{"1": {"fulltext": "HB 172\\n.D13\\nCopy 1\\nHarmony vs. Discord.\\nPRICE 25 CENTS.", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "Harmony v$* Discord\\n...THE...\\nTheory of Human Progress\\n...AND...\\nThe Solution of the Present Problem.\\n*c^ t\\nBY JOHN J. DAILY.\\nh\\nCopyright 1900, by John J. Daily.\\nPress of Illinois State Register,\\nSpringfield, 111.\\nv.", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "6279\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2MttND OOPY,\\n63305\\nLibrary of Cong.-esss\\nTwo Copies Received\\nJUN 15 19G0\\nCopyright tntry\\nfirst cory.\\n2nd Copy Deliver to\\nORDER DIVISION\\nJIM 16 1900\\n127/3\\nTo the fflemory of Rev. Edward IflcGlynn.\\nSo soon as people try honestly to see all they can of any-\\nthing, they come to the point where a noble dimness begins.\\nThey see more than others; but the consequence of their see-\\ning- more is, that they feel they cannot see at all; and the\\nmore intense their perception, the more the crowd of things\\nwhich they partly see will multiply upon them- -Raskin.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThis work is the outgrowth of a long-felt desire to do\\nsomething towards dispelling the confusion of thought re-\\ngarding political and social relations, which it is clear arises\\nfrom the failure to grasp first principles. The original inten-\\ntion was only to place the theories enunciated by Henry\\nGeorge in Progress and Poverty, in a condensed form. But\\nin the course of a careful study of his theory of interest, which\\nI had been unable to harmonize with first perceptions and\\nlogical deductions, I discovered its erroneous character. This\\nled to a more independent investigation and closer study of\\nhis theories. I saw that the law of interest as he expressed\\nit, not only does not agree with natural perceptions, but is\\nerroneous, an incongruity in his philosophy and the molehill\\nmagnified to the size of a mountain that hides its real great-\\nness and eflSciency from many. And to his failure to per-\\nceive the true law of interest, is largely due his faulty concep-\\ntion of the reason for the unstable equilibrium of supply and\\ndemand, and the cause of commercial depressions.\\nBut perceiving the indifference with which people have\\nfrom disappointment come to view proposed reforms and the\\ngeneral belief that social advance or retrogression is entirely\\nwithin the power of man to control, I was impressed with\\nthe possible hopelessness of any effort to better the condition\\nof man. This led to a deeper study, and to the discovery\\nthat human progress has been one continual advance, and\\nthat the forces that compel advancement increase with ad-\\nvancement. I saw that what man had gained during his", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE.\\nexistence upon this earth was knowledge and power the\\nground work for a future social state and that conditions\\nwere not growing worse, from a reformer s standpoint, but\\nbetter. I realized that, though social advance depended more\\non individual effort as we advanced, the dependency of indi-\\nvidual happiness on individual effort increased much faster.\\nI, then, decided to clear away the doubts and fears re-\\ngarding social advance, before entering upon the main pur-\\npose of the work.\\nThe first part of this book, which might be considered as\\npreparatory to the second, makes clear that social advance\\nhas been continuous; that harmony reigns in the efforts and\\nrelations of men, no less than in all the material universe;\\nthat all real advantages gained have never been lost, and\\nthat the growth and decline of what we call civilizations,\\nare only the alternating play of the balancing forces of social\\nlife. Then, following the growth of the present civilization,\\nwe see how the pressure evolved compelled us to make one\\nadvance after another; and how the advances in knowledge\\nand power, which are capable of great elevation, arc counter-\\nbalanced by forces that threaten the dissolution of society and\\ndeprive us of the greater part of their advantages. We see\\nthat these evil forces, ever growing, are what compels us\\nto advance; that suffering is only the penalty of cither wrong-\\neffort or no effort at all.\\nThen taking up the economic problem and reducing it to\\nthe simplest form in which it presents itself to our minds,\\nthai of the lack of equilibrium between supply and demand.\\nThe cause of this condition is clearly explained. It points\\nunerringly to the remedy the taxation of land values. Then,\\nexamining the nature of the value of land, we sec its effective-\\nness. Turning to a consideration of the laws of distribution,\\nwe see that the single tax will effectually abolish interest\\nas a division of wealth and make two divisions of the aggre-\\ngate product, namely, rent and wages; the first being ab-\\nsorbed by taxation of land valm s, going to meet the expenses\\nof government, supplying social necessities and common", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "J\\nPREFACE. O\\nneeds-; the latter going to each in the proportion that each\\ncontributes, through the operation of the law of supply and\\ndemand.\\nTaking up the question of public utilities, we see that\\nthis is a question which, though it now offers almost insnr\\nmmKt table difficulties and on solution, after the j. ,\u00c2\u00bb*eat eco\\nfforuic problem is settled, its solution will follow as a aalur\u00c2\u00abi\\nsequence. The final chapter shows the true welfare of the\\nindividual, and its complete harmony with the welfare of\\nsociety.\\nThis work, though principally intended to clear away\\nthe incongruities of error that becloud a great truth, is never-\\ntheless a clear and complete, though brief, exposition of that\\ntruth. It contains the germ of a philosophy which I have\\ndared hope, with the aid and encouragement this effort might\\nbring, to do something towards developing. I present it to\\nthe thoughtful consideration of my fellow-man, confident that\\nas a result of several months intense effort, it contains\\nthought, though perhaps poorly expressed, for which the\\nworld hungers.", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPART FIRST.\\nTHE THEORY OF HUMAN PROGRESS.\\nChapter I. Why We Do Not See the Harmony of Social\\nRelations.\\nChapter II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Object of Social Life.\\nChapter III. The Order of the Accumulation of Knowl-\\nedge. I\\nChapter IV. How Inequalities Are Evolved.\\nChapter V. The Evolution of the Counter Forces of So-\\ncial Life Its Growth.\\nChapter VI. The Growth of the Present Civilization.\\nPART SECOND.\\nTHE SOLUTION OF THE PRESENT PROBLEM.\\nChapter I. The Present Problem.\\nChapter II. Demand and Supply.\\nChapter III. The Remedy.\\nChapter IV. The Laws of the Distribution of Wealth.\\nChapter V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Effects of the Single Tax.\\nChapter VI. The Arteries and Nerves of Society.\\nConclusion.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nWHY WE DO NOT SEE THE HARMONY OF SOCIAL\\nRELATIONS.\\nDiscord is harmony unrecognized.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pope.\\nHarmony is a condition of order and agreement in the\\nrelation of things in forming a whole or in the accomplish-\\nment of an end. It expresses the idea of orderly arrangement,\\nof concerted action, of the perfect adaption of parts to a\\nwhole or to an end.\\nDiscord expresses the opposite idea; of conflict in action,\\nof the want of any system in arrangement, of disconcert, and\\nit presupposes no end or object. What may seem discordant\\nwhen we do not understand the object of the arrangement\\nor its system or movement, when we come to understand the\\ndesign, or the object of the arrangement, we recognize the\\nharmony and adaption of parts or movements.\\nDuring severe storms when the elements are most vio-\\nlent, when the rain is driven in sheets and the wind seems\\nin a fury, if there is anything at any time in a. discordant\\nstate, it is then and there. Yet we are taught that it is but\\na movement of the elements, a change in their combinations\\nand relative positions in obedience to a law; that the earth\\nas it moves through space occupies various positions in re-\\ngard to other bodies, which causes variations in the arrange-\\nment of her elements, particularly noticeable in her atmos-\\nphere. Thus, what has seemed to former generations and\\nto many even now in the fury of the elements, as is often\\nsaid, the utmost confusion, is, when we come to view it in its\\nbroader relations, only an orderly movement of the elements\\nin obedience to an external force.\\nThe result of all observations and discoveries is the con-\\nfirmation of the belief in the orderly and harmonious arrange-\\nment and movement of the universe and the various parts", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "8\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\ninto which, for classification and analyzation, we mentally\\ndivide it. What, when first observed, very often seemed a\\nstriking exception to this uniform order, when viewed in its\\nmore extended relations, has invariably been found to belong-\\nto the harmonious arrangement of things. The knowledge\\nof the relations of the material universe has become so per-\\nfected by the successive delving of man for ages, though all\\nis not understood, it is universally agreed that the movements\\nand relations of matter are uniform and orderly, and all is\\nand moves in harmony, and discord is only in seeming be-\\ncause of our failure to comprehend more extended relations.\\nAnd can we not safely infer from this, that in the world of\\nmind there is, also, an order, an harmonious movement, and\\nthat discord, the seeming want of order, arises from our\\nfailure to comprehend more extended relations, or the pur-\\npose or intent?\\nTo many. I believe the vast majority today, it seems that\\nthere is no order in their relations and movements; it seems\\nthat they are tossed hither and thither, as if by an angry sea.\\nThis would infer no object in human existence as a whole,\\nor various and conflicting objects. It might infer an object to\\nindividual existence, but not the orderly and harmonious\\nrelation between individuals which, from what we know of\\nthe relations of things of lower order, we may safely infer\\nexists. But more than this, before mankind had had any\\nknowledge of the harmonious relations of the material uni-\\nverse, of which his physical being is a part, and perhaps from\\nthe origin of man, the co-operative and harmonious relations\\nof mankind have in some degree been recognized. Though\\nthis has often been forgotten or ignored, the effects of these\\nlapses have always been to compel the re-recognition of the\\nfact.\\nThat there is a like order and arrangement in the rela-\\ntions of mankind as is recognized in the world of matter,\\nseems not to have been thought of, or at least, to my knowl-\\nedge, no one has ever yet attempted to trace out the order\\nof such relations. Yet, since in all the material world we\\narc cognizant of harmony and order, can we believe that in\\nman, in which the material is linked with the spiritual, har-\\nmony, order and agreement of relations, ends?\\nWould this not be a destruction of all the harmony that\\nunderlies it? Order and harmony cannot end in disorder\\nand discoid, nor disorder and discord result in order and har-\\nmony, any more than a continuation of right angles can ever\\nproduce a triangle. Is it not. as in the material world, what", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "V\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD. 9\\nat first seems an exception to the universal order, when\\nviewed in its more extensive relations is seen to harmonize\\nperfectly? Is it not that in the relations of mankind (social\\nrelations) we do not see the harmony and agreement because\\nwe do not comprehend the object of social life?\\nTn Astronomy, before the acceptance of the Copernican\\ntheory, when speculation as to the movements of the heavenly\\nbodies was very unsatisfactory, this failure of explanation\\nwas due to the failure to comprehend that the earth was round\\nand in rapid motion. It was at that time incomprehensible\\nthat the earth, instead of being the hub of the universe, as\\nit were, about which all other bodies moved in attendance,\\nwas a mere attendant and insignificant in size.\\nSo it is today in social relations. In the various social\\nadjustments we recognize no order or continuous movement,\\nbecause we fail to comprehend any other object in social life\\nthan the satisfaction of human desire. Like the astronomers\\nof old who believed that the earth was the center of all things,\\nwe have supposed that because desire is the impelling force\\nin all human effort and its satisfaction the end, the only\\nobject of social life is the greatest satisfaction of desire or the\\nsatisfaction of desire with the least effort. Though we have\\nrecognized the growth of desire with the ability to satisfy it,\\nwe have, in a large measure, failed to note that this growth\\nis due to conditions that are beyond the control of man.\\nThough the satisfaction* of desire is the object of all human\\neffort, it is not the object of human existence, but merely a\\nmeans by which that object is to be attained; therefore it\\ncould not be the object of social adjustments.\\nFrom the failure to perceive this have arisen the many\\nspeculations regarding previous social adjustments and what\\nare called civilizations, which resulted in the conclusion that\\nhuman progress may advance and then recede, and in much\\nconfusion in that branch of social science Political Economy,\\nwhich it is the purpose Of this work to, in some degree, dispel.", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "10 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE OBJECT OF SOCIAL LIFE.\\nIf there has been in social life only discord, a turbulent:\\nstate and no order or arrangement, then there is no ground\\nfor hope for a future social state in which order will reign;\\nfor disorder cannot produce order, nor discord harmony. But\\nif, on the contrary, the various social adjustments can be\\nshown to have been conducive to some end or object, in that\\nwill be conclusive proof of an order to an end. And, though\\nthere may have been conflict, it was but the rearrangement\\nof the social units, the necessary pressure of a change in di-\\nrection or velocity to satisfy new requirements.\\nIf the various social adjustments have been for the ac-\\ncomplishment of an object or conducive to an end, there\\nmust be tangible evidence of such. Is there not something\\nto which all ages have contributed and which, alone through\\nall the vicissitudes of social life, has not been destroyed?\\nThat there is must be patent to *all at a glance. It is\\nthe great body or stock of knowledge and the power that\\ncomes of it, the origin of which antedates all history, either\\nwritten or traditional.\\nThe acquiring of knowledge, in the nature of things,\\nmust have begun very early in the period of man s existence\\nand progressed far before, even, the earliest traditions. There\\nare so many things, so common to us and which seem so\\nnatural to know, that we of this day are apt to forget that\\nthey had to be discovered. How to produce fire or invent a\\nway of communicating thought were, no doubt, as difficult\\nas how to utilize steam, or many other discoveries that seem\\nso greal beeaus their use is less common.\\nThar this body of knowledge was continually augmented\\nand was never lost is plain if we consider of what it really\\nconsists, Primarily, it consists of just such knowledge as\\nsavages possess, such as enabled (hem, to increase their com-\\nfort, convenience and welfare. This, from the nature of\\nman s desires and inclinations, could be lost only with the\\nextinction of the race. Nor was it at any time lessened. It", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 11\\nmay at times have been available to less numbers than at some\\nprevious time, which would lessen its advantages, but there\\nis no evidence that any real knowledge, i. e., discoveries of\\nnature s secrets, was ever lost after having been once grasped.\\nOn the contrary, since knowledge is power power to in-\\ncrease satisfactions and power is what man has always\\nsought, first to command nature, and second, if the oppor-\\ntunity offers, command his fellow-man; the peoples or tribes\\nwith the greatest amount of knowledge were always the most\\npowerful, and, therefore, could not have been overwhelmed\\nand their knowledge destroyed with them. The preservation\\nof knowledge is only a logical deduction from 1 the law of the\\nsurvival of the fittest.\\nThe decline and fall of the Roman civilization, as it is\\ncalled, the latest and, perhaps on that account, the best\\nknown of extinct civilizations, is spoken of as being accom-\\npanied by the decline of knowledge. Yet, it was not knowl-\\nedge that was lost with the breaking up of this civilization.\\nIt was merely the advantages in its application in production,\\nwhich comes from an extensive co-operation of men in the\\neffort to satisfy their desires. The great monuments of the\\narchitectural skill of past civilizations are not so much an\\nevidence of a high degree of knowledge as of a wide co-\\noperation and a great concentration of effort.\\nThe Roman civilization was not destroyed by the in-\\nvading barbarians. They merely destroyed the physical evi-\\ndence of it. It had already disintegrated because the advan-\\ntages of an extensive co-operation, instead of being utilized\\nin advancement, thereby increasing their power, were squan-\\ndered in building monuments to vulgar pride and vanity. The\\nco-operation of the people of the Roman empire became less\\nand less, until of that proud civilization there was nothing\\nleft but the merest form 1 and that fell an easy prey to the\\ninvaders who, though having not the physical evidence of\\nso much knowledge, were no doubt as far advanced in the\\nknowledge of nature.\\nThere can be no doubt that there was much knowledge\\nof the doings of men lost with the different civilizations to\\nwhich they belonged. But this was an advantage rather\\nthan a disadvantage, merely the destruction of the rubbish\\nthat the useful might not be lost in it. In the gathering of\\nany valuable thing there is necessarily much dross gathered\\nwith it. which must be separated. This is most strikingly\\ntrue of knowledge. And the real knowledge, that which is\\nalwavs useful and valuable, is and in all times has been the", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nknowledge of nature nature s laws which in recent times\\nhave been classified and systemized, constituting the sciences\\nof today, the basis of our present greatness.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nTHE ORDER OF THE ACCUMULATION OF KNOWL-\\nEDGE,\\nThat social adjustments have been conducive to the ac-\\nquisition of a perfect knowledge of nature must be clear to\\nany who will trouble themselves to make a systematic inves-\\ntigation. To begin, there are two distinct divisions of the\\nprocess or method by which our fund of knowledge was and\\nis being acquired; first, the original discoveries; and second,\\nthe combining, classifying and systeinizing of these discov-\\neries, in order to utilize, or more fully utilize them.\\nThe utilization of original discoveries naturally followed\\ntheir discovery; but beyond the most rudimentary classifi-\\ncation and systematization, which is necessary to any ex-\\ntended use, the one was well rounded out before the other\\nwas well begun. The discovery of the truths that underlie\\nthe present knowledge of nature embraced in the sciences,\\nrequired a social state of extensive co-operation. It required\\na state in which communication was comparatively close, yet\\nextending over a vast area. History abounds with records\\nof the various and fruitless speculations of men regarding the\\nmovements of the heavenly bodies that produce the phen-\\nomena of day and night; but until the discovery and demon-\\nstration of the fact the earth was round and in rapid motion,\\nthe deductions were indefinite, inconclusive and fruitless,\\nl .ui the discovery of this truth, which was the climax of all\\nthe discoveries that preceded it and, alone, made possible\\nall the succeeding discoveries, required an extensive knowl-\\nedge of the earth s surface. This required a considerable\\nadvance in the arts and in skill in the application of the rude\\nknowledge possessed; because an extensive knowledge of the\\nearth s surface could be acquired only through communica-\\ntion between men. extending over vast areas; and this could", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 13\\nbe sustained only by the wide co-operation made possible\\nby the advance in methods of production and transportation\\nof products.\\nIt would be impossible for man to conceive of the\\nspherical form of the earth, of its rotary movement and its\\nrapid flight through space, were each to make independent\\ninvestigations or were the investigations confined to any\\nlocality. In truth we cannot see how this discovery could\\nhave been made in any other than the way it was. When\\nsociety had grown to such a stage that the vastness of what\\nwas known of the earth came to be realized, it led to specu-\\nlation as to what was beyond the seemingly greater vastness\\nthat bounded man s horizon. And man continually improv-\\ning his ways of exploration, the ultimate demonstration of\\nthe truth of the theory deduced from observations covering\\na wide area, of the form of the earth, was only a natural se-\\nquence.\\nThis discovery marked an era in the acquisition of knowh\\nedge. Up to that time, leaving out such knowledge as\\nprophecies, revelations and history, which cannot be con-\\nsidered in this -treatise, it consisted of extensions of such\\nknowledge as savages possess. No classification or system-\\nization was possible, for the reason that no fundamental prin-\\nciples were grasped. That the sciences were not born before\\nthen is not any more strange than that a son is not born\\nbefore his father. To be sure, there was what was called\\nAstrology, which was supposed to be very important and,\\nunder the name of Astronomy, was first advanced to some-\\nthing like perfection, and as a result of the demonstration of\\nthis new theory. Tint besides this it gave a direction and\\ncertitude to thought that was impossible before. It quick-\\nened perceptions and made observations more acute, which\\nresulted in such discoveries of natural forces as made possible\\nthe combination, classification and systemization of knowledge\\nthat constitute the sciences of today.\\nRut the classification and systemization of knowledge\\nand its consequent application did not immediately succeed\\nthe discovery of this truth. Before that time observations\\nwere, at best, superficial. This discovery drew aside the cur-\\ntain for deeper and closer observations; this being the order\\nin which we perceive things that which is closest is the last\\nobserved. Man turned from observing the earth in its re-\\nlations to the universe, to observing the relations of the mat-\\nter and forces of the earth. This was only the beginning of\\nthose deeper observations that involve the power of reason-", "height": "3330", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "1-A HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\ning. It still continues without intermission; and the classi-\\nfication, systemizing and consequent application of these dis-\\ncoveries began only during the present century.\\nThat there was of necessity an order in the acquisition\\nof knowledge, admits of no doubt. That order was from a\\nknowledge of things remote, to a knowledge of things near\\nto us; from a knowledge that is of little advantage directly,\\nto that which is of great advantage; from that which does not\\nincrease man s power and command of nature, to that which\\ndoes. This is the order in which things are presented to man,\\nand is the only order in which it was possible to acquire a\\nthorough knowledge of nature. It is the same order in which\\nwe acquire our rudimentary education.\\nThe motives of the pursuit of knowledge, also, underwent\\na gradual change. At first it was pursued to satisfy that in-\\nherent and unquenchable desire to know, with which some\\nare endowed, but as the advantages of the application of\\nknowledge began to be realized, it was pursued for the power\\nThat was gained by its use. Thus knowledge has become\\nmore diffused with its growth; each succeeding branch of\\nknowledge, as it was developed, was of greater use. to man.\\nThe knowledge of nature is, by the constitution of things,\\ndivided into three distinct branches or divisions: 1, the rela-\\ntions and movements of the heavenly bodies; 2, the relations\\nof the elements of which the earth is composed, which is sub-\\ndivided into many branches, and the forces of the earth; 3,\\nthe relations of man in association social relations.\\nThis is the order in which they were acquired, and in-\\nversely, the order of their advantage to mankind. A knowl-\\nedge of the first branch resulted in no immediate advantage\\nto man, and was pursued to satisfy a feeling of something akin\\nto idle curosity. The second resulted in a. great increase in\\nman s power to satisfy desire; yet it leaves desire as unsatis-\\nfied, if not more so, than ever; and it was pursued largely for\\nits power to satisfy desire, Tt was pursued from motives of\\nself interests and with but little regard for general interests.\\nThe third and last of these tranches has only reached the\\nstage of classifying and systemizing of the phenomena ob-\\nserved; therefore its application is for the future.\\nThere can he no doubt that the results of the application,\\nthis last branch of knowledge will be to realize the full ex-\\npectation of the results of the second. Tt would give to our\\nfund of knowledge the definiteness ami certitude that conies\\nfrom completeness. Tt would make knowledge seem the un-\\nmixed good that it really is. And as the force that impelled", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "IS\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nman to acquire and utilize the second branch ^greater\\nand more certain than that which nnpelled him t^ th b fl\\nwp nnv safelv infer, and observations will confirm tne miei\\nJnoe that the force which will compel man to acquire and\\nutmze the tmrd and most important branch will be irresisti-\\nble in the succeeding chapters we shall see how well was\\nman adapted to his environment to acquire tins knowledge.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nHOW INEQUALITIES ARE EVOLVED.\\nMan is by nature a social creature. That he always\\nchooses association in preference to w\\nTmt during his existence there has been no time when ne\\nfoiild li Separately and independently of Ins fel ow^mam\\nNot onlv have there always been mutual advantages m tne\\na^ocialU or co-operation ol effort in ^Jn-eased power o\\n\u00c2\u00aba+i\u00c2\u00abfvino- desire but the conditions presented by external\\nnatu ^nrnde it a condition of existence. There have always\\nexisted with man, if not before him, living creatures better\\npo uinne^bv nature with physical strength and ability to pro-\\nXXmsirefwith subsistence, with J g\\nhnndPd could not cope. So we see that, thougn aaapieu\\nby nature for social life, man was placed under conditions\\nthat provided no alternative-except destruction.\\nWhen man lived bv taking what nature spontaneously\\nDroduced as n fish tng, hunting and gathering fruits, nuts,\\netc th^Vwas little need of association except for protec-\\ntion-there cTld have been no differences in condition except\\nthose resulting from superior natural powers, which do not\\ndepend u on associated effort. But when man ceased to de-\\nfend upon tlfe spontaneous offerings of nature and began\\nthe^nXation and growing of crops and animals for food\\ndothing and shelter, and shaping tools for increasing the ^ase\\nand efficiency of his effort, nature increased the differences\\nbetwwn men in regard to the power of satisfying desire, by\\nPrelen^ different desirability, such t as pro-\\nrctiveness of soil, healthful ness of climate, etc. The most", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "16\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nfavorable opportunities offered by nature would most\\nnaturally be taken possession of by those possessing superior\\nnatural powers. Thus augmenting the natural difference in\\npower of satisfying desire.\\nAnd here arises another cause of inequality, one which\\ndepends entirely on the association of effort. By associated\\neffort or co-operation, as it is properly called, I mean not\\nmerelj- an uniting of physical force in the performance of a\\ndifficult task, but the co-operation resulting from the special-\\nization of industry, the division of labor and the exchange of\\nproducts, thereby not only utilizing to the fullest the various\\nadaptions of nature in soil, climate and so forth, but bring-\\ning out and developing the various inclinations and powers\\nin different individuals. As exchange grows in volume and\\nextent, locations which are most accessible from all points\\nor locations that participate in such exchanges, offer great\\nadvantages over locations less accessible. And of the less\\naccessible locations there are, of course, differences. But\\nthese centers of their respective localities, bound together by\\nvarious exchanges, are, in a certain sense, tributary to the\\nlarger centers, because through them is offered the easiest\\nway of carrying on the various exchanges.\\nThese advantageous locations or exchange centers are\\nprimarily due to their accessibility from many points by\\nmeans of waterways, etc., but as other ways of transporting\\nproducts came into use. such as higways and railroads, the\\nadvantages of these locations were greatly augmented, be-\\ncause the tendency of all improvements in ways and means\\nof transportation is to bring all mankind into closer relations,\\nnot to create new centers, but to increase the advantages of\\nthe old ones.\\nThe exclusive possession of these centers through which\\nexchange (lows, carries with it the extreme power of life or\\ndeath to co-operation; since without the use of these centers\\nexchange would be impossible. But added to these sources\\nof inequality, when the necessity of government arose, it was\\nnaturally vested in those who possessed, in the largest de-\\ngree, those other advantages, who are ever prone use this\\nauthority without restraint to increase those other advan-\\ntages.\\nAnd thus it is. that nature endowing man with differences\\nin natural powers with which to satisfy his desires, has in-\\ncreased tin inequalities resulting therefrom by offering un-\\nequal opportunities from which desire might be satisfied; and\\nwhen in the course of the natural growth in numbers of man,", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n17\\nexchange grew up another source of inequality arose which\\nincreased with the increase of exchange.\\nIt is from this latter source that spring the inequalities\\nthat are, at this day, a menace to social life, but from it also\\nsprings social life itself. Were there no exchange, there could\\nbe no social relations and no social life; there would be but\\nlittle communication between man and man, and there could\\nbe no advance in the means to provide comfort and safety.\\nBut the various social adjustments are unintelligible un-\\nless we consider the variations in human nature. There is\\never present the possibility of it sinking to such a low stage\\nas to leave but little more distinguishable difference between\\nman and the higher animals than the physical form; and the\\ncapability of it rising to such a height, of acquiring such\\nqualities and powers, as to seem more different from the un-\\ncivilized man than he from the higher animals. We must\\nconsider that inherent quality of the human mind, the inclina-\\ntion to follow in the footsteps of those who have gone before.\\nAnd as mankind is, as it were, ever traveling an untrodden\\npath, penetrating an unknown future, there is always present\\nthe natural willingness to follow whoever will boldly ad-\\nvance. The future seems so dark and dangerous, though\\ndriven by an irresistible force, we are ever hesitating. If\\ndifficulties arise, we would look to others for their solution.\\nBut in regard to the characteristics of human nature,\\nwe may divide mankind into two classes: those who would\\nlead, and those who would follow. Each arises from oppo-\\nsite views of the relative powers of man. The first springs\\nfrom the consciousness of comparatively superior powers,\\nwhich fires the inherent feeling of supremacy in the scale of\\nmaterial existence, blunts the sense of dependency on nature\\nand swells to inordinate proportions the estimation of self.\\nThe second, springing from the consciousness of comparative-\\nly inferior powers, impresses keenly the feeling of weakness\\nand dependency on nature of mankind, which largely over-\\nshadows the inherent sense of superiority in the scale of ma-\\nterial existence and begets a spirit that would glady depend\\nupon others for guidance.\\nBut wherever there is this spirit of dependency there is,\\nand by all accounts always hafc been, existing with it, the\\nspirit that would utilize this dependency for its own aggran-\\ndizement. The powerful have always usurped the rights of\\nthe weak as the resistance to these encroachments became\\nweaker or the desire that prompted them became stronger.", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "18 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nThough the restraints of conscience may have always\\ntempered the relations of men, they have had so little influ-\\nence in fixing social relations that we mav safelv ignore them\\nhere.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nTHE EVOLUTION OF THE COUNTER FORCES OF\\nSOCIAL LIFE AND ITS GROWTH.\\nDesire is the impelling force, and its satisfaction the\\nend, of all human effort. We cannot conceive of a person\\nmaking the least conscious effort, except to satisfy the feel-\\niug of desire. Though desire is the force that impels to effort,\\nthe effort is not measured by the strength of the desire; but\\nby the sum of energy, both mental and physical, that is at\\nthe command of the subject of the desire.\\nThe result of the effort depends not only on the sum of\\nenergy at command, but also on the resistance offered by ex-\\nternal nature to our efforts. This resistance is the force that\\nmaintains order in all human actions. It is to social relations\\nwhat gravity is to the world of matter. Though it is this that\\nmakes effort necessary, it is what is so necessary to order and\\ncertainty.\\nIt has often been said that man is the unsatisfied animal\\ndesire increasing with the possibility of satisfying it which,\\nto me, means only that until the object of social evolution is\\nattained this force will be increasing. It is not because of\\nthe fear of weariness that man seeks the satisfaction of\\ndesire along the line of least resistance, i. e., in the way he\\nthinks will require the least effort, but because by so doing he\\ncan more fully satisfy his desires, or obtain a greater num-\\nber of satisfactions. And seeking the satisfaction of his de-\\nsire along the lines of least resistance, it impels man to the\\nexchange of products, which produces the social body. The\\nbonds that bind men together and form the social body are\\nthe increased satisfaction made possible by exchanging. It\\nis to the social body what the centripetal force is to the mate-\\nrial universe.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 19\\nBut tlie inequalities with regard to satisfying desire, born\\nof the unequal natural powers, growing with the growth of\\nexchange and developing that quality of human nature, the\\ntendency to satisfy desire at the expense of another s effort\\nwhen that way seems to require the least effort, operates\\nas a counterforce to the advantages of exchanging and the\\nformation of a social body. When the advantages of ex-\\nchanging are absorbed by one party to the exchange, the\\nincentive to exchange on the part of the other ceases. This\\nsocial force is to society as the centrifugal force is to the\\nuniverse.\\nHere, then, are the balancing forces of social evolution;\\ntbe mutual advantages of co-operation, operating to draw\\nmen into closer association, being the centripetal force of\\nsociety; and tne tendency of the strong to, in various ways,\\ngratify their desires at the expense of the effort of their\\nweaker or less exacting fellows, operates to weaken the ties\\nof association, to lessen co-operation by lessening the incen-\\ntive and is the centrifugal force of society.\\nThat the mutual advantages of exchange was the force\\nthat brought mankind into closer and wider association, has\\nbeen generally recognized; but this other the counter force\\nin social growth, the peculiar qualities or characteristics of\\nhuman nature evolved by the conditions under which it falls\\nis generally ignored. About the only importance that in\\ncurrent thought attaches to it is an evidence of the weakness\\nof human nature. But weakness as here used is a very\\nvague term. Such terms are merely relative; and what\\nstandard of strength is thought of when we speak of human\\nnature as weak? This remark it would not be worth while\\nto make were it not an example of the explanations of many\\nphenomena of human nature which are generally accepted\\nas so complete; yet it is only showing the relation between\\nthe phenomena observed and some other much less under-\\nstood.\\nThe failure to consider this force as a factor in social\\ndevelopment does much to make the order of social develop-\\nment so unintelligible. We have looked upon this only as an\\nimpediment to human happiness; or if, perchance, we are of\\nthe favored, we may gratefully accept it as an inscrutable\\ndecree of Providence. But whatever be our conclusions they\\nare at present anything but harmonious.\\nBut to trace out the various movements resulting from\\nthe action of these counterbalancing forces of social develop-", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "20 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nnient, is the task, more difficult than merely pointing them out,\\nto which we will now turn.\\nThe force that impels to association is that attribute\\nof human nature, desire. Therefore, the strength of the\\nbonds of association depends on the increased power of satis-\\nfying desire, that is due to association. And this depends on\\nthe improvements in methods of production and ways and\\nmeans of transporting products.\\nBut the counter force to association, the tendency to sat-\\nisfy desire at the expense of another s effort, might be classed\\nwith the human passions. Desire growing with the ability\\nto satisfy it, the strength of this force depends on, 1, the\\nopportunities offered, in the way of tolerating aggression;\\nand 2, the strength of the bonds of association. It is\\nthe bonds of association that gives birth to and supports\\nthis counterforce; therefore, its strength is necessarily within\\nthe strength of the bonds of association.\\nAs exchange grew in volume and extent, tending to bring\\ngreater numbers into closer association, this counterforce,\\nevolved as exchange grew, besides tending to drive those\\nwho were deprived of the advantages of exchange in other\\ndirections in seeking the satisfaction of desire, by presenting\\nthe extremes of poverty and affluence, of misery and apparent\\nhappiness, furnished an extraordinary incentive to exertion,\\nand the improvement of conditions. Added to this w r ere the\\nrivalries and jealousies engendered, w hich, though often\\nresulting destructively, w r e cannot doubt were a\\nmeans of advancement. And that condition among mankind\\ngenerally was maintained, that is most conducive to the\\nmultiplication of numbers the fullest development of the\\nanimal powers which, as we have seen, was an important\\nfactor in attaining results.\\nTt seems that these are the scourges with which man is\\ndriven on. When the growth of association ceases, by reason\\nof the cessation of improvements in ways and means of pro-\\nduction or otherwise, this aggressive tendency, much like blind\\npassion, crows until it either forces society to an increased\\nproductiveness and a wider association, thereby strengthening\\nthe bonds of association, or it dissolves the bonds of associa-\\ntion and destroys the source of its being. But the various\\nparts, tending ever to unite, form other bodies or are united\\nwith other bodies, always evolving these same forces; the\\nresults, varying with Ihe conditions, depend on where the re-\\nsistance that is offered to the pressure is the weakest.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 21\\nAs improvements in methods and processes of produc-\\ntion and exchanging grow, exchanging bodies merge into\\none another, forming larger bodies with correspondingly\\ngreater centers and forces, pressing men to their utmost to\\nprovide means to gratify not only their own desires, but to\\nsatisfv the the ever-increasing demands of those who con-\\ntrol the current of exchanges, by the possession Of all the\\nadvantageous locations, and wield the power of government\\nby which they are enabled to exact tribute by taxation devices\\nfrom the very extremities of the dependent bodies. And this\\nattracting to those centers, as well as developing within them,\\nthe highest skill and talent and the greatest culture, results\\nin all the outward appearances of a great civilization.\\nBut passion is blind! It destroys itself.\\nWhen the power to satisfy the increasing demands of\\nwanton luxury and gross extravagance ceases to grow, blind\\ncentralized power hurries to its own destruction by making in-\\ncreasing drafts on the reserve energy, thus destroying the\\nsource of its power. The co operating body partially disin-\\ntegrates or merges into other bodies. The visible force, the or-\\nganized government, falls into decay or is overwhelmed by\\nseeinimrlv weaker forces; and only the product of ingenuity\\nand skill, the great structures and monuments of pride and\\nvanitv remain.\\nThis, in brief, is the course of all dead civilizations, eacn\\nof which exceeded the preceding one in wealth, grandeur and\\nextent; the result of a wider and closer co-operation caused by\\nthe advancement in ways and means of production and ex-\\nchan\u00c2\u00b0e.\\nMany authors bemoan the losses to mankind attendant\\non the decay of ancient civilizations. But, what was lost?\\nMerelv the talent and skill that accompanies and is attracted\\nby great wealth and power. Did art and literature sink.\\nArt and literature are only accompaniments of leisure and\\nrefinement, and these depend on the ease with which other\\ndesires mav be satisfied. Did knowledge wane? Knowledge.\\nOf what? Merely of the doings of men, of the conceits and\\nconspiracies of kings and the vapid imaginations of pretend-\\ning philosophers. Twas well, perhaps, for mankind if much\\nof the rubbish that passed for knowledge was destroyed.\\nThere is no evidence that anv of the advantages in the battle\\nwith nature was lost with their fall. Some of their efficiency\\nin use was lost by the decline of co-operation; but the power\\nover nature, once acquired, was never lost. Co-operation\\nsufficient to Utilize these advantages in some degree would", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "99\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\neiT T J-\u00c2\u00b0 faCt lhat each ^ceeding civilization\\nexceeded the preceding one in wealth, power and extent is a\\n22 md of growth of the power and command of na\\nrfSiiro/ kno fJedge and improvements acquired by one\\nCivilization was the foundation for the succeeding one The\\nruins ot ancient civilizations, the wonderful feats of en-\\nture? 2 T Skl iv exM)ited in tae erection of the great struc-\\nll?JJ i T thG F ost P rominent evidence of their having\\nti f G W rks 0f talent and art that adorned them\\nare but the piling up, as it were, of the efforts of man bv the\\nSniom ftered by natUFe t0 the exteDSi0n of his ToweJand\\nfovo^nh^T^ thG alternati \u00c2\u00bbS V^J of the balancing\\nforces of social life, was evolved a co-operating bod y extend\\nof g thJ e J a P r r tiC a f What tben could ha been known\\not the earth; which made possible the discoverv of the true\\nrelation of the earth to the universe, furnishing a basis for\\ninvestigations that have resulted in the present social state\\nwitn all its powers.\\nThe adaption of man to his environment is clearly seen\\nwhen we consider the object attained. But for the light it\\nvvill throw on present questions, as well as showing the pecu-\\nhar human characteristics that were developed and utilized\\nin social evolution, let us follow the growth of the present\\nwnShl ST n hat m r Cl Se1 In one Particular ?o\\nwhich I would call especial attention, it differs from the one\\nit succeeds: in that, force was successful in bringing all man-\\nkind into one co-operation; in this, force has been unsuccessful\\nm preventing the growth of co-operation\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nTHE GROWTH OF THE PRESENT CIVILIZATION.\\nWhen the insatiable greed of centralized power had de-\\nstroyed the extensive co-operation which was the basis of\\nthe strength and grandeur of the Roman employ Sing\\nthe energies of the dependent co-operative bodies through\\nmonopolizing the advantages of exchange and levvin* taxes\\nand tributes through exerting the poters of ZnS", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 23\\nthat once grand and powerful organization withered like a\\ntender flower in autumn s early frosts. Its power waned, as\\nby its over-reaching greed it paralyzed exchange and broke\\nup communication, until there was left of what we call a\\ngreat civilization only the rotten core. And that was spared\\nthe agony of a gradual decline by the invasion of the north-\\nern races; and at the same time, the, to the future, dangerous\\ndebris, the floating derelict of the old civilization, was re-\\nmoved. In this way the field was cleared for a new evolu-\\ntion of social forces. Mankind was reduced to primitive\\nequality with all the advantages of the useful knowledge and\\npower that was acquired through all the previous social evo-\\nlutions.\\nAs co-operation again grew up over the vast area over\\nwhich Rome had extended her dominion, new centers were\\ndeveloped and with corresponding political powers. As they\\ncame in contact with one another through the extension of\\nexchanges, each viewed with jealousy and envy any extension\\nof the other s influence, and each sought to restrict the fieia\\nof co-operation of the others. Natural advantages were lost\\nsio-ht of; each co-operative body or nation (m the early growth\\nof the present civilization they were identical) sought to ex-\\ntend its own exchanges and, in every manner possible, re-\\nstrain the exchanges of its neighbors.* This led to many\\nabsurd theories as to policies of national welfare, such as im-\\nposing restrictions on the exchange of products and, even,\\nattempting to regulate the movements of men. Yet to those\\nwho became possessed of all the natural and social advan-\\ntages through the development of the inequalities peculiar\\nto social growth, and in whom were vested the powers of gov-\\nernment, it was not strange or absurd, but, on the contrary,\\nit was onlv natural that each power should guard against any\\nencroachment of its field of co-operation, since its strength\\ndepended upon the extent of the use of the commercial ad-\\nvantages that were possessed by the governing class. And\\nthis class saw well enough that the power, not to say privilege,\\nof governing must naturally follow the centralization of co-\\noperation; therefore, each government strove, though per-\\nhaps not wisely, to secure this advantage.\\nThe value of the natural advantages, monopolized by\\nthe powerful, depended on the extensiveness of their use in\\nco-operation, and any extension of the exchanges of rival\\nThis same jealousy and rivalry exists today tetween f ex ^T^ P nf an^ th^DOS 11\\nthe force with which it operates is much less-the powers of government and the pos-\\nsession of natural advantages are more separated.", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "24 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nco-operative bodies within their domain would, of course,\\nlessen the value of these advantages. Therefore, the power\\nof government was used to hinder any interchange of products\\nthat would narrow the field of exchange of its respective cen-\\nters, however advantageous such exchange would be to the\\ndependency that would make it. Tins checking the natural\\nflow of exchanges, in some degree hampered co-operation, but\\nit gave to the forces of social advancement that stimulus\\nthat only rivalry can give.\\nThat governments sought to hinder only the importation\\nof products and did not hinder their exportation, but en-\\ncouraged it in various ways, was due to that perplexing\\nphenomenon that presents itself when social growth has well\\nbegun, the excess of labor and labor products over the demand\\nfor them.\\nThe explanation most confidently offered for this con-\\ndition was that there was an insufficiency of stock (capital)\\ndevoted to supplying tools, material and subsistence to em-\\nploy all the labor. But this is one of those explanations\\nthat is no less perplexing than that which it is supposed to\\nmake clear. The question, why there should be an insuffici-\\nency of capita] i stock) devoted to supplying tools, material\\nand subsistence to employ all the labor, is no more clear than\\nwhy there should be an excess of labor. And now, when\\na superabundance of capital makes this explanation unten-\\nable, the reason is supposed to be the insufficiency of money\\nwith which to exchange products, or that it always has been\\nthat way, which is more consistent with facts. But the true\\nexplanation of this phenomenon is that the riches of the\\npowerful did not and do not consist chiefly of products of\\nlabor, but of those things the possession of which Avill com-\\nmand great quantities of labor the source of these products,\\nthe centers of exchange (land) and the avenues of exchange.\\nThese cannot be increased in quantity as they cannot be pro-\\nduced, though their value, the power to command labor,\\ncontinually increases. The effort of those who could com-\\nmand moie of the products of labor than they had immediate\\nuse for. was to exchange the surplus for land. Therefore,\\nwhen many were making this effort, they would produce this\\nparadoxical condition; when the scramble for riches is well\\nbegun this phenomenon of superabundance of labor products\\nand enforced idleness is always present.\\nIn a subsequent chapter I shall more fully explain this\\nlack of balance between supply and demand; my object here", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 25\\nbeing to show why the various governments made distinctions\\nin exchanges, and its results.\\nAVhen the rich, or any one, had command of more of the\\nproducts of labor than they had immediate use for and they\\ncould not be readily exchanged for those things that merely\\ncommand labor land, etc., there was, of course, a desire to\\nexchange them for the most desirable forms of labor pro-\\nducts, those that were least subject to decay or deterioration\\nin quality or value, the precious metals. This with their\\nsmall volume compared to their value, probably led to their\\nadoption as a medium of exchange. But, however that may\\nhave been, their being a universal medium of exchange made\\nthem, in a society where there was an excess of labor pro-\\nducts, a more desirable form of wealth to hold. And when\\na surplus of labor products was present, which was nearly\\nalways the case, those who commanded that surplus as well\\nas exercising the powers of government, in their effort to ex-\\nchange the more perishable for the less perishable form of\\nproducts, offered encouragement to the exportation of the\\nformer, and imposed restrictions on their importation, hoping\\nto secure in exchange, the precious metals.\\nTo this was due the belief that for a long time prevailed,\\nthat all wealth consisted of the precious metals. And for a\\nlong time the scramble and search for them overshadowed all\\nother endeavors. Even today, the idolatry of gold is some-\\nthing more than a mere figure of speech.\\nAs exchange grew and rivalries of the exchange centers,\\nwhich were also the seats of the respective political powers,\\nbecame more intense, the rivalry for the extension of ex-\\nchanges, i. e., the enlargement of each respective co-operation,\\nand, therefore, power, became a scramble to get possession\\nof the precious metals. The possession of much gold and\\nsilver was an evidence of power and distinction among na-\\ntions as well as individuals; it afforded ease and luxury; it\\ncommanded respect, esteem, admiration and, even, fear; and,\\nin a state of society where great numbers were in the most\\nbitter and degrading poverty, (a condition that is mercifully\\nless keenly felt by those who experience it than by those who\\nonly fear it) it would seem to many the prerequisite to a state\\nof bliss. To secure the precious metals, commerce was ex-\\ntended, every part of the earth to which access could be had\\nwas searched, dangers were braved and difficulties overcome,\\ninvention was stimulated and great improvements in the nav-\\nigation of the seas, the only way then known of extensive ex-\\nploration, were made. And when what was thought to be", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "26\\nHARMON? VS. DISCORD.\\nthe whole dry *^^\u00c2\u00a3^jg^-FJ\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00ab\\neffort to satisfy a desire that .only gre^ ^ration was\\nit increaseA; when it seemed that the ^eaa y\\nreached, that Hie movements of m. m we il c\\nlimits by a seemingly l\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bbumll^c-xt it ot watey\\ncuriosity was aroused a a that time had bounded his\\nbeyond the great seas ^^^tiat^ill not be satisfied\\nmovements. The something m ^anthat wr\\nurged him on; and. as spe jcqtatwn J adventur e, the\\ntion, as adventure excites a desue T exploration of the\\ndifficulties and dangers connected v th e *P\\nunknown beyond served a great field\\nofex^d^ H\u00c2\u00ab- tb0UgM\\nform of the earth was demonsti atea undermine d; the\\nheld theories as to physical P^? nat ure to know\\ncuriosity and inherent dispos tion of hu m estab\\nthe why of things was greatly ^f^^Xongh space fur-\\nlished that the earth was round and movea\\nnished a firm basis for correct theonzmg in reg tQ\\nforces. This is the f undamen a I tn th ^Mc* to con\\ngrasp before that time \u00c2\u00b0\\\\*f^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2* e \u00e2\u0084\u00a2he knowledge of\\nceive of, made impossible an \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jjta^^ phenomena\\nnatural forces. But with thi. tr nth know\\nbecame gradually ^derstood until at J knowledge\\nsuited in a comparatively ^thorough an increased the pro\\nof physical forces and ai even the boldest lm-\\na 1 was round tl m\\nThat FM Zt7J^e\\\\o^e knowledge of physi-\\nfundamental r ^h \\\\hat gave r lS e b)Hh to\\ncal forces, and might truthfully oe advance\\nall of the sciences\u00e2\u0080\u0094 did not result in ._ m _\\nin knowledge and power was d i h\\nportance of such advance could not 7^ D er attractions,\\nattention of the world was ^cnpe* b y lin s is a law of\\nThe tendency of motion to k s u i\\nmind as well as oi matter, grange rim aml\\ngasped, and were less so in thos 1. ys ne^g qq\\nimportance of a knowledge ol tur t L\\ndoubt, a1 first pursued more to gratitj\\nfC", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n27\\ning to know with which man is endowed, than for any\\nadvantage which the possession of such knowledge might\\nbring, could not have been seen. At any rate those who first\\nsought a knowledge of nature s mysteries could not have con-\\nceived of the magnificence and power that have come from\\nthe simple truths that they discovered.\\nIt has often been asked, wonderingly, what would have\\nbeen the condition of European society from overcrowding if\\nno America existed? But there are no ifs nor abortions in\\nnature s designs. The forces evolved in social growth pro-\\nduced the conditions of society that impelled to the discovery\\nof America, and, in the course of time, its occupancy. It\\nwas, of course, from choice that men emigrated to America,\\nbut it was the choice between conditions made unbearable\\nby the inequalities evolved in social growth and the more\\nrude opportunities offered by nature. It was the same force\\nthat had always driven man, the force of social pressure ever\\ncompelling the extension of his power and dominion that\\nforced mankind onward and outward until the extremes met.\\nThis onward pressure, as it were, of social conditions,\\nlike steam pressure in a cylinder, is great or slight as the re-\\nsistance is great or slight. When the resistance is great,\\neither j from lack of mobility in man or external obstacles, the\\nmovement is slow and the pressure great; but when the resist-\\nance is slight by reason of the activity of man or the slight-\\nness of external obstacles, the movement is rapid and the\\npressure but slightly felt. With the beginning of the coloni-\\nzation of America social pressure was great; but when emi-\\ngration became more rapid and the colonies advanced in\\nprosperity in acceleration, social pressure became slight, and\\na comparatively close association grew up. When the\\npressure had again caught up and began to be felt, when the\\npower of government was used to increase that pressure, the\\nspirit that easier conditions had developed did not readily\\nyield to the demands, but opposed them. The pressure pro-\\nduced a spark that burst out in the fury of conflict, the re-\\nsults of which were of the greatest moment to mankind.\\nThe great advance in form of government was due not\\nto the gradual growth of republican ideals, but to the quick-\\nening of thought and the feeling of brotherhood and fellow-\\nship that accompanies a great struggle. When victory was\\ngained, the feeling of equality in hardship and sacrifice gave\\nrise to the feeling of equality in political power. The use of\\nthe power of government to increase the advantages of cen-\\ntralized power was summarily checked, and the new civiliza-", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "28\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\ntion avoided the course taken by the one that preceded it\\nthe complete subordination to a centralized power. In pro-\\nAiding a government, the colonists sought to eliminate the\\nevil features of the one from which they had broken, to place\\nthe power of government beyond the control of a privileged\\nfew.\\nAgain, the force of social pressure compelled man to a\\ngreat advance not only in America, but over the whole civil-\\nized world; for social pressure, like the pressure of steam,\\nis felt not only where the movement takes place, but over\\nthe whole social body. The establishment of the first Ameri-\\ncan republic influenced the thought of the whole world.\\nThe seemingly unlimited extent of free opportunities to\\nlabor offered in America, when the disinclination to emigrate\\nhad been sufficiently overcome, gave relief from the pressure\\nof conditions not only in America, where easy access to free\\nland made escape possible, but also in Europe, for America\\nmade room for all. As internal co-operation grew and the\\nboundless opportunities became more fully utilized, easier\\nconditions resulted, education became gradually more dif-\\nfused, thought was stimulated and ingenuity was developed.\\nA new direction was given to social progress. Instead of\\nonly an outward movement, it now tended upward. Inven-\\ntion followed invention and improvement succeeded improve-\\nment. The power of a knowledge of natural forces was be-\\nginning to be realized. As social pressure increased the\\nadded powers made extension easier. The snail s pace\\nprogress of centuries was becoming the headlong rush of the\\nlocomotive. The ties of association grew stronger at an ac-\\nceleration. The bone of contention that threatened the dis-\\nsolution of the American union was destroyed by a fierce\\nconflict; but the irresistible tendency to association rapidly\\novercame the disintegrating effects. The previous discovery\\nof gold, which still held a great part of man s attention, by\\na few bold pioneers on the western edge of the new conti-\\nnent started a flood of immigration to that point, though the\\nroute was exceedingly difficult and dangerous; and the tele-\\ngraph and railroad were soon extended to make closer con-\\nned ions wilh those rich regions, crossing an uninhabited and\\nsterile route of many hundreds of miles. Thus was connected\\nthe easl with the west, making a very long stride toward the\\nultimate uniting of all mankind in one co-operation.\\nIt is not by mere chance that the great power and com-\\nmand of nature lias been acquired at the same time that per-\\nfect means of association and communication are established,", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 29\\neducation diffused, sympathies extended and the finer feel-\\nings and higher sensibilities aroused. It is only the develop-\\nment of the, fruit of the efforts of man in all time. It is to\\nthis that human progress unerringly came. It shows the ac-\\ncuracy of design of an infinite intelligence, the perfect adap-\\ntion of parts. It shows the wonderful adjustment of human\\nnature to external conditions, both originally and later as\\naltered by human action.\\nBut social pressure has not lessened. The extremes of\\npoverty and affluence still persist. With the forces that are\\nso capable of elevation man has grasped forces that are\\nequally destructive. Amidst the greatest enlightenment the\\nllower of mankind is continually trained for war; and perhaps\\nthe greatest advances in invention have been in war appliances.\\nBut this is an assurance not of war, but of peace. The higher\\nsensibilities and the growing feeling of brotherhood and a com-\\nmon destiny, together with a realization of the necessary de-\\nstructiveness and horrors attending the use of modern appli-\\nances in war, is the best possible guarantee of peace. The\\npresent wars are a powerful illustration of this fact, and\\nshows that the end of conquest is at hand. The two most\\npowerful nations of the world stand aghast at the cost in\\nblood and treasure of a conquest of the weakest peoples on\\nthe globe.\\nThough the command of natural forces is most potent\\nto elevation, it is equally potent to destruction. It has great-\\nly strengthened the bonds of association, but it has also\\nincreased the forces that threaten dissolution. With steam\\nand electricity, the great factories and the greater ocean\\nvessel, have came the death-dealing weapons of moden war-\\nfare, the floating engines of destruction and millions of the\\npick of mankind trained to use them. These are the out-\\ngrowth of the resistance to co-operation which has grown in\\nspite of them. Yet they are not without their ends in social\\ndevelopment. They check the centralization of power which\\ntends to follow the centralization of co-operation under pres-\\nent adjustments and which is so destructive to social life.\\nThey take up the surplus products of labor and utilize more\\nfully all human energies.\\nBut standing armies are powerless to prevent the cen-\\ntralization of power, for a resort to force, carried to its\\nlogical conclusion, would inevitably bring about what they\\nare calculated to prevent, namely, the subjugation of the\\nworld to centralized power the road that all previous civil-\\nizations have traveled. And fearful of this event and jealous", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "30 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nof each other s advantages, the rival powers are draining\\ntheir resources not only of wealth, but of men. Because\\nof this their latent power is lessening, and instead of tending\\nto solve the question, they are only aggravating the evil,\\nputting off the inevitable, yet increasing its force.\\nThese destructive forces that threaten to envelope social\\nlife in oblivion, and bring fear and anxiety to all, even those\\nwhom they were intended to protect; these are the forces,\\nevolved with those the command of which has so wonder-\\nfully increased man s power, which operate to compel 1a\\nfuller and higher use of that power; compelling man to a\\nhigher plane of existence by threatening the demolition of\\nhis present status.\\nBut there are other and more potent forces driving man\\nonward. The fact that in spite of the constantly increasing\\npower of producing wealth, the power to provide for their\\ndear ones is growing more uncertain for those who possess\\nonly their own powers, is becoming more fully realized. The\\nrecurring paroxysms of commercial depression bring want\\nand suffering to many and arouse the sympathies and wound\\nthe delicate sensibilities of those who only in this way are\\nmade to feel the stings of poverty; and, by threatening the\\nstability of pecuniary interests, which is, perhaps, at present\\nthe most potent factor in shaping the policies of the world,\\nthis too is aroused to the seriousness of social conditions.\\nBut great forces have great inertia. Each interest narrowly\\nseeking its own welfare and heedless of general distress is\\never prone to accept any proposed remedy that promises to\\nalleviate the particular symptoms which are directly felt,\\ngiving little heed to a reform that proposes to go to the bot-\\ntom and remove the cause. They seek safety in inaction,\\ntrusting to natural developments. But the limits of natural\\nforces are infinite. If some periods of commercial depres-\\nsion are worse than others, then there can be still worse.\\nIf small causes have bad effects, greater causes must have\\nworse effects. The higher we rise in the scale of social life,\\nthe more severe will be the shocks resulting from social\\nmaladjustments; and the greater are the forces we grasp,\\nthe greater is the possible variation of condition. Just now,\\nas in Tart Second I shall more fully explain, there are oper-\\nating forces that will sooner or later produce an industrial\\ndisturbance thai will shake our economic structure to its\\nvery foundation; and through its effects on pecuniary inter-\\nests, it will, I believe, bring the necessary pressure to com-", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\npel man to systematize and utilize the knowledge of social\\nforces that he is. only now grasping.\\nThe state of discontent is rapidly extending ltseit to\\nall minds. The persistence of want amidst plenty the ap\\nmrSt injustice of the conditions that gives but a bare sub-\\nStence to those who produce all while idlers are mamtained\\nin a state of wasteful and wanton luxury and with thejpres\\npii+ hi oh decree of intelligence, the total lack of any assui\\nanee from tSe who art looked to for guidance and are\\nCposed to know much more than they really do that these\\ncondSons w 11 ultimately lead to better; all this leads well-\\nmeanino- people to seriously doubt that the world is guided\\nbTan II 2e Provideuce^and that life does not end here\\nAnd the consequent decay of a religious spirit among the\\nmasses of C \u00c2\u00b0the people and the increase of crime arouse^ a\\nf,.,.iin.. of aimrehension as to the future among those who\\nee the W influence of and profess to teach the gospel\\nthat has been a great solace and comfort to man m many a\\ntryi Hnnmn a natnre is ever the same. The same inclination\\nand a to follow where others lead exists today as\\nTf hQ\u00c2\u00ab nlwflfv\u00c2\u00ae existed; the same readiness to utilize int.\\ndependent others for his own aggrandizement continues;\\nbut the conditions are being rapidly ^evolved thai make the\\naggrandizement of leaders possible only by e f^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 g *g\\nthP followers We are coming to perceive that might ana\\n!tht do not conflict. Man, bSth in his individual and col-\\nectYv f capacity, ha 6 ever adjusted himself to the conditions\\nas they ST the inclination to do so is still very great\\nbnt failure has oreeted every effort. Discontent is rapidly\\ngow^ig dimensions are arising and condition, are becom-\\nfng unbearable. They must be commanded and mas tegd.\\nTo delay is but to tempt the vengeance that _ ^tens- ^e\\npressure is on and though it may shift, it will. nev er listen\\nuntil man undergoes the effort to learn and obey the silent\\npomminnd of nature. To what horrors mankind win -ne\\n3S5\u00c2\u00bb will depend on the promptness of response^\\nnature s appeals; for she is just but inexorable. The duty\\nmust be done and he who will shirk it as he perceives it\\nwill as naturally suffer the penalty as he who disregards\\nany other of nature s mandates.", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "PART SECOND.\\nTHE SOLUTION\\nOP THE\\nPRESENT PROBLEM.\\nFind out the cause of this effect,\\nOr rather say the cause of this defect,\\nFor this effect defective comes by cause.\\nHamlet.", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n35\\nCHAPTER I.\\nTHE PRESENT PROBLEM.\\nIn the preceding chapters I have endeavored to show the\\nperfect adaption of human nature and the physical features\\nof the earth to social evolution. The perfect adaptions of\\nnature holds good everywhere, although to many the adaption\\nof the earth to the needs and welfare of man is not clear. But\\nhere as elsewhere the harmonies of nature must be; man is\\na part of nature and subject to her laws; although as usually\\nspoken and thought of, we exclude man in the term nature,\\nbut this is merely a distinction in thought. The reason we\\ndo not see the adaption of the earth to man s welfare is be-\\ncause of our narrow ideal of his welfare. The world might\\nhave been better adapted to the thousand and one human\\nideals of human existence, many of which were realized only\\nto give rise to other ideals. Were it only plenty to eat and\\ndrink, fine clothes to wear and houses to live in, that this\\nworld was intended to furnish man, it is indeed a poor make-\\nshift. But it is something more. These are here for man,\\nbut under conditions that require a certain effort to obtain\\nthem; they are but a means. Man is not a plant, he is an\\nanimal, and with these the animal thrives, but in the animal\\nthere is a will, a conscious reasoning germ, so connected with\\nand adjusted to the animal that the animal s comfort is its\\npleasure, the animal s well being is its welfare, the animal s\\nwants must be first provided and then its desires arise. It\\nis to the growth of this that the world is adapted, and that\\nit is wonderfully adapted to this whoever will look may see.\\nPhysically man is the weakest of animals. It is only\\nby the exertion of mind that he has maintained his existence.\\nIt was so at the beginning, is so still and ever will be as long\\nas man is as we know him and matter and force persists. With\\nexertion the mind grows and develops just as the physical", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "36 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\npowers do. Endowed with desire, which arises as by reason\\nit perceives the possibility of satisfying it, the mind exerts\\nitself not in the direction it chooses, but in the direction\\nwhich the conditions offer satisfactions. These conditions\\nman did not make in the beginning, and as they were altered\\nby him, such alterations were not according to any designs\\nof man, but as a result of the inclinations and powers that\\nwere aroused by pre-existing conditions.\\nAnd desire prompting the mind to new devices and ways\\nof satisfaction, powers were acquired which were easily trans-\\nmitted from one generation to another and thus perpetuated.\\nThe satisfacton of one desire opens the possibility of another\\nbeing satisfied, thus giving rise to other desires. The satis-\\nfaction of the animal desires give rise to desires purely mental.\\nThe desire to know arises as the conditions, varying perhaps\\nwith different individuals, offer the opportunity of its satis-\\nfaction. This, no doubt, is the reason that education is more\\ndiffused at the present day than ever before. The conditions\\nevolved have always been such that the great majority of\\nmankind could acquire only such knowledge as was necessary\\nto the performance of their respective duties, until within\\nthe present century there arose a general desire for the educa-\\ntion of all, which to many, even now, seems only an useless\\neffort, and really amounts to only the mere rudiments of sys-\\ntematic knowledge.\\nHow beautiful is the economy of nature even in man s\\nefforts. As social growth and development required greater\\nknowledge, the conditions evolved confined the effort of its\\nacquisition to a few, until, with the acquisition of greater\\npower of satisfying material desires, education became gen-\\nerally diffused and the foundation was laid for intellectual\\ngrowth and development, which can only be attained by\\nmaking the conditions easier for the satisfaction of material\\ndesires. This is a necessary condition because of the fact\\nthat human endurance, whether of mind or body, is limited;\\nand the lower orders of desire must be assured satisfaction\\nbefore those other desires, which evidence in man something\\nmore than the animal, arise. The desires which are com-\\nmon to both man and brute and might be called animal de-\\nsires, press irresistibly for satisfaction until such satisfaction\\nis assured; but when their satisfaction is assured, not neces-\\nsarily satisfied, and only then do those desires that so often\\nand only in man develop into destructive passion give away\\nto the desires that testify to the immortality of man.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n37\\nSomething more is demanded than a more equitable share\\nof material productions. That is but a means, but that only\\nnianv social reformers contend for; and this narrow and per-\\nverted view of all demands for social readjustments is held\\nby many who even claim that slavery, war, pestilence and\\nfamine were means to the growth of the social state, which I\\ndo not dispute, and yet will denounce as traitors to church,\\nfamily and state, all who would dare point out the dangers\\nand duties that social growth has evolved and how one may\\nbe avoided and the other performed. Their idea of life is\\nnarrow, and, like many who see the danger of present condi-\\ntions, they see as the end of advancement only more ease and\\ncomfort, a greater degree of satisfaction of physical wants.\\nThey would keep men under conditions so distorting and em-\\nbruting that from the sheer lack of mental development they\\nbecome a danger arid menace to peace and happiness. It is\\nnot enough that the laborer can have access to libraries or\\ncan read the same newspaper or scientific magazine that the\\nmillionaire does; much can be read and little digested. The\\nblindness exhibited by those who it seems should know better\\nis a trial to ordinary patience. People compelled at an early\\nage to endure exacting physical labor do not, except in rare\\ncases, acquire a taste for close study or any study at all,\\nfor studying is at least as trying on the energies as physical\\neffort. Those amiable philosophers might better realize the\\npossible intellectual development of laborers as at present,\\nby undergoing the physical strain of twelve hours labor, to\\nsay nothing of the wearing of worry and discontent that is\\nthe lot of the average laborer.\\nBut the leisure at my command will not permit me to\\ndwell at length on the many points raised by this element\\nof conservatism whose ideal having been attained would\\ncheck all advancement. But as well try to stay the move-\\nment of the earth on its appointed orbit. Such efforts only\\nsteady the social movement and press into coherency and\\ncongruity the forces and theories of social advance. They\\ndo a real service to society by pointing out the incongruities\\nwhich are so common to all new theories, and, by the oppo-\\nsition which they are enabled to present through the readiness\\nwith which eloquence is mistaken for logic when directed\\nalong current lines of thought, they incite to intense effort\\nthe forces that are back of new theories.\\nIt is the growth and development of mind to which the\\nworld is adapted. The opportunity to use the mind is never\\nlacking. The worry and discontent, from which none are", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "38 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nexempt, are the forces that impel to mental effort and, there-\\nfore, to mental development. It was this that caused all\\nsocial advancement, all human progress. It is on the mind\\nthat social forces press, and though they press so slowly and\\nsteadily that we can perceive no movement except when we\\ntake considerable periods of time into consideration, they\\nare none the less irresistible. And that man, in his effort\\nto satisfy desire, moves along the line of least resistance is\\nno less true of man collectively than as individuals. This\\nlaw governs the movements of the most powerful human or-\\nganizations as well as the veriest savage who rolls logs in\\nsearch of grubs; and the world is so adjusted that when the\\nconditions press man onward, escape is possible only in the\\ndirection that was ordained; though what suffering may be\\nendured through fruitless effort in other directions can only\\nbe surmised by a study of the history of the past.\\nWhen the pressure of social conditions begins, it is always\\nat the bottom of the social scale, and as it increases it is felt\\nhigher and higher in the scale of life until the object is\\nattained. It has often been noted that those at the bottom\\nare deaf to appeals for their own welfare and blind to their\\nown interests. Though this class may constitute a very large\\npart of society, social advance is not dependent on their effort,\\nbut the fear of their power often compels it. They feel the\\npressure, but they have not the mental capacity to find relief;\\ntherefore, the pressure rises until it reaches and effects the\\nmind power of society. While men can secure the necessaries\\nand comforts to which they are accustomed and opportuni-\\nties offer no other inducements, they are satisfied; but the\\nmarvelous adjustments of nature are such that industrial\\nconditions are variable, and when the enjoyment of accus-\\ntomed comforts and leisure are threatened by these changing\\nconditions, the minds that have developed the capacity to\\nreason will be exerted to find relief, to right the conditions\\nthat would deprive them of their accustomed satisfactions.\\nIn this way will conditions be altered.\\nDid conditions grow harder gradually there would bft\\nlittle cause for hope for an industrial readjustment; for\\nthough there would be discontent, it being always present\\nwould make it seem irremediable, and poverty amid wealth\\nwould be accounted for by such a handy explanation as the\\nMalthusian theory or some other more consistent with what\\nis known. But industrial conditions do not grow worse\\ngradually, but rather suddenly. Production increases, em.\\nployment is pretty general, contentment reigns and hopes", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n39\\nmount; when, of a sudden, production is checked, the ability\\nto find remunerative employment grows less and less, con-\\ntentment gives way to discontent and hopes begin to wither.\\nBriefly, this is the course of what we call panics, the cause\\nof which is explained in many ways, no explanation being\\ngenerally accepted; though that they are peculiar to a high\\nsocial state none will deny. When one passes off we feel\\nhopeful that it will be the last; but while the conditions which\\nevolve them exist, they will ever recur with increasing se-\\nverity.\\nThough of all the dangers to social life which progress\\nhas evolved, this may seem the least dangerous, it is neverthe-\\nless a serious question and involves untold suffering. And\\non account of the radical change in conditions which these\\nseasons of commercial paralysis bring about, I am convinced\\nthat this will eventually impel men to learn their cause and\\nhow they may be averted; for it is not that which continues,\\nbut that which changes, that commands attention.\\nIn the solution of this the cause of recurring panics,\\nwhich are nature s convulsive readjustments of unbalanced\\nindustrial conditions we will also find the way to avoid all\\nthe dangers involved in social growth; for the solution of\\nthis question requires an understanding of the operation of\\nsocial forces and how they can be modified or commanded.\\nThe power to command physical forces was acquired only\\nthrough a knowledge of the relations of matter and energy;\\nand so with social forces, a knowledge of which will enable\\nman to control within the limits of natural law.\\nThe question that most perplexes mankind today is not\\nhow we may do without the great standing armies, how we\\nmay reduce the expenses of government or how we may get\\nalong with fewer prisons, asylums and almshouses, but how\\nall m?y be employed and receive a natural and just remunera-\\ntion for their effort; for it is more or less clearly understood\\nthat the former are connected with and derivative of the\\nlatter. And, panics being only the acute stage of unbal-\\nanced adjustments, the question of which we will seek the\\nsolution is Why are there at all times men unemployed\\nand anxious to work, and at certain periods large numbers\\nstruggling for the opportunity to exchange their services for\\nsome form of its product, while there are immense stores of\\nthat product wasting and its source only partly usecl? Since\\nthe product of labor is only labor or services in concrete\\nform and all cannot find employment because of the tendency", "height": "3320", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "40 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nof the supply of products to -exceed the demand for tkein, we\\nmay put the question in this simple form:\\nWhv does supply exceed demand?\\nI do not mean that the actual supply of labor products\\nexceeds the demand for them; but that the ability to produce\\nexceeds the demand for the product. The natural economy\\nof a society always tends to limit the supply to the demand;\\nfor when more is produced than is demanded, the surplus\\nwastes and is a loss to society in general and the person\\nor persons in whose possession it is in particular. There-\\nfore the surplus product always tends to remain in its sim-\\nplest or elementary form\u00e2\u0080\u0094 idle labor and idle land.\\nWhen we have traced this phenomenon (the excess of\\nsupply over demand) to its source, we will have found the\\nerror in our social adjustments from which spring the dam\\ngers that menace social life, and through the discord and\\nconflict of changing conditions we will see the harmony of\\nsocial advance.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nDEMAND AND SUPPLY.\\nWe have but to pause and reflect to realize how im-\\nportant is exchange in the present process of production. It\\nof necessity grows with each improvement in methods of pro-\\nduction, or it is rather the growth of exchange that gives rise\\nto improved methods of production. From the time of the\\nearliest writings about the condition of trade to the present,\\nexchange lias seemingly never balanced; the equation between\\nsupplv and demand has never been maintained; and strange,\\nthat the embarrassment has been from- what seemed too much\\nrather than too little.\\nIt is unnecessary to dwell upon the many explanations\\nof this phenomenon; the truth when once pointed ut stands\\ntransparent; its simplicity is its proof. It requires volumin-\\nous writings to build up and systematize error so as to make\\nit pass for truth, ami then it is ever tailing; while truth itself.\\non account of its vevy simplicity and unobtrusiveness, stands\\nunrecognized, it is indeed a herculean task, that the great-", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n41\\nest minds might well feel proud of and consider as evidence\\nof their superiority, to so systematize error as to make it pass\\nwith the rest of their kind as truth. Nature has never pre-\\nsented a phenomenon that man did not in some manner read-\\nily explain; and only when we come to explain the relations\\nof the various phenomena do perplexities arise and errors in\\nexplanations are discovered. And as the most difficult task\\noffers the best test of strength, the greatest minds have\\ndirected their energies toward trying to harmonize discordant\\ntheories rather than seeking the true explanation of observed\\nphenomenon and the lesser ones, awed at the seeming magni-\\ntude of the task, readily accepts the explanations handed\\ndown. This, I believe, more than the power of pecuniary in-\\nterests has given direction to economic investigations.\\nBut, however that may be, the popular faith in current\\neconomic theories is all but dead. The idea that all industry\\nmust be controlled and operated. by organized government,\\nand the kindred though opposite idea of the irreconcilable-\\nness of law and liberty, are rapidly gaining ground from the\\nsheer want of any satisfactory explanation of that paradoxical\\nphenomenon, the constant tendency of the supply of products\\nto exceed the demand while at the same time there is, per-\\nhaps, intense suffering from the want of them.\\nThere can be no doubt that an arbitrary division of the\\naggregate product of a state or nation, were it possible, would\\neliminate the embarrassment of overproduction; but, to say\\nnothing of its impossibility or impracticability, it would\\nalso eliminate most of the incentive to endeavor, with-\\nout which well, carried to its logical conclusion, the end\\nwould be oblivion. Such an experiment can be thought of\\nonly as a last resort. We might in that way secure an equal\\ndistribution of property; but the fact that property is not\\nequally distributed is an evidence that this is conducive to\\nits best use. Those who own the wealth of the world show\\nby such ownership their ability to make profitable use of it\\nnot only to themselves, but, under proper conditions, to the\\nwhole of society. Of this we shall see more clearly further\\non in this work.\\nAs generally used, the term supply and demand has a\\nvague meaning, especially the latter. We understand pretty\\nwell that supply is the aggregate product. We know that\\nthe supply, of a farmer is the amount he produces, of a store-\\nkeeper the stock of goods he has for sale, of a manufacturer\\nthe amount of his product, and of any community the whole\\namount of what that community produces. But we do not", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "42 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nknow so well what is demand. We are apt to identify de-\\nmand as desire, or, at least, to make no distinguishable dif-\\nference in the meanings we attach to those two terms. Though\\ndemand arises from the desire to possess, one may desire all\\nthat is in the world and not make a demand for even a tooth-\\npick.\\nExchange is always mutual. We acquire a thing that we\\ndesire, only by offering something to the other party to the\\nexchange that will be preferred to the thing we desire, even\\nthough what we offer in exchange is only a promise to render\\nthe thing desired at some future time; this is demand. So\\nwe see that demand is the desire for a thing with the ability\\nand willingness to give in exchange what will be more desired\\nby the one with whom we would exchange; therefore, what\\nwe would offer in exchange is to us, demand, while it is to the\\nother party supply. In this we see that the terms are merely\\nrelative; demand being supply and supply, demand, depend-\\ning on the point of view. And it must be, that while desire\\nis unsatisfied, if the supply of some things exceeds the demand,\\nthe demand must exceed the supply of other things that make\\nup the aggregate of exchanges; for bearing in mind the rela-\\ntiveness of the terms, they must necessarily balance.\\nIn every civilized society, or where exchange is carried on\\nto any extent, there are always accumulated and maintained\\nstocks of goods or products of sufficient size to supply any de-\\nmand on the shortest notice. This is true of all products of\\nlabor whether the demand be for a box of matches or a trip\\naround the world. This stock of products always tends to\\nthe lowest possible quantity necessary to meet possible de-\\nmands, because of the fact that all products of labor begin\\nto deteriorate in quality and value as soon as their production\\nis complete. Therefore, each individual and each association\\nof individuals for the sake of economy, endeavors to keep only\\nas large a stock as experience has taught will be necessary to\\nsupply all demands. Self-interests will always keep the stock\\nup to this point, and the desire to avoid loss will keep it from\\ngoing much above it.\\nIf exchange were confined to products of labor, supply\\ncould not exceed demand unless all desires were satisfied,\\nfor ;is soon as the supply of some things tended to exceed\\n(lie demand for them, the decrease in price which would\\nresult therefrom would lessen the incentive to produce those\\nthings, i. e.. they wonld exchange for a less amount of other\\nthings, and thus would the equilibrium be restored. But\\nhere is a simple truth carelessly overlooked, as far as I know.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 43\\nby all economists. The fact that all exchange is not the\\nexchange of products seems not to have been thought of.\\nHenry George in this ignores, though no doubt unconsciously,\\na point of great moment to Ms philosophy. He says Prog-\\nress and Poverty, page 242)\\nAll trade, let it be remeinlbered, is the exchange of com-\\nmodities for commodities, and hence the cessation of demand\\nfor some commodities which marks the depression of trade, is\\nreally a cessation of supply of other commodities.\\nAnd farther on in the same chapter, he speaks, with an\\nuncertainty that is strangely out of keeping with his usual\\nvigorous and confident way, of the cessation of demand be-\\ning caused by a cessation of supply some where, and finally\\nconcludes that since labor has not free access to land, this\\nis where supply is checked. He says (page 245):\\nAnd hence, when through all trades, men willing to\\nwork cannot find opportunity to do so, the difficulty must\\narise in the employment that creates a demand for all other\\nemployments it must be because labor is shut out from\\nland.\\nThat labor is shut out from land is not literally true; and\\neven if so, to make the conclusion valid it must be shown\\nthat the supply of some things is unequal to the demand\\nfor them this he fails to do. This uncertainty and indefinite-\\nness is, to me, only to be explained on the hypothesis that\\nhaving after great effort satisfied himself in regard to the\\ngreat central truth which he wished to make clear, he some-\\nwhat relaxed his endeavor in the matter of details; his profuse\\npen and vivid imagination so well made up the deficiency that\\neven himself was deceived.\\nBut nothiDg is clearer than that all trade is not only\\nthe exchange of commodities for commodities; taking, of\\ncourse, what there cannot be the slightest doubt he meant\\nby commodities, the products of labor. And a cessation of\\ndemand for commodities cannot be caused by a cessation of\\nsupply of other commodities unless the supply of some com-\\nmodities is exhausted or access to their source denied. This\\nis not the case, for there is at all times of all commodities\\nenough, and more than enough, to supply all demands, while\\nproductive forces stand idle and ready to meet any new or\\nincreased demand that may arise.\\nWe must grasp the fact that there are two distinct kinds\\nof property that enters into exchange one, the product of\\nlabor, commodities, and the other, the source from which\\nthese products are drawn, the resting place and space upon", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "44 BARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nwhich man must use his powers. The quantity of the first\\nmay be iDcreased at will, only limited by the power of man\\nto alter things; while the second cannot be increased or di-\\nminished in quantity, however strong is the demaud or how-\\never high the value resulting therefrom.\\nThe cessation of demand for products is caused by the\\ncessation of supply of, not products, but the source of these\\nproducts land. I have known many cases of hardy settlers\\nwho paid five to ten dollars per acre for laud that was un-\\ntouched by the hand of man. These people had nothing to\\nexchange for this land except what they produced by their\\nlabors; and this increased the supply of products, but gave\\nno corresponding demand for them. Their demand for land\\ndid not tend to increase the supply of land, for that cannot\\nbe increased. The supply of that is always the same. The\\nincrease in value not only does not satisfy the demand for\\nland, but actually increases it, because it is for that reason\\na much more desirable form of property to own. And when\\nthere are more endeavoring to exchange products for land\\nthan to exchange land for products, there will naturally be\\na surplus of products.\\nThe extraordinary demand for land does not come from\\na desire to use land, but merely from the desire to possess it\\nto become rich which, like all other desires, arises only\\nwhen we perceive the possibility of its satisfaction. of\\ncourse, there is no scarcity of land for use, but when all\\navailable land is owned by some one the supply of land for\\nmere ownership is exhausted. Those who possess great for-\\ntunes (how these grew is explained in a previous chapter)\\ndesiring greater ones, which is conducive to their most pro-\\nductive uses, will receive a portion of the aggregate product,\\nas the earnings of their property, far in excess of what would\\nsatisfy their desires, and as each and all are endeavoring\\nto make their part of the aggregate product at least large\\nenough to supply their own needs, and the amount of products\\nwhich may in any state of society be economically held as\\ncapital being limited, there would be a greal excess of products\\nover the demand for them were all productive forces em-\\nployed. And there is always a desire to exchange the excess\\nof products for something that, though it may not be used,\\nwill not only not waste, but will increase in value with the\\ninevitable increase of population land.\\nThis surplus product, or the excess of the supply of\\nproducts over demand, is the disturbing element in exchange.\\nIts possibility causes the destructive competition between", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HARMONY YS. DISCORD. 45\\nlaborers resulting in low wages; and it causes the decline in\\nprice of products in such forms as represent mostly wages\\nor cost of labor. It is, most likely, the net or surplus product\\nof which the Physiocrats of the eighteenth century speak and\\nof which, it seems, Mr. George did not quite grasp the full\\nsignificance. It arises from the ability of some to become\\npossessed of a larger portion of the aggregate production of\\nsociety than is sufficient to satisfy their desires for these\\nproducts, in an industrial state of such great productive\\npowers that this excess is more than enough to supply all\\nincreasing demands for capital.\\nOf course the real owners of this surplus do not have it\\nactually in their possession; they have, rather, something\\nwhich represents its value bank checks, money, etc. But\\nthese are not products and have not necessarily any value in\\nthemselves, but are only representatives of these products a\\ncheck, as it were, for them or their equivalent in value of\\nother things. And with a true system of checking things,\\nwhich the use of money as a medium of exchange really\\namounts to and that is the way nearly all exchanges are made,\\nthere must be held out of circulation an unusual part of these\\nchecks or money while there is of products an excess over the\\nrequirements to satisfy demands. But holding these checks\\n(money) out of circulation is not the cause of the surplus\\nproduct; both are causd by the lack of demand for any sur-\\nplus that may have been produced, or, what is the same thing\\nreversely stated, the laek of supply of what is desired in ex-\\nchange for this surplus, namely, land or some form of obliga-\\ntions.\\nAs all products begin to waste and decline in value,\\nwhether used or not, from the moment they are produced,\\nthere is always a desire to possess the checks rather than the\\nproducts while this surplus remains. This brings up the\\nvarious phases of the money problem the money always\\ntending to accumulate in the hands of those who command\\nthe surplus product and go out of the regular channels of cir-\\nculation, which happens only during the decline in production\\nnecessary to establish a new equilibrium between supply and\\ndemand. And, at the risk of digression, it may be well here\\nto note how similarly ignorant of the cause that produces a\\ndearth of money among the poor and an excess among the\\nrich, are the contending factions for more or less money.\\nThey would secure an equation of supply and demand by en-\\ndeavoring to regulate the supply of money control the cause\\nby treating the effect. One side seeing money accumulating,", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "46 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\npresumes there is too much, or too much at certain times, and\\nwant the volume reduced or placed within their control. And\\nthe other side, seeing and feeling the dullness of trade, the\\ncause of which is also the cause of the action of the medium\\nof exchange, they unthinkingly attribute the former to be the\\neffect of the latter, and stubbornly contend for a directly\\nopposite, though not wiser policy. Both policies are closely\\nrelated, though diverging widely, and each is as capable of\\nsuccess as would be a proposition to govern the annual rain-\\nfall by controlling the flow of rivers.\\nBut turning again to our subject. During the various\\nstages of social and industrial growth the demand for\\nproducts, though always increasing, varies greatly, making\\nwhat we call good times and hard times. The presence of a\\nsurplus product always lessening the demand for labor, hence,\\ntending to reduce wages. But when an unusual demand for\\nproducts arises, such as would be made by a war, a rapid\\nextension of railroads, the introduction of new or more pro-\\nductive machinery or a great undertaking, even the building\\nof highwa} r s on a large scale or maintaining standing armies,\\nthough products may be wasted, the increased demand for\\nthem will lessen competition for labor, and, therefore, will\\ntend to raise wages. But let this demand cease or even cease\\nto grow production goes on at an acceleration until the sur-\\nplus has grown abnormally large, when production ceases sud-\\ndenly, the cessation of demand propagates itself through the\\nwhole frame work of industry and we witness the dreaded\\npanic, stagnation of trade idle labor, idle land, idle capital\\nand want amidst an abundance of wealth.\\nAt the present time (January, 1900) there is every indica-\\ntion of the coming of a severe panic. The extraordinary de-\\nmand for products made by the two wars that are being prose-\\ncuted in the Eastern hemisphere, which is by far the greatest\\ndrain on the wealth of the world that was ever made\\nby war or otherwise, has called out much of the\\nlatent forces of production; and when these extraor-\\ndinary demands cease, the corresponding scale of pro-\\nduction will continue, or, perhaps, be augmented for a\\ntime by some of the forces that are now only destroying\\nwealth turning to producing it, until a surplus of such great\\nproportions is produced that production will be suddenly\\nchecked and exchange completely paralyzed. The severity of\\nthe shock will only be augmented by the capitalistic combina-\\ntions that have been forming at such a rapid rate during the\\npast year, as they only increase the tendency to accumulate", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n47\\na surplus. These forces will eventually evolve a panic of\\nsuch gigantic proportions that men who never before felt the\\nnecessity of studying social conditions, will seriously doubt\\nthe ability of society to endure.\\nI have here purposely ignored the existence of such things\\nas notes, bonds, mortgages, etc., in exchange, because of the\\nconfusion that arises when too many things are considered\\nat once. For similar reasons I have avoided the use of money\\nterms as much as possible. We are apt to forget that when\\nwe buy or sell we make but one-half the exchange, that we\\nonly exchange for money that we may exchange the money\\nfor something else. So it is with the bonds, etc., etc.; they\\nare not things of value in themselves, but a promise to render\\nat some future time something of equal value to that which\\nis received. When they are exchanged for products or land\\nthere is really only one-half an exchange made. They are,\\nin fact only a limited medium of exchange.\\nAs the flow of these obligations or evidences of indebted-\\nness is always into the hands of those who command the sur-\\nplus product in exchange for that surplus, we may see that\\nby such the equation between supply and demand is main-\\ntained at a higher level of productiveness than it otherwise\\nwould be, and any tendency to reduce the quantity of these\\nmust result, while present conditions last, in a lessening de-\\nmand for products of labor, a check in production, and, there-\\nfore, a decline in the power to make the exchange complete\\na period of commercial depression.\\nThese credits serve in a manner as a substitute for land\\nin supplying the demand that arises from the desire for riches.\\nThey give an elasticity to trade, which, without them, could\\nhardly vary. Though their expansion is perhaps only\\nlimited by the value of all property, when we consider that\\nthey are almost entirely held and are more strongly tending\\nto be held by a few, we see that, while present conditions con-\\ntinue, their contraction is possible only by the exchange for\\nproperty which they represent.\\nHere I cannot resist the temptation to digress in order\\nto call attention to how apparent prosperity accompanies\\nbond issues and extravagant public expenditures, and how the\\nopposite course brings about the reverse conditions. Any\\none who will carefully read this chapter cannot fail to see\\nthat bond issues and wastefulness of wealth tend to make a\\ndemand for the ever possible surplus product, and, therefore,\\nemploy more fully the productive forces and maintain the\\nequation between supply and demand at a higher level of", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "48 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nproduction. The annual burning or throwing into the sea\\nof all surplus products would have the same effect. It is be-\\ncause of this thai many consider the exportation of more than\\nwe import as very favorable to industry. We merely get rid\\nof a part of our surplus which otherwise would have the ten-\\ndency to lessen the demand for labor. The opposite course,\\nthat of greater economy in public expenditures and decrease of\\nindebtedness, does not relieve the market of the surplus\\nproduct, and. therefore, tends to lessen the demand for labor.\\nAnd while this policy is unaccompanied by any proposition\\nas to how the surplus may be eliminated from the operations\\nof exchange, it will be contending with the irresistible ten-\\ndency of trade to seek a balance between supply and demand\\nat a higher level of production. This policy, though appeal-\\ning to sentiments of morality and justice, is only a negative\\none, one of opposition to a positive policy, with all the ad-\\nvantages of momentum of thought and customs in favor of\\nthe positive one. Sentiment and moral perceptions alone\\ncannot control exchange relations; if Democratic ideas will\\nprevail and its polices permanently displace Republican ideas\\nand policies, they must be accompanied by a positive knowl-\\nedge of conditions and how they can be modified or controlled.\\nNegation cannot and will not rule. This is a world of force\\nno less than of justice; and might and right have one origin\\nand cannot conflict.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nTHE REMEDY.\\nIn the previous chapter we have seen how production\\nincreased or decreased as the demand for the products in-\\ncreased or decreased, in other words that production was\\nregulated by demand for the product; how increasing demand\\ncalled out greater productive forces, and decreasing demand,\\nby necessitating a new adjustment of productive forces,\\nbrought about the industrial paralysis which is ever recur-\\nring. We have seen how the failure of demand for products\\nto keep pace with the ability to supply them while desire is\\nunsatisfied, is caused by the failure of the supply of land or.", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 49\\nto nse a more inclusive term, land values to satisfy or supply\\nthe demand for them; how this is always tending to produce\\na. surplus product, i. e., a portion of the aggregate production\\nfor which there is no demand, and as all surplus products\\ntends, for economy s sake, to remain in that form which is\\nleast subject to waste or decay, the elementary form, it gives\\nus the explanation of that hitherto unexplained phenomenon,\\nthe persistence of enforced idleness with idle opportunities.\\nThe disease suggests the remedy. What will relieve this\\ncondition is as clear as light at noonday. It is: We must\\ntake out of the sum of things that are exchanged, that which\\nis not produced and cannot be increased in quantity to satisfy\\nincreasing demands; we must confine exchanges to products\\nand the representatives of products; we must confine the\\nexclusive possession of things by the individual, to those\\nthings that are produced by individuals and can be increased\\nto any extent within the power of man to modify things to\\nsatisfy demand.\\nTo do this is not a difficult task. Nature makes no un-\\nreasonable demands. She requires no effort that she does\\nnot furnish the necessary strength, asks nothing acccraii-\\nplished that she does not furnish the necessary means, and\\ndemands no advance, but she points out the way. When\\nthe time came and all the world bowed in submission to a\\ngreat earthly power, when the grandest and proudest civil-\\nization that the world had ever known was in the zenith of\\nits glory, one came who, though the greatest of all, took the\\nhumblest position and taught the simple, though sublime,\\ntruth of the brotherhood and equality of man that was to be\\nrealized, which spreading over the known world and having\\nbecome engrafted upon the thought of the world during the\\ndecline of a temporary power, was when the dark hour came\\nand association was broken up, the cherished truth that beat\\nback despair, and is the beacon light of the new civilization.\\nAnd when it seemed that man s hopes were in vain, that all\\nour efforts at bettering the condition of mankind on earth\\nwere futile, when the veriest savage seemed better off than\\nmany in the most highly civilized societies, she sent one who\\npointed out to the whole world, why this condition was and\\nhow it could be altered, even though he did not clearly diag-\\nnose its cause and the effects of the remedy.\\nWe can take land out of the circle of exchanges without\\ndisturbing the ownership of things in the least. Nature builds\\nup nothing that must be torn down. We have not to clear\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00944", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "HARMON* VS. DISCORD\\n50\\n^turt of the value of land the refore, can have no\\nLand coet man no ^/fway-that of being abso-\\nh\u00c2\u00abpU Considered in a waj C onrse, mval-\\nvalue m itseii. linnrm existence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it is, o 1 t\\nililillll\\nif u ihe value of St. W T1 s va U e arises trom u*\\nercostty and elegant toldmga 1 v.\\nSemand for its use win.- muC n as ten or twetve\\noften used bul once,\\nusua l t 1f t h real demand for the useof pro-", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n51\\ntoward the most central point of demand for that product\\nand thence outward in obedience to any particular demand. So\\nthere is some point that is the greatest center of exchange for\\nany particular product, i. e., the greatest center of distribu-\\ntion, which is also the greatest center of demand for that\\nproduct. And there is also some point that is the greatest\\ncenter of exchange for all products. Here, of course, a greater\\nnumber of exchanges can be and are made with but little\\ngreater expenditure of labor on the same area that is neces-\\nsary in the lesser center. Therefore labor exerted here will\\nproduce more value or will add the same value to a greater\\nnumber of things. The same stock of goods will be sold more\\nquickly in the greater than in the lesser center, therefore more\\nvalue is produced; and this value attaches to the location\\nthat particular part of the earth s surface because of its\\navailability to greater numbers.\\nAnd within each center locations vary just as they do be-\\ntween centers. In any particular occupation the location\\nnearest the center of demand for its product will have an ad-\\nvantage over any other location, measured either by the dif-\\nference in cost of transporting the product to that center, or,\\nif the occupation be exchanging, (storekeeping, etc.) by the\\ndifference in the number of persons that will find it the most\\navailable location to satisfy their needs. Thus, for instance,\\nf A produced 1,000 bushels of wheat on a location from which\\nit costs only 5c per bushel to get it to the center of demand,\\nfor wheat, where he receives f 1.00 per bushel, he receives, net,\\n1950.00; while B produces with the same expenditure of labor,\\nthe same amount of wheat, on a location from which it costs\\n15c per bushel to get it to that center and receives, net, only\\n1850.00. It is clear that the former location is worth $100\\nper year more than the latter. Then taking the occupaton\\nof exchanging: A, on the best location exchanges (buys and\\nsells) $50,000 of goods per annum and the difference between\\nthe cost and selling price is $10,000; while B, on the poorest\\nlocation, sells only $10,000 worth and the gross profits are\\nonly $2,000. While different quantities of labor are required,\\nthat difference is in no way proportionate to the difference\\nin the profits, and leaves a great advantage, perhaps to the\\nvalue of $2,000. to the best location.\\nAny one wishing to raise wheat could give $100 per year\\nfor the use of the best land and make as much as he could\\nfrom the poorest location were he to get it free; and a mer-\\nchant could pay $2,000 per year for the best location and make\\nas much as he could upon the poorest were he to get it free.", "height": "3320", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "52 SARMONI vs. DISCORD.\\nBut ii may be ask d, in the latter rase why does not the mer-\\nchanl on the besl location, sell cheaper and supply all the\\ndemands? Because, first, as with the farmer on the best loca-\\ntion for raising wheat, lie is no1 able to supply all demands;\\nand. second, his location is no1 the center of all demands, but\\nonly the center of the larger portion of them; therefore be\\nwill demand just as much profil as be can, which is the least\\nfor which one with the pooresl location can sell for. This\\nprinciple applies to all occupations. The manufacturer will\\nseet tlio location that will place him closest to the source of\\nhis supply and the center of demand for his product. The\\nminer whose mine is nearest the center of demand will have\\nan advantage over other miners just as the farmer or trader\\nlias.\\nThe pooresl local ion in use for exchanging may have a\\nhigh value tor other uses, such as space to live on (residences)\\nin- some form of agriculture, the different gradations of which\\ncall for different locations with respect to the center of de-\\nmand. But the variations in value of location become less\\nas the occupations become less intense or require greater\\nareas and loss proximity to centers, as, for instance, between\\nthe different locations for exchanging there may be a differ-\\nence in value of a million dollars per acre, while between\\nthe best and poorest locations for raising live stock or wheat\\nthere is only the difference of the cost of transportation,\\nwhich with wheat the greatest is not more than 25 cents per\\nbushel; and counting the average yield as 15 bushels per\\nacre the difference is only $4.50 per acre. The difference in\\nvalue for stock raising is even less. There is a much larger\\ndifference in the value of farming land than this, but it arises\\nfrom differences in natural fertility and social advantages,\\nami is vei v small compared with differences in value of land\\nof commercial centers.\\nFor the purpose of considering the nature of the value\\nof land. 1 have taken the two occupations that make use of\\nthe extremes in valuation of locations that of exchanging\\nand that of wheat raising. The commercial or exchange value\\nof land is the annual value computed or capitalized at a\\nrate pel- cent somewhat less than the current rate of interest\\nbecause of the constant tendency of land to increase in\\nvalue, which is a natural consequence of an increasing\\npopulation. Thus, taking the two locations for exchanging\\nin our former illustration, the exchange value of the best loca-\\ntion would exceed that of the poorest to (he amount of a\\nsum that at something less than the current rate of interest", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 53\\nwould yield $2,000. And the poorest location for exchang-\\ning would exceed in value inferior locations for less intense\\nuses in the same way, the simple law of supply and demand\\nfixing this difference.\\nA growing population making a greater demand for lo-\\ncations, the annual value or earnings is always increasing,\\nand this prospective increase is discounted in the exchange\\nvalue of land. This explains why land values yield a less\\nper cent than does capital; it would do so, even, were its\\nannual earnings multiplied ten or a hundred times. But the\\npoint that is particularly necessary to emphasize is, that the\\ncommercial or exchange value of land is reckoned from the\\nannual earnings, and not the annual earnings from the ex-\\nchange value; and this annual value, which is the annual\\nearnings, is merely the value of the advantage of a location\\nover other locations because the use of this location toy\\nlabor adds this extra value to the aggregate value of things\\nproduced.\\nIf more than the annual value of any location is de-\\nmanded for its use, it will be more profitable for the pros-\\npective user to employ himself on a less valuable location,\\nalthough that will lessen the aggregate production. Using\\nthe former illustration, if the owner of the best location for\\nexchanging demand more than $2,000 more than the poorest\\nlocation can be had for, it becomes more profitable for any one\\nexcept the owner to use the poorer location. And if the\\nowner of the best location for raising wheat demand more\\nthan the difference of value in use between that and the poor-\\nest location, it also becomes more profitable to use the poorer\\nlocation, though the production of value is much less or re-\\nquires a much greater effort of labor. In each of these in-\\nstances, we see that if more is demanded for the use of a\\nlocation, either annually as rent or capitalized as exchange\\nvalue, than the value of the advantage of its use, inferior\\nlocations will be resorted to at the expense of greater produc-\\ntion, which clearly explains why so much valuable land is\\nunused or only partially used. And it is equally clear that\\ngreater production will result from the fullest use of the\\nmost valuable locations, for it is in the potential productive-\\nness of a location that lies its value.\\nNow, since the commercial value of land, the basis for\\ntax levying, is the capitalization of the annual value, if we\\nlevy an annual tax on the commercial value of land at a rate\\nhigh enough to amount to all or nearly all the annual value,\\nwe will take land out of the circle of exchanges, for the simple", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "54 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nreason thai there will be no value left to exchange. The\\nrah- of taxation should be somewhal less than the current\\nrate of interesl if the assessed valuation be the full coui-\\nmercial value of the land: bu1 the main point is to take as\\nnear as possible the lull annual value of the land. If more\\nis taken producers will resorl to inferior locations and the\\ngovernment as well as the individual will lose; therefore, it\\nwould he to i lie advantage of all to take less, rather than more,\\nthan the lull annual value; bu1 if too little is taken land will\\nhave an exchange value and. hence, will be exchanged. Hut\\nwe see that one rate would he equitable for all land. The\\nrate would he not on the annual value, hut upon the com-\\nmercial value, the capitalization of that value. Any location\\nthat has an advantage over any other location in use, has the\\nexpression of that advantage in its value; and the same rate\\nthai would take the full annual value of the most valuable\\nland would take no more than that value of the poorest\\nland.\\nBy taking something less than the annual value (not the\\nannual earnings, hut the power to earn) whether used or not,\\nwe would compel the fullest use of the most valuable land,\\nhaving only the hast valuable land idle. The owners would\\nin no way be enabled to increase the amount they could get\\nfor its use, for the same relative value of the different loca-\\ntions would remain, and, if the owner demanded more than\\nthe difference in value, his land would be left idle and un-\\nproductive and he would have to pay the tax to the govern-\\nment just the same, a transact inn thai would soon induce him\\nto put his land to its fullest use or give up the title t some\\none who would. This would reduce the value of a gnat deal\\nof land, because when the must valuable land is used to its\\nfullest capacity, there will he much less demand for poorer\\nland, and. consequently, it will have less value; and that for\\nwhich there will he no demand will have no value. And by\\nleaving a small pari of the annual value to the owner, even\\none per cent, ii would be an inducement to the use of the best\\nlands, and need not be more than enough to cover the cost of\\ncollecting rents.\\nOf course, not even the most radical single taxer would\\nadvocate the collection of more revenue than would cover the\\nlegitimate expenses of government. Nor is it probable thai\\nthe greatesl amount thai could be properly raised by the\\nsingle tax. as this system is called, would exceed the present\\nsum of tuxes. Cut while such a system of raising revenue\\nwould greatly simplify the functions and reduce H xpense", "height": "3351", "width": "1954", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n55\\nof those functions of government, the legitimate functions of\\ngovernment might be extended almost indefinitely schools\\nmight be extended, roads built and other things which the\\nmention of these will suggest might be done if the revenue\\nfrom the value of land would permit.\\nThe application of the single tax would effectually elim-\\ninate land from the sum of things exchanged. This is clear\\nto any one who is reasonable enough to make an independent\\ninvestigation; but will it also make an excess of supply of\\nproducts impossible? Here we come across a stumbling\\nblock to the acceptance of the single tax by a large number\\nof well-meaning people, a misapprehension as to the effects\\nof its operation on the distribution of wealth produced, which\\nhas come into general acceptance. Yet it is plainly not in\\naccord with natural perceptions; but it has turned efforts in\\nother directions for relief from what seemed to require direct\\ntreatment.\\nIn the present state of society, where few own practically\\nall the wealth, if we do eliminate land value from the sum\\nof things exchanged and the effect is to increase interest, as\\nMr. George taught, will it not enable some to command more\\nof the aggregate product than will be necessary to supply\\ntheir needs? And, consequently, will there not be a possible\\nsurplus products and idle laborers competing with one an-\\nother for the privilege of working for some one, which will\\ndrive down wages?\\nThis is the essence of the objections that are offered to\\nthe claims of the advocates of the single tax; and it has with\\nit the force of logic, but it is the logic of error error not on\\ntheir part, but on the part of the single taxers themselves.\\nTo claim that interest, the earnings of wealth used in pro-\\nduction (capital) would rise with the increase of production\\nand more equitable distribution of wealth, is to deny the uni-\\nversal law in political economy of supply and demand. It is\\nignoring: a truth that is self-evident when viewed independ-\\nently. And after all, the truths that we discover and explain\\nafter ages of toil are the simple though ill-understood truths\\nthat we naturally perceive.\\nWe can only speculate as to how Mr. George came to\\nthis erroneous conclusion. It is to me only an evidence of the\\nimmutable order in nature. The time was not yet ripe for\\nthe application of his reform, the peculiar conditions that im-\\npressed him presented the question to him in this way, and\\nhe with his wonderful intellectual powers presented it to the", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "56\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nworld iii a way that challenged admiration, and. up to the\\npresent, successfully defied contradiction.\\nBut truth will grow. The resistance it meets only clears\\nit of impurities; and when free from error, it is irresistible.\\nMr. George undoubtedly did his work well; lie sowed the seed\\nof truth as he received it from nature. Though it has spread\\nits branches and struck its roots deep, it must be separated\\nfrom error; and on soil ever growing better it cannot be long\\nin maturing a bountiful harvest.\\nBut let us review the laws of the distribution of wealth\\nin order to make sure this error. Let us review briefly but\\ncarefully the laws that determine what part of the aggregate\\nproduct goes to each of the factors to its production.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nTHE LAWS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.\\nAll economists agree that there are three factors in tin-\\nproduction of wealth land, labor and capital and that the\\nproduct or wealth produced is divided between those factors\\nby the operation of natural law. But in the classification of\\nthose factors is a fruitful source of error. It is said, that\\ncombining in thought what is separted by nature is the source\\nof all error; but it is equally productive of error to separate\\nin thought what is combined in nature. While we may\\nmake numerous divisions of the factors or forces, which in\\nproduction are the same, they are divided by nature into only\\ntwo general and distinct classes, namely, land and labor\\nthe material forces and properties of the universe exclusive\\nof the subject whose relations we seek (man), and the powers\\nand capabilities of that subject. Mr. George recognized this.\\nbut, as he said, in deference to usage he treated the pro-\\nduction and distribution of wealth as tripartite instead of\\ndual.\\nThe essential element of man is not his physical powers,\\nfor these can be and often are substituted by other forces,\\nbut the intellectual powers that direct and govern the exer-\\ntion of physical force. Tools and instruments are only the\\nseparable extensions of the inseparable physical powers of", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 57\\nman; and the comforts and conveniences of life are means\\nof maintaining and economizing the inseparable powers.\\nTherefore, capital is properly only a subdivision of the factor\\nlabor the powers of man, since it is only an augmentation of\\nhis powers. So in considering the distribution of wealth,\\nwe will first consider the two principal factors, land and\\nlabor; and then we will consider the latter factor in its two\\ndivisions, the separable and inseparable powers of man;\\nwhich is, 1 believe, the only proper way to consider these\\nfactors. And the term wealth I shall use in the well de-\\nfined sense that Mr. George used it, namely, the product of\\nland and labor or that which has value from production, i. e.,\\nproducts.\\nThe divisions of wealth corresponding to the factors of\\nproduction are, rent for land, wages for labor and interest\\nfor capital. But land and labor are the principal factors\\nand are indispensable to production.\\nRent, that part of the product which the owner of the\\nland can get for its use without any exertion on his pan,\\ndepends on the advantage which any particular piece of land\\noffers to the user over the best land that can be had for noth-\\ning. And, of course, the compensation for human effort,\\nmust be the remainder or what is equal to or can be obtained\\nfrom the best free land. This is so simple that no illustration\\nis necessary.\\nRent arises from the construction of the earth and the\\nnatural growth of society. The fact that the* same effort will\\nproduce more value, which is the only consideration in mod-\\nern production, upon one piece of land than upon another en-\\nables the owner to demand and the user to give the excess of\\nvalue produced as rent. It arises not so much from a resort\\nto inferior lands as from a greater or more intense use of the\\nbest land. Poorer land does not necessarily mean of less\\nfertility, but less available; for in this age of exchanging,\\nproximity to demand far outweighs fertility of soil; and dis-\\ntance from markets is measured not so much by miles as by\\nmoney.\\nThe rent of any piece of land is the excess of value that\\ncan be produced upon it over what can be produced upon the\\npoorest land in use with the same exertion; and, of course,\\nrent in the aggregate is the sum of the rents of all land.\\nRent is identical with the annual value of locations, which\\nis described in the previous chapter. Within certain limits\\nit can be reduced or increased. It cannot be reduced below\\nthe excess of annual value that is above the poorest land", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "58 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nthat a society must resort to to supply their needs; and it can-\\nnot be increased beyond the excess of annual value over the\\npoorest land upon which the human forces to production can\\nbe maintained. While the greatest production would result\\nfrom the use of the best land exclusively, as the tendency of\\nall is to increase their income, the land owners cannot resist\\nthe temptation to demand more and more for the use of their\\nland, which causes a resort to inferior, that is less produc-\\ntive lands, leaving much of the more productive lauds id it\\nor only partly used, decreasing production and reducing the\\ncompensation for human powers to a bare subsistence for (lie\\nlowest orders. And, though this increases particular rents\\nand rent potential, it reduces rent in the aggregate; for actual\\nrent, like wages, must vary with production.\\nHaving seen what portion of the aggregate product is\\nrent and how that portion is determined, we have necessarily\\nfound what portions belongs to the other factor, human\\nforces. When there are only two parts to be made of a\\nthing, the law that determines what portion one part is,\\nmust also determine the other part; therefore having the law\\nof rent, we have also the law of wages and interest combined.\\nAs rent increases the other portion decreases, and as rent\\ndecreases the other portion increases; and both increasing or\\ndecreasing as production increases or decreases.\\nNow, by the same method we may find the law that de-\\ntermines what pjortion of the compensation for human forces\\nbelongs to the owner of the inseparable powers, labor proper,\\nand what part belongs to the owner of the saparable powers\\ncapital. The law that determines the rate of interest must\\ndetermine the portion that is left as wages, or, in other words,\\nthe law thai determines the portion that labor must give for\\nthe use of capital, will determine what remains for labor, just\\nas the law that determines what portion is given as rent de-\\ntermines also what portion remains as compensation for labor\\nand capital. As to what capital is. there is much contention.\\nFrom a certain standpoint we might consider all wealth as\\ncapital. If, when we speak of production, we have in mind\\nthe final and permanent results of man s efforts, in the pro-\\nduction of which wealth is produced, distributed and con-\\nsumed the acquisition of knowledge and power we might\\nconsider all wealth as capital. But it is not in that sense we\\nAvish to analyze the product on and distribution of wealth. It\\nis in this particular instance only to find the law that deter-\\nmines the rate of interest. Therefore the term capital is\\nonly to distinguish that part of wealth which earns interest", "height": "3320", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n59\\nfrom that part which does not. It is from not keeping in\\nmind the object of capital, or rather the object of the term,\\nthat so much contention arises. From the very unity or one-\\nness of things analysis of any abstract question is impossible\\nunless we first make a distinct division in mind of the parts\\nor elements, and then, always observe that distinction. We\\nmust observe the distinction between land and capital; also\\nbetween inseparable human powers and capital, and between\\nwealth which does not earn interest and that which does, for\\nthis reason. No matter how like one division is to another\\nfrom certain standpoints, if we do not always observe the\\noriginal distinction throughout the whole inquiry we make\\nsatisfactory conclusions impossible.\\nBut much of the confusion in regard to capital arises\\nfrom a misconception as to what capital does. And much\\nundue importance is given to capital because of such beliefs\\nas, that capital employs labor, that wages are drawn from\\ncapital and that the quantity of capital limits labor. The idea\\nthat capital employs labor and kindred ideas are rapidly giving\\naway before prejudice more than from a thorough understand-\\ning of fundamental principles. They still crop out in such\\nform as the belief that labor is oppressed by capital. But the\\nremedy mostly relied upon for this is similar to Schopenhauer s\\nproposed relief from the pressure of desire, namely, its extinc-\\ntion.\\nWe must remember that capital of itself can accomplish\\nnothing. It cannot, strictly speaking, even aid labor, as some\\nsay; but by using capital, labor can greatly augment its power\\nin production. And, though capital cannot employ labor,\\nthe capitalist can; but the capitalist is not capital, he is labor.\\nHe can employ other labor to aid him in using his capital in\\nproduction, or he can let another use it, but in either case it\\nis labor that employs capital, if we can properly use the word\\nemploys in that way. And what we want to find is the\\nlaw that determines how much on the average the capitalist\\nwill receive after deducting all expenses including compensa-\\ntion for his services, or, if he lets another use it, how much\\nhe can demand and the other will give for such use. There-\\nfore, the object of the term capital is merely to distinguish\\nthat part of wealth that is used by some other than the owner,\\nor used by him not for immediate satisfaction, but in the pro-\\nduction of wealth, that part of wealth that earns interest.\\nCapital truly is, as Mr. George tersely describes it, wealth in\\nthe course of exchange.", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "60 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nThough Mr. George clearly describes what is capital and\\nwhat it docs, when we come to his explanaton of the cause\\nand law of interest, vagueness displaces clearness. In seek-\\ning the cause of interest, he observes that it is high when and\\nw here wages are high, and low when and where wages are\\nlow. He infers from i his that each arises from the same\\ncause, thai of low rent, or an abundance of free land. But\\nit is clear that, though there can be no doubt that this is\\na cause of high wages, if there were more capital at command\\nthan the available labor could profitably use, the returns for\\nthe use of capital, interest, would decline in spite of an abund-\\nance of free land.\\nHe notes that interest is higher in new countries than\\nin older ones where production is greater, and shows that the\\npate of interest does not depend on the productiveness of\\nlabor or the increased power in the use of capital, nor upon\\nthe cost of labor wages. He carefully examines point after\\npoint that have been raised by various economists in regard\\nto the cause of interest. He disputes Bastiat s claim that\\nthe basis of interest is in the increased productiveness from\\ntin- use of capital. He says:\\nIf the power which exists in tools to increase the pro-\\nductiveness of labor were the cause of interest, then the rate\\nof interest would increase with the march of invention.\\nBu1 this reasoning is not valid; the rate of interest cer-\\ntainly would increase with the march of invention were the\\nsupply of tools limited, or inadequate to the demand for\\nthem. After rejecting one after another of the reasons\\ncited, lie takes as the cause of interest, the utilization in\\nproduction of the vital or reproductive forces of nature and\\nthe exchange of products to quote his own words Progress\\nand Poverty, page 108):\\nTims interest springs from the power of increase which\\nthe reproductive Forces of nature, and the in effect analogous\\ncapacity for exchange, give to capital. It is not an arbi-\\ntrary, but a natural thing; it is not the result of a particular\\nsocial organization, but of the laws of the universe which un-\\nderlie society. It is therefore just.\\nMr. George s error springs from the tacit and. no doubt,\\nunconscious assumption that capital is a co-factor in produc-\\ntion with land and labor, which idea he afterwards rejects. He\\nsought to give interest a bnsis in that power of nature that\\nalone makes production possible. The vital or reproductive\\nforces of aature is the force that man utilizes in all produc-\\ntion. Even the minerals and various earths were gathered", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 61\\ninto the convenient bodies in which we find them by a force\\nthat is analogous in production to the principle of life. It\\nwas this that the Physiocrats thought gave rise to rent, as\\nexplained by Mr. George in his Science of Political Econ-\\nomy. But their mistake was only something more than\\nhis, for it no more gives rise to interest than it does to rent.\\nIt is simply the origin of all production, the process by which\\nmatter assumes forms suitable to man s uses.\\nThere is no more reason for me to give a high rate of in-\\nterest for the use of one bushel of corn whch may yield 500\\nfold, than for a savage having only crude weapons to give a\\nhigh rate of interest for the use of a modern firearm which\\nmight increase the result of his effort equally as great. Each\\ninstance presupposes a scarcity of capital. If I had the only\\none thousand bushels of corn in the world, I might demand\\nand receive two or three thousand per cent interest for its use;\\nor, if on an island cut off from communication with the rest\\nof the world, where the inhabitants lived by hunting, one pos-\\nsessed the only modern firearm and there was no immediate\\nmeans of producing another, he might demand an equally high\\nrate of interest for its use, or, what would be the same thing,\\nhe could demand the usual rate of interest on an enormous\\ncapitalized value. The same principle applies to both species\\nof capital, that of inanimate matter as well as that which con-\\ntains the germ of life. One is no more the cause of interest\\nthan .the other. In fact they are but different stages of the\\nprocess of production. That one is the result of the action of\\nthe vital forces of nature acting through ages and the other\\nof possibly only a few months, makes no difference. Planks\\nand timbers, iron and clay are as much products of the vital\\nprinciple as wheat, yet it would seem Mr. George would not\\nclass them as such. The fish in the ocean is as much a product\\nof the reproductive principle as the sheep or the cattle; yet\\nhe would not say that the utilization of that principle in the\\nproduction of fish, caused interest; but the only difference in\\nthose two kinds is that the fish required no care while the\\nsheep or cattle did, which of itself would make the fish more\\nthe cause of interest than sheep or cattle, for the value of the\\nsheep or cattle would be partly of labor required to care for\\nthem, the fish requiring no care.\\nIt is clear that the cause of interest is not in the utiliza-\\ntion of the vital or reproductive principle in production. It\\nis not so deep. It is merely the scarcity of capital, as meas-\\nured by the demand, that causes interest; interest is high or\\nlow as capital for use is scarce or plentiful. Not the scarcity", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "62 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nor plentifulness of some forms of capital, for that only in\\ncreases or decreases the exchange pi-ice of that form, but\\nof all capita] or capital generally. Interest is the price ihar\\ncan be demanded for the use of capital, through the opera-\\ntion of the law of supply and demand.\\nBut it may be asked: -Why. in the tare of the phen-\\nomenal increase in the power of producing capital, does not\\ninterest decrease more rapidly?\\nLet it be remembered that the power of producing capital\\nis not capital and. therefore, cannot affect interest. The\\npower of producing capital can no more affect interest than\\nthe power of producing food can appease hunger. In our co-\\noperative system of production, it is not desire, but demand*\\nthat causes productive forces to move; and there is, ordin-\\narily, but little capital produced, in excess of the demand.\\nThe demand for capital is so variable that at times it re-\\nquires Ih.e employment of nearly all available labor to satisfy\\nit; and at other times, when demand is checked and production\\nnot readily responding to the decreasing demand, there is a\\nquantity very far in excess of the demand. But the rate of\\ninterest is not fixed from day to day, but, in many cases, for\\nvery long periods of time, and when there is an excess of\\ncapital there is usually little demand for it at any rate, pro-\\nduction ceases until demand is again felt, when, of course,\\ncustom and usage suggests the usual rates. Confidence in\\nthe re-establishment of an equilibrium prevents the full play\\nof competition of capital seeking investment, which would be\\nexhibited in a rise in the price of bonds, etc. This equilibrium\\nis finally restored through the inevitable decreasing produc-\\ntion, thus reducing the supply of wealth and, therefore, of\\ncapital to an equation with demand.\\nMost capital, as well as all other property, is owned by\\nthose who under the present conditions do not feel the neces-\\nsity of effort, and, therefore, do not use their powers, either\\nseparable or inseparable, in production; and they would not\\naccumulate capital were not the satisfaction of a desire offered\\nthe desire for riches. Thai the passive factor of produc-\\ntion (land) having come into the possession of a compara-\\ntively tew, whose ordinary desires for products being Satisfied,\\ni. :i- I have previously explained, is the ability and willingness to render\\nan equivalent in value. To have this ability, independently of another s desire, each\\nmust have equal access to natural opportunities: because man can create nothing.", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n63\\nwould not utilize this factor or force further were it uot for\\nthis desire (to be rich) which is looked upon as abnormal, is\\nthe cause of the persistence of interest admits of no doubt.\\nAs to interest being natural were it not it could not be;\\nbut it is only natural as an effect. It is the result of a par-\\nticular social organization, at least it is affected by conditions.\\nAnd the justice of interest that goes with the right of own-\\nership of capital. Interest is only the result of a mutual\\nagreement between the owner and the user of capital. The\\nvarious rates of interest are the effects of conditions, the pre-\\nmiums that are necessary to induce a sufficient accumulation\\nof capital to supply the demand. And if the conditions were\\nsuch that the owner could demand nothing for its use, only\\nits replacement, or, perhaps, would have to pay something\\nfor its preservation, such an arrangement would be equally\\nnatural and just.\\nBut those who seek to abolish interest by legislative en-\\nactment should know how well it is that they cannot. Not\\nto speak of the hardships to the prospective user of capital,\\nwho would be put to greater expense to get capital as we de-\\nstroyed the incentive for the capitalist to seek a use for his\\ncapital, its effect on production would under the present con-\\nditions be appalling. When we consider the relation of in-\\nterest to the exchange value of land, we may see* what would\\nbe the result of the abolition of interest, were it possible,\\nwhile land is the exclusive property of individuals. Consider\\nfor a moment what would be the exchange value of land, i. e.\\nhow much other property would land exchange for would that\\nproperty earn nothing? Kemember that rent is not\\naffected by the rate of interest; but rent is to the exchange\\nvalue of land as interest is to capital. Then take land of\\nwhich the annual rental is $100, and with interest rates at\\nzero or 00 per cent, find the exchange value of that land.\\nWould it not be infinite? With interest abolished exchange\\nwould lose all flexibility, land would not be exchanged for\\nany other kind of property, capital would not be accumulated\\nand production would be carried only as far as would satisfy\\nthe immediate desires of the owners of land, with the result\\nthat all others must beg, starve or steal. But such a condition\\nis highly improbable, if not absolutely impossible, but only\\nbecause man s power over nature is not sufficient to arbitra-\\nrily abolish interest.\\nMost interest is interest for a loan of money, but it is not\\nreally money that we borrow money here as elsewhere play-\\ning the part of medium but the wealth which we exchange", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "6-i BARM0NY vs. DISCORD.\\nthe money for. It is much mure convenient for tin* borrower\\nto borrow a sum of money and exchange that for the various\\nforms of wealth he may desire, than to borrow the differenl\\narticles directly. And ii is much more convenient to both\\nborrower and lender that the prospective lender, instead of\\nhaving various articles to lend, have the common medium,\\nthat winch will readily exchange for all articles of wealth.\\nEliminating the cost of agencies and insurance against loss,\\nif interest is higher at one place than another, it is because of\\nthe tendency of money to How towards the centers of wealth,\\nto follow wealth, especially when supply ever tends to exceed\\ndemand, and the difference in cost of loaning and collecting\\nbetween large and small quantities, corresponding to whole-\\nsale and retail in trade.\\nBui turning to the law of interest, on page -!7!t of Prog-\\nress and Poverty, Mr. George, holding that the relation of\\nwages and interest is one of ratio or proportion and not of\\nopposition, says:\\nIt is impossible, perhaps, to formulate this point, (the\\npoint at which the reward for labor and capital will be equal)\\nas wages are habitually estimated in quantity, and interest in\\na ratio; but if we suppose a given quantity of wealth to be the\\nproduct of a given amount of labor, co-operating for a stated\\ntime with a given amount of capital, the proportion in which\\nthe produce would be divided between the labor and Hie capi-\\ntal would afford a comparison.\\nMr. George here speaks of wages being habitually esti-\\nmated in quantity and interest in a ratio. Is it not clear\\nthat wages are estimated in quantity because of their being\\na portion of the product? And the ratio of interest is a ratio\\nor proportion of net the product, but the value of the capital\\nused. Then he speaks of labor co-operating with capital;\\nbut Labor does not co-operate with capital, it merely uses\\ncapital. Capita] has no power of itself to act, hence, labor\\ncannot co-operate with it. Mr. George, no doubt, had in mind\\nwhen he spoke of the co-operation of capital with labor, the re-\\nproductive forces of nature; but these do not co-operate with\\nlabor, labor merely utilizes them. They have only the power\\nto increase in quantity, ami in their utilization by labor,\\nahme. is the source of their increase of value.\\nAlter dwelling at greai Length on what he terms the re-\\nLatioD of ratio or proportion of wages and interest, he sums\\nup the law of interest as follows:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The relation between wages and interest is determined\\nby the average power of increase which attaches to capital", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 65\\nfrom its use in the reproductive modes. As rent arises, inter-\\nest will fall as wages fall, or will be determined by the margin\\nof cultivation.\\nMr. George himself furnishes the basis for the refutation\\nof this law of interest. In his Science of Political\\nEconom} which, by the way, is a work that bears evidence\\nof great care and precision, he shows how wealth, which in-\\ncludes capital, derives its value solely from the impress of\\nlabor; yet in this statement of the law of interest, he speaks\\nof the power of increase of capital. Evidently, he had in\\nmind the power of increase in quantity; but no one would\\nknow better than Mr. George, were his attention called to\\nthe fact, that not the quantity but value is the only quality\\nconsidered in the present system of production. In one of\\nthose lapses of intensity of thought, that is characteristic of\\ngenius, he confounded quantity with value. Though much\\nof capital has the power in itself to increase in quantity, an\\nincrease in quantity does not necessarily imply an increase\\nin value. It is well understood that past a certain point, an\\nincrease in quantity, where the reproductive principle of na-\\nture is used, does not only not cause a commensurate increase\\nin value, but actually results in a decrease of value; for the\\nliability of this class of capital to decay and decline in quality\\nafter being produced, not infrequently causes the entire an-\\nnual production, when that production is excessive, to be of\\nless value than would a much smaller production. Capital\\nof itself has no power to increase in value. Such capital as\\nplants and animals can have value only from scarcity or from\\nthe labor necessary to produce them in sufficient quantity,\\njust as all other capital.\\nInterest, then, the price that labor must pay for the use\\nof capital, is determined by the general scarcity or plentiful-\\nness of capital seeking use; not at any particular time, but\\ntime generally or on the average. It is the premium that is\\nnecessary to induce those who command the forces of produc-\\ntion and have no desire for capital to use, to move those forces\\nto produce sufficient capital to supply the demand for its use.\\nHaving found the law that determines what portion of\\nthe aggregate product must be given as rent and inter-\\nest, we have necessarily found the law that determines the\\nportion that remains for wages the compensation for the\\nnatural and inseparable powers of man. This quantity, under\\nall conditions, must depend on the energy and industry of\\nthe laborers, and is divided among them by the natural law\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00945", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "66 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nof supply and demand. The labor thai requires various de-\\nrives of skill, talent or genius, will be recompensed according\\nto the scarcity or plentifulness of such qualities.\\nThere seems i be a tendency to exclude mental capabili-\\nties from the factor labor, and class them as capital. This\\narises from no1 understanding the real nature of labor. In\\neven the lowest forms, labor is not so much physical as\\nmental. The physical powers of man are, indeed, trilling\\ncompared with the forces that are called to aid them. The\\nlenient of labor is the power of direction, the mind or spirit.\\nIf we exclude mental capabilities from the factor labor, we\\nwill have only a piece of inanimate matter as destitute of\\npower as a stick or stone. And if we were to class any\\nhuman qualities as capital, we could much more consistently\\nlass the physical powers as such than the mental, for the\\nphysical powers are much more closely allied to actual capital\\nthan is that higher quality.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nTHE EFFECTS OF THE SINGLE TAX.\\nThe conclusions we have readied in regard to the laws of\\nthe distribution of wealth, differ from those reached by all\\naccepted economists. Yet, when once pointed out, their sim-\\nplicity compels assent. The simplicity of the law of rent has\\ncompelled its acceptance from the time of its formulation;\\nbut as to the law of wages and interest there has been much\\ncontention. Mr. George s formula of the law of wages with\\ninterest included is equally simple and plain, it being only\\na natural inference from the law of rent; but in seeking the\\nlaw of interest, he abandoned simplicity and formulated a\\nlaw of interest that no amount of reasoning can give the cer-\\ntitude that attaches to the law of rent and wages. It is, in\\ntruth, totally baseless.\\nThe law of interest, as formulated by Mr. George, is\\nshown to be clearly wrong. While, as we have seen, the true\\nlaw of interesi is so easily comprehended that all doubts as\\nto its correctness are dispelled. It makes a division of that\\npart of the product which is left after deducting rent, just", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 67\\nas the law of rent divides the whole product. Although it has\\nfallen as a proportion with wages, with the rise of rent, it\\nhas been from a different cause. Wages fall or rise as rent\\nrises or falls, but interest rises or falls as the supply of capital\\nfalls or rises in proportion to the demand.\\nNow, what would be the effect on the distribution of\\nwealth, of the application of the Single Tax, as the taking\\nof land values in taxation is called?\\nON KENT.\\nWe have seen in Chapters III and IV of Part 2d, that the\\nannual value of land is identical with that division of the\\nproduct denominated rent, and that the commercial or ex-\\nchange value of land is calculated from the annual value;\\ntherefore taxing land to the extent of its annual value will\\ntake this part of the wealth produced rent for the needs\\nof government. We have also seen, in Chapter III, how by-\\ntaxing land we would make the competition for the use of\\nthe best land so intense that only the poorer land, but much\\nmore of that, would remain idle; and as the rent line is at\\nthat point of productiveness at which there is no competition,\\nrent would be reduced to the lowest possible quantity with\\nthe degree of production the difference in value between\\nsuch lands as society must resort to to satisfy their needs, in-\\nstead of, as now, the difference between the value of the best\\nland and that on which the human factor can be maintained.\\nON WAGES AND INTEREST.\\nWages and interest, as one division, being the necessary\\ncorollary of rent, what reduces rent must increase this por-\\ntion. Therefore, the Single Tax, by causing the concentra-\\ntion of labor on the most productive lands and leaving the\\nless productive free of access, will not only increase this por-\\ntion by raising the line that divides rent and wages, called\\nby economists the rent line, but also the greater productive-\\nness of labor that is due to closer association. And besides\\nthis, wages would be increased by the transfer of taxes from\\nthe various subjects and objects, as at present levied, to land;\\nfor, at present levied, they are very largely paid out of wages.\\nTaxes on capital, which in various ways constitute the larger\\npart of present taxes, are ultimately paid by labor, because,\\noperating as a penalty to the production of any excess of cap-\\nital, they lessen the production of capital, and, therefore, the", "height": "3310", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "68 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\ncompetition of it for use, compelling the user of capital (labor)\\nto pay not only the tax, but an increased interest on its ac-\\ncount. I speak of rent, wages and interest only as portions\\nof the aggregate product, and not as expressed in terms of\\nmoney; but, of course, under any monetary conditions the\\nrelative amount in money terms would correspond to the por-\\ntion of each.\\nON INTEREST.\\nThe true apprehension of the law of interest overthrows\\nthe accepted idea that the single tax would increase the\\nrate of interest. It is an unavoidable deduction that it would\\noperate to reduce it. Interest being governed by the rela-\\ntions of demand and supply of capital, let us first see how\\nthe single tax would alter these relations.\\nThe demand for capital in the shape of stocks of goods,\\nfactories, tools and instruments of production and exchange\\nwould, of course, increase with an increased production, but\\nit would in no way be commensurate to the increased produc-\\ntion; for it is an axiom of economics, that the greater the\\nscale of production the less proportionately will be the capi-\\ntal required this is. true also of labor. While the demand\\nfor capital in this respect would increase, it would greatly\\ndecrease for such forms as homes and furnishings, which now\\nconstitute a very large part of the aggregate capital. The\\nincrease of wages together with elimination of the commercial\\nvalue of land would enable any workman to own and furnish\\na home of hfs own. By doing this, a large part, perhaps one-\\nhalf, of what is now capital would cease to be capital; it would\\nbecome wealth, and would earn no interest. This lessening\\nof demand for capital would far outweigh any increased de-\\nmand for stocks of goods, factories, tools and instruments of\\nproduction. So we see that the demand for capital would\\nbe greatly lessened.\\nNow that the supply of capital would be increased seems\\nto require little illustration. Not only would the increased\\nproduction increase the supply of capital, but much of what\\nis produced and is now consumed in ostentation, and, perhaps,\\ndissipation, would, of necessity, be used as capital. It is,\\nin truth, from something like necessity that wealth is con-\\nsumed in dissipate living, and the dissipate consumer is really\\nmore to bo pitied than censured. The magnificent style of\\nliving indulged in by the enormously rich, would be impos-\\nsible were rent taken for public uses; for perhaps one-half", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 69\\nof the income of the large leisure class is from, ground rents.\\nAnd, taken as a class, if their incomes were reduced one-half\\ntheir habits of living would compel them to exert themselves\\nand use their capital to the fullest extent in production;\\nthus not only inducing, but compelling the greatest use, and,\\ntherefore, the greatest competition of capital. In short, the\\neffect of the single tax would be to increase the production\\nof wealth and compel the most economical use of it, thereby\\nleaving the fullest amount necessary for use as capital.\\nSumming up, we see that it would operate to lessen de-\\nmand and increase supply; therefore it would reduce interest.\\nThe competition of capital for use would be fiercest with that\\nowned by the leisure class, for that would be their only source\\nof income. Where capital is used by the owner, the income\\nbeing both wages and interest, any decrease of interest re-\\nsulting from the competition of capital could result only in\\nan increase of wages, and would not affect income. But with\\nthe capitalist only, a decrease in interest would be a decrease\\nin income and the greater the decrease, the fiercer will be the\\ncompetition of that capital for use, which would eventually\\ncompel the capitalist to use his own capital.\\nThat interest would sink to zero is not a reckless guess,\\nbut a logical deduction. That interest does tend to decrease,\\neven now, is most obvious to any one. In the simplest an-\\nalysis of the subject, we may see that interest persists only\\nbecause that, in the present distribution of wealth, any excess\\nof wealth is always accumulated in the hands of those who\\nwill not because they need not exert themselves to use it; and,\\nof course, it would not be accumulated were not the satisfac-\\ntion of a desire the desire for riches\u00e2\u0080\u0094 offered. Under the\\npresent adjustment, through this desire alone will the pro-\\nductive forces move to produce sufficient capital to supply the\\ndemand hence, we have, and while these conditions last, will\\nhave interest.\\nInterest is not necessary to induce accumulation of capi-\\ntal, as some mav think. The increase in the power of pro-\\nduction from the use of capital is a much greater induce-\\nment to its accumulation. Interest is only the inducement\\nfor the accumulation of capital by those who do not want\\nto use it. Nor is the advantage in the use of capital the only\\nother incentive to its accumulation. People habitually save\\nup for future use or the expected rainy day. and this is a con-\\nstant fund of capital for use by some other than the owner.\\nI do not mean to say that interest would be entirely\\neliminated, for in form it will always exist, but it would be", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "70\\nHARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nreally wages for the transfer of capital. Merchants reckon\\ntheir earnings as such a per cent of their sales; so would hank-\\ners reckon their wages as such a per cent of their loans. I\\nmean that as a division of the aggregate production, interest\\nwould cease. And the conflict between capital and labor\\nwould be only a memory.\\nITS GENERAL EFFE TS.\\nThe Single Tax would make of the aggregate productiou\\nof wealth two natural divisions rent and wages. The former\\nat its lowest possible quantity would be taken to meet\\nexpenses of government, in lieu of the present taxes, and the\\nlatter would go to each in the proportion that each com\\ntributed, the law of supply and demand fixing the portion.\\nIt would take nothing from any one. It would sanction pres-\\nent titles to both land and wealth, only taking of the former\\nthe annual value due to the presence of organized society,\\nwhich would make it impossible for one to receive from am\\nother anything for its use, and would be only conforming the\\nright of possession to the rights of all proclaimed by their\\nexistence, the equal right of all to the earth. It would leave\\nwhat of value each produced to the producer, untaxed and to\\nbe done with as he pleased, so the rights of others are not\\ntransgressed.\\nIt would abolish all hurtful trusts and capitalistic com-\\nbinations by removing the conditions that make them possible.\\nThey depend, primarily, on the power to monopolize the\\nsource of the product, and secondarily, on the increasing ten-\\ndency of capital to concentrate; and both of these the single\\ntax would effectually remove. Only such combinations would\\nbe possible, and only as far as economy in production would\\nwarrant.\\nIt would banish the tendency towards the centralization\\nof power, which is ever growing and which destroyed all pre-\\nvious civilizations. Centralized power in all times and places\\nis based upon and supported by the possession of land the\\nmost valuable centers of exchange. By taking this value in\\ntaxation, we destroy the basis of centralization, and diffuse\\npolitical power. Forms of government would adjust them-\\nselves to the new conditions, and need not be bothered much\\nabout. A Republican form of government can be Republican\\nonly in form while the basis of political power (land) is pri-\\nvate property. And monarchies cannot long survive when", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 71\\nwe take this away. While standing armies and public debts\\nwould be the most patent absurdities.\\nIt would raise the mere laborer above the embruting and\\ndistorting fear of want, and would place within his reach the\\nopportunities of mental and moral development; and in this\\nwar would cure the vices that are the accompaniments of\\npoverty, which is of mind more than of body. It would, also,\\nraise the leisure class above the,, sometimes as distorting,\\nnecessity of devising ways of uselessly employing their\\nfaculties. It would, in short, establish between men the\\nprimitive equality and self-dependency with all the advan-\\ntages and powers that have been acquired through ages of\\nprogress, compelling all men to bow to the edict of nature,\\nthe primeval curse which is by progress turned into a bless-\\ning that man shall eat bread by the sweat of his brow.\\nIt would compel all men to exert their powers in order to\\nsatisfy their desires.\\nWe would be rid of both extremes of society, the idle poor\\nand the idle rich, who are a menace and danger to not only\\neach other, but all society. We would have tamed greed by\\nabolishing want, for greed is but the other s reflex.\\nIt would not, as many suppose, lessen the incentive to\\nendeavor; if altered at all, it would be increased/ Instead\\nof pursuing wealth, as men one day did power, Y excite ad-\\nmiration, or, perhaps, envy, which in all time has been the\\nreal object of endeavor, men would strive to outdo one an-\\nother in acquiring knowledge and the power that comes of it.\\nWealth would be pursued not as an end, but only as a means;\\nbut the end sought would make the production of wealth pro-\\ngressively easier. It would throw down the barriers to wealth\\nand the satisfaction of material desires, that have, no doubt,\\nbeen powerful incentives to the effort of progress; but it would\\nraise up before mankind the true goal of human progress\\nthe infinite marvels of nature to know of the Creator as far\\nas it is possible through contact with this world of matter\\nand energy. It would cause genius and talent to multiply,\\nperceptions to deepen and reason to reign supreme; and\\nwould ultimately awaken in all mankind that full conscious-\\nness of self, of the indestructible entity that really consti-\\ntutes man, which, perhaps, only a few feel. It would bring\\nabout that reverent feeling, the desideratum of all religionists,\\nwhich in this age of transition from believing to realizing can\\nonly come from the triumph of reason, which is not so much the\\nconquering of nature as merely finding our proper place in\\nthe great scheme of creation.", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "72 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nTHE ARTERIES AXD NERVES OF SOCIETY.\\nThe question concerning the disposition of the avenues of\\ncommunication and exchange, which largely occupies the at-\\ntention of the public at present, I have not directly treated of\\nin the distribution of wealth; but their values except what\\nthey receive from the labor required to construct and equip\\nthem are a form of land values, therefore they are not ex-\\ncluded from the factors to production. Telegraphs, telephones,\\nrail and water ways, etc., are the ways and means through\\nwhich the component elements of the social body are nour-\\nished and their wants supplied. They are to the social body\\nas the nerves and arteries are to the huaaan body.\\nThey connect or bring closer together one location with\\nanother. By so doing, they increase the value of the locations\\nso connected; and as the charges for their use are increased\\nor decreased, the values of the locations which they connect\\ndecrease or increase. Their values, in excess of the cost of\\nconstruction and equipment, are only appurtenances to land\\nvalues, just as a highway is an appurtenance to the land to\\nwhich it is a means of access. And this value arises just as\\ndo the values of land, it is the capitalization of the annual\\nearnings.\\nThey are, in fact, identical with land values, but their\\nnature being non-competitive, and sound economy, make im-\\npossible the satisfactory dealing with them in the way we can\\nwith the land values. By taking in taxation the full annual\\nearnings of this value, commonly called franchise value, we\\ncould, with the single tax which would operate to reduce in-\\nterest, take all the earnings of such property except what\\nw T ould compensate for labor and capital expended in operation\\nand maintenance. While such taxation, which is at present\\nthe proper treatment of the question, would not increase the\\ncost of service, as such is maintained at about that point\\nwhich will yield the greatest net earnings in spite of all\\nattempts ai government regulation, it is no solution of this\\nquestion. Any charges for the use of these public necessi-\\nties in excess of the cost of the service, places that service at", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n73\\na premium with all other services, and would operate as a\\ndiscouragement to their use. Thus, for instance, if the use\\nof a railroad would save .one two dollars, and the cost of such\\nservice, from either monopoly or taxation, were two and one-\\nhalf dollars it would be unprofitable to use the railroad and\\nthe wealth of the community would be lessened to the extent\\nof two dollars, or more energy must be expended; but if the\\nservice were only one and one-half dollars there would be a\\ngain of one-half dollar in that exchange of services.\\nAll such property properly belongs, as do all land values,\\nto society as a whole. That they do is in perfect accord with\\nfirst perceptions, and if we only free ourselves from the popu-\\nlar conceptions of the exclusive ownership of land, we can\\neasily see this. The only consideration as to the disposition\\nof these public necessities is that of the highest and best\\nuse for society under the conditions existing at any time.\\nNor can this be in conflict with the best interests of each.\\nWhen, with the adoption of the single tax, we virtually assert\\nthe public ownership of land, it will follow as a natural\\nsequence that we will also assume complete control of these\\nnerves and arteries through which the wants of the members\\nof society are supplied and their strength and vigor sus-\\ntained, because this will be necessary to the highest develop-\\nment of social life. When the great and widespread privilege\\nof land monopoly is destroyed, the lesser privileges will not be\\ntolerated. And* the complete control of the avenues of com-\\nmunication and exchange carries with it the life or death\\nto association, which is too great a power to be thought\\nof being left in the hands of a few.\\nWhile all avenues of communication and exchange are\\nin their nature monopolies pure and simple, their effects can-\\nnot be reached except through the control of that monopoly\\nof which they are only adjuncts. For governments to own\\nand operate them while land values are appropriated by in-\\ndividuals would not only not tend to solve the industrial prob-\\nlem, but would actually add new complications. By decreas-\\ning the cost of the use of these social necessities, we would\\nbut increase the portion of products that could be demanded\\nfor rent, i. e., raise the value of land; and we would in no\\nway tend to raise the level of production at which the equa-\\ntion between supply and demand could be maintained. W e\\nwould onlv add new duties to governments that have grown\\nweak, because their nutriment is received by taxing the pro-\\ncesses by which the strength and vigor of their component\\nparts are nourished, and the complicated and onerous duties", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "74 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nthat are evolved from this. And it is generally conceded that\\nEepublican forms are weaker in this respect than are monarch-\\nical, which is, to me, proof of their superiority; just as the\\ngreater susceptibility to disorders of the human body testifies\\nto its superiority over the mere animal. That sensitiveness in-\\ncreases and adaptableness decreases as the scale of existence\\nrises, is not less true of social than physical life. A des-\\npotic government readily adapts itself to what would shatter\\na Eepublican form.\\nThe logical, and perhaps the only way in which this prob-\\nlem can be treated while land values are appropriated by in-\\ndividuals, is through the power of taxation. If this is exer-\\ncised far enough it will tend to eliminate the monopoly or\\nfranchise value and make the transfer to the government more\\nequitable and just. As to whether they should then be oper-\\nated as well as controlled by the government is a question\\nthat may well be studied; but, at any rate, their operation by\\nthe government should be only as a last resort; I am inclined\\nto believe that if the government owned the ways exclusively\\nand established one rate for all, about the cost of service on the\\nleast valuable parts, letting the service at certain intervals\\nthrough free and open bidding to individuals or corporations,\\nwe would secure the most economical and best service. And\\nin the same way could the building of new lines be made to\\nconform to sound economy. If the monopoly of service at\\nlegal rates were insured for a term of year when the cost of\\nconstruction should be repaid, new lines would be built as\\nsoon as the demand for them would warrant the expenditure.\\nI am well aware that the question of public ownership of\\nrailway, telegraph and telephone lines, means of public light-\\ning, heating, etc., is far more advanced than that of equal\\nrights to natural opportunities land. But this is the course\\nreason invariably takes. Central truths are apprehended\\nonly through derivative ones. We reach the ultimate cause\\nthrough the intermediate causes; and the differences of politi-\\ncal economists are due to their not pushing their inquiry to the\\nultimate cause of social phenomena. That these intermediate\\ncauses should each attract considerable attention and arouse\\nconsiderable effort toward removing them, need excite no sur-\\nprise; for if we only observe facts of history, we will see that\\nit has ever been so. Questions of public policy have been\\nsettled time after time only to present themselves again in\\nmore complicated form, or be pressed aside by other ques-\\ntions. And any settlement of a question that arises from a\\nderivative or intermediate cause can have no satisfactory re-", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\n75\\nsuit while the deeper cause remains; but,when the final or ulti-\\nmate cause is removed, the difficulty of solving those second-\\nary questions, which seem so perplexing when viewed inde-\\npendently, will entirely disappear.\\nCONCLUSION.\\nThought is the first faculty of man; to express it is one\\nof his first desires; to spread it, his dearest privilege. Abbe\\nRaynal.\\nHowever much we may elevate ourselves in mind to\\nview the phenomena of social life, or however lightly we may\\nthink of social life, we cannot extinguish the thought of in-\\ndividual welfare. The dominant inherent self-interest with\\nwhich we are endowed will tolerate no suppression of regard\\nfor self. It is impossible to reconcile the idea that one can\\nbe only at the expense of the other, with the belief in the\\nunity and harmony of things; yet in current thought and\\nspeech we meet it everywhere.\\nWe use the term sacrifice in a way that indicates the veri-\\nest baseness of thought to sacrifice individual welfare for the\\npublic good. This is not usually meant literally, but is often\\ntaken so, and many believe that only at great and voluntary\\nindividual sacrifice can society be lifted, or, even, saved from\\nfalling. Sacrifice! Is it sacrifice to attempt to satisfy those\\nnobler desires, to lift the lowly, to strangle greed and combat\\nwrong while there are yet the possibilities of more lowly satis-\\nfactions? Was it sacrifice that caused all the advancement\\nthat kas resulted in our present state? Was it sacrifice that\\nsystematized language, discovered and explained the laws\\nand forces of nature, enslaved steam, and called the lightning\\nto the service of man? Was all this sacrifice? If so, is not\\nall effort sacrifice? All this was done from the same motives\\nthat would impel one to cross a room to get a drink of water\\nto satisfy a desire. They were not sacrifices, but services.\\nThe efforts of sages and pkilosophers were not only no less\\ngratifying in their results tkan that of the sensualist, but in-\\nfinitely more so. The satisfaction of having done something\\nuncommon and which will earn the lasting gratitude of man-\\nkind is an infinitely deep and fuller satisfaction than that\\nwhich is but momentarily felt and affects only the subject of\\nthe desire. Great satisfactions require jjreat effort, and\\nthough at times the results may seem doubtful, this is why\\nthey are so rare.", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "76 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\nIn this work there might he what would suggest to the\\ncasual reader something akin to fatalism, something that the\\ncareless observer might take as excusing indolence on the\\nground that social progress goes on regardless of individual\\neffort; but there is in the preceding pages anything but that.\\nProgress is dependent on human will, but the human will is\\nonly an instrument. It is impelled to action by the condi-\\ntions, and these are ever growing in force. It is impressed\\ninto service under the penalty of suffering, which is, perhaps,\\nbut another way of saying that it moves in obedience to de-\\nsires.\\nThe individual life, proper, is not merely the form that\\nbecomes animated for a time and is endowed with desires\\nnecessary to the continuance of its kind; but that inde-\\nscribable something which our senses cannot perceive, and\\nwhich evidences its existence by desires that know no bounds,\\nthe satisfactions of which, infinite in quantity, have no ma-\\nterial existence, but, like the thing itself, is mental or spiritual.\\nThis thing, the mind of man, grows and develops to the end\\nof material existence if nourished and exercised, just as the\\nphysical powers grow and develop during a certain period if\\nproperly nourished and exercised. And in this world of won-\\nders just becoming known, in which each new discovery only\\nmultiplies the possibility of other discoveries, in which each\\nnew satisfaction gives rise to other desires, in which ques-\\ntions not of power, but of ways are presenting themselves and\\npressing irresistibly for solution, there is not only no lack of\\nopportunity to exercise and, therefore, develop the mind, but\\nthe forces that actually compel it are rapidly multiplying.\\n^A hen we perceive what individual life really is, a load\\nof darkness is lifted and the light breaks in upon the rela-\\ntions of individual and social life. In the complex questions\\nthat are presenting themselves with increasing force, there is\\nnot only a great and noble work to be done, but in their solu-\\ntion, a deep, grand and sublime gratification is offered a sat-\\nisfaction that must surely surpass the average mortal s power\\nof conception.\\nWe an- apt to grumble at the lot which has befallen us,\\nat the hardships wo must endure, the trials and perplexities\\nof life we must meet; we incline to case and would avoid\\neffort, but in the one there is extinction, oblivion, in the other\\nthere is reward, the natural effect of the effort. Of the\\nheaven of rest there is reason to doubt. Host! It is incon-\\nceivable except as associated with effort. Not rest, but relief\\nwe sock relief from the pressure of desires that know not sat-", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 77\\nisfaction, which can be accomplished only by the birth of those\\nother desires that transcend them, and which even now may be\\nseen to glow in their noble splendor.\\nBut of a place of torment! Look around today! at the\\nvain pursuit of satisfactions that only multiply as they are\\nsatisfied, and taunt to increased efforts those who pursue them\\nas an end. It is not a place but a state or condition of mind,\\nthe result of misguided and fruitless efforts in various direc-\\ntions. The taunting and tantalizing thought of opportunites\\nlost, of energies wasted, of truths unlearned, which, perhaps,\\ncould only be learned at a certain stage of growth. And\\nwhile imprisoned in this form of clay, who can say that our\\ncourse for eternity may not be shaped?\\nThe hardships of today are those of mind. The need of\\ngreat physical endurance is past. The troubles and anxieties\\nthat beset mankind are, if we but realize it, great possible\\nblessings, a means of elevation to increased powers and wider\\nspheres; but if we avoid or ignore them they only crush us by\\ntheir weight. The more that social life suffers from neglect,\\nthe greater is the opportunity for those who will seek the\\ncause and lay it before their fellow-man. Nature demands\\nno impossibilities. To reform the world is a task so stupend-\\nous that the mind of man can hardly conceive of its possibility.\\nMan s efforts are, indeed, trifling; but think of the balancing\\nforces of good and evil, of truth and error, of justice and in-\\njustice the former called out by the latter. The forces for\\nadvancement developed in defending against the forces that\\nthreaten dissolution great powers developed but neutralized.\\nThese latter forces, evolved by conditions that forbid normal\\nand healthy development, would cease to be were the condi-\\ntions favorably altered; and the former would be turned to\\nadvancement. The truth that nature impressed upon some\\nwill, also, be impressed upon others. The conditions are ever\\nbecoming more favorable to its recognition aye! compelling\\nits acceptance.\\nThe truth that I have cleared to my own mind, and, in\\nthis work, tried to show unto others, has been a source of\\ndeep gratification; doubts have been cleared away and fears\\ndispelled, hopes have arisen and a faith confirmed. How\\npleasing to know that through all the turmoil and conflict of\\nhuman progress the course has ever been upward, that even\\nthe basest passions have geen utilized, that service for right\\nis not merely the effect of orei-sensitiveness, but is called out\\nby the presence of wrong, and how, in the persistence and\\ngrowth of wrong, in spite of man s efforts to restrain it by\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f D.", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "78 HARMONY VS. DISCORD.\\ndired force, there is cause for not fear, but hope. How grati-\\nfying to fee] thai the much feared destructive forces evolved\\nby human greed, have .mown to be so terrible as to make those\\nwho would use them fear them most: that in -their great\\ndanger is, alter all, their real safety. Ami to behold the\\nthoroughness of nature s work. The foundation must be laid\\nbefore the superstructure is raised. The material wants must\\nbe provided for before the awakening of that higher existence.\\nThe towers and forces grasped, but in such a way that their\\nfull benefits are withheld and cannot be realized except by\\nbestowing upon all their common inheritance, for the power\\nthat comes from thought, like thought itself, is multiplied by\\nbeing divided, now encouraging to know that every effort\\nfor right is a positive force for advancement, and, though it\\nmay never be recorded in the pages of history, leaves an inef-\\nfaceable mark on our real being and cannot be lost in its effect\\non society; that effort is the very essence of life, and that to\\ncease in effort is but to decline in power or waste our ener-\\ngies, the secret of all the seemingly wasted lives, the\\nessence of the Thou shalt not s, of the Ten Command-\\nments, for the violation of these is only the natural sequence\\nof ungoverned efforts. Human energies must have vent, and if\\nnot directed for good either by the conditions or consciously,\\nthey will naturally be expended fruitlessly or injuriously.\\nThe truth which this work but poorly shows, is the cen-\\ntral truth of all discoveries. It is the heart and core of social\\nscience, that science which is the complement of all other\\nsciences, for only through it can their fruits be reached; and,\\non account of its direct interest and simplicity, it is the science\\nfor all mankind. This truth is, after all, only the truth that\\nall men in all times have in some manner perceived, but which\\nwords have failed to express. To the realization of ir.\\nprophecy and revelations have always pointed the ultimate\\nreign of peace, harmony and good will and which only in\\ncomparatively late days has ever been clouded.\\nIt is a notable fact that skepticism in this respect is of\\ncomparatively recent origin. But this is not strange nor\\nshould il excite wonder. When nature bestows a higher\\nquality, she partly withdraws the lower in order that the other\\nmay develop. The weak physical powers of man compelled\\nhim to exercise thai higher intelligence with which he is en-\\ndowed. As this power develops, the power of endurance\\nwanes. As consciousness wakens and reason begins to grow,\\nthe simple faith weakens. The doubts and sneers at ancient\\nprophecies and revelations are of minds thrown upon their", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HARMONY VS. DISCORD. 79\\nown resources and hesitating to use them. The prophetic\\npower of man has faded from the earth, and in its stead is\\ndeveloping a vastly superior power, a power of which that\\nwas only the reflection. The sunlight of reason is breaking\\nover the world, and the moonlight of prophecy, the luminary\\nof the night of social evolution, makes no shadow.\\nJOHN J. DAILY.\\nNote Any one receiving a copy of this work free and\\nbelieving it worth the price, will place the author under obli-\\ngations as well as performing an act of justice, by remitting\\n25 cents to him at Eo a, Mo.\\nThis book will be sold in quantities of from five to twenty\\nfor 20c per copy; more than twenty, 16 2-3c per copy. Special\\nprices on application.\\nAddress all orders to\\nJOHN J. DAILY.\\nEolla, Mo.", "height": "3300", "width": "1934", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3279", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n013 477 593 2", "height": "3289", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "harmonyvsdiscord00dail_0084.jp2"}}