splendor\\nof their ornaments, .nor the vaunting shouts and\\nsongs of the barbarians, have anything dreadful\\nin them to men that know how to fight hand to\\nhand, and are determined to behave gallantly.\\nThese things they were taught to despise, when\\nthey came to close action, and grappled with the\\nfoe. In this case Pindar s sentiments appear\\njust, when he says of the fight at Artemisium,\\nTwas then that Athens the foundation laid\\nOf Liberty s fair structure.\\nIndeed, intrepid courage is the commencement of\\nvictory.\\nAt the battle of Salamis, against Xerxes, King\\nof Persia, Themistocles had charge of the fleet.\\nHe was happy in choosing a place for action, and\\nno less so in taking advantage of a proper time\\nfor it. He would not engage the enemy till that\\ntime of day when a brisk wind usually rises from\\nthe sea, which occasions a high surf in the chan-\\nnel. This was no inconvenience to the Grecian\\nvessels, which were low built and well compacted\\nbut a very great one to the Persian ships, which\\nhad high sterns and lofty decks, and were heavy\\nand unwieldy for it caused them to veer in such\\na manner that their sides were exposed to the\\nGreeks, who attacked them furiously. During\\nthe whole engagement great attention was given\\nto the motions of Themistocles. Ariamenes, the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 plutarch s lives\\nPersian admiral, a man of distinguished honor,\\nand by far the bravest of the king s brothers, di-\\nrected his maneuvers chiefly against him. His\\nship was very tall, and from thence he threw\\ndarts, and shot forth arrows as from the walls of\\na castle. But Aminias the Decelean, and Sosi-\\ncles the Pedian, who were both in one ship, bore\\ndown upon him with their prow, and both ships\\nmeeting they were fastened together by means of\\ntheir brazen beaks when Ariamenes boarding\\ntheir galley, they received him with their pikes,\\nand pushed him into the sea. The first man that\\ntook a ship was an Athenian named Lycomedes,\\ncaptain of a galley, who cut down the ensigns\\nfrom the enemy s ship, and consecrated them to\\nthe laureled Apollo. As the Persians could come\\nup in the straits but few at a time, and often put\\neach other in confusion, the Greeks equaling\\nthem in the line, fought them till the evening,\\nwhen they broke them entirely, and gained that\\nsignal and complete victory, than which no other\\nnaval achievement, either of the Greeks or bar-\\nbarians, ever was more glorious.\\nHaving returned from the wars, his next enter-\\nprise was to rebuild and fortify Athens. After\\nthis he built and fortified the Piraeus (having ob-\\nserved the great convenience of that harbor) by\\nwhich means he gave the city every maritime ac-\\ncommodation. In this respect his politics were\\nvery different from those of the ancient kings of\\nAthens, who endeavored to draw the attention of\\ntheir subjects from the business of navigation, so", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 45\\nthat they might turn it entirely to the culture of\\nthe ground.\\nHaving given offense to the people, he was ban-\\nished by the Ostracism but this was nothing\\nmore than they had done to others whose power\\nwas become a burden to them, and who had risen\\nabove the quality which a commonwealth requires\\nfor the Ostracism, or ten years banishment, was\\nnot so much intended to punish this or that great\\nman, as to pacify and mitigate the fury of envy,\\nthat delights in the disgrace of superior charac-\\nters, and loses a part of its rancor by their fall.\\nOn the revolt of Egypt he was asked to take the\\ndirection of an expedition, but he declined, and\\nsoon afterwards destroyed himself, it is said, by\\ndrinking bull s blood. He was sixty-six years old\\nwhen he died. Plato, the comedian (not the phil-\\nosopher) says of him,\\nOft as the merchant speeds the passing sail,\\nThy tomb, Themistocles, he stops to hail;\\nWhen hostile ships in martial combat meet,\\nThy shade, attending, hovers o er the fleet.\\nCAMILLUS.\\nNote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Camillus (Roman). Camillus Marcus Furius,\\nlived in the fourth century b.c Much that is\\nrelated of him is fabulous. His son raised a\\nrebellion in Dalmatia, during the reign of Claudius,\\nbut was abandoned by his soldiers and committed\\nsuicide.\\nAmong the many remarkable things related of\\nFurius Camillus, the most extraordinary seems\\nto be this, that though he was often in the high-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 plutarch s lives\\nest commands, and performed the greatest ac-\\ntions, though he was six times chosen dictator,\\nthough he triumphed four times, and was styled\\nthe second founder of Rome, yet he was never\\nonce consul. This was, however, because in his\\ntime military tribunes were appointed instead of\\nconsuls. There is upon record a very laudable\\nact of his, that took place during his office. As\\nthe wars had made many widows, he obliged such\\nof the men as lived single, partly by persuasion,\\nand partly by threatening them with fines, to\\nmarry those widows. One of his most important\\nexploits was the siege of Veii. Perceiving that it\\nwould be both difficult and dangerous to endeavor\\nto take the city by assault; he ordered mines to be\\ndug, the soil about it being easy to work, and ad-\\nmitting of depth enough for the works to be car-\\nried on unseen by the enemy. As this succeeded\\nto his wish, he made an assault without to call\\nthe enemy to the walls and in the mean time\\nothers of his soldiers made their way through the\\nmines and secretly penetrated to Juno s temple in\\nthe citadel.\\nThe city thus taken by the Romans sword in\\nhand, while they were busy in plundering it and\\ncarrying off its immense riches, Camillus behold-\\ning from the citadel what was done, at first burst\\ninto tears; and when those about him began to\\nmagnify his happiness at his success, he lifted up\\nhis hands toward heaven and uttered this prayer\\nGreat Jupiter, and ye gods, that have the in-\\nspection of our good and evil actions, ye know", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 47\\nthat the Romans, not without just cause, but in\\ntheir own defense, and constrained by necessity,\\nhave made war against this city, and its unjust\\ninhabitants. If we must have some misfortune\\nin lieu of this success, I entreat that it may fall not\\nupon Rome, or the Roman army, but upon my-\\nself yet lay not, ye gods, a heavy hand upon me\\nWhether it was that Camillus was elated with\\nhis great exploit in taking a city that was the\\nrival of Rome, after it had been besieged ten\\nyears, or that he was misled by his flatterers, he\\ntook upon him too much state for a magistrate\\nsubject to the laws and usages of his country.\\nFor his triumph was conducted with excessive\\npomp, and he rode through Rome in a chariot\\ndrawn by four white horses, which no general\\never did before or after him. Indeed, this sort of\\ncarriage is esteemed sacred, and is appropriated\\nto the king and father of the gods. The citizens,\\ntherefore, considered this unusual appearance of\\ngrandeur as an insult to them. But the great-\\nest and most manifest cause of their hatred was\\nhis behavior with respect to the tenths of the\\nspoils. It seems he had made a vow, as he\\nmarched to Veii, that if he took the city he would\\nconsecrate the tenths to Apollo. But when the\\ncity was taken, and came to be pillaged, he was\\neither unwilling to interrupt his men, or in the\\nhurry had forgotten his vow. A charge of fraud\\nwith respect to these spoils was brought against\\nhim, and the people were much exasperated. At\\nlength he quitted the city, a voluntary exile.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 plutarch s lives\\nWhile he was absent the Gauls, under Bren-\\nnus, besieged Rome and defeated the Romans\\nnear the river Allia, and they were compelled to\\nretire into the capitol or citadel.\\nThe third day after the battle Brennus arrived\\nat the city with his army; and finding the gates\\nopened and the walls destitute of guards, at first\\nhe had some apprehension of a stratagem or am-\\nbuscade, for he could not think the Romans had\\nso entirely given themselves up to despair. But\\nwhen he found it to be so in reality, he entered\\nby the Colline gate, and took Rome, a little more\\nthan three hundred and sixty years after its foun-\\ndation.\\nCamillus was re-elected dictator, and marched\\nat the head of an army to the relief of the capitol.\\nMeantime, some of the barbarians employed in\\nthe siege, happening to pass by the place where\\nPontius had made his way by night up to the\\ncapitol, observed many traces of his feet and\\nhands, as he had worked himself up to the rock.\\nOf this they informed the king, who coming and\\nviewing it, for the present said nothing but in\\nthe evening he assembled the lightest and most\\nactive of his men, who were the likeliest to climb\\nany difficult height, and thus addressed them\\nThe enemy have themselves shown us a way to\\nreach them, which we were ignorant of, and have\\nproved that this rock is neither inaccessible nor\\nuntrod by human feet. What a shame would it\\nbe then, after having made a beginning, not to\\nfinish and to quit the place as impregnable, when", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 49\\nthe Romans themselves have taught us how to\\ntake it Where it was easy for one man to ascend,\\nit cannot be difficult for many, one by one nay,\\nshould many attempt it together, they will find\\ngreat advantage in assisting each other. In the\\nmean time, I intend great rewards and honors for\\nsuch as shall distinguish themselves on this oc-\\ncasion.\\nThe Gauls readily embraced the king s pro-\\nposal and about midnight a number of them\\nbegan to climb the rock in silence, which, though\\nsteep and craggy, proved more practicable than\\nthey expected. The foremost having gained the\\ntop, put themselves in order, and were ready to\\ntake possession of the wall, and to fall upon the\\nguards, who were fast asleep for neither man\\nnor dog perceived their coming. However, there\\nwere certain sacred geese kept near Juno s tem-\\nple, and at other times plentifully fed but at\\nthis time, as corn and the other provisions that\\nremained were scarce sufficient for the men, they\\nwere neglected and in poor condition. Geese are\\nnaturally quick of hearing, and soon alarmed at\\nany noise and as hunger kept them waking and\\nuneasy, they immediately perceived the coming\\nof the Gauls, and running at them with all the\\nnoise they could make, they awoke all the\\nguards. The barbarians now perceiving they\\nwere discovered, advanced with loud shouts and\\ngreat fury. The Romans in haste snatched up\\nsuch weapons as came to hand, and acquitted\\nthemselves like men on this sudden emergency.\\n4", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nThe Gauls were repulsed, and Camillus, coming\\nup immediately with his army, defeated Brennus\\nand entered Rome in triumph. A wonderful\\nchange took place in the minds of the people, who\\nexhorted and encouraged each other to work, and\\nthey began to rebuild immediately, not in any\\norder or upon a regular plan, but as inclination\\nor convenience directed. By reason of this hurry\\nthe streets of Rome w T ere narrow and intricate,\\nand the houses badly laid out for they tell us\\nboth the walls of the city and the streets were\\nrebuilt within the compass of a year.\\nSoon after Camillus had been appointed dic-\\ntator the sixth time the Gauls again marched\\nagainst Rome, and he defeated them near the\\nriver Anio. He died of the plague b.c. 365.\\nPERICLES.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pericles (Athenian). Pericles was born of a\\nnoble and wealthy family. He was gifted with\\nwonderful eloquence, and began to take part in\\npublic affairs abovit B.C. 469. He lost many\\nof his friends and finally his favorite son Paralus,\\nthrough the plague. Pericles was heart-broken\\nand died after a lingering illness, b.c 429.\\nThis great Athenian general, statesman, and\\norator, was a son of Xanthippus and Agariste. His\\nperson was well formed, but his head was dispro-\\nportionately long. For this reason almost all his\\nstatues have the head covered with a helmet, the\\nstatuaries choosing, I suppose, to hide that de-\\nfect but the Athenian poets called him Schino-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 5 I\\ncephalus, or onion -head. And Teleclides says\\nof him\\nNow, in a maze of thought he ruminates\\nOn strange expedients, while his head, depressed\\nWith its own weight, sinks on his knees; and now\\nFrom the vast caverns of his brain burst forth\\nStorms and fierce thunders.\\nDamon, under the pretence of teaching him\\nmusic, instructed him in politics, and he attended\\nthe lectures of Zeno on natural philosophy. But\\nthe philosopher witlv whom he was most inti-\\nmately acquainted, who gave him that force and\\nsublimity of sentiment superior to all the dema-\\ngogues, was Anaxagoras. This was he whom the\\npeople of those times called nous, or intelli-\\ngence, either in admiration of his great under-\\nstanding and knowledge of the works of nature,\\nor because he was the first who clearly proved\\nthat the universe owed its formation neither to\\nchance nor necessity.\\nCharmed with the company of this philosopher,\\nand instructed by him in the sublimest sciences,\\nPericles acquired not only an elevation of senti-\\nment, and a loftiness and purity of style, far re-\\nmoved from the low expression of the vulgar, but\\nlikewise a gravity of countenance which relaxed\\nnot into laughter, a firm and even tone of voice,\\nan easy deportment, and a decency of dress,\\nwhich no vehemence of speaking ever put into\\ndisorder. These things, and others of the like\\nnature, excited admiration in all who saw him.\\nAnaxagoras also cured him of superstition,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nand taught him to be patient under injuries. His\\neloquence improved with his knowledge of phil-\\nosophy, and from the force of it he was surnamed\\nOlympias. The strokes of satire, both serious\\nand ludicrous, in the comedies of those times, in-\\ndicate that this title was given him chiefly on ac-\\ncount of his eloquence for they tell us that in his\\nharangues he thundered and lightened, and that\\nhis tongue was armed with thunder. Thucydides\\nis said to have given a pleasant account of the\\nforce of his eloquence. Thucydides was a great\\nand respectable man, who, for a long time, op-\\nposed the measures of Pericles and when Archi-\\ndamus, one of the kings of Lacedaemon, asked\\nhim, Which was the best wrestler, Pericles or\\nhe? he answered, When I throw him he says he\\nwas never down, and he persuades the very spec-\\ntators to believe so. Yet such was the solicitude\\nof Pericles, when he had to speak in public, that\\nhe always first addressed a prayer to the gods\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThat not a word might unawares escape him un-\\nsuitable to the occasion.\\nThucydides represents the administration of\\nPericles as favoring aristocracy, and tells us that\\nthough the government was called democratical,\\nit was really in the hands of one who had en-\\ngrossed the whole authority. Many other writers\\nlikewise inform us that by him the people were\\nfirst indulged with a division of lands, were\\ntreated at the public expense with theatrical di-\\nversions, and were paid for the most common\\nservices to the State. By the constructing of", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 53\\ngreat edifices, which required many arts and a\\nlong time to finish them, the mechanics had\\nequal pretensions to be paid out of the treasury\\n(though they stirred not out of the city) with the\\nmariners and soldiers, guards and garrisons for\\nthe different materials, such as stone, brass,\\nivory, gold, ebony, and cypress, furnished em-\\nployment to carpenters, masons, braziers, gold-\\nsmiths, painters, turners, and other artificers.\\nThe conveyance of the materials by sea employed\\nmerchants and sailors, and by land wheelwrights,\\nwagoners, carriers, ropemakers, leather- cutters,\\npaviors, and iron founders. Every art had a num-\\nber of the lower people ranged in proper subordi-\\nnation to execute it, like soldiers under the com-\\nmand of a general, and thus, by the exercise of\\nthese different trades, plenty was diffused among\\npersons of every rank and condition. Works\\nwere thus raised of an astonishing magnitude and\\ninimitable beauty and perfection, every architect\\nstriving to surpass the magnificence of the design\\nwith the elegance of the execution yet still the\\nmost wonderful circumstance was the expedition\\nwith which they were completed. Many edifices,\\neach of which seems to have required the labor of\\nseveral successive ages, were finished during the\\nadministration of one prosperous man.\\nPericles was so proud of these buildings that,\\nwhen the people complained of the cost, he\\noffered to be at the whole expense himself, if\\nhe might be allowed to inscribe his own name\\non them. He was particularly attentive to his", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 Plutarch s lives\\nfinances. He used to turn a whole year s produce\\ninto money altogether, and with this he bought,\\nfrom day to day, all manner of necessaries at the\\nmarket but this way of living was not agreeable\\nto his sons when grown up, and the allowance he\\nmade the women did not appear to them a gener-\\nous one. They complained of a pittance daily\\nmeasured out with scrupulous economy, which\\nadmitted of none of those superfluities so common\\nin great houses and wealthy families, and they\\ncould not bear to think of the expenses being so\\nnicely adjusted to the income.\\nHis chief merit in war was the safety of his\\nmeasures. He never willingly engaged in any\\nuncertain or very dangerous expedition, nor had\\nany ambition to imitate those generals who are\\nadmired as great men because their rash enter-\\nprises have been attended with success he al-\\nways told the Athenians that as far as their fate\\ndepended upon him they should be immortal.\\nPericles, on his return to Athens after the re-\\nduction of Samos, celebrated in a splendid man-\\nner the obsequies of his countrymen who fell in\\nthat war, and pronounced himself the funeral\\noration, usual on such occasions. This gained\\nhim great applause and when he came down\\nfrom the rostrum the women paid their respects\\nto him, and presented him with crowns and chap-\\nlets, like a champion just returned victorious from\\nthe lists.\\nIon informs us that he was highly elated with\\nthis conquest, and scrupled not to say, That", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 55\\nAgamemnon spent ten years in reducing one of\\nthe cities of the barbarians, whereas he had taken\\nthe richest and most powerful city among the\\nIonians in nine months.\\nDuring the first expedition of the Peloponnesian\\nwar Pericles showed his care for his soldiers by\\nmany careful maneuvers. As to those that were\\neager for an engagement and uneasy at his slow\\nproceedings, he endeavored to bring them to rea-\\nson by observing, That trees when lopped will\\nsoon grow again, but when men are cut off the\\nloss is not easily repaired. On one occasion an\\neclipse of the sun threw his soldiers into the\\ngreatest consternation. Pericles was on board\\nhis galley, and observing that the pilot was much\\nastonished and perplexed, took his cloak, and\\nhaving covered his eyes with it, asked him, If\\nhe found anything terrible in that, or considered\\nit as a sad presage? Upon his answering in the\\nnegative, he said, Where is the difference then\\nbetween this and the other, except that something\\nbigger than my cloak causes the eclipse?\\nPericles died of the plague, 429 B.C. When he\\nwas at the point of death, his surviving friends\\nand the principal citizens sitting about his bed\\ndiscoursed together concerning his extraordinary\\nvirtue, and the great authority he had enjoyed,\\nand enumerated his various exploits and the num-\\nber of his victories for, while he was .commander-\\nin-chief, he had erected no less than nine trophies\\nto the honor of Athens. These things they talked\\nof, supposing that he attended not to what they", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "5 6 plutarch s lives\\nsaid, but that his senses were gone. He took no-\\ntice, however, of every word they had spoken, and\\nthereupon delivered himself audibly as follows\\nI am surprised that while you dwell upon and\\nextol these acts of mine, though fortune had her\\nshare in them, and many other generals have\\nperformed the like, you take no notice of the\\ngreatest and most honorable part of my character,\\nnamely, that no Athenian, through my means,\\never put on mourning.\\nFABIUS MAXIMUS.\\nNote. Fabius Maximus {Roman). The Fabii were an\\nillustrious Roman family divided into many\\nbranches. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is consid-\\nered the greatest of the family. He wassurnamed\\nCunctator, the temporizer, which art of war he\\nexemplified successfully in the conflict he sustained\\nwith Hannibal. He died B.C. 203.\\nThe founder of the family of the Fabii, one of\\nthe most numerous and illustrious in Rome, was\\nFabius, a son of Hercules. Fabius Maximus, of\\nwhom we are writing, was the fourth in descent.\\nHe had the surname of Verrucosus, from a small\\nwart on his upper lip. He was likewise called\\nOvicula, from the mildness and gravity of his be-\\nhavior when a boy. Nay, his composed demeanor,\\nand his silence, his caution in engaging in the di-\\nversions of the other boys, the slowness and diffi-\\nculty with which he took up what was taught him,\\ntogether with the submissive manner in which he\\ncomplied with the proposals of his comrades,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 57\\nbrought him under the suspicion of stupidity and\\nfoolishness with those who did not thoroughly\\nknow him. Yet a few there were who perceived\\nthat his composedness was owing to the solidity\\nof his manner, and who discerned withal a mag-\\nnanimity and lion-like courage in his nature. In\\na short time, when application to business drew\\nhim out, it was obvioris that his seeming inactiv-\\nity was a command which he had of his passions,\\nthat his cautiousness was prudence, and that that\\nwhich had passed for heaviness and insensibility\\nwas really an immovable firmness of soul. He\\nsaw what an important concern the administra-\\ntion was, and in what wars the republic was fre-\\nquently engaged, and therefore by exercise pre-\\npared his body, considering its strength as a nat-\\nural armor. At the same time he improved his\\npowers of persuasion, as the engines by which\\nthe people are to be moved. In his eloquence\\nthere was nothing of affectation, no empty plau-\\nsible elegance, but it was full of that good sense\\nwhich was peculiar to him, and had a sententious\\nforce and depth, said to have resembled that of\\nThucydides.\\nFabius Maximus was five times consul and in\\nhis first consulship was honored with a triumph\\nfor the victory he gained over the Ligurians, who,\\nbeing defeated by him in a set battle, with the\\nloss of a great number of men, were driven be-\\nhind the Alps, and kept from such inroads and\\nravages as they used to make in the neighboring\\nprovinces.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 Plutarch s lives\\nHannibal having invaded Italy, and gained the\\nbattle of Trebia, advanced through Tuscany, lay-\\ning waste the country, and striking Rome itself\\nwith terror and astonishment. This desolation\\nwas announced by signs and prodigies, some\\nfamiliar to the Romans, as that of thunder for\\ninstance, and others equally strange and unac-\\ncountable. For it was said that certain shields\\nsweated blood; that bloody corn was cut at An-\\ntium that red-hot stones fell from the air that\\nthe Falerians saw the heavens open, and many\\nbillets fall, upon one of which these words were\\nvery legible, Mars brandisheth his arms. Fa-\\nbius paid but little regard to prodigies, as too\\nabsurd to be believed, notwithstanding the great\\neffect they had upon the multitude. But being\\ninformed how small the numbers of the enemy\\nwere and of the want of money, he advised the\\nRomans to have patience, not to give battle to a\\nman who led on an army hardened by many con-\\nflicts for this very purpose, but to send succor to\\ntheir allies, and to secure the towns that were in\\ntheir possession, until the vigor of the enemy ex-\\npired of itself, like a flame for want of fuel.\\nHe could not, however, prevail upon Flaminius.\\nThat general declared he would never suffer the\\nwar to approach Rome nor, like Camillus of old,\\ndispute within the walls who should be the master\\nof the city. He therefore ordered the tribunes to\\ndraw out the forces, and mounted his horse, but\\nwas thrown headlong off, the horse, without any\\nvisible cause, being seized with a fright and trem-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 59\\nbling yet he persisted in his resolution of march-\\ning out to meet Hannibal, and drew up his army\\nnear the lake called Thrasymenus in Tuscany.\\nWhile the armies were engaged there happened\\nan earthquake, which overturned whole cities,\\nchanged the course of rivers, and tore off the tops\\nof mountains yet not one of the combatants was\\nin the least sensible of that violent motion.\\nFlaminius himself, having greatly signalized his\\nstrength and valor, fell, and with him the bravest\\nof his troops. The rest being routed, a great\\ncarnage ensued full fifteen thousand were slain,\\nand as many taken prisoners.\\nFabius was then chosen dictator, but instead of\\nimmediately giving battle to Hannibal he en-\\ncamped in the mountains and watched the enemy.\\nWhen they rested he did the same, and when they\\nwere in motion he showed himself upon the height\\nat such a distance as not to be compelled to fight,\\nbut yet near enough to keep the enemy in per-\\npetual alarm These apparently dilatory proceed-\\nings exposed Fabius to contempt, even in his own\\narmy. His opponents asked in derision, Whether\\nhe intended to take his army up into heaven, as\\nhe had bidden adieu to the world below, or\\nwhether he would screen himself from the enemy\\nwith clouds and fogs? When the dictator s\\nfriends brought him an account of this and sim-\\nilar aspersions, and exhorted him to wipe them\\noff by risking a battle,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In that case, said he,\\n1 should be of a more dastardly spirit than they\\nrepresent me, if, through fear of insults and re-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 Plutarch s lives\\nproaches, I should depart from my own resolu-\\ntion. But to fear for my country is not a disa-\\ngreeable fear. That man is unworthy of such a\\ncommand as this who shrinks under calumnies\\nand slanders, and complies with the humor of\\nthose whom he ought to govern, and whose folly\\nand rashness it is his duty to restrain.\\nOne of the stratagems of Hannibal during the\\nmaneuvring is singularly interesting. The con-\\ntrivance was this he caused two thousand oxen,\\nwhich he had in his camp, to have torches and\\ndry bavins well fastened to their horns. These, in\\nthe night, upon a signal given, were to be lighted,\\nand the oxen to be driven to the mountains, near\\nthe narrow pass that was guarded by Fabius.\\nWhile those that had it in charge were thus em-\\nployed, he decamped, and marched slowly for-\\nward. So long as the fire was moderate, and\\nburnt only the torches and bavins, the oxen\\nmoved softly on, as they were driven up the hills\\nand the shepherds and herdsmen on the adjacent\\nheights took them for an army that marched in\\norder with lighted torches. But when the ani-\\nmals horns were burnt to the roots, and the fire\\npierced to the quick, terrified, and mad with pain,\\nthey no longer kept any certain route, but ran up\\nthe hills, with their foreheads and horns flaming,\\nand setting everything on fire that came in their\\nway. The Romans who guarded the pass were\\nastonished for the oxen appeared to them like a\\ngreat number of men running up and down with\\ntorches, which scattered fire on every side. In", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 6i\\ntheir fears, of course, they concluded that they\\nshould be attacked and surrounded by the enemy\\nfor which reason they quitted the pass, and fled\\nto the main body in the camp. Immediately\\nHannibal s light-armed troops took possession of\\nthe outlet, and the rest of his forces marched\\nsafely through, loaded with a rich booty.\\nThe general in command of the Roman cavalry\\nwas named Minucius. He was very eager to bring\\non an engagement with Hannibal and, contrary\\nto the orders of Fabius, he did so, and partly de-\\nfeated the enemy. This success so pleased the\\nRomans that they elected Minucius dictator with\\nFabius, and it was proposed that the dictators\\nshould have the command of the army alternately\\nbut Fabius divided the forces, and gave the com-\\nmand of one half to Minucius, who was soon\\ndrawn into an engagement by Hannibal, and de-\\nfeated. Fabius had expected the result, and was\\nwaiting at hand with his half of the army, and,\\nadvancing at the right moment, compelled Han\\nnibal to retreat.\\nAfter the battle, Fabius, having collected the\\nspoils of such Carthaginians as were left dead\\nupon the field, returned to his post nor did he\\nlet fall one haughty or angry word against his\\ncolleague. As for Minucius, having called his\\nmen together, he thus expressed himself\\nFriends and fellow-soldiers, not to err at all in the\\nmanagement of great affairs is above the wisdom\\nof men but it is the part of a prudent and good\\nman to learn, from his errors and miscarriages,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nto correct himself for the future. For my part, I\\nconfess that though fortune has frowned upon me\\na little, I have much to thank her for. For what\\nI could not be brought to be sensible of in so\\nlong a time, I have learned in the small compass\\nof one day, that I know ot how to command,\\nbut have need to be under the direction of another.\\nFrom this moment I bid adieu to the ambition of\\ngetting the better of a man whom it is an honor\\nto be foiled by. In all other respects the dictator\\nshall be your commander but in the due expres-\\nsions of gratitude to him, I will be your leader\\nstill by being the first to show an example of obe-\\ndience and submission.\\nHe then marched to the camp of Fabius, and\\nthus addressed himself to the dictator: You\\nhave this day Fabius, obtained two victories, one\\nover the enemy by your valor, the other over your\\ncolleague by your prudence and humanity. By\\nthe former you saved us, by the latter you have in-\\nstructed us and Hannibal s victory over us is not\\nmore disgraceful than yours is honorable and sal-\\nutary to us. I call you Father, not knowing a\\nmore honorable name, and am more indebted to\\nyou than to my real father. To him I owe my\\nbeing, but to you the preservation of my life, and\\nthe lives of all these brave men.\\nFabius Maximus did not live to hear of the\\noverthrow of Hannibal, or to see the prosperity of\\nhis country re-established for about the time\\nthat Hannibal left Italy he fell sick and died.\\nThe expense of Fabius funeral was not de-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 63\\nfrayed out of the Roman treasury, but every citi-\\nzen contributed a small piece of money toward\\nit not that he died without effects, but that the\\nRomans might bury him as the father of the peo-\\nple, and that the honors paid him at his death\\nmight be suitable to the dignity of his life.\\nALCIBIADES.\\nNote. Alcibiades (Greek). Alcibiades was born\\nabout 450 B.C. and descended on both sides from\\nthe most illustrious families of his country. In-\\nheriting great wealth, endowed with remarkable\\nattractiveness of person and brilliant mental\\npowers, he could not fail to become a potent fac-\\ntor in the counsels and fortunes of Athens. The\\ndate and particulars of his death will be found in\\nthe sketch which follows.\\nAlcibiades was descended from Ajax. His\\nfather was Clinias, who had gained great honor in\\nthe sea-fight of Artemisium, where he fought in a\\ngalley fitted out at his own expense. By reason\\nof the natural vigor of his constitution, and by\\nhis happy disposition, he long retained his youth-\\nful beauty.\\nHe had a lisping in his speech, which became\\nhim, and gave a graceful and persuasive turn to\\nhis discourse. His manners were far from being\\nuniform nor is it strange that they varied ac-\\ncording to the many vicissitudes and wonderful\\nturns of his fortune. He was naturally a man of\\nstrong passions but his ruling passion was an\\nambition to contend and overcome. This ap-\\npears from what is related of his sayings when", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 Plutarch s lives\\nB boy. When hard pressed in wrestling, to pre-\\nvent his being thrown he bit the hands of his an-\\ntagonist, who let go his hold, and said, Alci-\\nLes, yon bite like a woman. No, said he,\\nM like a lion.\\nOne day lie was playing at dice with other boys\\nin the street; and when it came to his turn to\\nthrow, a i wagon came up. At first he\\nB 3 to the driver to stop, because he was to\\nw in the way over which the wagon was to\\npass. The rustic disregarding him and driving\\nthe other boys broke away but Alcibiades\\nthrew himself upon his face directly before the\\nwagon, and stretching himself oat bade the fcl\\nlow drive on if he pleased. Upon this he was so\\nstartled that lie stopped his horses, while those\\nwho saw it ran up to him in terror.\\nIn the course of his education he willing\\nthe lessons o\\\\ his other masters; but refused\\nDing to play upon the flute, which he looked\\nupon as a mean art and unbecoming a gentle-\\nman.\\nPlaying upon the lyre. he would say. has\\nnothing in it that disorders the features or form,\\nbut a man is hardly to be known by his most inti-\\no friends when he plays upon the flute. Be-\\nsides, the lyre docs not hinder the performer from\\nspeaking or accompanying it with a song, where\\nas the flute so i 5 the month and the breath\\nthat it leaves no possibility of speaking.\\nMany persons oi rank made their court to Alci-\\nbiades. but it is evident that they wore charmed", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 65\\nand attracted by the beauty of his person. So-\\ncrates was the only one whose regards were fixed\\nupon the mind, and bore witness to the young\\nman s virtue and ingenuity, the rays of which he\\ncould distinguish through his fine form and fear-\\ning lest the pride of riches and high rank, and\\nthe crowd of flatterers, both Athenians and stran-\\ngers, should corrupt him, he used his best en-\\ndeavors to prevent it, and took care that so hope-\\nful a plant should not lose its fruit and perish in\\nthe very flower.\\nAlcibiades was fond of animals, and he was\\nfamed for his breed of horses and the number of\\nhis chariots for no one besides himself, whether\\nprivate person or king, ever sent seven chariots at\\none time to the Olympic games. The first, the\\nsecond, and the fourth prizes, according to Thu-\\ncydides, or the third, as Euripides relates it, he\\nbore away at once, which exceeds everything per-\\nformed by the most ambitious in that way. Eurip-\\nides thus celebrates his success\\n11 Great son of Clinias, I record thy glory,\\nFirst on the dusty plain\\nThe threefold prize to gain;\\nWhat hero boasts thy praise in Grecian story?\\nTwice does the trumpet s voice proclaim\\nAround the plausive cirque thy honor d name\\nTwice on thy brow was seen\\nThe peaceful olive s green,\\nThe glorious palm of easy purchased fame.\\nHis prodigious liberality, the games he ex-\\nhibited, and the other extraordinary instances of\\nhis munificence to the people, the glory of his an-\\n5", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 plutarch s lives\\ncestors, the beauty of his person, and the force of\\nhis eloquence, together with his heroic strength,\\nhis valor, and experience in war, so gained upon\\nthe Athenians that they connived at his errors,\\nand spoke of them with all imaginable tender-\\nness, calling them sallies of youth and good-\\nhumored frolics.\\nNotwithstanding his popularity and success as\\na soldier, his enemies found cause of complaint.\\nThe information against him ran thus Thes-\\nsalus, the son of Cimon, of the ward of Lacias,\\naccuseth Alcibiades, the son of Clinias, of the\\nward of Scambonis, of sacrilegiously offending the\\ngoddesses Ceres and Proserpine by counterfeit-\\ning their mysteries, and showing them to his\\ncompanions in his own house. Wearing such a\\nrobe as the high-priest does while he shows the\\nholy things, he called himself high-priest, as he\\ndid Polytion, torch-bearer, and Theodorus of the\\nward of Phygea, herald and the rest of his com-\\npanions he called persons initiated and brethren\\nof the secret herein acting contrary to the rules\\nand ceremonies established by the Eumolpidse,\\nthe heralds and priests at Eleusis. As he did\\nnot appear they condemned him, confiscated his\\ngoods, and ordered all the priests and priestesses\\nto pronounce an execration against him.\\nHe regained his popularity, and after many\\ncreditable military exploits he was defeated by\\nLysander, who destroyed the Athenian fleet and\\ntook the city of Athens. He established there\\nthe thirty tyrants, one of whom, Critias by", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 67\\nname, exhorted Lysander to have Alcibiades\\nkilled. Those who were sent to assassinate him,\\nnot daring to enter his house, surrounded it and\\nset it on fire. As soon as he perceived it he got\\ntogether large quantities of clothes and hangings,\\nand threw them upon the fire to choke it then\\nhaving wrapped his robe about his left hand, and\\ntaking his sword in his right, he sallied through\\nthe fire, and got safe out before the stuff which\\nhe had thrown upon it could catch fire. At sight\\nof him the barbarians dispersed, not one of them\\ndaring to wait for him, or to encounter him hand\\nto hand but, standing at a distance, they pierced\\nhim with their darts and arrows. Thus fell Alci-\\nbiades, at the age of forty-six, in the year B.C.\\n404.\\nCAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS.\\nNote. Caius Marcius Coriolanus (Roman). Caius\\nMarcius was a famous legendary hero of Rome.\\nHis banishment was decreed in 491 b.c. Tradi-\\ntions differ as to his death. It is claimed by some\\nthat he was assassinated, while others assert that\\nhe lived to an old age among the Volscians.\\nCaius Marcius was brought up by his mother in\\nher widowhood. The loss of a father, though at-\\ntended with other disadvantages, is shown by him\\nto be no hindrance to a man s improving in virtue\\nand attaining to a distinguished excellence, though\\nbad men sometimes allege it as an excuse for\\ntheir corrupt lives. His undaunted courage and\\nfirmness of mind excited him to many great ac-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\ntions, and carried him through them with honor\\nbut, at the same time, the violence of his pas-\\nsions, his spirit of contention, and excessive ob-\\nstinacy, rendered him untractable and disagree-\\nable in conversation so that those very persons\\nwho saw with admiration his soul unshaken with\\npleasures, toils, and riches, and allowed him to\\nbe possessed of the virtues of temperance, justice,\\nand fortitude, yet, in the councils and affairs of\\nState, could not endure his imperious temper and\\nthat savage manner which was too haughty for\\na republic. Indeed, there is no other advantage\\nto be had from a liberal education equal to that of\\npolishing and softening our nature by reason and\\ndiscipline for that produces an evenness of be-\\nhavior, and banishes from our manners all ex-\\ntremes.\\nThe Romans at that time were engaged in sev-\\neral wars, and fought many battles, and there\\nwas not one that Marcius returned from without\\nsome honorary crown, some ennobling distinction.\\nThe end which others proposed in their acts of\\nvalor was glory but he pursued glory because the\\nacquisition of it delighted his mother for when\\nshe was witness to the applauses he received,\\nwhen she saw him crowned, when she embraced\\nhim with tears of joy, then it was that he reck-\\noned himself at the height of honor and felicity.\\nHe was called Coriolanus for his gallant be-\\nhavior at Corioli. Soon afterward Marcius stood\\nfor the consulship. It was the custom for those\\nwho were candidates for such a high office to so-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 69\\nlicit and caress the people in the forum, and at\\nthose times to be clad in a loose gown without the\\ntunic. That humble dress was thought more\\nsuitable for suppliants, and it was convenient for\\nshowing their wounds, as so many tokens of\\nvalor. It was not from any suspicion the citizens\\nthen had of bribery that they required the candi-\\ndates to appear before them ungirt, and without\\nany close garment, when they came to beg their\\nvotes since it was much later than this, and in-\\ndeed many ages after, that buying and selling stole\\nin, and money came to be a means of gaining an\\nelection. Then, corruption reaching also the\\ntribunals and the camps, arms were subdued by\\nmoney, and the commonwealth was changed into\\na monarchy. It was a shrewd saying, whoever\\nsaid it, That the man who first ruined the\\nRoman people was he who first gave them treats\\nand gratuities.\\nWhen, therefore, Marcius showed the wounds\\nand scars he had received in the many glorious\\nbattles he had fought for seventeen years succes-\\nsively, the people were struck with reverence for\\nhis virtue, and agreed to choose him consul. But\\nwhen the day of election came the common people\\naltered their minds, their kindness was turned to\\nenvy and indignation, and they rejected Marcius.\\nUltimately he was tried for treason against the\\ncommonwealtn, in designing to set himself up as\\na tyrant, and being condemned by a majority of\\nthree tribes he was doomed to perpetual banish-\\nment.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 Plutarch s lives\\nThe pride of Coriolanus would not permit him\\nto make his court to those who were capable of\\nconferring honors upon him and at the same\\ntime his ambition rilled him with regret and in-\\ndignation when they passed him by. This, then,\\nis the blamable part of his character all the rest\\nis great and glorious. In point of temperance\\nand disregard of riches he is fit to be compared\\nwith the most illustrious examples of integrity in\\nGreece.\\nTIMOLEON.\\nNote. Timoleon (Greek). Timoleon was a general\\nand statesman. With the assistance of his brother\\nSatyrus, he slew his elder brother Timophanes, who\\naimed at the sovereign power. He died at Syra-\\ncuse 337 b.c.\\nThis celebrated Corinthian was of a noble\\nfamily. His father was Timodemus, and his\\nmother Demariste. His love of his country was\\nremarkable, and so was the mildness of his dis-\\nposition, saving that he bore an extreme hatred\\nto tyrants and wicked men. His natural abili-\\nties for war were so happily tempered, that, as\\nan extraordinary prudence was seen in the enter-\\nprises of his younger years, so an undaunted\\ncourage distinguished his declining age.\\nTimoleon s most celebrated military exploit\\nwas the expedition against Syracuse. Scarce\\nthree thousand out of ten times that number took\\nup arms, and ventured to follow Timoleon. The\\nmercenaries were in number four thousand, and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES Jl\\nof them about a thousand gave way to their fears\\nwhen upon the march, and turned back, saying,\\nthat Timoleon must be mad, or in his dotage, to\\ngo against an army of seventy thousand men with\\nonly five thousand foot and a thousand horse and\\nto draw his handful of men, too, eight days march\\nfrom Syracuse, by which means there could be no\\nrefuge for those that fled, nor burial for those\\nthat fell in battle.\\nTimoleon considered it as an advantage that\\nthese cowards discovered themselves before the\\nengagement and having encouraged the rest, he\\nled them hastily to the banks of the Crimesus,\\nwhere he was told the Carthaginians were drawn\\ntogether. But as he was ascending a hill, at the\\ntop of which the enemy s camp and all their vast\\nforces would be in sight, he met some mules\\nloaded with parsley and his men took it into\\ntheir heads that it was a bad omen, because the\\nsepulchers are usually crowned with parsley and\\nthence the proverb with respect to one that is\\ndangerously ill, Such a one has need of nothing\\nbut parsley. To deliver them from this super-\\nstition, and to remove the panic, Timoleon ordered\\nthe troops to halt, and making a speech suitable\\nto the occasion, observed, among other things,\\nThat crowns were brought them before the vic-\\ntory, and offered themselves of their own accord;\\nfor the Corinthians, from all antiquity, having\\nlooked upon a wreath of parsley as sacred, crowned\\nthe victors with it at the Isthmian games.\\nHe ascribed all his successes to fortune; he", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\noften said he was highly indebted to that god-\\ndess. In his house he built a chapel, and offered\\nsacrifices to Chance, and dedicated the house it-\\nself to Fortune for the Syracusans had given him\\none of the best houses in the city, as a reward for\\nhis services, and provided him, besides, a very\\nelegant and agreeable retreat in the country.\\nThere it was that he spent most of his time, with\\nhis wife and children, whom he had sent for from\\nCorinth for he never returned home. He took\\nno part in the troubles of Greece, nor exposed\\nhimself to public envy the rock which great gen-\\nerals commonly split upon in their insatiable pur-\\nsuit of honor and power; but he remained in\\nSicily, enjoying the blessings he had established,\\nand of which the greatest of all was to see so many\\ncities and so many thousands of people happy\\nthrough his means.\\nHe died at a good age, and was honored with a\\npublic funeral, being described in the funeral ora-\\ntion as the man who had destroyed tyrants, sub-\\ndued barbarians, re-peopled great cities which\\nhad lain desolate, and who had restored to the\\nSicilians their laws and privileges.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 73\\nPAULUS ^EMILIUS.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Paulus ^Emilius (Roman). This Roman gen-\\neral belonged to a noble family. At the age of\\nforty-six he held the office of consul and was sixty\\nyears old when he accepted the command of the\\narmies sent against Perseus, king of Macedon. He\\nafterward served as censor. He was born 228\\nb.c, and died universally regretted, at the age of\\nsixty- eight.\\nPaulus iEMiLius was so named from the\\npeculiar charm and gracefulness of his elocution.\\nHe was supposed to be a descendant of Numa.\\nIt was the custom for those that were appointed\\nto the consulship to make their acknowledgments\\nto the people in an agreeable speech from the ros-\\ntrum. ^Emilius, having assembled the citizens on\\nthis occasion, told them, He had applied for\\nhis former Consulship because he wanted a com-\\nmand but this time they had applied to him, be-\\ncause they wanted a commander; and, therefore,\\nat present he did not hold himself obliged to\\nthem. If they could have the war better directed\\nby another, he would readily quit the employ-\\nment but if they placed their confidence in him,\\nhe expected they would not interfere with his or-\\nders, or propagate idle reports, but provide in si-\\nlence what was necessary for the war for if they\\nwanted to command their commanders their ex-\\npeditions would be more ridiculous than ever.\\nIt is not easy to express how much reverence this\\nspeech procured him from the citizens, and what\\nhigh expectations it produced. They rejoiced", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthat they had passed by the smooth-tongued can-\\ndidates, and made choice of a general who had\\nso much freedom of speech and such dignity of\\nmanner.\\nPaulus ^Emilius by good generalship defeated\\nPerseus, king of Macedonia, who was taken pris-\\noner. For this success at the battle of Pydna\\n^Emilius was voted a triumph, which was carried\\nout after this manner In every theater, or cir-\\ncus, as they called it, where equestrian games\\nused to be held, in the forum, and other parts of\\nthe city, which were convenient for seeing the\\nprocession, the people erected scaffolds, and on\\nthe day of the triumph were all dressed in white.\\nThe temples were set open, adorned with gar-\\nlands, and smoking with incense. Many lictors\\nand other officers compelled the disorderly crowd\\nto make way, and opened a clear passage. The\\ntriumph took up three days. On the first were\\nexhibited the images, paintings, and colossal\\nstatues taken from the enemy, and carried in two\\nhundred and fifty chariots. Next day the richest\\nand most beautiful of the Macedonian arms were\\nbrought up in a great number of wagons. These\\nglittered with new furbished brass and polished\\nsteel and though they were piled with great art\\nand judgment, yet seemed to be thrown together\\npromiscuously helmets being placed upon shields,\\nbreast-plates upon greaves, Cretan targets,\\nThracian bucklers, and quivers of arrows, hud-\\ndled among the horses bits, with the points of\\nnaked swords and long pikes appearing through", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 75\\non every side. All these arms were tied together\\nwith such a just liberty, that room was left for\\nthem to clatter as they were drawn along, and the\\nclank of them was so harsh and terrible, that they\\nwere not seen without dread, though among the\\nspoils of the conquered. After the carriages\\nloaded with arms, walked three thousand men.\\nwho carried the silver money in seven hundred\\nand fifty vessels, each of which contained three\\ntalents, and was borne by four men. Others\\nbrought bowls, horns, goblets, and cups, all of\\nsilver, disposed in such order as would make the\\nbest show, and valuable not only for their size\\nbut the depth of the basso-relievo. On the third\\nday, early in the morning, first came up the\\ntrumpets, not with such airs as are used in a pro-\\ncession of solemn entry, but with such as the Ro-\\nmans sound when they animate their troops to the\\ncharge. These were followed by a hundred and\\ntwenty fat oxen, with their horns gilded, and set off\\nwith ribbons and garlands. The young men who\\nled these victims were girded with belts of curious\\nworkmanship and after them came the boys who\\ncarried the gold and silver vessels for the sacri-\\nfice. Next the persons who carried the gold coin,\\nin vessels which held three talents each, like those\\nthat contained the silver, and which were to the\\nnumber of seventy-seven. Then followed those\\nthat bore the consecrated bowl, of ten talents\\nweight, which ^Emilius had caused to be made of\\ngold, and adorned with precious stones and\\nthose that exposed to view the cups of Antigonus", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nof Seleucus, and such as were of the make of the\\nfamed artist Shericles, together with the gold\\nplate that had been used at Perseus table. Im-\\nmediately after was to be seen the chariot of that\\nprince, with his armor upon it, and his diadem\\nupon that at a little distance his children were\\nled captive, attended by a great number of gover-\\nnors, masters, and preceptors, all in tears, who\\nstretched out their hands by way of supplication\\nto the spectators, and taught the children to do\\nthe same. There were two sons and one daugh-\\nter, all too young to be much affected with the\\ngreatness of their misfortunes. This insensibility\\nof theirs made the change of their condition more\\npitiable in so much that Perseus passed on al-\\nmost without notice. So fixed were the eyes of\\nthe Romans upon the children, from pity of their\\nfate, that many of them shed tears, and till they\\nwere gone by none tasted the joy of the triumph\\nwithout a mixture of pain. Behind the children\\nand their train walked Perseus himself, clad all\\nin black, and wearing sandals of the fashion of\\nhis country. He had the appearance of a man\\nwho was overwhelmed with terror, and whose\\nreason was almost staggered with the weight of\\nhis misfortunes. He was followed by a great\\nnumber of friends and favorites, whose counte-\\nnances were oppressed with sorrow, and who, by\\nfixing their weeping eyes continually upon their\\nprince, testified to the spectators that it was his\\nlot which they lamented, and that they were re-\\ngardless of their own. Next were carried four", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 77\\nhundred coronets of gold, which the cities had\\nsent ^Emilius, along with their embassies, as\\ncompliments on his victory. Then came the Con-\\nsul himself, riding in a magnificent chariot a\\nman, exclusive of the pomp of power, worthy to\\nbe seen and admired but his good mien was now\\nset off with a purple robe interwoven with gold,\\nand he held a branch of laurel in his right hand.\\nThe whole army likewise carried boughs of lau-\\nrel, and divided into bands and companies, fol-\\nlowed the general s chariot. Some sang satirical\\nsongs usual on such occasions, and some chanted\\nodes of victory.\\nHe died b.c. 160, having attained to every-\\nthing that is supposed to contribute to the. hap-\\npiness of man.\\nPELOPIDAS.\\nNote. Pelopidas (Theban). After the return of\\nPelopidas as ambassador to the court of Persia, he\\nassumed command of the forces sent to the relief\\nof Thessaly, and, as stated by Plutarch, was slain\\nin battle B.C. 364.\\nPelopidas, the son of Hippoclus, was of an illus-\\ntrious family of Thebes. Brought up in affluence,\\nand coming in his youth to a great estate, he ap-\\nplied himself to relieve such necessitous persons\\nas deserved his bounty, to show that he was really\\nmaster, not the slave, of his riches.\\nPelopidas married into a noble family, and had\\nseveral children but setting no greater value", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nupon money than before, and devoting all his\\ntime to the concerns of the commonwealth, he\\nimpaired his substance and when his friends ad-\\nmonished him, that money, which he neglected,\\nwas a very necessary thing, It is necessary,\\nindeed, said he, for Nicodemus, there, pointing\\nto a man that w T as both lame and blind.\\nEpaminondas and he were both equally inclined\\nto every virtue, but Pelopidas delighted more in\\nthe exercises of the body, and Epaminondas in\\nthe improvement of the mind. The one diverted\\nhimself in the wrestling ring or in hunting, while\\nthe other spent his hours of leisure in hearing or\\nreading philosophy. Among the many things\\nthat reflected glory upon both, there was nothing\\nwhich men of sense so much admired as that strict\\nand inviolable friendship which existed between\\nthem from first to last, in all the high posts which\\nthey held, both military and civil.\\nIn conjunction with Epaminondas he won a\\nsplendid victory at Leuctra, and the two friends\\nwere thereupon appointed joint governors of Bce-\\notia. They drove the Spartans out of Messeoia,\\nand re-established the ancient inhabitants. Pe-\\nlopidas was then sent to Macedonia as arbitrator\\nbetween Alexander and Ptolemy, and afterwards\\nwent as ambassador to the Persian Court, where\\nhe was highly honored by Artaxerxes. He was\\nkilled in battle B.C. 364.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 79\\nMARCELLUS.\\nNote. Marcellus (Roman) Marcellus was the name\\nof several noble Roman families. The striking\\ndeath of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, as described\\nby Plutarch, took place B.C. 208.\\nMarcus Claudius Marcellus, who was five times\\nconsul, was the son of Marcus, and the first of\\nhis family that bore the surname of Marcellus,\\nthat is, Martial. He had, indeed, a great deal\\nof military experience his body was strong, his\\narm almost irresistible, and he was naturally in-\\nclined to war. But though impetuous and lofty\\nin combat, on other occasions he was modest and\\nhumane. He was so far a lover of the Grecian\\nlearning and eloquence as to honor and admire\\nthose that excelled therein, though his employ-\\nments prevented his making that progress in them\\nwhich he desired.\\nThe account of the siege of Syracuse is full of\\ninterest. Marcellus made his attacks both by sea\\nand land, Appius Claudius commanding the land\\nforces, and himself the fleet, which consisted of\\nsixty galleys, of five banks of oars, full of all\\nsorts of arms and missile weapons. Besides\\nthese, he had a prodigious machine, carried upon\\neight galleys fastened together, with which he\\napproached the walls, relying upon the number\\nof his batteries and other instruments of war, as\\nwell as on his own great character. But Archim-\\nedes, the philosopher, despised all this, and\\nconfided in the superiority of his engines. He", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nmade for King Hiero all manner of engines and\\nmachines which could be used either for attack or\\ndefence in a siege. They were extremely service-\\nable to the Syracusans on the present occasion,\\nwho, with such a number of machines, had the\\nadvantage of their being directed by the inventor.\\nWhen the Romans attacked them, both by sea\\nand land, they were struck dumb with terror,\\nimagining they could not possibly resist such nu-\\nmerous forces and so furious an assault. But\\nArchimedes soon began to play his engines, and\\nthey shot against the land forces all sorts of mis-\\nsiles, weapons, and stones of an enormous size,\\nwith so incredible a noise and rapidity, that noth-\\ning could stand before them they overturned and\\ncrushed whatever came in their way, and spread\\nterrible disorder throughout the ranks. On the\\nside toward the sea were erected vast machines,\\nshooting forth on a sudden, over the walls, huge\\nbeams with the necessary tackle, which striking\\nwith a prodigious force on the enemy s galleys,\\nsank them at once; while other ships, hoisted up\\nat the prows by iron grapples or hooks, like the\\nbeaks of cranes, and set on end, were plunged to\\nthe bottom of the sea. Others, again, by ropes\\nand graplines, were drawn toward the shore,\\nand after being whirled about, and dashed against\\nthe rocks that projected below the walls, were\\nbroken to pieces, and the crews perished. Very\\noften a ship, lifted high above the sea, suspended\\nand twirling in the air, presented a most dreadful\\nspectacle. There it swung till the men were", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 8i\\nthrown out by the violence of the motion, and\\nthen it split against the walls, or sank on the en-\\ngine s letting go its hold. As for the machine\\nwhich Marcellus brought forward upon eight gal-\\nleys, and which was called Sambuca, on account\\nof its likeness to the musical instrument of that\\nname, whilst it was at a considerable distance\\nfrom the walls, Archimedes discharged a stone of\\nten talents weight, and after that a second and\\na third, all which striking upon it with an amaz-\\ning noise and force, shattered and totally dis-\\njointed it.\\nMarcellus, in this distress, drew off his galleys\\nas fast as possible, and likewise sent orders to the\\nland forces to retreat. He then called a council\\nof war, in which it was resolved to come close to\\nthe walls, if it were possible, next morning before\\nday; for Archimedes engines, they thought,\\nbeing very strong, and intended to act at a con-\\nsiderable distance, would then discharge the mis-\\nsiles over their heads, and if they were pointed at\\nthem when they were so near they would have no\\neffect. But for this Archimedes had long been\\nprepared, having by him engines fitted to all dis-\\ntances, with suitable weapons and shorter beams.\\nBesides, he had caused holes to be made in the\\nwalls, in which he placed scorpions that did not\\ncarry far, but could be discharged very fast and\\nby these the enemy was galled, without knowing\\nwhence the missile came.\\nWhen, therefore, the Romans were got close to\\nthe walls, undiscovered, as they thought, they\\n6", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 plutarch s lives\\nwere welcomed with a shower of darts and huge\\npieces of rocks, which fell, as it were, perpen-\\ndicularly upon their heads; for the engines played\\nfrom every quarter of the walls. This obliged\\nthem to retire and when they were at some dis-\\ntance, other shafts were shot at them in their re-\\ntreat from the larger machines, which made ter-\\nrible havoc among them, as well as greatly dam-\\naged their shipping. Archimedes had placed\\nmost of his engines under cover of the walls, so\\nthat the Romans, being infinitely distressed by\\nan invisible enemy, seemed to fight against the\\ngods.\\nMarcellus, however, got off and laughed at his\\nown artillerymen and engineers, saying, Why\\ndo we not leave off contending with this mathe-\\nmatical Briareus, who, sitting on the shore, and\\nacting as it were but in jest, has shamefully\\nbaffled our naval assault and, in striking us\\nwith such a multitude of bolts at once, exceeds\\neven the hundred-handed giants in the fable?\\nAt last, the Romans were so terrified that if they\\nsaw but a rope or a stick put over the walls, they\\ncried out that Archimedes was leveling some ma-\\nchine at them, and turned their backs and fled.\\nMarcellus seeing this, gave up all thoughts of\\nproceeding by assault, and leaving the matter to\\ntime, turned the siege into a blockade.\\nWhen at last the city was taken, Archimedes\\nwas found in his study engaged in some mathe-\\nmatical researches. His mind as well as his eye\\nwas so intent upon his diagram that he neither", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 8$\\nheard the tumultuous noise of the Romans nor\\nperceived that the city was taken. A soldier sud-\\ndenly entered his room, and ordered him to follow\\nhim to Marcellus and Archimedes refusing to do\\nit till he had finished his problem and brought his\\ndemonstration to bear, the soldier, in a passion,\\ndrew his sword and killed him. Marcellus was\\nmuch concerned at his death, and bestowed many\\nfavors on his relatives.\\nA subsequent battle with Hannibal is thus de-\\nscribed Both armies then engaged and Han-\\nnibal, seeing no advantage gained by either, or-\\ndered his elephants to be brought forward into\\nthe first line, and to be pushed against the Ro-\\nmans. The shock caused great confusion at first\\nin the Roman front but Flavius, a tribune,\\nsnatching an ensign-staff from one of the com-\\npanies, advanced, and with the point of it\\nwounded the foremost elephant. The beast\\nupon this turned back, and ran upon the second,\\nthe second upon the next that followed, and so on\\ntill they were all put in great disorder. Marcellus\\nobserving this, ordered his horse to fall furiously\\nupon the enemy, and, taking advantage of the\\nconfusion already made, to rout them entirely.\\nAccordingly, they charged with extraordinary\\nvigor, and drove the Carthaginians to their en-\\ntrenchments. The slaughter was dreadful and\\nthe fall of the killed, and the plunging of the\\nwounded elephants, contributed greatly to it. It\\nis said that more than eight thousand Cartha-\\nginians fell in this battle; of the Romans not", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nabove three thousand were slain, but almost all\\nthe rest were wounded.\\nIn a later battle Hannibal was successful, and\\nMarcellus was caught in an ambuscade and killed.\\nHannibal, when he knew that Marcellus was dead,\\nhastened to the place, and, standing over the\\nbody a long time, surveyed its size and mien, but\\nwithout speaking one insulting word, or showing\\nthe least sign of joy, which might have been ex-\\npected at the fall of so dangerous and formidable\\nan enemy. At last, taking his signet from his\\nfinger, he caused the body to be magnificently\\nattired and burned, and the ashes to be put in\\na silver urn, and then placed a crown of gold\\nupon it.\\nARISTIDES.\\nNote. Aristides (Athenian). This famous Athenian\\nflourished in the fifth century b.c. He was twice\\nbanished, and died in poverty and exile b.c. 467.\\nAristides was an Athenian general, son of Ly-\\nsimachus. Of all the virtues of Aristides, the\\npeople were most struck with his justice. Thus\\nhe, though a poor man and a commoner, gained\\nthe royal and divine title of The Just, which\\nkings and tyrants have never been fond of. It\\nhas been their ambition to be styled u Takers of\\ncities, Thunderbolts, or Conquerors. Nay,\\nsome have chosen to be called Eagles and\\nVultures, preferring the fame of power to that\\nof virtue.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 85\\nAristides at first was loved and respected for\\nhis surname of The Just, and afterwards envied\\nas much the latter, chiefly by the management\\nof Themistocles, who gave it out among the peo-\\nple that Aristides had abolished the courts of judi-\\ncature by drawing the arbitration of all causes to\\nhimself, and so was insensibly gaining sovereign\\npower. The people, uneasy at finding any one\\ncitizen rising to such extraordinary honor and\\ndistinction, assembled at Athens from all the\\ntowns in Attica, and banished Aristides by the\\nOstracism disguising their envy of his char-\\nacter under the specious pretence of guarding\\nagainst tyranny.\\nThe Ostracism was conducted in the following\\nmanner Every citizen took a piece of a broken\\npot, or a shell, on which he wrote the name of the\\nperson he wished to have banished, and carried it\\nto a part of the market-place that was inclosed\\nwith wooden rails. The magistrates then counted\\nthe number of the shells, and if it amounted not\\nto six thousand, the Ostracism stood for nothing\\nif it did, they sorted the shells, and the person\\nwhose name was found on the greatest number\\nwas declared an exile for ten years, but with per-\\nmission to enjoy his estate. At the time that\\nAristides was banished, when the people were in-\\nscribing the names on the shells, it is reported\\nthat an illiterate burgher came to Aristides whom\\nhe took for some ordinary person, and giving him\\nhis shell, desired him to write Aristides upon it.\\nThe good man, surprised at the adventure, asked", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhim,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whether Aristides bad ever injured him?\\nNo, said he nor do I even know him but it\\nvexes me to hear him everywhere called The\\nJust. Aristides made no answer, but took the\\nshell, and having written his own name upon it,\\nreturned it. He was banished for ten years but\\nafter three years, when Xerxes was marching\\nthrough Thessaly and Bceotia to Attica, the Athe-\\nnians recalled Aristides.\\nAs to his death, some say it happened in Pon-\\ntus, others that he died at Athens, full of days,\\nhonored and admired by his fellow-citizens.\\nCATO, THE CENSOR.\\nNote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cato the Censor (Roman) The date of\\nCato s birth was b.c. 234. He well deserved the\\nname of Wise. He was elected consul in b.c. 195,\\nand completed his brilliant military career at\\nThermopylae. His election to the censorship took\\nplace b.c 184. When he died, at the age of eighty\\nfive, he left one hundred and fifty orations which\\nare greatly admired.\\nPorcius Cato was born at Tusculum. Inured\\nto labor and temperance, and brought up in\\ncamps, he had an excellent constitution, and was\\nhealthy and strong. He studied eloquence, be-\\ncause he considered it- not only useful but neces-\\nsary for every man who does not wish to live an\\nobscure, inactive life. He was soon considered an\\nable pleader and a good orator. He was not only\\nso disinterested as to plead without fee or re-\\nward, but it appears that honor was his principal", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 87\\naim. But the height of his ambition was to be\\ngreat in military matters. When he was but a\\nyouth he had fought in so many battles that his\\nbreast was covered with scars. In battle he stood\\nfirm, had a fierce look, and spoke to his enemy in\\na threatening and dreadful accent. He judged\\nthat such behavior often strikes an adversary with\\ngreater terror than the sword itself. He always\\nmarched on foot, carried his own weapons, and\\nwas attended by one servant only, who carried\\nprovisions. All the time he was in the army he\\nusually drank nothing but water; but when al-\\nmost burnt up with thirst he would ask for a little\\nvinegar, or when his strength was exhausted he\\ntook a little wine. A nobleman of great power\\nand eminence, named Valerius Flaccus, was so\\ncharmed with Cato s character that he encouraged\\nhim to go to Rome and apply himself to affairs of\\nState. There he took Fabius Maximus as his\\nexample, and was the opponent of Scipio. He\\nsoon gained so much influence and authority by\\nhis eloquence that he was commonly called the\\nRoman Demosthenes but he was still more cele-\\nbrated for his frugal manner of living. He has\\nstated himself that he thought nothing cheap that\\nwas superfluous that what a man has no need of is\\ndear even at a penny and that it is much better\\nto have fields where the plow goes or cattle\\nfeed, than fine gardens and walks that require\\nmuch watering and sweeping. It was a saying\\nof his, That wise men learn more from fools\\nthan fools from the wise for the wise avoid the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 plutarch s lives\\nerrors of fools, while fools do not profit by the ex-\\nample of the wise. Another of his sayings was,\\nThat he liked a young man that blushed more\\nthan one that turned pale and that he did not\\nlike a soldier who moved his hands in marching,\\nand his feet in fighting, and who snored louder\\nin bed than he shouted in battle.\\nHe was a good father, a good husband, and an\\nexcellent economist. He chose his wife rather\\nfor her family than her fortune persuaded that\\nthough both the rich and the high-born have their\\npride, yet women of good families are more\\nashamed of any base and unworthy action, and\\nmore obedient to their husbands in everything\\nthat is good and honorable. When he had a son\\nborn, no business, however urgent, except public\\naffairs, could hinder him from being present while\\nhis wife washed and swaddled the infant for she\\nsuckled it herself. Nay, she often gave the breast\\nto the sons of her servants, to inspire them with\\na brotherly regard for her own. As soon as\\nthe dawn of understanding appeared, Cato took\\nupon him the office of schoolmaster to his son,\\nthough he had a servant who was a good gram-\\nmarian, and taught several other children. But\\nhe tells us he did not choose that his son should\\nbe reprimanded by a slave, or pulled by the ears\\nif he happened to be slow in learning, or that he\\nshould be indebted to so mean a person for his\\neducation. He was, therefore, himself his pre-\\nceptor in grammar, in law, and in the necessary\\nexercises for he taught him not only how to", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 89\\nthrow a dart, to fight hand-to-hand, and to ride,\\nbut to box, to endure heat and cold, and to swim\\nthe most rapid rivers.\\nHe wrote a book concerning country affairs, in\\nwhich, among other things, he gives rules for\\nmaking cakes and preserving fruit for he was\\ndesirous to be thought curious and particular in\\neverything. He kept a better table in the coun-\\ntry than in the town for he always invited some\\nof his acquaintances in the neighborhood to sup\\nwith him. With these he passed the time in\\ncheerful conversation, making himself agreeable\\nnot only to those of his own age, but to the young.\\nHe looked upon the table as one of the best means\\nof forming friendships and at his the conversa-\\ntion generally turned upon the praises of great\\nand excellent men among the Romans. As for\\nthe bad and the unworthy, no mention was made\\nof them for he would not allow in his company\\none word, either good or bad, to be said of such\\nmen.\\nThe last service he is said to have done the pub-\\nlic was the destruction of Carthage. The younger\\nScipio, indeed, gave the finishing stroke to that\\nwork, but it was undertaken chiefly by the advice\\nand at the instance of Cato.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nPHILOPCEMBN.\\nNote. Philopcemen (Greek). Philopcemen, called\\nthe last of the Greeks, was born in Arcadia, b.c.\\n252. His death by poison, when a prisoner of the\\nMessenians, took place B.C. 183.\\nPhilopcemen, from a child, was fond of every-\\nthing military, and readily entered into the exer-\\ncises which tended to that purpose those of rid-\\ning, for instance, and handling of weapons. As\\nhe seemed well formed for wrestling, too, his\\nfriends and governors advised him to improve\\nhimself in that art which gave him occasion to\\nask whether that might be consistent with his\\nproficiency as a soldier? They told him the truth\\nthat the habit of body and manner of life, the diet\\nand exercise, of a soldier and a wrestler, were en-\\ntirely different that the wrestler must have much\\nsleep and full meals, stated times of exercise and\\nrest, every little departure from his rules being\\nvery prejudicial to him whereas the soldier\\nshould be prepared for the most irregular changes\\nof living, and should chiefly endeavor to bring\\nhimself to bear the want of food and sleep without\\ndifficulty. Philopcemen, hearing this, not only\\navoided and derided the exercise of wrestling\\nhimself, but afterward, when he came to be gen-\\neral, to the utmost of his power exploded the\\nwhole art, by every mark of disgrace and expres-\\nsion of contempt, satisfied that it rendered per-\\nsons who were the most fit for war quite useless\\nand unable to fight on necessary occasions.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 91\\nHis leisure he spent either in the chase, which\\nincreased both his strength and activity, or in\\nthe tillage of the field. For he had a handsome\\nestate, twenty furlongs from the city, to which he\\nwent every day after dinner, or after supper and\\nat night he threw himself upon an ordinary mat-\\ntress and slept as one of the laborers. Early in\\nthe morning he rose and went to work along with\\nhis vine -dressers or plowmen after which he\\nreturned to the town, and employed his time\\nabout the public affairs with his friends, and with\\nthe magistrates. What he gained in the wars he\\nlaid out upon horses or arms, or in redeeming\\ncaptives. He was elected general of the Achae-\\nans the eighth time when he was seventy years of\\nage, and he did not then think himself too old to\\ncommand an army. He marched against the\\nMessenians, but was captured and poisoned.\\nTITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMINIUS.\\nNote. Titus Quinctius Flaminius (Roman). This\\nRoman general was made consul B.C. 198. His de-\\nfeat of Philip at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197, termin-\\nated the Macedonian war. He went to Prusias,\\nking of Bythnia, in B.C. 183 to demand the surren-\\nder of Hannibal who had taken refuge at the court.\\nThe death of Flaminius took place about b.c 175.\\nThis celebrated Roman general was, from his\\nyouth, trained to the profession of arms. His\\nearly successes in the wars inspired him with\\nsuch lofty thoughts that, overlooking the ordi-\\nnary previous steps by which young men ascend,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 plutarcii s lives\\nI mean the offices of tribune, praetor, and sedile,\\nhe aimed directly at the consulship. But the trib-\\nunes, Fulvius and Manlius, opposed him, insist-\\ning that is was a strange and unheard-of thing\\nfor a man so young, who was not yet initiated in\\nthe first mysteries of government, to intrude in\\ncontempt of the laws, into the highest office in the\\nState. The senate referred the affair to the suf-\\nfrages of the people and the people elected him\\nConsul, though he was not yet thirty years old.\\nFlaminius was successful in setting Greece free,\\nand greatly prided himself in having done so.\\nHe dedicated some silver bucklers, together with\\nhis own shield, at Delphi; he put upon them the\\nfollowing inscription\\n11 Ye Spartan twins, who tamed the foaming steed,\\nYe friends, ye patrons of each glorious deed,\\nBehold Flaminius, of Eneas line,\\nPresents this offering at your awful shrine.\\nYe sons of love, your generous paths he trod,\\nAnd snatched from Greece each little tyrant s rod.\\nHe offered also to Apollo a golden crown, with\\nverses inscribed on it.\\nHannibal was seventy years old when he was\\ndefeated at Zama by Scipio. Flaminius provoked\\nhim to destroy himself. Some say Hannibal\\nwound his cloak about his neck and ordered his\\nservant to put his knees upon his back, and pull\\nwith all his force, and not to leave off twisting till\\nhe had quite strangled him. Others tell us that,\\nlike Themistocles and Midas, ho drank bull s\\nblood. But Livy writes, that, having poison in", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 93\\nreadiness, he mixed it for a draught, and taking\\nthe cup in his hand, said, Let me deliver the\\nRomans from their cares and anxieties, since they\\nthink it too tedious and dangerous to wait for the\\ndeath of a poor hated old man. Yet shall not\\nTitus gain a conquest worth envying, or suitable\\nto tbe generous proceedings of his ancestors.\\nThus Hannibal is said to have died. When the\\nnews was brought to the senate, many in that au-\\ngust body were highly displeased. Flaminius ap-\\npeared too officious and cruel in his precautions to\\nprocure the death of Hannibal, now tamed by his\\nmisfortunes, like a bird, that, through age, had\\nlost its tail and feathers, and suffered to live so\\nand, as he had no orders to put him to death, it\\nwas plain that he did it out of a passion for fame,\\nand to be mentioned in after- times as the destroyer\\nof Hannibal.\\nPYRRHUS.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus (Greek). Pyrrhus ascended his\\nfather s throne 295 b.c. He made war on the\\nRomans fourteen years later and was one of the\\nmost illustrious generals of the age in which he\\nlived. The particulars of his death are given in\\nthe following sketch.\\nPyrrhus was a renowned king of Epirus, who\\nwas descended from Hercules on his father s side,\\nand from Achilles on his mother s. On the ban-\\nishment of his father ^Eacides he was taken to the\\ncourt of Glaucias,King of Illyricum, who brought\\nhim up, and succeeded in putting him on the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 plutarch s lives\\nthrone of Epirus when he was quite a youth.\\nPyrrhus is described as having an air of majesty\\nrather terrible than august. Instead of teeth in\\nhis upper jaw he had one continued bone, marked\\nwith small lines, resembling the divisions of a\\nrow of teeth. He was believed to have the power\\nof curing the spleen, and it is asserted that this\\nmiraculous power was seated in the great toe of\\nthe right foot, for after his death, when his body\\nwas consumed by the fire, the toe was found un-\\ntouched by the flames.\\nNeoptolemus succeeded in usurping the throne\\nwhen Pyrrhus was about nineteen years old, but\\nafter a good deal of fighting he regained his king-\\ndom. He then gladly accepted the invitation of\\nthe Tarentines to help them against the Romans.\\nIn his first battle with them his elephants obtained\\nhim the victory, for the Romans were frightened at\\ntheir bulk and ferocity. The number of slain was\\nso nearly equal on both sides that, though Pyr-\\nrhus was conqueror, he uttered the memorable\\nsaying, Another such victory and we are un-\\ndone. He next went against the Carthaginians,\\nand obtained two victories and took many towns.\\nHe then renewed hostilities against the Romans\\nat Tarentum, and was defeated by Curius. He\\nleft Italy much mortified that one of the descend-\\nants of Achilles should have been thus defeated.\\nIn Epirus he sought to regain his military re-\\nnown, and began by attacking Antigonus, whom\\nhe conquered, and was once more raised to the\\nthrone of Macedonia. He afterward marched", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 95\\nagainst Sparta, but was compelled to retreat to\\nArgos. It was in this town that he met his death.\\nHis army reached the city at night, and got as\\nfar as the market-place, when it was found that\\nthe gate was not high enough to allow the ele-\\nphants to pass under, and it was necessary to take\\noff their towers. When the animals had passed\\nthrough their towers were put on again. This\\ntook so much time that the citizens were aroused,\\nand ran to the fort for safety. Meantime, the\\ntown was filled with soldiers, friends, and foes.\\nPyrrhus entered, and was welcomed by loud\\nshouts. He pushed forward his cavalry, though\\nthey marched in danger from the number of\\ndrains and sewers of which the city was full. Be-\\nsides, in this nocturnal engagement it was impos-\\nsible either to see what was done, or hear the or-\\nders that were given. The soldiers lost their way\\nin the narrow streets, and the officers could not\\nrally them, and daylight was anxiously waited\\nfor. At the first dawn, Pyrrhus was concerned\\nto see the Aspis, or citadel, full of armed men\\nbut his concern was changed into consternation\\nwhen, amongst the statuary in the market-place,\\nhe saw a wolf and a bull in brass represented in\\nthe act of fighting for he recollected an oracle\\nwhich had foretold that it was his destiny to die\\nwhen he should see a wolf encountering a bull.\\nPyrrhus, quite dispirited at the sight, and per-\\nceiving at the same time that nothing succeeded\\naccording to his hopes, thought it best to retreat.\\nFearing that the gates were too narrow, he sent", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 plutarch s lives\\norders to his son Helerms, who was left with the\\nmain body outside the town, to demolish part of\\nthe wall, and assist the retreat if the enemy tried\\nto obstruct it. But the person whom he sent, mis-\\ntaking the order in the hurry and tumult, and de-\\nlivering it quite in a contrary sense, the young\\nprince entered the gates with the rest of the ele-\\nphants and the best of his troops, and marched to\\nassist his father. Pyrrhus was now retiring, and\\nwhile the market-place afforded room both to re-\\ntreat and fight, he often faced about and repulsed\\nthe assailants. But when from that broad place\\nhe came to crowd into the narrow street leading\\nto the gate, he fell in with those who were advanc-\\ning to his assistance. It was in vain to call out\\nto them to fall back there were but few that\\ncould hear him and such as did hear, and were\\nmost disposed to obey his orders, were pushed\\nback by those who came pouring in behind. Be-\\nsides, the largest of the elephants had fallen down\\nin the gateway, and lying there and braying in a\\nhorrible manner, it stopped those who would have\\ngot out. And among the elephants already in the\\ntown, one named Nicon, striving to take up his\\nmaster who was fallen off wounded, rushed\\nagainst the party that was retreating, and over-\\nturned both friends and enemies promiscuously\\ntill he found the body, when he took it up with\\nhis trunk, and, carrying it on his tusks, returned\\nin great fury, and trod down all before him.\\nWhen they were thus pressing and crowded to-\\ngether, not a man could do anything singly but", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 97\\nthe whole multitude, like one close compact body,\\nrolled this way and that all together. They ex-\\nchanged but few blow T s with the enemy either in\\nfront or rear, and the greatest harm they did was\\nto themselves for if any man drew his sword or\\nleveled his pike, he could not recover the one or\\nput up the other the next person, therefore, who-\\never he happened to be, was necessarily wounded,\\nand thus many of them fell by the hands of each\\nother.\\nPyrrhus, seeing the tempest rolling around\\nhim, took off the plume with which his helmet\\nwas distinguished, and gave it to one of his\\nfriends then, trusting to the goodness of his\\nhorse, he rode in amongst the enemy who were\\nharassing his rear, and it happened that he was\\nwounded through the breast-plate with a javelin.\\nThe wound was rather slight than dangerous, but\\nhe turned against the man that gave it, who was\\nan Argive of no note, the son of a poor old wo-\\nman. This woman among others, looking at the\\nfight from the roof of a house, beheld her son thus\\nengaged. Seized with terror at the sight, she\\ntook up a large tile with both her hands, and\\nthrew it at Pyrrhus. The tile fell upon his head,\\nand, notwithstanding his helmet, crushed the\\nlower vertebrae of his neck. Darkness in a mo-\\nment covered his eyes, his hands let go the reins,\\nand he fell from his horse by the tomb of Licym-\\nnius. His head was cut off and carried to An-\\ntigonus b.c. 272.\\nPyrrhus has been greatly extolled as a general,\\n7", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nnot only by his friends but also by his enemies.\\nThe Romans praised him greatly, and he is stated\\nto have said that if he had soldiers like the Ro-\\nmans he would have conquered all the nations of\\nthe world.\\nCAIUS MARIUS.\\nNote. Caius Marius (Roman). Cams Marius was\\nborn about B.C. 157, probably at Cerretinum.\\nHaving entered the army he became known to\\nScipio Africanus. His great success caused him\\nto be hailed The Third Founder of Rome, and\\nhe was rewarded with a fifth consulate, followed\\nby a sixth. He afterward became infamous be-\\ncause of his bloody prosecutions. While Consul\\nfor the seventh time, he died, as it is believed,\\nfrom excessive indulgence in wine.\\nWe know of no third name of Caius Marius.\\nLike some other Roman generals he was of poor\\nparentage but, forsaking the plow for the\\nsword, he soon signalized himself as a soldier,\\nunder Scipio, at the siege of Numantia. He was\\nelected Consul, and appointed to carry on the war\\nagainst Jugurtha, whom he defeated.\\nSoon after this the Roman provinces were in-\\nvaded by a band of barbarians from all parts, es-\\ntimated at three hundred thousand men. Marius\\nwas sent against the Teutones. He came up with\\nthem at Aquae Sextiae, a short march from the\\nAlps. There Marius prepared for battle, having\\npitched upon a place for his camp which was un-\\nexceptionable in point of strength, but afforded\\nlittle water. By this circumstance, they tell us,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 99\\nhe wanted to excite the soldiers to action and\\nwhen many of them complained of thirst he\\npointed to a river which ran close by the enemy s\\ncamp, and told them, That thence they must\\npurchase water with their blood. Why then,\\nsaid they, do you not lead us thither immedi-\\nately, before our blood is quite parched up? To\\nwhich he answered in a softer tone, I will lead\\nyou thither, but first let us fortify our camp.\\nThe soldiers obeyed, though with some reluc-\\ntance. But the servants of the army, being in\\ngreat want of water both for themselves and their\\ncattle, ran in crowds to the stream, some with\\npickaxes, some with hatchets, and others with\\nswords and javelins, along with their pitchers;\\nfor they were resolved to have water, though they\\nwere obliged to fight for it. These at first were\\nencountered by a small party of the enemy when\\nsome having bathed, were engaged at dinner, and\\nothers were still bathing, for there the country\\nabounds in hot wells. This gave the Romans an\\nopportunity of cutting off a number of them,\\nwhile they were indulging themselves in those\\ndelicious baths, and charmed with the sweetness\\nof the place. The cry of these brought others to\\ntheir assistance .so that it was now difficult for\\nMarius to restrain the impetuosity of his soldiers,\\nwho were in pain for their servants. Besides the\\nAmbrones, to the number of thirty thousand,\\nwho were the best troops the enemy had, and\\nwho had already defeated Manlius and Csepio,\\nwere drawn out, and stood to their arms. Though\\nl.ofC.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "IOO PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthey had overcharged themselves with eating, yet\\nthe wine they had drunk had given them fresh\\nspirits and they advanced, not in a wild and dis-\\norderly manner, or with a confused and inarticu-\\nlate noise, but beating their arms at regular inte-\\nrvals, and all keeping time with the tune, they\\ncame on, crying out, Ambrones Ambrones!\\nThis they did either to encourage each other or to\\nterrify the enemy with their name. The Ligu-\\nrians were the first of the Italians that moved\\nagainst them and when they heard the enemy\\ncry Ambrones, they echoed back the word,\\nwhich was indeed their own ancient name. Thus\\nthe shout was often returned from one army to\\nthe other before they charged, and the officers on\\nboth sides joining in it, and striving which should\\npronounce the word loudest, added by this means\\nto the courage and impetuosity of their troops.\\nThe Ambrones were obliged to pass the river,\\nand this broke their order so that, before they\\ncould form again, the Ligurians charged the fore-\\nmost of them, and thus began the battle. The\\nRomans came to support the Ligurians and pour-\\ning down from the higher ground, pressed the\\nenemy so hard that they soon put them in dis-\\norder. Many of them jostling each other on the\\nbanks of the river, were slain there, and the river\\nitself was filled with dead bodies. Those who\\ngot safe over not daring to make headway, were\\ncut off by the Romans, as they fled to their camp\\nand carriages. There the women, meeting them\\nwith swords and axes, and setting up a horrid and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES IOI\\nhideous cry, fell upon the fugitives, as well as the\\npursuers, the former as traitors and the latter as\\nenemies. Mingling with the combatants, they\\nlaid hold on the Roman shields, catched at their\\nswords with their naked hands, and obstinately\\nsuffered themselves to be hacked to pieces. It is\\ncomputed that two hundred thousand of the bar-\\nbarian forces were killed in this compaign. Next\\nyear the Cimbri were overthrown, and one hun-\\ndred and forty thousand were killed, and sixty\\nthousand caken prisoners by the Romans. Ma-\\nrius was then elected Consul for the sixth time,\\nand soon after, in endeavoring to crush the power\\nof Sylla, he laid the foundation of a civil war.\\nHe was obliged to fly to Africa for safety, where\\nhe was discovered. Sylla ordered him to be\\nkilled. No citizen would undertake this office\\nbut a dragoon went up to him sword in hand,\\nwith an intent to dispatch him. The chamber in\\nwhich he lay was somewhat gloomy, and a light,\\nthey tell you, glanced from the eyes of Marius,\\nwhich darted on the face of the assassin while,\\nat the same time, he heard a solemn voice saying,\\nDost thou dare to kill Marius? Upon this the\\nassassin threw down his sword and fled, crying,\\n44 1 cannot kill Marius.\\nHe died of fever, at the age of seventy.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nLYSANDER.\\nNote. Lysander (Spartan). Lysander lived in the\\nfourth century B.C. His defeat of the Athenians\\nunder Antiochus, off the coast of Asia Minor, took\\nplace B.C. 407. His victory of -ZEgos Potamos,\\nwhich virtually ended the Peloponnesian war, oc-\\ncurred two years later.\\nAristoclitus, the father of Lysander, is said\\nnot to have been of the royal line, but to be de-\\nscended from the Heraclidse by another family.\\nAs for Lysander, he was bred in poverty. No\\none conformed more freely to the Spartan disci-\\npline than he did. He had a firm heart, above\\nyielding to the charms of any pleasure, except\\nthose which result from the honor and success\\ngained by great actions. At Sparta they in-\\nstilled into their children an early passion for\\nglory, and taught them to be as much affected by\\ndisgrace as elated by praise.\\nEarly in life Lysander ingratiated himself\\ngreatly with Cyrus the Younger, who presented\\nhim with ten thousand pieces of gold. With this\\nmoney he increased the pay of his seamen, and\\nby that means he made his navy so popular that\\nthe ships of the enemy were nearly emptied of\\nmen. Still he was afraid to give battle to Alci-\\nbiades personally, but as soon as that commander\\nleft the fleet in charge of Antiochus he fought and\\nconquered.\\nIn the next fight with the Athenians, which was\\nat ^Egos Potamos, Lysander had an army as well", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 103\\nas a navy, and by waiting for a favorable oppor-\\ntunity he succeeded in completely defeating the\\nenemy, taking one hundred and twenty ships.\\nWhen he had fastened the captive galleys to his\\nown, and plundered the camp, he returned to\\nLampsacus, accompanied with the flutes and\\nsongs of triumph. This great action cost him but\\nlittle blood in one hour he put an end to the Pe-\\nloponnesian war, which lasted twenty-seven\\nyears. It had been diversified beyond all others\\nby an incredible variety of events. This cruel\\nwar, which produced such vicissitudes of fortune,\\nand destroyed more generals than all the wars of\\nGreece put together, was terminated by the con-\\nduct and capacity of one man. Some, therefore,\\nesteemed it the effect of a divine interposition.\\nThere were those who said that the stars of Castor\\nand Pollux appeared on each side the helm of Ly-\\nsander s ship when he first set out against the\\nAthenians. Others thought that a stone, which,\\naccording to the common opinion, fell from hea-\\nven, was an omen of this overthrow. It is said\\nthat Anaxagoras had foretold that one of those\\nbodies which are fixed in the vault of heaven\\nwould one day be loosened by some shock or con-\\nvulsion of the whole machine, and fall to the\\nearth for he taught that the stars are not now\\nin the places where they were originally that,\\nbeing of a stony substance and heavy, the light\\nthey give is caused only by the reflection and re-\\nfraction of the surrounding ether and that they\\nare carried along and kept in their orbits by the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nrapid motion of the heavens, which from the be-\\nginning, when the cold, ponderous bodies were\\nseparated from the rest, hindered them from fall-\\ning.\\nBut there is another and more probable opinion\\nwhich holds that falling stars are not emanations\\nor detached parts of the elementary fire that go\\nout the moment they are kindled nor yet a quan-\\nity of air bursting out from some compression,\\nand taking fire in the upper region but that they\\nare really heavenly bodies, which, from some re-\\nlaxation of the rapidity of their motion, or by\\nsome irregular concussion, are loosened and fall,\\nnot so much upon the habitable part of the globe\\nas into the ocean, which is the reason that their\\nsubstance is seldom seen.\\nLysander compelled the Athenians to pull down\\nthe fortifications and the long wall of the Piraeus.\\nHe found a pretence to change the form of gov-\\nernment and set up the thirty tyrants. He paid\\ngreat compliments to the poets, and they in their\\nturn covered him with fulsome flattery. He got\\nto be extremely arrogant and cruel, and was\\nkilled in battle by the Haliartians, B.C. 394.\\nAmong the other honors paid to the memory of\\nLysander, that which I am going to mention is\\nnone of the least. Some persons who had con-\\ntracted themselves to his daughters in his life-\\ntime, when they found he died poor, fell off from\\ntheir engagements. The Spartans fined them for\\ncourting the alliance while they had riches in\\nview, and breaking off when they discovered the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 105\\npoverty, which was the best proof of Lysander s\\nprobity and justice. It seems, at Sparta, there\\nwas a law which punished not only those who\\ncontinued in a state of celibacy, or married too\\nlate, but those who married ill and it was lev-\\neled chiefly at persons who married into rich\\nrather than good families.\\nSYLLA (SULLA).\\nNote. Sylla (Roman). This Roman general, born\\nb.c. 138, was one of the most debased of men, as\\nhe is graphically pictured by Plutarch. He be-\\ncame consul in his forty-ninth year and was made\\ndictator of Rome b.c. 81. His frightful death oc-\\ncurred b.c 78, when he was sixty years old.\\nThere is very little that is creditable in the\\ncharacter of Lucius Cornelius Sylla. He gained\\nhis fame by his military achievements. He was\\nborn of poor parents. As to his figure, we have\\nthe whole of it in his statues, except his eyes. They\\nwere of a lively blue, fierce and menacing and the\\nferocity of his aspect was heightened by his com-\\nplexion, which was a strong red, interspersed with\\nspots of white. From his complexion, they tell\\nus, he had the name of Sylla and an Athenian\\ndroll drew the following jest from it: Sylla s\\na mulberry, strew d o er with meal. Nor is it\\nforeign to make these observations upon a man\\nwho in his youth, before he emerged from ob-\\nscurity, was such a lover of drollery that he spent\\nhis time with mimics and jesters, and went with\\nthem every length of riot. Nay, when in the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nheight of his power, he would collect the most\\nnoted players and buffoons every day, and, in a\\nmanner unsuitable to his age and dignity, drink\\nand join with them in licentious wit. while busi-\\nness of consequence lay neglected. Indeed, Sylla\\nwould never admit of anything serious at his\\ntable and though at other times a man of busi-\\nness, and rather grave and austere in his manner,\\nhe would change instantaneously, whenever he\\nhad company, and begin a carousal so that to\\nbuffoons and dancers he was the most affable man\\nin the world, the most easy of access, and they\\nmolded him just as they pleased.\\nHis passion for taking Athens was irresistibly\\nviolent whether it was that he wanted to fight\\nagainst that city s ancient renown, of which noth-\\ning but the shadow now remained or whether\\nhe could not bear the scoffs and taunts with which\\nAristion, in all the wantonness of ribaldry, in-\\nsulted him and Metellus from the walls.\\nThe composition of this tyrant s heart was in-\\nsolence and cruelty. He was the sink of all the\\nfollies and vices of Mithridates. Poor Athens,\\nwhich had got clear of innumerable wars, tyran-\\nnies, and seditions, perished at last by this mon-\\nster, as by a deadly disease. The people ate not\\nonly the herbs and roots that grew about the cit-\\nadel, but sodden leather and oil bags, while he\\nwas indulging himself in riotous feasts and danc-\\nings in the daytime, or mimicking and laughing\\nat the enemy. He let the sacred lamp of the god-\\ndess go out for want of oil and when the princi-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES I07\\npal priestess sent to ask him for half a measure of\\nbarley, he sent her that quantity of pepper.\\nAn internal abscess compelled him to give up\\nwar. This abscess corrupted his flesh, so that,\\nthough he had many persons employed both day\\nand night to clean him, his whole attire, his baths,\\nhis basins, and his food, were filled with a per-\\npetual flux of vermin and corruption and though\\nhe bathed many times a day, to cleanse and purify\\nhimself, it was in vain, and he died a terrible death.\\nPompey conveyed the body to Rome, and con-\\nducted the whole funeral, not only with security,\\nbut with honor. Such was the quantity of spices\\nbrought in by the women that exclusive of those\\ncarried in two hundred and ten great baskets, a\\nfigure of Sylla at full length, and of a lictor be-\\nsides, was made entirely of cinnamon and the\\nchoicest frankincense. The day happened to be\\nso cloudy, and the rain was so much expected,\\nthat it was about three in the afternoon before\\nthe corpse was carried out. However, it was no\\nsooner laid upon the pile than a brisk wind blew,\\nand raised so strong a flame that it was consumed\\nimmediately. But after the pile was burnt down,\\nand the fire began to die out, a great rain fell,\\nwhich lasted till night, so that Sylla s good for-\\ntune continued to the last, and assisted at his fu-\\nneral. His monument stands in the Campus\\nMartius and they tell us he wrote an epitaph for\\nhimself to this purport No friend ever did me\\nso much good, or enemy so much harm, but I re-\\npaid him with interest.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nCIMON.\\nNote. Cimon (Athenian). Cimon was born B.C. 519.\\nHis first memorable exploit was the capture of the\\nimportant town of Eion on the Strymon, 476 B.C.\\nTen years later, he gained a great victory over the\\nPersians. In b.c. 461, he was banished for ten\\nyears, but was recalled five years later. His\\ndeath at the siege of Citium took place B.C. 449.\\nCimon was the son of Miltiades and Hegesipyla.\\nHe was a person of no reputation, but censured as\\na disorderly and riotous young man. He was\\neven compared to his grandfather Cimon, who,\\nfor his stupidity, was called Coalemus, that is,\\nIdiot. He had no knowledge of music, or any\\nother accomplishment which was in vogue among\\nthe Greeks, and he had not the least spark of the\\nAttic wit or eloquence but there was a generos-\\nity and sincerity in his behavior which showed\\nthe composition of his soul to be rather of the\\nPeloponnesian kind. Like the Hercules of Euri-\\npides, he was\\nRough and unbred, but great on great occasions.\\nAfter several successful battles he had acquired\\na great fortune and what he had gained glo-\\nriously in the war from the enemy, he laid out\\nwith as much reputation upon his fellow-citizens.\\nHe ordered the fences of his fields and gardens to\\nbe thrown down, that strangers, as well as his\\nown countrymen, might freely partake of his\\nfruit. He had a supper provided at his house\\nevery day, in which the dishes were plain, but suf-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES IOQ\\nficient for a multitude of guests. Every poor cit-\\nizen repaired to it at pleasure, and had his diet\\nwithout care or trouble by which means he was\\nenabled to give proper attention to public affairs.\\nWhen he walked out he used to have a retinue\\nof young men, well clothed and if he happened\\nto meet an aged citizen in a mean dress, he or-\\ndered some one of them to change clothes with\\nhim. This was great and noble. But, besides\\nthis, the same attendants carried with them a\\nquantity of money, and when they met in the\\nmarket-place with any necessitous person of tol-\\nerable appearance, they took care to slip some\\npieces into his hand as privately as possible.\\nHe was killed at the siege of Citium, and his\\nremains were taken to Attica, where a monument\\nbears the name Cimonia.\\nLUCULLUS.\\nNote. Lucullus (Roman). Lucius Licinius Lucullus\\nwas born about B.C. 115. He was made consul b.c\\n74 and was engaged with varying fortunes in the\\nwar against Mithridates for eight years. The enor-\\nmous wealth which he brought from Asia enabled\\nhim to give magnificent feasts, build splendid gar-\\ndens, parks and fish-ponds, and to indulge his lux-\\nurious tastes to the full. He died about b.c 57.\\nThough he was but a stripling at the time of\\nthe Marsian war, there appeared many instances\\nof his courage and understanding but Sylla s at-\\ntachment to him was principally owing to his con-\\nstancy and mildness. Amongst other things, he", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "IIO PLUTARCH S LIVES\\ngave him the direction of the mint and it was\\nhe who coined most of Sylla s money in Pelopon-\\nnesus during the Mithridatic war. From him it\\nwas called Lucullia, and it continued to be chiefly\\nin use for the army for the goodness of it made\\nit pass with ease.\\nDuring the time that he was Quaestor in Asia\\nand Praetor in Africa, he rendered himself con-\\nspicuous by his justice and humanity. He was\\nmade consul, and had the conduct of the war\\nagainst Mithridates. He was fortunate both by\\nsea and land. He crossed the Euphrates and laid\\nsiege to Tigranocerta. The mixed multitude of\\nbarbarians in the city saw him, and in a menac-\\ning manner pointed to their king s armies before\\nthe walls.\\nLucullus, before the battle, held a council of\\nwar. Some advised him to quit the siege and\\nmeet Tigranes with all his forces others were of\\nopinion that he should continue the siege, and not\\nleave so many enemies behind him. He told them\\nthat neither separately gave good counsel, but\\nboth together did. He therefore divided his\\nforces, and left Murena before the place with six\\nthousand men while he, with the rest of the in-\\nfantry, consisting of twenty-four cohorts, which\\ncontained not more than ten thousand combat-\\nants, with all his cavalry, and about a thousand\\nslingers and archers, marched against Tigranes,\\nwhose army was computed at two hundred thou-\\nsand men. He encamped on a large plain with\\na river before him, where his army, appearing no", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES III\\nmore than a handful, afforded much matter of\\nmirth to the flatterers of the king. Some ridiculed\\nthe diminutive appearance others, by way of\\njest, cast lots for the spoil and there was not\\none of the generals and princes who did not come\\nand desire to be employed alone upon that ser-\\nvice, while Tigranes needed only to sit still and\\nlook on. The king, too, thinking he must show\\nhimself facetious on the occasion, made use of\\nthat celebrated expression, That if they came as\\nambassadors, there were too many of them if as\\nsoldiers, too few. Thus they passed the first day\\nin raillery. Next morning, at break of day, Lu-\\ncullus drew out his army. The camp of the bar-\\nbarians was on the east side of the river but the\\nriver, where it is most fordable, makes a bend to\\nthe west. As Lucullus marched hastily down to\\nthat quarter, Tigranes thought he was retreating.\\nUpon this, he called to Taxiles, and said with a\\nscornful smile, Seest thou not these invincible\\nRoman legions taking to flight? Taxiles an-\\nswered, I wish from my soul, my lord, that your\\ngood genius may work a miracle in your favor\\nbut these legions do not use their best accouter-\\nments in a mere march. They do not wear their\\npolished shields, nor take their bright helmets out\\nof their cases, as you see they have now done.\\nAll this splendid appearance indicates their inten-\\ntion to figbt, and to advance against their enemies\\nas fast as possible. While Taxiles was yet speak-\\ning, they saw the eagle of the foremost legion\\nmake a motion to the right, by order of Lucullus,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nand the cohorts proceed in good order to pass the\\nriver. Then Tigranes, with much difficulty,\\nawakened from his intoxication, and exclaimed\\ntwo or three times, Are these men coming\\nagainst us? After this, he drew out his forces\\nin a hasty and disorderly manner, taking himself\\nthe command of the main body, and giving the\\nleft wing to the king of the Adiabenians, and the\\nright to the king of the Medes. Before this right\\nwing were placed most of the cavalry that were\\narmed in steel.\\nAs Lucullus was going to pass the river, some\\nof his officers admonished him to beware of that\\nday, which had been inauspicious, or, as they\\ncalled it, a black one to the Romans for on that\\nday Csepio s army was defeated by the Cimbri.\\nLucullus returned that memorable answer, I will\\nmake this day, too, an auspicious one for Rorne.\\nIt was the 6th of October. Having thus spoken,\\nand withal exhorted his men to exert themselves,\\nhe advanced at the head of them against the\\nenemy. He was armed with a breastplate of\\nsteel, formed in scales, which cast a surprising\\nlustre and the robe he wore over it was adorned\\nwith fringe. He drew his sword immediately, to\\nshow his troops the necessity of coming hand\\nto hand with an enemy who were accustomed to\\nfight at a distance, and by the vigor of their\\ncharge not to leave the enemy room to exercise\\ntheir missive weapons. Observing that the ene-\\nmy s heavy-armed cavalry, upon which they had\\ntheir chief dependence, was covered by a hill that", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 113\\nwas plain and even at the top, and which, with an\\nextent of only four furlongs, was not very difficult\\nto ascend, he dispatched hisThracian and Gaulish\\nhorse with orders to take them on the flank, and to\\nstrike at nothing but the shafts of their pikes.\\nTheir whole strength, indeed, consists in the pike,\\nand they have no other weapon, either offensive\\nor defensive, that they can use, by reason of their\\nheavy and unwieldy armor in which they are, as\\nit were, immured.\\nMeanwhile he began to climb the hill with two\\ncompanies of infantry, and the soldiers followed\\nhim with great readiness, when they saw him, en-\\ncumbered as he was with his armor, the first to\\nlabor on foot up the ascent. When he had reached\\nthe summit, he stood on the most conspicuous part\\nof it, and cried out, The victory is ours, my fel-\\nlow-soldiers, the victory is ours! At the same\\ntime, he advanced against the heavy-armed cav-\\nalry, and ordered his men not to make any use of\\ntheir javelins, but to come to close action, and to\\naim their blows at their enemies legs and thighs,\\nin which parts alone they were not armed. There\\nwas no need, however, to put this in execution\\nfor, instead of standing to receive the Romans,\\nthe enemy set up a cry of fear, and most despic-\\na bly fled, without striking a blow. In their flight\\nthey and their horses, heavy with armor, ran back\\nupon their own infantry, and put them in confu-\\nsion insomuch that all those myriads were routed\\nwithout standing to receive one wound, or spill-\\ning one drop of blood. Multitudes, however, were\\n8", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nslain in their flight, or rather in their attempt to\\nfly, their ranks being so thick and deep that they\\nentangled and impeded each other.\\nTigranes rode off, one of the first, with a few\\nattendants and seeing his son taking his share\\nin his misfortune, he took the diadem from his\\nhead, gave it him, with tears, and desired him to\\nsave himself in the best manner he could by tak-\\ning some other road. The young prince did not\\nventure to wear it, but put it in the hands of one\\nof his most faithful servants, who happened after-\\nwards to be taken and brought to Lucullus by\\nthis means the royal diadem of Tigranes added to\\nthe honors of the spoil. It is said that of the foot\\nthere fell above a hundred thousand, and of the\\nhorse very few escaped whereas the Romans had\\nbut five killed, and a hundred wounded. Anti-\\nochus, the philosopher, in his Treatise concerning\\nthe Gods, speaking of this action, says the sun\\nnever beheld such another. Strabo, another phil-\\nosopher, in his Historical Commentaries, informs\\nus that the Romans were ashamed, and ridiculed\\neach other for having employed weapons against\\nsuch vile slaves. And Livy tells us, the Romans,\\nwith, such inferior numbers, never engaged such\\na multitude as this. The victors did not, indeed,\\nmake up the twentieth part of the vanquished.\\nThe most able and experienced commanders\\namong the Romans paid the highest compliments\\nto the generalship of Lucullus, principally be-\\ncause he had defeated two of the greatest and\\nmost powerful kings in the world by methods en-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES IT5\\ntirely different; the one by an expeditious, and\\nthe other by a slow process.\\nLucullus was a sumptuous liver, as the follow-\\ning particulars show. Crassus and Pompey ridi-\\nculed Lucullus for giving way to a life of pleas-\\nure and expense, thinking it full as unseasonable\\nat his time of life to plunge into luxury, as to di-\\nrect the administration or lead armies into the\\nfield. Among his frivolous amusements I cannot\\nbut reckon his sumptuous villas, walks, and baths,\\nand still more, the paintings, statues, and other\\nworks of art, which he collected at an immense\\nexpense, idly squandering away upon them the\\nvast fortune which he had amassed in the wars\\ninsomuch, that even now, when luxury has made\\nso much greater advances, the gardens of Lucul-\\nlus are numbered with those of kings, and the\\nmost magnificent even of those. When Tubera,\\nthe Stoic, beheld his works on the sea-coast near\\nNaples, the hills he had excavated for vaults and\\ncellars, the reservoirs he had formed about his\\nhouses to receive the sea for the feeding of his fish,\\nand his edifices in the sea itself, the philosopher\\ncalled him Xerxes in a gown. Besides these, he\\nhad the most superb pleasure-houses in the coun-\\ntry near Tusculum, adorned with grand galleries\\nand open saloons, as well for the prospect as for\\nwalks. Pompey, on a visit there, blamed Lucul-\\nlus for having made the villa commodious only for\\nthe summer, and absolutely uninhabitable in the\\nwinter. Lucullus answered with a smile, What,\\nthen, do you think I have not so much sense as", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "n6 Plutarch s lives\\nthe cranes and storks, which change their habita-\\ntions with the seasons\\nA praetor, who wanted to exhibit magnificent\\ngames, applied to Lucullus for some purple robes\\nfor the chorus in his tragedy and he told him he\\nwould inquire whether he could furnish him or\\nnot. Next day he asked him how many he wanted\\nThe praetor answered, A hundred would be suffi-\\ncient; upon which Lucullus said, He might\\nhave twice that number if he pleased. The poet\\nHorace makes this remark on the occasion\\n11 Poor is the house where plenty has not stores\\nThat miss the master s eye M\\nHis daily repasts were like those of a man sud-\\ndenly grown rich pompous not only in the beds,\\nwhich were covered with purple carpets, the side-\\nboards of plate set with precious stones, and all\\nthe entertainment which musicians and comedians\\ncould furnish but in the vast variety and exquis-\\nite dressing of the provisions. These things ex-\\ncited the admiration of men of unenlarged minds.\\nPompey, therefore, was highly applauded for the\\nanswer he gave his physician in a fit of sickness.\\nThe physician had ordered him to eat a thrush,\\nand his servants told him, That, as it was sum-\\nmer, there were no thrushes to be found, except\\nin the aviaries of Lucullus. But he would\\nnot suffer them to apply for them there, and said\\nto his physician, Must Pompey then have died,\\nif Lucullus had not been an epicure?\\nThe great expense he incurred in collecting", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 117\\nbooks deserves approbation. The number of vol-\\numes was great, and they were written in elegant\\nhands yet the use he made of them was more\\nhonorable than the acquisition. His libraries\\nwere open to all. The Greeks repaired at pleas-\\nure to the galleries and porticos, as to the retreat\\nof the Muses, and there spent whole days in con-\\nversation on matters of learning\u00e2\u0080\u0094 delighted to re-\\ntire to such a scene from business and from care.\\nLucullus himself often joined these learned men\\nin their walks, and conferred with them, and\\nwhen he was applied to about the affairs of their\\ncountry he gave them his assistance and advice\\nso that his house was in fact an asylum and sen-\\nate house to all the Greeks who visited Rome.\\nLucullus bestowed the time which was not em-\\nployed in war on the promotion of law and justice.\\nThese had long lost their influence in Asia, which\\nwas then overwhelmed with unspeakable misfor-\\ntunes. It was desolated and enslaved by the far-\\nmers of the revenue, and by usurers. The poor\\ninhabitants were forced to sell the most beautiful\\nof their sons and daughters, the ornaments and\\nofferings in their temples, their paintings, and the\\nstatues of their gods. The last resource was to\\nserve their creditors as slaves. Their sufferings\\nprior to this were more cruel and insupportable\\nprisons, racks, tortures, exposures to the burning\\nsun in summer, and in winter to the extremity of\\ncold, amidst ice or mire insomuch that servitude\\nseemed a happy deliverance. Lucullus, finding\\nthe cities in such dreadful distress, soon rescued", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "n8 plutarch s lives\\nthe oppressed from all their burdens. In the first\\nplace, he ordered the creditors not to take above\\none per centum for a month s interest; in the\\nnext place, he abolished all interest that exceeded\\nthe principal the third and most important regu-\\nlation was, that the creditor should not take above\\na fourth part of the debtor s income and if any\\none took interest upon interest, he was to lose all.\\nBy these means, in less than four years, all the\\ndebts were paid, and the estates restored free to\\nthe proprietors. Lucullus died in the fifty-eighth\\nyear of his age, greatly regretted by the people.\\nNICIAS.\\nNote. Nicias (Athenian). Caution was the leading\\ncharacteristic of this general, who played a promi-\\nnent part in the Peloponnesian war. Renegotiated\\nthe Peace of Nicias, 421 B.C., by which the Atheni-\\nans and Spartans agreed to a truce for fifteen\\nyears. In many respects this brave general was\\nthe special target of misfortune.\\nThis Athenian general was celebrated for his\\nvalor and for his misfortunes. He took Cythera,\\nan island well situated for ann oying Laconia, and\\nat that time inhabited by Lacedaemonians. He\\nrecovered many places in Thrace, which had re-\\nvolted from the Athenians. He shut up the Me-\\ngarensians within their walls, and reduced the\\nisland of Minoa. From thence he made an excur-\\nsion soon after, and got possession of the port of\\nNisaea. He likewise made a descent upon the\\nterritories of Corinth, beat the troops of that", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 119\\nstate in a pitched battle, and killed great num-\\nbers of them Lycophron, their general, being\\namong the slain.\\nHe happened to leave there the bodies of two of\\nhis men, who were missed in carrying off the dead.\\nBut as soon as he knew it he stopped his course,\\nand sent a herald to the enemy to ask leave to\\ntake away those bodies. This he did, though\\nthere was a law and custom existing by which\\nthose who desire a treaty for carrying off the dead\\ngive up the victory, and are not at liberty to erect\\na trophy. And indeed, those who are so far mas-\\nters of the field that the enemy cannot bury their\\ndead without permission, appear to be conquerors,\\nbecause no man would ask as a favor that which\\nhe could command. Nicias, however, chose rath-\\ner to lose his laurels than to leave two of his\\ncountrymen unburied.\\nOne of the failings of Nicias was laziness, as we\\nmay read in Aristophanes comedy of The\\nBirds, where he says, By heaven this is no time\\nfor us to slumber, or to imitate the lazy operations\\nof Nicias.\\nAt the siege of Syracuse Lucullus was in chief\\ncommand, and that place would have surrendered\\nto him had not the sudden appearance of Gylip-\\npus, the Corinthian, an ally of the Sicilians, given\\nthem courage at the critical moment. Gylippus\\nproposed terms of peace, but the Athenians re-\\nfused them and after some battles, in which Ni-\\ncias was defeated, Demosthenes was sent with\\na powerful fleet to assist him. Over-eagerness,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhowever, was the cause of the defeat of Demos-\\nthenes. This was a severe blow to Nicias, though\\nit was what he expected and he inveighed against\\nthe rash proceedings of Demosthenes. That gen-\\neral defended himself as well as he could, but at\\nthe same time gave it as his opinion that they\\nshould embark and return home as fast as pos-\\nsible. We cannot hope, said he, either for\\nanother army, or to conquer with the forces we\\nhave. Nay, supposing we had the advantage, we\\nought to relinquish a situation which is well known\\nat all times to be unhealthy for the troops, and\\nwhich now we find still more fatal from the season\\nof the year.\\nDemosthenes urged the matter no further, be-\\ncause his former counsels had proved unfortu-\\nnate. But as fresh forces came to the assistance\\nof the Syracusans, and the sickness prevailed\\nmore and more in the Athenian camp, Nicias or-\\ndered the troops to be ready to embark. Every-\\nthing was accordingly prepared for embarkation,\\nbut in the night there happened an eclipse of the\\nmoon, in which Nicias and all the rest of his war-\\nriors were struck with a great panic, looking upon\\nthe phenomenon as a bad omen. It was a great\\nunhappiness to Nicias that he had not then with\\nhim an able diviner. Stilbides, whom he em-\\nployed on such occasions, and who used to lessen\\nthe influence of his superstition, died a little be-\\nfore. Supposing the eclipse a portent, it could\\nnot, as Philochorus observes, be inauspicious to\\nthose who wanted to fly, but, on the contrary,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 121\\nvery favorable. For whatever is transacted with\\nfear seeks the shades of darkness light is the\\nworst enemy. Besides, on other occasions, as\\nAuticlides remarks in his Commentaries, there\\nwere only three days that people refrained from\\nbusiness after an eclipse of either sun or moon\\nwhereas Nicias wanted to stay another entire revo-\\nlution of the moon, as if he could not see her as\\nbright as ever the moment she passed the shadow\\ncaused by the interposition of the earth.\\nBut while he was waiting for more favorable\\nprognostications the Syracusans surrounded him\\nand attacked him by sea and land, and utterly de-\\nfeated him. Demosthenes was taken prisoner,\\nand the troops he had the conduct of were sur-\\nrounded. Upon hearing this Nicias begged to\\ntreat with Gylippus, and offered hostages for pay-\\ning the Syracusans the whole charge of the war,\\non condition they would suffer the Athenians to\\nquit Sicily. The Syracusans rejected the pro-\\nposal with every mark of insolence and outrage,\\nand fell again upon the wretched man, who was\\nin want of all manner of necessaries. He de-\\nfended himself, however, all that night and con-\\ntinued his march the next day to the river Asi-\\nnaarus. The enemy galled his troops all the way,\\nand when they came to the banks of the river\\npushed them in. Nay, some of them, impatient to\\nquench their burning thirst, voluntarily plunged\\ninto the stream. Then followed a most cruel\\nscene of blood and slaughter, the poor wretches\\nbeing massacred as they were drinking. At last", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nNicias threw himself at the feet of Gylippus, and\\nsaid, Gylippus, you should show some compas-\\nsion amidst your victory. I ask nothing for my-\\nself. What is life to a man whose misfortunes\\nare even proverbial? But with respect to the\\nother Athenians, methinks you should remember\\nthat the chance of war is uncertain, and with\\nwhat humanity and moderation they treated you\\nwhen they were victorious.\\nGylippus was somewhat affected both at the\\nsight of Nicias and at his speech. He knew the\\ngood offices he had done the Lacedaemonians at\\nthe last treaty of peace, and he was sensible it\\nwould contribute greatly to his honor if he could\\ntake two of the enemy s generals prisoners. There-\\nfore, raising Nicias from the ground, he bade him\\ntake courage, and gave orders that the other Athe-\\nnians should have quarter. But as the order was\\nslowly communicated, the number of those that\\nwere saved were greatly inferior to that of the\\nslain, though the soldiers spared several unknown\\nto their officers.\\nThe Athenians did not at first give credit to the\\nnews of this misfortune, the person who bore it\\nnot appearing to deserve their notice. It seems,\\na stranger who landed in the Piraeus, as he sat to\\nbe shaved in a barber s shop, spoke of it as of an\\nevent already known to the Athenians. The bar-\\nber no sooner heard it than he ran into the city,\\nand informed the magistrates of the news in open\\ncourt. Trouble and dismay seized all that heard\\nit. The magistrates immediately summoned an", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 1 23\\nassembly, and introduced the informant. There\\nhe was interrogated of whom he had the intelli-\\ngence and as he could give no clear and perti-\\nnent answer, he was considered as a forger of false\\nnews and a public incendiary. In this light he\\nwas fastened to the wheel, where he bore the tor-\\nture for some time, till at length some credible\\npersons arrived, who gave a distinct account of\\nthe whole disaster.\\nNicias, and his general Demosthenes, were put\\nto death by the Syracusans b.c. 413.\\nMARCUS CRASSUS.\\nNote. Marcus Crassus (Roman). This immensely\\nrich consul and triumvir defeated the insurgent\\ngladiators, b.c. 71. He and Pompey were personal\\nenemies, but Caesar brought about a reconcilia-\\ntion, b.c. 60, when the first triumvir was formed.\\nThe legend is that after Crassus was slain in battle,\\nOrodes, king of Parthia, had melted gold poured\\ninto the dead man s mouth, with the taunt Sate\\nthyself now with that metal of which in life thou\\nwert so greedy.\\nCrassus had but one vice, which cast a shade\\nupon his many virtues, namely, avarice. He\\nmade money in many ways. He had observed how\\nliable the city was to fires, and how frequently\\nhouses fell down owing to the weight of the build-\\nings, and their standing so close together. In\\nconsequence of this he provided himself with slaves\\nwho were carpenters and masons, and went on\\ncollecting them till he had upwards of five hun-\\ndred. Then he made it his business to buy", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 Plutarch s lives\\nhouses that were on fire, and others that joined\\nthem, and he commonly had them at a low price\\nby reason of the fear and distress the owners were\\nin about the fire. Hence in time he became mas-\\nter of great part of Rome. But though he had so\\nmany workmen, he built no more for himself than\\none house in which he lived for he used to say,\\nThat those who love building will soon ruin\\nthemselves, and need no other enemies.\\nThough he had several silver mines and lands\\nof great value, the revenue he drew from them\\nwas nothing in comparison with that produced by\\nhis slaves such a number had he of them, and all\\nuseful in life,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 readers, amanuenses, bookkeep-\\ners, stewards, and cooks. He used to attend to\\ntheir education, and often gave them lessons him-\\nself esteeming it a principal part of the business\\nof a master to inspect and take care of his ser-\\nvants, whom he considered as the living instru-\\nments of economy. In this he was certainly right,\\nif he thought, as he often said, that other matters\\nshould be managed by servants, but the servants\\nby the master. He was wrong, however, in say-\\ning that no man ought to be esteemed rich who\\ncould not with his own revenue maintain an army\\nfor, as Archidamus observes, it never can be cal-\\nculated what such a monster as war will devour.\\nCrassus behaved in a generous manner to stran-\\ngers his house was always open to them and he\\nused to lend money to his friends without interest.\\nNevertheless, his rigor in demanding his money\\nthe very day it was due often made his apparent", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES I25\\nfavor a greater inconvenience than the paying of\\ninterest would have been. As to his invitations,\\nthey were most of them to the commonalty; and\\nthough there was a simplicity in the provision,\\nyet at the same time there was a neatness and un-\\nceremonious welcome, which made it more agree-\\nable than more expensive tables.\\nAs to his studies, he cultivated oratory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 most\\nparticularly that of the bar, which had its superior\\nutility. And though he might, upon the whole,\\nbe reckoned equal to the first-rate speakers, yet\\nby his care and application he exceeded those\\nwhom nature had favored more for there was\\nnot a cause, however unimportant, to which he\\ndid not come prepared. Besides, when Pompey\\nand Caesar and Cicero refused to speak, he often\\nrose and finished the argument in favor of the\\ndefendant. This attention of his to assist any\\nunfortunate .citizen made him very popular, and\\nhis obliging manner in his common address had\\nan equal charm. There was not a Roman, how-\\never mean and insignificant, whom he did not\\nsalute, or whose salutation he did not return by\\nname.\\nRome was at this time divided into three par-\\nties, at the head of which were Pompey, Caesar,\\nand Crassus for as to Cato, his reputation was\\ngreater than his power, and his virtue more ad-\\nmired than followed. The prudent and steady\\npart of the city were for Pompey the violent and\\nthe enterprising gave in to the prospects of Caesar\\nCrassus steered a middle course, and availed him-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 Plutarch s lives\\nself of both. Crassus, indeed, often changed\\nsides, and neither was a firm friend nor an im-\\nplacable enemy. On the contrary, he frequently\\ngave up either his attachments or resentments in-\\ndifferently when his interest required it inso-\\nmuch that in a short space of time he would ap-\\npear either in support or opposition to the same\\npersons and laws.\\nAs a soldier, Crassus was at first successful but\\nhe was betrayed into the hands of Surena, a gen-\\neral of the forces of Orodes, King of Parthia, and\\nwas put to death b.c. 53. A poet of the period\\nsays that he was\\n44 In all trades skilled except the trade of war.\\nSERTORIUS.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sertorius (Roman). This distinguished Ro-\\nman general was made quaestor, b.c. 91. He com-\\nmanded the Cinnae at the siege of Rome, b.c 87.\\nHis despotic acts weakened his influence and\\npopularity and brought about his assassination as\\nnarrated by Plutarch.\\nQuintus Sertorius was of a respectable family\\nin the town of Nursia and country of the Sabines.\\nHaving lost his father when a child, he had a lib-\\neral education given him by his mother, Rhea,\\nwhom on that account he always loved with the\\ngreatest tenderness. He was sufficiently qualified\\nto speak in a court of justice, and by his abilities\\nthat way gained some interest in Rome itself when\\nbut a youth. But his greater talents for the camp,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 12?\\nand his success as a soldier, turned his ambition\\ninto that channel.\\nHe made his first campaign under Caepio, when\\nthe Cimbri and Teutones broke into Gaul. The\\nRomans fought a battle, in which their behavior\\nwas but indifferent, and they were put to the rout.\\nOn this occasion Sertorius lost his horse, and re-\\nceived many wounds himself, yet he swam the\\nriver Rhone, armed as he was with his breastplate\\nand shield, in spite of the violence of the torrent,\\nsuch was his strength of body, and so much had\\nhe improved that strength by exercise. The same\\nenemy came on a second time, in such prodi-\\ngious numbers and with dreadful menaces that it\\nwas difficult to prevail with a Roman to keep his\\npost, or to obey his general. Marius had then the\\ncommand, and Sertorius offered his service to go\\nas a spy, and bring him an account of the enemy.\\nFor this purpose he took a Gaulish habit, and hav-\\ning learned as much of the language as might\\nsuffice for common address, he mingled with the\\nbarbarians. When he had seen and heard enough\\nto let him into the measures they were taking, he\\nreturned to Marius, who honored him with the\\nestablished rewards of valor; and during that\\nwhole war he gave such proofs of his courage and\\ncapacity as raised him to distinction, and perfectly\\ngained him the confidence of his general.\\nThe Characitani are seated beyond the river\\nTagus. They have neither cities nor villages, but\\ndwell upon a large and lofty hill, in dens and cav-\\nerns of the rocks, the mouths of which are all to", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthe north. The soil of all the country about it is\\na clay so very light and crumbly that it yields to\\nthe pressure of the foot, is reduced to powder with\\nthe least touch, and flies about like ashes or un-\\nslaked lime. The barbarians, whenever they are\\napprehensive of an attack, retire to these caves\\nwith their booty, and look upon themselves as in\\na place perfectly impregnable.\\nIt happened thatSertorius, retiring to some dis-\\ntance from Metellus, encamped under this hill\\nand the savage inhabitants, imagining he retired\\nonly because he was beaten, offered him several\\ninsults. Sertorius, either provoked at such treat-\\nment, or willing to show them he was not flying\\nfrom any enemy, mounted his horse the next day,\\nand went to reconnoiter the place. As he could\\nsee no part in which it was accessible, he almost\\ndespaired of taking it, and could only vent his\\nanger in vain menaces. At last he observed that\\nthe wind blew the dust in great quantities toward\\nthe mouths of the caves, which, as I said before,\\nare all to the north. The north wind, which some\\ncall c\u00c2\u00a3ecias, prevails most in those parts, and as\\nit was then the height of summer, it was remark-\\nably strong. Sertorius, reflecting upon what he\\nsaw, and being informed by the neighboring\\nSpaniards that these were the usual appearances,\\nordered his soldiers to collect vast quantities of\\nthat dry and crumbly earth, so as to raise a\\nmound of it over against the hill. The barba-\\nrians, imagining he intended to storm their strong-\\nholds from that mound, laughed at his proceed-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 1 29\\nings. The soldiers went on with their work till\\nnight, and then he led them back into the camp.\\nNext morning, at break of day, a gentle breeze\\nsprang up, which moved the lightest part of the\\nheap, and dispersed it like smoke and as the sun\\ngot up higher, the caecias blew again, and by\\nits violence covered all the hill with dust. Mean-\\ntime the soldiers stirred up the heap from the\\nvery bottom, and crumbled all the clay and some\\ngalloped up and down to raise the light earth,\\nand thicken the clouds of dust in the wind, which\\ncarried them into the dwellings of the Characi-\\ntani, their entrances directly facing it. As they\\nwere caves, and of course had no other opening,\\nthe eyes of the inhabitants were soon filled, and\\nthey could scarce breathe for the suffocating dust\\nwhich they drew in with the air. In these wretched\\ncircumstances they held out two days, though\\nwith great difficulty, and the third day surren-\\ndered themselves to Sertorius at discretion, who,\\nby reducing them, did not gain such an accession\\nof strength as of honor for an honor it was to\\nsubdue those by stratagem whom his arms could\\nnot reach.\\nAfter a time, one of his officers became jealous\\nof his general s fame, and formed a conspiracy to\\nkill him at an entertainment. The entertainments\\nat which Sertorius was present had been always\\nattended with great order and decorum for he\\ncould not bear either to see or hear the least in-\\ndecency, and he had ever accustomed the guests\\nto divert themselves in an innocent and irre-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "130 Plutarch s lives\\nproachable manner. But in the midst of the en-\\ntertainment the conspirators began to seek oc-\\ncasion to quarrel, introduced the most dissolute\\ndiscourse, and pretending drunkenness as the\\ncause of their ribaldry. All this was done to pro-\\nvoke him. However, either vexed at their ob-\\nscenities and discourses, or guessing at their de-\\nsign, he changed his posture, and threw himself\\nback upon his couch, as though he neither heard\\nnor regarded them. Then Perpenna took a cup\\nof wine, and as he was drinking purposely let it\\nfall out of his hands. The noise it made being\\nthe signal for them to fall on, Antony, who sat\\nnext to Sertorius, gave him a stroke with his\\nsword. Sertorius turned, and strove to get up;\\nbut Antony, throwing himself upon his breast,\\nheld both his hands so that, not being able in\\nthe least to defend himself, the other conspirators\\ndispatched him with many wounds.\\nThis happened b.c. 72.\\nEUMENES.\\nNote. Eumenes (Greek). Eumenes was accounted\\nthe most worthy of all the officers of Alexander\\nthe Great to succeed him after his death. His\\ncareer is fully told in the sketch. He was born\\n360 B.C.\\nThis Grecian general was the son of a poor\\nwagoner, but he was well educated, and practiced\\nthe exercises in vogue at those times. While he\\nwas but a lad, Philip, who happened to be in\\nCardia, went to see how the young men acquitted", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 131\\nthemselves at the boxing and wrestling. Eu-\\nmenes got on so well, and showed so much ac-\\ntivity, that Philip was pleased with him and took\\nhim into his train. After Philip s death he main-\\ntained the reputation of being equal to any of Al-\\nexander s officers. His hand-to-hand fight with\\nNeoptolemus made him famous. A most violent\\nhatred had long subsisted between them, and this\\nday added stings to it. They rushed forward im-\\npetuously with swords drawn, and loud shouts.\\nThe shock their horses met with was so violent\\nthat it resembled that of two galleys. The fierce\\nantagonists quitted the bridles, and laid hold on\\neach other, each endeavoring to tear off the hel-\\nmet or the breastplate of his enemy. While their\\nhands were thus engaged their horses went from\\nunder them, and as they fell to the ground, with-\\nout quitting their hold, they wrestled for the ad-\\nvantage. Neoptolemus was beginning to rise\\nfirst, when Eumenes wounded him in the ham,\\nand by that means got upon his feet before him.\\nNeoptolemus being wounded in one knee sup-\\nported himself upon the other, and fought with\\ngreat courage underneath, but was not able to\\ngive his adversary a mortal blow. At last, re-\\nceiving a wound in the neck, he grew faint, and\\nstretched himself upon the ground. Eumenes,\\nwith all the eagerness of inveterate hatred, hast-\\nening to strip him of his arms, and loading him\\nwith reproaches, did not observe that his sword\\nwas still in his hand so that Neoptolemus\\nwounded him under the cuirass where it touches", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nupon the groin. However, as the stroke was but\\nfeeble, the apprehensions it gave him were greater\\nthan the real hurt.\\nOn one occasion when there was a conspiracy\\nto kill him he pretended that he was in want of\\nmoney, and borrowed large sums of those that\\nhated him most, in order that they might give\\nup their designs upon his life out of regard to the\\nmoney lent him. Thus he found guards for him-\\nself in the opulence of others and though men in\\ngeneral seek to save their lives by giving, he pro-\\nvided for his safety by borrowing.\\nIt was agreed to make use of him in the ensu-\\ning battle, and to assassinate him immediately\\nafter. But Eudamus, master of the elephants,\\nand Phaedimus, privately informed Eumenes of\\nthe resolutions, not out of any kindness or benev-\\nolent regard, but because they were afraid of los-\\ning the money they had lent him He commended\\nthem for the honor with which they behaved, and\\nretired to his tent. There he told his friends,\\n44 That he lived among a herd of savage beasts,\\nand immediately made his will. After which he\\ndestroyed all his papers, lest, after his death,\\ncharges and impeachments should arise against\\nthe persons who wrote them, in consequence of\\nthe secrets discovered therein. Thus foiled, these\\nconspirators betrayed him into the hands of Anti-\\ngonus at Nora, in Cappadocia, and he was killed\\nb.c. 315.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 133\\nAGESILAUS.\\nNote. Agesilaus (Greek). The career of Agesilaus\\nwas a glorious one. He was past four-score, and\\nhad reigned more than forty years, as king of\\nLacedaemon, when returning from his campaign\\nin Egypt, he was wrecked off the coast of Libya\\nand perished b.c. 360.\\nArchidamus II., King of Sparta, left two sons,\\nAgis and Agesilaus, and as the crown by law was\\nto descend to Agis, Agesilaus only had the edu-\\ncation of a private citizen, which, though hard in\\nrespect of diet, and full of laborious exercises, was\\nwell calculated to teach obedience and submis-\\nsion to the laws. He was lame of one leg but\\nthat defect, during his youth, was covered by the\\nagreeable turn of the rest of his person, and his\\neasy and cheerful manner. He would not suffer\\nany portrait or statue of him to be made while he\\nlived, and at his death he utterly forbade it. We\\nare only told that he was a little man, and that he\\nhad not a commanding aspect. But a perpetual\\nvivacity and cheerfulness, attended with a talent\\nfor raillery, which was expressed without any se-\\nverity either of voice or look, made him more\\nagreeable, even in age, than the young and the\\nhandsome. Theophrastus tells us, the ephori\\nfined Archidamus for marrying a little woman.\\nShe will bring us, said they, a race of pigmies\\ninstead of kings.\\nAgis died young, and Agesilaus then gained the\\ndiadem, and was at the same time put in posses-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134 Plutarch s lives\\nsion of his brother s private estate. He was very\\nsuccessful as a soldier till sickness compelled his\\nretirement, and it is universally agreed that he\\nsaved Sparta by controlling his native passions of\\nobstinacy and ambition, and pursuing no measures\\nbut what were safe. He could not, indeed, restore\\nthe city to her former glory and power. The con-\\nstitution was admirably formed for peace, for vir-\\ntue, and harmony but when they wanted to add\\nto their dominions by force of arms, and to make\\nacquisitions which Lycurgus thought unnecessary\\nto their happiness, they split upon that rock he\\nhad warned them to avoid.\\nAgesilaus now declined the service on account\\nof his great age. He died in Africa at the age of\\neighty-four, of which he had reigned forty-one in\\nLacedaemon. During thirty years of that time he\\nmade the greatest figure, both as to reputation\\nand power, being looked upon as commander-in-\\nchief, and, as it were, king of Greece, till the bat-\\ntle of Leuctra.\\nIt was the custom of the Spartans to bury per-\\nsons of ordinary rank in the place where they\\nexpired, when they happened to die, as Agesilaus\\ndid, in a foreign country, but to carry the corpses\\nof the kings home and as the attendants of Age-\\nsilaus had not honey to preserve the body, they\\nembalmed it with melted wax, and so conveyed it\\nto Lacedaemon.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 135\\nPOMPEY.\\nNote. Pompey (Roman). Pompey was born 106 B.C.\\nA full account of his remarkable life and career is\\ngiven in the sketch which follows. His treacher-\\nous assassination in Egypt took place B.C. 48. His\\nhead was cut off and sent to Caesar, who shed\\ntears and turned away at the sight.\\nIn his youth Pompey had a very engaging coun-\\ntenance, which spoke for him before he opened\\nhis lips. Yet that grace of aspect was not unat-\\ntended with dignity, and amidst his youthful\\nbloom there was a venerable and princely air.\\nHis hair curled a little naturally in front, which,\\ntogether with the shining moisture and quick turn\\nof his eye, produced a strong likeness of Alexan-\\nder the Great.\\nHaving made considerable progress in the mili-\\ntary art, he pleased Sylla, but could not persuade\\nhim to grant him (Pompey) a triumph for his vic-\\ntories. Pompey resented this, and the people\\nsupported him. When Sylla heard that Pompey\\nhad revolted, he said to his friends, Then it is\\nmy fate to have to contend with boys in my old\\nage. When he observed that all the people\\nflocked out to receive Pompey, and to conduct\\nhim home with marks of great regard, he resolved\\nto exceed them in his regards if possible. He\\ntherefore hastened to meet him, and, embracing\\nhim in the most affectionate manner, saluted him\\naloud by the surname of Magnus, or The Great.\\nAt the same time he ordered all about him to", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\ngive him the same appellation. In. this respect\\nwe may justly admire the wisdom of the ancient\\nRomans, who bestowed on their great men such\\nhonorable names and titles, not only for military\\nachievements, but for the great qualities and arts\\nwhich adorn civil life.\\nYet when Crassus was elected consul they dis-\\nagreed in everything and were embroiled in all\\ntheir measures. Crassus had most interest with\\nthe senate, and Pompey with the people. The\\nmost agreeable spectacle to the people was Pom-\\npey himself, when he went to claim his exemption\\nfrom serving in the wars. It was the custom for\\na Roman knight, when he had served the time\\nordered by law, to lead his horse into the forum\\nbefore the two magistrates called censors, and,\\nafter having given account of the generals and\\nother officers under whom he had made his cam-\\npaigns, and of his own actions in them, to de-\\nmand his discharge, On these occasions they re-\\nceived proper marks of hon or or disgrace, according\\nto their behavior.\\nWhen the censors had taken their seats to re-\\nview the whole equestrian order, Pompey was\\nseen at a distance, with all the badges of his\\noffice as consul, leading his horse by the bridle.\\nAs soon as he was near enough to be observed by\\nthe censors he ordered his lictors to make an open-\\ning, and advanced with his horse in hand to the\\nfoot of the tribunal. The people were struck with\\nadmiration, and a profound silence ensued; at\\nthe same time, a joy, mingled with reverence,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 137\\nwas visible in the countenance of the censors.\\nThe senior censor then addressed him as follows\\nPompey the Great, I demand of you whether you\\nhave served all the campaigns required by law\\nHe answered with a loud voice, I have served\\nthem all, and all under myself as general. The\\npeople were so charmed with this answer that\\nthere seemed no end to their acclamations.\\nAbout this time the pirates had become very\\ntroublesome. The Romans being engaged in\\nxnvil wars at the very gates of their capital, the\\nsea was left unguarded. The pirates not only at-\\ntacked ships, but islands and maritime towns.\\nMany persons distinguished for their wealth, their\\nbirth, and their capacity, embarked with them,\\nand assisted in their depredations, as if their em-\\nployment had been worthy the ambition of men of\\nhonor. They had in various places arsenals, ports,\\nand watch-towers, all strongly fortified. Their\\nfleets were not only extremely well-manned, sup-\\nplied with skilful pilots, and fitted for their busi-\\nness by their lightness and celerity, but there was\\na parade of vanity about them more mortifying\\nthan their strength, in gilded sterns, purple can-\\nopies, and plated oars, as if they took a pride in\\ntheir villainy. Music resounded and drunken\\nrevels were exhibited on every coast. Here gen-\\nerals were made prisoners there the cities the\\npirates had taken were paying their ransom, all\\nto the great disgrace of the Roman power. The\\nnumber of their galleys amounted to a thousand,\\nand they were masters of four hundred cities.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nTheir power extended over the whole Tuscan\\nSea, so that the Romans found their trade and\\nnavigation entirely cut off; the consequence of\\nwhich was that their markets were not supplied,\\nand they had reason to apprehend a famine.\\nThis at last suggested their sending Pompey to\\nclear the sea of pirates. In pursuance of his\\ncharge he divided the whole Mediterranean into\\nthirteen parts, appointing a lieutenant for each,\\nand assigning him a squadron. By thus station-\\ning his fleets in all quarters, he inclosed the pi-\\nrates, as it were, in a net, took great numbers of\\nthem, and brought them into harbor. Such of\\ntheir vessels as had dispersed and made off in\\ntime, or could escape the general chase, retired to\\nCilicia, like so many bees into a hive. Against\\nthese he proposed to go himself with sixty of his\\nbest galleys but first he resolved to clear the\\nTuscan Sea, and the coasts of Africa, Sardinia,\\nCorsica, and Sicily, of all piratical adventurers,\\nwhich he effected in forty days.\\nAs soon as the people were informed of his re-\\nturn to Rome they went in crowds to receive him,\\nin the same manner as they had done a few days\\nbefore, to conduct him on his way. Their ex-\\ntraordinary joy was owing to the speed with\\nwhich he had executed his commission, so far be-\\nyond all expectation, and to the superabundant\\nplenty which reigned in the markets.\\nHe was passionately desirous to recover Syria,\\nand passing from thence through Arabia, to pene-\\ntrate to the Red Sea, that he might go on con-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 139\\nquering every way to the ocean which surrounds\\nthe world. In Africa he was the first whose con-\\nquests extended to the Great Sea; in Spain he\\nstretched the Roman dominions to the Atlantic\\nand in his late pursuit of the Albanians he wanted\\nbut little of reaching the Hyrcanian Sea. In\\norder, therefore, to take the Red Sea too into the\\ncircle of his wars, he began his march, the rather\\nbecause he saw it difficult to hunt out Mithridates\\nwith a regular force, and that he was much harder\\nto deal with in his flight than in battle. For this\\nreason he said, He would leave him a stronger\\nenemy than the Romans to cope with, which was\\nfamine. In pursuance of this intention he or-\\ndered a number of ships to cruise about and pre-\\nvent any vessels from entering the Bosphorus\\nwith provisions, and that death should be the\\npunishment for such as were taken in the attempt.\\nProceeding in the execution of his plan, he sub-\\ndued the Arabians about Mount Amanus by his\\nlieutenant Afranius, and descended himself into\\nSyria, which he converted into a Roman province,\\nbecause it had no lawful king. He reduced Judea,\\nand took its king Aristobulus prisoner. He\\nfounded some cities and set others free, punishing\\nthe tyrants who had enslaved them but most of\\nhis time was spent in administering justice, and\\nin deciding the disputes between cities and\\nprinces.\\nPompey having thus brought the campaign and\\nthe whole war to a conclusion so happy, and so\\nfar beyond his hopes, immediately quitted Arabia,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140 PLUTARCH 5 LIVES\\ntraversed the provinces between that and Galatia\\nwith great rapidity, and soon arrived at Amisus.\\nThere he found many presents from Pharnaces,\\nand several corpses of the royal family, among\\nwhich was that of Mithridates. The face of that\\nprince could not be easily known, because the\\nembalmers had not taken out the brain, and by\\nthe corruption of that the features were disfigured.\\nAs for Pompey, he would not see the body, but,\\nto propitiate the avenging deity, sent it to Sinope.\\nHowever, he looked upon and admired the mag-\\nnificence of his habit and the size and beauty of\\nhis weapons.\\nThe triumph was so great that, though it was\\ndivided into two days, the time was far from being\\nsufficient for displaying what was prepared to be\\ncarried in procession, there remained still enough\\nto adorn another triumph. At the head of the\\nshow appeared the titles of the conquered nations,\\nPontus, Armenia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia,\\nMedia, Colchis, the Iberians, the Albanians,\\nSyria, Cilicia, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Palestine,\\nJudea, and Arabia, and the pirates subdued both\\nby sea and land. In these countries it was men-\\ntioned that there were not less than a thousand\\ncastles and near nine hundred cities taken, eight\\nhundred galleys taken from the pirates, and thirty-\\nnine desolate cities repeopled. On the face of the\\ntablets it appeared besides, that whereas the\\nrevenues of the Roman Empire before these con-\\nquests amounted but to fifty millions of drachmas,\\nby the new acquisitions they were advanced to", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 141\\neighty-five millions and that Pompey had brought\\ninto the public treasury in money, and in gold and\\nsilver vessels, to the value of twenty thousand\\ntalents, besides what he had distributed among\\nthe soldiers, of whom he that received least had\\nfifteen hundred drachmas to his share. The cap-\\ntives who walked in the procession (not to men-\\ntion the chiefs of the pirates) were the son of\\nTigranes, King of Armenia, together with his\\nwife and daughter Zosima, the wife of Tigranes\\nhimself Aristobulus, King of Judea the sister\\nof Mithridates, with her five sons; and some\\nScythian women. The hostages of the Albanians\\nand Iberians, and of the King of Commagene, also\\nappeared in the train.\\nBut the most honorable circumstance, and what\\nno other Roman could boast, was that his first\\ntriumph was over Africa, his second over Europe,\\nand his third over Asia so that the three seemed\\nto declare him conqueror over the world.\\nIn the meantime the wars in Gaul lifted Caesar\\nto the first sphere of greatness. The scene of\\naction was at a great distance from Rome, and he\\nseemed to be wholly engaged with the Belgae,\\nthe Suevi, and the Britons but his genius all the\\nwhile was privately at w T ork among the people of\\nRome, and he was undermining Pompey in his\\nmost essential interests. The gold and silver and\\nother rich spoils which he took from the enemy in\\ngreat abundance he sent to Rome, and by dis-\\ntributing them freely among the aediles, praetors,\\nconsuls, and their wives, he gained a great party.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "142 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nConsequently, when he passed the Alps and\\nwintered at Lucca, among the crowd of men and\\nwomen who hastened to pay their respects to him\\nthere were two hundred senators, Pompey and\\nCrassus of the number. Caesar entered into a\\ntreaty with Crassus and Pompey, by which it was\\nagreed that they should apply for the consulship,\\nand that he should assist them by sending a great\\nnumber of his soldiers to vote at the election.\\nAs soon as they were chosen they were to share\\nthe provinces and take the command of armies\\naccording to their pleasure, only confirming Caesar\\nin the possession of what he had for five years\\nmore.\\nCrassus, upon the expiration of his consulship,\\nrepaired to his province. Pompey, remaining at\\nRome, opened his theater, and, to make the dedi-\\ncation more magnificent, exhibited a variety of\\ngymnastic games, entertainments of music, and\\nbattles with wild beasts, in which were killed five\\nhundred lions but the battle of elephants afforded\\nthe most astonishing spectacle.\\nPompey then went into the city and married\\nCornelia, the daughter of Metellus Scipio. She\\nwas a widow, having been married when very\\nyoung to Publius, the son of Crassus, who was\\nlately killed in the Parthian expedition. This\\nwoman had many charms beside her beauty. She\\nwas well versed in polite literature she played\\nupon the lyre, and understood geometry and she\\nhad made considerable improvements by the pre-\\ncepts of philosophy. What is more, she had noth-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 143\\ning of that petulance and affectation which such\\nstudies are apt to produce in women of her age.\\nBeing again elected consul, his first step was to\\nbring those to account who had gained offices and\\nemployments by bribery and corruption, and he\\nmade laws by which the proceedings in their trials\\nwere to be regulated. He behaved with great\\ndignity and honor, and restored security, order,\\nand tranquillity to the courts of judicature by pre-\\nsiding there in person with a band of soldiers.\\nBut when Scipio, his father-in-law, came to be\\nimpeached, he sent for the three hundred and\\nsixty judges to his house and desired their assist-\\nance. The accuser, seeing Scipio conducted out\\nof the forum to his house by the judges them-\\nselves, dropped the prosecution. This again ex-\\nposed Pompey to censure but he was censured\\nstill more when, after having made a law against\\nencomiums on persons accused, he broke it him-\\nself by appearing for Plancus, and attempting to\\nembellish his character. Cato, who happened to\\nbe one of the judges, stopped his ears, declaring,\\nIt was not right for him to hear such embellish-\\nments contrary to the law. Cato, therefore, was\\nobjected to and set aside before sentence was\\npassed. Plancus, however, was condemned by\\nthe other judges, to the great confusion of Pom-\\npey.\\nThe rupture between Caesar and Pompey was\\nnow complete, but the latter expressed no fear\\nand when the citizens said that if Caesar should\\nadvance on Rome in a hostile manner they did", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nnot see what forces they had to oppose him, Pom-\\npey, with a smile, bade them give themselves no\\nconcern, for, said he, If in Italy I do but stamp\\nupon the ground an army will appear.\\nCaesar, however, was exerting himself greatly\\nand the quarrel having come before the senate,\\nMarcellus, the consul, called Caesar a public rob-\\nber, and insisted that he should be declared an ene-\\nmy to the State if he did not lay down his arms.\\nHowever, Curio, together with Antony and Piso,\\nprevailed that a further inquiry should be made\\ninto the sense of the senate. He first proposed\\nthat such as were of opinion that Caesar should\\ndisband his army and Pompey keep his, should\\ndraw to one side of the house and there appeared\\na majority for that motion. Then he proposed\\nthat the number of those should be taken whose\\nsense it was that both should lay down their\\narms, and neither remain in command upon\\nwhich question Pompey had only twenty-two, and\\nCurio all the rest. Curio, proud of his victory,\\nran in transports of joy to the assembly of the\\npeople, who received him with the loudest plau-\\ndits, and crowned him with flowers. Pompey\\nwas not present at the debate in the house for the\\ncommander of an army is not allowed to enter the\\ncity. But Marcellus rose up and said, I will no\\nlonger sit to hear the matter canvassed but, as I\\nsee ten legions have already passed the Alps, I\\nwill send a man to oppose them in behalf of my\\ncountry.\\nAt the same time news was brought that Caesar", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 145\\nhad seized Ariminum, a considerable city in Italy,\\nand that he was marching directly toward Rome\\nwith all his forces. The last circumstance, in-\\ndeed, was not true. He advanced with only three\\nhundred horse and five thousand foot the rest of\\nhis forces were on the other side the Alps and he\\nwould not wait for them, choosing rather to put\\nhis adversaries in confusion by a sudden and un-\\nexpected attack, than to fight them when better\\nprepared. When he came to the river Rubicon,\\nwhich was the boundary of his province, he stood\\nsilent a long time, weighing with himself the\\ngreatness of his enterprise. At last, like one who\\nplunges down from the top of a precipice into a\\ngulf of immense depth, he silenced his reason,\\nand shut his eyes against the danger, and crying\\nout, The die is cast, v he marched over with his\\narmy.\\nUpon the first report of this at Rome the city\\nwas in greater disorder and astonishment than\\nhad ever been known. The senate and the magis-\\ntrates ran immediately to Pompey. Tullus asked\\nhim what forces he had ready for the war, and as\\nhe hesitated in his answer, and only said at last,\\nin a tone of no great assurance, That he had the\\ntwo legions lately sent him back by Caesar, and\\nthat out of the new levies he believed he should\\nshortly be able to make up a body of thirty thou-\\nsand men, Tullus exclaimed, O Pompey, you\\nhave deceived us and gave it as his opinion that\\nambassadors should immediately be dispatched\\nto Caesar. Then one Favonius, a man otherwise\\n10", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 plutarch s lives\\nof no ill character, but who, by an insolent brutal-\\nity, affected to imitate the noble freedom of Cato,\\nbade Pompey stamp upon the ground, and call\\nfor the armies he had promised.\\nCato then advised that Pompey should not only\\nbe appointed general, but invested with a discre-\\ntionary power, adding, That those who were the\\nauthors of great evils knew best how to cure\\nthem. Pompey, at last, as he could get no cer-\\ntain intelligence of Caesar s motions, caused an\\nedict to be issued declaring the commonwealth in\\ndanger and no peace to be expected. He told\\nthose who wished to remain in the city that he\\nshould consider them as partisans of Caesar, and\\nhe and the consuls all fled.\\nA few days after Caesar arrived at Rome.\\nWhen he was in possession of the city he behaved\\nwith great moderation, and composed in a good\\nmeasure the minds of its remaining inhabitants.\\nOnly when Metellus, one of the tribunes of the\\npeople, forbade him to touch the money in the\\npublic treasury, he threatened him with death,\\nadding an expression more terrible than the threat\\nitself, That it was easier for him to do it than\\nto say it. Metellus being thus frightened off,\\nCaesar took what sums he wanted, and then went\\nin pursuit of Pompey, hastening to drive him out\\nof Italy before his forces could arrive from Spain.\\nPompey, who was master of Brundusium, and\\nhad a sufficient number of transports, desired the\\nconsuls to embark without loss of time, and sent\\nthem before him with thirty cohorts to Dyrrha-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 147\\nchium. At the same time he sent his father-in-\\nlaw, Scipio, and his son, Cnaeus, into Syria to pro-\\nvide ships of war. He had well secured the gates\\nof the city, and planted the lightest of his slingers\\nand archers upon the walls and having now\\nordered the Brundusians to keep within doors, he\\ncaused a number of trenches to be cut, and sharp\\nstakes to be driven into them, and then covered\\nwith earth, in all the streets except two which led\\ndown to the sea. In three days all his other troops\\nwere embarked without interruption, and then he\\nsuddenly gave the signal to those who guarded\\nthe walls, in consequence of which they ran swiftly\\ndown to the harbor and got on board. Thus, hav-\\ning his whole complement, he set sail and crossed\\nthe sea to Dyrrhachium.\\nWhen Caesar came and saw the walls left desti-\\ntute of defense he concluded that Pompey had\\ntaken to flight, and in his eagerness to pursue\\nwould certainly have fallen upon the sharp stakes\\nin the trenches, had not the Brundusians informed\\nhim of them. He then avoided the streets and\\ntook a circuit round the town, by which he dis-\\ncovered that all the vessels were set out except two\\nthat had not many soldiers aboard.\\nThis manceuver of Pompey was commonly\\nreckoned among his greatest acts of generalship.\\nCaesar having thus made himself master of all\\nItaly in sixty days without the least bloodshed,\\nmarched to Spain with the intention of gaining\\nforces there. This he did, and incorporated the\\ntroops with his own.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nIn the meantime Pompey assembled a great\\narmy, and at sea he was altogether invincible for\\nhe had five hundred ships of war, and the number\\nof his lighter vessels was still greater. As for\\nhis land forces, he had seven thousand horse, the\\nflower of Rome and Italy, all men of family, for-\\ntune, and courage. His infantry, though numer-\\nous, was a mixture of raw undisciplined soldiers.\\nHe therefore exercised them during his stay at\\nBercea, where he was by no means idle, but went\\nthrough all the exercises of a soldier as if he had\\nbeen in the flower of his age. It inspired his\\ntroops with new courage when they saw Pompey\\nthe Great, at the age of fifty-eight, going through\\nthe whole military discipline in heavy armor on\\nfoot, and then mounting his horse, drawing his\\nsword with ease when at full speed, and as dex-\\nterously sheathing it again. As to the javelin, he\\nthrew it not only with great exactness, but with\\nsuch force that few of the young men could dart it\\nto a greater distance.\\nMany kings and princes repaired to his camp,\\nand the number of Roman officers who had com-\\nmanded armies was so great that it was sufficient\\nto make up a complete senate. Labienus. who\\nhad been honored with Caesar s friendship, and\\nserved under him in Gaul, now joined Pompey.\\nOn the other hand, Caesar was reduced to such\\nstraits both by sea and land that he was under the\\nnecessity of seeking a battle. Accordingly, he\\nattacked Pompey s intrenchments and bade him\\ndefiance daily. In most of these attacks and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 149\\nskirmishes he had the advantage, but one day he\\nwas in danger of losing his whole army. Pompey\\nfought with so much valor that he put Caesar s\\nwhole detachment to flight, after having killed\\ntwo thousand of them upon the spot, but was either\\nunable or afraid to pursue his blow and enter\\ntheir camp with them. Caesar said to his friends\\non the occasion, This day the victory had been\\nthe enemy s had their general known how to con-\\nquer.\\nPompey s troops, elated with this success, were\\nin great haste to come to a decisive battle. Nay,\\nPompey himself seemed to give in to their opin-\\nions by writing to the kings, the generals, and\\ncities in his interest in the style of a conqueror.\\nYet all this while he dreaded the issue of a general\\naction, believing it much better by length of time,\\nby famine and fatigue, to tire out men who had\\nbeen ever invincible in arms, and long accustomed\\nto conquer when they fought together. Besides,\\nhe knew the infirmities of age had made them un-\\nfit for the other operations of war, for long\\nmarches and countermarches, for digging trenches\\nand building forts, and that, therefore, they wished\\nfor nothing so much as a battle. Pompey, with\\nall these arguments, found it no easy matter to\\nkeep his army quiet.\\nCaesar was preparing to march to Scotusa when\\nhis scouts brought intelligence that they had seen\\narms handed about in the enemy s camp, and per-\\nceived a noise and bustle, which indicated an\\napproaching battle. After these others came and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nPLUTARCH S LIVES\\nassured him that the first ranks were drawn up.\\nUpon this Caesar said, The long-wished day is\\ncome on which we shall fight with men, and not\\nwith want and famine. Then he immediately\\nordered the red mantle to be put up before his\\npavilion, which, among the Romans, is the signal\\nof a battle. The soldiers no sooner beheld it than\\nthey left their tents as they were, and ran to arms\\nwith loud shouts and every expression of joy and\\nwhen the officers began to put them in order of\\nbattle, each man fell into his proper rank as quietly\\nand with as much skill and ease as a chorus in a\\ntragedy.\\nSome of the principal Romans and Greeks who\\nonly stood and looked on when the dreadful\\nmoment of action approached, could not help con-\\nsidering to what the avarice and ambition of two\\nmen had brought the Roman Empire. The same\\narms on both sides, the troops marshaled in the\\nsame manner, the same standards in short, the\\nstrength and flower of one and the same city turned\\nupon itself What could be a stronger proof of\\nthe blindness and infatuation of human nature\\nwhen carried away by its passions? Had they\\nbeen willing to enjoy the fruits of their labors in\\npeace and tranquillity, the greatest and best part\\nof the world was their own. Or, if they must have\\nindulged their thirst of victories and triumphs,\\nthe Parthians and Germans were yet to be sub-\\ndued, Scythia and India yet remained together\\nwith a very plausible color for the lust of new\\nacquisitions, the pretence of civilizing the barba-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 151\\nrians. And what Scythian horse, what Parthian\\narrows, what Indian treasures, could have resisted\\nseventy thousand Romans led on by Pompey and\\nCaesar, with whose names those nations had long\\nbeen acquainted?\\nThe plain of Pharsalia was now covered with\\nmen and horses and arms, and the signal of battle\\nbeing given on both sides, the first on Caesar s side\\nwho advanced to the charge was Caius Crastinus,\\nwho commanded a corps of a hundred and twenty\\nmen, and was determined to make good his prom-\\nise to his general. He was the first man Caesar\\nsaw when he went out of the trenches in the morn-\\ning, and upon Caesar s asking him what he thought\\nof the battle, he stretched out his hand and\\nanswered in a cheerful tone, You will gain a\\nglorious victory, and I shali have your praise this\\nday either alive or dead. In pursuance of this\\npromise he advanced the foremost, and many\\nfollowing to support him, he charged into the\\nmidst of the enemy. They soon took to their\\nswords, and numbers were slain but as Crastinus\\nwas making his way forward, and cutting down\\nall before him, one of Pompey s men stood to re-\\nceive him, and pushed his sword in at his mouth\\nwith such force that it went through the nape of\\nhis neck. Crastinus thus killed, the fight was\\nmaintained with equal advantage on both sides.\\nPompey did not immediately bring on his right\\nwing, but often directed his eyes to the left, and\\nlost time in waiting to see what execution his\\ncavalry would do there. Meanwhile, they had", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nextended their squadrons to surround Caesar, and\\nprepared to drive the few horse he had placed in\\nfront back upon the foot. At that instant Caesar\\ngave the signal, upon which his cavalry retreated\\na little, and six cohorts, which consisted of three\\nthousand men, and had been placed behind the\\ntenth legion, advanced to surround Pompey s\\ncavalry, and coming close up to them raised the\\npoints of their javelins as they had been taught,\\nand aimed them at the face. Their adversaries,\\nwho were not experienced in any kind of fighting,\\nand had not the least previous idea of this, could\\nnot parry or endure the blows upon their faces,\\nbut turned their backs or covered their eyes with\\ntheir hands, and soon fled with great dishonor.\\nCaesar s men took no care to pursue them, but\\nturned their force upon the enemy s infantry, par-\\nticularly upon that wing which, now stripped of\\nits horse, lay open to the attack on all sides. The\\nsix cohorts, therefore, took them in flank, while\\nthe tenth legion charged them in front and they\\nwho had hoped to surround the enemy, and now\\ninstead of that saw themselves surrounded, made\\nbut a short resistance, and then took to a precipi-\\ntate flight.\\nBy the great dust that was raised, Pompey saw\\nthe fate of his cavalry, and it is hard to say what\\npassed in his mind at that moment. He appeared\\nlike a man moon-struck and distracted. When he\\nhad got at a little distance from the camp he quitted\\nhis horse. He had very few people about him,\\nand as he saw he was not pursued he went softly", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 153\\non, wrapt up in such thoughts as we may suppose\\na man to have who had been used for thirty-four\\nyears to conquer and carry all before him, and\\nnow in his old age first came to know what it was\\nto be defeated and to fly. We may easily con-\\njecture what his thoughts must have been, when\\nin one short hour he had lost the glory and the\\npower which had been growing up amidst so many\\nwars and conflicts and he who was lately\\nguarded with such armies of horse and foot, and\\nsuch great and powerful fleets, was reduced to so\\nmean and contemptible an equipage that his ene-\\nmies who were in search of him could not know him.\\nPompey took refuge in Egypt, but Ptolemy and\\nhis council were perplexed to know what to do\\nwith him. They were divided in their opinions,\\nsome advising the prince to give him an honor-\\nable reception, and others to send him an order to\\ndepart. But Theodotus, to display his eloquence,\\ninsisted that both were wrong. If you receive\\nhim, said he, you will have Caesar for your\\nenemy, and Pompey for your master. If you\\norder him off, Pompey may one day revenge the\\naffront, and Caesar resent your not having put him\\nin his hands. The best method, therefore, is to\\nput him to death. By this means you will do\\nCaesar a favor, and have nothing to fear from\\nPompey. He added, with a smile, Dead men\\ndo not bite.\\nThis advice was followed, and Pompey was\\nassassinated as he was landing from his galley.\\nHe was just 59 years old.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nALEXANDER.\\nNote. Alexander (Macedonian). Alexander was\\nborn b.c. 356. His life forms an epoch in the\\nhistory of the world, and no biography can be more\\nenthralling and instructive than that which v fol-\\nlows. His death, in his thirty-third year, was due\\nto inordinate excess in wine-drinking.\\nThis famous general was descended from Her-\\ncules. His father was Philip, King of Macedonia,\\nand his mother s name was Olympias.\\nThe statues of Alexander that most resemble\\nhim were those of Lysippus, who alone had his\\npermission to represent him in marble. The turn\\nof his head, which leaned a little to one side, and\\nthe quickness of his eye, in which many of his\\nfriends and successors most affected to imitate\\nhim, were best hit off by that artist. Apelles\\npainted him in the character of Jupiter armed\\nwith thunder, but did not succeed as to his com-\\nplexion. He overcharged the coloring, and made\\nhis skin too brown whereas he was fair, with a\\ntinge of red in his face and upon his breast. We\\nread that a most agreeable scent proceeded from\\nhis skin, and that his breath and whole body were\\nfragrant. There was something superlatively\\ngreat and sublime in his ambition far above his\\nyears. It was not all sorts of honor that he\\ncourted, nor did he seek it in every track like his\\nfather Philip, who was as proud of his eloquence\\nas any sophist could be, and who had the vanity\\nto record his victories in the Olympic chariot race", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 155\\nin the impression of his coins. Alexander, on the\\nother hand, when he was asked by some of the\\npeople about him, Whether he would not run in\\nthe Olympic race (for he was swift of foot)\\nanswered, Yes, if I had kings for my antagonists.\\nIt appears that he had a perfect aversion to the\\nwhole exercise of wrestling for though he ex-\\nhibited many other sorts of games and public\\ndiversions in which he proposed prizes for tragic\\npoets, for musicians who practised upon the flute\\nand lyre, and for rhapsodists too, \u00e2\u0080\u0094though he\\nentertained the people with the hunting of all\\nmanner of wild beasts, and with fencing or fighting\\nwith the staff, yet he gave no encouragement to\\nboxing or to wrestling.\\nWhen a young horse, named Bucephalus, was\\noffered for sale to Philip at the price of thirteen\\ntalents, the king, with the prince, and many\\nothers, went into the field to see some trial made\\nof him. The horse appeared extremely vicious\\nand unmanageable, and Philip was displeased at\\ntheir bringing him so wild and ungovernable a\\nhorse, and bade them take him away. But Alex-\\nander, who had observed him well, said, What a\\nhorse are they losing for want of skill and spirit\\nto manage him Philip at first took no notice of\\nthis, but upon the prince s often repeating the\\nsame expression, and showing great uneasiness,\\nhe said, Young man, you find fault with your\\nelders as if you knew more than they, or could\\nmanage the horse better. And I certainly\\ncould, answered the prince. If you should not", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "156 plutarch s lives\\nbe able to ride him, what forfeiture will you sub-\\nmit to for your rashness? I will pay the price\\nof the horse, said Alexander.\\nUpon this all the company laughed, but the\\nking and prince agreeing as to the forfeiture,\\nAlexander ran to the horse, and, laying hold on\\nthe bridle, turned him to the sun, for he had\\nobserved, it seems, that the shadow, which fell\\nbefore the horse, and continually moved as he\\nmoved, greatly disturbed him. While his fierce-\\nness and fury lasted he kept speaking to him softly\\nand stroking him after which he gently let fall\\nIjiis mantle, leaped lightly upon his back, and got\\na safe seat. Then, without pulling the reins too\\nhard, or using either whip or spur, he set him\\ngoing. As soon as he perceived his uneasiness\\nabated, and that he wanted only to run, he put\\nhim to a full gallop, and pushed him on both with\\nthe voice and the spur. Philip and all his court\\nw r ere in great distress for him at first, and a\\nprofound silence ensued. But when the prince\\nhad turned him, and brought him straight back,\\nthey all received Lim with loud acclamations ex-\\ncept his father, who wept for joy, and kissing him,\\nsaid, Seek another kingdom, my son, that may\\nbe worthy of thy abilities, for Macedonia is too\\nsmall for thee.\\nAlexander loved polite learning, and his thirst\\nfor knowledge made him a man of extensive read-\\ning. He called the Iliad of Homer a portable\\ntreasury of military knowledge, and he had a copy\\nof the work corrected by Aristotle, which he used", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 157\\nto lay beside his sword under his pillow. When\\nPhilip went on the expedition to Byzantium, Alex-\\nander was but sixteen years of age, but he was\\nleft Regent of Macedonia and Keeper of the Seal.\\nPhilip was assassinated when Alexander was\\ntwenty years old. On succeeding to the crown he\\nfound the kingdom torn in pieces by dangerous\\nparties. Having intelligence that the Thebans\\nand Athenians had revolted, he resolved to show\\nthem that he was no longer a boy, and he imme-\\ndiately advanced through the Pass of Thermopylae.\\nSaid he, Demosthenes called me a boy while I\\nwas in Illyrium, and a stripling when in Thessaly,\\nbut I will show him before the walls of Athens\\nthat I am a man. Thebes was taken, and the\\ncity plundered and leveled with the ground.\\nA general assembly of the Greeks being held at\\nthe Isthmus of Corinth, they came to a resolution\\nto send their quotas with Alexander against\\nDarius, king of the Persians, and he was unani-\\nmously elected captain-general. Finding that\\nDiogenes made but little account of Alexander,\\nand that he preferred the enjoyment of his leisure\\nin a part of the suburbs called Cranium, he went\\nto see him. Diogenes happened to be lying in the\\nsun, and, at the approach of so many people, he\\nraised himseH up a little and fixed his eyes upon\\nAlexander. The king addressed him in an oblig-\\ning manner, and asked him if there was anything\\nhe could serve him in? Only stand a little out\\nof my sunshine, said Diogenes. Alexander, we\\nare told, was struck with such surprise at finding", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "158 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhimself so little regarded, and saw something so\\ngreat in that carelessness, that, while his courtiers\\nwere ridiculing the philosopher as a monster, he\\nsaid, If I were not Alexander I should wish to\\nbe Diogenes.\\nIn the meantime Darius generals had collected\\na great army on the banks of the Granicus. Many\\nof Alexander s officers were afraid that the river\\nwas too deep to ford, but Alexander led the way,\\nand managed to struggle across, and fought his\\nway up the opposite bank. His army followed\\nand defeated the barbarians. They lost in this\\nbattle twenty thousand foot and two thousand five\\nhundred horse whereas Alexander had no more\\nthan thirty-four men killed, nine of whom were\\ninfantry. To do honor to their memory he erected\\na statue to each of them in brass, the workman-\\nship of Lysippus. And that the Greeks might have\\ntheir share in the glory of the day, he sent them\\npresents out of the spoil. To the Athenians in\\nparticular he sent three hundred bucklers. Upon\\nthe rest of the spoils he put this pompous inscrip-\\ntion Won by Alexander, the son of Philip,\\nand the Greeks {excepti7ig the Lacedaemonians)\\nof the barbarians in Asia. The greatest part of\\nthe plate, the purple furniture, and other things\\nof that kind which he took from the Persians, he\\nsent to his mother.\\nHis next acquisitions were Paphlagonia and\\nCappadocia. By this time Darius had taken his\\ndeparture from Susa, full of confidence in his\\nnumbers for his army consisted of six hundred", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 159\\nthousand men. Alexander s progress was stayed\\nby sickness. His physicians durst not give him\\nany medicines, because they thought themselves\\nnot so certain of the cure as of the danger they\\nmust incur in the application. Philip, the Acar-\\nnanian, attempted the cure, and found no difficulty\\nin persuading the king to wait with patience till\\nhis medicine was prepared.\\nIn the mean time, Parmenio sent him a letter\\nfrom the camp, advising him to beware of Philip,\\nwhom, he said, Darius had prevailed upon, by\\npresents of infinite value, and the promise of his\\ndaughter in marriage, to take him off by poison.\\nAs soon as Alexander had read the letter he put\\nit under his pillow, without showing it to any of\\nhis friends. The time appointed being come,\\nPhilip, with the king s friends, entered the cham-\\nber, having the cup which contained the medicine,\\nin his hand. The king received it freely without\\nthe least marks of suspicion, and at the same\\ntime put the letter in Philip s hands. It was a\\nstriking situation, and more interesting than any\\nscene in a tragedy,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the one reading while the\\nother was drinking. They looked upon each\\nother, but with a very different air. The king,\\nwith an open and unembarrassed countenance,\\nexpressed his regard for Philip, and the confi-\\ndence he had in his honor; Philip s look showed\\nhis indignation at the calumny.\\nThe medicine, indeed, was so strong, and over-\\npowered his spirits in such a manner, that at first\\nhe was speechless, but he was soon relieved, and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "l6o PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhis faithful physician had the gratification of see-\\ning his patient well enough to march against\\nDarius, and also to conquer him. The victory\\nwas a very signal one, for Alexander killed one\\nhundred and ten thousand of the enemy, and\\nnothing was wanted to complete it but the cap-\\nture of Darius. That prince, however, escaped,\\nleaving his wife and family captives. They were\\nkindly and honorably treated by the conqueror.\\nAfter this Alexander had some rest, and en-\\njoyed his leisure. He was not so much addicted\\nto wine as he was thought to be. It was supposed\\nso because he passed a great deal of time at table,\\nbut that time was spent rather in talking than\\ndrinking, every fresh cup introducing some long\\ndiscourse. Besides, he never made these long\\nmeals but when he had abundance of leisure upon\\n.his hands. When business called he was not to\\nbe detained by wine, nor sleep, nor pleasure, nor\\nhonorable love, nor the most entertaining spec-\\ntacle. On his leisure days, as soon as he was\\nrisen he sacrificed to the gods, after which he took\\nhis dinner sitting. The rest of the day he spent\\nin hunting, or deciding the differences among his\\ntroops, or in reading and writing. If he was upon\\na march which did not require haste he would ex-\\nercise himself in shooting and darting the javelin,\\nor in mounting and alighting from a chariot at full\\nspeed. Sometimes also he diverted himself with\\nfowling and fox-hunting. On his return to his\\nquarters, when he went to be refreshed with the\\nbath and with oil, he inquired of the stewards of", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES l6l\\nhis kitchen whether they had prepared everything\\nin a handsome manner for supper. It was not till\\nlate in the evening, and when night was come on,\\nthat he took his meal, and then he ate in a re-\\ncumbent posture. He was very attentive to his\\nguests at table, that they might be served equally,\\nand none neglected.\\nThe siege of Tyre next occupied his attention\\nand having taken it, he marched to Syria, and\\nlaid siege to Gaza, the capital of that country,\\nand took the city. He sent most of its spoils to\\nOlympias and Cleopatra, and others of his friends.\\nHis tutor, Leonidas, was not forgotten; and the\\npresent he made him had something particular in\\nit. It consisted of five hundred talents weight of\\nfrankincense, and a hundred talents of myrrh,\\nand was sent upon the recollection of the hopes\\nhe had conceived when a boy. It seems Leonidas\\none day had observed Alexander, at a sacrifice,\\nthrowing incense into the fire by handfuls upon\\nwhich he said, Alexander, when you have con-\\nquered the country where spices grow, you may\\nbe thus liberal of your incense but, in the mean\\ntime, use what you have more sparingly. He,\\ntherefore, wrote thus I have sent you frankin-\\ncense and myrrh in abundance, that you may be\\nno longer a churl to the gods.\\nA casket being one day brought him, which ap-\\npeared to be one of the most curious and valuable\\namong the treasures of Darius, he asked his friends\\nwhat they thought most worthy to be put in it.\\nDifferent things were proposed but he said,\\nii", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "I 62 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nThe Iliad most deserved such a casket. And if\\nwhat the Alexandrians say be true, Homer was\\nno bad auxiliary or useless counselor in the\\ncourse of the war. They tell us that when Alex-\\nander had conquered Egypt, and had determined\\nto build there a great city, which was to be peopled\\nwith Greeks, and called Alexandria, after his own\\nname, he traveled to Pharos, which at that time\\nwas an island lying a little above the Canobic\\nmouth of the Nile, but now is joined to the main-\\nland by a causeway. He no sooner cast his eyes\\nupon the place than he perceived the commodious-\\nness of the situation. On one side it has a great\\nlake, and on the other the sea, which there forms\\na capacious harbor. He ordered a city to be\\nplanned on the ground but for want of chalk\\nthe architects made use of flour of wheat, which\\nanswered well enough upon a black soil, but while\\nthe king was enjoying the design, a large number\\nof birds of all kinds settled down on the lines, and\\nate up all the flour. Alexander was disturbed at\\nthe omen, but his diviners encouraged him to go\\non with the work by assuring him that it was a\\nsign that the city he was going to build would be\\nblessed with such plenty as to furnish a supply to\\nall the nations which should repair to it. After\\nmarching across the desert, he returned to Mace-\\ndonia. There he received a letter from Darius,\\nin which that prince proposed, on condition of a\\npacification and future friendship, to pay him ten\\nthousand talents in ransom of the prisoners to\\ncede to him all the countries on this side the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 163\\nEuphrates and to give him his daughter in mar-\\nriage. Upon his communicating these proposals\\nto his friends, Parmenio said, If I were Alexan-\\nder, I should accept them. So would I, said\\nAlexander, if I were Parmenio. The answer\\nhe gave to Darius was, If you will come to me, you\\nshall find the best of treatment if not, I must go\\nand seek you. He therefore set off to seek for\\nDarius, and, coming up with him, both sides pre-\\npared for the fight.\\nThe great battle between Alexander and Darius\\nwas not fought at Arbela, as most historians will\\nhave it, but at Gangamela, which, in the Persian\\ntongue, is said to signify the house of the camel\\nso called because one of the ancient kings, having\\nescaped his enemies by the swiftness of his camel,\\nplaced her there, and appointed the revenue of cer-\\ntain villages for her maintenance.\\nIn the month of September there happened an\\neclipse of the moon, about the beginning of the\\nfestival of the great mysteries at Athens. The\\neleventh night after that eclipse, the two armies\\nbeing in view of each other, Darius kept his men\\nunder arms, and took a general review of his\\ntroops by torchlight. Meantime Alexander suf-\\nfered his Macedonians to repose themselves, and\\nwith his soothsayer Aristander performed some\\nprivate ceremonies before his tent, and offered\\nsacrifices to Fear. The oldest of his friends, and\\nParmenio in particular, when they beheld the plain\\nbetween Niphates and the Gordaean Mountains all\\nilluminated with the torches of the barbarians,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "164 plutarch s lives\\nand heard the tumultuous and appalling noise\\nfrom their camp like the roarings of an immense\\nsea, were astonished at their numbers, and ob-\\nserved among themselves how arduous an enter-\\nprise it would be to meet such a torrent of war in\\nopen day. They waited upon the king, therefore,\\nwhen he had finished the sacrifice, and advised\\nhim to attack the enemy in the night, when dark-\\nness would hide what was most dreadful in the\\ncombat. Upon which he gave them that cele-\\nbrated answer, I will not steal a victory.\\nWhen the morning came, after sacrificing,\\nAlexander put on his helmet, being otherwise\\nready armed. He wore a short coat of the Sicilian\\nfashion girt close about him, and over that a\\nbreastplate of linen strongly quilted, which was\\nfound among the spoils at the battle of Issus.\\nHis helmet was of iron, but so well polished that\\nit shone like the brightest silver. To this was\\nfitted a gorget of the same metal, set with pre-\\ncious stones. His sword, the weapon he generally\\nused in battle, was a present from the king of the\\nCitieans, and could not be excelled for lightness\\nor for temper. But the belt which he wore in all\\nengagements was more superb than the rest of his\\narmor. It was given him by the Rhodians as a\\nmark of their respect, and old Helicon had exerted\\nall his art on it. In drawing up his army and giv-\\ning orders, as well as exercising and reviewing it,\\nhe spared Bucephalus on account of his age, and\\nrode another horse but he constantly charged on\\nhim. and Alexander had no sooner mounted him", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 165\\nthan the signal for battle was always given. In\\nthe battle Darius was beaten, and had to fly; and\\nhis grand army was totally routed. Alexander\\nwas acknowledged king of all Asia.\\nHaving nothing to occupy them, Alexander\\nfound that his great officers set no bounds to\\ntheir luxury that they were most extravagantly\\ndelicate in their diet, and profuse in other re-\\nspects insomuch that Agnon of Teos wore silver\\nnails in his shoes Leonatus had many camel-\\nloads of earth brought from Egypt to rub himself\\nwith when he went to the wrestling ring Philotas\\nhad hunting nets that would inclose the space of\\na hundred furlongs more made use of rich es-\\nsences than oil after bathing, and had their\\ngrooms of the bath, as well as chamberlains who\\nexcelled in bed-making. This degeneracy he re-\\nproved with all the temper of a philosopher. He\\ntold them it was very strange to him that, after\\nhaving undergone so many glorious conflicts, they\\ndid not remember that those who come from labor\\nand exercise always sleep more sweetly than the\\ninactive and effeminate and that in comparing\\nthe Persian manners with the Macedonian they\\ndid not perceive that nothing was more servile\\nthan the love of pleasure, or more princely than a\\nlife of toil. How will that man, continued he,\\ntake care of his own horse, or furbish his lance\\nand helmet, whose hands are too delicate to wait\\non his own dear person? Know you not that the\\nend of conquest is, not to do what the conquered\\nhave done, but something greatly superior?", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 66 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nWhen Alexander inarched against Darius again,\\nhe expected another battle but the Persian mon-\\narch fled. The pursuit was long and laborious\\nfor he rode 3,300 furlongs in eleven days.* They\\nwere all eager to keep up with Alexander, but\\nonly sixty men were able to keep up with him till\\nhe reached the enemy s camp. There they rode\\nover the gold and silver that lay scattered about,\\nand passing by a number of carriages which were\\nin motion, full of women and children, but with-\\nout charioteers, they hastened to the leading\\nsquadrons, not doubting that they should find\\nDarius among them. At last, after much search,\\nthey found him extended on his chariot and\\npierced with many darts. Though he was near\\nhis last moments he had strength to ask for some-\\nthing to quench his thirst. A Macedonian, named\\nPolystratus, brought him some cold water, and\\nwhen he had drank, he said, Friend, this fills up\\nthe measure of my misfortunes, to think I am not\\nable to reward thee for this act of kindness. But\\nAlexander will not let thee go without a recom-\\npense and the gods will reward him for his hu-\\nmanity to my mother, to my wife, and children.\\nTell him I gave him my hand, for I give it thee\\nin his stead. So saying, he took the hand of\\nPolystratus, and immediately expired. When\\nAlexander came up he showed his concern for\\nthat event by the strongest expressions, and cov-\\nered the body with his own robe. As for the body of\\nDarius, he ordered it should have all the honors of a\\nroyal funeral, and sent it embalmed to his mother.\\nThree hundred miles.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 167\\nAs to the war with the Indian prince Porus, it\\nwas carried on with the usual extraordinary\\nenergy. Most historians agree that Porus was\\nfour cubits and a span high and that, though the\\nelephant he rode was one of the largest, his\\nstature and bulk were such that he appeared but\\nproportionably mounted. This elephant, during\\nthe whole battle, gave extraordinary proofs of his\\nsagacity and care of the king s person. As long\\nas that prince was able to fight he defended him\\nwith great courage, and repulsed all assailants;\\nand when he perceived him ready to sink under\\nthe multitude of darts and the wounds with which\\nhe was covered, to prevent his falling off he\\nkneeled down in the softest manner and with his\\nproboscis gently- drew every dart out of his\\nbody.\\nIn the battle with Porus, Alexander s favorite\\nhorse, Bucephalus received several wounds, of\\nwhich he afterward died, being thirty years old.\\nAlexander showed as much regret as if he had lost\\na faithful friend and companion he esteemed\\nhim, indeed, as such and built a city near the\\nHydaspes, in the place where he was buried,\\nwhich he called after him, Bucephalia. He is\\nalso reported to have built a city and called it\\nPeritas, in memory of a dog of that name which\\nhe had brought up and was very fond of.\\nThe Macedonians refused to follow Alexander\\nto the banks of the Ganges, which grieved him\\ngreatly, and he was very indignant, considering\\nthat a retreat was nothing less than an acknowledg-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "1 68 Plutarch s lives\\nment that he was overcome. On his return march\\nhe attacked many cities, and was always victori-\\nous. He was, however, very near being cut in\\npieces by the Malli, who were called the most\\nwarlike people in India. He had driven some of\\nthem from the walls of their city with his missive\\nweapons, and was the first man that ascended it.\\nBut presently, after he was up, the scaling-ladder\\nbroke. Finding himself and his small company\\nmuch galled by the darts of the barbarians from\\nbelow, he poised himself and leaped down into\\nthe midst of the enemy. By good fortune he fell\\nupon his feet, and the barbarians were so aston-\\nished at the flashing of his arms as he came down\\nthat they thought they beheld lightning or some\\nsupernatural splendor issuing from his body. At\\nfirst, therefore, they drew back and dispersed\\nbut when they had collected themselves, and saw\\nhim attended only by two of his guards, they at-\\ntacked him hand to hand, and wounded him\\nthrough his armor with their swords and spears,\\nnotwithstanding the valor with which he fought.\\nOne of them standing farther off, drew an arrow\\nwith such strength that it made its way through\\nhis cuirass, and entered the ribs under the breast.\\nIts force was so great that he was brought upon\\nhis knees, and the barbarian ran up with his drawn\\nscimiter to dispatch him, when Peucestes and\\nLimnaeus placed themselves before him but the\\none was wounded and the other killed. Peuces-\\ntes, who survived, was still making some resist-\\nance, when Alexander recovered himself and laid", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 169\\nthe barbarian at his feet. The king, however,\\nreceived new wounds and at last had such a blow\\nfrom a bludgeon upon his neck that he was forced\\nto support himself by the wall, and there stood\\nwith his face to the enemy. The Macedonians,\\nwho by this time had got in, gathered about him,\\nand carried him off to his tent. He had lost his\\nsenses, and it was the current report in the army\\nthat he was dead. When they had with great\\ndifficulty sawn off the shaft of the arrow, and with\\nequal trouble had taken off the cuirass, they pro-\\nceeded to extract the arrow head, which stuck\\nfast in the bone. Alexander fainted under the\\noperation, and was very near expiring; but when\\nthe head was got out he recovered.\\nHis next expedition was to Persia, and the first\\nthing he did on entering that kingdom was to give\\nmoney to the matrons, according to the ancient\\ncustom of the kings, who, upon their return to\\ntheir Persian dominions from any excursion, used\\nto give every woman a piece of gold. Having\\nfound the tomb of Cyrus broken open, he put the\\nauthor of that sacrilege to death, though a native\\nof Pella, and a person of some distinction. His\\nname was Polymachus. After he had read the\\nepitaph, which was in the Persian language, he\\nordered it to be inscribed also in Greek. It was\\nas follows O mail whosoever thou art, and\\nwhence soever thou contest, for come I know thou\\nwilt, I am Cyrus, the founder of the Persian\\nEmpire. Envy me not the little earth that\\ncovers my body. Alexander was much affected at", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "T70 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthese words, which placed before him in so strong\\na light the vicissitudes of fortune.\\nWhen he came to Ecbatana in Media, and had\\ndispatched the most urgent affairs, he employed\\nhimself again in the celebration of games and other\\npublic solemnities for which purpose three thou-\\nsand artificers, lately arrived from Greece, were\\nvery serviceable to him. But unfortunately He-\\nphaestion fell sick of a fever in the midst of this\\nfestivity. As a young man and a soldier he could\\nnot bear to be kept to strict diet, and taking the\\nopportunity to dine when his physician Glaucus\\nwas gone to the theater, he ate a roasted fowl,\\nand drank a flagon of wine made as cold as possi-\\nble in consequence of which he grew worse and\\ndied a few days after. Alexander s grief on this\\noccasion exceeded all bounds. He immediately\\nordered the horses and mules to be shorn, that they\\nmight have their share in the mourning, and with\\nthe same view pulled down the battlements of the\\nneighboring cities, and he crucified the poor phy-\\nsician.\\nWhen once Alexander had given himself up to\\nsuperstition his mind was so preyed upon by vain\\nfears and anxieties that he turned the least inci-\\ndent which was anything strange and out of the\\nway into a sign or a portent. The Court swarmed\\nwith sacrificers, purifiers, and prognosticators\\nthey were all to be seen exercising their talents\\nthere. So true it is, that though the disbelief of\\nreligion and contempt of things divine is a great\\nevil, yet superstition is a greater; for as water", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 171\\ngains upon low grounds, so superstition prevails\\nover a dejected mind, and fills it with fear and\\nfolly. This was entirely Alexander s case. How-\\never, upon the receipt of some oracles concerning\\nHephaestion from the god he commonly consulted,\\nhe gave a truce to his sorrows, and employed him-\\nself in festive sacrifices and entertainments.\\nOne day, after he had given Nearchus a sump-\\ntuous treat, he went, according to custom, to re-\\nfresh himself in the bath in order to retire to rest.\\nBut, in the meantime, Medius came and invited\\nhim to take part in a carousal, and he could not\\ndeny him. There he drank all that night and the\\nnext day, till at last he found a fever coming upon\\nhim. He then took a draft of wine which threw\\nhim into a frenzy, and he died on the 30th June,\\nb.c. 323.\\nJULIUS CiESAR.\\nNote. Julius C^sar (Roman). This man, one of\\nthe greatest in all history, was born b.c. ioo, and\\nwas descended from the Julian family. When only\\nsixteen years old, he lost his father who was Prae-\\ntor. Some time later, Caesar married Cornelia,\\ndaughter of Lucius Cinna. This so offended Sylla\\nthat he secured the proscription of Caesar, unwil-\\nlingly releasing him some time later from the\\neffects of the decree. The career of Caesar is fully\\ntold by Plutarch.\\nThe earliest incident in the life of Julius Caesar\\nwas his capture by pirates. They demanded a\\nransom of only twenty talents, which he soon ob-\\ntained, but immediately manned some vessels and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "172 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nattacked the corsairs, He captured and crucified\\nthe whole of them.\\nWhen the power of Sylla began to decline,\\nCaesar s friends pressed him to return to Rome.\\nBut he first went to Rhodes to study under Apol-\\nlonius, the son of Molon, who taught rhetoric\\nthere. Cicero also was one of his scholars. Caesar\\nis said to have had happy talents from nature for\\na public speaker, and he did not lack the ambition\\nto cultivate them so that undoubtedly he was the\\nsecond orator in Rome, and he might have been\\nthe first had he not rather chosen pre-eminence in\\narms. Hence it was that afterward, in his Anti-\\nCato, which he wrote in answer to a book of\\nCicero s, he desired his readers Not to expect,\\nin the performance of a military man, the style of\\na complete orator who had bestowed all his time\\nupon such studies.\\nWhen Caesar had been elected Praetor, the gov-\\nernment of Spain was allotted to him. But his\\ncircumstances were so indifferent, and his credi-\\ntors so clamorous and troublesome, that when he\\nwas preparing for his departure he was forced to\\napply to Crassus, the richest man in Rome, who\\nstood in need of Caesar s warmth and vigor to\\nkeep up the balance of power against Pompey.\\nCrassus, therefore, took upon him to pay the most\\ninexorable of his creditors, and became responsi-\\nble for eight hundred and thirty talents, which pro-\\ncured for Caesar liberty to set out for his province.\\nOn his return to Rome he went to work upon an\\nexpedient which deceived all the world except", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 1 73\\nCato. It was the reconciliation of Pompey and\\nCrassus, two of the most powerful men in Rome.\\nBy making them friends Caesar secured to himself\\nthe interest of both. And while he seemed to be\\nonly doing an office of humanity he was undermin-\\ning the constitution. Caesar and Pompey first\\ncombined to ruin the authority of the senate and\\nwhen that was effected, they parted to pursue\\neach his own designs. Cato, who often prophesied\\nwhat would be the consequence, was then looked\\nupon as a troublesome and over-busy man but\\nafterward he was esteemed a wise though not\\na fortunate counselor.\\nAs a warrior Caesar was not in the least inferior\\nto the greatest and most admired commanders the\\nworld ever produced for whether we compare\\nhim with the Fabii, the Scipios, and Metelli, with\\nthe generals of his own time, or with those who\\nflourished a little before him, as Sylla, Marius,\\nthe two Luculli, or with Pompey himself, whose\\nfame in every military excellence reached the\\nskies, Caesar s achievements bear away the palm.\\nOne he surpassed in the difficulty of the scene of\\naction another, in the extent of the countries he\\nsubdued this, in the number and strength of the\\nenemies he overcame that, in the savage man-\\nners and treacherous disposition of the people he\\nhumanized. One he excelled in mildness and\\nclemency to his prisoners another, in bounty and\\nmunificence to his troops and all, in the number\\nof battles that he won and the enemies he killed.\\nFor in the war in Gaul, in less than ten years,", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174 plutarch s lives\\nhe took eight hundred cities by assault, conquered\\nthree hundred states, and fought pitched battles,\\nat different times, with three millions of men\\none million of which he destroyed, and made an-\\nother million prisoners. Such, moreover, was\\nthe affection of his soldiers, and their attachment\\nto his person, that they, who under other com-\\nmanders were nothing above the common rate of\\nmen, became invincible where Caesar s glory was\\nconcerned, and they met the most dreadful dan-\\ngers with a courage that nothing could resist.\\nHe seemed to know no fear, and his patience was\\nastounding, especially as he was of a delicate\\nconstitution and subject to violent headaches and\\nepileptic fits. He did not, however, make these\\ndisorders a pretence for indulging himself. On\\nthe contrary, he sought in war a remedy for his\\ninfirmities, endeavoring to strengthen his consti-\\ntution by long marches, by simple diet, and by\\nseldom going under cover. Upon a march, when\\nhe slept it was commonly either in a chariot or a\\nlitter, that rest might be no hindrance to business.\\nIn the day-time he visited the castles, cities, and\\nfortified camps, with his servant at his side, whom\\nhe employed, on such occasions, to write for him,\\nand with a soldier behind who carried his sword.\\nBy these means he traveled so fast, and with so\\nlittle interruption, as to reach the Rhone in eight\\ndays after his first setting out for those parts from\\nRome. He was a good horseman from his early\\nyears, and brought that exercise to such perfection\\nby practice that he could sit a horse at full speed", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 175\\nwith his hands behind him. In this expedition he\\nalso accustomed himself to dictate letters as he\\nrode on horseback, and found sufficient employ-\\nment for two secretaries at once, or, according\\nto Oppius, for more. It is also said that Caesar\\nwas the first who contrived to communicate his\\nthoughts by letter to his friends who were in the\\nsame city with him, when any urgent affair re-\\nquired it, and the multiplicity of business or great\\nextent of the city did not admit of an interview.\\nOf his indifference with respect to diet we have\\nthis remarkable proof Happening to sup with\\nValerius Leo, a friend of his, at Milan, there was\\nsweet ointment poured upon the asparagus instead\\nof oil. Caesar ate of it freely notwithstanding,\\nand afterward rebuked his friends for expressing\\ntheir dislike of it. It was enough, said he, to\\nforbear eating if it was disagreeable to you. He\\nwho finds fault with any rusticity is himself a\\nrustic. Caesar was very anxious to be the first\\nman who should cross the Rhine in a hostile man-\\nner, and, in spite of the Germans who inhabited\\nthe banks of the river, he took his army over and\\nlaid the country waste.\\nBut his expedition into Britain discovered the\\nmost daring spirit of enterprise, for he was the\\nfirst who entered the Western ocean with a fleet,\\nand having embarked his troops on the Atlantic,\\nhe carried war into an island whose very existence\\nwas doubted. Some writers had represented it\\nas incredibly large, and others contested its being.\\nYet Caesar attempted to conquer it, and to extend", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "176 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthe Roman Empire beyond the bounds of the\\nknown world. He sailed twice from the opposite\\ncoast in Gaul to Britain, and fought many battles,\\nby which the Britons suffered more than the\\nRomans gained for there was nothing worth tak-\\ning from a people who were so poor and lived in\\nso much wretchedness. He did not, however,\\nterminate the war in the manner he could have\\nwished he only received hostages of the King of\\nBritain, and appointed the tribute the island was\\nto pay, and then returned to Rome.\\nCaesar had long resolved to ruin Pompey, and\\nPompey to destroy Caesar. For Crassus, who\\nalone could have taken up the conqueror, being\\nkilled in the Parthian war, there remained noth-\\ning for Caesar to do, to make himself the greatest\\nof mankind, but to annihilate him who was so\\nnor for Pompey to prevent it, but to take oft the\\nman he feared. By long service and great\\nachievements in the wars of Gaul he had so im-\\nproved his army, and his own reputation too, that\\nhe was considered as on a footing with Pompey\\nand he found pretenses for carrying his enterprise\\ninto execution in the times of the misgovernment\\nat Rome. These were partly furnished by Pom-\\npey himself and, indeed, all ranks of men were\\nso corrupted that tables were publicly set out\\nupon which the candidates for offices were pro-\\nfessedly ready to pay the people the price of their\\nvotes and the people came not only to give their\\nvoices for the man who had bought them, but with\\nall manner of offensive weapons to fight for him.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES I 77\\nHence it often happened that they did not part\\nwithout polluting the tribunal with blood and\\nmurder, and the city was a perpetual scene of\\nanarchy.\\nWhen Caesar and Pompey had each raised a\\nlarge army, and several fruitless attempts had\\nbeen made to reconcile them, Caesar at last pro-\\nposed to lay down his arms on condition that\\nPompey should do the same. The question was\\nput to the senate, but they could come to no con-\\nclusion, and on account of this unhappy discus-\\nsion all ranks of people put on black as in a time\\nof public mourning. Civil war soon broke out in\\nRome, and Caesar determined to march his army\\ntoward the city. When he arrived at the banks\\nof the Rubicon, .the river which divides Cisalpine\\nGaul from the rest of Italy, his reflections became\\nmore interesting in proportion as the danger drew\\nnear. Staggered by the greatness of his attempt,\\nhe stopped to weigh with himself its inconve-\\nniences, and, as he stood considering the argu-\\nments on both sides, he many times changed his\\nopinion. After which he deliberated upon it with\\nsuch of his friends as were by, enumerating the\\ncalamities which the passage of that river would\\nbring upon the world, and the reflections that\\nmight be made by posterity upon it. At last,\\nupon some sudden impulse, bidding adieu to his\\nreasonings, and plunging into the abyss of futu-\\nrity, in the words of those who embark in doubtful\\nand arduous enterprises, he cried out, The die is\\ncast! and immediately passed the Rubicon.\\n12", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "178 plutarch s lives\\nPompey fled, closely pursued by Caesar, and in\\nthe short space of sixty days the latter found him-\\nself master of the whole of Italy without having\\nspilled one drop of blood. Then finding Rome in\\n.a more settled condition than he expected, and\\n-many senators there, he addressed them in a mild\\nand gracious manner, and desired them to send\\ndeputies to Pompey to offer honorable terms of\\npeace. But not one of them would take upon him\\nthe commission. As Metellus, the tribune, op-\\nposed his taking money out of the public treasury,\\nand alleged some laws against it, Caesar said,\\nArms and laws do not flourish together. If you\\nare not pleased at what I am about, you have\\nnothing to do but to withdraw indeed, war will\\nnot bear much liberty of speech. When I say\\nthis, I am departing from my own right for you,\\nand all whom I have found exciting a spirit of\\nfaction against me, are at my disposal. Saying\\nthis, he approached the doors of the treasury, and\\nas the keys were not produced he sent for work-\\nmen to break the doors open. Caesar then re-\\nsumed his march against Pompey, and after a\\ndesperate battle at Pharsalia completely routed\\nhim.\\nWhen Caesar reached Alexandria he found that\\nPompey had been assassinated. During his stay\\nin Egypt he was forced to burn his ships to pre-\\nvent their falling into the hands of the enemy, and\\nthe flames unfortunately spread from the dock to\\nthe palace, and the great Alexandrian library was\\nburned. Subsequently, in a sea fight near the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 179\\nisle of Pharos, seeing his men hard-pressed, he\\nleaped into a little skiff to go to their assistance.\\nThe Egyptians making up on all sides, he threw\\nhimself into the sea, and with much difficulty\\nreached his galleys by swimming. Having several\\nvaluable papers, which he was not willing either\\nto lose or to wet, it is said he held them above\\nwater with one hand, and swam with the other.\\nAt last Caesar attacked and defeated the king.\\nGreat numbers of the Egyptians were slain, and\\nthe king was heard of no more. This gave Caesar\\nan opportunity of establishing Cleopatra as Queen\\nof Egypt.\\nHe then departed for Syria, and from thence\\nmarched into Asia Minor. Caesar immediately\\nmarched against Pharnaces with three legions, and\\ndefeated him in a great battle near Zela, which\\ndeprived him of the kingdom of Pontus, as well\\nas ruined his whole army. In the account he gave\\nAmintius, one of his friends in Rome, of the\\nrapidity and dispatch with which he gained his\\nvictory, he made use only of three words, Veni,\\nvidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered). Their\\nhaving all the same form and termination in the\\nRoman language adds grace to their concise-\\nness.\\nCaesar, after his return from Africa to Rome,\\nspoke in high terms of his victory to the people.\\nHe told them he had subdued a country so exten-\\nsive that it would bring yearly into the public\\nstores two hundred thousand Attic measures of\\nwheat, and three million of pounds of oil. After", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "180 plutarch s lives\\nthis he led up his several triumphs over Egypt,\\nPontus, and Africa.\\nSoon after he had been elected consul the fourth\\ntime, the first thing he undertook was to march\\ninto Spain against the sons of Pompey, who,\\nthough young, had assembled a numerous army,\\nand showed a courage worthy the command they\\nhad undertaken. The great battle which put a\\nperiod to that war was fought under the walls of\\nMunda. Caesar at first saw his men so hard-\\npressed, and making so feeble a resistance, that\\nhe ran through the ranks amidst the swords and\\nspears, crying, Are you not ashamed to deliver\\nyour general into the hands of boys? The great\\nand vigorous efforts this reproach produced at last\\nmade the enemy turn their backs, and there were\\nmore than thirty thousand of them slain whereas\\nCaesar lost only a thousand, but those were some\\nof the best men he had. As he retired after the\\nbattle he told his friends\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He had often fought\\nfor victory, but that was the first time he had\\nfought for his life.\\nThe younger of Pompey ssons made his escape;\\nthe other was taken a few days after by Didius,\\nwho brought his head to Caesar.\\nThis was the last of his wars and his triumph\\non account of it gave the Romans more pain than\\nany other step he had taken. He did not now\\nmount the car for having conquered foreign gen-\\nerals or barbarian kings, but for ruining the chil-\\ndren and destroying the race of one of the great-\\nest men Rome had ever produced and all the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 181\\nworld condemned his triumphing in the calamities\\nof his country.\\nAmongst many important things which Caesar\\ndid, it should not be forgotten that he completed\\nthe regulation of the calendar, and corrected the\\nerroneous computations of time.\\nThe principal cause of the public hatred against\\nhim was his passion for the title of king. He\\nalso treated the tribunes with great indignity, till\\nat last a conspiracy was formed to kill him. One\\nday, when Csesar entered the senate house, the\\nsenators rose up to do him honor as usual but\\nthe conspirators surrounded him with drawn\\nswords. Casca gave the first blow many others\\nfollowed for it had been agreed that all should\\nshare in the deed. Therefore Brutus himself gave\\nhim a stroke in the groin. Some say he opposed\\nthe rest, and continued struggling and crying out\\ntill he perceived the sword of Brutus then he\\ndrew his robe over his face and yielded to his\\nfate. Either by accident, or pushed thither by\\nthe conspirators, he expired on the pedestal of\\nPompey s statue, and dyed it with his blood so\\nthat Pompey seemed to preside over the work of\\nvengeance, to tread his enemy under his feet, and\\nto enjoy his agonies. Those agonies were great,\\nfor he received no less than three -and -twenty\\nwounds. Caesar died at the age of fifty- six, b. c. 44.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1 32 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nPHOCION.\\nNote. Phocion (Greek). Phocion was born about\\nB.C. 400. What more striking proof of his success\\nas a soldier need be asked than the fact that he\\nwas appointed general forty-five times His\\nprivate character was stainless, but his political\\ncourse was infamous.\\nWhen Phocion was very young he was in tuition\\nwith Plato, and afterward with Xenocrates in the\\nacademy and from the very first he distinguished\\nhimself by his strong application to the most val-\\nuable studies. If he made an excursion into the\\ncountry, or marched out to war, he went always\\nbarefooted, and without his upper garment too,\\nexcept it happened to be intolerably cold and\\nthen his soldiers used to laugh, and say, It is a\\nsign of a sharp winter Phocion has got his clothes\\non. He was one of the most humane and best-\\ntempered men in the world, and yet he had so ill-\\nnatured and forbidding a look that strangers were\\nafraid to address him without company. There-\\nfore, when Chares, the orator, observed to the\\nAthenians what terrible brows Phocion had, and\\nthey could not help making themselves merry, he\\nsaid, This brow of mine never gave one of you\\nan hour of sorrow but the laughter of these\\nsneerers has cost their country many a tear. In\\nlike manner, though the measures he proposed\\nwere happy ones, and his counsels of the most\\nsalutary kind, yet he used no flowers of rhetoric\\nhis speeches were concise, commanding, and\\nsevere. For, as Zeno rightly says, a philosopher", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 183\\nshould never let a word come out of his mouth\\nthat is not strongly tinctured with sense so\\nPhocion s oratory contained the most sense in the\\nfewest words. And it seems that Polyeuctus had\\nthis in view when he said, Demosthenes was the\\nbetter orator, and Phocion the more persuasive\\nspeaker. His speeches were to be estimated like\\ncoins, not for the size, but for the intrinsic value.\\nThe general amiability of his character obtained\\nfor him the surname of The Good. He was a\\ncapable general but his enemies conspired against\\nhim and accused him of treason. He was ordered\\nto be poisoned with several other Athenians.\\nWhen they came to drink the poison, the quan-\\ntity proved insufficient, and the executioner re-\\nfused to prepare more unless he had twelve\\ndrachmas paid him. As this occasioned a trou-\\nblesome delay, Phocion called one of his friends,\\nand said, Since one cannot die free of cost at\\nAthens, give the man his money. This execution\\nwas on the 19th day of April, B.C. 318.\\nCATO, THE YOUNGER.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cato, the Younger (Roman). Cato the\\nYounger was born b.c. 95, and began his military\\ncareer b.c. 72 as volunteer. He was elected\\nquaestor b.c 65. Before stabbing himself to death,\\nas related below, he withdrew to his chamber and\\nread Plato s dialogue on the Immortality of the\\nSoul.\\nWe are told that Cato from his infancy showed\\nin his voice, his look, and his very diversions, a\\nfirmness and solidity which neither passion nor", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "184 plutarch s lives\\nanything else could move. He pursued every\\nobject he had in view with a vigor far above his\\nyears, and a resolution that nothing could resist.\\nThose who were inclined to flatter were sure to\\nmeet with a severe repulse and to those who\\nattempted to intimidate him he was still more in-\\ntractable. Scarcely anything could make him\\nlaugh, and it was but rarely that his countenance\\nwas softened to a smile. He was not quickly or\\neasily moved to anger but it was difficult to ap-\\npease his resentment when once excited.\\nHis apprehension was slow, and his learning\\ncame with difficulty but what he had once learned\\nhe long retained. The inflexibility of his disposi-\\ntion seems to have retarded his progress in learn-\\ning. Yet Cato is said to have been very obedient\\nto his preceptor, and to have done whatever he\\nwas commanded only he would always inquire the\\nreason, and ask why such and such a thing was\\nenjoined. Indeed, Sarpedon, his preceptor, was\\na man of engaging manners, who chose rather to\\ngovern by reason than by violence. Cato was\\nvery fond of his brother Csepio, and was never\\nhappy but when he was by his side.\\nTo strengthen his constitution, he practiced the\\nmost laborious exercises. He accustomed him-\\nself to go bareheaded in the hottest and coldest\\nweather, and traveled on foot at all seasons of\\nthe year. His friends who traveled with him\\nmade use of horses, and he joined sometimes one\\nand sometimes another for conversation as he\\nwent along. In time of sickness his patience and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 185\\nabstinence were extraordinary. If he happened\\nto have a fever he spent the whole day alone,\\nsuffering no person to approach him till he found\\na sensible change for the better. At entertain-\\nments they threw the dice for the choice of the\\nmesses and if Cato lost the first choice, his friends\\nused to offer it him, but he always refused it.\\nBy the death of a cousin he came into a large\\nestate and when his friends wanted to borrow he\\nlent them money without interest; and when the\\nborrowers exhausted his ready money, he mort-\\ngaged his own slaves and his land to enable him-\\nself to continue lending.\\nCato prided himself in being a Stoic, and took\\ngreat delight in studying Plato s works. Toward\\nthe close of his life his mind seemed to give way,\\nand he stabbed himself when he was about 50\\nyears old, b.c. 46.\\nAGIS.\\nNote. Agis (Spartan). The name of Agis was borne\\nby four kings of Sparta. The son of Eudamides\\nwas a lineal descendant of Agesilaus. His death\\noccurred b.c. 241.\\nAgis was a celebrated king of Sparta, the son of\\nEudamides. He excelled almost all the kings\\nwho reigned before him since the great Agesilaus\\nin goodness of disposition and dignity of mind.\\nFor though brought up in the greatest affluence,\\nand in all the indulgence that might be expected\\nfrom female tuition under his mother Agesistrata\\nand his grandmother Archidamia, who were the", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 86 Plutarch s lives\\nrichest persons in Lacedaemonia, yet before he\\nreached the age of twenty he declared war against\\npleasure. To prevent any vanity which the\\nbeauty of his person might have suggested he dis-\\ncarded all unnecessary ornament and expense,\\nand constantly appeared in a plain Lacedaemonian\\ncloak. In his diet, his bathing, and in all his ex-\\nercises, he kept close to the Spartan simplicity\\nand he often used to say that he only wanted the\\ncrown that it might enable him to restore the\\nlaws and ancient discipline of his country.\\nWhen he ascended the throne he strove hard to\\nimprove the condition of the Spartans, and won\\nthe affections of his people but his success only\\nprovoked the ephori to oppose his measures. One\\nof them, Leonidas by name, raised a conspiracy\\nagainst him, and one day he was arrested by ar-\\nrangement near the prison. At the same time,\\nDemochares, who was a tall, strong man, wrapped\\nhis cloak about the king s head, and dragged him\\noff. The rest, as they had previously concerted\\nthe thing, pushed him on behind and no one\\ncoming to his rescue or assistance, he was com-\\nmitted to prison.\\nLeonidas presently came with a strong band of\\nmercenaries to secure the prison without and the\\nephori entered it with such senators as were of\\ntheir party. They began, as in a judicial process,\\nwith demanding what he had to say in defense of\\nhis proceedings and as the young prince only\\nlaughed at their dissimulation, Amphares told\\nhim they would soon make him weep for his", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 187\\npresumption. Another of the ephori, seeming\\ninclined to put him in a way of excusing himself\\nand getting off, asked him, Whether Lysander\\nand Agesilaus had not forced him into the meas-\\nures he took? But Agis- answered, I was\\nforced by no man it was my attachment to the\\ninstitutions of Lycurgus, and my desire to imitate\\nhim, which made me adopt his form of govern-\\nment. Then the same magistrate demanded,\\nWhether he repented of what he had done? and\\nhis answer was, I shall never repent of so glori-\\nous a design, though I see death before my eyes.\\nUpon this they passed sentence of death upon\\nhim, and commanded the officers to carry him into\\nthe decade, which is a small apartment in the\\nprison where they strangle malefactors. But the\\nofficers durst not touch him, and the mercenaries\\ndeclined to do so; for they thought it impious\\nto lay violent hands on a king. Demochares,\\nseeing this, loaded them with reproaches, and\\nthreatened to punish them. At the same time he\\nlaid hold on Agis himself, and thrust him into the\\ndungeon.\\nBy this time it was generally known that Agis\\nwas taken into custody, and there was a great\\nconcourse of people at the prison gates with lan-\\nterns and torches. Among the numbers who re-\\nsented these proceedings were the mother and\\ngrandmother of Agis, crying out and begging that\\nthe king might be heard and judged by the people\\nin full assembly. But this, instead of procuring\\nhim a respite, hastened his execution for they", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 88 plutarch s lives\\nwere afraid he would be rescued in the night if the\\ntumult should increase.\\nAs Agis was going to execution he perceived\\none of the officers lamenting his fate with tears\\nupon which he said, My friend, dry up your\\ntears for as I suffer innocently I am in a better\\ncondition than those who condemn me contrary to\\nlaw and justice. So saying, he cheerfully offered\\nhis neck to the executioner.\\nCLEOMENES.\\nNote. Cleomenes (Spartan). The defeat of Cleo-\\nmenes at Sellasia took place B.C. 222. His suicide\\nfollowed three years later. There were others\\nwho bore the name of Cleomenes, but they were\\nof inferior note.\\nThe King Cleomenes about whom we are writ-\\ning was the third of that name who had sat on the\\nthrone of Sparta. He was ambitious to gain\\nglory, and had a native greatness of mind. He\\nwas not satisfied with the prevailing manners and\\ncustoms of Sparta, for he observed that ease and\\npleasure were the great objects of the people.\\nHe noticed that individuals, entirely actuated by\\nself-interest, paid no attention to the business of\\nthe state any further than they could turn it to\\ntheir own emolument.\\nWhen Leonidas died, and Cleomenes came to\\nthe throne he observed that all ranks of men were\\nutterly corrupted. The rich had an eye only to\\nprivate profit and pleasure, and utterly neglected", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 189\\nthe public interest. The common people, on ac-\\ncount of the meanness of their circumstances, had\\nno spirit for war, or ambition to instruct their\\nchildren in the Spartan exercises. Cleomenes\\nhimself had only the name of king, while the\\npower was in the hands of the ephori. He there-\\nfore soon began to think of changing this state of\\naffairs, and the readiest way seemed to be by get-\\nting rid of the ephori. He endeavored to convince\\nhis father-in-law, Megistonus, that the yoke of the\\nephori ought to be broken, and an equal division\\nof property made by means of which equality\\nSparta would resume her ancient valor and pres-\\ntige. Megistonus complied, and the king then\\ntook two or three other friends into the scheme.\\nSoon after, all the ephori but one were put to\\ndeath. He was one of the first who gave up his\\nown estate to the public stock, and his father-in-\\nlaw and many friends followed his example. The\\nwhole of the citizens readily joined in the scheme,\\nand the land was re-allotted. Then all the old\\nSpartan laws and customs were again established,\\nand the king himself was plain and simple in his\\nequipage and diet, assuming no manner of pomp\\nabove a common citizen he set a glorious exam-\\nple of sobriety.\\nHis common supper was short and truly laconic.\\nThere were only couches for three people but\\nwhen he entertained ambassadors or strangers,\\ntwo more couches were added, and the table was\\na little better furnished by the servants not that\\nany curious dessert was added, only the dishes", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "190 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nwere larger and the wine more generous for he\\nblamed one of his friends for setting nothing be-\\nfore strangers but the coarse cake and black\\nbroth which they ate in their common refectories.\\nWhen we have strangers to entertain, he said,\\nwe need not be such very exact Lacedaemonians.\\nAfter supper a three-legged stand was brought in,\\nupon which were placed a brass bowl full of wine,\\ntwo silver pots that held about a pint and a half\\napiece, and a few other cups. Such of the guests\\nas were inclined to drink made use of these ves-\\nsels; for the cup was not pressed upon any man\\nagainst his will. There was no music or other\\namusement, nor was any such thing wanted. He\\nentertained his company very agreeably with his\\nown conversation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sometimes asking questions,\\nand sometimes telling stories.\\nHe raised a small army only at first, but he was\\nsoon obliged to increase it, and to march against\\nenemies on all sides. He took Argos after a des-\\nperate struggle, and recovered the whole of Pelo-\\nponnesus.\\nThe tide of success then turned against Cleo-\\nmenes, and he was in great straits for want of\\nmoney. He was defeated and ruined at the bat-\\ntle of Sellasia by Antigonus. He sought refuge\\nin Egypt, and was taken, by orders of Ptolemy\\nEuergetes, to Alexandria, where he was treated\\nwith some degree of consideration but old\\nPtolemy died before he could put his intentions in\\nfavor of Cleomenes into execution, and his succes-\\nsor on the Egyptian throne was no friend to Cleo-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 191\\nmenes. The ex-king of Sparta and his friends\\nthen took means to escape from Egypt but they\\nwere caught before they could get to their ships,\\nand in their extreme trouble all of them committed\\nsuicide. Cleomenes had been king of Sparta six-\\nteen years.\\nPtolemy was no sooner informed of what had\\nhappened than he ordered the body of Cleomenes\\nto be flayed and nailed to a cross, and his chil-\\ndren and mother and companions to be put to\\ndeath. A few days after, the soldiers who watched\\nthe body of Cleomenes on the cross saw a great\\nsnake winding about his head and covering all his\\nface, so that no bird of prey durst touch it. This\\nstruck Ptolemy with superstitious terror, and\\nmade way for the women to try a variety of ex-\\npiations for he was now persuaded that he had\\ncaused the death of a person who was a favorite\\nof heaven, and something more than mortal. The\\nAlexandrians crowded to the place, and called\\nCleomenes a hero, a son of the gods, till the phil-\\nosophers put a stop to their devotions by assuring\\nthem that as dead oxen breed bees, horses wasps,\\nand beetles rise out of the putrefaction of asses, so\\nhuman carcasses (when some of the moisture of\\nthe marrow is evaporated, and it comes to a\\nthicker consistence) produce serpents. The an-\\ncients, knowing this doctrine, appropriated the\\nserpent, rather than any other animal, to heroes.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nTIBERIUS GRACCHUS.\\nNote. Tiberius Gracchus (Roman). This famous\\ntribune and reformer was born about b.c. 166. As\\nstated below, he was less than thirty years of age\\nat his death.\\nHaving given the history of Agis and Cleo-\\nmenes, we have two Romans to compare with\\nthem namely Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. They\\nwere the sons of Tiberius Gracchus.\\nTiberius, as he grew toward manhood, gained\\nso extraordinary a reputation that he was ad-\\nmitted into the college of the augurs, rather on\\naccount of his virtue than his high birth. He was\\nsoon after made a tribune, but when he sought re-\\nelection he was strongly opposed, and when the\\nday of election came the person who had care of\\nthe chickens which were used in augury brought\\nthem out and set food before them, but none of\\nthem came out of the pen except one, and that one\\nwould not eat it only raised its left wing,\\nstretched out a leg, and then went in again. This\\nput Tiberius in mind of a former ill omen. He\\nhad a helmet that he wore in battle, finely orna-\\nmented, and remarkably magnificent two ser-\\npents that had crept into it privately laid their\\neggs and hatched in it. Such a bad presage made\\nhim more afraid of the late one. Yet he set out\\nfor the capitol,^ as soon as he understood that the\\npeople were assembled there. But in going out\\nof his house he stumbled upon the threshold, and", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES I93\\nstruck it with so much violence that the nail of\\nhis great toe was broken, and the blood flowed\\nfrom the wound. When he had got a little on his\\nway, he saw on his left hand two ravens righting\\non the top of a house and though he was at-\\ntended, on account of his dignity, by great num-\\nbers of people, a stone which one of the ravens\\ndropped fell close by his foot. This startled even\\nthe boldest of his partisans. But one of his train\\nsaid, It would be an unsupportable disgrace if\\nTiberius, the son of Gracchus, grandson of Scipio\\nAfricanus, and protector of the people of Rome,\\nshould, for fear of a raven, disappoint that people\\nwhen they called him to their assistance.\\nTiberius soon discovered that the people having\\nlanded interests had applied to the magistrates to\\nprotect them but as they could not prevail, they\\nhad resolved to- dispatch him, Tiberius, them-\\nselves, and for that purpose had armed them-\\nselves and their friends and slaves. Tiberius no\\nsooner communicated this intelligence to those\\nabout him, than they tucked up their gowns,\\nseized the halberts with which the sergeants kept\\noff the crowd, broke them, and took the pieces to\\nward off any assault that might be made. Such\\nas were at a distance, much surprised at seeing\\nthis, asked what the reason might be, and Tiberius,\\nfinding they could not hear him, touched his head\\nwith his hand to signify the danger he was in.\\nHis adversaries seeing this, ran and informed the\\nsenators that Tiberius demanded the diadem,\\nalleging that gesture as a proof of it.\\n13", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194 plutarch s lives\\nA riot ensued, and there was a serious fight.\\nThe attendants had brought clubs and bludgeons\\nwith them from home, and the patricians seized\\nthe feet of the benches which the populace had\\nbroken in their flight. Thus armed, they made\\ntoward Tiberius, knocking down such as stood\\nbefore him. These being killed or dispersed,\\nTiberius likewise fled. He happened, however,\\nto stumble and fall over some of the killed. As\\nhe was recovering himself, one of his colleagues\\ncame up openly, and struck him on the head with\\nthe foot of a stool, and another gave him a blow\\nwhich killed him. More than three hundred per-\\nsons lost their lives in this affray with clubs,\\nstones, and like weapons but not one was killed\\nby the sword. This is said to have been the first\\ninstance of sedition in Rome, since the expulsion\\nof the kings, which caused blood to be shed.\\nTiberius Gracchus was only twenty-nine years\\nold when he died.\\nCAIUS GRACCHUS.\\nNote. Caius Gracchus (Roman). Caius Gracchus\\nwas a younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus and\\nwas born about b.c 157. After his brother s death\\nhe lived in retirement until his death b.c 126.\\nThis Roman senator was brother of Tiberius\\nGracchus. On the murder of his brother he left\\nthe forum and lived in retirement but after a\\ntime he was elected to office, and accepted it.\\nHe soon became a leading tribune.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES I95\\nAmong the laws which he procured to increase\\nthe authority of the people, and lessen that of the\\nsenate, one related to colonizing and dividing\\nthe public lands among the poor. Another was in\\nfavor of the army, who were now to be clothed at\\nthe public charge, without diminution of their\\npay, and none was to serve till he was full\\nseventeen years old. A third was for the benefit\\nof the Italian allies, who were to have the same\\nright of voting at elections as the citizens of\\nRome. By a fourth the markets were regulated,\\nand the poor enabled to buy bread-corn at a\\ncheaper rate. A fifth related to the courts of\\njudicature, and, indeed, contributed more than\\nanything to retrench the power of the senate.\\nBefore this, senators only were judges in all\\ncauses, and on that account their body was for-\\nmidable both to the equestrian order and to the\\npeople. But now he added three hundred knights\\nto the three hundred senators, and decreed that a\\njudicial authority should be equally invested in\\nthe six hundred.\\nThe work that he took most pains with was that\\nof the public roads, in which he paid a regard to\\nbeauty as well as use. They were drawn in a\\nstraight line through the country, and either paved\\nwith hewn stone, or made of a binding sand.\\nWhen he met with dells or other deep holes, he\\neither filled them up with rubbish, or laid bridges\\nover them so that being leveled and brought to\\na perfect parallel on both sides, they afforded a\\nregular and elegant prospect through the whole.", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nBesides, he divided all the roads into miles of near\\neight furlongs each, and set up pillars of stone to\\nmark the divisions. He likewise erected other\\nstones, at proper distances, on each side of the\\nway, to assist travellers who rode without ser-\\nvants to mount their horses.\\nBut sedition again began to show itself, and\\nCaius quarreled with his colleagues. The reason\\nwas this There was a show of gladiators to be\\nexhibited to the people in the forum, and most of\\nthe magistrates had caused scaffolds to be erected\\naround the place, in order to let them out for hire.\\nCaius insisted that they should be taken down,\\nthat the poor might see the exhibition without\\npaying for it. As none of the proprietors regarded\\nhis orders, he waited till the night preceding the\\nshow, and then went with his own workmen and\\ndemolished the scaffolds. Next day the populace\\nsaw the place quite clear of them, and, of course,\\nthey admired him as a man of superior spirit.\\nBut his colleagues were greatly offended at his\\nviolent temper and measures, and it was not long\\nbefore there was an open rupture, and Caius was\\nobliged to flee from Rome. He was pursued,\\ncaptured, and immediately killed. We are told\\nalso that after a person had cut off the head of\\nCaius, and was bearing away the prize, Septimu-\\nleius, one of Opimius friends, took it from him\\nfor the weight in gold had been offered by proc-\\nlamation for the head. Septimuleius carried it\\nto Opimius upon the point of a pike; and when\\nput into the scales it was found to weigh seventeen", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 197\\npounds eight ounces but Septimuleius had added\\nfraud to his other villainies, and had taken out the\\nbrain and filled the cavity with molten lead.\\nDEMOSTHENES.\\nNote. Demosthenes (Greek). The career of this\\nmatchless orator is fully told by Plutarch. He\\nwas born near Athens, B.C. 383, and poisoned him-\\nself in the temple of Poseidon b.c 322.\\nThis prince of orators was son of Demosthenes,\\na sword -cutler, one of the principal citizens of\\nAthens. He was only seven years old when his\\nfather died, and his guardians greatly neglected\\nhim, and squandered or wasted the money which\\nhad been left to support and educate him.\\nHis ambition to speak in public is said to have\\ntaken its rise on this occasion The orator Calli-\\nstratus was to plead a celebrated cause, and the\\nexpectation of the public was greatly raised, both\\nby the powers of the orator which were then in\\nthe highest repute\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and by the importance of the\\ntrial. Demosthenes, hearing his governors and\\ntutors agree among themselves to attend the trial,\\nprevailed on his master to take him to hear the\\npleadings. The master, having some acquaint-\\nance with the officers who opened the court, got\\nhis young pupil a seat where he could hear the\\norators without being seen. Callistratus had\\ngreat success, and his abilities were extremely\\nadmired. Demosthenes was fired with a spirit of\\nemulation. When he saw with what distinction", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "198 plutarch s lives\\nthe orator was conducted home, and complimented\\nby the people, he was struck still more with the\\npower of that commanding eloquence which could\\ncarry all before it. From this time, therefore, he\\nbade adieu to the other studies and exercises in\\nwhich boys are engaged, and applied himself with\\ngreat assiduity to declaiming, in hopes of being\\none day numbered among the orators.\\nWhen he had attained his majority he called his\\nguardians to account at law, and he wrote ora-\\ntions against them and as they found many\\nmethods for causing delay, be had plenty of op-\\nportunities for exercising his talent as an orator\\nat the bar. At first he was laughed at and inter-\\nrupted, for his violence of manner and his stam-\\nmering made it very difficult to understand him.\\nHe overcame these difficulties by retiring to the\\ncountry, where he practiced and studied everyday\\nboth action and speech and to insure his not\\ngoing into the city, he shaved off the hair on one\\nside of his head, which compelled him to keep in\\nretirement till it had grown again. Feeling con-\\nfidence in his oratorical powers, he returned to\\nthe bar, and soon began to be listened to and\\nadmired. He was seldom heard to speak anything\\nextempore and though the people often called\\nupon him by name, as he sat in the assembly, to\\nspeak to the point debated, he would not do it\\nunless he came prepared. For this many of the\\norators ridiculed him and Pytheas, in particular,\\ntold him that all his arguments smelled of the\\nlamp. He did not pretend to deny his previ-", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 199\\nous preparation, but told the orators that he\\nneither wrote the whole of his orations, nor spoke\\nwithout first committing part to writing. He\\nfurther affirmed that this showed him a good\\nmember of a democratic state for the coming\\nprepared to the rostrum was a mark of respect for\\nthe people.\\nAs for his personal defects, Demetrius, the\\nPhalerean, gives us an account of the remedies\\nhe applied to them and he says he had it from\\nDemosthenes in his old age. The hesitation and\\nstammering of his tongue he corrected by practic-\\ning to speak with pebbles in his mouth and\\nstrengthened his voice by running or walking up\\nhill, and pronouncing some passage in an oration\\nor a poem during the difficulty of breathing. He\\nhad, moreover, a looking-glass in his house, be-\\nfore which he used to declaim, and adjust all his\\nmotions.\\nWhen Harpalus fled from Alexander (who was\\nin Asia) to Athens, laden with very valuable\\ntreasures, he asked the Athenians to give him\\nshelter. Most of the orators had an eye on the\\ngold but Demosthenes advised that Harpalus\\nshould be sent off, as his presence in Athens\\nmight provoke war. Yet a few days after, when\\nthey were looking over the treasures, Harpalus\\nnoticed that Demosthenes seemed particularly\\npleased with one of the king s cups, and stood\\nadmiring the workmanship and fashion. He\\ndesired him to take it in his hand, and feel the\\nweight of the gold. Demosthenes being surprised", "height": "3457", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nat the weight, and asking Harpalus how much it\\nmight bring, he smiled, and said, It will bring\\nyou twenty talents and as soon as it was night he\\nsent him the cup with that sum. Harpalus knew\\nwell enough how to distinguish a man s passion\\nfor gold by his pleasure at the sight, and the keen\\nlooks he cast upon it. Demosthenes could not\\nresist the temptation it made all the impression\\nupon him that was expected he received the\\nmoney, and went over to the interest of Harpalus.\\nNext day he came into the assembly with a quan-\\ntity of wool and bandages about his neck and\\nwhen the people called upon him to get up and\\nspeak, he made signs that he had lost his voice.\\nUpon this, some that were by said, It was no\\ncommon hoarseness he had got in the night it\\nwas a hoarseness occasioned by swallowing gold\\nand silver. Afterward, when all the people\\nwere apprised of his taking the bribe, and he\\nwanted to speak in his own defense, they would\\nnot suffer him, but raised a clamor, and expressed\\ntheir indignation. At the same time, somebody\\nor other stood up, and said sneeringly, Will you\\nnot listen to the man with the cup?\\nAt the same time, Demosthenes, seemingly with\\na design to prove his innocence, moved for an\\norder that the affair should be brought before the\\ncourt of Areopagus, and all persons punished who\\nshould be found guilty of taking bribes. In con-\\nsequence of which he appeared before that court,\\nand was convicted, and sentenced to pay a fine\\nof fifty talents, and to be imprisoned till it was", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 201\\npaid. The disgrace of his conviction, and the\\nweakness of his constitution which could not\\nbear close confinement determined him to fly\\nand this he did. He bore his exile in a very weak\\nand effeminate manner. He was after a time\\nrecalled, and the fine paid for him but he did not\\nlong enjoy the return to his country. He lost his\\nlife in the following manner When news was\\nbrought that Antipater and Craterus were coming\\nto Athens, Demosthenes and his party hastened\\nto escape, and the people immediately condemned\\nthem to death. As they fled different ways, An-\\ntipater sent a company of soldiers, under Archias,\\nthe exile hunter, to pursue and capture them.\\nArchias being informed that Demosthenes had\\ntaken sanctuary in the temple of Neptune at Ca-\\nlauria, he and his Thracian soldiers passed over\\ninto it in rowboats. As soon as he was landed\\nhe went to the orator, and endeavored to persuade\\nhim to quit the temple, and go with him to Anti-\\npater, assuring him that he had no hard measure to\\nexpect. On hearing which, Demosthenes retired\\ninto the inner part of the temple and taking some\\npaper, as if he meant to write, he put the pen in\\nhis mouth, and bit it a considerable time, as he\\nused to do when thoughtful about his composition.\\nHe sucked the poison from his pen, after which,\\nhe covered his head, fell by the altar, and ex-\\npired. He died on the 16th of October, b.c. 322,\\naged 61, leaving behind him a great body of\\norations.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nCICERO.\\nNote. Cicero (Roman). Cicero was born B.C. 106,\\nthe same year of Pompey s birth, and died B.C. 43.\\nI think the first of the family who bore the\\nname of Cicero must have been an extraordinary\\nman and for that reason his posterity did not re-\\nject the appellation, but rather took to it with\\npleasure, though it was a common subject of ridi-\\ncule for the Latins called a vetch Cicer, and\\nhe had a flat excrescence on the tip of his nose in\\nresemblance of a vetch, from which he got that\\nsurname. As for the Cicero of whom we are writ-\\ning, his friends advised him, on his first applica-\\ntion to business, and soliciting one of the great\\noffices of state, to lay aside or change that name.\\nBut he answered with great spirit, That he would\\nendeavor to make the name of Cicero more glori-\\nous than that of the Scauri and the Catuli.\\nWhen quaestor in Sicily, he consecrated in one of\\nthe temples a vase, or some other offering, in\\nsilver, upon which he inscribed his first two\\nnames, Marcus Tullius, and, punning upon the\\nthird, ordered the artificer to engrave a vetch.\\nSuch is the account we have of his name. As he\\nwas naturally ambitious of honor, and being\\nspurred on besides by his father and his friends,\\nhe betook himself to the bar. Nor was it by slow\\nand insensible degrees that he gained the palm of\\neloquence his fame shot forth at once, and he\\nwas distinguished above all the orators of Rome.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 203\\nHis excellence at hitting off a jest or repartee ani-\\nmated his pleadings, and therefore seemed not\\nforeign to the business of the forum but by bring-\\ning it much into use he offended numbers of peo-\\nple, and got the character of a malevolent man.\\nAs to his domestic life, we read that he had a\\nhandsome country-seat at Arphinum, a farm near\\nNaples, and another at Pompeii, but neither of\\nthem was very considerable. His wife Terentia\\nbrought him a fortune of a hundred and twenty\\nthousand denarii, and he fell heir to about ninety\\nthousand more. Upon this he lived in a genteel,\\nand at the same time a frugal manner, with men\\nof letters about him, both Greeks and Romans.\\nHe rarely took his meal before sunset not that\\nbusiness or study prevented his sitting down to\\ntable sooner, but the weakness of his stomach, he\\nthought, required that regimen. Indeed, he was\\nso exact in all respects in the care of his health,\\nthat he had his stated hours for rubbing and for\\nthe exercise of walking. By this management of\\nhis constitution, he gained a sufficient stock of\\nhealth and strength for the great labors and\\nfatigues he afterward underwent. He gave up\\nto his brother the town-house which belonged to\\nhis family, and took up his residence on the Pala-\\ntine Hill, that those who came to pay their court\\nto him might not have far to go, and he had a\\nlevee every day.\\nThe first great danger which Cicero had to\\nguard against was the conspiracy of Catiline, who,\\nwith Lentulus and others, resolved to kill the", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nwhole senate, and as many other citizens as they\\npossibly could; to burn the city; and to spare\\nnone but the sons of Pompey, who were to be kept\\nas pledges of peace with that general. The con-\\nspirators had fixed on a night during the feast of\\nthe Saturnalia for the execution of their enter-\\nprise. They had lodged arms and combustible\\nmatter in the house of Cethegus. They had\\ndivided Rome into a hundred parts, and selected\\nthe same number of men, each of whom was\\nallotted his quarter to set fire to. As this was to\\nbe done by them all at the same moment, they\\nhoped that the conflagration would be general\\nothers were to intercept the water, and kill all that\\nwent to seek it.\\nCicero discovered the conspiracy in time, and\\ncaught Catiline and the rest of the leading con-\\nspirators, who were put to death privately. As\\nCicero passed through the forum to go to his own\\nhouse, the people hailed him with loud acclama-\\ntions, and called him the savior and second\\nfounder of Rome. At night the streets were\\nilluminated with a multitude of lamps and torches\\nplaced near the doors. The women held out\\nlights from the tops of the houses, that they might\\nbehold and pay a proper compliment to the man\\nwho was now followed with solemnity by a train\\nof the greatest men in Rome, most of whom had\\ndistinguished themselves by successful wars, led\\nup triumphs, and enlarged the empire both by sea\\nand land. All these, in their discourse with each\\nother as they went along, acknowledged that", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 205\\nRome was indebted to many generals and great\\nmen of that age for pecuniary acquisitions, for\\nrich spoils, for power, but for preservation and\\nsafety to Cicero alone, who had rescued her from\\nso great and dreadful a danger. Not that his\\nquashing the enterprise and punishing the delin-\\nquents appeared so extraordinary a thing but the\\nwonder was that he could suppress the greatest\\nconspiracy that ever existed with so little incon-\\nvenience to the state, and without tumult.\\nThough he had an insatiable desire for gaining\\nhonor, he was never unwilling that others should\\nhave their share, for he was entirely free from\\nenvy and it appears from his works that he was\\nmost liberal in his praises, not only of the an-\\ncients, but of those of his own time. Many of his\\nremarkable sayings, too, of this nature are pre-\\nserved. Thus, of Aristotle he said, That he\\nwas a river of flowing gold and of Plato s dia-\\nlogues, That if Jupiter were to speak he would\\nspeak as Plato did. Theophrastus used to be\\nhis particular favorite and being asked which\\nof Demosthenes orations he thought the best, he\\nanswered, The longest. Some who affect to be\\nzealous admirers of that orator complain, indeed,\\nof Cicero s saying in one of his epistles, that\\nDemosthenes sometimes nodded in his orations\\nbut they forget the many great encomiums he\\nbestowed on him in the other parts of his works\\nand do not consider that he gave the title of Philip-\\npics to his orations against Mark Antony, which\\nwere the most elaborate he ever wrote. There", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "206 plutarch s lives\\nwas not one of his contemporaries, celebrated\\neither for his eloquence or philosophy, whose\\nfame he did not promote either by speaking or\\nwriting of him in an advantageous manner.\\nCicero s enemies were at last numerous enough\\nto get him banished. The people, however, paid\\nno regard to the decree, but gave him succor and\\nprotection. His villas and his house in Rome\\nwere burned, and Clodius put his goods up to auc-\\ntion, and the crier gave notice of it every day, but\\nno buyer appeared.\\nCicero was recalled sixteen months after his\\nbanishment; and such joy was expressed by the\\ncities, so much eagerness to meet him shown by\\nall ranks of people, that his own account of it is\\nless than the truth, though he said that Italy had\\nbrought him on her shoulders to Rome.\\nHe soon regained his popularity, and daily en-\\ntertained at his own charge persons of honor and\\nlearning, not with magnificence indeed, but with\\nelegance and propriety. He had no porter at his\\ngate, nor did any man ever find him in bed; for\\nhe rose early in the morning, and kindly received\\nthose who came to pay their court to him, either\\nstanding or walking before his door. We are told\\nthat he never caused any man to be beaten with\\nrods, or to have his garments rent never uttered\\nopprobrious language in his anger, nor added in-\\nsult to punishment.\\nAfter the battle of Pharsalia between Caesar and\\nPompey, and after the flight of Pompey, Cato\\ndesired Cicero to take command of part of the\\nfleet, but he declined to have any further share in", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 207\\nthe war. Upon which young Pompey and his\\nfriends called him traitor, drew their swords, and\\nwould certainly have dispatched him had not Cato\\ninterposed and conveyed him out of the camp.\\nHe then withdrew from public business, and be-\\nstowed his leisure on the young men who were\\ndesirous to be instructed in philosophy. Cicero\\nhad no share in the conspiracy against Caesar,\\nthough he was a particular friend of Brutus. An-\\nother conspiracy ended in the proscription of\\nCicero, and he fled by ship to Cajeta, where he\\nhad a delightful summer retreat. There was a\\ntemple of Apollo on that coast, from which it was\\nobserved that a flight of crows came with a great\\nnoise, and perched on the sails of Cicero s ship.\\nAll looked upon this as an ill omen yet Cicero\\nwent on shore, and, entering his house, lay down\\nto repose himself. In the meantime, a number of\\nthe crows settled in the chamber window, and\\ncroaked in the most doleful manner. One of them\\neven entered it, and, alighting on the bed, at-\\ntempted with its beak to draw off the clothes\\nwith which he had covered his face. At sight of\\nthis, the servants began to reproach themselves.\\nShall we, said they, remain to be spectators of\\nour master s murder? Shall we not protect him,\\nso innocent and so great a sufferer as he is, when\\nthe brute creatures give him marks of their care\\nand attention? Then partly by entreaty, partly\\nby force, they got him into his litter, and carried\\nhim toward the sea.\\nMeantime the assassins came up, and Cicero\\nfell in the sixty -fourth year of his age.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nDEMETRIUS.\\nNote. Demetrius (Macedonian). Demetrius was\\nborn b.c. 338, and, at the age of twenty-two, com-\\nmanded the army sent against Ptolemy, by whom\\nhe was defeated near Gaza.\\nDemetrius, though tall was not equal in height\\nto his father, Antigonus. But his beauty and his\\nmien were so inimitable that no sculptor or painter\\ncould hit off a likeness. His countenance had a\\nmixture of grace and dignity, and was at once\\namiable and awful and the unsubdued and eager\\nair of youth was blended with the majesty of the\\nhero and the king. There was the same happy\\nmixture in his behavior, which inspired, at the\\nsame time, both pleasure and awe. In his hours of\\nleisure, he was a most agreeable companion at his\\ntable, and every species of entertainment, of all\\nprinces he was the most delicate and yet, when\\nbusiness called, nothing could equal his activity,\\nhis diligence, and dispatch in which respect he\\nimitated Bacchus most of all the gods, since he\\nwas not only terrible in war, but knew how to\\nterminate war with peace, and turn with the hap-\\npiest address to the joys and pleasures which\\npeace inspires. His affection for his father was\\nremarkably great and in the respect he paid his\\nmother, his love for his other parent was very\\ndiscernible.\\nHis war with the Rhodians was occasioned by\\ntheir alliance with Ptolemy and in the course of", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 200.\\nit he brought the largest of his helepoles up to\\ntheir walls. Its base was square each of its sides\\nat the bottom forty-eight cubits wide, and it was\\nsixty-six cubits high. The sides of the several\\ndivisions gradually lessened, so that the top was\\nmuch narrower than the bottom. The inside was\\ndivided into several stories or rooms, one above\\nanother. The front, which was turned toward\\nthe enemy, had a window in each storey, through\\nwhich missive weapons of various kinds were\\nthrown for it was filled with men who practiced\\nevery method of fighting. It neither shook nor\\nveered the least in its motion, but rolled on in a\\nsteady upright position, and moved with a horri-\\nble noise. He had two coats of mail brought from\\nCyprus for his use in this war, each of which\\nweighed forty minae. Zolius, the maker, to show\\nthe excellence of their temper, ordered a dart to\\nbe shot at one of them from an engine at the dis-\\ntance of twenty-six paces, and it stood so firm that\\nthere was no more mark upon it than what might\\nbe made with a writing-stylus.\\nPeople have remarked that Demetrius always\\nappeared like a theatrical king. He not only\\naffected a superfluity of ornament in wearing a\\ndouble diadem, and a robe of purple interwoven\\nwith gold, but he had his shoes made of a cloth of\\ngold, with soles of fine purple. There was a robe\\na long time in weaving for him, of most sumptu-\\nous magnificence. The figure of the world and\\nall the heavenly bodies were to be represented\\nupon it but it was left unfinished on account of\\n14", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "V\\n2IO PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhis change of fortune. Nor did any of his succes-\\nsors ever presume to wear it, though Macedon had\\nmany pompous kings after him. This ostentation\\nof dress offended a people who were unaccustomed\\nto such sights but his luxurious and dissolute\\nmanner of life was a more obnoxious circumstance\\nand what disobliged them most of all was his dif-\\nficulty of access for he either refused to see those\\nwho applied to him, or behayed to them in a harsh\\nand haughty manner.\\nOne day, when he seemed to come out in a more\\nobliging temper, and to be more accessible, he\\nwas presented with several petitions, all which\\nhe received, and put them in the skirt of his robe.\\nThe people of course followed him with great joy\\nbut no sooner was he come to the bridge over the\\nAxius than he opened his robe and shook all the\\npetitions into the river. This stung the Macedo-\\nnians to the heart when looking for the protection\\nof a king, they found the insolence of a tyrant.\\nAn old woman was one day very troublesome to\\nhim in the street, and begged with great impor-\\ntunity to be heard. He said, He was not at\\nleisure. Then, cried the old woman, you\\nshould not be a king. The king was struck with\\nthese words and having considered a moment,\\nhe returned to his palace, where, postponing all\\nother affairs, he gave audience for several days\\nto all who chose to apply to him, beginning with\\nthe old woman.\\nIn a battle with his son-in-law, Seleucus, he\\nwas abandoned by his soldiers, captured, and,", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 211\\nafter three years confinement, he died of a dis-\\ntemper occasioned by idleness and excess. This\\nhappened b.c. 284, when he was fifty-four years\\nof age.\\nANTONY.\\nNote. Antony (Roman). Antony the triumvir was\\nborn about b.c. 83. The full story of his remark-\\nable career and his death, with that of Cleopatra,\\nare given by Plutarch.\\nMark Antony had a noble dignity of counte-\\nnance, a graceful length of beard, a large fore-\\nhead, an aquiline nose and, upon the whole, the\\nsame manly aspect that we see in the pictures and\\nstatues of Hercules. There was, indeed, an an-\\ncient tradition that his family was descended from\\nHercules, and it was no wonder if Antony sought\\nto confirm this opinion by affecting to resemble\\nhim in his air and his dress. Thus, when he ap-\\npeared in public, he wore his vest girt on the hips,\\na large sword, and over all a mantle. His liber-\\nality to the soldiers and to his friends was the\\nfirst foundation of his advancement, and continued\\nto support him in that power which he was other-\\nwise weakening by a thousand irregularities.\\nIn the conspiracy against Caesar it was proposed\\nthat Antony too should be killed, but Brutus\\neffectually opposed the suggestion. Antony did\\nnot know of the plot against Caesar, and was\\nmuch concerned when he heard of the assassina-\\ntion. When Caesar was slain, Antony absconded\\nin the disguise of a slave but after he found that", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "212 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nthe conspirators were assembled in the capitol,\\nand had no further designs of massacre, he assem-\\nbled the senate, when he proposed that an act of\\namnesty should be passed and when Caesar s\\nbody was exposed in the forum he undertook the\\ncustomary funeral oration and when he found the\\npeople affected with his encomiums on the de-\\nceased, he endeavored still more to excite their\\ncompassion by all that was pitiable or aggravat-\\ning in the massacre.\\nAntony fought the enemies of Caesar with some\\nsuccess, but was in the end defeated and had to\\nfly. He was in terrible straits when he set out in\\nhis expedition against the Parthians, and he sent\\nfor Cleopatra to answer some charges which had\\nbeen laid against her of assisting his enemies in\\nthe war. Prepared, therefore, with such treas-\\nures, ornaments, and presents, as were suitable\\nto the dignity and affluence of her kingdom, but\\nchiefly relying on her personal charms, she set\\noff for Cilicia, to meet Antony.\\nShe sailed along the river Cydnus in a most\\nmagnificent galley. The stern was covered with\\ngold, the sails were of purple, and the oars were\\nsilver. These, in their motion, kept time to the\\nmusic of flutes and pipes and harps. The qt:een,\\nin the dress and character of Venus, lay under a\\ncanopy embroidered with gold of the most ex-\\nquisite workmanship while boys, like painted\\nCupids, stood fanning her on each side of the\\ncouch. Her maids were of the most distinguished\\nbeauty, and, habited like the Nereids and the", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 213\\nGraces, assisted in the steering and conduct of\\nthe vessel. The fragrance of burning incense\\nwas diffused along the shores, which were covered\\nwith multitudes of people. Some followed the\\nprocession, and numbers went down from the city\\nto see it. Antony sent to invite her to supper\\nbut she thought it his duty to wait upon her so,\\nto show his politeness, on her arrival he complied.\\nHe was astonished at the magnificence of the\\npreparations, but particularly at the multitude of\\nlights, which were raised or let down together,\\nand disposed in such a variety of square and cir-\\ncular figures that they afforded one of the most\\npleasing spectacles that has been recorded in his-\\ntory. The day following Antony invited her to\\nsup with him, and was ambitious to outdo her in\\nthe elegance and magnificence of the entertain-\\nment. But he was soon convinced that he came\\nshort of her in both, and was the first to ridicule\\nthe meanness and vulgarity of the feast. Notable\\nwas the variety of her powers in conversation\\nher beauty, however, was neither astonishing nor\\ninimitable, but it derived a force from her wit and\\nher fascinating manner, which was absolutely\\nirresistible. Her voice was delightfully melodi-\\nous, and had the same variety of modulation as\\na instrument of many strings. She spoke most\\nlanguages, and there were but few of the foreign\\nambassadors whom she answered by an interpreter.\\nTo mention all Antony s follies would be too\\ntrifling but his fishing story must not be omitted.\\nHe was a-fishing one day with Cleopatra, and", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nhad ill success, which in her presence he could but\\nlook upon as a disgrace and he therefore ordered\\none of the assistants to dive, and put on his hook\\nfish which had been taken before. This scheme\\nhe put in practice three or four times, and Cleo-\\npatra perceived it. She affected, however, to be\\nsurprised at his success, expressed her wonder to\\nthe people about her, and the day following in-\\nvited them to see fresh proofs of it. When the\\nday following came, the vessel was crowded with\\npeople and as soon as Antony had let down his\\nline she ordered one of her divers immediately to\\nput a salt fish on his hook. When Antony found\\nhe had caught his fish, he drew up his line and\\nthis, as may be supposed, occasioned no small\\nmirth amongst the spectators. Go, general said\\nCleopatra, leave fishing to us petty princes of\\nPharus and Canopus your game is cities, king-\\ndoms, and provinces.\\nAfter the battle of Actium, where Antony was\\ndefeated, it was reported that Cleopatra had killed\\nherself, and Antony immediately determined to\\nfollow her example. He plunged his sword into\\nhis body, and threw himself on a couch. The\\nwound, however, was not so deep as to cause im-\\nmediate death. His friends all fled, and left him\\nto his cries and torments, till Diomedes, secretary\\nto Cleopatra, came with her request that he would\\ncome to her in the monument. When Antony\\nfound that she was still living, it gave him fresh\\nspirits, and he ordered his servants to carry him\\nin their arms to the door of the monument. Cle-", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 215\\nopatra would not suffer the door to be opened,\\nbut a rope being let down from a window, Antony\\nwas fastened to it, and she, with her two women\\n(all that were admitted into the monument), drew\\nhim up. Nothing could possibly be more affect-\\ning than that spectacle. Antony soon after ex-\\npired, and the death of Cleopatra followed.\\nIt is related by seme than an asp was brought in\\namong some figs, and hid under the leaves, and\\nthat Cleopatra had arranged so that she might be\\nbitten without seeing it. It is affirmed that she had\\ntwo small punctures on her arm, apparently occa-\\nsioned by the sting of the asp and it is clear that\\nCaesar gave credit to this, for her effigy, which he\\ncarried in triumph, had an asp on the arm and\\nthough Caesar was much disappointed at her\\ndeath, he admired her fortitude, and ordered her\\nto be buried in the tomb of Antony, with all the\\nmagnificence due to her quality. She died at the\\nage of thirty--nine, after having reigned twenty-\\ntwo years, the last fourteen in conjunction with\\nAntony. Antony was fifty-three, some say fifty-\\nsix, years old when he died.\\nDION.\\nNote. Dion (Syracusan). Dion was born B.C. 408 and\\nhis death took place fifty-five years later.\\nAmongst the many pupils of the famous philoso-\\npher Plato, Dion was one of the most distin-\\nguished. To the fertility of his genius, and the\\nexcellence of his disposition, Plato himself has", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "2l6 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\ngiven testimony, and he did the greatest honor to\\nthat testimony in his life. For though he had\\nbeen educated in servile principles under the\\ntyrant Dionysius, though he had been familiar-\\nized to dependence, on the one hand, and to the\\nindulgence of pomp and luxury, as the greatest\\nhappiness, on the other, yet he was no sooner\\nacquainted with that philosophy which points out\\nthe road to virtue, than his whole soul caught the\\nenthusiasm, and, with the simplicity of a young\\nman who judges of the dispositions of others by\\nhis own, he concluded that Plato s lectures would\\nhave the same effect on Dionysius. For this rea-\\nson he solicited, and at length persuaded, the\\ntyrant to hear him. When Plato was admitted,\\nthe discourse turned on virtue in general. After-\\nward they came to fortitude in particular; and\\nPlato made it appear that tyrants have of all men\\nthe least pretence to that virtue. Justice was the\\nnext topic and when Plato asserted the happiness\\nof the just, and the wretched condition of the\\nunjust, the tyrant was stung; and being unable\\nto answer his arguments, he expressed his resent-\\nment against those who seemed to listen to him\\nwith pleasure. At last he was extremely exasper-\\nated, and asked the philosopher what business he\\nhad in Sicily? Plato answered, That he came to\\nseek an honest man. And so, then, replied\\nthe tyrant, it seems you have lost your labor.\\nIt was not long before the tyrant turned his hate\\nagainst Dion, and accused him of conspiring\\nagainst him, and he banished him.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 217\\nDionysius now removed Plato into the citadel,\\nunder color of kindness but in reality to set a\\nguard upon him, lest he should follow Dion, and\\nproclaim to the world how injuriously he had been\\ntreated. But in the course of time Plato managed\\nto gain the favor of the tyrant, and was admitted\\ninto his presence without the usual formality of\\nbeing searched. This form had to be gone through\\nby every one, even by his wife and children, before\\nthey were admitted to his presence, for fear that\\nthey should have weapons or poison about them.\\nThe king would not even trust himself to the bar-\\nber, but burned off his beard with a live coal.\\nDion was at length able to march at the head\\nof a formidable army, against Dionysius. He\\nreached Syracuse almost without opposition, and\\nthe principal inhabitants, clad in white, met him\\nat the gates and greeted him as their deliverer.\\nThe populace fell with great fury on Dionysius\\nparty, but in particular they seized his spies, a set\\nof wretches hated by gods and men, who went\\nabout the city to collect the sentiments of the\\ninhabitants in order to communicate them to the\\ntyrant.\\nDion had a friend named Calippus, an Athenian,\\nwith whom he first became acquainted, not on\\naccount of his literary merit, but, according to\\nPlato, because he happened to be introduced by\\nhim to some religious mysteries. He had always\\nattended him in the army, and was in great es-\\nteem. He was, as before mentioned, the first of\\nhis friends who marched along with him into", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "2l8 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nSyracuse, and he had distinguished himself in\\nevery action. This man, finding that Dion s\\nchief friends had fallen in the war, that since the\\ndeath of Heraclides the popular party was without\\na leader, and that he himself stood in great favor\\nwith the army, formed an execrable design against\\nthe life of his benefactor, which was successful.\\nDion was fifty years old when he was assassi-\\nnated.\\nMARCUS BRUTUS.\\nNote. Marcus Brutus (Roman). The mother of\\nMarcus Brutus was a sister of Cato. As stated in\\nthe following sketch of his career, his death oc-\\ncurred B.C. 42, when he was in his forty-third year.\\nBrutus had all the advantages that arise from\\nthe cultivation of philosophy. To his spirit,\\nwhich was naturally sedate and mild, he gave\\nvigor and activity by constant application. Upon\\nthe whole, he was happily formed to virtue, both\\nby nature and education. Even the partisans of\\nCaesar ascribe to him everything that had the\\nappearance of honor or generosity in the conspir-\\nacy, and all that was of a contrary character\\nthey laid to the charge of Cassius, who was, in-\\ndeed, the friend and relation of Brutus, but by no\\nmeans resembled him in the simplicity of his\\nmanners.\\nThe popularity of the conspiracy against Caesar\\nmade Brutus feel that the safety of some of the\\ngreatest men in Rome depended on his conduct,\\nand he could not think of the clanger they were to", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES 2IO,\\nencounter without anxiety. When the day fixed\\nfor the assassination came, Brutus went out, and\\ntook with him a dagger, which last circumstance\\nwas known only to his wife. The rest of the con-\\nspirators met at the house of Cassius, and con-\\nducted his son, who was that day to put on the\\ntoga virilis, to the forum from whence they pro-\\nceeded to Pompey s portico, and waited for Caesar.\\nThough the day was far spent, still Caesar did not\\ncome, being detained by his wife and the sooth-\\nsayers.\\nThe senate was already seated, and the conspir-\\nators soon got close about Caesar s chair, under\\npretense of preferring a suit to him. Cassius\\nturned his face to Pompey s statue, and invoked\\nit, as if it had been sensible of his prayers. Tre-\\nbonius kept Antony in conversation outside the\\ncourt. And now Caesar entered, and the whole\\nsenate rose to salute him. The conspirators\\ncrowded around him, and sent Tullius Cimber,\\none of their number, to solicit the recall of his\\nbrother, who was banished. They all united in\\nthe solicitation, took hold of Caesar s hand, and\\nkissed his head and his breast. He rejected their\\napplications, and, finding that they would not de-\\nsist, at length rose from his seat in anger. Tul-\\nlius, upon this, laid hold of his robe, and pulled it\\nfrom his shoulders. Casca, who stood behind,\\ngave him the first, though but a slight wound,\\nwith his dagger near the shoulder. Caesar caught\\nthe handle of the dagger, and said, Villain!\\nCasca What dost thou mean Caesar was", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2 20 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nwounded by numbers almost at the same instant,\\nand looked round him for some way to escape\\nbut when he saw the dagger of Brutus pointed\\nagainst him, he let go Casca s hand, and, covering\\nhis head with his robe, resigned himself to their\\nswords. The conspirators pressed so eagerly to\\nstab him that they wounded each other. Brutus,\\nin attempting to have his share in the sacrifice,\\nreceived a wound in his hand, and all of them\\nwere covered with blood.\\nEarly next morning the senate assembled again,\\nand voted thanks to Antony for preventing a civil\\nwar, as well as to Brutus and his party for their\\nservices to the commonwealth.\\nAt the battle of Philippi Brutus was defeated\\nby the young Caesar, and being unable to bear the\\nignominy, he killed himself, b. c. 42.\\nARTAXERXES.\\nNote. Artaxerxes (Persian). Artaxerxes was the\\nthird son of Xerxes. He murdered his brother\\nDarius and ascended the throne of Persia B.C. 465.\\nHe died b.c 424 and was succeeded by Xerxes. It\\nis generally believed that Artaxerxes was the\\nAhasueras of Scripture, who married Esther. Ar-\\ntaxerxes, surnamed Mnemon, the eldest son of\\nDarius, began his reign in b.c 404 and ruled for\\nfortv-two years.\\nArtaxerxes the First, who of all the Persian\\nkings was the most distinguished for his modera-\\ntion and greatness of mind, was surnamed Longi-\\nmanus, because his right hand was longer than\\nhis left. He was the son of Xerxes. The second", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "plutarch s lives 221\\nArtaxerxes, of whom we now write, was sur-\\nnamed Mnemon, because of his wonderful mem-\\nory. Soon after the death of Darius, the king,\\nhis successor, went to Pasargadae, in order to be\\nconsecrated, according to custom, by the priests\\nof Persia. In that city there is the temple of a\\ngoddess who has the affairs of war under her\\npatronage, and, therefore, may be supposed to be\\nMinerva. The prince to be consecrated must\\nenter that temple, put off his own robe there, and\\ntake that which was worn by the great Cyrus be-\\nfore he was king. He must eat a cake of figs, chew\\nsome turpentine, and drink a cup of acidulated\\nmil]\u00c2\u00a3. Whether there are any other ceremonies\\nis unknown, except to the persons concerned.\\nOne of the chief military exploits during this\\nreign was the great battle of Cunaxa, in which\\nCyrus, the king s brother, was defeated and slain.\\nThe horrid punishment of The Boat is thus\\ndescribed by Plutarch They take two boats,\\nwhich are made to fit on each other, and extend\\nthe criminal in one of them in a supine posture.\\nThen they turn the other boat upon it, so that the\\npoor wretch s body is covered, and only the head\\nand hands are out at one end, and the feet at the\\nother. They give him victuals daily, and if he re-\\nfuses to eat, they compel him by pricking him in\\nthe eyes. After he has eaten, they make him\\ndrink a mixture of honey and milk, which they\\npour into his mouth. They spread the same, too,\\nover his face, and always turn him so as to have\\nthe sun full in his eyes the consequence of which", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "222 PLUTARCH S LIVES\\nis, that his face is covered with swarms of flies.\\nThe poor victim is thus left to die a lingering\\ndeath. The unfortunate victim in this case was\\nnamed Mithridates, and he found death in seven-\\nteen days.\\nArtaxerxes died a natural death at the age of\\nninety-four years.\\nARATUS.\\nNote. Ar at us\\\\ (Greek). This Greek poet and as-\\ntronomer wa6 born in Cilicia and flourished about\\nB.C. 300.\\nWhen only seven years old Aratus escaped as-\\nsassination. He was educated by the friends of\\nhis family at Argos in a liberal manner, and as\\nhe was vigorous and robust he took to gymnastic\\nexercises and gained many prizes. Indeed, in his\\nstatues there is an athletic look. Hence, perhaps,\\nit was that he cultivated his powers of eloquence\\nless than became a statesman. He might, indeed,\\nbe a better speaker than some suppose and there\\nare those who judge, from his commentaries, that\\nhe certainly was so, though they were hastily\\nwritten, and attempted nothing beyond common\\nlanguage.\\nAfter a revolution, the government of Sicyon\\nfell into the hands of Nicoles, and in order to re-\\nstore the country to liberty Aratus killed him.\\nAratus was very jealous of tyrannical power, and\\njoined the republic of Sicyon in the Achaean\\nleague. He was chosen the first commander of\\nthe Achaean armies, and he drove the Macedonians", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "PLUTARCH S LIVES. 223\\nout of Athens and Corinth. He then made war\\nagainst the Spartans, but was conquered by Cle-\\nomenes, their king. He was more successful in\\nhis next campaign, and Cleomenes was defeated.\\nAratus had soon afterward to seek the aid of\\nPhilip, King of Macedonia and he had to repent\\nof the acquaintance, for Philip, dreading the power\\nand influence of Aratus, caused him and his son\\nto be poisoned.\\nThus died Aratus at JEgium, at the age of\\nsixty-one, after he had been seventeen times gen-\\neral of the Achaeans. That people were desirous of\\nhaving him buried there, and would have thought\\nit an honor to give him a magnificent funeral,\\nand a monument worthy of his life and character.\\nBut the Sicyonians considered it as a misfortune\\nto have him interred anywhere but amongst\\nthem, and therefore persuaded the Achaeans to\\nleave the disposal of the body entirely to them.\\nAs there was an ancient law that had been ob-\\nserved with religious care, against burying any\\nperson within their walls, and they were afraid to\\ntransgress it on this occasion, they sent to inquire\\nof the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She returned\\na favorable answer, which gave great joy to all\\nthe Achaeans, particularly the people of Sicyon.\\nThey changed the day of mourning into a festival,\\nand, adorning themselves with garlands and white\\nrobes, brought the corpse with songs and dances\\nfrom JEgium to Sicyon. There they selected the\\nmost conspicuous ground, and interred Aratus as\\nthe founder and deliverer of their city.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "WEIGHTS AND MEASURES\\nMENTIONED IN\\nPLUTARCH S LIVES\\nWEIGHTS.\\nMina or pound, Attic,\\nTalent (sixty minae) Attic,\\nLibra or pound, Roman,\\nlb. oz. dwt. gr.\\nII 7 i6f\\n56 11 7 17+\\n10 17 13^\\nMEASURES OF LENGTH.\\nFoot, Roman,\\nCubit, Roman,\\nPace, Roman,\\nFurlong, Roman,\\nMile, Roman,\\nCubit, Grecian,\\nFurlong, Grecian,\\nMile, Grecian,\\nPace.*\\n120\\n967\\nIOO\\n805\\nft.\\no\\n1\\n4\\n4\\no\\n1\\n4\\n5\\nin.\\nI\\n10\\n4\\no\\nHr\\n4t\\no\\nMONEY.\\nct.\\nQuadrans, i\\nAs I\\nSestertius 04\\nSestertium 1000 sestertii), 40.00\\nDenarius, 15\\nObolus, Attic, 08\\nDrachma, 16\\nMina (100 drachmae), 10.00\\nTalent (60 minae) 960.00\\nThe Attic talent was equal to about $1,180; the\\nHebrew, $1,645 to $1,916.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6The English pace is calculated at 5 feet.\\n224", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "A\\nCHRONOLOGICAL TABLE\\nFrom Dacier and Other Writers\\nB.C.\\nDeucalion s deluge 1511\\nMinos I., son of Jupiter and Europa 1401\\nMinos II., grandson of the first 1250\\nTHESEUS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The expedition of the Argonauts. The-\\nseus attended Jason in it 1228\\nTroy taken. Demophoon, the son of Theseus, was at\\nthe siege 1180\\nThe return of the Heraclidone to Peloponnesus 1101\\nThe first war of the Athenians against Sparta 1068\\nCodrus, the last king of Athens, sacrifices himself\\nfor his country 1068\\nThe Helots subdued by Agis 1055\\nThe Ionic migration 1040\\nLYCURGUS flourishes 904\\nThe First Olympiad. 774\\nROMULUS. -Rome built 750\\nThe death of Romulus 713\\nNUM A POMPILIUS.-Numa elected king 712\\nNuma dies 669\\nSOLON.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Solon flourishes 598\\nCylon s conspiracy\\nEpimenides goes to Athens, and expiates the city. He\\ndies soon after, at the age of 154. The seven wise\\nmen: iEsop and Anacharsis flourish 594\\n15", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "2 26 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.\\nB.C.\\nSolon Archon 592\\nCroesus, king of Lydia 590\\nPythagoras goes into Italy. 578\\nPisistratus sets up his tyranny 570\\nCyrus, king of Persia 557\\nCroesus taken 547\\nPUBLICOLA is chosen consul in the room of Colla-\\ntinus. Brutus rights Aruns, the eldest son of Tar-\\nquin. Both are killed 506\\nPublicola consul the third time. His colleague, Hora-\\ntius Pulvillus, dedicates the temple of Jupiter Capi-\\ntolinus. 504\\nHoratius Codes defends the Sublician bridge against\\nthe Tuscans 502\\nPublicola dies 500\\nZeno Eleates flourished 499\\nThe battle of Marathon 489\\nCORIOLANUS is banished, and retires to the Volsci 488\\nHerodotus is born 486\\nCoriolanus besieges Rome; but being prevailed upon\\nby his mother to retire, is stoned to death by the\\nVolsci 485\\nARISTIDES is banished for ten years, but recalled\\nat the expiration of three 481\\nTHEMISTOCLES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The battle of Salamis 478\\nThe battle of Plataea 477\\nThucydides is born 474\\nThemistocles is banished by the Ostracism 469\\nArtaxerxes ascends the throne of Persia 465\\nCIMON beats the Persians both at sea and land 460\\nSocrates is born. He lived 71 years 469\\nCimon dies. Alcibiades born the same year. Herod-\\notus and Thucydides flourish; the latter is twelve\\nor thirteen years younger than the former 449\\nPindar dies, 80 years old 440\\nPERICLES stirs up the Peloponnesian war, which\\nlasts 27 years. He was very young when the Ro-\\nmans sent the Decemviri to Athens for Solon s laws. 429\\nPericles dies 427", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 227\\nB.C.\\nPlato born 426\\nXerxes killed by Artabanus 424\\nNICIAS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Athenians undertake the Sicilian\\nwar 413\\nNicias beaten and put to death in Sicily 411\\nALCIBIADES takes refuge at Sparta, and afterward\\namongst the Persians 410\\nDionysius the elder, now tyrant of Sicily 409\\nSophocles dies, aged 91 407\\nEuripides dies, aged 75 406\\nLYSANDER puts an end to the Peloponnesian war,\\nand establishes the thirty tyrants at Athens 403\\nThrasybulus expels them 402\\nAlcibiades put to death by order of Pharnabazus.... 401\\nARTAXERXES MNEMON overthrows his brother\\nCyrus in a great battle. The retreat of the ten\\nthousand Greeks, conducted by Xenophon 399\\nSocrates dies 398\\nAGESILAUS ascends the Spartan throne 395\\nLysander sent to the Hellespont 394\\nAgesilaus defeats the Persian cavalry. Lysander\\ndies 394\\nThe Romans lose the battle of Allia 387\\nCAMILLUS retires to Ardea 386\\nAristotle born 382\\nDemosthenes born 381\\nChabrias defeats the Lacedaemonians 374\\nPeace between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians.. 369\\nThe important battle of Leuctra 369\\nPELOPIDAS, general of the Thebans. He headed\\nthe sacred band the year before at Leuctra, where\\nEpaminondas commanded in chief 368\\nDionysius the elder, tyrant of Sicily, dies, and is suc-\\nceeded by his son 366\\nIsocrates flourishes 364\\nTIMOLEON kills his brother Timophanes, who was\\nsetting himself Up as tyrant in Corinth 363\\nPelopidas defeats Alexander, the tyrant of Phera\\nbut falls in the battle 363", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "2 28 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.\\nB.C.\\nThe famous battle of Mantinea, in which Epaminon-\\ndas, though victorious, is killed by the son of Xeno-\\nphon 361\\nCamillus dies 360\\nArtaxerxes dies. So does Agesilaus 359\\nDION expels Dionysius the younger 355\\nAlexander the Great born 353\\nDion is killed by Calippus 353\\nDEMOSTHENES begins to thunder against Philip.\\nXenophon dies, aged 90 350\\nPlato dies, aged 80 or 81 346\\nTimoleon sent to assist the Syracusans 335\\nDionysius, the younger, sent off to Corinth 341\\nEpicurus born 339\\nThe battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip beats the\\nAthenians and Thebans 336\\nTimoleon dies 335\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT is declared general of\\nall Greece against the Persians, upon the death of\\nhis father, Philip 335\\nThe battle of the Granicus 334\\nThe battle of Arbela 325\\nPorus beaten 326\\nDiogenes dies, aged 90 324\\nAlexander dies, aged 33 323\\nAristotle dies, aged 63 319\\nPHOCION retires to Polyperchon, but is delivered\\nup by him to the Athenians, who put him to\\ndeath 316\\nEUMENES, who had attained to a considerable rank\\namongst the successors of Alexander the Great, is\\nbetrayed to Antigonus, and put to death 314\\nDEMETRIUS, surnamed Poliocertes, permitted by\\nhis father, Antigonus, to command the army in\\nSyria, when only twenty-two years of age 312\\nHe restores the Athenians to their liberty, but they\\nchoose to remain in the worst of chains, those of\\nservility and meanness 305\\nDionysius, the tyrant, dies at Heraclea, aged 55 303", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 229\\nB.C.\\nIn the year before Christ 288, died Theophrastus,\\naged 85 288\\nAnd in the year before Christ 285, Theocritus flour-\\nished 285\\nPYRRHUS, king of Epirus, passes over into Italy,\\nwhere he is defeated by Laevinus 272\\nThe first Punic war, which lasted 24 years 263\\nPhilopcemen born 252\\nARATUS, of Sicyon, delivered his native city from\\nthe tyranny of Nicocles 249\\nAGIS and CLEOMENES, contemporaries with Ara-\\ntus, for Aratus being beaten by Cleomenes, calls\\nin Antigonus from Macedonia, which proves the\\nruin of Greece 225\\nPHILOPCEMEN 30 years old when Cleomenes took\\nMegalopolis. About this time lived Hannibal, Mar-\\ncellus, Fabius Maximus, and Scipio Africanus 221\\nThe second Punic war, which lasted 18 years 217\\nHannibal beats the consul Flaminius at the Thrasy-\\nmenean lake; 215\\nAnd the consuls Varro and iEmilius at Cannae 214\\nHe is beaten by Marcellus at Nola 212\\nCATO THE CENSOR was 21 or 22 years old when\\nFabius Maximus took Tarentum. See above 214\\nMARCELLUS takes Syracuse 210\\nFABIUS MAXIMUS seizes Tarentum. 207\\nFabius Maximus dies 201\\nScipio triumphs over h|s conquests in Africa 199\\nTITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMINIUS elected consul at\\nthe age of 30 196\\nAll Greece restored to her liberty, by T.Q. Flaminius.\\nFlaminius triumphs; Demetrius, the son of Philip,\\nand Nabis, tyrant of Lacedaemon, follow his chariot. 194\\nCato triumphs over his conquests in Spain 193\\nScipio Africanus dies 182\\nCJESAR defeats Pompey at Pharsalia 46\\nCato the younger dies.\\nPompey flies into Egypt, and is assassinated there. 46\\nCaesar makes himself master of Alexandria, and sub-", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.\\nB.C.\\ndues Egypt; after which he marches into Syria,\\nand soon reduces Pharnaces 45\\nHe conquers Juba, Scipio, and Petreius, in Africa,\\nand leads up four triumphs. Previous to which,\\nCato kills himself 44\\nCaesar defeats the sons of Pompey at Munda. Cneius\\nfalls in the action, and Sextus flies into Sicily.\\nCaesar triumphs the fifth time 43\\nCicero died in his 64th year 43\\nBRUTUS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Caesar is killed by Brutus and Cassius... 42\\nBrutus passes into Macedonia 41\\nMARK ANTONY beaten the same year by Augustus\\nat Modena. He retires to Lepidus. The triumvi-\\nrate of Augustus, Lepidus, and Antony, who divide\\nthe empire amongst them 41\\nThe battle of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius,\\nbeing overthrown by Augustus and Antony, lay\\nviolent hands on themselves 40\\nAntony leagues with Sextus, the son of Pompey,\\nagainst Augustus 39\\nAugustus and Antony renew their friendship after\\nthe death of Fulvia, and Antony marries Octavia. 38\\nAugustus and Antony again embroiled 31\\nThe battle of Actium. Antony is beaten, and flies\\ninto Egypt with Cleopatra 30\\nAugustus makes himself master of Alexandria.\\nAntony and Cleopatra destroy themselves 30\\nHorace dies, aged 57 8\\nThe Christian Era begins.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nPAGE\\nAbantes 16\\nAbsolute monarchy 37\\nAchaean league 222\\nAcron 22\\nActium (battle of) 214\\nAdrastus 19\\nAZgos Po tamos\\n(battle of) 102\\nJEthvsi 15\\nAgariste 50\\nAgesilaus 133\\nAgis 185\\nAjax 63\\nAlcibiades 63, 102\\nAlexander 135, 154\\nAllia (river) 48\\nAmazons 18\\nAmbrones 100\\nAminias 44\\nAnaxagoras 51\\nAnaximenes 41\\nAnio (river) 50\\nAntigonus 132, 190\\nAntiope 18\\nAntium 58\\nAntony (Mark) 205, 211\\nApollo 223\\nApollonius 172\\nApothetse 28\\nPAGE\\nAquarium 115\\nAratus 222\\nArchidamus 52\\nArchimedes 79\\nAreopagus 38, 39, 200\\nAriadne 16, 17\\nAriamenes 43\\nAristides 42, 84\\nAristotle 156\\nArtaxerxes 220\\nArtemisium (fight\\nat) 43\\nArtillerymen 82\\nAsp kills Cleopatra 215\\nAsparagus 175\\nAttica 17\\nAventine, Mount.. 21\\nBath, grooms of 165\\nBattery (naval) 79\\nBattle signal 147\\nBeards cut off 16\\nBees 40\\nBelgae 141\\nBlack days 112\\nBloody corn 58\\nBoat (punish t) 221\\nBceotia 78\\nBoroughs 34", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232\\nTNDEX,\\nPAGE\\nBoundaries 18\\nBrennus 48\\nBribery 69, 200\\nBritain 175\\nBritons 141\\nBrundusium 146\\nBrutus (Marcus) 218\\nBucephalus 155, 164,167\\nBuilding ruination. 123\\nBull s blood 45, 92\\nBurials 31, 134, 223\\nC-ECIAS 128\\nCaesar, Julius. 171, 219\\nCaius Marius 98\\nCalendar 35, 181\\nCalippus 217\\nCamillus 45\\nCandidates 69\\nCasca 181, 219\\nCassius 219\\nCatiline 203\\nCato (Censor) 86\\nCato 143, 173, 207\\nCato (the younger) 183\\nCeler 21\\nCeleres 24, 32\\nCelibacy 105\\nCentaurs 19\\nCeres 66\\nChance 72\\nCharacitani 127\\nChariot (triumph) 47\\nChickens. 192\\nChief priest 32\\nCicero 172, 202\\nCimon 20, 42, 108\\nCitium (siege of) 109\\nCitizens supper. 108\\nPAGE\\nCleomenes 188\\nCleopatra 161, 179, 212\\nCleophylus 25\\nClinias 63\\nClothing 182\\nCoalemos (idiot) 108\\nCoat of mail 209\\nCoinage 26\\nCold wine 170\\nCompany halls 34\\nCoriolanus 67\\nCorpses 31\\nCorynetes 18\\nCountry life 34\\nCourt hall 18\\nCrassus (Marcus) 123\\nCretan frugality. 25\\nCrimesus (river) 71\\nCritias 66\\nCrommyonian Sow. 15\\nCross and snake. 191\\nCrows (omen) 207\\nCrucifixion, a 170\\nCunaxa (battle of) 221\\nCurius 94\\nCyprus 209\\nCyprus (Soli) 40\\nCyrus 169\\nCyrus (the younger) 102\\nDamon 51\\nDarius 157\\nDead men 38\\nDead soldiers 119\\nDebt-cutters 38\\nDebtors 118\\nDelos 17\\nDelphi 16, 17\\nDelphinian Apollo. 16", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n2 33\\nPAGE\\nDemetrius 208\\nDemocracy 25\\nDemosthenes,\\n120, 157. 197\\nDice 64, 185\\nDiet, spare 28\\nDiogenes 157\\nDiomedes 214\\nDion 215\\nDionysius 216\\nDitches 39\\nDraco s laws 38\\nDress of women 39\\nDust in war 129\\nEarthquake 59\\nEclipses... 55, 120, 163\\nEducation 27\\nEgypt s queen 179\\nElephants.. 83, 95, 167\\nElephenor 20\\nEleusis 66\\nEmbalming 140\\nEntertainments 142, 185\\nEpaminondas 78\\nEphori 133, 891\\nEpirus 93\\nEpitaph (Cyrus s). 169\\nEubcea 42\\nEumolpidse 66\\nEumenes 130\\nEuripides 65\\nExecestides 36\\nFabii, the 56\\nFabius Maximus 56\\nFalerians 58\\nFalling stars 103\\nFalse news 123\\npage\\nFaustulus 21\\nFavonius 145\\nFences abolished 104\\nFight in a city 96\\nFines 133\\nFire, from sun 33\\nFires in city 123\\nFire stones 58\\nFirst fruits (hair) 16\\nFishing (Antony) 214\\nFlaminius, T. Q. 59, 91\\nFlute, the 64\\nFortune 72\\nFulvius 92\\nFuneral orations 39, 212\\nFunerals 39\\nGaugamela (battle\\nof) 163\\nGauls, at Rome 48\\nGeese, the sacred. 49\\nGood, Phocionthe. 183\\nGracchus, Caius. 194\\nGracchus, Tiberius 192\\nGuardians 197\\nGylippus 121\\nGymnastics 222\\nHair 16, 29\\nHannibal,\\n58, 59, 60, 83, 92\\nHead, weight in\\ngold 196\\nHelepoles 209\\nHelicon 164\\nHephaestion 171\\nHerodotus 19\\nHigh Court 39\\nHippoclus 77", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234\\nINDEX,\\nPAGE\\nHomer 25, 156\\nHonest man 216\\nHouse expenses 54\\nHusbandmen 18\\nIdleness punished. 38\\nIlluminations 213\\nIntramural burials. 223\\nIon 54\\nIsthmian games 18\\nJanus (temple of) 36\\nJason 19\\nJudicature 195\\nJuno s temple 46\\nJust, Aristides the. 84\\nJustice 216\\nLabyrinth 17\\nLacedsemon 52\\nLamps 204\\nLand, division of 25\\nLanguages 213\\nLaughter, god of 30\\nLawsuits 30\\nLegion 21\\nLendingmoney 118, 185\\nLeonidas 161\\nLesche 28\\nLeuctra (battle of)\\n78, 134\\nLibraries 117, 178\\nLisping 63\\nLivy 92\\nLongimanus 220\\nLucullus 109\\nLuxury 115\\nLycomedes 19, 44\\nLycurgus 24\\nLyre, the 64\\nPAGE\\nLysander 66, 102\\nLysimachus 84\\nMacedonia 78\\nMalli, the 168\\nManlius 92\\nMarathonian bull. 16\\nMarcellus 79\\nMarcellus (Caesar) 144\\nMarcius 32\\nMarcus Brutus 218\\nMarcus Crassus 123\\nMarius 98\\nMark Antony 205 211\\nMarkets 195\\nMarseilles 37\\nMathematics 82\\nMeals 161\\nMechanics (men) 53\\nMedian war 20\\nMeleager 19\\nMenestheus 19\\nMessenia 78\\nMilestones 196\\nMilitary tribunes. 46\\nMines in war 46\\nMinotaur 16\\nMinucius 61\\nMithridates 139, 222\\nMithridatic war 33\\nMnemon 221\\nMourning 33\\nMunda (battle of) 180\\nNaval fight 43\\nNeoptolemus 94, 131\\nNicias 118\\nNicon (elephant) 96\\nNightingale 29", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n235\\nPAGE\\nNobleman 18\\nNuma 31\\nOil-Trade (Plato s) 37\\nOlympias 52\\nOlympic games 42, 65\\nOmens 71, 103, 162\\nOnion-head 51\\nOratory (bar) 125\\nOstracism, the 45, 85\\nOx (on money) 18\\nOxen in war 60\\nPagi, or boroughs 34\\nPalatine Hill 203\\nPalm (victor s) 17\\nParsley as an omen 71\\nPatricians 21\\nPaulusiEmilius. 73\\nPelopidas 77\\nPeloponnesian war,\\n55, 103\\nPen, poison in the 201\\nPeople s friend 41\\nPericles 50\\nPerpenna 130\\nPerpetual fire 33\\nPerseus 74\\nPetitions 210\\nPhsedo 20\\nPharsalia (battle of)\\n151, 178, 206\\nPhilip 154, 223\\nPhilippi (battle of) 220\\nPhilippics 205\\nPhilochorus 19\\nPhilopcemen go\\nPhocion 182\\nPindar 43\\nPAGE\\nPirates 137, 171\\nPlato 182, 185, 205, 216\\nPoison, death by,\\n183, 201\\nPolymachus 169\\nPolytion 66\\nPompey 125, 135\\nPompey, jun 207\\nPompey s statue,\\n181, 219\\nPomponius 32\\nPontifices, the 33\\nPontifix Maximus. 32\\nPontius 48\\nPresages 192\\nProdigies 58\\nProserpine 66\\nPrytaneum 18\\nPtolemy 153, 208\\nPublicola 40, 41\\nPublic tables 26\\nPublic works 53\\nPublius 142\\nPurple robe 209\\nPydna (battle of) 74\\nPyrrhus 93\\nQuirites 31\\nQuoits 27\\nRemonium 21\\nRemus 21\\nRepublic 222\\nRiot, a 194\\nRoads 195\\nRome rebuilt 50\\nRome taken 48\\nRomulus 20\\nRubicon 145, 177", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236\\nINDEX.\\nPAGE\\nSabine women .22, 23\\nSacred lamp 106\\nSacrifices 161\\nSalamis (battle of) 43\\nSambuca 81\\nSarpedon 184\\nSchinocephalus 50\\nScipio 142\\nSciron 15\\nSecretaries 175\\nSenate 22, 25\\nSerpents igi\\nSertorius 126\\nSight-seeing 196\\nSinnis 15\\nSocrates 65\\nSolon 36\\nSoothsayers 219\\nSosicles 44\\nSpain (Caesar in) 172\\nSpartan simplicity. 186\\nSpeeches (Phocion s)\\n182\\nSpies 127, 217\\nSpleen, cure for 94\\nStammering 199\\nStrangers 124\\nSuperstitions. 51, 170\\nSupper 190\\nSylla 101, io.s, 135\\nSyracuse (siege of)\\n70, 79, 119\\nTarentines, the 94\\nTeeth (curious) 94\\nTeleclides 51\\nThasymenus (lake) 59\\nTheatricals 52\\nThebes 19\\nPAGE\\nThemistocles 42\\nTheodorus 66\\nTheseus 15\\nThessalus 66\\nThirty tyrants 66\\nThrushes 116\\nThucydides 52, 57\\nTile kills Pyrrhus, a 97\\nTimoleon 70\\nTitus Flaminius 91\\nToga virilis 219\\nTomb of Cyrus 169\\nTrade companies 34\\nTrades (various) 53\\nTreats and gratui-\\nties 69\\nTrebia (battle of) 58\\nTree-planting 39\\nTriumph, a 74\\nTriumphs 140\\nTrojan war 20\\nTrophy, war 22\\nTruce for burying. 19\\nTurpentine 221\\nTuscany 58\\nTusculum S6\\nTyndaridae 19\\nTyre (siege of) 161\\nValerius Flaccus 87\\nVeii (siege of) 46\\nVeni, vidi, vici 179\\nVerrucosus 56\\nVest 211\\nVestal virgins 33\\nVetch 202\\nVinegar as a drink. 87\\nVirgins exercises. 27\\nVotes sold 176", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n237\\nWealth (Solon s).\\nWidows (soldiers\\nWills\\nWine bath\\nWolf (Romulus)\\nW omen (laws).\\nWomen in war.\\nPAGE\\n37\\n46\\n39\\n28\\n21\\n39\\n100\\nWrestlers.\\n27, 64, 90\\nPAGE\\nXanthippus 50\\nXerxes 43, 115\\nYf a r, days in 35\\nZama (battle of) 92\\nZela (battle of) 179\\nZeno 51", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Popular Handbooks\\nSOME books are designed for\\nentertainment, others for in-\\nformation. This series combines\\nboth features. The information\\nis not only complete and reliable,\\nit is compact and readable. In\\nthis busy, bustling age it is re-\\nquired that the information which\\nbooks contain shall be ready to hand and bfl\\npresented in the clearest and briefest manner\\npossible. These volumes are replete with valuably\\ninformation, compact in form and unequalled in\\npoint of merit and cheapness. They are the latest\\nas well as the best books on the subjects of which\\nthey treat. No one wishing to have a fund of\\ngeneral information or who has the desire for self-\\nimprovement can afford to be without them.\\nCloth, each, 50 Cents\\n^be Venn Publishing Company\\n923 c4RCH STREET PHILADELPHIA", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE\\nBy Agnes H* Morton\\nThere is no passport to good society like good\\nmanners. Even though a person possess wealth\\nand intelligence, his success in life may be marred\\nby ignorance of social customs. A perusal of this\\nbook will prevent such blunders. It is a book for\\neverybody, for the select sets as well as for the less\\nambitious. The subject is presented in a bright and\\ninteresting manner, and represents the latest vogua\\nLETTER WRITING\\nBy Agnes H. Morton\\nWhy do most persons dislike letter writing? Is it\\nnot because they cannot say the right thing in the\\nright place? This admirable book not only shows\\nby numerous examples just what kind of letters to\\nwrite, but by directions and suggestions enables the\\nreader to become an accomplished original letter\\nwriter. There are forms for all kinds of business\\nand social letters, including invitations, acceptances,\\nletters of sympathy, congratulations, and love letters.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "QUOTATIONS\\nBy Agnes H* Morton\\nA clever compilation of pithy quotations, selected\\nfrom a great variety of sources, and alphabetically\\narranged according to the sentiment. In addition\\nto all the popular quotations in current use, it con-\\ntains many rare bits of prose and verse not generally\\nfound in similar collections. An important feature\\nof the book is the characteristic lines from well\\nknown authors, in which the familiar sayings are\\ncredited to their original sources.\\nA DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY\\nBy John H, Bechtel\\nThe average person dislikes to look up a mytho-\\nlogical subject because of the time occupied. This\\nbook remedies that difficulty because in it can be\\nfound at a glance just what is wanted. It is compre-\\nhensive, convenient, condensed, and the information\\nis presented in such an interesting manner as when\\nonce read to be always remembered. A distinctive\\nfeature of the book is the pronunciation of the\\nproper names, something found in few other works.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "SLIPS OF SPEECH\\nBy John H. Bechtel\\nWho does not make them The best of us do. Why\\nnot avoid them Any one inspired with the spirit\\nof self-improvement can readily do so. No neces-\\nsity for studying rules of grammar or rhetoric when\\nthis book can be had. It teaches both without the\\nstudy of either. It is a counsellor, a critic, a com-\\npanion, and a guide and is written in a most\\nentertaining and chatty style.\\nHANDBOOK OF PRONUNCIATION\\nBy John H. Bechtel\\nWhat is more disagreeable than a faulty pronuncia-\\ntion No other defect so clearly shows a lack of\\nculture. This book contains over 5,000 words on\\nwhich most of us are apt to trip. They are here\\npronounced in the clearest and simplest manner,\\nand according to the best authority. It is more\\nreadily consulted than a dictionary, and is just as\\nreliable.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "PRACTICAL SYNONYMS\\nBy John H. Bechtel\\nAny one with the least desire to add to his vocabu-\\nlary or to improve his choice of words should have\\na copy of this book. It is designed mainly to meet\\nthe wants of busy merchants or lawyers, thoughtful\\nclergymen or teachers, and wide-awake school-boys\\nor girls who are ambitious to express the thoughts\\nof the mind in more fitting phrases than they are\\nat present capable of doing.\\nTOASTS\\nBy William Pittenger\\nMost men dread being called upon to respond to a\\ntoast or to make an address. What would you not\\ngive for the ability to be rid of this embarrassment?\\nNo need to give much when you can learn the art\\nfrom this little book. It will tell you how to do it\\nnot only that, but by example it will show the way.\\nIt is valuable not alone to the novice, but the\\nexperienced speaker will gather from it many\\nsuggestions.\\ns", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "THE DEBATER S TREASURY\\nBy William Pittenger\\nThere is no greater ability than the power of skillful\\nand forcible debate, and no accomplishment more\\nreadily acquired if the person is properly directed.\\nIn this little volume are directions for organizing\\nand conducting debating societies and practical sug-\\ngestions for all who desire to discuss questions in\\npublic. There is also a list of over 200 questions for\\ndebate, with arguments both affirmative and negative.\\nPUNCTUATION\\nBy Paul Allardyce\\nFew persons can punctuate properly to avoid mis-\\ntakes, many do not punctuate at all. A perusal of\\nthis book will remove all difficulties and make all\\npoints clear. The rules are clearly stated and freely\\nillustrated, thus furnishing a most useful volume.\\nThe author is everywhere recognized as the leading\\nauthority upon the subject, and what he has to say\\nis practical, concise, and comprehensive.\\n6", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "ORATORY\\nBy Henry Ward Beecher\\nIt must be conceded that few men ever enjoyed a\\nwider experience or achieved a higher reputation\\nin the realm of public oratory than Mr. Beecher.\\nWhat he had to say on this subject was born of\\nexperience, and his own inimitable style was at once\\nboth statement and illustration of his theme. This\\nvolume is a unique and masterly treatise on the\\nfundamental principles of true oratory.\\nCONVERSATION\\nBy J, P, Mahaffy\\nSome people are accused of talking too much. Bat\\nno one is ever taken to task for talking too well. Of\\nall the accomplishments of modern society, that of\\nbeing an agreeable conversationalist holds first place.\\nNothing is more delightful or valuable. To suggest\\nwhat to say, just how and when to say it, is the\\ngeneral aim of this work, and it succeeds most\\nadmirably in its purpose.\\n7", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "READING AS A FINE ART\\nBy Ernest Legouve\\nThe ability to read aloud well, whether at the fire-\\nside or on the public platform, is certainly a fine art.\\nThe directions and suggestions contained in this\\nwork of standard authority will go far toward the\\nattainment of this delightful and valuable accom-\\nplishment. The work is especially recommended to\\nteachers and others interested in the instruction of\\npublic school pupils.\\nWHIST\\nBy Cavendish Twenty-third Edition\\nil According to Cavendish is now almost as familiar\\nan expression as according to Hoyle. No whist\\nplayer, whether a novice or an expert, can afford to\\nbe without the aid and support of Cavendish. No\\nhousehold in which the game is played is complete\\nwithout a copy of this book. This edition contains\\nall of the matter found in the English publication\\nand at one-fourth the cost.\\n8", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "PARLOR GAMES\\nBy Helen E, Hollister\\nWhat shall we do to amuse ourselves and our\\nfriends? is a question frequently propounded on\\nrainy days and long winter evenings. This volume\\nmost happily answers this question, as it contains a\\nsplendid collection of all kinds of games for amuse-\\nment, entertainment, and instruction. The games\\nare adapted to both old and young, as all classes\\nwill find them both profitable and interesting.\\nBOTANY\\nTHE STORY OF PLANT LIFE\\nBy Julia MacNair Wright\\nThe scientific study of Botany made as interesting\\nas a fairy tale. It is better reading than such tales,\\nbecause of the profit. Each chapter is devoted to the\\nmonth of the year in which plants of that month\\nare in evidence. Not only is the subject treated with\\nbotanical accuracy, but there is given much prac-\\ntical information pertaining to the care and treat-\\nment of plants and flowers.", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY\\nTHE SUN AND HIS FAMILY\\nBy Julia MacNair Wright\\nCan you tell what causes day and night, seasons and\\nyears, tides and eclipses Why is the sky blue and\\nMars red? What are meteors and shooting stars?\\nThese and a thousand other questions are answered\\nin a most fascinating way in this highly interesting\\nvolume. Few books contain as much valuable\\nmaterial so pleasantly packed in so small a space.\\nFLOWERS:\\nHOW TO GROW THEM\\nBy Ebcn E. Rexford\\nEvery woman loves flowers, but few succeed in grow-\\ning them. With the help so clearly given in this\\nbook no one need fail. It treats mainly of indoor\\nflowers and plants those for window gardening all\\nabout their selection, care, soil, air, light, warmth,\\netc. The chapter on table decoration alone is worth\\nthe price of the book.\\nIO\\nr", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "w*\\nG V G\u00c2\u00b0 V G^\\no\\ns\\nW\\nG\\nG\u00c2\u00b0\\nA.\\ni %o^\\nV. C V\\nG\u00c2\u00b0\\nDeacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nH O Ho Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\n\\\\V \u00c2\u00bbY~ -r. t r^_ t _. oi-n\\n2001\\nc Treatment Date: SEP\\nyN xV PreservationTe\\nA?\\nPreservationTechnologies\\nA WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION\\n111 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township. PA 16066\\n(724)779-2111", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "V\u00c2\u00abfe\\nv o\\n,t\\nC-\\n^d*\\n*t L$\\nW\\n0? r\\n^C?\\n3*\\nA 9*\\np\\\\", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n007 051 125 3\\n:V-.Y\\nHi\\nU\\n;i\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab.t\\nT.Vj\\nK^ 1\\nKBttfl m\\nBwB- I ^H I ri", "height": "3457", "width": "2324", "jp2-path": "plutarchslivesco00plut_0256.jp2"}}