{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3769", "width": "2473", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "GDKTightN^_J=r.\\nCfiPffiiGHT jDEPOSJE", "height": "3655", "width": "2348", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3655", "width": "2348", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3530", "width": "2265", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "Ml\\nl^fi\\n\\\\j\\n/c", "height": "3530", "width": "2265", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "NEW\\nSCHOOL HISTORY\\nOF THE\\nUNITED STATES\\n(Formerly Lee s Brief.\\nBY\\nSUSAN PENDLETON LEE.\\nAuthor of School History of the United States, Life of General\\nWilliam N. Pendleton.\\nREVISED.\\nPrepared for Use in Public and Private Schools.\\nRichmond, Va.:\\nB. F. JOHNSON publishing Cp.\\n1900.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "25381\\nJUL 23 1900 I\\nCopyn^teolry j\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOelivflr\u00c2\u00abKl to\\nORDER DIVtSION,\\nJUL 27 1900\\nCopyright, 1899, by Susan Pendleton Lee,\\nCopyright, 1900, by Susan Pendleton Lee.\\n66322\\nV^", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\n^T^HIS New School History of the United States\\nhas been prepared with the desire that it may meet the\\nneeds of those teachers who feel that they cannot give more\\nthan one year s attention to the history of our country. The\\nauthor has taken great pains to make her statements accurate\\nand clear. The most reliable authorities have been con-\\nsulted on every point, and an honest effort has been made\\nto deal justly and kindly with every part of our country.\\nIn the space allowed, it is not possible to go very much\\ninto detail, but the most important facts and the circum-\\nstances which have shaped the growth and development of\\nthis great Republic are described; many incidents and illus-\\ntrations, likely to make the subject-matter interesting and\\neasy to be remembered, are used.\\nThe author is encouraged to hope that this history will\\nmeet the approval of the wise and experienced educators of\\nAmerican children, and supply the want, so often expressed\\nin the South, for an unprejudiced and truthful history of the\\nUnited States.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "PUBLISHERS NOTE TO REVISED EDITION.\\nThe very great popularity attained by this work has induced\\nthe pubHshers to undertake, at the beginning of a new schol-\\nastic year, its thorough revision. Many changes have been\\nmade in the work, but the excellences of the gifted author\\nhave been scrupulously preserved; especially the clearness\\nand vividness of style, and those colloquialisms and quaint\\nturns of expression which make the narrative so attractive\\nand so easily intelligible to the young. A new arrangement\\nof dates and the enlargement of the history of two or three\\nrecent administrations, bringing the narrative down to the\\nhour of publication, together with the addition of maps and\\nillustrations, and a pronouncing vocabulary, will be found\\nacceptable and useful to teachers and pupils.\\nIt may not be out of taste for the publishers to say that\\nthis revision of their history, while it materially increases the\\ncost of its manufacture, adds nothing to the price at which\\nit is offered.\\nRiclunoud, J^a., July i, ipoo.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "TABIvK OK CONTBNTS.\\nPeriod I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Discovery and Settlement.\\nChapter. Page.\\nI. Discovery of America 13\\nII. American Indians 22\\nIII. Voyages\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Settlements Virginia 27\\nIV. Early Settlements\u00e2\u0080\u0094 New York, New Jersey, Delaware,\\nMaryland 37\\nV. Early Settlements New England 41\\nVI. The Colonies under the Commonwealth 48\\nVII. Virginia and Maryland from 3660 to 1700 54\\nVIII. The New England Colonies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Middle Colonies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nCarolinas, from 1660 to 1700 63\\nIX. The French in the North and West 75\\nPeriod II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wars with the French and Indians.\\nX. King William s War Queen Anne s War 81\\nXI. Colonies under George 1 84\\nXII. Settlement of Georgia 86\\nXIII. Settlement of the Valley of Virginia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The French in the\\nWest and North 90\\nXIV. Opening of the French and Indian War 93\\nXV. French and Indian War 97\\nXVI. The Colonies in 1763 103\\nPeriod III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Revolution.\\nXVII. Causes of the American Revolution 119\\nXVIII. First Year of the War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Declaration of Independence 134\\nXIX. Defence of Charleston\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War in the North 143\\nXX. War on the Frontier 154\\nXXI. War in the South 159\\nXXII. The Formation of the Union 177", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPeriod IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Under the Constitution.\\nChapter. Page!.\\nXXIII. Washington s Administration 189\\nXXIV. John Adams s Administration Progress of the Country. 198\\nXXV. Jefferson s Administration 202\\nXXVI. Madison s Administration\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War of 1812 206\\nXXVII. Monroe s Administration John Quincy Adams s Adminis-\\ntration 214\\nXXVIII. Andrew Jackson s Administration 222\\nXXIX. Van Buren s Administration The Harrison and Tyler Ad-\\nministration 227\\nXXX. Polk s Administration 234\\nXXXI. Taylor-Fillmore Administration 239\\nXXXII. Pierce s Administration 243\\nXXXIII. Buchanan s Administration 246\\nPeriod V. War between the States and Reconstruction.\\nXXXIV. Causes of the War 261\\nXXXV. The War in 1861 264\\nXXXVI. War in the West, 1862 276\\nXXXVII. War in the East, 1862 284\\nXXXVIII. War in the West, 1863 300\\nXXXIX. War in the East, 1863 306\\nXL. The War in 1864 313\\nXLI. Close of the War, 1865 328\\nXLII. Johnson s Administration 339\\nPeriod VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The New Republic.\\nXLIII. Grant s Administration 354\\nXLIV. Hayes s Administration 3G3\\nXLV. Garfield-Arthur Administration 3G5\\nXLVI. Cleveland s First Administration 368\\nXLVII. Harrison s Administration 370\\nXLVIII. Cleveland s Second Administration 373\\nXLIX. McKinley s Administration 377\\nL. The Progress of the Country 388", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage.\\nA Fair Mark\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Shoot! 57\\nAdams, John 198\\nAdams, John Q 219\\nAcadians, Exile of 96\\nAlamo, (Restored) The 231\\nArthur, Chester A 366\\nBee, Barnard E 270\\nBienville 91\\nBeauregard, P. G. T 265\\nBlue, Lieutenant 383\\nBoone, Daniel 155\\nBuchanan, Admiral 287\\nBuell, D. C 279\\nBurning of Columbia, S. C 330\\nBurnside, A. E 295\\nCalhoun, J. C 222\\nCapitol at Washington 360\\nCheatham, B. F 318\\nClarke 157\\nClarke s March to Vincennes 158\\nClay, Henry 215\\nCleburne, P. R 318\\nCleveland, Grover 368\\nCobb. Howell 240\\nColonial Bedstead Ill\\nColonial Mantel 107\\nColonial Stand 110\\nColumbus 15\\nColumbus, First Voyage 13\\nColumbus Landing 17\\nConfederate Battle-Flag 270\\nConfederate States Flag 267\\nCrater, The 323\\nDavis, Capture of Mr 337\\nDavis, Jefferson 254\\nDecatur, Stephen 202\\nDewey, Admiral 382\\nDrake, Sir Francis 27\\nEarly, Jubal A 324\\nEliot, John 64\\nElizabeth, Queen 29", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage.\\nEwell, R. S 293\\nFarewell to the Mayfiowar 42\\nFarragut, Admiral 325\\nFoote, Commodore 300\\nForrest, N. B 314\\nFort Hill, Home of Calhoun 242\\nFranklin, Benj 112\\nGarfield, James A 365\\nGettysburg, Map of 327\\nGold, Discovery of 237\\nGordon, Jno. B 333\\nGrant, U. S 332\\nHalf-Moon on the Hudson 37\\nHalleck, H. W 273\\nHamilton 191\\nHampton, Wade 331\\nHancock, W. S 311\\nHardee, W. J 319\\nHarrison, Benjamin 370\\nHarrison. William H 209\\nHarvard College 112\\nHayne, R. Y 223\\nHermitage, The Home of Andrew Jackson 226\\nHill, A. P 307\\nHobson, Lieut 384\\nHolly Springs, Burning of 283\\nHooker, Joseph 306\\nHouston 232\\nIndian Attack, An 49\\nIndian Mounds in West Virginia 26\\nIndian Village 23\\nJackson, Andrew 222\\nJackson, T. J 276\\nJamestown, Old Church Tower at 59\\nJefferson, Thomas 141\\nJohnson, Andrew 343\\nJohnston, Joseph E 271\\nJohnston, Albert S 278\\nKing s Mountain, Battle of 164\\nLafayette. Marquis 1 70\\nLee, Henry 164\\nLee Leaving Appomattox 334\\nI^ee Monument 340\\nLee, Richard Henry 141", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS. 11\\nPage.\\nLee, Robert E 291\\nLee, Stephen D 283\\nLeaving Home 267\\nLincoln, Abraliam 251\\nLocke, John 73\\nLongstreet, James A 307\\nMcClellan, General 292\\nMcDowell, Irwin 269\\nMcKinley, William 377\\nMadison, James 181\\nMagruder, J. B 285\\nMaine, Battleship 381\\nMarshall, John 199\\nMarion s Dinner to the British Officer 166\\nMarion, Francis 162\\nMaury, Matthew F 245\\nMeade, George G 308\\nMecklenburg Declaration, Reading of 139\\nMerritt, General 383\\nMiles, General 386\\nMolly, Captain 152\\nMontcalm 100\\nMonticello the Home of Jefferson 171\\nMonroe, James 214\\nMonument to Confederate Dead 341\\nMorgan, Daniel 136\\nMurfreesboro, Battle of 281\\nNew Orleans, Battle of 211\\nOglethorpe 88\\nOld South Meeting-House 66\\nOsceola 225\\nPender, W. D 310\\nPendleton, William. N 294\\nPenn, William 70\\nPenn s Treaty 70\\nPension Building 371\\nPickett, George E 310\\nPike, Albert 278\\nPolk, James K 234\\nPolk, Leonidas 274\\nPope, John 293\\nPorter, Admiral 328\\nPrice, Sterling 282\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter 29", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "i^ ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPA(iE.\\nRapid Transit in Colonial Times 115\\nReception by President and Mrs. David 26S\\nRosecrans, W. S 302\\nRutledge. John 143\\nSampson. Rear-Admiral 382\\nSavannah, Settlement of 87\\nSchley, Rear-Admiral 385\\nScott, General 236\\nSea Venture, Wreck of 33\\nSemmes, R 325\\nSheridan, Philip 324\\nSherman, W. T 317\\nSigsbee, Captain 380\\nSinking of the Alabama by the Ker.isaise 326\\nSinking of the Cumberland 286\\nSmith, Captain John 31\\nSmith, E. Kirby 280\\nSmith Exploring Chesapeake 32\\nSoldiers and Sailors Monument 336\\nSouthern Plantation, Sunday Afternoon 249\\nSouthern Scene at End of War 339\\nSpotswood Crossing the Blue Ridge 85\\nSt. John s Church, Richmond. Va 128\\nStephens, A. H 256\\nStuart. J. E. B 290\\nTaylor, Richard 314\\nTecumseh 207\\nThomas 304\\nTiconderoga, Ruins of 130\\nTurn of the Tide 272\\nTyler, John 230\\nU. S. Flag. 273\\nVan Buren, Martin 228\\nWashington s Birthplace 132\\nWashington Takes Command of the Army 131\\nvVcbster, Daniel 223\\nWesley, John 88\\nWhitefield 89\\nWheeler. General Joe 329, 384\\nWheeler, Miss Annie 385\\nWilliam and Mary College 113\\nWolfe, General 99", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "NEW\\nSchool History of the United States.\\nPERIOD I.\\nDISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT,\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDISCOVERY OF AMERICA.\\nAm\\nf\\n\u00c2\u00ab^a.^:\\nI ll\\nI. The Scope\\nof this History.\\nIn this work w e\\npurpose to trace the history of that\\nportion of the American continent\\nwhich received the name of The\\nUnited States of America, together\\nwith that of such other territory as has since come into the\\npossession of that government. We shall also aim to note\\nthe physical changes produced in this great territory by the\\n1. Coat of arms of Columbus 2. Columbus leaving the Court of Spain\\nwhen the King and Queen decline to fit out a fleet for him February,\\nH92. 3. First Signs cf Land\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sea-birds and floating tree-trunks. 4. Re-\\nturn to Spain from first voyage.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 NEW SCHOOL HiSTOxlV; [1492\\nintroduction of a new and conquering people, as well as the\\npolitical, social, and moral development of a population now\\ngrown so large and powerful.\\n2. America before the Discovery. Until within the last\\n400 years, the continent of America was practically unknown\\nto the nations of Europe. The idea of a vast continent lying\\nbetween them and the shores of Asia was as yet unknown or\\nunfamiliar. This great land was, therefore, isolated from the\\nother countries of the world. It was inhabited by tribes of\\npeople who w^ere more or less uncivilized and savage, many\\nof whom, for countless ages, roamed through its unbroken\\nforests.\\n3. Traditions of Early Visits to America. Vague stories\\nhave been told of voyages made by adventurers across the\\nAtlantic, or, by way of the Aleutian Islands, across the Pacific,\\nto the shores of America. These stories may be true, but we\\nhave no means of testing their accuracy.\\n4. The Voyages of the Northmen. The inhabitants of\\nSweden, Norway, and Denmark were called Northmen. In\\nS 74, a colony was established in Iceland by the natives of\\nNorway. About 100 years later, an intrepid Norwegian,\\nnamed Eric the Red, founded a colony on the southern coast\\nof Greenland. A vessel sailing from Iceland for this colony\\nwas driven out of its course by a storm and brought in sight\\nof the coast of Labrador. About the year 1000, Leif the\\nLucky, son of Eric the Red, landed at several pomts on the\\nmainland, and, it is supposed, sailed as far south as Rhode\\nIsland. He named the country Vinland on account of the\\nabundance of grapes which he found. Other voyages were\\nmade by the Northmen to this new land, and one of the ex-\\nplorers, Thorflnn Karlsefni, attempted to found a colony. But\\nthe settlements were all finally abandoned, and the memory of\\nall these voyages gradually faded from the minds of men.\\nand the very country seemed to be forgotten.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "1542]\\nDISCOVERY OF AMERICA.\\n15\\n5. Old Ideas of Geography. Long ago the wisest people\\nwere ignorant of some things that now the youngest among\\nyou know quite well. They thought, for instance, that the\\nworld was fiat, and bounded on all sides by a wide, dangerous\\nocean. All that they were acquainted with was the western\\npart of Asia, the northern part of Africa, and that portion of\\nEurope which lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic,\\nthe Caspian, the Black, and the Mediterranean Seas. They\\nthought that, beyond these regions, there were strange and\\nterrible countries, the abode of all sorts of monsters and\\nfabulous creatures.\\n6. How Knowledge of Geography Grew.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the fif-\\nteenth century, the geographies of Ptolemy and Mela were in\\nuse. These books had been written more than a thousand\\nyears before, and were full of mistakes; but within this century\\nthe great Revival of Learning took place, and men began to\\nstudy and to travel. Some of the most learned men concluded\\nthat the world was round, and that, from Europe, x\\\\sia could\\nbe reached by sailing westward. One of these was the astrono-\\nmer, Toscanelli, whose map of the world indicated that the\\neastern part of Asia was only about six thousand miles due\\nwest from Spain. This would have been somewhere within\\nthe limits of what is now California. The mariner s compass,\\nwhich points always to the north, was invented, and also the\\nastrolabe, an instrument by which a sailor,\\nwhen at sea, can tell the position of his\\nship. Then the art of printing by movable\\ntype was discovered, the number of books\\nwas increased, and people could get them to\\nread.\\n7. Christopher Columbus. About four\\nhundred and fifty years ago, there was born,\\nin Genoa, Italy, a boy who was to become\\nfamous as the discoverer of a new world. Christopher Colum-\\nCOLUMBUS.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1492\\nbus was the son of a wool-comber, and was made to learn\\nhis father s trade. But he learned to read also, and studied\\nall the books he could get. Genoa was a very famous city,\\nto which travellers and traders came from all parts of the\\nknown world. Columbus was very fond of seeing and lis-\\ntening to these strangers, and he loved to go to the wharves\\nand examine the ships from the different ports.\\n8. Columbus Becomes a Sailor. When he was only four-\\nteen years old, Columbus became a sailor. His early voyages\\nwere made only in the Mediterranean Sea, but at length he\\nventured to pass through the Strait of Gibraltar into the\\nunknown ocean. Always studying and learning, Columbus\\nhad become convinced that the world was round, and that\\nby sailing westward he would come to the eastern limits of\\nAsia.\\n9. State of Trade in the Fifteenth Century. After the\\nclose of the crusades, the Turks began to cut off the trade\\nroutes to the East. There were three great routes, one from\\nVenice to Alexandria, in Egypt, thence across the Isthmus\\nof Suez to the Red Sea and around to India. Another was\\nfrom Genoa to Constantinople, thence through the Black\\nSea and across land by the shore of the Caspian into northern\\nIndia. The third was through the Mediterranean to Antioch,\\nin Syria, through Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf, and\\nthence by water to India. By 1453, wdien the Turks, who\\nalready held all of northern Africa and southwestern Asia,\\nconquered Constantinople, it became dif^cult for Europe\\nto trade with India, and it was necessary to look for new\\ntrade routes. The Portuguese made an unsuccessful attempt\\nin 147 1 to sail around Africa, and then it was that Columbus\\ndetermined to try to reach India by sailing westward.\\n10. Columbus in Spain. Columbus applied in vain to the\\nKing of Portugal for aid in his proposed voyage. He then\\napplied to Queen Isabella, of Spain, who, after many delays,\\nfurnished him with three ships and ninety men.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "150 Longitudt", "height": "3587", "width": "2379", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "1542] DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 17\\n11, Sails from Palos. On August 3, 1492, with three httle\\nvessels the Pinta, the Nina, and the Saiita Maria he set\\nout from Palos, on the coast of Spain, to sail where no ship\\nhad ever ventured. They first visited the Canary Islands,\\nand then sailed on into unknown waters.\\n12. Courage of Columbus. The sailors on the little ships\\nsoon became discouraged. They were superstitious that is,\\nthey thought the unexplored sea was filled with whirlpools,\\nwhich would swallow up their ships or lead them to the\\nabodes of goblins and dragons, and even to that of Satan\\nhimself and they feared that if they found any land that it\\nwould be peopled with monsters and horrible creatures, who\\nwould tear thcni lirnjj from limb. Columbus alone never lost\\n^.r-iv-\\nLANDlNCi UF COLLlMliUS ON TUK BAHAMAS, OCTOBER 12, 1192.\\nhope nor courage. He reasoned with his men, explamed\\neverything that seemed new and strange to them, and tried\\nin every way to keep up their spirits. After two months\\nsailing, they saw^ birds which could not have come a very long\\nway, and objects floating in the sea which seemed to have\\ncome from the land. So Columbus, expecting soon to see\\nthe shores of Asia, ordered a close watch to be kept.\\n13. The New World. At length, on the morning of Octo-\\nber 12, 1492, the man who was w^atching on the masthead of\\nthe Pinta shouted out joyfully, Land Land and there lay\\nbefore them a beautiful, low, green coast. You may be sure", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1492\\nthat the sailors all rejoiced at the welcome sight, but not one\\nof them was so glad and thankful as their noble commander,\\nwhose undertaking, after so many trials and disappointments,\\nwas now crow ned with success.\\n14. Not Asia. This land was not, however, as Columbus\\nsupposed, the Continent of Asia. It was one of the Bahama\\nIslands, and from it the voyagers passed on to other islands\\nand sailed along the shores of Cuba and Hayti.\\n15. People of the Islands.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The inhabitants of these\\nislands were a simple, kindly folk, who thought the white men\\nhad been brought to visit them from the skies by the great\\nwhite-winged birds, as they imagined the ships to be. Certain\\nthat he had come to India, Columbus called these red-skinned\\nnatives Indians, and the islands where he found them received\\nthe name of the West Indies.\\n16. Return to Spain. Wherever Columbus landed on\\nthe different islands, he collected plants, animals, and birds.\\nAfter eight months he returned to Spain, accompanied by\\nsome of the Indians. The king and queen received him with\\ngreat rejoicing, and heaped honors upon him.\\n17. The Second Voyage of Columbus. In 1493, Co-\\nlumbus again left Spain, discovered Jamaica and the adjacent\\nislands, and established in Hayti a colony which met with\\npoor success. For this failure he was recalled to Spain in\\ndisgrace, but pleaded his cause so well that he was restored\\nto royal favor.\\n18. The Third Voyage of Columbus. In 1498, Colum-\\nbus made a third voyage and touched on the coast of South\\nAmerica. He then returned to Hayti as Governor of the\\nColony, but was superseded by one, Bovadilla, and was sent\\nback in chains to Spain.\\n19. Vascoda Gama. In the mean time, Portugal was mak-\\ning discoveries. Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon in 1497,\\npassed around the Cape of Good Hope^and reached India.\\nIn 1499, he returned to Portugal with his ships laden with", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "1542] DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 19\\nthe riches of the East, and thus, after all, Portugal outstripped\\nSpain in the race to India.\\n20. The Fourth Voyage of Columbus. Spain decided,\\nafter the success of Portugal, to send the disgraced Columbus\\nto search for a passage to India. In 1502, he started, and,\\nafter searching in the Caribbean Sea for an outlet to India,\\nhe was shipwrecked on the island of Jamaica in 1503. He\\nreturned to Spain, where, in 1506, he died, fully beheving that\\nthe lands which he had discovered were part of Asia and not\\na new continent.\\n21. Spanish Policy. The Spaniards were seeking eagerly\\nfor gold and jewels. At first they really thought that Colum-\\nbus had found India, the land of spices, jewels, and gold,\\nand they readily joined him in his voyages. They were not\\nwilling to get wealth by making trading settlements and by\\ncultivating the soil. They regarded this process as too slow.\\nThey treated the natives cruelly and took from them their\\nornaments. They even lost confidence in Columbus because\\nthey did not grow rich by magic, so he was at one time\\nthrown into chains.\\n22. Discovery of South America. Columbus never vis-\\nited North America, though he saw the shores of South\\nAmerica. Other navigators pushed on farther and visited\\nthe continents. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who sailed\\nin an expedition along the coast of South America, was the\\nfirst who became convinced that it was not Asia, but a new\\ncontinent.\\n23. Naming the New World. When Amerigo returned\\nto Europe, he wrote an account of the new land and what\\nhe had seen there. This account was printed and read, and in\\n1507, in a geographical work by Waldseemiiller, a German\\nprofessor, the name America was applied to what is now\\nSouth America. A few years later, America became the name\\nof the whole New World.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1492\\n24. North America Discovered by the English. C)ther\\nEuropean nations were eager to share the new terri-\\ntory, and England, France, and Portugal each sent out ex-\\npeditions to find and take possession of some part of the\\nunknown world. In 1497, Henry VII., of England, sent out\\nJohn and Sebastian Cabot. With one little ship and eighteen\\nmen John Cabot reached what he called the New-found-land,\\nand the next year Sebastian Cabot sailed as far along the\\nAtlantic coast as the Carolinas and laid claim to the whole\\nfor England.\\n25. French Discoveries. In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a\\nFrenchman, reached Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, sailed\\ninto a great gulf and up a broad river, both of which he\\ncalled St. Lawrence, and claimed all that region for France.\\n26. Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries. The Pope\\nsettled a great quarrel between Spain and Portugal by decid-\\ning that all the land in the New World west of a certain line\\nshould belong to Spain, all east of it to Portugal. In the\\nyear 1500, a Portuguese sailor, Cabral, who had set out to\\nfollow Vasco da Gama s course around Africa, sailed too far\\nwest, and came to the coast of Brazil, which, lying east of the\\ndivision line, belonged to Portugal. Always seeking for gold,\\nthe Spaniards passed from the islands over to the continents.\\nBalboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and was the first\\nwhite man that ever saw the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean.\\nWhen he saw the great, calm sea, Balboa drew his sword, and\\nstriking into the surf, claimed, for his master, the King of\\nSpain, the broad water and all the land it touched.\\n27. Florida. On Easter Sunday of this same year, 15 13.\\nPonce de Leon, who was seeking for a fabled fountain of\\nperpetual 3^outh, in which if one bathed he would become\\nyoung again, landed on an unknown shore which he called\\nFlorida, from the Spanish name of the holy day, El Pasciia\\nFlorida.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "1542] DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 21\\n28. Spanish Conquests. Within the next twenty years,\\nMexico was seized by Hernando Cortez, and Peru by Alonzo\\nPizarro. In these lands the Spaniards found the gold they\\nhad been so eagerly hunting. The natives, who were far\\nmore civilized than those of the islands, gave freely to the\\nwhite strangers of their abundant wealth. But the greedy\\nSpaniards, not satisfied with this, treated both Mexicans and\\nPeruvians with horrible cruelty in order to extort still more\\ntreasure from them.\\n29. Hostility of the Natives. The cruel practices of the\\nSpaniards made the Indians in North America very hostile\\nto them. They attacked and slew the white men w^herever\\nthey could. In consequence of this hostility, a force of\\nSpaniards under Narvaez, which attempted to take possession\\nof Florida, was attacked by Indians and all except four of\\nthem were killed.\\n30. Fernando de Soto. A few years later, De Soto, the\\nSpanish Governor of Cuba, entered Florida with a large force.\\nHe, too, found the Indians his enemies, and had to fight\\nthem frequently. Moving westward in hope of finding gold,\\nhe fought his w-ay to the Mississippi River and crossed to\\nits western side. The next year, 1542, De Soto died of\\nfever. Fearing the Indians might ill-treat his dead body, his\\nfollowers buried him at night beneath the waters of the great\\nriver, and made their way with difficulty and suffering back to\\ntheir countrymen in Mexico.\\nQuestions. 1. What is the scope of this history? 2. What is the\\nextent of the country written about? 3. What was the ancient condition\\nof this country? n4. What tradition of early visits to America? 5. Tell\\nabout the settlement of Iceland and Greenland. 6. What did Eric and\\nLeif discover? 7. What did the ancients think about the world? What\\nparts of the world did they really know about? Find them on the map.\\n8. Who were Ptolemy, Mela, and Toscanelli? 9. What were the great\\ntrade routes of the world? What did the Turks do? 10. What had the\\nPortuguese done at this time? 11. What help did Spain give to Colum-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [IGOO\\nbus? 12. From what port did he sail, and when? 13. Describe his\\nvoyage. 14. At what place did he land, and when? 15. What country-\\ndid Columbus think he had reached? Find the island on the map.\\n16. What sort of country and people did he find, and what name did he\\ngive to them? 17. How was Columbus received on his return to Spain?\\n18. Give an account of the second voyage of Columbus, flow was he\\nreceived on his return to Spain? 19. An account of the third voyage.\\n20. What did Vasco da Gama do? 21. Account of the fourth voyage of\\nColumbus. 22. What was the policy of Spain, and how was Columbus\\ntreated? 23. From whom did America receive its name, and why?\\n24. What two Englishmen made the first discoveries in North America,\\nand when? 25. What parts of America were discovered by France?\\n26. What part of South America did the Portuguese discover, and when?\\n27. Who first saw the Pacific Ocean, and when? 28. Who first discovered\\nFlorida, and gave it its name? 29. What conquests did the Spaniards\\nmake, and how did they treat the conquered nations? 30. How did the\\nnatives behave towards the white men? 31. Tell of De Soto and why he\\nmoved west from Florida. 32. Where was he buried? 33. Find on the\\nmaps all the places mentioned in this chapter.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE AMERICAN INDIANS.\\n1. Origin of the Indians. Where the people came from,\\nwho were found by the Europeans on the islands and conti-\\nnent of America, is not known. It cannot be doubted\\nthat they, Hke the other races of mankind, were descended\\nfrom Adam and Eve. But whether they drifted across the\\nocean from Asia or Europe, or crossed from Siberia to Alaska,\\nno one can tell. They had no settled tradition of their origin.\\nSome said they came from the north, others from the south,\\nand there were even some who claimed to have come up out\\nof the ground.\\n2. Appearance of the Indians. The red men differed\\namong themselves, and were quite unlike other races. In\\nmany things, however, they resembled each other. They", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "1600] AMERICAN INDIANS. 23\\nwere of a dusky brown or copper color. They had straight,\\ncoarse, black hair, black eyes, very little beard, high cheek-\\nbones, small hands and feet, and slender, spare bodies. From\\nthe difference in their customs and modes of life, we dis-\\ntinguish tliem as Savage, Barbarous, and Half-civilized.\\n3. Savage Indians. Those Indians found in the region\\nwest of Hudson Bay, and between the Rocky Mountains and\\nthe Pacific coast southward to Mexico, were Savage. They\\nroamed from place to place, living in wigwams or tents of\\nskins, as their descendants, the Apaches and Athabascans, do\\nat present. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, and did\\nI a J.?-A\\ny\\n-^-y^,-\\nINDIAN VILLAGE.\\nlittle in cultivating the soil. They wove baskets, but do not\\nappear to have made even rude pottery. Such clothing as\\nthey had was made of the skins of animals killed in hunting.\\n4. Barbarous Indians. The red men living between the\\nRocky Mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico\\nmay be called Barbarous Indians. They numbered about\\n200,000. They lived in villages, and, with their clumsy stone\\nhoes, culivated fields of tobacco and such vegetables as\\nIndian corn, pumpkins, and beans. Their houses were either\\nof sun-baked clay or were rude wooden structures covered\\nwith bark. All who were supposed to be descended from the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1600\\nsame female ancestor formed a clan and generally lived in the\\nsame settlement. A clan sometimes consisted of as many\\nas fifty families. Several clans, who were perhaps related in\\nblood and spoke the same language, made up a tribe.\\n5. Three Different Races. Of the Barbarous Indians,\\nthere were three different races: The Algonquins, the Iro-\\nquois, and the Maskoki or Muskogees. These last, under\\nthe name of Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Creeks,\\nwere scattered through the region south of the Tennessee and\\neast of the Mississippi rivers. The Cherokees of the same\\nregion, the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, the Susquehan-\\nnocks in Pennsylvania, the Five Nations in New York, and\\nthe Hurons and Eries, belonged to the Iroquois. All other\\nIndian tribes from Labrador to the Carolinas, extending even\\nwest of the Ixlississippi, were Algonquins. The Iroquois were\\nthe most civilized of the Barbarous Indians.\\n6. Habits and Customs of Barbarous Indians. The\\nBarbarous Indians were more skilled than the vSavage tribes\\nin making useful articles. They made pottery and wove a\\ncoarse kind of cloth. They made baskets, canoes, weapons\\nof stone, and some tribes had quite beautiful robes of feathers\\ninterwoven with grass or coarse thread. All the work, except\\nmaking the weapons, was done by the women; they cultivated\\nand harvested the scanty crops, prepared the game killed by\\nthe men, and, when the tribe moved from place to place,\\ncarried the wigwams and whatever else the tribe possessed.\\nThey also carried their small children, the papooses, on\\ntheir backs. All that the men did was to hunt, to fish, and to\\nfight. Neither the Savage nor the Barbarous Indians had\\na written language, a system of government, any history, or\\nsettled religion. Each clan had some peculiar religious cere-\\nmony, and a svmbol or totem, usually the figure of some\\nanimal. The sachem or ruler, and the war chiefs formed the\\ncouncil of the tribe.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2405", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "1600] AMERICAN INDIANS. ^5\\n7. Traits of Indian Character. The Savage and Barba-\\nrous Indians were much aHke in character. They were idle,\\nboastful, treacherous, full of revenge and of merciless cruelty.\\nThey had no regard for truth. The Indian was a tyrant in\\nhis wigwam, and often very cruel to his squaw, whom he\\ncould kill or drive away when he pleased; but he was fond of\\nhis children, especially his sons. They had some idea of\\nhospitality, and were sometimes faithful friends, but always\\nrevengeful enemies. To take the scalps of their foes was their\\ngreatest pride, and no youth was received as a brave or\\nwarrior until he had taken a certain number of scalps. They\\nalso took pride in showing neither surprise nor curiosity,\\nneither grief nor pleasure, and, even under the greatest tor-\\nture, never allowed any expression of fear or pain to escape\\nthem. They noticed everything so closely that they could\\nfollow a track through an unknown wilderness by a crumpled\\nleaf, an upturned pebble, or a broken twig.\\n8. Indian Religion. The Indians were not idolaters. They\\nworshipped a Great Spirit with dances, songs, and chants.\\nWhen a warrior died they burned or buried his weapons,\\nand killed his dog to serve him in the happy hunting\\ngrounds where he was believed to have gone. There was\\nnothing in their belief to make them better.\\n9. Pipe of Peace. The only luxury of these Indians\\nseems to have been tobacco, which they greatly enjoyed and\\nused with much solemnity in their councils. When the pipe\\nof peace was smoked, friendship and peace were secured\\namong all who joined in smoking it.\\n10. Half-Civilized Indians. There were not many Half-\\nCivilized Indians in the United States, and they lived chiefly\\nin Arizona and New Mexico. They had strong fortified\\ntowns on steep heights which were hard to climb. The\\nSpaniards called them Pueblo or City Indians.\\n11. Aztecs and Peruvians. The Aztecs in Mexico, and", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1600]\\nthe natives of Peru had fine cities with splendid temples and\\npalaces, extensive gardens, and good roads. They had also\\nmany civilized customs and habits, fixed laws, a regular\\ngovernment, an established religion, and a mode of writing\\nby signs and pictures called hieroglyphics.\\n12. Mound-Builders. There are traces of races older than\\nthe people Columbus, Cortez, and their followers found in\\nAmerica. From the Great Lakes f\\nto the Gulf ot Mexico are found f\\nlarge mounds or earthworks made t.^/^^\\nby the Mound-Builders. f t. -|^^t.\u00e2\u0080\u009e,^.\\ntombs, temples or fortifications ^^^yvdJ(^^^\\nIn A^irginia, Ohio, and the State^\\nsouth and west of them, skeletons, burial urns, weapons,\\npipes, vases of pottery marked with rude designs, articles\\nof coarse cloth, and trinkets of copper and silver have been\\nfound. Fortification mounds are to be seen in many places.\\nThe most curious of the earthworks are in the form of animals\\nand reptiles. These exist on both sides of the Mississippi,\\nand are thought to have had some religious meaning. The\\nIndians whom the white men found in America could not\\nhave made these mounds, and they had no traditions con-\\ncerning them.\\nQuESTTOxs. 1. Why is there so much doubt as to the origin of the\\nAmerican Indians? 2. What did they say about themselves? 3. In what\\nrespect were all the Indians alike, and in what did they differ? 4. Into\\nhow many classes are they divided? 5. What part of the country was\\nthe home of the Savage Indians, and how did they live? 6. What tribes\\nare descended from them? 7. Where was the home of the Barbarous\\nIndians, and how did they live? 8. What constituted a tribe? 9. What\\nthree races were the Barbarous Indians divided into? 10. Which tribes\\nbelonged to the Iroquois, and what region of North America did they\\ninhabit? 11. Tell through what part of the country the tribes belonging\\nto the Muskogees were scattered, and where the Algonquins lived. Find\\nthe places on the map. 12. What were the habits, customs, and occupa-\\ntions of the Barbarous Indians? 3 3. Describe some traits of Indian", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "[1519- 77] VOYAGES. 27\\ncharacter, both bad and good. 14. What religious belief and custom\\nhad they? 15. What was meant by the pipe of peace 16. Where\\nand who were the Half-Civilized Indians? 17. Describe the Aztecs and\\nPeruvians. 18. What traces have the Mound-Builders left, and\\nwhere are they found?\\nCHAPTER III.\\nVOYAGES EARLY SETTLEMENTS VIRGINIA.\\n1. First Voyage Around the World. In 1519, Magellan,\\na Portuguese, sailed from Spain towards the southwest, look-\\ning for a route to Asia. He passed through the strait which\\nbears his name, and into the Pacific Ocean. Magellan was\\nkilled in a battle with the natives of one of the Philippine\\nIslands, but one of his vessels went on round the world and\\nreached Spain in 1522.\\n2. Second Voyage Around the World. One of the most\\ndaring sailors of his time was Francis Drake, an English\\ncaptain. In 1577, Drake left England w^ith five ships and one\\nhundred and sixty-four men, to follow^\\nMagellan s cotn^se into the Pacific. He\\nsailed up the west coast of South America,\\nplundered the Spanish settlements, and\\ntook several million dollars worth of gold\\nand silver from their great ships, or gal-\\nleons. Drake then sailed on northward as i\\nfar as the coast of Oregon. He passed\\n1 1 C T^ SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.\\nthe wmter near where San rrancisco now\\nstands, and then returned to England around the Cape of\\nGood Hope, thus making the second voyage around the\\nworld. Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, and others wasted time,\\nmen and money trying to find a northwest passage around", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1607\\nAmerica. The bays and straits which bear their names\\nremind us of these dangerous voyages. Frobisher attempted\\nto make a settlement on the coast of Labrador.\\n3. Motives for Colonization. The four chief causes which\\nled to colonization in America were first, the spirit of\\nadventurous enterprise; second, the desire of wealth; third,\\npolitical oppression; and fourth, religious sentiment and per-\\nsecution. The Spanish colonies were established mainly\\nfrom the desire of acquiring wealth. Some of the French\\ncolonies were established for the same reason, wdiile others\\nwere established with the purpose of avoiding religious per-\\nsecution. The motives leading to the establishment of the\\nEnglish colonies were varied, but the final reason was un-\\ndoubtedly the overcrowding of population in England. In\\nthe latter part of the sixteenth century, many large agri-\\ncultural districts had been turned into pastures, and thus a\\ngreat number of people were thrown out of employment.\\nThen it was that the East India Company w^as chartered,\\nand, finally, the famous Virginia, or London, Company.\\n4. Spanish and French Settlements. The Spaniards,\\nwho claimed the whole Atlantic coast, first established them-\\nselves, in 1565, at or near St. Augustine, in Florida. Some\\nFrench Protestants, called Huguenots, attempted, in 1562,\\nand again in 1564, to found colonies on the coast of South\\nCarolina and Florida. Both attempts, however, proved dis-\\nastrous failures. The first party went home discouraged.\\nThe second^ was attacked by the Spaniards from Cuba under\\nMenendez, and was completely destroyed. However, in 1605,\\nthe French succeeded in making their first permanent settle-\\nment in Nova Scotia. Three years later, Champlain laid the\\nfoundation of Quebec.\\n*Vasquez d Ayllon, in 1526, built a town called San Miguel, which is\\ngenerally supposed to have been on the James River, in Virginia.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "1642]\\nEARLY SETTLEMENTS VIRGINIA.\\n29\\nUUEEN ELIZABETH.\\n5. First Attempted English Settlement.\\nIn 1585, Queen Elizabeth of England sent\\nSir Humphrey Gilbert to colonize New-\\nfoundland. The effort did not succeed,\\nand Sir Humphrey was lost at sea. His\\nlast words were, We are as near heaven\\nby sea as by land.\\n6. Raleigh s Settlement. About the\\nsame time, Sir Walter Raleigh, a favorite\\nof the queen, sent out an expedition which explored the coast\\nof North Carolina. Their reports were so flattering that the\\ncountry was called Virginia in compliment to the Virgin\\nQueen. Raleigh then sent a colony to Roanoke Island,\\nbut the men became dissatisfied and went\\nback to England. A second colony came\\nout in 1587, under Captain John White.\\nFor awhile the settlement prospered. Here,\\nCaptain White s grandchild, Virginia Dare,\\nthe first white native of our country, was\\nborn. Captain White was oblio^ed to return\\nto England, where he was detained for\\nseveral years because of the war between\\nEngland and Spain. This was the time\\nwhen the famous Spanish Armada was sent against England.\\nWhen White got back to Roanoke Island, three years later,\\nevery trace of his colony had disappeared, except the word\\nCroatan carved on a tree. Nothing was ever heard of the\\nlost colony.\\n7. Bartholomew Gosnold. Several years after the un-\\nhappy ending of Raleigh s colony, Bartholomew Gosnold\\nfound that the shortest w^ay to America from England was\\nto sail due west across the Atlantic. He did so, and coasted\\nalong Massachusetts, giving names to Cape Cod, Martha s\\nVineyard, and Elizabeth Island. A few years later, that\\nwhole region was named New England,\\nSIR WALTER RALEIGH.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [16()7\\n8. Virginia and Plymouth Companies Gosnold s energ)/\\nrevived .the spirit of adventure in England, and in April, 1606,\\nKing James I. granted patents, or authority, to two com-\\npanies to take possession of, hoJd and settle the newly-dis-\\ncovered land. The Virginia, or London Company, was given\\npermission to settle between 34\u00c2\u00b0 and 38\u00c2\u00b0 (Cape Fear to\\nMaryland), and the Plymouth Company, between 41\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n45 (Long Island to New Brunswick), north latitude. The\\ncountry between 38\u00c2\u00b0 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 was opened to both, but neither\\ncompany was allowed to settle within one hundred miles of\\nthe other.\\n9. Virginia Colony. The Virginia Company sent out\\nfrom London in December, .1606, an expedition of three\\nlittle vessels. The Susan Constant, a craft of 100 tons, was\\ncommanded by Christopher Newport; the God-spced, of 50\\ntons, by Bartholomew Gosnold; and the Discovery, of 10\\ntons, by John Ratcliffe. Besides their crews, they brought\\none hundred colonists, among them a council for the colony,\\nand a chaplain, the Rev. Robert Hunt.\\n10. Settlementat Jamestown, 1607. A storm drove the\\nlittle fleet into Chesapeake Bay, so that instead of going to\\nRoanoke Island, as Captain Newport had intended, the ships\\nstopped first at Cape Henry, and then crossed the bay to\\na point which, on account of its safe harbor, they called Point\\nComfort. After examining the surrounding country the\\nvoyagers selected a place forty miles up the river, where, on\\nMay 13, 1607, they landed and laid the foundation of the\\nfirst permanent English settlement in the United States.\\nThe town they called Jamestown, and the river James River,\\nafter their king.\\nn. The First Church. One of the first things done was\\nto make a place for worship by nailing some old sails to trees.\\nIn this rude temple Mr. L[unt read the English church service\\nevery day, and preached twice on Sundays.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "1C42] EARLY SETTLEMENTS VIRGINIA. 31\\n12. Captain John Smith. The most\\nvaluable man among the colonists proved\\nto be Captain Smith. He had been a\\nsoldier, and had passed through many\\nstrange adventures in fighting against\\nthe Turks. His love of adventure\\nbrought him to America. On the way\\nout, he displeased the officers of the ex-\\npedition, and they falsely accused him of\\nstirring up mutiny among the men. smith.\\n13. Visit to Powhatan. Three weeks after landing, Smith\\nand twenty men went up James River to find its head. They\\ndid not come to this, but they reached the falls of the river,\\nwhere Richmond now stands, and set up a cross there. The\\nIndian town Powhatan, called after the Indian king, was\\nclose by.\\n14. Captain Smith Saves the Colony. The Indians, who\\nhad previously been very friendly, attacked Jamestown dur-\\ning the absence of the explorers and killed some of the set-\\ntlers. From this time there was great suffering. Newport\\nand the ships had gone back to England. The colonists used\\nup all their provisions. They were wasted by sickness, and\\nconstantly harassed by the Indians, who killed many of\\nthem. But for the courage and energy of John Smith they\\nmust all have been destroyed. He was made president of\\nthe colony, and put new life into it, bearing himself the\\nheaviest share of labor and hardship. He has left an inter-\\nesting and instructive account of the colony and country.\\n15. Pocahontas. On one occasion, according to his ac-\\ncount, he saved his life by showing Powhatan s brother,\\nOpechancanough, his pocket compass; on another, he pro-\\ntected himself from attack by tying his Indian guide to his\\narm and using him as a shield. In his greatest peril, when\\nKing Powhatan had ordered Smith s brains to be beaten out,\\nthe king s daughter, Pocahontas, a girl twelve years old,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1607\\nthrew herself over him and protected his Hfe at the risk oi\\nher own. This Indian princess proved a true friend to the\\ncolonists, often furnishing them with provisions, and warning\\nthem of intended treachery and attack.\\nSMITH EXPLORING THE CHESAPEAKE.\\ni6. Smith s Explorations. Smith s greatest labor was to\\nsupply the colony with provisions, and his most important\\nwork, the exploring of the Chesapeake Bay and all the rivers\\nwhich empty into it. For this purpose a voyage was made in\\nopen boat with fourteen men. The accuracy of Smith s map\\nand of his account of the country and the Indian tribes he\\nmet with is wonderful, considering the difficulties he had to\\ncontend with and the few opportunities he had for gaining\\ninformation. His efforts for the good of the colonists were\\ngreatly hindered by a gold fever which set them to dig-\\nging a worthless yellow sand instead of engaging in any\\nprofitable work.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL GRAl^rrS,\\n1606-1732.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "1642] EARLY SETTLEMENTS V^IRgINIA. 33\\n17. The Charter of 1609. In 1609, King James granted\\nthe London Company (formerly the Virginia Company) a\\nnew charter which extended its territory and its privileges.\\nVirginia was made to include all territory measured two\\nhundred miles north of Point Comfort and two hundred miles\\nsouth of Point Comfort along the Atlantic, and thence west\\nand northwest back to the Pacific. The company was en-\\nlarged, and four General Assemblies were to be held in Eng-\\nland yearly. To these General Assemblies of the company\\nwas granted the right to establish a form of government for\\nthe colony of Virginia, and thus King James laid the basis\\nfor the establishment of representative government in Vir-\\nginia. During this year, nine ships with live hundred settlers\\nwere sent out. Only part of these reached Virginia at this\\ntime; the rest were wrecked on the Bermuda Islands.\\n18. Smith Returns to England. Not long after this, Cap-\\ntain Smith was so much hurt by an explosion of gunpowder\\nthat he was compelled to go to England for medical treat-\\nment, and never returned to Virginia.\\n19. Disasters of the Colony Starving Time. When\\nSmith went away, the colony contained nearly five hundred\\npeople, supplied with food and other needful things; but all\\nenergy and success seemed to have left with him. The people\\nwould not work, food became so scarce that this was known", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1607\\nas the Starving Time/ and within a y.ear, sickness, starva-\\ntion, and the Indians had destroyed all but sixty of them.\\n20. Lord Delaware Saves the Colony, 1610. The Eng-\\nlishmen wrecked in Bermuda built two little ships and came\\nto Jamestown. The settlers were so helpless, and the new-\\ncomers so wretched that they had all set sail for England when\\nthey soon met part of Lord Delaware s fleet bringing fresh\\ncolonists, and a good store of provisions. They returned to\\nJamestown, and there was never again any thought of aban-\\ndoning the new country.\\n21. Division of Land Tobacco. Up to this time every-\\nthing had been held in common, and the idle had consumed\\nwhat the industrious had made. Sir Thomas Dale, the next\\ngovernor, gave each settler some land, and made him pay\\npart of his crop into the public granary. This division of\\nland, and the new industry of planting tobacco, gave fresh\\nlife and vigor to the colony.\\n22. The First Legislative Assembly in America. In 1618,\\nGeorge Yeardley was sent over by the London Company\\nas Governor of Virginia. He had instructions to establish a\\nbetter form of government in the colony, so he called a meet-\\ning for this purpose. This meeting was composed of two\\nmembers elected from each of the eleven settlements, then\\ncalled boroughs. It met at Jamestown, July 30, 1619, and,\\ntogether with the governor and council, assembled in the old\\nchurch, and passed judicious laws for the colony. This is\\nimportant, because it is the first Legislative Assembly that\\never met upon American soil, and was composed of members\\nfreely elected by the inhabitants of the colony.\\n23. The First Written Constitution. Soon after this,\\nYeardley was recalled and Francis Wyatt was appointed Gov-\\nernor of Virginia. He brought a document granted by the\\nLondon Company, and dated July 24, 1621. This document\\napproved of the representative government established by", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "1642] EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 35\\nYeardley, and declared that the General Assembly of the\\ncolony should consist of a House of Burgesses elected by the\\npeople, and a Council appointed by the company. Though\\nYeardley had established this form of government, it had\\nno constitutional guarantee until the company granted this\\nconstitution.\\n24. Slavery Universal. In 1619, twenty slaves were\\nbrought to Virginia by a Dutch vessel. This was the intro-\\nduction of slavery into this country. No one at that time\\nobjected to slavery. The Spaniards made slaves of the Indians\\nin the West Indies, and when they proved unfit for work,\\nbrought negroes from Africa to take their places. The\\nbringing of these Africans was found so profitable that many\\nEnglish ships engaged in the slave-trade. Sir John Hawkins,\\none of Elizabeth s great captains, made so much money by\\nselling a cargo of negroes in Cuba, that the queen went into\\npartnership with him and gained great profit. From this\\ntime until the early part of the 19th century, the European\\nnations carried on the African slave-trade without any\\nscruples.\\n25. Shipload of Girls, 1620. A very different cargo came\\nover the next year a shipload of girls from England. The\\ncolonists eagerly sought them for wives, each man paying\\none hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco for his wife s passage\\nmoney.\\n26. Marriage and Death of Pocahontas. When Cap-\\ntain Smith left Virginia, Pocahontas had nothing more to\\ndo with the colony, and her father. King Powhatan, became\\nvery hostile to it. Pocahontas was captured and taken a\\nprisoner to Jamestown by a certain Captain Argall. She\\nbecame a Christian, and was married in 161 3 to Mr. John\\nRolfe. She went to England with her husband, and was\\nmuch noticed under her Christian name of Lady Rebecca.\\nOn one occasion when she met Captain Smith, she seemed", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "^C NEW SCHOOL HISTORV. [1642]\\nmuch moved, addressed him as father, and insisted that\\nhe should call her child. She died suddenly at Gravesend,\\nEngland. Her son is the ancestor of a number of Southern\\nfamilies.\\n27. Indian Massacre, 1622. King Powhatan made friends\\nwith the English after his daughter was married. His suc-\\ncessor, Opechancanough, however, hated and determined\\nto destroy them. There were about 4,000 colonists scattered\\non the plantations near the rivers. The 226. of March was\\nthe day fixed for the destruction of the whites. At midday,\\nthe work of slaughter began, and before the settlers could\\ndefend themselves, three hundred of them were slain in the\\nmost barbarous way. When the colonists resisted, the In-\\ndians fied. This massacre so terrified the English settlers\\nthat for a time they abandoned their plantations and crowded\\ntogether for protection.\\n28. Lessons Taught by this First Colony. In 1624, Charles\\nI. took away the charter of the London Company and made\\nVirginia a royal province. The history of this first of all\\nEnglish colonies shows the value of the English spirit of\\nperseverance. It also furnishes a model of self-government\\nwhich all the other American colonies in some measure fol-\\nlowed.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Tell of the first voyage around the world. 2. Tell of\\nSir Francis Drake and the second voyage around the world. 3. Describe\\nthe Northwest Passage and tell who attempted it. 4. Tell of the at-\\ntempted French settlements and their fate. 5. Where and when did the\\nSpaniards maKe a settlement? 6. When and by whom was Canada set-\\ntled? 7. What colony did Queen Elizabeth send out? 8. Tell of Sir Walter\\nRaleigh and the lost colony of Roanoke. 9. Who was Virginia Dare?\\n10. Who first sailed along the coast of New England? 11. What two\\ncompanies were organized to colonize America? 12. Tell of the Virginia\\ncolony. 13. Describe Jamestown, and tell how and when a settlement\\nwas made there. 14. Tell of the first church. 15. Who was Captain John\\nSmith? 16. Tell of his visit to King Powhatan. 17. What trials had the\\ncolonists, and who helped thepa? 18. Tell the story of Pocahontas.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "[1()()9]\\nEARLY SETTLEMENTS.\\n37\\n19. What important explorations did Captain John Smith make 20. Tell\\nof the new charter given the London Company in 1609. 21. Why did Cap-\\ntain Smith return to England 22. What disasters then befell the colony\\n23. Who saved the colony in 1610? 21. What wise provision did Sir\\nThomas Dale make 25. Tell of the first Assembly in America. 26. What\\ndid Wyatt bring to Virginia 27. When and how was slavery introduced\\n28. What was the opinion of slavery at that time? 29. What sort of cargo\\nwas brought over in 1620? 30. Tell of the marriage and death of Poca-\\nhontas. 31. Tell of the Indian massacre in 1622. 32. Wliat lessons are\\ntaught by the history of the first colony\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nEARLY SETTLEMENTS, CONTINUED NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,\\nDELAWARE, MARYLAND.\\nI. Henry Hudson. In 1609, some Dutch merchants sent\\nout Henry Hudson, an EngHsh sailor, to find a short route\\nto the Pacific Ocean. The idea in Europe seems to have\\nTHE HALF-MOON\\n3;- ON THE HUDSON KIVER, 1609.\\nbeen that America was not a continent, but a large island\\nor a number of islands, and that among them a short way\\ncould be found to Asia. Hudson, in his ship, the Half -Moon,\\nentered New York Bay, and sailed as far as Albany, up the\\nl^eautiful river which now bears his name.\\n2. The Dutch in New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.\\nOf course Hudson did not find a way to the Pacific Ocean,\\nbut his report of the valuable furs offered for sale by the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1609\\nIndians induced merchants in Holland to send more vessels\\nto America. A fur trade was opened, and, in 1614, settle-\\nments were made at Albany, and on Manhattan Island, and at\\npoints down in New Jersey and Delaware. Forts were built\\nto protect the settlers, and the territory was called New\\nNetherlands.\\n3. Patroons, This territory was not held in common.\\nAny one who bought land from the Indians was given pos-\\nsession of it with great authority over the settlers. Each\\nland-owner, or patroon, who brought over fifty settlers,\\nwas granted land extending sixteen miles along the Hudson\\nriver. Each patroon could extend his property as far into\\nthe interior as he thought proper. Farmers brought over\\ncattle and everything necessary to make the colony a success.\\nAn extensive fur trade was carried on with the Indians.\\n4. Growth of the Dutch Colony. These Hollanders had\\nbeen accustomed to a government composed of rich mer-\\nchants, and of noblemen whose titles and estates descended\\nfrom father to son, and they w^ere satisfied to be ruled by\\nthe patroons and the merchants in America. The governor of\\nNew Amsterdam, as the settlement on Manhattan Island was\\ncalled, became the head of the colony. To ensure the growth\\nof the colony a free passage was offered to all new settlers.\\nMechanics, farmers, and laborers were especially invited,\\nso that the colony rapidly grew in numbers and prosperity.\\n5. Trouble with the Indians. The peace which at first\\nexisted between the Indians and Dutch did not last. In 1642,\\nthe soldiers and citizens of Manhattan Island, under direction\\nof Governor Kieft, massacred one hundred Indians at mid-\\nnight. In revenge for this, the Indians took up arms, burned\\nthe villages of the white men, laid waste their fields, and slew\\nthe men at their work. But for the intervention of Roger\\nWilliams, who was at Manhattan at the time, the whole\\ncolony might have been destroyed. He was able to pacify", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "1642] EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 30\\nthe Indians and to make a temporary peace; and after awhile\\na treaty of peace was signed at Battery Park, now the\\nsouthern end of New York city.\\n6. Swedes in Delaware. The principal Dutch settle-\\nment in Delaware, near Lewistown, was destroyed by the\\nIndians. A colony of Swedes sailed into Delaware Bay, in\\n1638, bringing with them their pastor, a supply of food, and\\narticles for trading with the Indians. These emigrants from\\nthe frozen North were so charmed with the country that they\\ncalled Cape Henlopen, Paradise Point. They established\\na colony in Delaware on the present site of Wilmington.\\nThis settlement was called Christiana, after the queen of\\nSweden.\\n7. New Sweden Taken by the Dutch. Other colonists\\nfollowed the first band, and forts were built at different points,\\none near the city of Philadelphia. The Swedish settlers cul-\\ntivated the soil with success, and became prosperous. This\\naroused the jealousy *of the Dutch, and, in 1655, Governor\\nStuyvesant came from Manhattan and captured their forts\\nand re-established the Dutch authority over the territory.\\n8. Dutch Slave-ships. We have seen that the Dutch\\nbrought negro slaves to Virginia in 1619. They introduced\\nthem also into Manhattan soon after settling there, and Gov-\\nernor Stuyvesant was directed to promote, as far as possible,\\nthe sale of slaves.\\n9. Settlement of Maryland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clayborne s Settlement.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn 1627, William Clayborne, of Virginia, obtained permis-\\nsion from the governor of the colony to settle any part of\\nVirginia lying along the northern shores of the Chesapeake\\nBay. This was within the region which Captain John Smith\\nhad explored and mapped. Clayborne was greatly pleased\\nwith the fertility of the country, and established a colony on\\nKent Island, not far from Annapolis.\\n10. Lord Baltimore.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One year after this, Lord Baltimore,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [I6OO\\nwho was a Roman Catholic, came to Virginia. Because of\\nhis rcHgion he was not allowed to remain in Virginia. Charles\\nI. then gave him a grant for the land which now forms the\\nState of Maryland, so called in honor of the English queen,\\nHenrietta Alaria. King Charles paid little attention to the\\nfact that this land had already been twice given away, once\\nto the Virginia Company and once to Clayborne.\\n11. Pilgrims of St. Mary s/ 1634.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first Lord Balti-\\nmore died before taking possession of his American grant,\\nbut it was at once given to his son, Cecil Calvert, who was a\\nnoble, high-souled man like his father. This second Lord\\nBaltimore sent his brother Leonard with two hundred settlers\\nto establish the new colony. They brought with them two\\nRoman Catholic priests belonging to the society called\\nJesuits. The newcomers paid their respects to the Virginia\\ngovernment at Jamestown, and then sailed on up the Ches-\\napeake Bay in their ships, the Dove and the Ark. The Vir-\\nginians were courteous to them, but told them that their\\ngrant belonged to Virginia. The settlement was made on\\nland bought from the Lidians and called St. Mary s, from\\nwhich fact the settlers have been called the Pilgrims of St.\\nMary s.\\n12. Religious Toleration. These settlers, as those of New\\nEngland, came to the New World to enjoy their re-\\nligion in peace. They were willing, however, that others\\nshould enjoy their own religion without molestation. In\\nthis respect they were unlike the ALassachusetts colonists, of\\nwhom we shall presently tell you. The Cal verts were wise\\nand liberal men. The charter which they got from the king\\nshowed their liberality. Although Lord Baltimore was the\\nproprietor, because he was the owner of the land, he had\\nno authority over the life or property of the settlers. The\\nlaws were to be made only by a majority of the freemen; and,\\nin addition to equal civil liberty, religious toleration was", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "1B42] EARLV SETTLEMENTS. 4l\\nsecured to all persons professing- to believe in Jesus Christ.\\nThis, however, was not complete religious freedom, and it\\nremained for Roger Williams, two years later, to found\\nthe colony of Rhode Island on the basis of religious liberty\\nto persons of any and all beliefs.\\n13. Difficulty between the Settlements.^ Clayborne re-\\nfused to acknowledge Calvert s authority, and open war at\\none time broke out between the settlements. But, notwith-\\nstanding this strife, the Maryland colony grew and prospered.\\nThe Indians taught the white men to raise tobacco and\\nIndian corn, and the women to make corn-bread and hoe-\\ncakes; and the good priests, White and Altham, established\\nmissions and converted many of the savages to Christianity.\\nQuestions. 1. Who was Henry Hudson, and what did he do? 2. When\\nand why did he come to America? 3. Where was New Netherland?\\n4. Who settled there? 5. Who were the Patroons 6. Tell of the\\ngrowth of the Dutch colony. 7. What trouble arose with the Indians?\\n8. Who saved the colony? 9. Tell of the Swedes in Delaware. 10. Who\\ncaptured the Swedish settlements? 11. Who established the first set-\\ntlement in Maryland, when and where? 12. Tell of Lord Baltimore and\\nthe name given to Maryland. 13. Who were the Pilgrims of St.\\nMary s 14. When and where was religious toleration first estab-\\nlished for all followers of Christ? 15. What strife soon arose? 16. In\\nwhat way did the colony prosper?\\nCHAPTER V.\\nEARLY SETTLEMENTS, CONTINUED NEW ENGLAND.\\nI. New England. 1607. In 1607, the Plymouth Company\\nsent to Maine the colony known as the Popham Colony,\\nbut the settlers became discouraged and returned home. The\\ndifificulties in the way of the colonists were great and the set-\\ntlement had been made with less than the usual foresight.\\nEnglish vessels continued to come to the coast for the pur-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1607\\npose of fishing- and exploration, and, in 1614, Captain John\\nSmith examined and made a map of the region.\\n2. State of Religion in England. In 1603, when James\\nI. became king of England, nearly all of the Protestants in\\nEngland conformed to the English church. Many of his\\nsubjects, however, desired reforms in the worship. They\\nthought that the English I\\nchurch had remained too J-^\\nmuch like the Catholic\\nchurch. Therefore, the\\\\\\npetitioned the king to\\nstop the use of certain\\nrites. This was refused\\nthem. The advocates of\\nFAUEWKLL TO TllK MAYFL(J\\\\VER.\\nbe known as Separatists,\\nthese changes were\\ncalled Puritans, but\\nthey were members of\\nthe English church.\\nOn failing to obtain\\nI heir desires, many of\\n^^^^them left the English\\nchurch, and came to\\nle those who remained with\\nthe English church, but continued to fight for reforms, were\\nstill called Puritans. Under the laws of England, the\\nSeparatists were not tolerated at all. The Puritans who\\nsettled in America came as members of the English church,\\nand separated from it only after they had reached New\\nEngland.\\n3. First Colony in New Engjand, 1620. A band of\\nSe])aratists determined to seek a home in America. They\\nsailed from Plymouth, England, in the Mayftower, landed", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "1642J\\nEARLY SETTLEMENTS.\\n43\\non Cape Cod, and then crossed the bay to a place wliich\\nCaptain Smith, several years before, had named Plymouth.\\nThis landing was made December ii, 1620. Before landing,\\nthey made the famous Mayflower Compact, which, how-\\never, is not entitled -to be called a constitution. These set-\\ntlers now became known as the Pilgrims, and by this\\nname have been known ever since. In the cold New Eng-\\nland winter, more than half of the hundred settlers died,\\n-=-111-^-\\nHEW ENQLAJVD,\\nand\\nDistribution of the\\nIndian Tribes.\\namong them Governor Carver and his family. Bradford was\\nthen chosen governor, and Captain Miles Standish appointed\\nto defend the feeble colony. This was not so difihcult, for\\nmany of the Indians along the coast had perished in a pesti-\\nlence, and the stores of food found in their wigwams were\\na great help to the destitute English. In 1621, Massasoit,\\nchief of the Wampanoags, made a treaty of peace with the\\nwhites, which was faithfully kept for fifty years.\\n4. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629. Salem was set-\\nBy this compact, the colonists bound themselves as Christians and as\\nloyal subjects of King James to enact such just and equal laws as shall be\\nthought most meet for the general good of the colony.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1607\\ntied by the Puritans in 1628. In 1629, Charles I. granted\\na charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company which was com-\\nposed of Puritans. In 1630, the whole company, numbering\\nabout 1,000 people, came to America, headed by Governor\\nWinthrop, and brought with them the royal charter. This\\nstep on the part of the company made it possible to establish\\na government which was practically beyond the interference\\nof the king. Boston, Cambridge, Lynn, and other places\\nwere soon founded, and in a few years, colonies were planted\\nin Connecticut and Rhode Island. The colony of Massa-\\nchusetts was the first to enact a law legalizing slavery, and,\\nwith the other New England colonies, it engaged quite exten-\\nsively in the importation and sale of African slaves.\\n5. The Puritans. The tyranny of the English king and\\nhatred to the English church, moved the Puritans to come\\nto America. Numbers of those who first came were unfit\\nfor life in a new country. One hundred of them went back\\nto England two hundred of them died the first year. The\\nsurvivors set about making homes for themselves. Having\\nbrought their families with them, they found great encour-\\nagement and help in their presence. The Puritans had been\\nprosperous in England, and they were thrifty and industrious\\nin their new home. They were brave, hardy, and energetic,\\npure in life and speech, but they had little Christian charity.\\n6. False Idea of Religious Liberty. They declared that\\nthey had come to America seeking freedom to worship\\nGod, but they were unwilling that others should share that\\nfreedom, unless they worshipped and lived in the strictest\\nPuritan way. They thought themselves not only absolutel}/\\nright, but they considered all who did not agree with them\\nabsolutely wrong and deserving of punishment. They had\\nquarreled in England with all who differed from their opin-\\nions, and they brought the same intolerant spirit with them\\nto New England.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "1642] EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 45\\n7. Governor Endicott s Laws. The Salem colonists were\\nridiculously intolerant. Their first governor, Endicott, cut\\nthe cross out of the English flags, and compelled all the men\\nto wear their hair short, and the women to wear veils over\\ntheir faces when in church. Some of the Salem settlers\\nwished to use the English church service, and the governor\\nimmediately sent them back to England.\\n8. Voting Law, 1631. At first, all freemen in the Mas-\\nsachusetts Bay colony were allowed to vote on all important\\nquestions, but in 1631, the colonial legislature, which was\\ncalled the General Court, passed a law that only church\\nmembers should have that privilege. This law greatly in-\\ncreased the influence and power of the ministers. One of\\nthem, young Roger Williams, declared that the legislature\\nhad no right to make such a law; that the government had\\nnothing to do with a man s religious opinions, but had power\\nonly over his person and property.\\n9. Exile of Williams Rhode Island Settled, 1636.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In\\nconsequence of these opinions, the magistrates drove Wil-\\nliams out of Salem and determined to banish him from the\\ncolony; and, when the members of his congregation begged\\nfor his return, they w^ere deprived of their lands. To avoid\\nbeing sent back to England, Williams stole off through the\\nsnow to some friendly Indians. Five of his friends from Salem\\nsoon joined hmi. They settled on Narragansett Bay, and\\ncalled their new home Providence, in gratitude for their escape\\nfrom their enemies. This was the beginning of the State of\\nRhode Island. Williams obtained a deed from his Indian\\nfriend, Canonicus, for the territory now embraced in the\\nState; and, visiting England, secured a very liberal charter\\nfor his colony. On his return, in 1647, people met,\\nelected their officers, and guaranteed to all perfect freedom\\nof faith and worship.\\n10. Anne Hutchinson. Another person who was ban-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1807\\nished from the Massachusetts colony on account of rehgious\\nviews was Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. She claimed to have had\\nspecial revelations from God, and the colony was full of strife\\nbetween those who favored and those who opposed her. At\\nlast, she and some of her disciples were excluded from the\\ncolony. They found a refuge in Rhode Island. Mrs. Hutch-\\ninson afterwards went to New York, where she and her family\\nwere murdered by the Indians.\\n11. Settlement of Connecticut. The Dutch, whose com-\\ning to America has already been described, had established a\\ntrading post near the mouth of the Connecticut River. The\\nvalley of that river was included in the grant of the Plymouth\\nCompany, and the English soon took possession of it. In\\n1633, party of traders settled at Windsor. Colonists soon\\ncame through the forests from the coasts, with their families\\nand their goods, and established themselves at Wethers-\\nfield, Windsor, and Hartford. These three towns, in 1639,\\nunder the direction of Thomas Hooker, established the well-\\nknown Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, by which all\\nfreemen were given the right to vote. It is the first written\\nconstitution ever drawn up by the people themselves. Vir-\\nginia had the first written constitution, in 1621, but this was\\ngranted to it by the London Company; whereas, the people\\nof Connecticut drew up their own constitution and estab-\\nlished their government without the slightest interference\\nfrom England.\\n12. Saybrook and New Haven. Lord Say and Lord\\nBrooke were also given a grant to the Valley of the Connecti-\\ncut River, and sent out a colony under John Winthrop, son of\\nGovernor Winthrop, of Massachusetts. At the mouth of\\nthe Connecticut, he built a fort, called Say-Brook, and drove\\nthe Dutch away. In 1638, Davenport, a very strict Puritan,\\nestablished the New Haven colony. The government was to\\nbe strictly in accordance with the Bible; the Word of God", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "1642] EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 47\\nwas to be the only rule attended to in ordering the affairs of\\nthe government. Trial by jury was not allowed, because it\\nwas not sanctioned by the Bible. New Haven remained an\\nindependent colony until 1662, wdien it w^as joined to Con-\\nnecticut by a charter granted by Charles II.\\n13. PequotWar. The Indians in Connecticut were very\\nhostile to the whites. They killed men at their work, burned\\nsome to death, and tortured others cruelly. At last, the\\nsettlers determined on revenge. In 1637, they attacked the\\nPequot Fort, near Stonington, captured it and slew all but\\nfive of the seven hundred Indians who defended it. The cap-\\ntured warriors were sent to Bermuda and sold as slaves, and\\nthe women and children were divided among the colonists as\\nservants, thus exterminating the tribe. This fearful example\\nfrightened the other Indians, and the whites of New England\\nwere not again molested for a period of thirty-eight years.\\n14. New Hampshire Settled, 1623, and Maine, 1630. The\\nterritory of Maine and of New Hampshire was given to two\\nEnglishmen, Gorges and Mason. In this territory, Ports-\\nmouth and Dover were settled in 1623, and, seven years\\nlater, Saco and Biddeford. Gorges and Mason then divided\\nthe region Gorges took Maine, and Mason took the country\\nsouthwest of it, w^hich he called New Hampshire. When\\nMason died, his territory became a part of Massachusetts,\\nbut, in 1679, it was made into the Royal Province of New\\nHampshire. Maine became a part of Massachusetts about\\n1655, and remained so until 1820, when it was admitted as\\na State into the Union. The population of New England\\ngrew in twenty years to 26,000, of which Massachusetts\\ncontained 15,000. In 1642, when the strife between Charles\\nI. and the Parliament broke out, the Puritans ceased coming\\nto New England, because the Parliamentary party was the\\nPuritan party.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1642\\nQuestions. 1. What occurred in the years 1607 and 1614? 2. Who\\nwere the Separatists? 3. Who the Puritans? 4. Tell of the Mayfioirtr and\\nthe coming of the Pilgrims to New England. 5. Tell of the sufferings\\nand bravery of the settlers, and the treaty with the Indians. 6. What\\nother colonies besides the Plymouth colony were planted, when, and\\nby whom? 7. What places were settled by them? 8. Describe\\nthe Puritans. 9. What ideas had they of religious liberty? 10. Tell of\\nthe laws made by Governor Endicott. 11. What voting law was made\\nin 1631, and who opposed it? 12. How was Roger Williams punished,\\nand where did he go? 13. Where did he settle, and what colony did he\\nfound? 14. Tell of Anne Hutchinson. 15. By whom, and where were the\\nConnecticut settlements made? 16. Tell of Saybrook and New Haven,\\nand the formation of the colony. 17. What can you tell of the Pequot\\nWar? 18. Tell of the settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. 19. What\\nwas the population of New England in 1640?\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nTHE COLONIES UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH.\\n1. Execution of Charles I The quarrel between the king\\nand Parliament in England became more and more violent.\\nAt last, after much fighting, the Parliamentary Army dis-\\npersed the king s force-s, captured the king, put him in\\nprison, and, after a trial, beheaded him on January 30, 1649.\\nFrom this time until 1660, the Puritans governed England.\\n2. Effect on the Colonies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The strife in England was,\\nin some respects, fortunate for the colonies. The Mother\\nCountry was so taken up with its own troubles that the\\ncolonies were, to a great extent, left to manage their own\\naffairs. About the time the civil war in England began,\\nSir William Berkeley was made governor of Virginia. Like\\nmost of the Virginians, he was devoted to the king and to\\nthe English church. He was at first very popular among all\\nclasses.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "1660]\\nUNDER THE COMMONWEALTH.\\n49\\n3, Acts of the Virginia Assembly. The Assembly of Vir-\\nginia, believing that the trouble in England had arisen from\\nthe opposition of the Puritans and others to the established\\nchurch, now required all citizens to conform to the English\\nchurch or leave the colony. In those days, intolerance and\\npersecution were practiced by all nations and churches. We\\nmust blame the Virginians for being narrow-minded; but\\nthey never put any Christian to death for differing from them\\nin religion. Although so hostile to religious liberty, the\\nAssembly was very watchful over the civil or legal rights of\\nthe people. A law was passed during the session of 1642-43,\\nwhich forbade the governor and council to impose taxes\\nwithout the authority of the Assembly.\\n4. Second Indian Massacre, 1644 There had never been\\nany real friendship between the Indians and whites since the\\nfirst massacre in 1622. News of the trou-\\nn En eland somehow reached the\\n1 men, and they thought the time\\nfavorable to make another attack\\nthe whites. Their chief, Op-\\nechancanough, who was one\\nhundred years old and blind,\\nwas still fierce enough to\\npersuade his people to un-\\ndertake another massacre\\nof the hated colonists. The\\nonslaught was sudden, and\\nbefore any general resist-\\nance could be made, five\\nkilled. The murderers became\\nfrightened and took to the woods. Governor Berkeley pur-\\nsued them with an armed force and killed many of them.\\nOld Opechancanough was captured, and carried, mortally\\nwounded, to Jamestown. The old warrior fiercely resented\\n4\\nAN INDIAN ATTACK.\\nhundred whites had been", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1642\\nbeing exposed to the gaze of the people who crowded to\\nlook at him. After his death, peace was made with Opechan-\\ncanough s successor, and the Indians gradually died out\\nbefore advancing civilization.\\n5. Prosperity of Virginia. In spite of the Indian massa-\\ncres, the colony prospered greatly. Trade and commerce\\nincreased. In 1648, ten trading ships from London, two\\nfrom Plymouth, twelve from Holland and seven from New\\nEngland came and Avent regularly to and from Virginia\\nports.\\n6. Loyalty of the Colony to the King. When the news\\nof the triumph of Parliament and the execution of King\\nCharles reached Virginia, the Assembly declared that the\\ncolony was faithful to the king and loyal to his memory, and\\nthat it would adhere to his son, Charles II. Some of the\\ncolonists held a different opinion, but the majority were very\\nloyal. Numbers of cavaliers, as those who were devoted to\\nthe royal cause were called, soon came to Virginia, where\\nthey were most cordially welcomed, especially by Governor\\nBerkeley.\\n7. Virginia Yields to Parliament, 1652. Parliament would\\nnot permit its authority to be thus defied, and sent out a\\nnaval force to bring Virginia under its control. Captain\\nDavies sailed into James River and demanded that the colony\\nsurrender. After some days, it did so on terms very advan-\\ntageous to its rights and liberties. The citizens of Virginia\\nwere allowed all the privileges of freeborn Englishmen, were\\nto continue to govern themselves, and to have the right of\\ntrading freely to all places.\\n8. Self-Government in the Colony. Sir William Berke-\\nley withdrew to his country home. During the next eight\\nyears, Virginia had three governors who were elected by the\\nGeneral Assembly of the colony. They ruled mildly, and did\\nnot restrict the liberty of the people, who regulated their own", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "1660] UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH. 51\\ntaxes, bitilt and garrisoned their forts and traded where they\\npleased. Universal Suffrage was the rule at that time, for\\nall freemen were allowed to vote.\\n9. Religious Toleration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The treaty with Parliament\\nallowed the use of the English prayer-book and service for\\nonly one year. But Cromwell and the Parliament were too\\nbusy at home to interfere much with the far-away colonists.\\nNo form of public w^orship was forbidden, and liberty of\\nconscience was extended to all. Even the Quakers, who from\\n1660 to 1 71 7 were excluded by law, remained in the colony\\nand practiced their religion with little interference from other\\npeople.\\n10. Maryland during the Commonwealth. Clayborne\\nwas one of the men appointed to bring the Chesapeake colo-\\nnies into subjection to Parliament. He went to Maryland\\nand upset the existing government. Lord Baltimore tried\\nto maintain his control of the colony, but there were a good\\nmany Puritans in Maryland who took up arms against him.\\nThey defeated his followers, drove the priests to Virgmia,\\nand deprived the Roman Catholics of the religi ous toleration\\nwhich the Catholics had granted to all other Christians.\\n11. New England under the Commonwealth. As pre-\\nviously stated, the Puritans, in 1642, ceased coming to\\nAmerica. The strife between the king and Parliament gave\\nthem enough employment in England. The Puritans in\\nAmerica sympathized with their friends in England, and re-\\njoiced when the English church seemed overthrown, and the\\nking was beheaded. Like the Virginians, they profited by\\nthe inability of England to interfere with them, and proceeded\\nto regulate their own affairs.\\n12. United Colonies of New England, 1643. The French\\nin Canada were unfriendly to New England, the Dutch in\\nNew York threatened Connecticut, and there was danger\\nfrom the many tribes of Indians near the scattered settle-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1642\\nments. To defend themselves against these dangers, the\\ncolonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New-\\nHaven formed a confederacy, called the United Colonies of\\nNew England. This union greatly promoted the prosperity\\nof them all. The Rhode Island colony was refused admits\\ntance to the confederacy because of its liberal views of relig-\\nious freedom.\\n13. New England Friendly to Cromwell. New Eng-\\nland, although it hated the king, did not tamely submit to\\nParliament. The colonies in the new confederacy refused\\nboth to surrender their charters and to take up arms against\\nthe Dutch on Manhattan Island. Their sympathies were with\\nCromw^ell, the Puritan leader and Lord Protector of England,\\nand his army. The great Lord Protector was very friendly to\\nthem, and favored them in many ways. Massachusetts found\\nmuch fault with Virginia for not yielding to Parliament,\\nthough she refused to do so herself.\\n14. Rise of the Quakers. About this time, George Fox,\\na brave, pious man, established a new^ sect in England. His\\nfollowers called themselves Friends, but others gave them\\nin derision the title of Quakers. These new religionists\\nw^ent farther than the Puritans in abolishing forms and cere-\\nmonies. They allowed no distinction of titles, but addressed\\nall persons by their Christian names. They w ould neither\\nfight nor contend, and wore their hats constantly, as a proof\\nthat they paid homage to God alone. They were kind and\\ngood to everybody, but they thought they had inward\\nlight from heaven, and that they must testify against\\nanything contrary to it. They claimed that this light freed\\nthem from obeymg any law of the land.\\n15. Quakers Persecuted. Although the Quakers were\\ngood and upright, they made themselves disagreeable by\\nspeaking their minds. They were soon hated and persecuted\\nwherever they lived. In England, they were sentenced to", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "1660] UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH. 53\\nfines, whippings, and imprisonment, and were even sold into\\nslavery. The great Cromwell proved no protector to them.\\nBut their worst treatment was in Massachusetts. The first\\nwho came to the colony were imprisoned and then shipped\\nto the West Indies.\\ni6. Banishment of Quakers. Roger Williams did not\\nlove the Quakers, but he refused to proceed against them.\\nMassachusetts became very angry at this, and the four united\\ncolonies passed laws that the Quakers should be banished,\\nand that any ship captains who should bring them to New\\nEngland were to be severely punished. Laws against the\\nQuakers were very harsh in Massachusetts, but somewhat\\nmilder in Connecticut.\\n17. Execution of Quakers. In spite of hardship and pro-\\nhibition, the Quakers persisted in coming. Then harsher\\nmeasures were decreed against them. The first offence of\\nreturning to the colonies was to be punished by flogging\\nand imprisonment with hard labor; the second, with cutting\\noff the ears; for the third offence, the tongue was to be bored\\nthrough with a hot iron; and, finally, in 1658, capital punish-\\nment was decided on in Boston. The Quakers continued to\\ncome, and several of them were hanged. The people at last\\nbecame aroused by these cruelties, and the officers of the\\nlaw were afraid to hang the last Quakers condemned to death.\\nSoon after this, the newly restored king, Charles II., issued\\nan order that the authorities in Massachusetts should inflict\\nno bodily punishment on the Quakers.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What occurred in England in 1649? 2. How did this\\naffect the colonies? 3. Tell of Sir William Berkeley. 4. What laws were\\npassed by the Virginia Assembly in his time? 5. What can you tell of\\nthe second Indian massacre? 6. Why was there little trouble with the\\nIndians after this time? 7. Tell of the prosperity of Virginia. 8. Her\\nloyalty to the English king. 9. Her finally yielding to the Parliament.\\n10 What can you tell of the self-government of the colony and of her\\nreligious freedom? 11. What can you tell ot Maryland during this time?", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\n12. Tell of New England under the Commonwealth. 13. What union was\\nformed there in 1643? 14. Which colony was excluded, and why?\\n15. How did New England feel towards Cromwell? 16. Tell of George\\nFox and the Quakers. 17. How and where were the Quakers perse-\\ncuted? 18. What laws did four united colonies pass against them?\\n19. What modes of punishment were inflicted upon the Quakers, and\\nwhat stopped the persecution?\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nVIRGINIA AND MARYLAND FROM 1 66o TO 1 7OO.\\n1. Restoration of Charles II., 1660. Charles II. was a self\\nish, unprincipled man, who cared for nothing but his wicked\\npleasures. Notwithstanding this, the Virginians rejoiced\\ngreatly when the king came to his own again. Governor\\nBerkeley also was restored to power, and a new Assembly\\nwas elected, which passed laws contrary to the spirit of liberty\\nwhich had flourished in the colony.\\n2. Restriction of Liberty. Although Virginia had been\\nso loyal to the king, she was now oppressed both by him and\\nby the Parliament. Parliament passed laws, called the Navi-\\ngation Laws, ordering that all trade with the colonies should\\nbe carried on in English ships and to English ports, and\\nimposing heavy taxes without consent of the colonial Assem-\\nblies. The Virginians were much dissatisfied, and sent Gov-\\nernor Berkeley to obtain better legislation in England.\\nInstead of doing this, he came back full of the spirit of\\noppression. The Assembly, elected for only two years, was\\ncontinued in power for fourteen, and upheld the governor\\nin his tyranny. Unlawful taxes were levied, large salaries\\nwere ordered for the governor and members of the govern-\\nment, voting was restricted to land-owners and housekeepers,\\nand every one was required to conform to the Church of\\nEngland. Virginia tried to resist these oppressions by plant-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "1700] VIRGINIA. 55\\ning very small crops of tobacco in order to lessen the income\\nfrom taxation, and some planters even went so far as to\\norganize an insurrection which was put down by the execu-\\ntion of some of the insurgents.\\n3. Injustice of the King. Charles himself was guilty\\nof the greatest wrong to the colony. He gave to one of his\\nfavorites, Lord Culpeper, the well-settled country lying\\nbetween the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers; and to\\nanother, Lord Arlington, all the dominion of land and\\nwater called Virginia, for thirty-one years. This injustice\\nroused the people to great indignation, and even the tyran-\\nnical Assembly was moved to defend the rights of the colony.\\nThree agents were sent to England to beg the king not to\\nput the government of Virginia into the hands of his favorites.\\nThese agents pleaded in vain for a charter of liberties for the\\ncolony, and, after one year, returned home without receiving,\\nany satisfaction from the king.\\n4. Fresh Trouble with the Indians. Twenty years before\\nthis time, a fierce mountain tribe of Indians, the Ricahecrians,\\nhad come down into the region around Richmond, and\\nseemed disposed to settle there. The Virginia planters lived\\nmainly on their estates, and the distance between their settle-\\nments rendered them especially helpless during Indian attacks.\\nThey had put down the Indians at the time of the second\\nmassacre, and by the help of the Pamunkey tribe, which had\\nbecome their allies, they attempted to drive away the new-\\ncomers. This effort was not entirely successful, and Toto-\\npotamoi, the Pamunkey chief, was killed. From that time,\\nthe Ricahecrians infested the Piedmont region and com-\\nmitted outrages upon the peaceful settlers. Hostility was\\nnow shown towards the people of both Maryland and Vir-\\nginia by the Indians north of the Potomac.\\n5. Outrages in Virginia. When an expedition of settlers\\nfrom both sides of the Potomac moved asfainst the Indians in", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "^6 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\nMaryland, many of these came into Virginia, and every-\\nwhere committed cruelties and murders. There was terror\\nthroughout the colony. Families crowded together in such\\nhouses as offered the best protection. The men did not\\ndare to work or to travel alone. They always carried their\\narms, and kept constant watch against hidden foes. Governor\\nBerkeley did nothing to protect them, and the colonists\\nfound that they must undertake their own defence.\\n6. Nathaniel Bacon. A leader for the suffering colonists\\narose in the person of Nathaniel Bacon, a brave, well-edu-\\ncated young Englishman, who, about three years before this,\\nhad settled on James River. The Indians had murdered the\\noverseer and a servant on his plantation, near Richmond,\\nand Bacon vowed vengeance against them. Several hun-\\ndred colonists joined him. Berkeley refused to give him a\\ncommission as commander of this force, because he distrusted\\nand hated Bacon. Thereupon, Bacon proceeded against the\\nIndians without a commission. Berkeley then declared him\\nand his followers traitors unless they returned home at once.\\nAll except fifty obeyed, but with those who remamed, Bacon\\nmet and defeated the Indians.\\n7. A New Assembly. Before Berkeley could punish Ba-\\ncon, the citizens of the lower counties demanded a new\\nAssembly in piace of the one which had already existed for\\nfourteen years. They resorted to arms, and Berkeley was\\ncompelled to dissolve the old Assembly and to order the\\nelection of a new one. Bacon was elected as one of the dele-\\ngates from Henrico county, but Berkeley had him arrested\\nas he was on his way to take the seat to which he had been\\nchosen. The new Assembly was friendly to Bacon, and\\npatched up a peace between him and the governor. Bacon\\nwas to ask pardon for his offences and to promise not to\\nrepeat them. He was then to receive his commission as com-\\nmander-in-chief against the Indians. Bacon performed his", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "1700]\\nVIRGINIA.\\n57\\npart, and took his seat. The Assembly began at once to\\nrepeal oppressive laws and to redress the grievances of the\\npeople; and it was hoped that freedom and justice had again\\ncome to Virginia.\\n8. Berkeley s Tyranny, 1676. But the governor would\\nagree to very few^ of the decrees of the Assembly. He daily\\nbecame more arbitrary, and finally refused to sign the com-\\nmission. This injustice made the people angry, and num-\\nA FAIR MARK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 shoot!\\nbers of them flocked around Bacon. The Indians had be-\\ncome unbearable and war against them w^as a necessity. At\\nthe head of four hundred men, Bacon marched to Jamestown\\nand demanded the promised commission. Berkeley could\\ncollect only one hundred militiamen, the rest being with\\nBacon.\\n9. The Commission Granted. Berkeley was no coward,\\nand when Bacon and his troops appeared, the old cavalier\\nadvanced to meet them, bared his breast, and called out", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\nloudly, A fair mark shoot Bacon answered civilly, that\\nthey had no intention of harming either him or any one\\nelse that they had come only for the promised commission\\nwhich would legalize their movement against the Indians\\nand that they intended to have it. The Burgesses wished\\nthe commission to be given, and at last the governor was\\ninduced to sign it. He also approved the milder laws passed\\nby the Assembly.\\n10. Further IM-Treatment of Bacon. The joy over the\\ngranting of the corrmiission was short-lived. Bacon had\\nscarcely marched against the Indians when the governor\\nproclaimed him a rebel and traitor, and w^ithdrew his com-\\nmission. News of the governor s treachery was carried to\\nBacon by Drummond and Lawrence, two earnest patriots.\\nBerkeley had gone to the loyal county of Gloucester to raise\\na force to oppose Bacon, but the people would not join Inm,\\nand said they looked upon Bacon as their brother and\\ndefender. Bacon was justly angered at Berkeley s insults,\\nand marched to Gloucester to compel an apology. But\\nBerkeley did not wait for him. He took all the powder and\\nammunition from Fort York, the principal defence of that\\npart of Virginia, and crossed the Chesapeake Bay into Acco-\\nmac county.\\n11. Bacon s Rebellion. Bacon now urged the freemen of\\nthe colony to come together and free themselves from\\nBerkeley s tyranny. A large number of citizens assembled\\nat Middle Plantatir)ns, afterwards Williamsburg, and\\ncalled a convention of the colonists. They declared that\\nthe governor had given up his office by withdrawing to\\nAccomac, and were very earnest in behalf of iheir liberties.\\nThe convention took an oath to protect Bacon against the\\ngovernor, and to join him against the Indians.\\n12. First Declaration of Rights, 1676. The convention\\ndrew up a paper stating the wrongs done them by the navi-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "1700]\\nVIRGINIA.\\n59\\ngation laws, the heavy taxes, and their exposure to Indian\\natrocities. They also declared that, as Berkeley had asked\\nfor royal troops to attack them as rebels and traitors, they\\nwould resist those troops until the true state of affairs in\\nthe colony was made known to the king. This was done\\none hundred years before another young Virginian, Thomas\\nJefferson, wrote the Declaration of Independence to be signed\\nby another Assembly of American freemen.\\n13. Indians Defeated at Bloody Run. After these trans-\\nactions at Middle Plantations, Bacon led his army against the\\nIndians. He attacked their stronghold near Richmond,\\nrouted them completely and destroyed forever their power in\\nVirginia. The little stream along which this fight occurred\\nhas been called Bloody\\nRun ever since.\\n14 Jamestown Burned.\\nBerkeley collected in Acco-\\nmac an army of unprincipled\\nand wicked men, whom he\\ntempted to join him by hope\\nof plunder. With this force\\nand some English vessels\\nlying in the bay, he came\\nback to Jamestown, and once\\nmore proclaimed Bacon a\\nrebel and a traitor. Bacon\\nmarched upon Jamestown,\\nand the governor and his\\narmy stole off to the ships.\\nBacon then burned the town\\nthat it might not again\\no B cnuRdi To^\\\\]I 11 jimf^town. shelter his enemies.\\n15. Bacon s Death. While he was thus contending for the\\nprinciples of free government, fatigue and exposure threw", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\nthe patriot leader into a fever of which he died. To prevent\\noutrage to his remains, they were buried secretly, and the\\nlocation of his grave remains unknown. He was a man of\\nnoble soul, a true patriot and a lover of freedom. His fol-\\nlowers became discouraged and were disbanded. Berkeley\\nhunted them down, and hanged so many of them that King\\nCharles declared, That old fool has hanged more men in\\nthat naked country than I have for the murder of my father.\\nFor years after this, the colony was oppressed more than ever.\\nBacon s Rebellion will always be remembered as the first\\ngreat struggle in America for freemen s rights. Bacon fought\\nagainst arbitrary and unjust rule just as did our forefathers\\nunder Washington in the Revolutionary War. We must\\nalways look upon Bacon as the first champion of American\\nliberty.\\ni6. Resistance of the Planters. Berkeley s successor,\\nCulpeper, was very eager to get money, and did everything\\nto wring it from the Virginians. A law was made that\\ntowns should be built at certain places, and that no tobacco\\nshould be shipped except from these towns. This measure\\nproved a hardship to the planters scattered along the rivers\\nand streams. They openly disobeyed the law, and when the\\nauthorities became angry, the planters destroyed their young\\ntobacco that they might deprive the government of a profit\\non it. This conduct was declared treasonable and punishable\\nby hanging.\\n17. Treaty with the Five Nations, 1684. The frontiers of\\nVirginia were threatened by warriors from the Five Nations.\\nTo avert the danger. Lord Effingham, Culpeper s successor,\\ntogether with Governor Dongan, of New York, and com-\\nmissioners from Massachusetts held a conference at Albany\\nwith the sachems of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and\\nCayuga tribes. After much talk on both sides, a treaty was\\nmade, the tomahawk was buried, the Indian songs of peace\\nwere sung and the peace-pipes smoked.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "1700] MARYLAND. 61\\ni8. From Bacon s Rebellion to 1700. For twenty-five\\nyears after Bacon s Rebellion, there was, in Virginia, a con-\\ntinual struggle between the governor, who represented the\\ncrown, and the Assembly, elected by the people. The first\\nAssembly in the reign of James 11. protested that the gov-\\nernor had no authority to set aside its decrees. The king was\\nso enraged at this that he ordered the Assembly to be dis-\\nsolved, and Robert Beverly, its clerk, to be prosecuted and\\ndeprived of the right to vote. Beverly was imprisoned and\\ndied a victim to his sovereign s disfavor. In England, the\\nDuke of Monmouth had headed a rebellion against James\\nII., who had succeeded Charles II. James wreaked his ven-\\ngeance on the followers of Monmouth by sending them as\\nslaves to Virginia. Children were also kidnapped and sent\\nto the colonies to be sold. In 1699, the Huguenots came\\nto Virginia and settled near Norfolk. The population of\\nVirginia in 1700 was about 100,000. The last quarter of\\nthe seventeenth century had been a hard one for Virginia.\\nAll of her governors were extortioners and thought only of\\nfilling their money-chests. One thing was finally accom-\\nplished, however, the establishment of a popular govern-\\nment.\\n19. Maryland. In a previous chapter, the religious\\nstruggle in Maryland was noticed. The dispute between\\nthe contending factions, the Catholics on the one hand and the\\nProtestants on the other, was finally referred, in 1657, to the\\nEnglish Commissioners of Plantations, who decided in favor\\nof Lord Baltimore, and he was restored to his proprietorship\\nbefore the restoration of Charles II. Maryland now pro-\\ngressed rapidly, but by 168 1, the right to vote had been taken\\naway from numbers of the people, and the members of the\\nChurch of England were anxious to drive out all Catholics\\nand Dissenters, and to establish their own church. In 1689,\\na revolution took place in which the Protestants seized the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "60 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\ngovernment and acknowledged William and Mary as the\\nsovereigns of England. In 1692, Maryland was made a royal\\nprovince, the Episcopal church was established, and the\\nCatholics were persecuted. From 1692 to 1714, Maryland\\nwas ruled by royal governors, but, in 1714, the fourth Lord\\nBaltimore turned Protestant, and the proprietorship was\\nrestored to him. From this time to the Revolution, Mary-\\nland w^as in the hands of the Protestants, and the Episcopal\\nchurch was the established religion of the colony. The\\ncapital was moved from St. Mary s to Annapolis. In 1700,\\nthe population w^as about 40,000.\\nQuestions. 1. What can you tell of Charles II. and his restoration?\\n2 How did it affect Virginia? 3. What unjust laws were passed by Par-\\nliament, and what restrictions laid upon the Virginians? 4. What\\nresistance did they make? 5. What acts of injustice did King Charles\\ncommit against Virginia? 6. What steps did the Burgesses now take,\\nand with what success? 7. In what region of Virginia did fresh troubles\\nwith the Indians break out, and why? 8. What outrages were committed\\nin Virginia, and how did they affect the colonists? 9 Who was Na-\\nthaniel Bacon? 10. How was he treated by Governor Berkeley, and\\nwhy? 11. Tell of the new assembly and its efforts to redress grievances.\\n12. Tell of Berkeley s tyranny and ot Bacon s patriotism. 13. Under\\nwhat circumstances did the Governor sign the commission? 14. What\\nproclamation was then made against Bacon, and what steps were taken\\nby the patriot and by the tyrant? 15. What is meant by Bacon s rebel-\\nlion? 16. Tell of the first declaration of rights, and when it was drawn\\nup. 17. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence one hundred years\\nlater? 18. Tell of the defeat of the Indians at Bloody Run. 19. How\\nwas Jamestown burned? 20. Tell of the death and burial of Bacon.\\n21. What revenge did Berkeley take? 22. What law was made which\\nwas resisted by the planters? 23, Tell of the treaty with the Five\\nNations. 24. Account of Virginia from Bacon s rebellion to 1700. 25.\\nHow was the dispute between the Catholics and Protestants decided?\\n26. When was Maryland made a royal province?", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "1700] NEW ENGLAND. 63\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, THE MIDDLE COLONIES, THE\\nCAROLINAS, FROM 1660 TO I7OO.\\nI. New England.\\n1. Effects of the Restoration in New England. Upon\\nthe restoration of Charles II. to the throne of England, he\\nwas proclaimed king by Connecticut, Plymouth, Rhode\\nIsland, and New Haven. Massachusetts did not join in this\\nact of submission, nor was the new king inclined to be\\nfriendly either to her or to New Haven, because two judges\\nwho had sat in the court that condemned his father, Charles\\nL, had found a refuge first in New Haven and then in Massa-\\nchusetts.\\n2. Charters of Connecticut and of Rhode Island. Con-\\nnecticut sent Governor Winthrop to ask for a charter. He\\nprocured a liberal one. But by this charter. New Haven,\\nbecause it had harbored the two judges mentioned, was\\ndeprived of its independence and made a part of Connecticut.\\nRhode Island was also given a charter with all the privileges\\nwhich Roger Williams had desired.\\n3. Subjection of Massachusetts. Massachusetts finally\\nsent two commissioners to England to make peace with the\\nking. The king demanded that all persons should swear\\nallegiance to him; that all freeholders, without regard to\\nreligious beliefs, should be allowed to vote, and that the\\nservices of the English church were to be tolerated. At\\nthis time, only the Congregational church was allowed in the\\ncolony, and none but church members could vote; conse-\\nquently, the terms of the king were very unsatisfactory and\\nwere not obeyed by the people of Massachusetts.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\n4. John EJiot. From the first settlement of New England,\\nmany efforts had been made to christianize\\nthe Indians. John Eliot, a godly and\\nlearned man, devoted his life to this work.\\nHe made a grammar of the Indian lan-\\nguage, and, in 1 663, translated the Bible into\\nthe Indian tongue. The press with which\\nthis Bible was printed is still preserved.\\nThrough his efforts and those of other\\nJOHN ELIOT. missionaries, there were four thousand\\npraying Indians, professed Christians, in Massachusetts\\nin 1674.\\n5. King Philip s War, 1675. The converted Indians\\nseemed friendly to the whites, but all the rest had grown more\\nand more hostile, and, in 1675, the worst outbreak that had\\never taken place occurred. Philip, chief of the Wampanoags,\\nwas the leader in this bloody strife. His tribe and the\\nNarragansetts Hved close to the Massachusetts and Rhode\\nIsland settlements. They numbered about seventeen hun-\\ndred warriors.\\n6. Attack on Swanzey. One Sunday in the summer of\\n1675, the Indians swooped down on Swanzey, burned the\\ntown and butchered the people. If driven from one place,\\nthey attacked another with fire, torture and murder, sparing\\nneither men, women nor children. After Philip was defeated,\\nhe went to the Nipmuck Indians, in the Connecticut Valley,\\nand the work of destruction grew worse than ever.\\n7. Result of the War. The Narragansett chief, Canonchet,\\nhated the English on account of the murder of his father,\\nMiantonomo. He held a stronghold within the borders of\\nRhode Island. The whites attacked and captured this for-\\ntress, killing one thousand Indians. The war continued until\\nboth Philip and Canonchet were killed and their tribes nearly\\ndestroyed. The captured Indians, including Philip s little", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "1700] NEW ENGLAND. 65\\nson, nine years old, were sold as slaves in the West Indies,\\nand the Indian power in southern New England was forever\\nbroken; but not before twelve towns had been burned, forty\\nothers attacked and one thousand whites slain.\\n8. Massachusetts Charter Annulled. Because of the dis-\\nobedience of Massachusetts, the king had for some time con-\\ntemplated annulling the charter of that colony. The first\\nstep was made in 1679, ^vhen New Hampshire, which\\nwas claimed by Massachusetts, was made a royal province.\\nThen, in 1684, agents were sent to Boston to inquire if the\\nking s demands (\u00c2\u00a73) had been obeyed. They had not, and\\nthe king therefore ordered that the charter of the colony\\nshould be surrendered. When the Assembly declined to do\\nthis, the charter was declared to be forfeited, and the whole\\nregion was made a royal province. Before Charles II. could\\nfully carry out his intentions about the Massachusetts colony,\\nhe died.\\n9. New England Charters Revoked. Charles II. was suc-\\nceeded, in 1685, by James II. who was narrow-minded and\\narbitrary, and a worse ruler than his brother. To deprive the\\nNew England colonies of all their liberties, he sent over as\\ntheir governor Sir Edmund Andros who was hated by the\\npeople. Rhode Island and Connecticut were ordered to give\\nup their charters. They did not obey at once, and Andros\\nwent first to Rhode Island, set aside the government, broke\\nthe seal of the charter, and compelled the brave little colony\\nto submit.\\n10. Story of the Charter Oak, 1687. Andros then went\\nto Hartford to seize the charter of Connecticut. The Council\\nmet. The governor, old Robert Treat, a gallant captain in\\nKing Philip s War, pleaded earnestly with Andros, urging\\nthe right of the colony to retain its charter. They argued\\nuntil nightfall. The charter was on the table, in view of all\\nSuddenly the candles were blown out, and, when they were\\n5", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1660\\nrelighted, the charter had disappeared. WilHam Wadsworth,\\nof Hartford, snatched it away in the darkness and hid it in\\na hollow oak-tree close by. Andros, however, assumed con-\\ntrol, and the secretary of the colony wrote finis on the\\ncolonial records, because he thought liberty at an end. New\\nYork and New Jersey were also under the authority of\\nAndros, who now governed all the colonies from Maine to\\nMaryland.\\nII. Andros s Tyranny. New\\nEngland was oppressed in\\nevery way. Andros dissolved\\nthe courts and laid the\\ntaxes. Nothing could be\\nprinted without his sanction,\\nand personal liberty was\\ngreatly restricted. Perhaps\\nthe most grievous thing to\\nthe people of Boston was the\\nking s order that the service\\nof the Church of England\\nbe held in one of the Boston\\nchurches. The use of the Old\\nSouth Meeting-house for this\\npurpose was refused, and An-\\ndros took possession of it and had the services of the Church\\nof England performed alternately with those of the Congre-\\ngational church.\\n12. The Salem Witchcraft.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Belief in witchcraft had long\\nbeen prevalent in Europe, and, towards the close of the\\nseventeenth century, it was transmitted to New England, and\\nsoon spread far and wide. Cotton Mather, one of the ablest\\nand best educated men of his day, was its avowed champion.\\nAbout 1690. an Irish servant-woman in Boston was accused\\nof bewitching some children, and w^as tried, condemned\\nOLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "1700] NEW ENGLAND. 67\\nand hanged for the imaginary crime. In 1692, the craze\\nreached Salem and presently rose to a surprising degree of\\nfanaticism and cruelty. College presidents, ministers of\\nreligion, judges and people joined in the pursuit and destruc-\\ntion of the supposed offenders. Twenty persons were exe-\\ncuted as witches, and hundreds were imprisoned, whipped,\\nducked, or branded for this imagined offence. At length,\\nthe people returned to their senses, and, after a few years,\\nMassachusetts appointed a day of fasting, humiliation and\\nprayer on account of the errors into which magistrates and\\npeople had been led by Satan and his instruments.\\n13. New England at the Close of the Seventeenth Century.\\nIn 1688, the great bloodless revolution took place in England.\\nJames II. was driven from the throne and was replaced by\\nWilliam and Mary. Andros was bitterly hated by the New\\nEngland people, and just as soon as they heard of the revo-\\nlution in England, the people of Boston rose up, threw\\nAndros into prison, and restored their old form of govern-\\nment. This was approved of by the people of New England\\nand of New York. The colonists of New England then ruled\\nthemselves as they thought proper until 1692, when William\\nrestored English authority. He allowed Connecticut and\\nRhode Island to retain their old charters and to govern them-\\nselves; to Massachusetts he joined the Plymouth colony,\\nwhich, from 1620 up to this time, had been a separate colony.\\nNew Hampshire, however, was kept distinct from Massa-\\nchusetts and remained a royal province, but Maine was\\nallowed to be a part of Massachusetts. William was not so\\neasy on Massachusetts as had been expected. He made\\nthe colony change her election laws so that all freeholders,\\nwhether church members or not, might take part m the\\ngovernment. The Episcopal church was also to be tolerated.\\nThe population of New England, in 1700, was about 110,000.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\nII. The Middle Colonies.\\n14. Dutch Territory Conquered by the English In 1664,\\nthe Dutch had occupied for fifty years the territory lying\\nbetween the Delaware and Hudson rivers. New Amster-\\ndam, now New York city, had a good harbor and was becom-\\ning a trading post. The fur trade with the Indians had\\nproved profitable, and indicated that the New Netherlands\\nwould be a wealthy province. At this time the population\\nwas only about 7,000, but it was constantly increasing.\\nCharles II. turned his eyes towards this district. He wished\\nto obtain it in order that England might have the whole\\nAtlantic coast from Maine to Florida; so, in 1664, without\\nregarding the rights of the Dutch at all, he granted the whole\\nterritory composing the New Netherlands to his brother,\\nJames, Duke of York. England was at peace with Holland,\\nbut she did not scruple to send vessels to attack the Dutch\\ncolonies at New Amsterdam. There were, by this time,\\nliving among the Dutch, many English people who wished\\nto assert their right to self-government, and when the\\nEnglish ships appeared, the governor of New Amsterdam\\nfound so many of the colonists opposed to his arbitrary rule\\nthat he surrendered the settlement without resistance. The\\nNew Netherlands was then named New York in honor of\\nthe Duke of York. Thus he became the proprietor or owner\\nof this magnificent territory.\\n15. Leisler s Revolution. In 1685, when the Duke of\\nYork became King of England, New York was changed\\nfrom a proprietary into a royal province. Andros, as we\\nhave seen, was sent to be governor of all New England, and\\nalso of New York. He became very unpopular in New York,\\nand when James was driven from the throne of England,\\nJacob Leisler, a German, headed a rebellion against the\\ngovernment of Andros, and proclaimed William and Mary", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1700] Ttt\u00c2\u00a3: MIDDLE COLONIES. 69\\nas the lawful rulers of the colony. He retained control of the\\ngovernment for about three years. In 1691, Henry Sloughter\\nwas sent to New York as royal governor. On his arrival^\\nLeisler was captured, condemned as a traitor and executed;\\nIt is interesting to remember that Leisler called the first\\nColonial Congress ever held in America. This congress met\\nin Albany in 1690, and was composed of seven delegates\\nfrom New England and New York. The object was to agree\\nupon some plan for resisting the Indian tribes. At the close\\nof the seventeenth century the population of New York had\\ngrown to 25,000.\\n16. Colony of Mew Jersey. What is now New Jersey\\nwas formerly a part of New Amsterdam. From time to\\ntime, Dutch and Swedish settlements had been made along\\nthe Delaware, but when New Amsterdam was conquered\\nby the English, these settlements also submitted. In 1664,\\nthe Duke of York gave the present territory of New Jersey\\nto Lord Berkeley and to Sir George Carteret. Elizabeth-\\ntown was settled by the English in 1665. In 1674, William\\nPenn and some Quakers bought from Berkeley his part of\\nNew^ Jersey, and the territory was divided. The Quakers\\ntook the western, while Carteret took the eastern part. In\\n1685, the rights of the proprietors were overthrow^n and\\nAndros was made ruler. The colonists resisted the constant\\ninterference of England in their government, and it was\\nnot until 1702 that all disputes were finally settled. The two\\nJerseys then became united, and were made into the royal\\nprovince of New Jersey. The population in 1700 was about\\n^14,000.\\n17. Pennsylvania. In 1681, all the territory west of Dela-\\nware was granted by Charles 11. to William Penn, one of\\nthe most distinguished English Quakers. Penn already\\nhad an interest in West Jersey, but he desired to acquire a\\nlarger territory where he might establish a popular govern-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1660\\nWILLIAM PENN.\\nment and give an asylum to the persecuted Quakers. Penn s\\nfather, a famous Enghsh sailor, had lent the\\nking in his days of poverty and exile \u00c2\u00a316,000.\\nIn payment of this debt, Charles granted\\nthe land west of the Delaware River to\\nWilliam Penn, and called it Pennsylvania\\n(Penn s woods) in compliment to the Quaker\\ncourtier. For this grant, Penn was to pay\\nthe king two beaver skins a year.\\n18. Founding of Philadelphia, i68i. In 1681, the first\\nEnglish settlement in Pennsylvania was made near Philadel-\\nphia in holes dug in the hillsides. The next year Penn himself\\ncame over. The Duke of York appointed him governor of\\nthe lower counties, now the State of Delaware. All the\\nwhites welcomed Penn eagerly, and he at once proceeded to\\nestablish a government under wdiich every man should enjoy\\nboth civil and religious liberty. He directed that a town\\nshould be laid out in squares along the Delaware and Schuyl-\\nkill rivers and he called it Philadelphia, which means\\nBrotherly Love.\\n19. Treaty with the Indians. True to his peaceful prin-\\nciples, Penn sought by fair and honest dealing to avert quar-\\nrels with the Indians. He\\ninvited the Indian chiefs to\\nconsult with him and agree\\nupon a treaty of peace. The\\ncouncil was held under an\\nelm-tree at Shackamaxon,\\nin the present limits of the\\ncity of Philadelphia. The\\nspot is now marked by a\\nmarble monument. The\\nIndians smoked their pipes\\nof peace, and Penn made\\nthem a friendly speech and offered them presents, with which\\nPENN S TREATY.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "1700]\\nTHE MIDDLE COLONIES.\\n71\\nAND\\nV/CINJTV\\n50 V\\nthey were much pleased. They also gave him the pledge of\\npeace, a wampum-belt, and promised to live in friendship\\nwith him and his children while the sun and moon endured.\\n\u00c2\u00bb___-^ 2o. Growth of the Co lo-\\nony. Lands for the colo-\\nnists were bought from the\\nIndians, and rapidly set-\\ntled. Freedom from fear\\nof Indian outrage induced\\nmany wealthy settlers to\\naccept Penn s invitation,\\nextended to all who were\\noppressed, to find homes in\\nhis fertile territory. Eng-\\nlish, Irish, Scotch, Welsh,\\nand Germans came in such\\nnumbers that in three years Philadelphia became a town of\\nsix hundred houses, and there were ten thousand people in\\nthe colony. In 1700, the colony numbered 20,000 people.\\nThe laws were just and mild. The law-makers were chosen\\nby all the freemen. Land w^as sold at a low price, and equal\\nrights were secured to every citizen who obeyed the laws.\\n21. Pcnn and James II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While James II. was king, he did\\nnot interfere with Penn, but, by the famous Declaration of\\nIndulgence, he released many of the Quakers who were in\\nprison in England. Penn was such a friend of James that\\nafter he was banished, an attempt was even made in England\\nto try Penn for treason.\\n22. Delaware. It has been mentioned that, in 1638, the\\nSwedes had settled on the present site of Wilmington. The\\ncolony prospered for some years until the Dutch under Gov-\\nernor Stuyvesant, of New Amsterdam, in 1655, invaded the\\nterritory and annexed it. After the English acquired the\\nDutch territory in 1664, both New York and Maryland", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1660\\nwanted Delaware. The matter was finally settled in 1682, by\\nthe district beino- granted to William Penn; Delaware was\\nfor some time known as the lower counties of Pennsyl-\\nvania. It was for some time a source of anxiety to the pro-\\nprietors, and finally, in 1703, Delaware was recognized as\\na separate colony. It had its own General Assembly, but the\\nGovernor of Pennsylvania was also Governor of Delaware,\\neven until the Revolution. Delaware was the smallest of the\\ncolonies.\\nIII. The Carolinas.\\n24. Beginning of the Carolinas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Charles II. was a royal\\ngiver. He regarded neither former grants, charters nor\\npromises. In 1663, he granted to eight of his courtiers the\\ncountry between the present States of Virginia and Florida,\\nand stretching back to the Pacific Ocean. The southern\\nportion of this grant was claimed by Spain; the northern part\\nhad first been given to the Virginia Company, and afterwards\\npromised to different individuals. Out of it were formed The\\nCarolinas, so called in honor of the king.\\n25. Settlements in North Carolina. There were already\\na good many whites in the northeastern part of North Caro-\\nlina. Besides emigrants from Europe, Puritans from New\\nEngland had come to the Cape Fear River, Dissenters from\\nVirginia to Albemarle Sound, and emigrants from Barbadoes\\nhad settled other places in the Carolinas. Governor Berkeley,\\nof Virginia, was one of the eight to whom Carolina had been\\ngiven, and he made William Drummond, who has been men-\\ntioned in connection with Bacon, its governor.\\n26. The Grand Model. The eight courtiers wished to set\\nup a strong, tyrannical government, and they employed the\\nphilosopher, John Locke, to draw up a plan for it. They\\nwished to divide the country into provinces with great lords", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "1700] THE CAROLINAS. T^\\nover them, to have a nobihty, knights, and distinct orders in\\nsociety. Locke s plan was called the Grand Model, and\\nhad one hundred separate regulations. It was entirely un-\\nsuited to a free people and never succeeded, although the\\nEnglish governors tried for years to enforce\\nit. The freemen in the settlements made\\nlaws to suit themselves. They encouraged\\nimmigration, and protected all in their civil\\nrights. After Bacon s death a number of\\nhis followers sought safety in Carolina, and\\nthere fostered the spirit of liberty among /rw//m\\nthe Carolinians. This spirit increased until john locke.\\nthe people rose against the governor, Seth Sothel, who had\\ntyrannized over them for five years, deprived him of his office\\nand drove him from the colony.\\n27. South Carolina Settled, 1670. It was hoped that\\nthe Grand Model would succeed better in a n-ew place,\\nand the proprietors set about establishing a new colony\\nfarther south. An English colony came to Port Royal, where\\nJohn Ribault, a Frenchman and Huguenot, had attempted\\na settlement a hundred years before. In a short time, they\\nmoved to the mouth of the Ashley River, and founded a city\\nwhich they called Charles Town, after the king. The climate\\nof the region was pleasant, the soil fertile, and immigrants\\nflocked to the new colony. Dutch settlers came from New-\\nYork and from Holland, and English, Irish, and Scotch from\\nGreat Britain. A colony from Barbadoes, having with it\\ntwo hundred negro slaves, came first to Cape Fear, and then\\ninto southern Carolina. The Grand Model proved no\\nmore popular here than it had been m the northern colony.\\nThe people paid little attention to it; for they made their own\\nlaws, and carried on a constant struggle against the gov-\\nernors appointed by the proprietors.\\n28. The Huguenots in the Carolinas. At this time the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1729]\\nFrench Protestants, called Huguenots, were forced by perse-\\ncution to flee in great numbers from France. They were\\namong the best of the French people nobles, gentlemen,\\nworthy citizens, honest tradesmen and skillful artisans who\\nwere welcomed everywhere. Numbers of them came to\\nAmerica and settled many more in South Carolina than\\nelsewhere. As many as sixteen thousand made their homes\\nalong the Cooper and Santee rivers. The English set-\\ntlers, at first, looked coldly upon the newcomers, but the\\nHuguenots were refined, cultivated, well-bred, industrious,\\nand courageous, and became the most prosperous and\\nprominent people ir: South Carolina. Their descendants in\\nall parts of the United States have been the advocates of\\nliberty and education, and of purity of character and life.\\n29. Indian Troubles. The Carolinas, as Virginia had\\ndone, suffered greatly from Indian outrages. They had\\nbloody fights with the savages, who were very numerous\\nin that region. Several times the settlers were obliged to\\nseek aid against them from Virginia.\\n30. The Carolinas Made Into Two Provinces. The pro-\\nprietors had no intention of forming two distinct colonies,\\nbut, from the earliest settlements in the Carolinas, there was\\nsuch great discord between the northern and southern por-\\ntions that at times it was necessary to have a governor for\\neach section, while at other times, both sections were under\\none governor. Finally, the rule of the proprietors In south-\\nern Carolina became very unsatisfactory to the people. The\\nchief cause of complaint was burdensome taxes and rents.\\nFinally, in 1719, they threw off the rule of the proprietors\\nand elected as governor, Colonel James Moore. The king\\nsustained their action, and made southern Carolina a royal\\nprovince. Francis Nicholson was the first royal governor.\\nThe king then bought out all but one of the proprietors, and\\nin 1729, he divided the teriitory into two provinces North\\nCarolina and South Caiolina.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "[1608] FRENCH IN THE NORTH AND WEST. 75\\nQuestions. 1. How did the Restoration affect the New England\\ncolonies? 2. Which one refused to acknowledge the king? 3. What\\ncharters did Connecticut and Rhode Island procure? 4. Tell of the sub-\\njection of Massachusetts. 5. What great and good work was done by-\\nJohn Eliot? 6. What can you tell of King Philip s War? 7. Tell of the\\nattack on Swanzey. 8. What was the result of the war? 9. Why was the\\ncharter of Massachusetts annulled? 10. What sort of man was King\\nJames II., and how did he tyrannize over New England? 11. What is\\nthe story of the Charter Oak? 12. Tell of Andros s tyranny and the Old\\nSouth Meeting-House. 13. Tell about the Salem Witchcraft. 14. What\\nkind of people engaged in the persecution? 15. Tell about New\\nEngland in 1700. 16. How did the English acquire New York?\\n17. Who was Leisler? Tell about his rebellion. 18. Tell of the forma-\\ntion of the colony of New Jersey. 19. Who was Penn? What did\\nhe do? 20. Tell of the founding of Philadelphia and the meaning of its\\nname. 21. What treaty did Penn make with the Indians, and when?\\n22. Tell of the growth of the colony and its government. 23. How was\\nPenn treated by James II.? 24. Of how many colonies was Delaware a\\npart? What was its connection with Pennsylvania? 25. How were\\nthe Carolinas formed? 26. Tell of the settlements in North Carolina,\\nand its first governor. 27. What was the Grand Model, and who\\nwrote it? 28. Tell of the settlements in South Carolina and the growth\\nof the colony. 29. Tell of the Huguenots and their coming to the colo-\\nnies. 30. Did the Carolinas suffer from Indian outrages? 31. How did\\nthe Carolinas come to be two royal provinces?\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nTHE FRENCH IN THE NORTH AND WEST.\\n1. Champlain s Exploratioins. The Indians north of the\\nSt. Lawrence River were deadly enemies of the Iroquois\\non its southern side. When Champlain settled Quebec, in\\ni6o8, a fierce war was raging among these hostile tribes.\\nChamplain joined in an expedition against the Iroquois,\\nduring which he explored the lake which bears his name.\\nChamplain desired to extend the dominion of France in the\\nNew World. He could not go southward without danger\\nfrom the Iroquois, so he pressed westward. In 1615, five", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "NfiW SCHOOL HlSTOkV. [1^0^\\nyears before the Pilgrims came to Plymouth, he had gone as\\nfar as Lake Huron.\\n2. French Missionaries.\u00e2\u0080\u0094In order to make friends with\\nthe Indians and to build up the power of France, Champlain\\nenlisted the zeal of the Roman Catholic church. Pious\\npriests were eager to save the souls of the red men, and they\\ncarried the cross from eastern Maine to Lake Huron, preach-\\ning the gospel and chanting their litanies among the savage\\ntribes.\\n3. France on the Great Lakes. Hearing of great waters\\nstill farther west, the missionaries pressed on thither. Father\\nClaude Allouez reached the falls between Lakes Superior and\\nHuron, and named the place Sault St. Marie; and here\\nDablon and Marquette established a mission station, the\\nfirst white settlement in Michigan. For two years Allouez\\ndwelt alone among the Indians, preaching to and teaching,\\nnot only the natives of the region, but others who came from\\nafar attracted by the fame of the strange white teacher.\\nAmong these, were warriors from the powerful Sioux nation,\\nthat dwelt on the great river, the Meche Sepe (Mis-\\nsissippi).\\n4. Exploration of the Upper Mississippi, 1673. The\\nFrench were anxious to get possession of the great river,\\nwhich had been almost forgotten since the time of De Soto.\\nIn 1673, the good priest Marquette, with the fur-trader Joliet,\\nfive other Frenchmen and two Indian guides, made his way\\nto the Wisconsin River. The Indians refused to go farther,\\nbut the Frenchmen launched their canoes and floated down\\nthe Wisconsin River for seven days until they passed into the\\nGreat River.\\n5. First Trip Down the Mississippi. Past the Des Moines,\\nthe Missouri, the Ohio, and the Arkansas rivers, they followed\\nthe downward current, claiming the country on both sides\\nfor France. Learning from the Indians that they were still", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "FRENCH IN THE NORTH AND WEST. 77\\nfar from the mouth of the river, the explorers turned their\\ncourse northward. They ascended the Ilhnois River to its\\nhead, and there separated. JoHet carried to Quebec the\\nstory of this journey. Marquette resumed his missionary\\nwork on the shores of Lake Michigan, where, two years later,\\nhe died.\\n6. La Salle. Joliet s account of his journey kindled the\\nenthusiasm of the Chevalier La Salle, who commanded Fort\\nFrontenac, on Lake Ontario. The young officer went to\\nFrance and obtained a commission from the king to explore\\nthe whole length of the Mississippi. The expense of the\\nexpedition was to be paid by collecting and selling furs. For\\nthis purpose La SaFle built a little ship called the Griflvi., took\\nher to Green Bay, and loaded her with skins and furs.\\nUnfortunately the vessel was lost on the voyage back to\\nLake Erie, and did not return with needed supplies. While\\nwaiting for her. La Salle and his party moved into southern\\nIllinois and built a fort, which they called, on account of the\\ndisappointments with which they met, Creve Cceur, or\\nHeart Break.\\n7. Ascent of the Mississippi. Joliet and Marquette had\\ngone down the Mississippi. La Salle now sent Father Hen-\\nnepin to ascend that river as far as possible. He himself\\nreturned through the wilderness, a thousand miles, to Mon-\\ntreal for aid, leaving Fort Creve Ccpur under command of\\nDe Tonti. Hennepin s party went up eight hundred miles,\\nfrom the mouth of the Illinois to the Falls of the Mississippi,\\nwhich he named after Saint x\\\\nthony.\\n8. La Salle Reaches the Gulf, 1682. After many delays\\nand disappointments La Salle succeeded in traversing the\\nwhole downward course of the Mississippi, and planted the\\nflag of France near its mouth. He called the river St. Louis,\\nand the great valley through which it rolled, Louisiana, in\\nhonor of the French king, and he claimed for France the\\nwhole region over which he and his men had travelled.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n9. La Salle s Death.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 That he might take firm posses-\\nsion of these lands, La Salle went to France for men and\\narms. An expedition sailed for the mouth of the Mississippi,\\nbut the pilots carried the ships four hundred miles too far west\\nto Matagorda Bay. Here a settlement was made, and thus\\nTexas became part of Louisiana. After two years, La Salle\\nset out overland for Canada, intending to return with supplies\\nfor his men. But his companions soon mutinied and mur-\\ndered their patient, brave, persevering leader. The settlement\\nwas finally abandoned.\\n10. Louisiana Settled, 1699.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DTberville built a fort at\\nBiloxi, and planted the first white colony on the coast of\\nMississippi. Traders continued to come and go from Canada\\nto the Gulf of Mexico, and France maintained her title to\\nthe whole great valley.\\n11. French Names in the Mississippi Valley. You can\\ntrace the journeys of the French explorers by the names of\\ndifferent places. The missionaries called their stations St.\\nMary, St. Joseph, St. Francis, St. Louis. Eaii Claire (clear\\nwater), Prairie du Chien (dog prairie), Lac qui Parle (talking\\nlake), Tcrre Haute (high land), and like titles, show how the\\nnatural characteristics of the country were observed. At\\nDes Moines, pious monks preached the gospel; and other\\nnames will tell equally interesting stories.\\nQiTESTioNs. 1. What explorations did Cliamplain make, and wliat\\ndifficulty had he to contend with? 2. How far west had he gone before\\nthe Pilgrims came to New England? 3. Who came from France to help\\nhim make peace with the Indians? 4. Tell of the first settlements on\\nthe Great Lakes, and for what purpose they were made. 5. Who first\\nexplored the waters of the Upper Mississippi, and when? 6. How far\\ndown the Mississippi did the explorers go? 7. Who was La Salle, and\\nwhat was his plan? 8. What were his first experiences? 9. Tell of the\\nascent of the Mississippi, and of the toilsome journeys of La Salle and\\nHennepin. 10. When did La Salle reach the Gulf of Mexico, and what\\nname did he give to the river and the country? 11. What effort did he\\nmake to secure possession of the country for France? 12. How did he\\nmeet his death? 13. When and by whom was Louisiana settled? 14. Give\\nsome of the French names in the Mississippi Valley, and tell their\\nmeanings. 15. Find all places mentioned on the map.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT.\\n79\\nAuTHOETTTES. Irving s Columbus: Fiske s Discovery of America;\\nPrescott s Ferdinand and Isabella, and Conquest of Mexico; Century\\nPapers on Columbus; Monette s History of Louisiana and the Missis-\\nsippi Valley; Bancroft s History of the United States, Vol. I., II., III.,\\nIV.; Drake s Indians of North America; Fisher s Colonial Era; Captain\\nJohn Smith s Generall Historie of Virginia; Brown s Genesis of the\\nUnited States; Campbell s History of Virginia; Cooke s History of Vir-\\nginia; McUwaine s Religious Toleration in Virginia; Hildreth s History\\nof the United States, Vol. I.; Fiske s Beginnings of New England;\\nFiske s History of the United States; Tucker s Hansford; Macaulay s\\nHistory of England; Williamson s History of North Carolina; Ramsay s\\nHistory of South Carolina.\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nPBRIOO I,\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\n1. Geographical Conditions in the Time of Columbus, 14, 15.\\n2. Columbus and His Voyages, 15-19.\\n3. Vasco da Garaa, 18, 19; Amerigo Vespucci, 19; The\\nDISCOVERIES. Cabots, 20; Cartier and Cabral, 20.\\n4. Balboa, 20; Ponce de Leon, 20; Cortez, 21; Pizarro and\\nDe Soto, 21.\\n5. Magellan and Drake, 27.\\n1. The Different Tribes, 24.\\nINDIANS. i 2. Indian Customs, 24, 25.\\n3. The Mound Builders, 26.\\nSPANISH AND\\nFRENCH\\nSETTLEMENTS.\\nyiRGIMA.\\nSpanish Settlements, 28.\\nFrench in South Carolina, 28.\\nNew France\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Champlain, 28; Allouez, 76; Marquette, 76,\\nand La Salle, 77.\\nThe French in Louisiana, 77, 78.\\nHuguenots in America, 28, 73.\\nAttempted Settlements, 29; Raleigh, 29.\\nThe London Company and Jamestown, 30-33.\\nJohn Smith, 31, 32; Pocahontas, 31, 35; Lord Delaware\\nand Thomas Dale, 34,\\nYeardley and the First Legislative Assembly, 34.\\nThe First Written Constitution, 34, 35; Slavery, 35.\\nIndian Troubles, 36, 49, 55; Virginia-Parliament, 50, 51.\\nBacon s Rebellion and Bei keley, 58, 59,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nNEW YORK.\\nNEW\\nENGLAND.\\nMARYLAND.\\nCAROLINAS.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nDELAWARE\\nAND PENNSYL-\\nVANIA.\\n1. Hudson and the Dutch in New York, 37.\\n2. The Patroons, 38; Stuyvesant, 39.\\n3. Conquest by the English, 68; Leisler s Revolution, 68.\\n1. Plymouth and the Separatists, 42, 43; Carver, 43; Brad-\\nford and Standish, 43.\\n2. New Hampshire and Maine, 47.\\n3. Massachusetts Bay and the Puritans, 43, 44.\\n4. Connecticut and the Fundamental Orders, 46.\\n5. Rhode Island, 45; Roger Williams and Anne Hutchin-\\nson, 45.\\n6. New Haven and Davenport, 46.\\n7. New England Confederacy, 51.\\n8. New England Under the Commonwealth, 51.\\n9. Troubles with the Quakers in Massachusetts, 52.\\n10. Charles II. and New England, 63.\\n11. Indian Troubles in New England, 47, 64.\\n12. James II. and New England\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Andros, 65-68.\\n1. Lord Baltimore, 39; Settlement at St. Mary s, 40.\\n2. Religious Toleration, 40; Difficulty with Claiborne, 41.\\n3. Maryland from 1657 to 1714, 61, 62.\\n1. Settlements in North Carolina, 72.\\n2. Settlements in South Carolina, 73.\\n3. The Grand Model, 72; Trouble with the Indians, 74.\\n1. Dutch in New Jersey, 37, 69.\\n2. English in New Jersey, 69.\\n1. Swedes and Dutch in Delaware, 39.\\n2. William Penn and Pennsylvania, 69, 70.\\n3. Growth of Pennsylyania, 71.\\n4. Connection between Delaware and Pennsylvania, 72.\\nSOVBRBIGNS OF ENGI^ANO,\\n1485-1702.\\n1. Henry VII 1485\u00e2\u0080\u00941509.\\n2. Henry VIII 1509\u00e2\u0080\u00941547.\\n3. Edward VI 1547\u00e2\u0080\u00941553.\\n4. Mary 1553-1558.\\n5. Elizabeth 1558\u00e2\u0080\u00941603.\\n6. James 1 1603\u00e2\u0080\u00941625.\\n7. Charles 1 1625\u00e2\u0080\u00941649.\\n8. Commonwealth 1649\u00e2\u0080\u00941660.\\n9. Charles II 1660\u00e2\u0080\u00941685.\\n10. James II 1685\u00e2\u0080\u00941689.\\n11. William and Mary 1689\u00e2\u0080\u00941702.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": ".__I|^^ J C.Hatteras\\n4\\nV\\nV\\nTERRITORY OF\\nNEW FRANCE\\nAND THE\\nENGLISH COLONIES\\nAT THE TIME OF THE\\nFEENCH AND INDIAN WAR.\\nSCALE OF MM ES", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "[1689] KING William s war. 81\\nPERIOD 11.\\nWARS WITH THE FRENCH AND INDIANS, 1689-1763.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nKING William s war and queen anne s war.\\n1. King William s War. There were at this period about\\n200,000 white people in the Enghsh colonies. In New France,\\nfrom the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, there were\\nnearly 12,000 whites. In 1689, a fierce war broke out be-\\ntween France and England, and it extended to America,\\nwhere it was called King William s War. The Iroquois\\nwere allies of the English. All the other Indians were friendly\\nto the French.\\n2. Cruelties of the French and Indians. All sorts of\\nsavage deeds were committed. The Iroquois burned, and-\\nmurdered, and ravaged in Canada, and bands of Indians and\\nFrenchmen did the same things in New York. These fearful\\nmidnight surprises, burnings and killings went on for several\\nyears. In 1692, nearly a third of the colonists of New York\\nand Maine had been killed.*\\nDuring an Indian attack on Haverhill, Massachusetts, a farmer\\nnamed Dustin was working in a field near by with his seven children\\naround him. As the Indians got between him and his house, he seized\\nhis gun and kept them off, thus escaping with his children. His wife,\\nwho was sick, and her nurse were captured and carried off by a party\\nof ten Indians. Mrs. Dustin determined to escape. One night while\\nthe Indians were asleep, she, with the assistance of the nurse and a\\nboy whom the Indians had captured, fell upon them and crushed in\\ntheir skulls with tomahawks. After securing the Indian scalps, they\\nsucceeded in making their way back home, where they had been given\\nup for lost. Mrs. Dustin received a bounty of \u00c2\u00a350 for the scalps.\\n6", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1689\\n3. New England Makes Resistance. The people of\\nNew England sent expeditions against both Quebec and\\nJMontreal, but without success. Port Royal, in Acadia, how-\\never, surrendered to a New England fleet.\\n4. Peace of Ryswick. In 1697, the war in Europe came\\nto an end. A treaty was made at Ryswick, and thus peace was\\nsecured for a while in America.\\n5. Beginning of Queen Anne s War, 1702. The next\\nwar between England and France began when Queen /\\\\nne\\nsucceeded William and Mary on the throne of England. The\\ncolonists were again involved. As Spain was an ally of France\\nin this war, an expedition from southern Carolina under\\nColonel Moore captured and plundered the Spanish settle-\\nment at St. Augustine. Four years after this (1706), the\\nSpanish and French sent an army and a fleet to capture\\nCharleston, with the hope of recovering the territory of Caro-\\nlina which the Spaniards claimed as part of Florida. The\\ngallant Carolinians defeated the land forces of the enemy\\nand drove off their fleet.\\n6. Indians in Carolina. In both northern and southern\\nCarolina there were frecjuent fights between some of the\\nIndian tribes and the colonists. Southern Carolina pun-\\nished the red men so severely that for a long time their out-\\nrages ceased. Fearful murders were committed by the tribes\\nin northern Carolina. The Tuscarora Indians inhabited\\nthe country west of Carolina. As the whites continued to\\nsettle on their lands, the savages determined to drive them\\naway. As the settlers were still threatened by the Spaniards,\\nand the Albemarle colonists were quarreling among them-\\nselves, the Indians thought it a favorable opportunity to\\nattack them. The work of massacre began, and before assist-\\nance arrived, several hundred settlers were murdered. But,\\nat last, with the help of southern Carolina, the Indians were\\nthoroughly subdued. They became disheartened, abandoned", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1714] QUEEN ANNE s WAR. 83\\nCarolina and joined the confederacy of the Iroquois, which\\nwas from that time called the Six Nations.\\n7. Indian Atrocities. Along the borders of the colonies\\nin the North more cruel acts than ever were now committed.\\nTortures, murders, burning and scalping became so frequent\\nthat the English at last offered to pay \u00c2\u00a310 for every Indian\\nscalp brought to them.\\n8. End of the War, 1713. There was a second unsuc-\\ncessful effort to capture Quebec. Nova Scotia, however, was\\nconquered, and, together with Newfoundland and the Hud-\\nson Bay territory, remained in possession of the English by\\na treaty of peace made in 171 3.\\n9. France in the Northwest. During both these wars,\\nNew France became stronger in the Northwest. A chain\\nof forts was built between the Great Lakes and the Missis-\\nsippi Valley. William Penn, Governor Spotsw^ood of Vir-\\nginia, and Governor Schuyler of New York, tried in vain\\nto induce England to establish similar military posts west\\nof the Alleghanies.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What was the number of white settlers in the English\\ncolonies when William and Mary came to the throne? 2. What terri-\\ntory was known as New France, and what was the cause of King Wil-\\nliam s War? 3 What cruelties were perpetrated in New York and New\\nEngland by the Indians and the French? 4. What resistance was made\\nby New England? 5. When was the peace ot Ryswick, and what effect\\nhad it in America? 6. When did Queen Anne s war break out? 7. Tell\\nof Indian outrages in northerr Carolina. 8. What effort was made by the\\nEnglish to put an end to the Indian atrocities? 9. When did Queen\\nAnne s War end, and what territory remained in possession of the Eng-\\nlish? 10. How did the French grow stronger in the Northwest? 11. Who\\ntried to persuade the English to pursue the same course west of the\\nAlleghanies? 12. Find all the places mentioned on the map.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1714\\nCHAPTER XL\\nCOLONIES UNDER GEORGE I.\\n1. Increase of Population, 1688-1714. When George\\nI. succeeded Queen Anne on the Enghsh throne, the popula-\\ntion of the colonies had increased from 232,000, in 1688, to\\n4.65,000 in 171 4 had doubled in twenty-six years, notwith-\\nstanding the wars spoken of in the last chapter. Some of\\nthis increase was from European immigration, but most of it\\nwas among the native whites.\\n2. Peace In George l.*s Reign. George I., who was\\nKing of Hanover in Germany, could not speak a word of\\nEnglish, and when he became King of England he interfered\\nvery little with the affairs of England and took no part at\\nall in those of the colonies, and they were left pretty much\\nto themselves. The nations of Europe were exhausted by\\nwars, and were glad to be at peace. This peace was broken\\nin America only by occasional contests with the Indians.\\n3. Defeat of the Yemassees in South Carolina. In\\n1715, the Yemassee tribes in southern Carolina unexpectedly\\nmade war upon the colonists. One hundred white people\\nwere butchered at Pocotaligo. People from other villages\\nlied to Charleston, and the country was filled with alarm.\\nGovernor Craven, however, at the head of 1,200 men, marched\\nagainst the Indians and completely defeated them. At last\\nthe Yemassees were driven into Florida.\\n4. Governor Spotswood in Virginia. In 1710, Queen\\nAnne sent to Virginia the best royal governor the province\\never had, Alexander Spotswood. Governor Spotswood did\\nmuch to develop the resources of Virginia and to promote\\nits prosperity. He established in Virginia the first successful\\nfurnace for forging iron, and in connection with this, he built", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "1727]\\nCOLONIES UNDER GEORGE I.\\n85\\na foundry. At this foundry many simple iron utensils were\\nmade, and they were better and cheaper than those made in\\nEngland. In 1716, he crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains,\\nexplored the beautiful Valley of Virginia and claimed that\\nGOVERNOR SPOTSWOOD CROSSING THE BLUE RIDGE.\\nregion for his master, King George. Upon his return he\\npresented each of his companions with a golden horse-shoe\\nand wished to establish an order of Knighthood with that\\nas a badge. This attempt was not successful, but the English\\nking sent Spotswood a magnificent decoration in the shape\\nof a horse-shoe and made him a knight. Under Spotswood,\\nVirginia was as prosperous as at any time before the Revolu-\\ntion. Following the governor s example, the rich planters\\nlived in elegance at their stately homes, some of which may\\nstill be seen along the river banks. He compelled the Indians\\nto adhere to their treaties of peace, and at the same time sup-\\nported schools for the education of their children. In spite\\nof all that Spotswood had done to promote the welfare of the\\ncolony, he gave great offence, by taking the part of the clergy\\nagainst the vestries. Both people and Council w^ere opposed\\nto him in this matter, and, in 1722, he was displaced by the\\nCouncil, which had become very powerful in Virginia. Eight", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1732\\nyears later, under George 11. ex-Governor Spotswood, who\\ncontniued to reside in Virginia, was made the deputy post-\\nmaster-general for the colonies. Spotswood appointed Ben-\\njamm Franklin one of his deputies, and they put such energy\\nmto their work that Philadelphia and Williamsburg, which\\nhad been made the capital of Virginia, were brought within\\nten days of each other.\\nQuestions. 1. What was the increase in population in the colonies\\nfrom 1688 to 1714? 2. Tell of George I. and his reign. 3. What Indian\\noutbreak occurred in South Carolina, and how was it put down? 4.\\nWhen did Governor Spotswood come to Virginia, and in what ways did\\nhe benefit the colony? 5. Under whose direction were tools and utensils\\nof iron first made in the colonies? 6. Tell of Spotswood s expedition\\nacross the Blue Ridge Mountains. 7. How was the Valley of Virginia\\ntaken possession of? 8. When and why was Spotswood displaced? 9.\\nWho improved the postal system in the colonies in George II. s time?\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nSETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA.\\nI. Grant to Oglethorpe. In 1732, George II. of England\\ngranted a charter to James Edward Oglethorpe and twenty-\\none others. By this charter the country lying between\\nthe Savannah and the Altamaha rivers was granted to the\\ntrustees to be used as an asylum for debtors. At this time\\nin England all debtors who could not pay their debts were\\nthrown into prison. Many of these were honest, hard-work-\\ning men, who from sickness or misfortune had contracted\\nsome small debt. Oglethorpe s plan was to pay the debts of\\nthe most worthy of these prisoners, bring them to America,\\nand give them a chance to begin life again. The English\\nGovernment favored his plan because the Spaniards owned\\nFlorida, and it was thought well to have a colony that would\\nbe a military post and a protection against Spanish power.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "1752] SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 87\\nThe territory granted was called Georgia in honor of the\\nking. By the terms of the charter no slaves were to be allowed\\nin the colony, and no rum was to be imported.\\n2. Settlement at Savannah. Parliament voted \u00c2\u00a310,000\\nto assist Oglethorpe s project, and missionary associations\\ngave him more; so that about half million dollars was raised\\nSETTLEMENT OF SAVANNAH, 1733.\\nfor the purpose. Oglethorpe then crossed the ocean with\\none hundred and fifty men, his first colonists, and laid off a\\ntown at the place on which the city of Savannah now stands.\\n3, The Indians Friendly. The Yamacraw Indians, close\\nto the new town, brought the white men, as a sign of peace,\\na buffalo skin lined with the feathers of an eagle. The Musko-\\ngees south of Savannah also sought the friendship of the\\nEnglish, and Oglethorpe made a treaty with them. The\\nCherokees from the mountains and Choctaws from the west\\nalso desired to be their friends.\\n4. German and Italian Settlers. Oglethorpe offered\\nan asylum to persecuted Protestants, as well as to all op-\\npressed Englishmen. Roman Catholics, however, were ex-\\ncluded from his province. The first to accept these offers of\\nreligious freedom was a band of Protestants from Salzburg,\\nGermany, who came over in 1734. Other Salzburgers fol-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1732\\nlowed, and a Moravian congregation, led by their pastor,\\ncame over and settled near their countrymen. These people\\nwere accustomed to privations and hardships, and brought\\nwith them their industrious, frugal German habits. Settlers\\nfrom Italy introduced the cultivation of silk, and, like the\\nGermans, were helpful in developing the resources of the new\\ncountry.\\n5. The Scotch at Darien. Oglethorpe went back to\\nEngland to interest the people and bring out fresh colonists.\\nHe carried with him some Indians who excited much admira-\\ntion. Before long, Oglethorpe returned to\\nGeorgia with several hundred recruits. A\\nband of Scotch Highlanders, with their\\nfamilies and their pastor, were settled on\\nthe banks of the Altamaha River, about six-\\nteen miles from St. Simon s Island. Here,\\nthe sturdy Scots built a fort, and called the\\ncountry around it Darien. Oglethorpe es-\\ntablished a trading post at Augusta and\\nbuilt a strong, fortified town, called Frederica, on the west\\nside of St. Simon s Island.\\n6. The Wesleys and Whitefield. Three famous English\\nclergymen, John and Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield,\\ncame to Georgia about this time, hoping\\nto do much good by preaching to the\\ncolonists and the Indians. The Wesleys\\nwere much opposed to the introduction\\nof slaves into the colony. Whitefield was\\nin favor of it, because he believed it would\\nbe the means of doing the savage negroes\\ngood. His side proved the stronger, and\\nAfrican slavery prevailed in Georgia as in\\nthe other twelve colonies. The Wesleys were the founders of\\nMethodism in this country.\\nOGLETHORPE.\\nJOHN WESLEY.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "1752] SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 89\\n7. War with the Spaniards. The Spaniards in Florida\\nwere very hostile to the English in Georgia, and Oglethorpe\\nprepared for the war which he saw must come. He was made\\na general and commander of all the forces in South Carolina\\nand Georgia, and obtained from England six hundred men.\\nBefore making war on the Spaniards,\\nGeneral Oglethorpe met a number of\\nIndian chiefs in council, smoked the pipe\\nof peace, and obtained from them a title\\nto the land of the State of Georgia. In\\n1739, when war was declared between\\nEngland and Spain, Oglethorpe made an\\nunsuccessful effort to capture St. Augus-\\ntine, in Florida. He then devoted him-\\nself to strengthening the defences of Georgia.\\n8. Spaniards Attack Fredcrica, Ga. In June, 1742, fifty\\nSpanish ships, with five thousand troops, came to capture\\nFrederica, and to destroy the English in Georgia. Ogle-\\nthorpe had only a few small vessels and a thousand men. The\\nSpanish troops were landed on St. Simon s Island and were\\nrouted by Oglethorpe at the battle of Bloody Marsh. He\\nsucceeded in getting rid of the fleet by a stratagem; in some\\nway he got the Spanish commander to believe that he was\\nexpecting large British reinforcements. Just at this time,\\na few ships from Charleston came in sight. The Spaniards\\nbecame so much alarmed that they went off at once, leaving\\ntheir cannon and stores behind them. The next year Ogle-\\nthorpe returned to England and never revisited the colony.\\n9. Georgia a Royal Province. After the departure of\\nOglethorpe, in 1743, the colony did not prosper. As the\\ndebtors were unaccustomed to hard work, they demanded\\nslave labor. This demand became so strong that in 1749,\\nslavery was introduced. The German and the Scotch\\nelement in the colony proved to be excellent settlers. The", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "90 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [178^\\nproprietors finally surrendered all of their rights to the Eng-\\nlish king, and, in 1752, Georgia became a royal province.\\nQuESTioxs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Tell of James Edward Oglethorpe, and his interest in\\nthe poor debtors. 2. What was his plan, and what grant was made him\\nby George II.? 3. What were at first prohibited? 4. When and how was\\nthe city of Savannah settled? 5. What Indian tribes showed a desire for\\npeace with these settlers? 6. Who were the Salzbiirgers, and when did\\nthey come to Georgia? 7. From what other country did settlers come?\\n8. In what part of the colony did the Scotch settle? 9. Tell of the\\nWesleys and Whitefield in Georgia. 10. What preparations did Ogle-\\nthorpe make for war with the Spaniards? 11. Tell of his unsuccessful\\neffort against St. Augustine. 12. What effort was made against Savan-\\nnah in 1742, and with what result? 13. When did Georgia become a\\nroyal province?\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nSETTLEMENT OF THE VALLEY OF VIRGINIA THE FRENCH IN\\nTHE WEST AND NORTH.\\n1. Valley of Virginia Settled, 1732. After Spotswood s\\nvisit to the Valley of Virginia, some years passed before any\\nsettlements were made there. The first settlements were\\nmade on Opequon Creek and along the Shenandoah River\\nand its branches, by Scotch-Irish* Presbyterians from Penn-\\nsylvania. The beginning of the town of Winchester was two\\ncabins, built in 1738 near the Shawnee Springs, a favorite\\ncamping place of the Indians.\\n2. The Northwest Purchased. In 1744, the Six Nations\\nof Indians made a treaty with Virginia by which they agreed,\\nin consideration of \u00c2\u00a3400, to make a deed to Virginia, recog-\\nThese Scotch-Irisli were a sturdy race. Among them were men of\\ngood family and education. They first built cabins for themselves and\\nthen put up their churches. Some of these old stone churches are still\\nto be seen. In building them the women brought sand for mortar in\\ntheir aprons, while the men built up the rock, quarried with hard\\nlabor, keeping guard all the while against the Indians.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "1752] SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST. 91\\nnizing the king s right to all the lands that now constitute\\nthe five great States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and\\nWisconsin. Thus Virginia s claim to this territory, based\\nupon the charter from the king in 1609, was recognized by\\nthe Indians. This territory was claimed by the French also,\\nand we are soon to describe the conflict that was produced\\nbecause of these conflicting claims.\\n3. George Washington, the Young Surveyor. Thomas,\\nLord Fairfax, who owned great estates on the Rappahannock\\nRiver, removed from there in 1745, and settled at Green way\\nCourt, thirteen miles from Winchester. The king had given\\nFairfax a patent of a vast tract of land in the Valley, which he\\nemployed George Washington to survey. Washington was\\nborn, in 1732, at Wakefield, near Bridges Creek, on the Poto-\\nmac River, in Westmoreland county, Virginia. His great-\\ngrandfather, John Washington, had come from England to\\nVirginia about 1657. Washington was\\nonly seventeen years old when he was em-\\nployed as a surveyor, but he did his work\\nso well that no mistake has ever been\\nfound in the many surveys made by him,\\n4. The French in the West and North.\\nThe English had reached only the east-\\nern slopes of the Alleghanies, but the\\nFrench had steadily pushed forward into\\nthe country west of the mountains. La\\nSalle s military posts on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers\\nwere kept up, and continual intercourse went on between\\nCanada and Louisiana, where, in 171 8, Bienville had settled\\nNew Orleans. The Indians were much opposed to having\\nwhite settlements and forts established among them, and\\nthere was constant strife.\\n5. France Claims the Ohio. By the middle of the\\ncentury, sixty French posts had been established between\\nBIENVILLE.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "92 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1752]\\nthe lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. The principal one, located\\non the Wabash, was called Vincennes. The attention of the\\nFrench was now turned to the Ohio and the country drained\\nby it. Coleron attempted to secure this territory for France\\nby nailing to trees and burying in the ground leaden plates\\non which the French flag and other insignia were inscribed.\\n6. Resistance to French Claims. Both the EnHish in the\\ncolonies and the Indians along the rivers opposed the French\\nclaims. The English colonies would not consent to be ex-\\ncluded from the regions beyond the mountains, of which\\nhunters and traders brought goodly report. Benjamin\\nFranklin was sent by Pennsylvania to consult with the Indians\\nat Logstown, not far from Pittsburg. It was time, for Frank-\\nlin carried back to Philadelphia intelligence that the French\\nhad already built three forts on the Alleghany River, and were\\nabout to build others on the Monongahela.\\n7. The Ohio Company of Virginians, 1749. Parliament\\nh.ad given six hundred thousand acres of land on the south\\nside of the Ohio to a company of Virginians, with exclusive\\npermission to trade with the Indians. If the French advanced\\nto the Monongahela, they would be in Virginia territory, and\\nthe colony determined to defend its claims to this territory.\\nQuestions. 1. Who settled the Valley of Virginia, and when and\\nwhere was the settlement made? 2. Describe the Scotch-Irish settlers\\nand the building of their churches (note). 3. Tell of the treaty with\\nthe Six Nations. 4. What other country claimed this territory? 5.\\nWhen and from whom did Virginia purchase the Northwest? 6. What\\ncan you teM of Lord Fairfax and George Washington? 7. How and\\nwhere had the French established themselves in the west and north?\\n8. To what river did the French lay claim? 9. What resistance was\\nmade to this claim? 10. What grant had been made to Virginia in 1749?", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "[1752] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 93\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nOPENING OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.\\n1. Causes of the Colonial War. For a long time, it had\\nbeen evident that England and France would meet on the\\nbattlefield to decide their conflicting claims to American terri-\\ntory. This conflict had been delayed by the great Indian\\nnation, the Iroquois, who lay between the French and the\\nEnglish. The French claimed all territory drained by the\\ntwo great rivers, the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi, along\\nwhich they had settled. This claim embraced nearly all of\\nthe present United States west of the Appalachian Moun-\\ntains, running from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson Bay.\\nIn 1748, another treaty was made between France and Eng-\\nland but it did not define the limits of the French territory\\nin America, and the following year the English Parliament\\nchartered the Ohio Company, which took possession of some\\nterritory west of the Ohio claimed by the French. A few\\nyears before this, the inhabitants of New England had seized\\nLouisburg, a French settlement, on the Island of Cape\\nBreton, but had been forced to give it back. In 1750, the\\nFrench began to urge the Indians to attack all English settle-\\nments in the West, and so the conflict was brought on. The\\nEnglish colonies were far stronger than the French, and, had\\nthey been united, would have had no trouble in conquering\\nthe French. The population of the English colonies was\\nsomething like 1,000,000, while the French had only 80,000.\\nThe French, however, had the Indians as their allies, and then-\\nterritory was hard to approach.\\n2. Washington Carries a Message to the French. Be-\\nfore beginning active hostilities, Governor Dinwiddie, of", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1752\\nol) wo 210 240\\nKOUTE OF WASHINGTON AND SCENE OP\\nFRENCH AND INDIAN WARS.\\nVirginia, tliought it best to send the French commander\\non the Ohio a protest against\\nhis invasion of Virginia\\nterritory, and a notice that\\nwar would ensue if he\\ndid not withdraw. George\\nWashington, who was just\\ntwenty-one, and who had\\nbeen made a major, was se-\\nlected for this dangerous\\nmission. He set out from\\nWilliamsburg on October 30,\\n1753, with his old fencing-\\nmaster, Van Braam, to act as\\ninterpreter. An agent of the\\nOhio Company and excellent\\nguide, Christopher Gist,\\njoined Washington on the way, and they proceeded to Logs-\\ntown and conferred with the Indians. Several of the chiefs\\naccompanied Washington in his search for the French\\ncommander. The Chevalier de St. Pierre received the young\\nVirginian courteously, but tried to persuade the Indians to\\nforsake him and join the French.\\n3. Result of His Visit. Great perils and hardships were\\nencountered on the winter journey homeward. Washington\\nand Gist made their way on foot to Gist s home, on the\\nMonongahela, where Washington secured a horse and rode\\nas fast as he could to Williamsburg with his letter from the\\nFrench commander. St. Pierre sent a civil reply to Governor\\nDinwiddie, but said he would not leave the territory unless\\nordered to do so by his superiors. Washington advised that\\na fort should be built at the forks of the river, where\\nPittsburg now stands.\\n4. The Fort Captured by the French. The Ohio Com-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "1763] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95\\npany began to build a fort at the place selected by Washing-\\nton. To defend this fort, Governor Dinwiddle ordered that\\nsix companies of Virginia soldiers be raised. Colonel Fry\\nwas put in command of the troops, with Washington, now a\\nlieutenant-colonel, second in command. When Washington,\\nwith two companies, neared the fort, he learned that a large\\nFrench force had driven off the men at work on the fort,\\nfinished and garrisoned it, and called it Fort Du Quesne.\\nColonel Fry died suddenly, and the command devolved upon\\nWashington, who advanced cautiously towards the fort. A\\nsmall French force was encountered in the woods. Both\\nparties fired, a number of the French were killed, and the rest\\nsurrendered. Notwithstanding this success, Washington was\\nobliged to fall back to save his men from the French who\\ngreatly outnumbered them.\\n5. Great Meadows, 1754. Having retreated as far as\\nGreat Meadows, the Virginians built a small fort there and\\ncalled it Fort Necessity. Before it was completed, Washing-\\nton s 400 men were attacked by 1,500 French. A fierce fight\\nwent on from 10 o clock until nightfall. By that time 200\\nFrenchmen had been killed or wounded, and their com-\\nmander asked for a conference. Washington and his men\\nhad been most of the day up to their knees in mud and water.\\nHe knew that it would be impossible for them to keep up the\\ncontest, and he made an honorable surrender. A vote of\\nthanks was given to Washington and his officers when they\\nreturned to Williamsburg, and a sum of money was ordered\\nto be divided among his men.\\n6. France and England Take Part in the War. There\\nwas peace in Europe, but both France and England joined in\\nthe war in America. In 1755, General Braddock was sent\\nout from England with two regiments of British regulars.\\nBraddock held a council of war at Alexandria, in which the\\ngovernors of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "96\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1752\\nand Massachusetts took part. It was decided that four\\nseparate attacks should be made on the French one to be\\ndirected against Nova Scotia; one against Crown Point, on\\nLake Champlain; one against Fort Niagara, between Lakes\\nErie and Ontario; and, the most important of all, under\\nGeneral Braddock himself, against Fort Du Ouesne and the\\nFrench in the Ohio Valley.\\n7. Exile of the Acadians. ^The attack upon Acadia, in\\nNova Scotia, was successful. The\\nAcadians refused to submit to the\\nEnglish laws,\\n-P and were,\\ntherefore, ex-\\npelled from\\ntheir country.\\nSeven thou-\\nsand of them\\nwere carried\\nto different parts of the English colonies. Many of their\\ndescendants, called Cajans, are found in western Louisiana.\\nLongfellow s poem, Evangeline, is a story of the Acadians.\\nQuestions. 1. What causes brought on the Colonial War? 2. Tell of\\nWashington s embassy to the French in 1753, and who accompanied\\nhim. 3. What was St. Pierre s reply to Governor Dinwiddle? 4. What\\nwas the result of his visit? 5. Where was a fort built, and how was it\\ncaptured? 6. What was the result of Washington s effort to recapture\\nthe fort? 7. Tell of the attack at Great Meadows in 1754. 8. How were\\nWashington and his ofiicers received on their return to Williamsburg?\\n9. What countries now took part in the Colonial War, and what officer\\nwas sent out from England to take command of the forces? 10. What\\ncolonies took part in the council of war, and what plan of attack was\\ndecided upon? 11. Which expedition was successful? 12. Where may\\nyou read the story of the Acadians? 13. Find on the map all places\\nmentioned.\\nBXILE OF THE ACADJANS.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "1763] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. (Continued.)\\n1. Braddock s Advance, 1755. On April 20th, Braddock\\nbegan his march with 2,500 men, and a large number of\\nvehicles unsuitable for mountain travelling. The British\\ngeneral had a poor opinion of the colonial troops, and would\\nnot believe that the Indians were dangerous foes. Wash-\\nington, who went as an aide-de-camp, could not persuade him\\nto take any precautions against them. By July 9th, Brad-\\ndock s army was within seven miles of Fort Du Ouesne.\\nLearning of the approach of his army, the Indians and French\\nhid themselves behind rocks and trees on the sides of the road\\nalong which he was coming. As the red coats (British\\nsoldiers) marched forward with their bayonets glittering in\\nthe sun, a storm of bullets burst upon them from unseen\\nenemies.\\n2. Braddock s Defeat. The colonial soldiers at once\\nscattered among ti^e trees and rocks and fought the savages\\nin Indian style. The regulars halted in the road, and in vain\\nattempted to return the fire of the unseen foe; terrified by the\\nyells and the deadly aim of their hidden assailants, they\\nretreated in utter panic. The officers tried m vain to\\nrally them; they left their cannon and baggage and fled\\nfor their lives. Seven hundred men were killed, including\\nGeneral Braddock and most of the officers. Washington had\\ntwo horses shot under him, and four bullets passed through\\nhis clothino;, but he bore himself with the utmost coolness.\\nVirginia rewarded his bravery by giving him \u00c2\u00a3300 and the\\ncommand of all her forces.\\n3. Victory at Lake George. Braddock s defeat dis-\\ncouraged the colonies and prevented the attack on Fort\\n7", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "98\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1752\\nNiagara. Sir William Johnson, however, gained an im-\\nportant victory over the French and Indians near Lake\\nGeorge. He did not attack Crown Point, but, in order to\\nprotect the settlers along the Hudson, River, he built Fort\\nWilliam Henry.\\n4. The Seven Years* War. France, Austria, and Russia\\nabout this time made war upon Prussia. England took the\\nPrussian side. The whole of Europe was involved, and great\\npreparations were made for a struggle in America.\\n5. French Success in New York. At first the French\\nhad much the best of it. Their general, Montcalm, captured\\nForts Oswego and Ontario, and gained control of Lake\\nOntario. He then captured Fort William\\nHenry at the southern extremity of Lake\\nGeorge. Abercrombie, an English general,\\nfailed in an effort to capture FoVt Ticon-\\nderoga, on Lake Champlain, and fell back\\nin affright before a smaller French army.\\n6. English Successes. William Pitt\\nnow became Prime Minister of England,\\nand under his management a great change\\nwas effected in America. General Wolfe\\ncaptured and destroyed Louisburg, General\\nBradstreet seized Fort Frontenac, which\\ncommanded Lake Ontario, and Colonel\\nWashington took possession of Fort Du Ouesne. This fort\\nwas repaired and renamed Fort Pitt. Pittsburg, on the same\\nspot, bears the name of the great Englishman. Niagara,\\nTiconderoga and Crown Point also fell into English hands.\\n7. Attack on Quebec, 1759. The capture of Quebec was\\nnow a most important object, and this enterprise was en-\\ntrdsted to General Wolfe. The fortress of Quebec, which\\nstands on the Heights of Abraham, at the top of cliffs\\nthree hundred feet high, was held by Montcalm with 7,000\\nLAKE GEORGE.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "1763]\\nFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.\\nmen. After months of watching- and waiting-, Wolfe found\\na narrow path ascending between two steep cHffs, and he\\ndetermined by means of it to try to reach the Heights.\\n8. Climbing the Heights of Abraham.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Before dawn,\\nthe EngHsh troops moved noiselessly in\\nsmall boats to the foot of the path. A\\nFrench sentinel hailed them in passing,\\nQui va laf Who goes there?\\nLa France France was the reply.\\nDc quel regiment f (What regiment?\\nDe la Reine The Queen s an-\\nswered an Englishman who knew that\\nWOLFE. snoh troops were near by. Passe\\nC Pass said the sentinel. When the cove was reached, a\\nbody of light infantry clambered up the cliff, and dispersed\\nthe pickets at the top. The rest followed, until 4,000 dis-\\nciplined British soldiers stood on the plain on the north side\\nof the citadel. They had even drawn up, with severe labor,\\none or two small cannon.\\n9. French Resistance.\\nThe French were greatly\\nsurprised to find the Eng-\\nlish close to them. They\\nwere more in number, but\\nless efficient than their as-\\nsailants. Montcalm made\\ndesperate but unsuccessful\\nefforts to dislodge the Brit-\\nish. Wolfe s men did not\\nfire until the French came\\nwithin forty yards, then\\nthey mowed them down. quebec and vicinity.\\n10. Vi cto ry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Death of Wolfe. In the fierce struggle\\nmany fell on both sides. Alontcalm s second in command was", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "100 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1752\\nkilled he himself was wounded. Wolfe also was shot in\\nthe hand. He bound up the wound, and led a bayonet charge.\\nAs the French retreated, Wolfe received a bullet through\\nhis lungs. An officer who was supporting his general s head,\\ncried out, They fly! they fly! Who fly? whispered the\\ndying hero. The French the French answered the\\nofficer. God be praised, gasped Wolfe, I die happy,\\nand his spirit passed from earth in the very moment of\\nvictory.\\n11. Surrender of Quebec. General Montcalm also had re-\\nceived a mortal wound. When the surgeon told him he could\\nlive only a few hours So much the better, he replied;\\nI shall not see the surrender of Quebec.\\nThat surrender was made in a few days,\\nand the French dominion in America\\ncame to an end. There stands now, on the\\nplain where they fell, a granite monument\\nsixty feet high, bearing, on one side, an\\ninscription to General Wolfe, and on the\\nother side, one to the Marquis de Mont- montcalm.\\ncalm.\\n12. Treaty of Paris, 1763. When the Seven Years\\nWar came to an end, England had gained the Floridas from\\nSpain, and all the region east of the Mississippi held by\\nFrance. Spain assisted France in the war, so, in order to pay\\nher for her loss of Florida, France gave up to Spain all posses-\\nsions west of the Mississippi River and also the island on\\nwhich New Orleans then stood. Of all her vast possessions\\nin America, France retained only two small islands south of\\nNewfoundland.\\n13. Results of the French and Indian War. This war\\ndecided that the English, instead of the French, were to be\\nthe ruling race in the New World. The war cost the colonies\\nabout $11,000,000 and 30,000 men. The long struggle", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "1763] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101\\nagainst a common foe had united the widely separated col-\\nonies. Many officers and soldiers who were to play an im-\\nportant part in the Revolutionary War received their mili-\\ntary training in the French and Indian War.\\n14. Cherokee War. Near the close of the French and\\nIndian War occurred the great outbreak of the Cherokees.\\nThese Indians had been friendly to the English for years, and\\naided them against the French. A small party of Cherokees,\\nhaving been unjustly treated, induced some young braves\\nto ravage the Carolina border. When the forces of Governor\\nLyttleton went against them, the older chiefs of the tribes\\nmet the governor and endeavored to arrange the trouble.\\nLyttleton, however, imprisoned the chiefs at Fort Prince\\nGeorge, on the Savannah River. He soon after liberated\\na few of them and held the others as security that the young\\nIndians who had caused the trouble would be given up. One\\nof these liberated chiefs, burning w^ith revenge, enticed Cap-\\ntain Cotymore from Fort Prince George and slew him. In\\nrevenge the twenty-two captured chiefs were killed, and the\\nwhole Cherokee nation took the war path. The English\\ngeneral, Amherst, sent 1,200 men to aid the Carolinas, but\\nnothing was efifected until Colonel James Grant, with a force\\nof 2,600 disciplined soldiers, moved against them. Grant\\nburned their villages, destroyed their fields and killed so many\\nof them that they sued for peace.\\n15. Pontiac*s War, 1763. In 1763, there broke out a war,\\nknown as Pontiac s War, because in it Pontiac, the gigantic\\nchief of the Ottawas, was the leading spirit. The object of\\nthis warwas the destruction of the English. Pontiac was\\nmore intelligent, more fertile in resources, and more perse-\\nvering than the Indians generally w^ere. Under his direction\\nthe war raged for two years. The English garrisons in the\\nwestern forts were almost all captured and massacred with\\nsavage cruelty, and the settlers all along the frontiers, es-\\npecially in Pennsylvania, were tortured and butchered.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "102 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1764]\\ni6. Bouquet s Victory, 1764.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At last, Colonel Henry Bou-\\nquet, a Swiss officer, who understood the Indian character\\nand modes of fighting, collected a force and marched to de-\\nfend the Ohio Valley. At Bushy Run, a bloody battle was\\nfought against an Indian force on the way to capture Fort\\nPitt, and Bouquet gained the most decisive victory ever won\\nover the red men. This defeat broke up Pontiac s con-\\nfederacy. Treaties of peace were made, and two hundred\\nwhite captives were given up. Pontiac himself sued for peace.\\nHe was murdered later on, at Cahokia, in a drunken brawl.\\nQuestions. 1. Describe the advance of General Braddock s army in\\n1755 and the ambush into which it fell. 2. Tell of Braddock s defeat.\\n3. What was Washington s experience during the fight, and how was\\nhis bravery rewarded? 4. Where was an important victory gained over\\nthe French? 5. What war was going on in Europe at this time? 6. What\\nsuccess did the French meet with in New York? 7. Who now became\\nthe head of affairs in England, and how did this affect the war in\\nAmerica? 8. What city bears his name? 9. Tell of the situation of\\nQuebec, and to whom its capture was intrusted. 10. Describe the ascent\\nof the Heights of Abraham. 11. What resistance was made by the\\nFrench, and how was it met by Wolfe s men? 12. Tell of the victory\\nand of General Wolfe s death. 13. What was the fate of the French\\nGeneral and of Quebec? 14. What now stands upon the spot where the\\nbrave commanders fell? 15. What did the English gain by the Treaty\\nof Paris? 16. What were the results of the Colonial War? 17. Tell of the\\nCherokee War. 18. How did Colonel Grant subdue the Cherokees?\\n19. What caused Pontiac s War, and how long did it last? 20. Who\\nput an end to it, and what became of the Indian chief, Pontiac? 21. Find\\non the map all the places mentioned.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763. 103\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nTHE COLONIES IN I763.\\n1. The Thirteen Colonies. In 1763, there were thirteen\\nEnghsh colonies which had been settled in the following\\norder\\nVirginia, by the English, at Jamestown 1607\\nNew Yorl^, by the Dutch, at New York 1614\\nMassachusetts, by the English, at Plymouth 1620\\nNew Hampshire, by the English, at Portsmouth 1623\\nConnecticut, by the English, at Windsor 1633\\nMaryland, by the English, at St. Mary s 1634\\nRhode Island, by settlers from Massachusetts, at\\nProvidence 1636\\nDelaware, by the Swedes, at Christiana 1638\\nPennsylvania, by the Swedes, near Philadelphia 1643\\nNorth Carolina, by settlers from Virginia, at Albe-\\nmarle 1663\\nNew Jersey, by the English, at Elizabethtown 1665\\nSouth Carolina, by the English, at Charleston 1670\\nGeorgia, by the English, at Savannah 1733\\nBy the Treaty of Paris, 1763, England had just acquired\\nall of what is now British America and the territory in the\\npresent United States east of the Mississippi, so that the Eng-\\nlish colonists in America bade fair to control all of North\\nAmerica. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and\\nRhode Island are usually spoken of as the New England\\ncolonies; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Dela-\\nware as the Middle colonies, and Maryland, Virginia, North\\nCarolina, South Carolina,- and Georgia as the Southern colo-\\nnies.\\n2. Population. The population of the thirteen colonies\\nnamed above has been variously estimated. In 1763, accord-\\ning to some historians, the population was nearly 3,000,000,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "104 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nof which about 500,000 were slaves. During- the first half of\\nthe eighteenth century, the English colonies had undoubtedly\\ngrown very rapidly. It is estimated that, at the middle of\\nthe century, New England had about 400,000, and of this,\\nMassachusetts contained half, while the Middle colonies con-\\ntained 360,000, half of which was in Pennsylvania. The\\nSouth contained about 650,000. Virginia had 300,000 of\\nthese, but about one-half of them were slaves.\\n3. Government. There was a strong general likeness in\\ngovernment among all the colonies. In 1763, Georgia, New\\nHampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South\\nCarolina and Virginia were Royal Colonies. In them the\\nKing w^as supposed to own the land, he appointed the gov-\\nernor and approved the laws. Delaware, Maryland and Penn-\\nsylvania were Proprietary Colonies. In them the land had\\nbeen patented (granted) by the King to some proprietor, and\\nthis proprietor named the governor and approved the laws.\\nConnecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island were Charter\\nColonies. The land was owned by the colony as a whole, and\\nthe government was according to a charter granted by the\\nKing. The English government served as a sort of model for\\nthe governments of all the colonies. The governor stood\\nfor the King, the Council, or Senate, for the House of Lords,\\nand the lower House of the Legislature corresponded to\\nthe House of Commons. As a rule a colonist, in order to\\nvote, had to own a certain amount of land.\\n4. Religion. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries\\npeople were obliged to support the State church. It was part\\nof the government and the church expenses were paid out of\\nthe taxes. In Virginia, the English church was the estab-\\nlished church, and members of other churches, dissenters,\\nMassachusetts, however, was a peculiar charter colony, in that the\\nKing appointed the governor. But Connecticut and Rhode Island\\nelected their governors.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763. 105\\nwere sometimes persecuted. Just before the outbreak of the\\nRevolution the Baptists and Presbyterians were frequently\\nfined and imprisoned and occasionally whipped on account\\nof their religious belief. In Maryland, Lord Baltimore in-\\ntroduced toleration for all Christians although the Catholic\\nwas the established church. The Protestants got possession\\nof the government, and, in 1692, established the English\\nchurch. They continued toleration of all Protestant sects,\\nbut the Catholics were persecuted. This state of afifairs lasted\\nto the Revolution. In the Carolinas, Virginia dissenters\\nformed the first colony, but the proprietors established the\\nChurch of England. This action roused great opposition,\\nwhich resulted in the toleration of all sects. In Georgia, by\\nthe charter, all Protestants were tolerated. In New England,\\nthe Congregational church w^as organized and established\\nas the State church. Roger Williams driven from Massa-\\nchusetts on account of his religion settled what is now^\\nRhode Island and established there absolute religious free-\\ndom. The Church of England was the established church\\nin the Middle colonies except in Pennsylvania, where the\\npeople were always allowed to worship God in any manner\\nthey chose.\\n5. Slavery. In 1763, slavery existed in all the colonies.\\nThere was some little opposition to it, both North and South,\\nbut, as a rule, no class of people, excepting the Quakers,\\nhesitated to hold slaves. Slaves were much more numerous\\nin the South than in the North. Taking the country as a\\nwhole, there w^ere, on an average, nine free persons to two\\nslaves; yet, in New England, there w^ere fifty-two free persons\\nto one slave, and in the Middle colonies there were fifteen to\\none; whereas, in the South there were only five free persons\\nto four slaves. From this, you see that slavery was almost\\nentirely confined to the South. This was due to the fact that\\nslaves could be used with profit only in work on the farm.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "106 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nThey were very necessary to the Southern planter, as they\\ncould endure the heat of the summer season so much better\\nthan the whites. In the Middle colonies the slaves were used\\nprincipally for household purposes and on small farms;\\nwhereas, in large industries, free labor was usually employed.\\nThe people of New England used slaves only for household\\npurposes and as body-servants. Often the ownership of a\\nslave as a body-servant indicated high social position for\\nthe owner. Some of the small farmers of New England\\nalso had slaves. Before 1763, some efforts had been made to\\nrestrict slavery in the colonies. Massachusetts passed a law\\nin the seventeenth century against the importation of slaves,\\nand the ministers of the Congregational church, about 1640,\\nalso declared against slavery. Rhode Island, in the seven-\\nteenth century, by a law of the General Assembly, declared\\nthat no one should be a slave in Rhode Island for more than\\nten years. Yet, in spite of these facts, slavery existed in\\nMassachusetts until 1780, and in Rhode Island until 1784.\\nQuite a number of New England vessels were engaged in\\nthe slave-trade, and Newport, R. I., was the chief town to\\nwhich the imported slaves were carried. The South also\\nmade some attempts to restrict slavery. South Carolina, in\\n1760, passed a law to restrict the importation of slaves, and,\\nin 1 76 1, Virginia enacted a similar law, but both these laws\\nwere vetoed by the English crown. There were, however, in\\n1763, a few anti-slavery agitators. Roger Williams, in 1637,\\nhad opposed slavery, and the Quakers, from Maine to\\nGeorgia, always opposed it.\\n6. Social Distinction. In New England, social distinc-\\ntions were quite sharply marked. The aristocratic class was\\ncomposed of the village squires and the ofihce-holders. Class\\ndistinctions were so well marked that the names in the Har-\\nvard catalogue up to the Revolutionary war were arranged\\naccording to social standing and not according to alphabet!-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763.\\n107\\ncal order, and the people were seated in church according to\\ntheir rank. Next to the official class were the farmers. The\\nmerchants made the third class, and the mechanics the fourth.\\nin the Middle States class distinction was not quite so well\\nCOLONIAL MANTEL IN THE HOME OF DANIEL MORGAN.\\nmarked as in New England and the South. The upper class\\nwas made up of wealthy land-owners. The patroons, the\\nlarge Dutch manor-chiefs of New York, the Quaker squires\\nof Pennsylvania, and the wealthy farmers of New Jersey were\\nall aristocrats. Small farmers, traders, and merchants made\\nthe second class, and the laborers the third class.- In the\\nSouthern colonies social distinction was more clearly defined\\nthan in any other section. The large planters throughout\\nthe South were the aristocrats. They resembled, in many\\nrespects, the English country gentlemen, and, as a rule, were\\ndescendants of the English gentry, and, consequently, of\\nbetter birth than the aristocrats of the Northern colonies who\\ncame rather from the middle classes of the European coun-\\ntries. Merchants and traders constituted the second class.\\nMechanics were the third class, and the indented servants\\nthe fourth. All four of these classes existed in Virginia, Mary-\\nland, and North Carolina, but South Carolina had practically", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "108 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nonly two classes, the planters and the slaves. Of course, in\\nall the colonies that have been mentioned, there were the\\nslaves constituting- the lowest class.\\n7. The People. The people of New England were chiefly\\nof English blood. They were descendants of the English\\nmiddle class, a sturdy, hardy people. In the Middle colonies\\nthere was quite a mixture of nationalities. New York was\\nabout one-third Dutch and one-third English, and the other\\nthird was made up of French Huguenots, Germans, Jews,\\netc. New Jersey contained chiefly English people, but some\\nScotch and a small element of Dutch, Swedes and Ger-\\nmans. Pennsylvania contained about one-half English\\n(chiefly Quakers), many Germans, some French, Swedes,\\nWelsh, Finns, and quite a large element of Scotch-Irish.\\nThe population of Delaware was very like that of Pennsyl-\\nvania. As a rule, the people of the Middle colonies came from\\nthe middle classes in Europe. In the South, there were set-\\ntlers of many nationalities, but the people were not so mixed\\nas in the Middle colonies. The English dominated in all the\\nSouthern colonies, especially in Virginia and Maryland, where\\nmany of the people were descendants of the English gentry.\\nQuite a number of white servants, who were bound to work\\nfor the planters a certain number of years, was sent from\\nEngland to these colonies in the seventeenth century. Ser-\\nvants thus bound are said to be indented. Western Vir-\\nginia and Maryland received many Scotch-Irish and Germans,\\nand Eastern Virginia, some Huguenots. The population\\nof North Carolina was more varied than that of any other col-\\nony in the South, having, besidesjhe English, many French,\\nMoravians, and Germans, and some Swiss and Scotch-Irish.\\nSouth Carolina contained chiefly English, and French Hu-\\nguenots, while Georgia, besides the English, had many Scotch\\nand German settlers.\\n8. Occupations. There were few professional men in", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763. 109\\nany of the colonies. Some lawyers and doctors were to\\nbe found in such centers as Boston, New York, Philadel-\\nphia, Baltimore, and Charleston. Often the barbers were\\nthe doctors. In New England, the chief industries were\\nfishing, ship-building, distilling, and various commercial en-\\nterprises. The agricultural industry was small. The fish-\\neries of Massachusetts, in 1750, were worth $2,000,000. New\\nEngland vessels went all over the seas. Laden w^ith fish,\\nthey often went to Spain, Portugal, and the West Indies.\\nThese vessels also had a good trade with the colonies. Mas-\\nsachusetts vessels at times shipped cargoes to Africa, and ex-\\nchanged them for slaves who were sold in the West Indies.\\nThere the vessels were loaded with sugar which was brought\\nback to New England to be made into rum. In the Middle\\ncolonies, the occupations of the people were chiefly agri-\\nculture and trade. Wheat was a great crop, and New York\\ncity carried on a fine export trade in grain. The first man-\\nufactures in the Middle colonies were started by the Ger-\\nmans of Pennsylvania. The chief occupation of the South\\nfarminp-. Viroinia and Maryland e^rew tobacco, wheat\\nwas\\ngilliCt CVI.^l X.^C.^WC...^. j^\\nand corn. South Carolina, in addition to these products,\\ngrew a great deal of rice. North Carolina, besides its agri-\\ncultural industry, devoted considerable attention to cattle-\\nraising. There were no factories in the South.\\n9. Life in New England. The people in New England\\nlived chiefly in towns. Every district had its village center.\\nBoston was the chief town, and had a larger trade than any\\nother city in the colonies. The villages were usually grouped\\naround a church. Each village had one long street running\\nthrough it. The people were hard workers. They were cool\\ntowards strangers, but hospitable to each other. The men\\nwore knee-breeches and long stockings. Their breeches and\\njackets were often made of leather. The rich wore clothing\\nmade of imported goods. The houses were usually fur-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "110 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nnished with articles made in New England. The people were\\nfond of drink, especially cider and rum. It was the day when\\nthe members of a church would give a\\nbarrel of rum to a minister as a Christ-\\nmas gift. The ministers often made\\nbrandy and sold it to the members of\\ntheir churches. On the whole, however,\\nthere was little drunkenness. The\\nCOLONIAL STAND. amusemeuts of the people were simple;\\nsuch as quilting parties, huskings, apple-parings, and spin-\\nning-bees. The roads were bad, and nearly every one\\ntravelled on horseback.\\n10. Life in the Middle Colonies. The people being of\\nmany nations, life in the Middle colonies was very varied.\\nIn New York, the Dutch aristocrats lived in large houses on\\nlarge landed estates. Around each manor house was a settle-\\nment where the slaves or the laborers lived. The land-\\nlords often w^ent to New York city to spend the winter. In\\nNew Jersey, the people, as a rule, lived plainly, and this was\\nthe case in Pennsylvania also. Philadelphia \\\\vas the best-\\nbuilt and neatest city in the whole country. The people of\\nthe Middle colonies always dressed plainly. Their amuse-\\nments were the same as those of New England, except that\\nthe New York aristocrats often indulged in horse-racing,\\nbear-baiting, and cock-fighting.\\n11. Life in the South. The people of the South lived\\nchiefly in the country. There were few villages and no cities\\nexcept Charleston. Charleston was perhaps, in colonial days,\\nthe most fashionable city in the colonies. The planters of\\nSouth Carolina lived in the country during the summer, and\\nduring the winter they moved to Charleston and lived in a\\ncontinual round of gayety. Virginia had no city, as Wil-\\nliamsburg, the capital, was a mere village. The Virginians\\nlived on large plantations, in imitation of the English lords", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763.\\nIll\\nS\\ntobacco.\\nCOLONIAL BEDSTEAD.\\nand gentlemen. Every Virginia planter kept fine horses.\\nThe plantations were situated along the river banks, and\\nevery planter had his\\nwharf to which the boats\\nwould ply, bringing\\ngoods h om England and\\nloaded with\\nHis house was\\nconsequently furnished\\nchiefly with articles from\\nEngland, and the clothes\\nthat he wore were made\\nin England. He dressed\\nlike the English. Eull-\\ndress consisted of the three-corner cocked hat, long belted\\ncoat, knee-breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with large\\nsilver buckles. The hair was w orn long and powdered, and\\nfastened in a bag at the back of the neck. Ladies also\\nwore their hair powdered. The chief amusement of a Vir-\\nginia gentleman was fox-hunting, horse-racing, cock-fight-\\ning and card-playing. The Southern people w ere noted for\\ntheir hospitality. They went even further than the people\\nof New^ England in their fondness for drinking, and a w^ell\\nfurnished w ine cellar was a feature of many mansions, wdiile\\nalmost every house set out intoxicants of some sort for its\\nguests.\\n12. Education in New England. New England was the\\nhome of the public school. In 1647, every village in Massa-\\nchusetts of fifty families was required to support a free primary\\nschool, and every village of a hundred families had to have a\\nsecondary school besides. To some extent education was\\ncompulsory. Deep learning w^as rare; the ministers, how^ever,\\nwere sometimes learned men. By 1763 most of the people di\\nNew England could read. There were many good secondary", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "112\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nHAKVARL) COLLKUJi.\\nschools and academies. Harvard, the first college in America,\\nwas established in New England in 1636 and Yale in 1701.\\nThere were few li-\\nbraries, and they\\nwere composed\\nmainly of books of\\nreligion. The first\\nAmerican newspa-\\nper was established\\nin Boston in 1704.\\nThis paper was is-\\nsued weekly, and\\nthere was no daily\\npaper until after\\nthe Revolution. At the time of the Revolution, New England\\nhad fourteen weekly papers. The printing-press, however,\\nhad been introduced in New England as early as 1639. There\\nwere few writers of importance.\\n13. Education in the Middle Colonies. The Middle colo-\\nnies had no well-established free schools. The Dutch had\\nfree schools in New York, but the English had allowed them\\nto go down. A free school was established\\nin Philadelphia, but there was no free school\\nsystem for the rural districts. There were\\nmany private schools. Before 1763, Colum-\\nbia College had been established in New\\nYork city; Princeton College, in New\\nJersey; and Franklin had established the\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia.\\nThe first public library was established by\\nFranklin in Philadelphia. He probably did more for educa-\\ntion in the Middle colonies than any other man living in\\nAmerica at that time.\\n14. Education in the South- The South, like the Middle\\nBENJAMIN FRANKLIN.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763.\\n113\\ncolonies, had no free school system. The plantations were\\ntoo far apart. By 1712, Charleston had a free school. One\\nhad been established in Virginia a few years before this time.\\nIn spite of the fact that Sir William Berkeley boasted that\\nVirginia had no printing-press and no free school, there was\\na general desire in Virginia for education. As early as 161 9,\\nthe attempt had been made to establish a college at the city\\nof Henrico, but it was prevented by the Indian massacre of\\n1622. Finally, William and Mary College was established in\\n1693. Before the Revolutionary War this was the best and\\nthe richest college in America. At this college was estab-\\nWILLIAM ANIJ MARY COLLEGE.\\nlished the first American school of law. Every large planter\\nhad a private tutor in his family. This tutor was often an\\nindented servant. Sometimes the clergymen established\\nprivate schools in their respective parishes. The boys were\\nusually sent to William and Mary College, though many\\nfamilies sent their sons to England to be educated. Among\\nthe poorer whites, however, there was scarcely any education.\\nThere were several private libraries in the colony, having from\\n8", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "114 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nthree to five hundred well-selected volumes. On the whole\\nwe can say of Southern education at this period that, while\\nit did not reach the masses, it was nevertheless far more\\nextensive and thorough among the higher classes than is\\ngenerally supposed.\\n35. General Culture In the Colonies. In the eigh-\\nteenth century the colonies began to make rapid strides in\\ngeneral culture. This is shown by the fact that, at the be-\\nginning of the century, they had not a single newspaper, but,\\nby 1750, there were seven newspapers, and, by 1776, there\\nwere thirty-seven newspapers. Yet, this number is very\\nsmall compared with the twenty thousand newspapers which\\nare now published in America. The people as a whole, how-\\never, were not great readers. Nearly every man, claiming to\\nhave any education, read the Bible and Shakespeare. In fact,\\nthe Bible and the Psalter were used as the reading books in\\nthe schools. The Southern planter usually gave the manage-\\nment of his plantation into the hands of an oVerseer, and, con-\\nsequently, he had ample time for general culture. He was a\\ngreat student of politics. Every Southern planter felt that it\\nwas his duty to take some part in the political questions of the\\nday. The Southerners studied the English constitution, and\\nthe great questions of government. This will explain why\\nthe South furnished the great leaders in the Revolution and\\nin the formation of our go^^ernment.\\n16. Travel and the Postal System. There was very little\\ntravel among the colonists. The roads were few. Most of\\nthe travel among the colonists was by means of horses or\\nboats. In 1723, when Franklin went from New York to\\nPhiladelphia, it took him six days to make the trip. He went\\npart of the way by boat and part the way on foot. At this\\ntime stage-coaches were just coming into use. The first\\nstage route was from Providence to Boston. On account of\\nthe difficulty of travel, friends seldom visited each other, and", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763.\\n115\\nthey found it almost equally as hard to communicate with\\neach other. There was no postal service at all until 1672,\\nRAPID TRANSIT IN COLONIAI- TIMES.\\nwhen a route was established between New York and Boston.\\nIn 1729, mail was sent from New York to Philadelphia once\\na w^eek, but in the winter-time only twice a month. Very\\noften the mail was not started from small towns until quite\\na good deal had accumulated. Franklin was made post-\\nmaster-general in 1753, and established several good mail\\nroutes. Postage was high, and charges were made accord-\\ning to the distance.\\n17. Cities. In 1763, there w^ere only five cities in the\\ncolonies. Philadelphia was the largest, and contained about\\n30,000 inhabitants. New York was second, Boston third,\\nCharleston fourth, and Baltimore fifth in population. Wil-\\nliamsburg was nothing but a small town. In the North,\\nthere were many villages and small towns, while the South\\ncontained very few.\\n18. Comparison of New England with the South.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nMiddle colonies combined some of the characteristics of both\\nthe North and the South, and all the colonies were alike in", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "116 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nthat the language and customs were mostly English. Still,\\nthere was a great difference between New England and the\\nSouth. New England had been settled mainly by the\\nPuritans^people opposed to the established order of things\\nin England; whereas, the South had been settled chiefly by\\nthe Cavaliers men in sympathy with royalty and English\\ncustoms. Then, New England was devoted chiefly to com-\\nmerce and manufacture; while in the South farming was\\nthe chief occupation. New England people liked town life;\\nthe South loved the country. New England had few\\nslaves, the South contained many. The spirit and dispo-\\nsition of the people of New England and of the South were\\nalso very different. In New England, the people were cool,\\ncalculating and deliberate; while the Southern people were\\nimpulsive, generous and freehearted. The New England\\npeople, after a residence of a century and a half in America,\\nhad become more inclined to accept progressive and advanced\\nideas, while the people of the South were slow to accept new\\nprinciples, and always remained conservative. On the whole,\\ntherefore, in 1763, there was a wide difference between the\\nNorthern and the Southern colonies.\\nQuESTiois s. 1. Name the colonies in order of settlement. 2. What are\\nthe three great divisions of the colonies? 3. Give some account of the\\npopulation m 1763. 4. What was a royal province? What, a proprietary?\\nWhat, a charter colony? 5. Give an account of the political conditions\\nof the colonies in 1763. 6. What was the Established Church? 7. Name\\nsome of the other religious denominations. 8. What was the condition\\nof slavery in New England in 1763? What, in the Middle colonies?\\nWhat, in the South? 9. Name the social classes in New England. In\\nthe Middle colonies. In the South. 10. Name the chief nationalities\\nin the colonies in 1763. 11. What were the chief industries of New\\nEngland? What, in the Middle colonies? 12. Where was tobacco chiefly\\ngrown? 13. Give an account of life in the New England colonies. 14.\\nAccount of life in the Middle colonies. 15. Account of life in the South.\\n16. Name the chief colleges in the country in 1763. 17. Were there any\\npublic schools? 18. Were there any newspapers in the colonies? 19.\\nGive an account of eeneral culture in all the colonies. 20. Tell of the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "COLONIES IN 1763. 117\\ndifRculties of travel. 21. Tell about the postal system. 22. Name the\\nchief cities in 1763. 23. Compare New England with the South.\\nAuthorities.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bancroft s History of the United States, Vol. II., III.,\\nIV.; Hildreth s History of the United States, Vol. II.; Winsor s Narra-\\ntive and Critical History of the United States, Vol. III., V.; Campbell s\\nHistory of Virginia; Cooke s History of Virginia; Fiske s Beginnings\\nof New England; Marshall s and Irving s Life of Washington; Ram-\\nsey s History of South Carolina; Thackeray s Virginians; Roosevelt s\\nWinning of the West; Fiske s History of the United States; Thwaitp s\\nColonies; Fisher s Colonial Era; Fiske s Old Virginia and Her Neigh-\\nbors; Chapman s History of South Carolina.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "118\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nPHRIOO II.\\nGEORGIA.\\nCOLONIES\\nFROM\\n1689-1763.\\nTHE COLONIES\\nIN\\n1763.\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\n1. Oglethorpe and the Settlement of Savannah, 86, 87.\\n2. Germans, Italians, and Scotch in Georgia, 87, 88.\\n3. Wesley and AVhitefield, 88.\\n4. Wars with Spaniards, SO.\\n1. King William s AVar, 81.\\n2. Qneen Anne s War, 82.\\n3. The Colonies Under George I., 84, 85.\\n4. Western Development, 90, 91.\\n5. French in the Northwest, 91, 92.\\n6. Canses of the so-called French and Indian War, 93.\\n7. Washington in the West, 94, 95.\\n8. Braddock and Sir William Johnson, 97, 98.\\n9. Wolfe and Montcalm, 98-100,\\n10. Resnlts of the War, 100, 101.\\n11. Wars with the Indians, 101, 102.\\n1. Popnlation and Government, 103, 104.\\n2. Religion and Slavery, 104-106.\\n3. Social Distinctions and Nationalities, 106-108.\\n4. Occnpations and Life, 108-111.\\n5. Edncation and General Cnltnre, 111-11 i.\\n6. New England and the South Compared, 1 15, 116.\\nHI^GI^ISII SOVBREIGIVS.\\n1689-1820.\\nWillLimand Mary 1689\u00e2\u0080\u00941702. I 3. George 1 1714\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\n2. Anne 1702\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1714. 4. George II 1727\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\n6. George III 1760\u00e2\u0080\u00941820.\\n27.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a060.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "[1763] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 119\\nPERIOD III,\\nTHE REVOLUTION\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nCAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.\\n1. George III. and His Policy. When George XL died,\\nin 1760, George III. became King of England. He was a\\nvery obstinate man, and determined to assert his power over\\nthe colonies. England s many wars had brought her heavily\\nin debt, and King George determined to make the colonists\\npay part of this debt by taxing them. As we shall see, his\\ndisregard of the rights of the colonists in imposing these\\ntaxes brought on the war of the American Revolution the\\ngreat struggle for freedom on the part of the colonies. We\\nmust first consider in detail the causes which led to it.\\n2. Rights of the Colonists Violation of Those Rights.\\nFrom the earliest times the colonists, especially in Virginia\\nand Massachusetts, insisted that they had a right to choose\\ntheir own law-makers, to regulate their own aftairs, to lay\\ntheir own taxes, and to decide how the money raised should\\nbe spent. These rights had been disregarded by England.\\nThe colonists claimed that they were free English subjects,\\nand had, under their charters, all the rights of the people of\\nEngland. Opposition to England had been aroused because\\n(i) of the mismanagement of the difficulties with the Indians,\\n(2) of the repeated importation of slaves, (3) of the passage\\nof unjust laws, (4) of the English policy of upholding an es-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "120 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1763\\ntablishecl church. These constitute the indirect causes of\\nthe Revolution, whereas the direct cause was taxation with-\\nout representation.\\n3. Trouble on Account of the Indians. The Enghsh gov-\\nernment never lent proper aid to the colonists in their wars\\nwith the Indians. Bacon s rebellion was caused by the gov-\\nernor s refusing to take steps to repel the Indians. The gov-\\nernors appointed by the English crown often provoked\\nIndian wars, as did Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina,\\nin the case of the Cherokees.\\n4. Negro Slavery. Slavery was first introduced by the\\nDutch, but after that the English carried it into all the colo-\\nnies. The English kept up the slave-trade because they\\nfound it profitable, and by the treaty of Utrecht, 171 3, Eng-\\nland was given entire control of the American slave-trade.\\nWhen South Carolina and Virginia passed laws to prohibit\\nthe further importation of slaves, the English crown would\\nnot allow these laws to go into effect. Virginia, in the\\npreamble to her constitution of 1776, complained that George\\nIII. had refused to allow her to exclude imported slaves.\\nThis statement was also put into the first draft of the Dec-\\nlaration of Independence, but was cut out by the Continental\\nCongress.\\n5. Unjust Laws. The Navigation Acts were very unjust to\\nthe colonists. From 1651 to 1754, twenty-five of these acts\\nwere passed by the English Parliament. These acts stated\\nthat the colonists should trade in English vessels, and that\\nAmerican goods should be shipped to English ports. This\\ngave the English merchants control of the trade. As these\\nlaws were so unjust they were often violated. Smuggling\\nprevailed everywhere in New England. To prevent smug-\\ngling, the English government ordered the courts to issue\\nWrits of Assistance which gave the revenue officers the right\\nto enter any warehouse or dwelling and search for smuggled", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 121\\ngoods. In a suit brought in 1760, to quash one of these\\nwrits, the eloquent James Otis pleaded the cause of the peo-\\nple against such injustice. He declared the navigation acts\\na taxation law made by a foreign Legislature without our\\nconsent.\\n6. Established Church Parsons Case. As we have\\nseen, great opposition was caused by the repeated efforts\\nof the rulers of England to uphold the Church of England\\nas the established church. Discontent was caused in Vir-\\nginia by the king s siding with the clergy in a dispute with\\nthe people. This led to the famous Parsons Case.^ The\\nfinal decision of the jury in this case was contrary to the\\norder of the king in regard to the matter in dispute, and\\nimplied that, in Virginia, the House of Burgesses possessed\\nan authority higher than the king s.\\n7. Taxation Without Representation. The real cause of\\nFor a number of years, tobacco had been used in the colony of Vir-\\nginia in place of money, and the salaries of officers were, in many cases,\\npayable in tobacco. Each minister in the county parishes received by\\nlaw 16,000 pounds of tobacco. When this law was passed, lobacco was\\nworth two pence a pound. In 1758. when tobacco was worth about six\\npence a pound, the House of Burgesses passed an act compelling the\\nclergy to receive their salary in money at the rate of two yt^nce a pound\\nfor the tobacco due them. Thereupon, the clergy appealed to the king.\\nHe declared that the House of Burgesses had no right to pass such a\\nlaw, and that the clergy should receive either the 16,000 pounds of\\ntobacco or its market price\u00e2\u0080\u0094 about \u00c2\u00a3400. On this decision of the king.\\nRev. James Maury, of Hanover county, sued his churches, and the court\\ndecided in his favor. The case was brought to trial a second time, and\\nPatrick Henry appeared as counsel for the churches. His eloquence\\ninduced the jury to decide against the clergy.\\nPatrick Henry was the son of a gentleman in Hanover county of\\nsmall means and large family. He was educated mainly by his father,\\nwho taught him Latin, a little Greek, and some mathematics. At the\\nage of fifteen he was put into a store. Before young Henry was twenty\\nhe married, and tried several ways of making a living\u00e2\u0080\u0094 first farming,\\nand then storekeeping again. He next studied law and was admitted\\nto the bar in 1760.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "122 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1763\\nthe Revolution was taxation without representation. The\\nParhament determined to tax the colonies without giving\\nthem the right to send representatives to Parliament; so,\\nan act was passed by Parliament, in 1765, known as the\\nStamp Act. This act required that all documents used\\nin carrying on business bills, receipts, licenses, deeds, bonds,\\nwills, etc. should be written on paper with a stamp on it.\\nFor this stamped paper a high price had to be paid, but it\\nwas not so much the amount of the tax as the assertion of\\nthe right to tax the colonies without their consent that\\nraised such a storm of opposition.\\n8. Stamp Act Opposed. The principal opposition to the\\nnavigation laws began m Boston, the chief port in Mas-\\nsachusetts, but the Stamp Act was equally objectionable to\\nall the colonies. The first declaration against it was made\\nin the Virginia Assembly, where Patrick Henry, in a set of\\nfive resolutions, affirmed that the Virginians had always\\nbeen entitled, under the royal charters, to all the rights and\\nprivileges of Englishmen; that the right of the colonists to\\nimpose their own taxes was one of the most important of\\nthese privileges, and that any attempt to lay taxes otherwise\\nwas likely to destroy not only American but British freedom.\\nUnder the influence of Henry s fiery eloquence the resolu-\\ntions were adopted by a small majority.*\\nAt the town of Brunswick, North Carolina, patriots took\\nup arms and prevented the British war-sloop Diligence from\\nsending any stamps ashore. The citizens of Charleston\\npublicly burned the odious Stamp Act.\\nNo report was made of this speech, but Thomas Jefferson, who\\nheard it, declared it most wonderful. In its course the speaker said:\\nCaesar had his Brutus; Charles I., his Cromwell; and George III.\\nTreason! Treason! cried out his opponents. Henry paused, looked\\nthe Speaker of the House full in the eyes, and went on: May profit by\\ntheir example. If this be treason, make the most of it.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 123\\n9. Congress of Colonies, 1765. Massachusetts called a\\ncolonial congress to consider what should be done to resist\\nthe Stamp Act and to preserve the liberties of the colonies.\\nThis congress met in 1765, in New York. There were no\\nrepresentatives from Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia or\\nNew Hampshire. In Virginia and North Carolina the gov-\\nernors would not permit the Assemblies to meet and elect\\ndelegates. South Carolina, influenced by the wise patriots,\\nChristopher Gadsden and John Rutledge, promptly enrolled\\nherself on the side of liberty. Georgia, New Hampshire\\nand North Carolina gave expression to their sympathy. The\\ncongress denied the right of Parliament to tax them as long\\nas they had no representatives in that body, and sent peti-\\ntions on the subject to the king. The four absent colonies\\nsent similar petitions.\\n10. The Repeal of the Stamp Act Revenue Act. Few\\nof the prominent men of the colonies would act as stamp\\nassents for the Eng^lish s:overnment, and those who did, were\\nforced to resign or to submit to much ill treatment; more-\\nover, the colonists refused to buy the stamps; so, very few\\nstamps were sold. In 1766, Parliament, finding that they\\ncould not enforce the Act, repealed it, reserving to them-\\nselves, however, the right to tax the colonies. The next\\nyear the English Parliament passed what is known as the\\nRevenue Act, taxing imported articles, such as teas, fruits,\\nwines, glass, paper, etc. Troops were sent over to enforce\\nthis Act. Parliament had already passed a law requiring\\nthe colonists to support these soldiers, and often there was\\ntrouble between the people and the soldiers. As a result\\nof a quarrel between the people of Boston and the British\\ntroops, several citizens were killed in a street-fight.\\nii. Virginia s Protest. In 1769, Virginia raised a pro-\\ntest, as Massachusetts had already done. The House of\\nBurgesses passed a resolution declaring that Virginia would", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "124 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1763\\nno longer submit to be taxed by England. The House was\\nat once dissolved by the governor, but the members imme^\\ndiately reassembled in the town of Williamsburg and organ-\\nized the first Revolutionary Convention. They did not\\nattempt to make any laws, but agreed among themselves\\nthat they would import no articles which were taxed by the\\nEnglish government.\\n12. The Tea Tax. The British govermiient tried to en-\\nforce the Revenue Act of 1767. They raised duties to the\\namount of f 16,000, but the colonies were so opposed to pay-\\ning them, that the cost of raising this revenue was \u00c2\u00a315,000.\\nBecause many colonies refused to import goods, the English\\nmerchants were suffering heavy loss, so they petitioned Par-\\nliament for a repeal of the Act. Parliament then repealed\\nthe whole law except that imposing the tax on tea. The col-\\nonists saw at once that this, was but a plan to force them to\\nacknowledge that England had a right to tax them, and\\nthey refused to yield to Parliament.\\n13. The Regulators and the Battle of Alamance. In\\n1767, many of the citizens of North Carolina organized, and\\nsoon became known as the Regulators. They were op-\\nposed to the unjust taxation of England and to the taxes\\nthat Governor Tryon was raising to build an executive man-\\nsion. This opposition became so strong that, in 1771, there\\nwas an uprising against Governor Tryon, and a bloody fight\\ntook place at Great Alamance, in Orange county, between\\nabout 2,000 citizens the Regulators and the governor s\\nforces. Superior discipline in the governor s army caused\\nthe defeat of the North Carolinians, but they had, none the\\nless, proved their readiness to die for their rights.\\n14. Committees of Correspondence. In 1772, a band of\\nRhode Islanders boarded and burned the Gaspce, a revenue\\nvessel, which ran aground in trying to catch a packet*from\\nProvidence. The crown officers directed the s^overnor to", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 125\\narrest the offenders and send them to England to be tried.\\nThis order, although not carried out, was considered the\\ngreatest outrage upon American liberties, and the Virginia\\nAssembly at once organized a committee to correspond with\\nthe other colonies as to the best means for preserving\\ntheir liberties. The way was thus prepared for the first\\ngeneral Colonial Congress, w hich, on the proposal of Vir-\\nginia, met the next year, 1774, in Philadelphia.\\n15. Indian Tea-Party. Even with the tax, the price of\\ntea was lower in the colonies than in England. But the\\ncolonists were contending for a principle, and determined\\nthat none of the taxed tea should be landed. Ships loaded\\nwdth tea were either sent back with their cargoes, or the tea\\nwas rendered unsalable. In several of the Southern colonies,\\ntea was destroyed in broad daylight; at Boston, two tea-ships\\nin the harbor were boarded at night by men, disguised as\\nIndians, and $90,000 worth of tea was thrown overboard.\\n16. Boston Port Bill. England determined to punish\\nthis insolence on the part of the colonies. Five acts were now\\npassed by the British Parliament, one of which declared that\\nthe port of Boston was to be closed until the town should\\nsubmit to England. The town was put under military rule.\\nThroughout all the colonies deep sympathy was expressed for\\nBoston and Massachusetts.\\n17. Virginia Convention, 1774. When Virginia heard of\\nthe Boston Port Bill, there was great excitement. The\\nHouse of Burgesses passed resolutions of sympathy, and set\\naside the first of June as a day of fasting and prayer. Lord\\nDunmore dissolved the Assembly; but the members at once\\nmet in Williamsbursf, condemned the action of the Eng-\\nfe\\nlish Government, and advised that a convention be held to\\nelect delegates to the General Congress of the colonies\\nto convene during the same year. This convention met and\\nelected as delegates to the Congress, Peyton Randolph,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "126 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1763\\nRichard Henry Lee, Rjcliard lilaiid, IkMijamin Harrison,\\nEdmund Randolph, Patrick Henry and George Washington.\\ni8. First Continental Congress, 1774. This Congress met\\nin 1774, in Philadelphia. All the colonies except Georgia\\nwere represented. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was chosen\\npresident, and Charles Thompson, of Pennsylvania, secretary.\\nIts deliberations were conducted with closed doors, and only\\nresults were published. It first defined its own character by\\nvoting itself a congress of separate and distinct political\\nbodies; then it determined that the colonies must be con-\\nsidered equal and have each an equal vote. The members\\nwere not ready for independence, but hoped to persuade the\\nking to redress their grievances. They, therefore, sent a\\npetition to the king, in which they asserted very plainly what\\nthey considered to be the rights of the colonies. This petition\\nis known as the Declaration of Rights. This Congress also\\nprovided for a second Congress to meet May 10, 1775.\\n19. The Minute Men/* General Gage, with four British\\nregiments, was sent tu Boston. Being made governor of\\nMassachusetts, he forbade the members of the Massachusetts\\nAssembly to meet. They met, nevertheless, and declared\\nthemselves the congress ot the province, made John Han-\\ncock their president, and chose a Committee of Safety to\\nprovide for the defence of the colony. They also voted that\\n12,000 troops should be raised, and that one-fourth of the\\nmilitia should be enlisted as Minute Men, to be ready to\\nmarch or fight at a minute s notice.\\n20. Indian Troubles in Virginia, 1774. In the midst of\\nthe agitation and anxiety of the whole country, there arose\\na bloody war in Virginia. The Indians north of the Ohio\\nwere jealous because the white men were gradually taking\\npossession of their hunting grounds. Some Indian outrages\\ncaused the frontiersmen to assemble in self-defence. Many\\nsmall encounters took place, and finally affairs took such a", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 127\\nserious turn that Lord Dunmore ordered 3,000 men to as-\\nsemble for the defence of the frontier. General Andrew\\nLewis was put in command of one-half, while Dunmore\\nhimself commanded the other half. The armies were to meet\\nat the mouth of the Great Kanawha River. Lewis s force\\nfrom the western and southwestern counties of Virginia\\npromptly obeyed the summons, and encamped near the\\nmouth of the Kanawha where Cornstalk, chief of the Indians,\\ndetermined to attack and overpower it. Here, in October,\\ntook place the fierce battle of Point Pleasant or Great\\nKanawha, in which the Lidians were severely defeated.\\nAmong those with General Lewis was George Rogers Clarke,\\nof Albemarle county, who was destined to play a still greater\\npart in the history of our country. This battle broke the\\nspirit of the savages, induced them to make peace, and\\nopened the way for the settlement of Kentucky. As Dun-\\nmore did nothing in this war, his officers became very much\\ndissatisfied and united with those under Lewis in declaring\\ntheir sympathy with the Continental Congress and with all\\nefforts to preserve the liberties of the colonies.\\n21. The Tory Ministry. The Declaration of Rights, drawn\\nup by the American Congress, made a great impression\\nin England. William Pitt (Lord Chatham), leader of the\\nWhig Party in England, favored the colonies, and declared\\nthat the settlement of the question should be on the basis\\nthat taxation is theirs and commercial regulation ours;\\nbut the Tories disapproved of his plan, and, since they were\\nin power, they not only defeated Pitt s measure but even\\npassed in Parliament extreme measures for forcing the col-\\nonies into submission. Massachusetts was declared to be in\\na state of rebellion, and all the colonies were forbidden to\\ntrade with England, Ireland, or the West Indies. Matters,\\nhowever, had already gotten into a bad state in Massachu-\\nsetts. Gage, as military governor, ruled the people with a", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "128\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1763\\nheavy hand. There were no courts of law, and everything\\nwas in a state of turmoil.\\n22. Virginia Convention, 1775. In the spring of 1775,\\nthe Virginia Convention met at St. John s Episcopal Church\\nin Richmond. Patrick Henry in a great speech proposed that\\nmeasures should be taken to\\nput the colonies into a state\\nof defence. Seeing the con-\\ndition of affairs in Massa-\\nchusetts, he prophesied\\nThe next gale that sweeps\\nfrom the North will bring to\\nour ears the clash of re-\\nsounding arms. He de-\\nclared: We must fight; an\\nappeal to arms and to the\\nGod of battles is all that is\\nleft us, and he concluded\\nwith the thrilling declaration, I know not what course others\\nmay take, but, as for me, give me liberty, or give me death.\\nHenry s resolutions were adopted, and the enlisting of sol-\\ndiers and preparation for war went on throughout the colony.\\n23. Removal of the Powder. Dunmore, in the mean\\ntime, forbade the sending of delegates to the General Con-\\ngress which was to assemble in Philadelphia. He carried off\\nthe powder from the magazine in Williamsburg to one of\\nthe British ships in the river, and thus tried to cripple the\\ndefence of the colony, as Berkeley had done one hundred\\nyears before. This high-handed act excited great indig-\\nnation, and the Virginians readily volunteered to march\\nto Williamsburg and compel the restoration of the powder.\\nA troop from Hanover county, led by Patrick Henry, forced\\nDunmore to pay the value of the missing powder.\\n24. Battle of Lexington, 1775. The openin\\nST. JOHN S EPISCOPAL CHURCH.\\ng fight of the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 129\\nRevolution occurred in Massachusetts. General Gage had\\n3,000 British troops in Boston. He determined to destroy\\na supply of ammunition stored by the colonists at Concord,\\nsixteen miles away. On the night of April i8th, 800 British\\nsoldiers started to Concord. Dr. Warren, one of the Com-\\nmittee of Safety, sent men to alarm the country. Signals of\\ndanger were also given by hanging a lantern in a church\\ntower. These warnings were heeded, and at Lexington the\\nBritish found seventy minute men assembled. Major\\nPitcairn, a British officer, rode forward and asked what they\\nmeant. We are going to Concord, was the reply. Dis-\\nperse, ye rebels! shouted Pitcairn, firing his pistol and call-\\ning on his men to fire. Seven minute men were killed and\\nnine wounded. The British marched on to Concord and\\ndestroyed such stores as had not been removed. By this time\\na number of minute men had assembled, and they kept up\\na continual attack on the British as they returned to Boston.\\nTwo hundred and seventy-three English soldiers and eighty-\\nnine of the Americans were killed.\\n25. Israel Putnam and John Stark. Tidings of this fight\\nwent like lightning through the colonies. Preparations for\\nwar were everywhere made. In Connecticut, Israel Putnam,\\nleaving his plow in the furrow, rode ofi^ on one of the\\nplow-horses to join the army before Boston. In New\\nHampshire, John Stark, already trained in the French and\\nIndian wars, left his home in ten minutes after hearing of the\\nfight, and rode to Boston, encouraging the men along his\\nroad to bestir themselves in defence of liberty.\\n26. The Country Rises Everywhere. The men of Charles-\\nton, South Carolina, seized the royal arsenal and distri-\\nbuted twelve hundred stands of arms. The night after hearing\\nof the battle of Lexington, the Assembly of this colony\\nordered that two regiments of infantry and one of rangers be\\nraised, and that $100,000 be issued to carry on the war,\\n9", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "p fr\u00c2\u00bbrf ifc\\nRUINS OF TICONDEEOGA.\\n130 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1763\\nGeorgia, also, took possession of the king s magazine in\\nSavannali, where was found a valuable supply of powder.\\nOther colonies showed that they were eager to support the\\nwar.\\n27. Capture of Ticonderoga. Ethan Allen, of Vermont,\\nat the head of a small force of New England volunteers, sur-\\nprised Fort Ticonderoga, in New York. When the com-\\nmander of the fort was\\naroused from sleep by Allen s\\nsummons to surrender, he\\nnaturally asked By what\\nauthority? In the name\\nof the Great Jehovah and the\\nContinental Congress, was\\nAllen s reply. The fort, its\\ngarrison of fifty men, nearly\\ntwo hundred cannon, and many military stores, were sur-\\nrendered. Crown Point and Fort George soon fell into the\\nhands of the Americans.\\n28. Second Continental Congress, 1775. The second\\nContinental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775,\\nthe day of the capture of Ticonderoga. John Hancock, of\\nMassachusetts, w as made president. Congress, not yet pre-\\npared for open revolt, sent another petition to King George,\\nbut he refused to receive it. Addresses were issued to the\\npeople of Great Britain, of Ireland, and of New England, in\\nthe name of all the colonies except Georgia. The repre-\\nsentative from Georgia had been prevented by the governor\\nfrom coming.\\n29. Scruples of Congress Overcome. When the news of\\nthe battle of Lexington reached England, violent proceed-\\nings against the colonies were at once determined on. The\\ncolonists were declared rebels, and steps w^ere taken to\\narouse and arm the Indians and negroes against the whiteSv", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "1775]\\nCAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.\\n131\\nThese extreme measures convinced the most irresolute\\namong the congressmen\\nthat their only hope la} in\\n\\\\VASiIINGTON TAKING COMMAND OF THE ARMY\\nprompt resistance.\\n30. The United Colonies.** Events in New England\\naided in putting an end to hesitation. There were now about\\n10,000 British troops under Gage, in Boston. On June 12,\\n1775, a proclamation placed Massachusetts under martial law,\\nand, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, offered\\npardon to all who would lay down their arms. This procla-\\nmation decided the action of Congress. For the purpose of\\ncarrying on the war, they agreed that the colonies should\\nform a union and that the name United Colonies be\\nadopted. It was determined to issue $2,000,000 of paper\\nmoney, and to raise an army of 20,000 men. The patriot\\nforces of New York were charged with the duty of keeping\\nthe way open between New England and Philadelphia. The\\nelection of a commander-in-chief was also decided on. Several\\nof the leaders, John Hancock especially, desired the position,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "132 n\u00c2\u00a3w school history. [1763\\nbut George Washington, in consideration of his military ex-\\nperience and fitness for command, was chosen. Four major-\\ngenerals (Ward, Charles Lee,* Philip Schuyler and Israel\\nPutnam,) and eight brigadier-generals (Pomeroy, Mont-\\ngomery, Wooster, Heath, Spencer, Thomas, Sullivan and\\nGreene,) were selected at the same time.\\n31. Appearance and Character of Washington. Wash-\\nington was at this time in the prime of life, forty-three years\\nold, tall and stately, noble in bearing and always dignified.\\nAll who saw him admired his\\nmanly presence, soldierly look,\\nand the fine appearance he\\nmade, especially on horseback.\\nHis appointment as commander-\\nwAsiuNoioN s BIRTHPLACE. iu-chicf laid ou him as heavy a\\nresponsibility as any man has ever borne. You will see how\\nnobly he sustained it, and what his country owxs to his\\ncourage, fidelity and patriotism. v\\nQuestions. 1. What was the next war in America? 2. For what\\nrights were the colonies strenuous? 3. What were the indirect causes\\nof the Revolution? What the direct? 4. What was the attitude of the\\nroyal governors in Indian affairs? 5. What was the attitude of England\\ntowards slavery? 6. Tell about the Navigation Laws and Writs of\\nAssistance. 7. What was the currency of Virginia for many years? 8.\\nTell about the Parsons Case. 9. Give a sketch of Patrick Henry s\\nlife up to 1760 (note). 10. What was the Stamp Act, and when was it\\npassed? 11. Tell of the opposition to it and of Patrick Henry s great\\nspeech in 1765. 12. What was done in North Carolina? 13. Give an\\naccount of the Congress of colonies in the same year. 14. What stand\\nwas taken by this Congress? 15. How did the colonies receive the\\nstamp agents? Tell of the repeal of the Stamp Act. 16. What was the\\nRevenue Act of 1767? 17. Tell of Virginia s protest and the resolutions\\nCharles Lee was an English officer, who, after fighting m various\\nwars, had resigned and settled in Virginia. Horatio Gates, another\\nBritish soldier of ability, who had also become a Virginia planter, was,\\nby Washington s influence, made adjutant-general of the Continental\\narmy.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "1775] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 133\\nof 1769. 18. WTiat was the Tea Tax? 19. Who were the Regulators\\nin North Carolina? Tell of the battle of Alamance. 20. Tell the story\\nof the Gaspee. 21. What committees led to the first Colonial Congress\\nin 1774? 22. WTiat led to the Indian Tea-Party at Boston? 23. What\\nwas the Boston Port Bill? 24. Tell of the Virginia Convention of 1774.\\n25. Tell of the first continental congress. 20. What was the De-\\nclaration of Rights 27. Tell about the Minute Men. 28. What\\nbrought on the trouble with the Indians in Virginia in 1774? 29.\\nWho was Andrew Lewis? Tell of the battle of Kanawha. 30. What\\ndid Dunmore s officers do? 31. Tell of Pitt and the Tories in England.\\n32. What were the conditions in Massachusetts? 33. Tell of the Virginia\\nConvention of 1775. 34. Tell of Patrick Henry s great speech and its\\nresult. 35. Why did Governor Dunmore carry off the powder, and how\\nwas his action met? 36. Tell the story of the battle of Lexington. 37.\\nWho were Israel Putnam and John Starke? 38. What effect had the\\nbattle of Lexington upon the colonies? 39. How was Fort Ticonderoga\\ncaptured, and by whom? 40. What other forts were also taken? 41.\\nWhen and where did the second Continental Congress assemble? 42.\\nWhy were only twelve colonies represented? 43. What was England s\\ncourse on hearing of the uprising in America? 44. What proclamation\\nwas made in Boston? 45. What course of action was immediately\\ndecided upon by Congress? 46. Who was chosen commander-in-chief of\\nthe army? 47. What general officers were appointed? 48. Describe\\nWashington s appearance and character.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "134\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1775\\nCHAPTER XVIIL\\nFIRST YEAR OF THE WAR DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nI. Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. While Congress was\\ncalling a nation Into being, the first real battle of the Revolu-\\ntion was fought before Bos-\\nBL NKKll HI 1,1..\\nton. About 15,000 men\\nfrom New England, poorly\\narmed and equipped, had\\ncollected around that city.\\nThe British army in Boston\\nhad fortified Boston Neck.\\nThe American lines ex-\\ntended from Charlestown\\ntowards the south. A rumor\\nreached them that General\\nGage was about to fortify\\nBunker Hill, and the Americans at once determined to take\\npossession of it themselves.\\n2. Intrench merit of Breed s Hill. On the night of June\\n1 6th, 1,200 men, under Colonel Prescott, marched to Charles-\\ntown, carrying intrenching tools. On Copp s Hill, just\\nacross the mouth of Charles River, was a British battery, so\\nthat the utmost caution and silence were necessary. Finding\\nthat Breed s Hill, though lower than Bunker s, was nearer\\nBoston, it was decided to make the intrenchment there. The\\nmen began digging about midnight and worked so fast that\\nby dawn they had thrown up along the crest of the hill an\\nembankment six feet high. A British vessel, the Lively,\\nopened fire on them, but they worked on, while, to encourage\\nhis men, Prescott walked around the top of the embankment.\\n3. British Prepare to Attack. The next morning, Gen-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "1776] FIRST YEAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 135\\neral Gage was very much surprised to see the strong breast-\\nworks made by the Americans. He saw at a glance that he\\nmust drive them away or leave Boston with his army. As\\nthere was no American force on Charlestown Neck, Generals\\nHowe and Piggot, sent by Gage, with 2,000 British troops,\\nlanded by noon at that point. Howe saw some New Hamp-\\nshire troops marching up in the distance, so he halted and\\nsent to Gage for reinforcements, while the men already landed\\nwere given food and beer. Stark and his men reached Breed s\\nHill during this delay, and threw up a novel breastwork by\\nplanting one fence a little way behind another, and filling\\nthe space between with hay.\\n4. Repulse of the British. While the British were ad-\\nvancing against the intrenchments the Americans were\\nordered not to fire until they could see the whites of their\\neyes. The volley then poured with deliberate aim into the\\nassaulting column caused it to fall back in confusion, A\\nsecond charge was still more vigorously repulsed. Howe s\\nattack upon the breastwork of fences was also repulsed by\\na murderous fire at thirty paces.\\n5. Americans Obliged to Retreat. The British now made\\na third attack against the intrenchments. The Americans\\nhad no more powder; further resistance was impossible,\\nand Prescott ordered his men to retreat. British and Ameri-\\ncans, in a confused mass, surged down the hill. The men\\nbehind the fence maintained their ground until Prescott s\\nforce was in safety, when they, too, slowly withdrew. During\\nthis retreat. General Warren, who had volunteered as a pri-\\nvate, was shot through the head and instantly killed. The\\nEnglish intrenched themselves on Bunker Hill, and no effort\\nwas made by either side to renew the fight.\\n6. Opinions of the Battle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The British felt humiliated,\\nbecause, with a loss of 1,054 men, they had succeeded only\\nin driving the despised colonial force from their feeble de-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "136 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1775\\nfences. The Americans lost only 450 men, but were morti-\\nfied at what they considered a defeat. Their gallant fighting,\\nhowever, aroused much enthusiasm throughout the colonies.\\nWhen Washington, who was on his way to Boston, met the\\ncourier carrying to Congress tidings of the battle, and heard\\nhow bravely the militia had behaved, he exclaimed The\\nliberties of our country are safe.\\n7. Washington Takes Command of the Army. On\\nJuly 2, 1775, Washington took command of the army at\\nCambridge. He was received with great joy, and a salute was\\nfired, although the army had a very small supply of pow^der.\\nThe first work of the commander-in-chief was to drill\\nthe undisciplined force at Cambridge into an efiicient army.\\nTo curb the independent spirit of the volunteers, the men\\nwere enlisted for the war, or for some definite time.\\n8. Troops from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia.\\nThe ranks of the army were filled by troops from other colo-\\nnies. Fourteen hundred riflemen came\\nfrom Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir-\\nginia.* Washington knew what a valua-\\nl^le assistance these hardy hunters and\\nfighters would prove. This increase of\\nsoldiers did not, however, increase the\\nAmerican supply of ammunition. Two\\nthousand of the men were without mus-\\nkets, and Washington could make no\\nattack on the British because his men had no powder.\\n9. Efforts to Seize Canada, 1775. To weaken the Brit-\\nish power, it was decided to try to take possession of Canada,\\nbut as the Canadians were not in sympathy with the United\\nWhen Daniel Morgan, with his ninety-six mounted riflemen, who\\nhad come six hundred miles from the Shenandoah Valley, following\\nMorgan s brief order A bee line for Boston rode into camp, Wash-\\nington is said to have welcomed them most cordially.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "1776] FIRST YEAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 137\\nColonies, very little was accomplished. Montreal fell for\\na time into the hands of the colonists. Washington sent\\nBenedict Arnold with i,ioo men, by way of the Kennebec\\nRiver, to approach Quebec on the. east and to co-operate w^ith\\nanother force, under Montgomery, from the west. After\\nmany hardships, Quebec was reached. An unsuccessful\\nattack was made on the town. The Americans were finally\\nforced to retire from Canada without accomplishing any-\\nthing.\\n10. First Colonial Flag. On the first of January, 1776,\\nthe first flag of the United Colonies, thirteen stripes added\\nto the British union or blue square, was hoisted over the\\nAmerican camp at Cambridge.\\n11. British Driven from Boston, 1776. At last, Wash-\\nington secured powder enough for his long-desired attack\\non Boston. On the night of March 4, 1776, he began to\\nthrow^ up breastworks on Dorchester Heights, near the city.\\nBy the next morning a formidable-looking earthwork com-\\nmanded the whole British camp and fleet. When the British\\ncommander saw it, he exclaimed, These rebels have done\\nmore work in one night than my whole army would have\\ndone in a month. The British could no longer remain in\\nBoston, and on the 17th of March, Howe, who had succeeded\\nGage, sailed away to Halifax with his 11,000 men. He\\nremained at that place about three months. The Americans\\noccupied Boston the next day.\\n12. Washington s Army Goes to New York. Boston\\nno longer needed the army. Sir Guy Carleton was preparing\\nto descend upon the Hudson Valley from Canada, and\\nGeneral Howe, to take possession of New York. General\\nWashington, therefore, took his army to defend that city.\\n13. Dunmore Deposed by the Virginia Assembly.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While\\nthis was taking place in the North, Virginia was having\\ngreat trouble with Lord Dunmore. He quarrelled with the", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "138 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1775\\nBurgesses, and finally took refuge with his family on the frig-\\nate Fozvcy at Yorktown. The Assembly then declared that\\nthe governorship had been vacated and called a convention,\\nwhich met in Richmond. This convention proceeded to\\norganize the militia of the State, and two regiments were at\\nonce enlisted, one of which was commanded by Patrick\\nHenry, and the other by Colonel Woodford. A Committee\\nof Safety was appointed under the direction of Edmund\\nPendleton, and provision was made for obtaining arms and\\nammunition.\\n14. Dunmore Wages War against Virginia. Dunmore\\nattacked certain places along the coasts with his armed\\nvessels. He ordered all citizens to join his standard or be\\nproclaimed traitors, and offered freedom to slaves who would\\nrise against their masters. He also ordered that the Indians\\nbe stirred up against the colony, and that a regiment of back-\\nwoodsmen be enlisted against the patriots. A British ship ran\\naground near Hampton, and was burned by the citizens of\\nthe town, and their resistance to an attacking force was the\\nfirst real fighting in the colony.\\n15. Battle of Great Bridge. Dunmore, with his troops,\\nhad gone to the southeastern part of the colony where there\\nwas a number of Tories, as the Americans, who sided with\\nthe British, were called. Colonel Woodford, with 800 men,\\nwas ordered to follow him. At Great Bridge, about twenty\\nmiles from Norfolk, he was attacked by the British. The\\nAmericans did not fire until their foes were close upon them,\\nand then they took such deadly aim that the British were\\nrepulsed with a severe loss. Shortly after this, Norfolk was\\nshelled and burned by the British. Dunmore was finally\\ndriven from Virginia. He was the last royal governor in\\nthe colonies.\\n16. Battle of Moore s Creek. The Scotch settlers in\\nNorth Carolina were loyal to King George. Early in 1776,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "1776]\\nFIRST YEAR OF THE REVOLUTION.\\n1B9\\nwhen they heard that a large British army and fleet were\\ncoming to capture Wilmington, about i,6oo of them assem-\\nbled and started to meet the expected British forces. They\\nwere met at Moore s Creek by Colonel Caswell with a force\\nof i,ocro North Carolina patriots. After a severe battle, the\\nScots were completely routed. Thus it may be said that the\\nfirst victory of the Revolution was won by the people of\\nNorth Carolina.\\nDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\n17. The Mecklenburg DecBaration. The first steps to-\\nwards avowed independence were taken in the South. Incited\\nCOL. POLK READING THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION.\\nby the news of the battle of Lexington, the people of Meck-\\nlenburg county, North Carolina, determined to dissolve the\\npolitical bonds that united them with the mother country.\\nDelegates froin various parts of the county inet at Charlotte,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "140 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1775\\nMay 20, 1775, and i)assed bold resolutions assertnig their\\nright and intention to govern themselves without regard to\\nBritish laws.\\n18. Growth of the Spirit of Independence. The desire\\nfor independence did not become widespread until the spring\\nof 1776, when the news arrived from England that the king\\nhad hired soldiers in Germany to fight against the rebels\\nthat he had ordered his ships to burn the towns along the\\ncoast; and that he was advocating various other measures\\ndesigned to bring the colonies into submission. While the\\npeople were excitedly discussing how^ to protect themselves\\nfrom these oppressive measures, a strongly-written article by\\nThomas Paine, called Common Sense, advising absolute\\nindependence from England, was published and widely read.\\nThis advice was quickly followed by some of the colonies.\\n19. South Carolina Declares Herself Independent.\\nOn the 26th of March, 1776, South Carolina organized an\\nindependent government with its legislature, its army and\\nits courts. John Rutledge was chosen President; Henry\\nLaurens, Vice-President; William Henry Drayton, Chief\\nJustice. Christopher Gadsden left Congress to command the\\nlittle army. Thus South Carolina was the first colony to\\ndeclare herself independent.\\n20. North Carolina and Rhode Island Take Action. In a\\nfew weeks (April 12th) North Carolina instructed her dele-\\ngates in Congress to concur with the delegates of other\\ncolonies in declaring independency. Rhode Island soon\\ntook a bolder stand and practically declared herself independ-\\nent of Great Britain.\\n21. Acts of Congress. England s hostile attitude forced\\nCongress to adopt measures to protect the colonies against\\nthe coming storm. Vessels for a navy were ordered to be\\nbuilt; letters of marque, or permission to private indi-\\nviduals to arm any ship and fight the English, were issued;", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "1776]\\nFIRST YEAR OF THE REVOLUTION.\\n141\\nH-f.\\nRICHARD ilKiNRV L\\ntheir delegates\\nthe country from Maine to Georgia was divided into military\\ndistricts to be defended by the Continental army. Finally, the\\ncolonies were advised to establish o-Qvern-\\nments of their own in place of those that\\nhad been overthrown. This was the first\\ndistinctive step towards general independ-\\nence.\\nOn the same day (May 15th) that Con-\\ngress made this recommendation to the\\ncolonies, the Virginia Convention of 1776,\\nthen in session at Wilhamsburg, instructed\\nin Congress to propose to that body to\\ndeclare the United Colonies free and independent States.\\n22. The Declaration of Independence. Obeying the in-\\nstructions of Virginia, Richard Henry Lee offered a resoki-\\ntion in Congress, which was seconded by\\nJohn Adams, that these United Colonies\\nare, and of right ought to be, free and in-\\ndependent States. After long debate, a\\ncommittee was appointed to draw up a\\nsuitable declaration of independence. Mr.\\nLee had been compelled to return to Vir-\\nginia, and Thomas Jefferson* was made\\nchairman of the committee. The other\\nmembers were John Adams, of Massachusetts; Benjamin\\nFranklin, of Pennsylvania; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut,\\nThomas Jefferson, who prepared the Declaration of Independence,\\nwas from Albemarle county, Virginia, of English descent, and consider-\\nable fortune. After good preparation, he graduated at William and\\nMary College. He then studied law and began to practice at the age\\nof twenty-four. An earnest student of nature and of books, and\\npossessing a brilliant and logical mind, he became noted as a forcible\\nthinker and writer. His feeble voice shut him off from oratory, but at\\nthe age of thirty-three he had become a leading statesman and patriot.\\nNo man of that eventful time exerted a more powerful influence OH\\nthe history of the country.\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "l-i2 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1776\\nand Robert Livingston, of New York. July 4, 1776, the\\nDeclaration of Independence was unanimously adopted in\\nIndependence Hall, Philadelphia, and was signed by delegates\\nfrom all the colonies. Thus the United Colonies threw ofT\\nthe British yoke, and began in earnest their struggle for\\nindependence. It was indeed a bold step when the thirteen\\nthinly settled colonies determined to resist the great power\\nof England, but our ancestors were hardy and brave, and by\\nperseverance they won their cause.\\nQuestions. 1. What troops were assembled around Boston in 1775?\\n2. Tell of the intrenchment of Breed s Hill. 3. Who commanded the\\nAmerican and who the British troops? 4. What preparations for the\\nattack were made by the British? 5. Describe the assault and its repulse\\nby the Americans. 6. Why were the Americans obliged to withdraw?\\n7. What brave officer was killed during the retreat? 8. What opinions of\\nthe battle were entertained by both sides? 9. When and where did\\nWashington take command of the army? 10. What was the Continental\\nline? 11. What troops came from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir-\\nginia? 12. What was the condition of the army? 13. Tell of Daniel\\nMorgan and his marching order (note). 14. What expedition was sent\\nto the north? 15. Why was it sent? 16. Tell of the attack on Quebec\\nand its result. 17. What was the first Colonial flag? 18. When and\\nwhere was it hoisted? 19. How were the British driven from Boston?\\n20. Where did Washington take his army, and why? 21. How was Dun-\\nmore deposed? 22. What regulations were made by the convention of\\n1775? 23. What did Dunmore do? 24. Describe the battle of Great\\nBridge. 25. What became of Dunmore? 26. Tell of the battle of Moore s\\nCreek. 27. When and where was the first Declaration of Independence\\npassed? 28. What event caused the growth of the spirit of independence?\\n29. What action was taken by South Carolina? North Carolina? Rhode\\nIsland? 30. What measures were passed by Congress to protect the\\ncolonies? 31. What was done in the Virginia Convention of 1776?\\n32. What resolution did Richard Henry Lee offer in Congress in 1776?\\n33. In what circumstances did Congress appoint a committee to draw\\nup a Declaration of Independence? 84. Give a sketch of Thomas Jeffer-\\nson (note). 35. What three colonies declared themselves free and\\nindependent? 36. Look up on the map all places mentioned.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "1778]\\nDEFENCE OF CHARLESTON.\\n143\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nDEFENCE OF CHARLESTON WAR IN THE NORTH.\\nI, Defence of Charleston, 1776. While the people were\\ncelebrating the Declaration of Independence, news came of\\nthe brave defence of Charleston, South\\nCarolina. A large fleet from England\\nwas expected at New York, but it\\nsailed to Charleston instead. Every\\nefTort was made to put Charleston in\\na state of defence, and North Carolina\\nand Virginia sent troops to assist the\\nCharlestonians. On June 27th, the\\nMAP OF CHARLESTON. Brltisli tried to take the unfinished\\nfort on Sullivan s Island. While the fleet was attacking in\\nfront, a land force attempted to capture it from the rear. The\\nballs buried themselves in the spongy palmetto logs, of which\\nthe fort was built, and did very little dam-\\nage. The return fire of the Americans dam-\\naged several British vessels, some of which\\nwere abandoned. The British then weighed i,\\nanchor and sailed away northward. The\\nlittle fort was called Moultrie after its gal-\\nlant commander.* By the successful re-\\nsistance at Charleston, the Carolinas and\\nGeorgia were freed from attack for nearly\\ntwo vears.\\nRUTLEDGE.\\nWhile the battle was fiercest the American flag was shot down and\\nfell outside of the fort. Sergeant Jasper sprang outside, seized the flag,\\nand, in spite of the hot fire from the enemy, carried it back to the fort,\\nbound it on a new staff, and planted it again on the rampart. For his\\ngallant conduct he received the thanks of Governor Rutledge. He after-\\nwards declined a lieutenant s commission, which was offered him for his\\ndaring deed.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "144\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1776\\n2. Plan of the War The British plan was to take all of\\nthe larger towns, such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia,\\nBaltimore, and Charleston. Then they desired to cut the\\ncolonies in two by taking all of the country along the Hudson\\nRiver; thus. New York city would be brought into communi-\\ncation with Canada, and at the same time communication by\\nland between New^ England and the other colonies would\\nbe prevented. In trying to carry out these plans, they\\nattacked Charleston, as we have just seen. Their next effort\\nwas directed against New York.\\n3. Forces Around New York, 1776. Clinton sailed from\\nCharleston to New York, which Washington, assisted by\\nCharles Lee, Putnam, and Sullivan, held with about 10,000\\nmen fit for service. The\\nAmericans fortified Brook-\\nlyn Heights.\\nHam Howe,\\ncommander,\\ntroops, took\\nStaten Island\\nGeneral Wil-\\nthe British\\nwith 31,000\\npossession of\\nSix thou-\\nHes-\\nKing\\nGeorge\\nsand of these were\\nsians soldiers that\\nhad hired in Ger-\\nmany and sent over to assist\\nthe British troops. Howe\\nmade an attack on the plan of battle of long island.\\nAmericans, and General Sullivan, with 1,000 troops, was\\ncaptured. This is known as the battle of Long Island. On\\nthe night of August 29th, Washington in such boats as he\\ncould procure, withdrew his army from Long Island with-\\nout being detected by the enemy. In a few days, Howe\\ncrossed East River and occupied the city of New York.\\nWashington for a while held Harlem. From this place he\\nquietly retired to White Plains,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1778]\\nTHE WAR IN THE NORTH.\\n146\\n4. Fort Washington\\nOPERATIONS ABOUT NEW YORK.\\nSurrendered. In falling back.\\nWashington left a large garrison at\\nFort Washington, to keep the Brit-\\nish from coming up the Hudson\\nRiver. The British captured the\\nfort, with its garrison of 3,000 sol-\\ndiers. In consequence of this,\\nWashington was obliged to move\\ninto New Jersey, and, closely pur-\\nsued by the British under Corn-\\nvvallis, to cross the Delaware into\\nPennsylvania, just above Trenton.*\\n5. Disobedience of Charles Lee.\\nWashington saw that the British\\nintended to attack Philadelphia.\\nBefore retreating through New\\nJersey, he had ordered Lee, who\\nwas on the east side of the Hudson with about half of the\\narmy, 7,000 men, to join him; but Lee disobeyed, and wrote\\nletters to prominent members of Congress, criticising Wash-\\nington s conduct of the war. Lee aspired to be commander-\\nin-chief himself. When he finally moved, he went to Morris-\\ntown where he was captured by some British dragoons. His\\narmy, however, escaped capture.\\n6. Congress Removes to Baltimore, 1776. Alarmed at\\nWashington s retreat into Pennsylvania, Congress with-\\ndrew from Philadelphia to Baltimore, first giving Washing-\\nton power to order and direct all things necessary for\\nthe war. By this authority three battalions of artillery were\\nenlisted, and an increase of pay promised, besides ten dollars\\nDuring the darkest hours of this campaign, Washington declared\\nthat if men and means failed elsewhere, he would retire to the moun-\\ntains of West Augusta, and from there, if need be, cross the Alleghanies\\nto secure independence.\\n10", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "146\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1776\\nBATTLE OF TEKiVTON.\\nto each soldier who would serve six w^eeks longer than the\\ntime of enlistment.\\n7. Battle of Trenton. Sullivan, who\\nnow had command of Charles Lee s\\narmy, joined Washington. Washington\\nthereupon, on Christmas night, crossed\\nthe Delaware River, which was full of\\nfloating ice, marched nine miles\\nthrough the driving snow, and attacked\\nthe Hessians at Trenton. The expe-\\ndition was a great success. One thou-\\nsand prisoners were taken, while the\\nAmerican loss was only two killed and\\ntwo frozen to death.*\\n8. Battle of Princeton, 1777.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cornwallis, on hearing\\nof Washington s success at Trenton, set out from Princeton\\nwith 7,000 men, a force double that of Washington, with\\nthe hope of capturing the w^hole American army. Wash-\\nington, by a rapid move, passed the flank of Cornwallis,\\ndefeated his rear at Princeton, and occupied for the winter\\nthe heights of Morristown, N. J. By taking this position,\\nWashington could threaten the British, and thus he pre-\\nvented them from making an advance on Philadelphia. The\\nmanoeuvres of Washington from Long Island to Morris-\\ntown proved his great military skill, and, but for the dis-\\nobedience of Charles Lee, he might have been even more\\nsuccessful.\\nIn 1776, Silas Deane, of Connecticut, was sent to France as a com-\\nmissioner to procure aid for the United States. Dr. Franklin and Arthur\\nLee, of Virginia, then acting as commissioner in England, were now\\nsent to join Deane. These commissioners were, if possible, to obtain\\nrecognition and alliance with France. For some timo they had little\\nsuccess. Still, secret aid was given, and a quantity of arms and pow-\\nder was brought to America in an armed vessel. Money was also\\nadvanced, for which the commissioners promised to furnish tobacco\\nand other produce.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1778] THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 147\\n9. Dwindling of Washington s Army In the mean time,\\nthe forces at Morristown were rapidly decreasing, and the re-\\neiiHstment and coming in of new troops were painfully slow.\\nWashington was not strong enough to change his position\\nuntil late in May, when he moved to Middlebrook.\\n10. British Plan of Campaign for 1777. After the\\ndefeat of the British at Princeton and the occupation of\\nMorristown Heights by Washington, the American and\\nBritish forces did very little for about five months. The\\nBritish determined to carry out, if possible, the plan of the\\nprevious year; namely, to occupy the whole Hudson Valley,\\nand to cut off land communication between New England\\nand the other colonies. To accomplish this. General Bur-\\ngoyne was to march from Canada, by way of Lake Cham-\\nplain, down into the Hudson Valley. Colonel St. Leger was\\nto start from Oswego, in Ontario, and to raise the Indians\\non the way. General Howe was to march from New York,\\nup the Hudson, and join St. Leger and Burgoyne. This\\nplan would probably have succeeded but for the fact that\\nHowe attempted to take Philadelphia before proceeding up\\nthe Hudson.\\n11. Howe in the Chesapeake.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While Washington was\\nwatching his enemies from Middlebrook, General Howe em-\\nbarked his army at New York and sailed southward. The\\nentrance to the Delaware being strongly defended, Howe\\nentered the capes of Virginia and proceeded slowly up to the\\nhead of the Chesapeake Bay. Learning where to expect the\\nBritish, Washington moved forward to meet them.\\n12. Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, 1777.\\nAs the American army marched through Philadelphia, the\\nonly approach to any uniform was a sprig of green stuck in\\neach soldier s hat. To satisfy the demands of Congress,\\nit was now determined to risk a battle for the defence of\\nPhiladelphia. On September nth, the armies came together", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "148\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1776\\non the banks of Brandywine Creek. The well-equipped\\nBritish army was 3,000 stronger than the poorly provided\\nAmerican force. Both sides fought bravely, but the British,\\nby a flank movement, crossed the stream higher up, attacked\\nthe Americans in the rear, and drove them back all along\\nthe line. Pursuit was soon checked, and the Americans\\nretired in good order to Chester. The American loss was\\n1,000 men, that of the British, 579. Washington withdrew\\nthrough Philadelphia to Germantown, where he was again\\ndefeated in October. Howe took possession of Philadelphia.\\nThe forts on the Delaware were captured, with a British loss\\nof 400 Hessians, and the river was opened to the enemy s\\nships.*\\n13. Burgoyne s Advance from Canada. Burgoyne ad-\\nvanced down the Hudson with a well-equipped army of 8,000\\nmen, and was opposed by Schuyler, who had been sent in\\nthe spring by Washington to defend\\nthe Hudson Valley. Schuyler was\\nassisted by General Arnold, and Mor-\\ngan with his famous riflemen. Wash-\\nington kept How^e in Philadelphia so\\nthat he could render Burgoyne no aid.\\nIn July, Burgoyne occupied Ticon-\\nderoga and Fort Edward. From these\\npoints his march was rendered difficult,\\nas the roads had been blocked by\\nSchuyler. All the supplies in the vicin-\\nity had been carried off, and the British\\nhad difficulty in obtaining anything. Besides, they had very\\nBy this time a number of soldiers from Europe, who were ardent\\nlovers of freedom, had made their way into the States. Count Pulaski,\\nfrom Poland; Baron DeKalb, from Germany, and the Marquis de La-\\nfayette, a rich French nobleman only twenty years old, joined Wash-\\nington during this march. Major Henry Lee, of Virginia, also brought\\nhis cavalry corps, which became so efficient, and from which he received\\nthe title of Light Horse Harry.\\nBURGOYNE S KOUTE.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "1778] THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 149\\nfew teams to haul their artillery and food. The Americans\\nhad supplies at Bennington in Vermont. Colonel Baum was\\nsent out to seize these. John Stark met him with about\\n1,400 militia. He led the attack, saying to his troops Now,\\nmen, there are the red-coats. Before night they must be\\nours, or Molly Stark will be a widow. Colonel Baum was\\ntotally defeated, and all his men, except about 100, were\\nkilled or captured.\\n14. St. Legcr s March. General St. Leger marched with\\nhis troops from Oswego to assist Burgoyne. He was joined\\nby some New York Tories and Joseph Brandt, the Mohawk\\nleader, with his tribe. A severe conflict took place with the\\nmilitia at Oriskany; after which, St. Leger besieged Fort\\nSchuyler, which was relieved by Arnold. Arnold sent reports\\nto the besieging army that Burgoyne had been totally de-\\nfeated; thus a panic was produced, and St. Leger retreated\\nto Lake Ontario. The defeat of Colonel Baum at Benning-\\nton and the retreat of St. Leger were severe blows to\\nBurgoyne.*\\n15. Gates at Saratoga. Just at this time, through the\\ninfluence of the New England delegates in Congress, the\\ncommand of Schuyler s army was given to Horatio Gates.\\nGates was a very poor general, and the capture of Burgoyne\\nwas not due to him but to the excellent way in which\\nSchuyler had already managed the campaign. Burgoyne\\nThe brutal murder of Miss Jane McCrae by some Indians added to\\nBurgoyne s troubles. Miss McCrae was staying with Mrs. O Neil at\\nFort Edward, when some Indians seized the two ladies and carried\\nthem off in different directions. The young girl s betrothed lover was\\nan officer in the British army, and she promised her captors a large\\nreward if they would carry her there in safety. As they went along,\\nthe Indians began to quarrel, and one of them slew the poor girl and\\ncarried her scalp to Burgoyne s camp, where it was recognized. The\\nmassacre of this innocent girl stirred up strong feelings of revenge\\namong the Americans, and many who had been neutral now joined\\nthe patriot ranks.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "150 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1776\\nwas cut off from retreat to Canada, and was completely sur-\\nrounded. On September 19th, at Saratoga, there was a\\nbloody but indecisive fight between the two armies. Both\\nsides waited for reinforcements. Gates was joined by 2,000\\nmen from New England, but Burgoyne received no help\\nbecause Howe was shut up in Philadelphia. Burgoyne waited\\ntwo weeks until his provisions were exhausted. On October\\n7th, he made another attack and lost heavily.\\n16. Burgoync s Surrender. Ten days later, Burgoyne\\nsurrendered his whole force of 5,500 men with cannon, small\\narms, clothing, and tents. This was about one-third of the\\nEnglish forces in America. The victory encouraged the\\nAmericans greatly, and aroused much respect for them in\\nEurope, and England took some steps looking towards peace.\\n17. The Close of 1777. The English, under Howe, were\\nshut up by Washington in Philadelphia. Clinton held New-\\nYork for the British. Washington went into winter quar-\\nters at Valley Forge, twenty miles from Philadelphia. His\\ntroops suffered greatly during the winter. They had few\\ntents or blankets, and many were barefooted, half-clad, and\\nnearly starved. The officers shared the suffering of the\\nmen.* This suffering was not due to a want of resources,\\nbut to bad management and neglect on the part of Congress.\\nThe best men were no longer in the Continental Congress.\\nSome were engaged in the affairs of their own States, some\\nwere abroad seeking European aid, and others had positions\\nin the army. On certain important questions, the members\\nfrom one section of the colonies opposed those from other\\nMrs. Washington and other ladies came to Valley Forge and shared\\nthe privations of their husbands. Washington s headquarters were at\\nIsaac Potts One day Potts heard a man talking very earnestly in the\\nbushes. Creeping up to see who was speaking, he saw General Wash-\\nington on his knees, and heard him pray earnestly for the success of the\\nAmerican cause. Potts was much impressed, and told his wife that the\\nLord would surely answer Washington s prayer.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "1778] THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 151\\nsections; the Conway Cabal was, in a measure, supported\\nby the New England and Pennsylvania members. This\\nCabal, named from General Conway, proposed to have Wash-\\nington removed from his position of commander-in-chief,\\nand to put General Gates into the place. Fortunately for the\\ncountry, this scheme failed, yet Washington did not receive\\nthe support which he deserved because many people thought\\nthat he had not been active enough in his campaigns. Even\\nJohn Adams, disapproving of Washington s slow but cautious\\nmovements, wrote I am sick of Fabian systems. Gouver-\\nneur Morris, of New York, wrote at this time The Conti-\\nnental Congress and the currency have greatly depreciated.\\nEverywhere the people refused to take paper money, and\\nsupplies could not be carried to the armies for wawt of money\\nto pay for hauling them.\\ni8. Treaty with France. Notwithstanding the army was\\nin such a desperate state, the fact that Burgoyne had sur-\\nrendered one-third of the British forces in America, caused\\nsome of the European nations to receive more favorably our\\nrequest for aid. Franklin had been in France for some time\\nseeking help, and at last, on the 6th of February, 1778, France\\nacknowledged the independence of the United States of\\nAmerica. A treaty of friendship and alliance was signed\\nin France and ratified by Congress. Some months after-\\nwards, France sent a fleet and some troops to our assistance.\\n19. The British Evacuate Philadelphia. The fear of\\nbeing blockaded by the French fleet, forced the British to\\nevacuate Philadelphia. Sir William Howe was replaced by\\nSir Henry Clinton, who moved the army from the city.\\n20. Battle of Monmouth Courthouse, June 28th, 1778.\\nIn anticipation of such a move, the New Jersey troops\\nhad been sent to defend their homes, and now Morgan, with\\na picked corps, was dispatched to their aid. The whole army\\nfollowed, and General Charles Lee, who commanded the", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1776\\nadvance, was ordered to attack Clinton. He did not choose\\nto obey Washington, and, after a feeble attack, ordered his\\nmen to retreat. Washington came up to push the attack and\\nwas met by Lee s men falling back. Greatly angered at this,\\nthe commander-in-chief rode forward and sternly demanded\\nwhy they were retreating. Lee* answered disrespectfully,\\nand Washington reprimanded him for disobeying orders.\\nBut there was no time for words. Lord Stirling, General\\nLafayette, and the artillery assisted Washington in checking\\nCAPTAIN MOLLT. f\\nthe retreat. The battle was renewed and continued until\\nnightfall. The British then retreated, and the Americans\\nGeneral Lee was tried by court-martial, was found guilty and re-\\nlieved from command for a year. He then became so insolent that he\\nwas dismissed from the army.\\nt At the battle of Monmouth Molly Pitcher, who was bringing water\\nto the soldiers, saw her husband shot down and immediately took his\\nplace at the gun. The soldiers afterwards called her Captain Molly,\\nand she was given a sergeant s warrant and half-pay for life by\\nCongress.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "1778] THE WAR IN THE NORTH. l53\\nslept on the field. This fight at Monmouth Courthouse was\\nthe last battle of importance in the Northern States. Wash-\\nington now took his army again to White Plains in New\\nYork.\\n21. Coming of the French Fleet. Count D Estaing, in\\nJuly, 1778, brought eighteen French war vessels with 4,000\\nsoldiers on board, to assist the Americans. It was decided to\\nattack the British fieet off the coast of Rhode Island. The\\nbattle was prevented by a severe storm, which injured both\\nfleets so much that they sailed away for repairs, Lord Howe\\nto New York, and Count D Estaing to Boston. From\\nBoston he proceeded to the West Indies.\\n22. British Outrages. The English naval ofificers now\\ncommitted many ravages along the coast of New Jersey,\\nMassachusetts, and Connecticut, burning and destroying\\ntowns, manufactories and supplies. Special vengeance was\\ninflicted on places that had sheltered American privateers.\\nThis practically closed active fighting in the Northern colo-\\nnies. The war was now to be transferred to the South. The\\nBritish held in the North only New York, Newport, and a\\nfew smaller places.\\nQuestions. 1. What defence was made at Charleston, in South\\nCarolina, in 1776? 2. Tell of the attack by the British, and of Moultrie s\\ndefence. 3. What is the story of Sergeant Jasper? 4. What was the result\\nof the victory? 5. What was the British plan of campaign in 1776?\\n6. What forces now gathered at New York? 7. Account of the battle of\\nLong Island. What position did Washington take? 8. Tell about Fort\\nWashington. 9. What forced Washington to cross the Delaware into\\nPennsylvania? 10. What can you tell of General Charles Lee s dis-\\nobedience? 11. Why did Congress leave Philadelphia? 12. Where did it\\ngo? 13. Tell of the recrossing of the Delaware and of the battle of Tren-\\nton. 14. Describe the battle of Princeton. 15. Where did Washington go\\ninto winter quarters? 16. Who were sent to France as commissioners,\\nand for what purpose (note) 17. What was the condition of Washing-\\nton s army? 18. What were the plans tor 1777? 19. What was Burgoyne\\ntc do? What St. Leger? What HoY%^e? 20. What move did General Howe\\nmake? 21. Describe the battles of Brandywine and Germantown.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "154 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1776\\n22. What three noted foreign officers now joined the Americans (note)?\\n23. Who brought a legion of Light Horse from Virginia (note)? 24. Give\\nan account of Burgoyne s march from Canada. 25. Tell about Colonel\\nBaum and Stark at Bennington. 26. Give an account of St. Leger s\\nmarch from Oswego. 27. Tell of the battle of Oriskany and the relief\\nof Fort Schuyler by Arnold. 28. What did Gates accomplish at Sara-\\ntoga? 29. Give an account of the surrender of Burgoyne. 30. Where was\\nHowe? Where was Washington? 31. Tell about the suffering at Valley\\nForge. 32. What was the Conway Cabal? 33. What was the condition\\nof the Continental money? 34. What did Franklin accomplish in\\nFrance? 35. Why did the British leave Philadelphia? 36. Tell of the\\nbattle of Monmouth Courthouse. 37. What became of General Charles\\nLee (note)? 38. What fleet arrived in 1778? 39. What outrages did the\\nBritish commit? 40. What places did the British hold? 41. Find all the\\nplaces on the map.\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nWAR ON THE FRONTIER.\\n1. Quebec Act. In a previous chapter, we have mentioned\\nthe five acts for the oppression of the American colonics\\npassed in 1774 by the British ParHament. One of those\\nacts was the Boston Port Bill; another was the Quebec Act.\\nBy this act the government of Canada was to be extended\\nover all the English territory lying west of the Alleghany\\nMountains and east of the Mississippi River. Parliament\\ndesired by this act to get possession of the western frontier of\\nevery colony. As soon as the war opened in earnest, every\\nState determined to preserve and to defend its frontier, while\\nthe English hoped to seize and to hold this territory by get-\\nting the aid of the Indians living there.\\n2. Western Settlements. Before speaking of the war on\\nthe frontier, let us take a brief glance at the western settle-\\nments. Soon after the close of the French and Indian war,\\nmany Scotch-Irish, Germans, Huguenots, and English pushed", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "1779] WAR ON THE FRONTIER. 155\\ndown the valley west of the Alleghanies into what is now\\nTennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Settlements were\\nmade in Tennessee along the Clinch and Holston rivers,\\nand a whole community from central North Carolina, to\\nescape oppression, settled in Watauga and Nollichucky\\nValleys in Tennessee. Their distance from other settlements\\ncompelled them to form some plan of government, which\\nthey did under the direction of James Robertson and John\\nSevier, both Virginians, and both under thirty years of age.*\\nThe North Carolina Regulators also were\\nactive in settling Tennessee, which was till\\n1789 a part of North Carolina. All of\\nSouthwestern Virginia and the western\\nterritory claimed by Virginia, made two\\nlarge counties, called Botetourt and Fin-\\ncastle. In 1769, Daniel Boone crossed the\\nmountains into Kentucky. After remain-\\nmg two years in the wilderness, he returned\\nto Yadkin, and moved his own family and several others to\\nKentucky. There he built a stockade fort and established a\\nsettlement called Boonesborough. Immigration poured into\\nKentucky, chiefly from Virginia, and, in 1776, the Virginia\\nLegislature, at the request of George Rogers Clarke, who had\\nbeen sent to Virginia by Kentucky settlers for the purpose,\\ncreated a new^ county, Kentucky, out of Fincastle.\\n3, Trouble with the Cherokees. In the summer of 1776,\\nthe Cherokees waged a sudden and cruel war along the\\nRobertson was born m Brunswick county, Virginia, in 1742. He had\\nno early education, and was taught to read and write by his wife, but\\nhe was a born leader of men, possessing a masterful character and fine\\nintellect. John Sevier was born in Rockingham county, was of Hugue-\\nnot ancestry, well educated, accomplished, and very handsome. These\\ntwo established an organized government, which regulated the\\nWatauga settlement for six years, when it became a part of Wash-\\nington district, which then formed the western part of North Carolina.\\nDANIEL BOONE.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "156 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1776\\nborders of Georgia and the Carolinas as far as the Watauga\\nsettlements. They attacked Watauga, which was successfully\\ndefended for three weeks, though the besieged had to live\\non parched corn.\\n4. The Cherokees Defeated Peace. The frontiersmen\\nnow determined to avenge their wrongs and to punish the\\nIndians. South Carolina and Georgia militia, under Andrew\\nWilliamson, together with Rutherford s North Carolinians,\\nattacked and destroyed, first the lower Cherokee towns, and,\\nthen, their settlements across the mountains. So complete\\nwas this destruction that the southern Cherokees were forced\\nto take refuge among the Creeks. The Virginians from\\nFincastle county, assisted by men from North Carolina and\\nfrom the Watauga settlement, numbering in all, 2,000 men,\\nunder Colonel William Christian, prepared to attack the\\nnorthern or Over-Hill Cherokees. The Indian warriors col-\\nlected on the French Broad River, but, unable to face so\\nformidable an army, they fled in the night. The white men\\npursued them, and destroyed their towns and provisions.\\nThe next season, the Cherokees made treaties of peace, by\\nwhich the States gained considerable territory.\\n5. Massacre at Wyoming. In July, 1778, the New York\\nIndians and Tories under command of Brandt, an Indian\\nchief, carried fire and sword into the peaceful Wyoming\\nValley, in Pennsylvania. Five thousand helpless people were\\ndriven from their homes and many others were tortured and\\nmassacred. When a force was sent against them, the mur-\\nderers fled back to New York, where Brandt made a similar\\nraid into Cherry Valley. General Sullivan was sent into\\nwestern New York the next summer with 3,000 men to\\npunish these outrages. He routed the armies of Indians\\nand Tories and devastated the Indian country to such an\\nextent that the power of the Six Nations was completely\\nbroken.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "1779] WAR ON THE FRONTIER. 157\\n6. Clarke Plans to Take the Northwest. Clarke was\\nconvinced that the Inthan attacks from the north side of the\\nOhio were made throush the influence of British aeents.\\nHe concluded, therefore, that if the British\\nforts in the Northwest were captured, British\\ninfluence in that cjuarter would be destroyed.\\nWhen the invasion from Canada came to\\nan unsuccessful end by the defeat of Bur-\\ngoyne, Clarke thought his plan was practi-\\ncable. He returned to Virginia and laid the\\nproject before Governor Henry and three\\nother leading men Thomas Jefferson, clabke.\\nGeorge Wythe, and George Mason. The idea pleased them\\nmuch, and the governor gave Clarke authority to raise 350\\nmen for his undertaking.\\n7. Capture of Fort Kaskaskia, 1778. In the spring of\\n1778, Clarke set out on his expedition with only 150 men.\\nHe was joined by a number of emigrants with their families\\nand by some bold Kentuckians. When he reached the mouth\\nof the Tennessee River, some hunters of that region offered\\nthemselves as guides through the w^ilderness. Under their\\ndirection, by July 4th, Clarke reached Fort Kaskaskia, in\\nIllinois. A ball was going on in the fort, and by strategy,\\nClarke and his men got admittance and took the fort without\\nbloodshed. The French inhabitants of the country, hearing\\nof the treaty between France and the United States, swore\\nallegiance to the United States; the Indians also came with\\npromises of friendship and peace.\\n8. Capture of Vincennes, 1779. Hamilton, the British\\ncommander at Detroit, determined to reconquer the country,\\nand he occupied Vincennes with 500 men. He never\\ndreamed that Clarke would attempt an attack in the\\nwinter, so he reduced his garrison to 90 whites and as\\nmany Indians; but Clarke was a man of great courage.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "158\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1779]\\nand determined to surprise Vincennes. He sent a boat\\nup the Wabash with some arms and fifty men, while he\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\nCLARKE S MARCH TO VINCENNl\\nwith 130 men marched through the marshes, and the\\nwaters of the Wabash, which often came up to their chins.\\nTheir provisions were almost exhausted, but Clarke encour-\\naged his men, and at last, on February 23d, reached Vincennes.\\nThe British were completely surprised, and, after a resistance\\nof twenty-four hours, surrendered the fort. This undertaking\\nof Clarke was one of the most daring deeds of the Revolu-\\ntionary war.*\\n9. Illinois County Created. The greater part of the\\nprisoners were released on parole, but Hamilton and the\\nother ofThcers were sent to Governor Henry, in Virginia.\\nThe country captured from the British by Clarke was at once\\norganized into the county of Illinois with a government like\\nthat of the other Virginia counties. It continued a part of\\nthat State until she gave it to the general government.\\nClarke fought after this in Virginia, and again in the West, and was\\nmade a brigadier-general. He died in 1818 in Kentucky, with which\\nState he had identified himself.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "[1778] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 159\\nQuestions. Tell about the Quebec Act. 2. How did the English hope\\nto hold the western country? 3. What people had settled west of the\\nAlleghanies? 4. Where had settlements been made in Tennessee?\\n5. What territory made the counties of Fincastle and Botetourt in\\nVirginia? 6. Tell about Daniel Boone and the settlement in Kentucky.\\n7. Give an account of the Cherokee outbreak in Georgia and South\\nCarolina. 8. What place did they attack? 9. How and by whom were\\nthe Cherokees finally defeated and peace made? 10. Who committed the\\nmassacre at Wyoming, and when? 11, How was the outrage avenged?\\n12. What was Clarke s plan to conquer the Northwest, and who en-\\ncouraged him? 13. Tell of his expedition down the Ohio in 1778.\\n14. Describe the capture of Fort Kaskaskia, and the conduct of the\\nFrench and Indians. 15. What move was then made by the British\\nunder Hamilton, and what was Clarke s resolve? 16. Tell of Clarke s\\nmarch to Vincennes in 1779. 17. How and when was the fort captured?\\n18. Into what was the captured country organized? 19. Tell of Clarke s\\nlater life (note). 20. Find on the map all places mentioned.\\nCHAPTER XXL\\nWAR IN THE SOUTH.\\n1. Change of the British Plan. The British had, up to\\nthis point, been unsuccessful. Though they held New York\\ncity and Newport, they did so at great cost. It looked\\nas if it would be impossible to take the Hudson Valley; so\\nthey now planned to go South, and, beginning with Georgia,\\nto conquer one State at a time, and thus reduce the colonies\\nto submission.\\n2o Fall of Savannah.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the autumn of 1778, part of the\\nBritish forces at New York was sent to invade Georgia.\\nSavannah was soon taken. Washington, while his own army\\nwent into winter quarters in the highlands of New Jersey,\\nsent General Lincoln to command the Southern Department\\nand to meet this invasion.\\n3. Events in the Summer of 1779. For some time after\\nthe fall of Savannah, there was scarcely any fighting. The\\nBritish, however, ravaged the coast from the Connecticut", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "160 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1778\\nRiver to the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. They also followed\\nup their success in Georgia and overran the whole State,\\ndefeating Colonel Boyd and his militia at Kettle Creek.\\nThe army of Washington lay around New York city watch-\\ning Clinton. Stony Point, which had been fortified by Wash-\\nington, was seized by Clinton. Washington proposed to\\nGeneral Wayne, Mad Anthony, as he was called on\\naccount of his daring rashness, to retake it.\\n4. Stony Point Captured, 1779.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wayne set out on this\\nenterprise with about 200 picked men, and reached the fort-\\nsoon after nightfall. The dogs in the neighborhood had\\nbeen killed, lest their barking should alarm the garrison.\\nThe men advanced with their bayonets fixed and their guns\\nunloaded, that no accidental shot might awaken the sleepers.\\nA negro who knew the fort guided them. After a sharp\\nresistance, the Americans scaled the walls and captured the\\nfort at the point of the bayonet. Out of the twenty-two\\nmen forming the forlorn hope which led the assault,\\nseventeen were killed or wounded. The whole American loss\\nwas ninety-eight; that of the British, 606. Washington had\\nnot men enough to hold Stony Point. The guns and stores\\nwere therefore removed, and the defences destroyed.\\n5. Attempt to Recapture Savannah, 1779 In the fall\\nof this year, Count D Estaing was persuaded to assist with\\nhis fleet an attempt of General Lincoln to drive the British\\nfrom Savannah. The attack was unsuccessful; both sides\\nlost heavily; D Estaing was wounded, and Count Pulaski\\nslain. The Americans withdrew to Charleston, and the\\nFrench sailed away. When Washington heard of this reverse,\\nhe sent the North Carolina and Virginia troops to defend the\\nSouth, and put the small army left him into winter quarters\\nat Morristown.\\n6. Capture of Charleston, 1780.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 After the British had\\nsecured control of Georgia, they planned to take Charleston,\\nand Clinton moved his fleet from New York to that place.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "1783]\\nWAR IN THE SOUTH.\\n161\\nHis powerful vessels overcame the spirited resistance of Fort\\nMoultrie and blockaded the town, which was also besieo-ed\\nby land. General Lincoln had, for the defence of the place,\\nonly 3,700 men, but the spirit of the army and the citizens\\nwas such that they sustained a siege of forty days and a\\nbombardment from two hundred cannon for forty-eight\\nhours before they were forced to surrender. The number of\\nmen at Lincoln s command was too small to allow him to\\nprevent the destruction of his lines of communication which\\nwere cut by Colonel Tarleton, or to permit him to engage\\nthe army of Lord Rawdon which was investing the city by\\nland.\\n7. South Carolina Overrun. Clinton returned to the\\nis in charge in South Carolina, and\\nNorth leaving Cornwa\\nhe sent out parties of\\nraiders under Tarle-\\nton, Ferguson and\\nothers. The sole pro-\\ntection against the\\nviolence of these men\\nlay in the skill and\\ndaring of the famous\\npartisan leaders,\\nof who m Francis\\nMarion, Thomas\\nSumter and Andrew\\nPickens were the\\nmost noted. These\\nmen led small but\\nactive parties, which\\ncontinually threatened\\nthe invaders, surprised their camps, cut ofif stragglers and\\nmade the work of overrunning South Carolina a very un-\\npleasant one.\\nII\\nBATTLE-FIELDS IN THE CAROLINAS.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "162\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1778\\n8. Disaster of Waxhaw, 1780.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the banks of the\\nWaxhaw, a patriot force under Colonel Buford was cut\\nto pieces by the British. Buford escaped with about a\\nhundred men, but the rest were forced to yield after a brave\\nresistance, and such was the fury and brutality of the British\\non this occasion that large numbers of helpless prisoners\\nwere butchered after they had surrendered.\\n9. Battle of Camden, 1780. After the fall of Charleston,\\nCongress removed General Lincoln, and,\\nwithout consulting Washington, sent Gates\\nto command the army in the South. Gates\\nwas met by Cornwallis, near Camden, on\\nAugust 16, and totally defeated. Baron\\nDe Kalb was mortally w^ounded, and died\\na martyr to the cause of liberty. South\\nCarolina was practically in the hands of\\nthe British, but the partisan leaders kept\\nthe fire of liberty burning.*\\n10. Arnold the Traitor Wliile the Americans were los-\\ning in the South, they came near losing the valley of the\\nHudson by the treachery of Benedict Arnold. He had been\\na brave soldier at Quebec, Saratoga and other places, but\\nhad been severely criticised by Congress for his extravagant\\nliving in Philadelphia, where he had been in command during\\nthe winter of 1779-80. Arnold had also married a Tory lady.\\nFRANCIS MAKION.\\nFrancis Marion, as bold in attack and as swift in movement as Tar-\\nleton, knew the country so well that he disappeared as suddenly as he\\ncame. Tarleton s troops called him the Swamp Fox, because he and\\nhis men hid so skilfully in the swamps when hard pressed. Sumter was\\nknown as the Game Cock, from the bold openness of his dashing\\nfights. Sumter s men were poorly armed with swords made from saws,\\nand knives fastened to poles for lances. Their bullets were supplied by\\nmelting pewter dishes; but their bold spirit made these rude weapons\\neffective to destroy many well-armed enemies. Lieutenant-Colonel\\nHenry Lee, with his famous Legion of Light Horse, also came to help\\nthe South Carolina patriots, and the command did gallant service\\nagainst the British.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "1783] WATt IN THE SOUTH. 163\\nAt Arnokrs request, Washington had put him in command\\nof West Point, one of the most important stations in New\\nYork. For a bribe of \u00c2\u00a36,000 and a position in the British\\narmy, he offered to surrender this mihtary post to Clinton.\\nThe correspondence was carried on through Major John\\nAndre. In September, while Andre was making his way down\\nthe Hudson, after an interview with Arnold, he was seized\\nby three patriots, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, who\\nsearched him and found in his stockings papers showing that\\nhe was a spy. He was tried by order of General Washington,\\nand condemned to be handed. This sentence was carried\\nout, though he pleaded for a less dishonorable death by\\nshooting. He met his fate bravely, admired and lamented\\nby both his enemies and his friends. Arnold escaped to\\nthe British, who paid him according to agreement. No one,\\nhowever, ever respected him again. His evil nature showed\\nitself in ravaging and wronging his native land, and he died\\nin obscurity, dishonored and unregretted.\\nII. The Trying Timc.^ To the Americans this was the\\nmost critical period of the Revolutionary War. The army had\\nsuffered more at Morristown than at Valley Forge. The\\nsoldiers mutinied because they had no food and received no\\npay. Continental money had become worthless, and it took\\nabout $3 to buy a pound of Hour. Congress borrowed some\\nmoney from France and Holland, but it had to be used to buy\\narms and ammunition. The ladies of Philadelphia gave\\nabout $8,000 to Washington to buy supplies for his soldiers.\\nRobert Morris used his own private fortune, and borrowed\\nmoney on his own credit to save the country. Yet, after\\nthe war was over, he was thrown into prison because he coukl\\nThe principal comfort Washington had during these days of gloom\\nwas in the return of Lafayette from a visit to France, especially as the\\nMarquis brought the good news that another French fleet and soldiers,\\nunder Count Rochambeau, were coming to help the Americans.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "164\\nNEW SCHOOL History.\\n[1778\\nnot pay his debts. South Carolina and Georgia were lost,\\nand, when Arnold turned traitor, it looked as if all would\\nbe lost. The only gleam of hope was the\\narrival, in July, of a French fleet and army,\\nunder Count Rochambeau, and the bold\\nstand that the partisan leaders were making\\nin the Carolinas.\\n12. The Partisan Leaders. The terrible\\ndefeat of Gates left no organized American\\narmy in South Carolina, and, but for Marion,\\nSumter, Pickens and Lee, the American\\ncause would have been entirely lost in the South. These\\nbra\\\\e men gatheied around them small bands of patriots.\\nHENRY LEE.\\nBATTI E or KIM. S ilOUM \\\\IN\\nand struck a blow at the\\nBritish whenever they had a\\ngood chance. Marion operated in the swamps near the\\nPedee, Sumter along the Catawba, and Pickens near the\\nSaluda. Colonel Henry Lee, commonly known as Light\\nHorse Harry, assisted first one and then the other of the\\nbold partisans.\\n13. Battle of King s Mountain, 1780. After the defeat\\nof Gates near Camden, Cornwallis dispatched Tarleton to\\nscour the country; he sent Ferguson to raise the Tories", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "1783] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 165\\nnear the mountains, and to subdue the rebels. The moun-\\ntaineers took up arms to meet Ferguson. Campbell, with\\n400 men h om Virginia; Sevier, Shelby, and McDowell, with\\n640 men from North Carolina, met at Watauga Sycamore\\nShoals on September 25. They marched across the mountains,\\nand were soon joined by about 550 more North Carolinians\\nand 230 South Carolinians and Georgians. Most of the men\\nwere well mounted and armed with scalping knives, small-bore\\nrifles and tomahawks. Although the expedition had been\\norganized by McDowell, Colonel Campbell was put in com-\\nmand of the whole force. When Ferguson heard of the\\nadvance against him, he withdrew to King s Mountain, where\\nhe stationed himself, boasting that all the rebels in hell\\ncould not drive him from it. The mountaineer warriors\\nbecame afraid that Ferguson might escape and they deter-\\nmined to catch him. Near the Cowpens, Colonel Camp-\\nbell chose about 1,100 of the best men, the best horses and\\nrifles, and made forced march of fifty miles in eighteen\\nhours, through darkness, mud and rain. Fifty riflemen on\\nfoot kept up with the horsemen. Campbell surrounded the\\nhill on which Ferguson had pitched his camp, and ordered\\nan immediate attack. An order was given that each man\\nshould see that his rifle was w^ell primed, and then go forward\\nand fight until he died. The advance of the Americans had\\nbeen expected, but their attack came suddenly. They shel-\\ntered themselves behind the trees and poured their bullets\\ninto the British in front, flank and rear. Colonel Ferguson\\nfell pierced with seven balls. His entire force of 1,200 men\\nwas killed or captured. The victorious patriots had fought\\non their own responsibility, without orders from Congress\\nor State. After hanging ten Tories, as enemies of the\\ncountry, they handed over the spoils and remaining prisoners\\nto the proper authorities, and quietly went home.\\n14. Effect of the Victory. This remarkable victory proved", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "166\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1778\\nthe turning point of the war in the South. The patriots\\nwere everywhere encouraged to renewed efforts. Sumter,\\nMARION S DINNER TO TUE BEITISII ori ICER.\\nMarion, Lee, and other partisan leaders became again active,\\nand it required Tarleton s best efforts to resist them.\\n15. Blackstock s Fordo Tarleton had been trying to\\ncatch both Marion and Sumter. On one occasion he sur-\\nprised Sumter at Fishing Creek, and Sumter barely escaped,\\nIt is said that on one occasion a British oflBcer who had come into\\nMarion s camp under a flag of truce, was invited to dine with that\\ngeneral. At dinner time some roasted sweet potatoes were served on a\\nshingle. General, inquired the astonished Englishman, is this your\\nusual fare? Indeed it is, answered Marion, only we have more\\nthan usual to-day in honor of your company. When the oflacer re-\\nturned to his camp, he reported to his superiors that they could never\\nconquer a country defended with such devotion.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "1783] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 167\\nhalf-dressed, on a bare-backed horse. Some two months\\nlater, Tarleton and Sumter met at Blackstock s Ford, and\\nTarleton was forced to retreat, leaving his w^ounded behind.\\ni6. General Greene in the South, 1780. After the bat-\\ntle of Camden, Gates had retreated into North Carolina.\\nCornwallis followed, intending to overrun North Carolina\\nand then to go into Virginia Charlotte, after a brave\\ndefence, was captured. So many small detachments from\\nCornwallis s army were captured or killed in this vicinity\\nthat he called it the Hornets Nest of the rebellion. The\\ndefeats of Tarleton and Ferguson caused Cornwallis to return\\nto South Carolina. In the mean time, Congress removed\\nGates and requested General Washington to appoint his suc-\\ncessor. Washington, thereupon, placed General Greene in\\ncommand of the Southern Department. This was a wise\\nchoice, for Greene, more than any other American general,\\nwas like the commander-in-chief. At Charlotte, the new com-\\nmander found 2,300 ill-fed and ill-clothed men, wdiom he\\nquickly organized into an army and removed to a more\\nhealthful region, where he could better provide for their\\nwants. Establishing his force near Cheraw, in the north-\\neastern part of South Carolina, Greene sent Morgan with\\n1,000 men to threaten Cornwallis on the left flank. Tarle-\\nton, with 1,100 choice troops, was sent after Morgan.\\nMorgan selected a strong position at The Cowpens, and\\nawaited his enemy.\\n17. Battle of The Cowpens, 1781.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When the British\\nappeared, Morgan took position on a little hill. Some\\ndistance ahead of the regulars, he placed the militia with\\norders to fire and fall back. The British, seeing the first\\nline retreat, charged with the bayonet. They were met by\\nsuch a heavy fire from Morgan s entire force that they\\nfled in terror. Tarleton himself came near being captured\\nby Colonel William Washington s dragoons.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "168 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1778\\ni8. Results of the Battle. In this complete victory, the\\nAmericans, with a small loss, killed, wounded, or captured\\n900 of the enemy. Besides this, a large supply of arms and\\nbag-gage fell into the hands of the victors. Instead of de-\\nstroying Morgan, Tarleton s force was almost annihilated,\\nwhile the victorious army* moved on northward in safety.\\n19. Greene s Retreat. Tarleton joined Cornwallis, who\\ndetermined to pursue Morgan. Morgan retreated and was\\njoined by Greene, their combined forces were pursued by\\nCornwallis, until they had crossed the Dan River into Vir-\\nginia. Cornwallis then withdrew to Hillsboro, N. C, and\\nGreene, on being reinforced, moved to Guilford Courthouse.\\n20. Battle of Guilford Courthouse, 1781. On March\\n15th, the two armies came together 2,500 British and 5,500\\nAmericans. The militia, in the front line, fired and fell back,\\nas at the battle of The Cowpens. The second line checked\\nthe advance of the enemy. The third line drove ihem back.\\nAt this moment, Cornwallis ordered his artillery to fire\\ninto his own grenadiers and the pursuing Americans. When\\nhis officers exclaimed that he was killing his own men,\\nhe replied That is true, but it will save us from destruc-\\ntion. To save his men from the murderous artillery fire,\\nGreene drew them back, and on the strength of this, Corn-\\nwallis claimed a victory. He, however, lost more than 500\\nmen, while the American loss was small. In this battle,\\nthe Virginia militia, by their splendid conduct, wiped out the\\nstain which their misconduct at Camden had put upon them.\\n21. Greene Returns to South Carolina. Cornwallis found\\nhis communications so much threatened by Lee and the\\npartisan leaders that he was compelled to move with his\\nhalf-starved men towards Wilmington. Greene returned to\\nSouth Carolina to assist the patriot forces, which were captur-\\ning the British posts one after another. In April, he fought a\\nbattle wuth Lord Rawdon at Hobkirk s Hill. The result was", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "1783] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 169\\nindecisive. In May, he laid siege to Fort Ninety-Six, gar-\\nrisoned by 550 men, under Lieutenant Cruger. Lord\\nRawdon, however, advanced to its rehef. The Americans\\nattempted to storm the fort, but failed, and withdrew to\\nrecruit on the hills along the Santee.* Post after post fell\\ninto the hands of the patriots, and finally Lord Rawdon\\nretired to Charleston, and left Stuart in command of the\\nforces near Orangeburg. Stuart came in contact with Greene\\nat Eutaw^ Springs.\\n22. Battle of Eutaw Springs, 1781. This battle, the last\\non South Carolina soil, was fought September 8. Each\\nside had about 2,300 men. The Americans attacked and swept\\neverything before them; the militia fought stoutly and per-\\nsistently. When they gained the enemy s camp, and fell to\\nfeasting on the good things found there, they thought the\\nday had been won. The English, however, returned to the\\nattack and the Americans were forced to retire. The British\\nloss was 633; that of the Americans, 535, but many of their\\nofficers were killed or wounded. This battle virtually ended\\nthe war in the Carolinas, and for its successful termination,\\nGreene and his army received the thanks of Congress, and\\nthe general was voted a gold medal. Of all the territory\\nconquered in the South, only Charleston and Savannah were\\nleft in the hands of the British at the end of 1781.\\n23. Devastation of Virginia, 1781. The current of war\\nhad set towards Virginia. The traitor Arnold, with 1,600\\nmen, went thither in January, 1781, intending to inflict as\\nWhile Greene was resting, a South Carolina girl, eighteen years old,\\nnamed Emily Geiger, carried a communication to General Sumter across\\na region full of British and Tories, where no man could have passed\\nsafely. With a message and a letter she galloped away. The Tories\\nstopped her, but she swallowed the letter, got safely to Sumter, and\\ndelivered the message, the result of which was a movement of the\\nAmericans which compelled Rawdon to abandon the up-country posts\\nand retreat to Charleston.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "170 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [177S\\nmuch injury and destruction as possible. In the latter part\\nof March, General Phillips, with 2,000 men, came from New-\\nYork to Portsmouth, and took command. He afterwards\\noccupied Petersburg, though the place was stoutly defended\\nby 1,000 Virginia militia, under Baron Steuben. He there\\ndestroyed a large quantity of tobacco, and at Osborne s, on\\nJames River, he burned a number of vessels belonging to\\nthe Virginia navy. He then advanced on Richmond, burning\\n1,200 hogsheads of tobacco at Manchester.\\n24. Lafayette in Virginia. Washington now sent La-\\nfayette to take command in Virginia. One thousand two\\nhundred regulars from New England and New Jersey were\\nsent with him, but they were unwilling to\\ngo, and began to desert. To induce them to\\nremain, Lafayette bought summer clothing\\nfor them in Baltimore at his own expense.\\nHe arrived in Richmond the day before\\nPhillips appeared in Manchester, and was\\nthere joined by Steuben s militia, so that he\\nw^as able to defend the city. Without ventur-\\ning an attack, Phillips returned to Peters- lapayette.\\nburg, where he died of fever. Cornwallis who had, after the\\nbattle of Guilford Courthouse, fallen back to Wilmington,\\nN. C., now transferred his troops to Petersburg, Va., where he\\ntook command May 20. Cornwallis had more than 6,000\\nwell-armed men, while Lafayette had scarcely more than\\n3,500. Virginia s resources were exhausted, and she had no\\narms with which to equip an army. When Cornwallis\\nadvanced into Virginia, the Legislature appealed to Congress\\nfor men, money, arms and military stores.\\n25. Cornwallis s Raids. Cornwallis, being unable to force\\nLafayette into a fight, now turned his attention to plundering\\nthe country. He sent Simcoe to the Point of Fork, at the\\njunction of the Rivanna and James rivers, and destroyed a", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "1783]\\nWAR IN THE SOUTH.\\n171\\nlarge supply of stores there, while Tarleton moved westward\\nto capture the State Government and Legislature, which to\\nescape the enemy, had re-\\nmoved its place of meeting\\nto Charlottesville.\\n26. Tarleton s Expedi-\\ntion. Tarleton stole fine\\nVirginia horses for his 250\\nmen, and rode hard through\\nthe country, destroying and\\ncapturing as he went. The\\nMONTicELLo, HOME OF JEFFERSON. Icgislators wcrc wamcd of\\nhis coming, and most of them escaped. Governor Jefferson\\nalso got away safely from his mountain home at Monticello.\\nIn this campaign of Cornwallis, $10,000,000 worth of prop-\\nerty was destroyed, and 30,000 slaves were carried ofT. Corn-\\nwallis moved eastward to Williamsburg, and thence to Ports-\\nmouth.\\n27. State of Affairs. Since the summer of 1778, Wash-\\nington had been encamped around New York so as to keep\\nClinton shut up in that city. During this time his army\\nhad become much weakened by desertion, and inefficient from\\nwant of supplies and money; but now affairs were looking\\nbrighter than ever. Through the influence of Robert Morris,\\nmoney had been 1)orrowed in Europe, and the troops had\\nbeen paid. Count Rochambeau s fleet was still in American\\nwaters, and the French now sent additional aid under Comte\\nDe Grasse.\\n28. Washington and Cornwallis Washington, on hear-\\ning of the situation in Virginia, manoeuvred in so threatening\\na manner about New York, that Sir Henry Clinton became\\nalarmed, and ordered Cornwallis to send him three regi-\\nments. He also directed him to occupy and fortify some\\nplaces on the Chesapeake, where the largest war vessels", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "172\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1778\\nSIEGE OF YORKTOWX,\\nmight be able, to reach him. CornwalHs, therefore, estab-\\nlished himself at Yorktown, and began to fortify the heights\\nabove the river. In-\\ntrenchments w ere\\nalso commenced at\\nGloucester Point, on\\nthe opposite shore,\\nonly a mile away.\\nWashington n o w\\nmoved rapidly to-\\nwards the South, 3nd\\npassed Philadelphia\\nbefore Clinton sus-\\np e c t e d his plan.\\nWhen Washington\\narrived in Virginia,\\nhe found that Comte\\nDe Grasse, with his fleet, had already entered the Chesapeake.\\n29. General Nelson s Patriotism. Mr. JefTerson s term\\nas governor of Virginia expired in June. General Thomas\\nNelson was elected by the Legislature as his successor, and\\nhe proved the very man for the crisis. The Legislature gave\\nhim almost absolute power, and he collected 3,200 militia\\nfor Lafayette s army; and procured from the impoverished\\nState, provisions enough for the army during the whole cam-\\npaign. This was done on his personal security, and his great\\nfortune was all spent in supplying the needs of his country,\\nwhile his family was left in poverty.\\n30. Cornwallis Besieged at Yorktown. Lafayette sta-\\ntioned his army at Williamsburg, and this prevented Corn-\\nwallis from moving southward. Washington joined him by\\nthe middle of September. In a short time, 16,000 troops\\nwere assembled there 7,000 French, 5,500 Continentals, and\\n3,500 Virginia militia. Cornwallis found himself in great", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "1783] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 173\\ndanger, as De Grasse had driven off the English fleet. He\\nmade an effort to get north by way of Gloucester Point, but\\nfound that he was entirely cut off from escape. Regular\\nsiege was now laid to Yorktown, and when the American\\ncannon were close enough to fire on the town. General Wash-\\nington himself put the match to the first gun. Cornwallis s\\nquarters were riddled w^ith balls.*\\n31. Cornwaliis Surrenders, October 19, 1781. The Brit-\\nish army was exhausted and without provisions, and on\\nOctober 19, Lord Cornwaliis surrendered his army to\\nGeneral Washington, and his ships and sailors to Comte\\nDe Grasse. The number of men surrendered was 7,037.\\nLord Cornwaliis was so much mortified at his defeat, that he\\ndid not appear in person to give up his sword, but sent it\\nby General O Hara. Washington, thereupon, deputed Gen-\\neral Lincoln, who had been forced to surrender at Charleston,\\nto receive it.\\n32. Rejoicing at the Victory. This surrender caused uni-\\nversal joy throughout the States. Washington gave great\\npraise to his army, released all soldiers who were under arrest,\\nand had a thanksgiving service held in his camp. Congress\\nreturned thanks to the army, and appointed a thanksgiving\\nto God for His favor to their cause.\\n33. John Paul Jones. We should not close this account\\nof the Revolutionary War without mention of John Paul\\nJones. The United States had no regular navy, but it had\\ngranted letters of marque and reprisal, and under them a num-\\nber of privateers had been fitted out. With bold crews and\\nable commanders, these vessels inflicted a vast deal of injury\\nThe British were greatly sheltered by Governor Nelson s house,\\nwhich the American gunners were unwilling to injure. The Governor,\\ntherefore, promised five guineas to the first man that would strike it.\\nA cannon ball was soon sent crashing through the wall, and you may\\nsee the mark of it to-day.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "174 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1778\\non English commerce. John Paul Jones was the most suc-\\ncessful of these commanders. After many efforts, he secured\\ncommand of a clumsy, poorly armed ship, which he called\\nBonJiomme Richard, in compliment to Dr. Franklin s Poor\\nRichard*. To protect themselves from attack, merchant\\nvessels sailed under the convoy of one or more ships of\\nwar. Such a convoy was sailing out of the Baltic Sea, guarded\\nby two English ships, the Sera pis and the Coiuitcss of Scar-\\nborough. Jones, with three small ships besides his own, met\\nthe squadron, and a fierce battle ensued. The Scrapis had\\nforty-four fine guns; the crazy, old Richard, fort} -two worn-\\nout cannon, some of which burst and did great injury to the\\nvessel and her crew. The ships came so close together that\\nthey fired into each other s w^indow S. Seeing the Richard\\nriddled with shot, the British captain asked Jones if he would\\nsurrender. I have just begun to fight, was the bold reply.\\nJones then lashed his ship to the Scrapis, which soon struck\\nher colors. Jones at once transferred his men to her decks,\\nand the Richard in a little while foundered and sank. The\\nCountess of Scarborough also was captured, and, the next day,\\nJones took both prizes into the Texel River, in Holland.\\nThis gallant fight, which was seen from the English coast,\\nmade Jones the hero of the time.\\n34. Peace. Cornwallis s surrender proved to be the real\\nend of the Revolution. England was tired of the war, and a\\ntreaty ot peace between England and the United States w^as\\nsigned at Paris, in February, 1783. In the peace negotiations\\nEngland acknowledged each of the thirteen colonies sep-\\narately as an independent State, and the treaty did not recog-\\nnize the union of the colonies. The treaty of peace recognized\\nthe boundaries of the States to be Canada on the north, the\\nMississippi River on the west, and the line of the southern\\nlimit of Georgia on the south. Between the Southern borders\\nand the Gulf of Mexico, the country known as Florida was", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "1783] WAR IN THE SOUTH. 175\\nceded by England to the Spaniards. They proved trouble-\\nsome neighbors for a number of years.\\n35. The Army Disbanded, 1783. The last of the British\\nleft New York late in November, 1783, and the American\\narmy was disbanded shortly afterwards. Washington issued\\na touching farewell address to the soldiers, and took leave\\nin person of the principal officers.* Not one of them could\\nspeak as he pressed his hand, and many faces were bedewed\\nwith tears. On his way to Mt. Vernon, Washington stopped\\nin Annapolis to resign his commission and settle his account\\nwith Congress. He would not receive any pay, except his\\nactual expenses.\\n36. Contest Unequal. From the first the contest was\\nvery unequal. England had a population of about ten mil-\\nlion, the United Colonies, only about two million five hundred\\nthousand whites. England raised annually taxes amounting\\nto \u00c2\u00a310,000,000, while all the colonies together could not have\\nraised more than \u00c2\u00a32,000,000. Moreover, according to John\\nAdams, at least one-third of the people in the colonies were\\nin full sympathy with England and opposed to the Revolu-\\ntion. In addition to this, there w^as great sectional feeling\\nbetween certain colonies and it was hard to get all of them\\nto co-operate. The English army in the United States\\nnumbered about 40,000 men all told; whereas, the Americans\\nhad under arms at no time more than 33,000 and part of these\\nhad to be used in repelling Indian attacks. The colonies\\nwere also at a disadvantage because they had two kinds of\\ntroops, the Continentals, who were in the regular service of\\nthe Continental Congress, and the State militia, in the service\\nof the different States. These troops did not get along\\nBefore the officers of the Continental army separated, they instituted\\nthe Society of the Cincinnati, which was to be a sort of order of knight-\\nhood. Membership was to be confined to officers of the Revolutionary\\narmy, and to descend only to their eldest sons.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "176 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1783]\\ntogether well. The Eng-lish were much better trained and\\nequipped than the Americans. Under these conditions it\\nseems remarkable that the American cause was successful.\\nThis success was due to the skill of the American officers,\\nthe French aid, and to the fact that at the same time the\\nwar with the colonies was going on, England had many\\ntroubles at home and in Europe. Washington was a great\\ngeneral, and, in spite of the criticisms he received while the\\nwar was going on, it has been said that he never made a seri-\\nous blunder.\\n37. Results of the Revolution. The Revolution stands\\nfor a great deal in the history of the world s civilization.\\nFirst, it hastened the downfall of despotism, and the growth\\nof government by the people. Second, it caused all orders\\nof nobility in America to be abolished and all privileged\\nclasses to be broken down. The people of America had seen\\nenough of the English noblemen who had been governors in\\nthe colonies and determined to make all mei equal in the\\neyes of the law. Third, the connection between Church and\\nState was broken. The United States by its Constitution for-\\nbade all legislation upon religious questions. Fourth, the\\nRevolution meant the establishment of a new form of govern-\\nment, a republic, where the people themselves are the rulers.\\nOur government is the most perfect m the world, because\\nhere the people have greater power than the people of anv\\nother country.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Tell about the change of the British plans. 2. Give an\\naccount of the fall of Savannah. 3. What was the situation in 1779?\\n4. Give an account of the capture of Stony Point. 5. In what circum-\\nstances was the unsuccessful siege of Savannah made in 1779? 6. Tell\\nhow Charleston was captured. 7. Who overran South Carolina? Tell\\nabout the battle of Waxhaw. 8. Who took Lincoln s place in the South?\\n9. Give an account of the battle of Camden. 10. What kind of a general\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2was Arnold? 11. Tell of his treason. Tell about Andre. 12. Why was\\nthe summer of 1778 such a trying time for the Americans? 13. Who", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "[1643J FORMATION OF THE UNION. 177\\nwere the partisan leaders? 14. Give an account of how Colonel Camp-\\nbell got his troops and fought the battle of King s Mountain. 15. What\\nwas the effect of this victory? 16. What story is told of a British officer s\\nvisit to General Marion (note) 17. Where and by whom was Tarleton\\ndefeated, and to what did this force Cornwallis? 18. Who was then\\nplaced in command in the South, and what disposition did he make of\\nhis forces? 19. Describe the battle of the Cowpens, and tell who com-\\nmanded on both sides. 20. What were the results of this battle?\\n21. Tell of General Greene s masterly retreat, and the condition of both\\narmies. 22. Describe the battle of Guilford Courthouse. 23. What were\\nGreene s movements in South Carolina? 24. Tell of the battle of Eutaw\\nSprings. 25. What infamous general was sent against Virginia in 1781?\\n26. What injury was done there by General Phillips? 27. Whom did\\nWashington send to command in Virginia, and what British officer\\nsucceeded General Phillips? 28. What was Virginia s condition at\\nthis time? 29. Tell of Cornwallis s raids. 30. Upon what expe-\\ndition did Tarleton set out, and what noted man barely escaped\\ncapture? 31. What damage was done by Cornwallis, and to what\\npoint did he move? 32. Describe the state of affairs in 1781. 33.\\nIn what way did Washington in New York help the patriot cause\\nin Virginia? 34. At what place did Cornwallis establish himself?\\nG5. What aid was received from France? 36. Tell of Washington s move\\ninto Virginia. 37. How did General Thomas Nelson show his patriotism?\\n38. What prevented Cornwallis s escape? 39. Describe the siege of\\nYorktown and the firing on Governor Nelson s house (note). 40. When\\nand how did Cornwallis surrender? 41. How was the news received\\nthroughout the country? 42. Who was John Paul Jones, and what did\\nhe do? 43. Tell the story of the battle between his ship and the ^^crains:\\n44. When was peace made? 45. What were the terms of peace? 46. Tell\\nof the disbanding of the army and of Washington s farewell. 47. Com-\\npare England s resources with those of the colonists. 48. For what does\\nthe Revolution stand? 49. Find the places on the map.\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nTHE FORMATION OF THE UNION.\\nJ. Pre- Revolutionary Steps Towards Union. In 1643, all\\nthe New England settlements except Rhode Island organized\\na federation for protection against the Indians; then, in the\\nlatter part of the seventeenth century, a meeting was held in\\n12", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "178 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1643\\nAlbany, and an attempt was made to get all the colonies to\\nunite on some plan of resistance against the Indians, but the\\nmost important step in the direction of the Union was the\\nplan proposed by Franklin at the meeting in Albany, in 1754.\\nHe proposed that there should be a grand council in the\\ncolonies, the members of which should be elected by the\\ncolonies, and that there should be a governor-general ap-\\npointed by the king. The next step was the Stamp Act\\nCongress of 1765, in wiiich nine States were represented.\\nFollowing this were the Committees of Correspondence,\\nwhich did a great deal to bring the colonies together. Finally,\\nin 1774, there was the first Continental Congress; and then,\\nin 1775, a second Continental Congress, which, continuing\\nto exist until 1781, passed the Declaration of Independence,\\ndrew up the Articles of Confederation, and prosecuted most\\nof the War for Independence.\\n2. The Articles of Confederation. On June ii, 1776,\\na committee was appointed by the Continental Congress to\\nprepare a form of government. The committee reported on\\nJuly 12, of the same year, but no plan was agreed upon until\\nNovember 2, 1777. The delay was due to the fact that each\\nState was afraid that some of its rights might be encroached\\nupon, so, finally, it was decided that each State was to have\\nonly one vote in Congress. Then again they disputed over\\nthe question of revenue, and it was decided that revenue\\nshould be raised by requisition on the States. The question\\nof the public lands also prevented some colonies from giving\\nhearty co-operation. Maryland would not ratify the Articles\\nof Confederation, even after they w^ere adopted, so long as\\nVirginia and other States refused to give up their claims\\nto western territory. Finally, the States agreed to surrender\\ntheir territory to the United States, then Maryland ratified\\nthe Articles of Confederation and they went into force, March\\n2, 17S1.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "1789] FORMATION OF THE UNION. 179\\n3. Weakness Under the Articles of Confederation.\\nYet, after all the States had ratified the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion, the government was very weak. There was no President,\\nand only one body. Congress, wdiich was the executive,\\nlegislative, and judicial power. Congress could levy no taxes,\\ndirect or indirect, but could only request each State to pay its\\nshare of the expenses of the government; it had no power to\\nenforce this request. Very few of the States ever furnished\\nthe money required of them. There was no power of amend-\\ning the Articles except by unanimous consent; and the system\\nof voting by States in Congress was bad. Every State was\\nto have from two to seven delegates in Congress, and they\\nwould have to agree among themselves, as to how the vote\\nof the State should be cast. If only one delegate was present,\\nthere was no vote; if there were two, they might tie and there\\nw^ould be no vote. Important measures had to be decided\\nby the vote of nine States and often only seven were repre-\\nsented. The people took very little interest in the govern-\\nment of the Confederation, but a great deal in the State\\ngovernments. The great weakness in the government, how-\\never, was the inability to get money to pay the running\\nexpenses, or to pay the public debt, or even the interest\\nupon it.\\n4. The Country After the Revolution. The long war\\nfor independence had drained the resources and crippled the\\nindustries of the whole country. Trade had flourished in\\nthe colonies, but the British fleets had destroyed so many\\nAmerican vessels that the commerce of the country seemed\\nalmost dead. This decline of trade was especially hard on\\nthe seafaring people of New England. In the Middle States,\\nwhich were chiefly agricultural, there seemed little energy\\nleft. In the Southern States, the crops had been destroyed,\\nthe cattle eaten, the horses stolen, and thousands of the\\nnegroes carried off. These evils were aggravated by the fact\\nthat there was no money in the country.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "180 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1643\\n5. Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confed-\\neration. In 1 78 1, an amendment was proposed by which\\nCongress could levy an import duty of five per cent, to pay\\nthe debts of the United States. This amendment was sub-\\nmitted to the States and ratified by all except Rhode Island;\\nbut, since the adoption of the amendment could be only by\\nunanimous consent, the amendment failed. Several other\\namendments of like kind were proposed, but they all failed,\\nand it was seen that, day by day, the government was drifting\\nto ruin.\\n6. The Annapolis Convention. In 1785, commissioners\\nfrom Maryland and Virginia met at Mount Vernon to regu-\\nlate trade between the two States and to settle some disputed\\nquestions about the Potomac waters. At the suggestion\\nof Washington, they recommended a uniformity of duties on\\nall commerce throughout the United States. When this\\nmatter was reported to the Virginia Legislature, it called,\\nat the suggestion of Madison, a general convention to meet\\nat Annapolis, in September, 1786, to regulate trade among\\nall the States. Representatives from five States New York,\\nNew Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia met at\\nAnnapolis. They were too few to accomplish anything\\ndefinite, but they recommended that another convention\\nshould meet in Philadelphia, to provide a Federal Govern-\\nment adequate to the necessities of the Union. Congress\\naccepted this suggestion, and, on February i, 1787, called\\nfor a general convention to meet in Philadelphia to revise\\nthe Articles of Confederation.\\n7. The Federal Convention, 1787 All of the States,\\nexcept Rhode Island, responded to this call for a general\\nconvention, and fifty-five of the wisest and most expe-\\nrienced men of the different States assembled in Independ-\\nence Hall, Philadelphia. Nearly all of them had taken\\nprominent part in the struggle for independence. Twenty-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "1789] FORMATION OF THE UNION. 181\\nnine of them were college-bred men. Twenty-six were self-\\neducated. George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, the\\ntwo most famous among them, had never\\nbeen to college. Washington was fifty-five,\\nFranklin eighty-one years old. Washington\\nwas acknowledged to be one of the purest\\nand wisest of men. Franklin had served\\nhis country well as a statesman, and was\\none of the ablest politicians and most ac-\\ncomplished scholars of his day. Next to\\nJAMES MADISON. thcsc iu ability were James Madison* and\\nAlexander Hamilton, both young, and both with their repu-\\ntations to make.\\n8. The Convention Meets with Closed Doors. By the\\n28th of May, delegates from eight States had assembled.\\nThe convention met, the doors were locked, and the members\\npledged themselves to secrecy. This pledge was faithfully\\nkept for fifty years. After Mr. Madison s death, his journal\\nwas published, and the particulars, as to parties and debates\\nin the convention became known to the world.\\n9. Differences of Opinion. Some members advocated\\nthree republics; others, one, with three presidents. Virginia\\nwished to give most power to the larger States. New Jersey\\ninsisted that all should be equal in authority. There was\\nhostility of feeling between the Northern States, where there\\nwere few negroes, and the Southern States, where they\\nformed a large part of the population. But the strono^est\\nopposition was between the Federalists, who wished to bestow\\ngreat powers upon the general government, and the anti-\\nFederalists or State-rights party, who believed that the most\\nimportant powers should be retained by the individual States.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6James Madison did such important work in framing that document\\nand securing its ratification that he has been styled the Father of the\\nConstitution.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "182 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1643\\nThe main features of the Constitution were regulated by\\nvarious compromises between conflicting interests.\\n10. First Compromise. The smaller States naturally op-\\nposed the Virginia plan, and there was danger that a majority\\nof the States would not agree on any other. This difficulty\\nwas settled, in Jul\\\\^ by a compromise brought in by Connecti-\\ncut. The proposition was that there should be two houses\\nof Congress, and that each State should have equal power\\nin the Senate, w^hile members of the House of Represent-\\natives should be in proportion to population. Memb.ers of\\nthe House were to be elected by the people, one to every\\nthirty thousand, and the senators were to be chosen by the\\nLegislature of each State.\\n11. Second Compromise. A hot disagreement imme-\\ndiately arose between the North and South on the question\\nof negro representation. South Carolina determined to leave\\nthe convention, if her negroes were not counted among her\\npopulation. North Carolina and Georgia would, most likely,\\nfollow her example, and there would not be States enough\\nleft to ratify the action of the convention. In this crisis, Vir-\\nginia proposed a second compromise. Four years before,\\nin a question of taxation in proportion to population, the\\nNorth had insisted on counting the negroes as well as the\\nwhites. The difficulty was settled at that time by counting\\nfive negroes as equal to three white men. Madison reminded\\nihe convention of that arrangement, and the North was forced\\nto agree to it now as the basis of representation.\\n12. Third Compromise Continuance of Slave-Trade.\\nIn a third compromise, Virginia w^ould take no part. South\\nCarolina opposed the immediate abolition of the slave-trade.\\nThe New England ship-owners made great profits by this\\ntraffic, and the New England States voted with South Caro-\\nlina and Georgia that Congress should be powerless to stop\\nit before 1808, thus continuing the evil for twenty years\\nlonger.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "1789] FORMATION OF THE UNION. 183\\n13. Our Government. The system of government adopted\\nwas practically the present system. It consists of three\\nbranches: (i) Congress (the law-makers) is composed of\\nthe Senate, two members of which are elected by each\\nState Legislature, and of the House of Representatives, the\\nmembers of which are elected by the people of each State\\nit is the duty of Congress to pass acts (or laws) and refer\\nthem to the President for his approval; (2) the President\\n(the law-executor), whose duty it is to see that the laws are\\nenforced. He has the authority to veto or annul any act\\npassed by Congress; though, even with his veto, it may\\nbecome a law by a two-thirds vote of each branch of Con-\\ngress; (3) the Supreme Court (the law-judges), the members\\nof which are appointed by the President it is their duty to\\ndecide whether the laws made by Congress are in accordance\\nwith the provisions of the Constitution, and, if they do not\\naccord, they become void from the beginning.\\n14. Signing of the Constitution, 1787. On September\\n17, the Constitution was signed by George Washington,\\nthe President, and then by the delegations from the States.\\nProvisions were made for adding amendments to the Consti-\\ntution, and it was ready to go before the people. The Con-\\nstitution provided that when it was ratified by nine States\\nit was to go into efTect.\\n15. Ratification of the Constitution. The Continental\\nCongress endorsed the action of the convention, and within\\na few weeks Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey ratified\\nthe Constitution. Georgia, Connecticut, and Massachusetts\\ndid the same, early in 1788; Maryland, in April; South Caro-\\nlina, in May; New Hampshire and Virginia, in June; and\\nNew York, in July. North Carolina would not sign until\\nlate in 1789, and Rhode Island, until the next year. In rati-\\nfying, Virginia and New York reserved the right to secede\\nfrom the Union whenever the National Government used its", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "184 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1643\\npowers to the oppression and injury of the people. To induce\\nsome of the States to ratify, certain amendments were pro-\\nposed and adopted; one of these was to the effect that the\\nStates reserved ah powers not delegated to the United\\nStates by the Constitution.\\n16. Fifteen Amendments. There are fifteen amendments\\nto the original Constitution. Ten of them were made within\\na few years after its adoption, having been proposed by the\\ndifferent States to protect their rights and those of their\\ncitizens. Two more were passed early in the century, and\\nthree, nearly sixty years later. The Constitution has been\\ndescribed as the most wonderful work ever struck off at\\na given time by the brain and purpose of man, and we have,\\ntherefore, been careful to give you the foregoing particulars.\\n17. Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest\\nTerritory. March i, 1784, Virginia formally ceded all terri-\\ntory claimed by her north of the Ohio. Jefferson proposed\\nan ordinance for its government which provided that, after\\n1800, slaves should be excluded from the district, and also\\nthat, as the population increased, the territory should be\\ndivided into sections which should be admitted into the\\nUnion as States. The population was increasing quite rapidly,\\nso, in 1787, while the Constitutional Convention was in\\nsession at Philadelphia, Congress, then sitting in New York,\\npassed another ordinance for the government of this territory,\\nwhich is known as the Ordinance of 1787. It was enacted\\nthat in time the land should be divided into four or five\\nStates, each with the same privileges and duties as the original\\nthirteen; that slavery should not be allowed there, but that\\nslaves fleeing from other States should be returned to their\\nowners. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and\\nthat part of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi River\\nwere formed from the Northwest Territory. That part of\\nMinnesota lying west of the Mississippi River was formed", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "1789] FORMATION OF THE UNION. 185\\nfrom Louisiana. Though the ordinance is not a part of the\\nConstitution, it is important as it set the precedent for the\\nexclusion of slaves from the territory belonging to the United\\nStates.\\n18. The Death of the Confederation. By September,\\n1788, all the States except North Carolina and Rhode Island\\nhad ratified the new Constituion. Congress now voted that\\nthe new government should go into effect the first Wednes-\\nday in March of 1789, and this happened to be the 4th of\\nMarch. Ever since then, Presidential terms have begun on\\nthe 4th of March. Congress also provided that the new\\ngovernment was to meet in New York. North Carolina and\\nRhode Island were left out. The Constitution had been\\nillegally adopted, because the Articles of Confederation,\\nwhich was to be a perpetual compact, could not be amended\\nexcept by iinaniuious consent, yet it had been amended while\\ntwo States refused to ratify. Elections were now held all\\nover the country for Representatives in Congress, and the\\nStates provided for the election of Senators and Presidential\\nElectors. Congress assembled on the 4th of March, 1789,\\nbut there was no quorum, so that the electoral vote could\\nnot be counted until April 6, 1789. But in the mean time,\\nthe old Congress had ended and the government was run\\nwithout an executive.\\n19. The Country in fySg. The population at this time\\nwas about 3,750,000, of whom nearly 750,000 were blacks.\\nThe States north of Maryland contained about one-half the\\npopulation, and Maryland and the rest of the Southern States\\nthe other half. Philadelphia was the largest city and had a\\npopulation of 42,000. Agriculture was the chief occupation\\nin the South, and commerce, in the North. All trade, how-\\never, was hampered by want of banks and currency. The\\npeople still lived and dressed like the English. Social life\\nconsisted in church-going, attending dinners and parties.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "186 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1789]\\nLiterature was chiefly political. Theatres were just coming\\ninto existence, though violently opposed, and often forbidden\\nby law. On the whole, however, the country had made few\\nchanges in its mode of life since 1763.\\nQuestions. 1. Trace the steps toward union in colonial days. 2. Tell\\nabout the drawing up of the Articles of Confederation. 3. What territory-\\nwas given to the Union? 4. Give an account of the weakness of the\\nArticles of Confederation. 5. What was the condition of the country-\\nafter the Revolution? 6. What were the propose amendments to the\\nArticles of Confederation? 7. Why were they not adopted? 8. What\\npart did Virginia take in calling the Annapolis Convention? 9. What\\ndid the Annapolis Convention do? 10. How did Congress act upon this\\nrecommendation? 11. When and where did the Federal Convention\\nmeet? 12. Describe the body of men who assembled, and tell of four\\ndistinguished members. 13. How were the meetings of the convention\\nheld? 14. What different opinions arose among the members? 15. What\\nwas the first compromise? 16. What was the second? 17. Tell of the\\nthird compromise. 18. What other regulations followed? 19. When was\\nthe Constitution signed, and for what was provision made? 20. In what\\nyear did the different States ratify the Constitution, and which was the\\nlast to do so? 21. How many amendments are there to the original Con-\\nstitution? 22. What has James Madison been called, and why (note)?\\n23. Tell of the ordinances for the government of the Northwest Terri-\\ntory. 24. What did Congress do when eleven States ratified. 25. What\\nStates were left out of the Union? 26. When did the new government\\ngo into effect? 27. What was the population in 1789? 28. What were the\\nintellectual and social conditions of the United States at this time?\\nAuthorities. Bancroft s History of the United States, Vol. IV., V.,\\nVI., VII., VIII.; Hildreth s History of the United States. Vol. IL, III.;\\nWinsor s Narrative and Critical History of the United States, Vol. V.,\\nVI.; Irving s Life of Washington; Marshall s Life of Washington;\\nCampbell s History of Virginia; Williamson s History of North Caro-\\nlina; Ramsey s History of South Carolina; William Wirt Henry s Life\\nof Patrick Henry; Rowland s Memoirs of George Mason; Roosevelt s\\nWinning of the West; Tyler s Letters and Times of the Tylers; Hugh\\nRlair Grigsby s Virginia Convention of 1776; Jefferson, Madison. Monroe,\\nAmerican Statesmen Series; Lee s Memoirs of the Southern Campaign;\\nPMske s History of the United States; Schenck s North Carolina, 1780-81.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF THE REVOLUTION.\\n187\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS,\\nPBRIOD III.\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\nCAUSES\\nOF THE\\nREVOLUTION.\\n1. Indirect Causes, 119-121.\\n2. Direct Cause Taxation without Representation, 121, 122.\\n3. Stamp Act and Opposition to it, 122, 123.\\n4. Tea Tax and its Effects, 124, 125.\\n5. Steps in the Colonies Looking Towards Resistance, 124-\\n128.\\n6. The Continental Congress, 1774, 126.\\n7. Military Operations in 1774, 126, 127.\\n8. Battle of Alamance in 1771, 124; Battle of Lexington in\\n1775, 128, 129.\\nSTEPS TO\\nDECLARATION\\nOF\\nINDEPEND-\\nENCE.\\nTHE WAR FOR\\nINDEPEND-\\nENCE.\\nWAR IN THE\\nNORTH.\\nTHE WAR FOR\\nINDEPEND-\\nENCE.\\nWAR ON THE\\nFRONTIER.\\nf 1. Continental Congress of 1775, and the United Colo-\\nnies, 130, 131.\\n2. Washington and the Army, 132, 136.\\n3. War in New England, 134-137.\\n4. Dunmore Driven from Virginia, 137, 138.\\n5. The INIecklenburg Declaration and the Battle of Moore s\\nCreek, 138, 139.\\n6. Action of South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina,\\n140.\\n7. Steps by Virginia, 141.\\n8. The Declaration of Independence, 141.\\n1. Fighting in New York City, 144, 145.\\n2. War in New Jersey, 145, 146, 151-153.\\n3. War in Pennsylvania, 147, 148.\\n4. British Plans, 144, 147.\\n5. Burgoyne s Surrender, 148-150.\\n6. French Aid, 151, 153.\\n7. The Condition of the Americans, 150, 163.\\ni^ 8. Capture of Stony Point, 160; Arnold s Treason, 162, 163.\\nf 1. Western Development, 154, 155.\\nI 2. Trouble with the Cherokees, 155, 156.\\n3. Massacre in the Wyoming Valley, 156.\\nI 4. English in the Northwest, 154, 157.\\nt 5. George Rogers Clark s Expedition, 157-158.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "188\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nTHE WAR FOR\\nINDEPEND-\\nENCE.\\nWAR IN THE\\nSOUTH.\\nTHE\\nFORMATION\\nOF THE\\nUNION.\\nr 1. Defence of Charleston, 143.\\n2. Affairs in Georgia, 159, 160.\\nThe War in South CaroHna, 160-162, 167-169.\\nThe Partisan Leaders, 163-164.\\nThe War in North Carolina, 167-168.\\nThe War in Virginia, 169-173.\\nJohn Paul Jones, 173-174,\\nPeace and its Results, 174-176.\\nfl.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\nRevolutionary Steps towards Union, 177-178.\\nThe Articles of Confederation and their Defects, 178-\\nSteps to the Federal Convention, 180.\\nThe W^ork of the Federal Convention, 180-183.\\nThe Constitution and its Adoption, 183-184.\\nThe Government of the Northwest Territory, 184.\\n180.\\n7. The Country in 1789, 185, 186.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "[1789] Washington s administration. 189\\nPERIOD IV\\nUNDER THE CONSTITUTION, 1789-1861.\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nWashington s administration, 1789-1797.\\n1. Washington, the First President. When the first Con-\\ngress under the Constitntion met and counted the elec-\\ntoral votes, it was found that George Washington had been\\nunanimously chosen President. John Adams, of Massa-\\nchusetts, was elected Vice-President. Washington s journey\\nfrom Mt. Vernon to New York was a triumphal progress.\\nThe people everywhere crowded to welcome him. Bands of\\nmusic, volleys of artillery, and the shouts of his countrymen\\nhailed his coming. Philadelphia gave him a grand reception.\\nAt Trenton, a procession of women and girls strewed flowers\\nin his way and sang songs in his praise. On the 30th of April,\\n1789, the first inauguration took place, in the city of New\\nYork, in sight of a large crowd which shouted, Long live\\nGeorge Washington, President of the United States. After\\ndeUvering his inaugural address, the President with the mem-\\nbers of Congress went to St. Paul s Episcopal church, where\\nBishop Prevost held service for them.\\n2. First Federal Congress, 1789. Congress proceeded to\\nexercise the powers committed to it by the Constitution. It\\nprovided for a Secretary of State, a Secretary of the Treasury,\\na Secretary of War, and an Attorney-General. Jefiferson\\nbecame Secretary of State; Hamilton, of the Treasury; Henry\\nKnox, of War, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "190 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1789\\nThe other departments now represented in the President s\\nCabinet were created at later periods. The Federal judic-\\niary the Supreme Court (with John Jay as Chief Justice),\\nand inferior tribunals were created. The salaries of the dif-\\nferent Federal officers were regulated, and, under an idea\\nof republican simplicity, were made so small that they\\nscarcely paid the necessary expenses of living. Philadelphia\\nwas made the capital for ten years.\\n3. The Tariff Act. The simplest way to provide means\\nfor carrying on the government seemed to be a tax, or\\nduty, laid upon goods imported from foreign countries.\\nAnd here the various interests of different sections of the\\ncountry produced wide differences of opinion. All were\\nwilling for a small duty to be imposed on everything im-\\nported, but the proposition to tax some things at a higher\\nrate than others called out a strong sectional feeling. New\\nEngland exchanged her fish in the West Indies for molasses\\nand rum, and very often made a double profit, buying negroes\\nin Africa with the rum and then selling them to the South\\nCarolina and Georgia planters. She, therefore, opposed a\\nhigh duty on molasses and rum. The Middle States wished\\nto protect their infant industries by a heavy tax on steel,\\nironware, and paper from abroad. They also agreed with\\nNew England in urging a high tonnage, or tax, on foreign\\nships, as an encouragement to their trading and ship-building.\\nThe Southern States, on the other hand, considered both\\nprotective duties and high tonnage to be contrary to their\\ninterests. European goods brought to them by foreign ships\\nin exchange for their staple crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo,\\nwere better and cheaper than the same things made in\\nAmerica. Madison proposed a tax of ten dollars on imported\\nslaves, but this was defeated. The Tariff Act, as it passed,\\nJuly 4, 1789, was for the encouragement and protection of\\nmanufactures. The highest duty on any article was only", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "1797] Washington s administration. 191\\nfifteen per cent, of the cost price. No revenue law passed\\nsince has had such a low rate.\\n4. Hamilton s Financial Policy, 1790. Hamilton pro-\\nposed measures for establishing the public credit. He pro-\\nposed, first, that the foreign debt of the Confederacy be\\npaid in full; second, that the debts due to all\\nresidents of the United States be paid in full;\\nand third, that the United States assume and\\npay all debts incurred by the States in carry-\\ning on the war. The State debts amounted\\nto $21,500,000. The first measure was readily\\naccepted, but the second met with opposition/\\nfrom Madison and his followers, because the hakilton.\\nnotes of the Confederacy had fallen below par and had been\\nbought up by speculators, so that the payment in full of these\\nnotes would benefit only a few note-shavers. But, finally,\\nthe second measure was adopted. Hamilton s third measure\\nwas opposed as unconstitutional. The opponents of it\\nclaimed that the Federal government could not assume debts\\nmade by individual States. In spite of the opposition, how-\\never, this measure was at last carried by a vote of thirty-one\\nto twenty-six in the House of Representatives, but, on the\\narrival of seven representatives from North Carolina, which\\nhad just been admitted into the Union, the measure was re-\\nconsidered and defeated by a vote of two. Just at this time\\na burning question was where the national capital should\\nbe located. The Southern members naturally wanted it in\\nthe South, whereas the Northern members desired to have\\nit at some point in the North. Hamilton and Jefferson,\\ntherefore, made a compromise by which Hamilton agreed\\nto support the proposition to locate the capital on the banks\\nof the Potomac, provided Jefiferson would support his third\\nfinancial proposition. By this agreement two Virginians\\nwere persuaded to vote for Hamilton s proposition, and a", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "192 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1789\\nfew northern votes were cast for a southern location of\\nthe capital, and both measures were passed by narrow\\nmajorities.\\n5. National Bank. Hamilton next proposed a bill for\\nthe establishment of a National Bank, which was to be the\\nfinancial agent of the United States. This also was opposed\\nas unconstitutional, but was passed. Washington asked the\\nopinions of Hamilton and JefTerson as to the constitution-\\nality of the measure. Hamilton replied that the United\\nStates had a right to establish a bank, as the bank was\\nnecessary, and he based the constitutionality of the measure\\non the i8th clause of the 8th section of the first Article of\\nthe Constitution. This clause, known as the elastic clause,\\ngives to Congress the right to make all laws which shall\\nbe necessary and proper for carrying into execution the\\nforegoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Con-\\nstitution in the government of the United States, or in any\\ndepartment or ofificer thereof. Jefferson claimed that the\\nConstitution made no mention of a bank, and that Congress\\nhad no right to pass a bill establishing an institution which\\nhad not been authorized by the Constitution itself. Wash-\\nington accepted Hamilton s opinion, signed the bill, and\\nthe National Bank was established.\\n6. Party Organization. When the government was es-\\ntablished in 1789, there were no distinct parties except that\\nsome had favored the adoption of the Constitution and others\\nhad opposed it. Those who favored the Constitution were\\nknown as Federalists, and those who opposed it, as Anti-\\nFederalists. But the discussion over Hamilton s financial\\nplans and over the question of the National Bank had caused\\nthese two parties to become more distinct. Those who\\nfavored Hamilton s measures, because of the construction\\nwhich they wished to place upon the Constitution, became\\nknown as Loose Constructionists, or Federalists. Hamil-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "1797] Washington s administration. 193\\nton was their leader. Those who favored keeping the Con-\\nstitution to the letter were known as Strict Construction-\\nists, or Anti-Federalists. In a little while they came to be\\nknown as Republicans, though the Federalists called them\\nDemocrats. Jefferson was their leader.\\n7. Quakers Petition for the Abolition of Slavery. To\\nadd to the dissensions in Congress, the Pennsylvania Quakers\\nsent in a petition asking the immediate abolition of slavery\\nin the States. All the States in the North except Delaware,\\nNew Jersey, and New York had either abolished slavery or\\nprovided for its abolition, and all of the States except South\\nCarolina and Georgia had prohibited the bringing of slaves\\ninto their borders from foreign countries. The feeling that\\none section of the country ought not to interfere with the\\nrights of any other was very strong. A committee on the\\nabolition petition, composed of six Northern members and\\none Virginian, brought in a report that Congress had no\\nauthority to interfere in the emancipation of slaves, or in\\nthe treatment of them in any of the States. The report was\\naccepted by Congress.*\\n8. St. Clair s Defeat, 1791. The Indians in the North-\\nwest, incited by the British, and by them supplied with arms\\nand powder, became very hostile, and General St. Clair\\nmarched against them with a force of militia md regulars.\\nThe Indians surprised his camp on St. Mary s Creek, and\\nstruck such terror into the militia that the bravery of the\\nregulars was unable to prevent an immediate and panic-\\nstricken retreat. The fugitives abandoned everything to the\\nBetween the sessions of Congress, the President visited New Eng-\\nland, where he was received with much enthusiasm, and also made\\na tour through the Southern States, and selected the site for the national\\ncapital, named in his honor. When the census was taken in 1790, there\\nwere found to be nearly 4,000,000 people. Virginia contained one-fifth\\nof the number, and Pennsylvania, the next most populous State, one-\\nninth.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "194 NEV/ SCHOOL HISTORY. [1789\\nIndians, and fled a distance of twenty-nine miles before they\\nstopped. Nine hnndred men were lost in the encounter, six\\nhundred of whom were killed on the spot.\\n9. Re-election of Washington and Adams, 1792 Wash-\\nington was again unanimously elected President, and Adams\\nhad a majority of votes for ice-President. They were in-\\naugurated on March 4, 1793.\\n10. War with England Threatened, 1793. In April of\\nthis year, France declared war against Great Britain and\\nHolland. As the French had aided the .Vmericans to estab-\\nlish their independence, there was a strong feeling that now\\nthe young republic should stand by France. The United\\nStates had cause of complaint against England also, for,\\nthough England had promised to evacuate Detroit and the\\nposts in the Northwest, she had not done so, and did not\\ndo so until 1796. England had also refused to send a minister\\nto the United States. But Washington knew that the United\\nStates were in no condition to undertake another war, and\\nhe issued a proclamation of neutrality, and forbade American\\ncitizens to take any part in the contest.\\nii. Attack on the President. The friends of France niw\\nheaped abuse upon the President for thwarting their desire\\nto take sides with her. They went so far as to accuse him\\nof sympathizing with the English, and of desiring to make\\nhimself a king.\\n12. Citizen Genet. Citizen Genet, the French minister,\\npresuming on this opposition to the President, dared to\\nviolate the neutrality proclamation by fitting out privateers\\nin American ports, and ordering them to bring their prizes\\ninto American waters. When he was informed that his pro-\\nceedings would not be allowed, he actually addressed insult-\\ning language to Washington himself. Wdiereupon the Presi-\\ndent requested the French government to recall him. The\\nFrench Republic recalled Genet, and dismissed the American\\nminister, Gouverneur Morris.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "1797] Washington s administration. 195\\n13. American Ships Searched by the British. As neutral\\nvessels were allowed to trade to French ports, American\\nships did a profitable business in carrying supplies thither.\\nBritish cruisers were ordered to stop all such vessels, and\\nalso to search any ships for Englishmen who might be found\\non them. These outrages upon American vessels came very\\nnear bringing on war at this time.\\n14. Jay s Treaty, 1794. Washington averted the danger\\nby laying an embargo that is, prohibiting for thirty days\\nall vessels from sailing from any American port and sending\\nChief-Justice Jay to England to negotiate for the protection\\nof American rights. Jay succeeded in making a treaty which,\\nthough not entirely satisfactory, was better than plunging\\ninto war. The President signed the treaty, and after some\\nopposition, the Senate ratified it. But as the treaty did not\\nsettle the question about England s right to search our ships,\\nthe people became very indignant, abused Washington\\nroundly, and burnt Jay in eftigy.\\n15. Indian War, 1794. General Wayne, who had suc-\\nceeded General St. Clair in the Northwest, found himself\\nforced to active operations against the hostile Indians. He\\nfinally routed them near the Maumee River, and induced\\nthem to make peace.\\n16. Whiskey Insurrection, 1794. A direct tax had been\\nlaid upon spirituous liquors. Whiskey distillers abounded\\nin the mountains of Pennsylvania, and they banded together\\nto resist the collection of this tax. Washington s proclama-\\ntion failed to induce obedience to the laws, and he called\\nout a large militia force, the command of which was given\\nto General Henry Lee\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Light Horse Harry The ap-\\nproach of this formidable force awed the re])ellious whiskey\\nmen into submission to the laws.\\n17. The Treaty with Spain.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The settlers in the West,\\nalong the Ohio River, desired to have permission for the\\nfree navigation of the Mississippi River to its mouth, and,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "196 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1789\\nsince Spain at that time owned Louisiana and New Orleans,\\na treaty had to be made. In 1795, a treaty was made with\\nSpain by which the Americans were allowed navigation on\\nthe Mississippi.\\n18. Washington s Farewell to the People, 1796. Wash-\\nington declined to be elected a third time. His Farewell\\nAddress to the people of the United States was received with\\ngreat devotion. In it he advised the people to put aside\\nsectional jealousies, and to avoid interference in European\\nafifairs. At the end of his second term, March 4, 1797, he\\nretired to privat e life at Mount Vernon.\\n19. New States. Vermont was admitted to the Union in\\n1 79 1. She had called herself a State for several years, and\\nnow, by the consent of New York and New Hampshire, each\\nof which claimed part of her territory, she was admitted\\nto statehood. In 1789, Kentucky had been granted per-\\nmission by the Virginia Legislature to become a new State,\\nand was admitted into the Union in 1792. Tennessee had\\nbeen settled chiefly by people from North Carolina. In\\n1785, the people of eastern Tennessee organized what they\\ncalled the State of Franklin and elected a governor and a\\nlegislature; but this territory was claimed by North Carolina,\\nand in 1789, was by her ceded to the United States. Until\\n1796, the territory south of Kentucky, together with what\\nSouth Carolina had ceded in 1787, was governed under the\\nname of the Territory South of the Ohio. North Carolina,\\nhowever, had specified that, when Tennessee should have\\n60,000 inhabitants, it might become a part of the Union. A\\ncensus was taken in 1795, and the population was found to\\nexceed the required number, so, in 1796, Tennessee was\\nadmitted into the- Union as a State.\\nQi^ESTioNS. 1. When did the government under the new Constitution\\nbegin? 2. Name the first President and Vice-President. 3. Describe\\nWashington s journey to New York. 4. Give the particulars of his", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "1797] Washington s administration. 197\\ninauguration. 5. What work was done by the first Federal Congress?\\n6. What seemed the easiest way to raise a revenue? 7. How did the\\nNew England, Middle, and Southern States differ about a protective\\ntariff 8. What were Hamilton s three financial measures? 9. How did\\nhe get his third scheme through Congress? 10. Tell about the estab-\\nlishment of the National Bank. 11. What gave rise to political parties?\\n12. What petition was brought into Congress by the Pennsylvania\\nQuakers? 13. Where did slavery exist in the United States at this time?\\n14. What report did Congress accept on this Abolition petition? 15. How\\nmany inhabitants had the United States in 1790 (note)? 16. Which\\nwere then the two most populous States (note) 17. What tours did\\nWashington make between the sessions of Congress (note) 18. When\\nand where was General St. Clair sent against the Indians, and with\\nwhat result? 19. Tell of the second election for President and Vice-\\nPresident. 20. Why was there danger of war with England in 1793?\\n21. What stand did Washington take? 22. Of what did the friends of\\nFrance accuse him? 23. Tell of Citizen Genet, and of the action of the\\nPresident. 24. What injustice did England commit upon American\\nvessels? 25. How was the danger of war with England averted? 26. Who\\nfinally routed the Indians in the Northwest, and made peace? 27. What\\nwas the Whiskey Insurrection, and how was it put down? 28. What\\nv/ere the terms of the treaty made with Spain? 29. Tell of Washington s\\nFarewell Address, and of the closing years of his life. 30. Tell of the\\nadmission of Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee as States.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "198 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [179\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nJOHN ADAMS ADMINISTRATION, I797-180I PROGRESS OF\\nTHE COUNTRY.\\n1. John Adams^the Second President. John xVdams, of\\nMassachusetts, was elected second Presitlent of the United\\nStates, and Thomas JefTerson, Vice-Presi-\\ndent. Any one coming after Washington\\nwould have appeared at a disadvantage,\\nand Adams was not always so wise and\\nresolute as his predecessor had been. His\\nadministration, however, was one of great\\nprosperity; there was ample revenue for\\nthe expenses of the government; the In-\\n1 f 1 JOHN ADAMS.\\ndians gave no trouble; and, for the tmie\\nbeing, the difificulties with England had been settled. Under\\nthese favorable conditions, the agricultural and commercial\\ninterests of the country developed rapidly.\\n2. Difficulty with France. The French government had\\nfallen into the hands of a Directory composed of anarchists\\nand revolutionists. They were very much displeased be-\\ncause this country would not side with France in her war\\nwith England. When Adams was elected President instead\\nof Jefiferson, who was the friend of France, the American\\nminister was ordered to leave that country and our flag was\\ninsulted. As the United States were in no condition to go to\\nwar, three envovs were sent to France to nesfotiate a treatv,\\nbut they were refused a hearing. When it was suggested\\nto Charles Pinckney, one of the envoys, that the Directory\\nwould receive them if they would pay a large sum of\\nmoney, he replied, Millions for defence, but not one cent\\nfor tribute. When the news of the treatment of our envoys", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "1801] JOHN ADAMs ADMINISTRATION. 199\\nreached this country, an intense war-spirit was aroused;\\nWashington was appointed commander-in-chief of the army\\nto be raised, and several war-vessels, the beginning of the\\nAmerican navy, were made ready. War, though not formally\\ndeclared, actually broke out, and our navy won some im-\\nportant victories. This naval war continued until Napoleon\\nBonaparte got control of the French government. As all\\nthe European nations were his enemies, he gladly made\\npeace with this country.\\n3. Alien and Sedition Laws. Because of the activity of\\nFrench agents in this country, and the severe attacks made\\nby some newspapers on the President, and even on Wash-\\nington, Congress passed an alien law, which authorized\\nthe President to send out of the country any foreigner who\\nwas acting against the government; and a sedition law,\\nwhich forbade the publishing of anything deemed abusive\\nof government officers. The passage of these laws made\\nAdams very unpopular. Both of them\\nwere pronounced unconstitutional by the\\nlegislatures of Virginia and Kentucky.\\n4. Chief-Justice Marshall. In i8oo,just\\nbefore his term of office expired, Mr. Adams\\nappointed John Marshall, of Virginia, to\\nthe office of Chief Justice, which position\\n,1 ^pr he filled with great wisdom for thirty-five\\nJOHN MARSHALL. ycars.\\n5. Death of Washington. In December, 1799, Washing-\\nton was caught in a severe storm and took cold, and on the\\nnight of December 14th, he died. Thus passed away the\\ngreat Virginian and American declared by Henry Lee to be\\nfirst in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his\\ncountrymen.\\n6. Increase of Population. The population of the country\\nwas 3,000,000 in 1774; by 1800, it had grown to more than", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "200 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1797\\n5,000,000. In the new States of Kentucky and Tennessee,\\nthe number of settlers trebled in ten years time, and this\\ngrowth was caused mainly by immigration from Virginia and\\nNorth Carolina. Very few foreigners came into the country\\nduring this period, and the increase of population was almost\\nwholly American.\\n7. Whitney s Cotton-Gin. Before the year 1800, 2,060\\nAmerican inventions had been patented. One of these, the\\ncotton-gin, invented by Eli Wdiitney,* exerted an immense\\ninfluence upon the industries and destinies of the nation. The\\ninvention was received with great favor, and cotton became\\nthe staple crop, bringing immense wealth to the Southern\\nStates. Cotton factories sprang up along the swift rivers\\nof New England. In cultivating the white fibres, slave labor\\nbecame of great importance.\\n8. Scat of Government Removed to Washington, 1800.\\nIn the summer of this year, W^ashington city became the seat\\nof government. It was at this time a straggling collection of\\nindifferent buildings, with the half-finished Capitol at one\\nend, and the President s house at the other.\\n9. Education and Literature. Rapid strides had been\\nmade in education and literature. There were now twenty-\\nthree colleges nine in the Southern States, six in the Middle\\nStates, six in New England and two in Kentucky. In place\\nof the thirty-seven newspapers of 1776, there were now 200,\\npublished from Maine to Georgia.\\n10. Growth of the Churches. The religious freedom\\nguaranteed by the Constitution and by the laws of the dif-\\nEli Whitney, from Connecticut, was living in Georgia in the family\\nof General Nathaniel Greene. The labor of getting the fibre of the cot-\\nton free from the seed was great, and Mrs. Greene one day suggested to\\nyoung Whitney that he might invent a machine to simplify the work.\\nActing on this suggestion, Whitney invented his first cotton-gin, which\\ncleaned out the seed from 300 pounds of cotton in a day, during which\\ntime a negro woman could pick only one pound.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00b1801] JOHN ADAMs ADMINISTRATION. 201\\nferent States, awoke the churches to new Hfe. The various\\nforms of Protestantism asserted themselves with vigor, and\\nSunday-schools became numerous. This religious activity\\nwas especially remarkable, because French infidel teachings\\nand the wTitings of Tom Paine, who strove to undermine\\nChristianity, had become quite popular.\\nM. Election in 1800. When the election was held in\\nNovember, 1800, the Federalist candidate for President was\\nPinckney, while the Anti-Federalist or Democratic-Republi-\\ncan party had two candidates, JeiTerson and Burr. The Fede-\\nralist party on account of the Alien and Sedition Acts had\\nbecome so unpopular that most of the electoral votes were\\ncast for the Democratic-Republican candidates, and Jefferson\\nand Burr received the same number. In case of a tie, the\\nelection, according to the Constitution of the United States,\\npassed into the hands of the House of Representatives. After\\nmuch dispute, JeiTerson was chosen as President. Aaron\\nBurr, being second choice for President, became Vice-\\nPresident.\\nQuestions. 1. Who were the second President and Vice-President of\\nthe United States, and how long did they continue in officer 2. How did\\nMr. Adams compare with Washington? 3. Why did France assume a\\nthreatening attitude, and how was the trouble averted? 4. What were\\nthe Alien and Sedition laws? 5. What States pronounced them uncon-\\nstitutional? 6. How long was John Marshall Chief Justice of the United\\nStates? 7. What did Lee say of Washington? 8. Tell about Washington s\\ndeath. 9. Tell of the increase of population. 10. What is the cotton-gin,\\nand who invented it? 11. What effect did it have upon the country?\\n12. When did Washington city become the seat of government, and what\\nsort of place was it? 13. What advance had been made in education\\nand in newspapers? 14. What awoke the churches to new life, and why\\nwas this specially remarkable? 15. Why was the Federal party defeated\\nin the election in 1800? 16. Who became the next President? 17. Who\\nwas chosen Vice-President?", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "202 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [l80l\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nJefferson s administration, 1801-1809.\\n1. Jefferson, Third President, 1801. Jefferson was a sin-\\ncere Democrat; he believed that the people should govern\\nthemselves, but that, while the will of the majority should\\nprevail, the minority should never be tyrannized over. This\\nprinciple he laid down in his first inaugural address. He\\nwas the author of the Declaration of Independence and\\nof the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, and was the\\nFather of the University of Virginia. He held many of\\nthe highest oflfices of trust and responsibility which his\\ncountry could bestow. Although wealthy and the most\\naccomplished scholar that was ever President, he was a man\\nof great simplicity and plainness of manners.\\n2. War with Tripoli, 1803. The Barbary States on the\\nnorthern coast of x\\\\frica were accustomed for years to levy\\ntribute on all vessels entering the Mediterranean Sea. The\\nUnited States had sometimes yielded to\\nnecessity and paid tribute to Algiers. The\\nBashaw of Tripoli now demanded a similar\\npayment. Air. Jefferson had never approved\\nof the policy of submission to such demands.\\nAs the tribute was not promptly paid, Tripoli\\ndeclared war against the United States,\\nwhereupon Commodore Preble, with four\\nships of war, was sent to bring the pirates\\nto terms. He did his work so well that Tripoli soon made\\na treaty, promising to let American ships alone.\\nIn chasing a pirate vessel into the harbor of Tripoli, the frigate\\nPJiiladolpJiin, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, ran aground. The\\npirates captured her and made slaves of the captain and crew, 300 men.\\nLieutenant Stephen Decatur, with seventy-six picked men, sailed a small\\nschooner into the harbor at night, set fire to the PhUadclphhi, destroyed\\nher completely, and got back to his ship without losing a man.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "1809] Jefferson s administration. 203\\n3. Purchase of Louisiana, 1803.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To secure possession\\nof the Mississippi River, Mr. Jefferson, in 1803, ^^Y a treaty,\\npurchased from France, for $15,000,000, the territory of\\nLouisiana which had been ceded to her by Spain.* This\\npurchase doubled the extent of the United States, and fur-\\nnished them with water communication from the Lakes to\\nthe Gulf of Mexico. The Federalists of New England vio-\\nlently opposed the ratification of this treaty on the ground\\nthat the addition of this territory would give the Southern\\nStates too much power in the national government. The\\nLegislature of Massachusetts went so far as to threaten to\\nexercise the right of that State to withdraw from the Lhiion.\\nIn spite of this opposition the treaty was ratified.\\n4. Explorations of Lewis and Clarke, 1804. The great\\nterritory of Louisiana had not been explored, so, in 1804,\\nMr. Jefferson, with the consent of Congress, sent out a small\\nparty of explorers led by Meriwether Lewis and William\\nClarke, a younger brother of George Rogers Clarke. Under\\ninstructions given by Jefferson himself, they pushed their\\nway up the Missouri River, and through the many mountains\\nof the Northwest, passed into the Oregon region, and down\\nthe Columbia until they reached the Pacific slope. After two\\nyears and four months, they made their way back to the\\nvillage of St. Louis. In 1792, Captain Gray, of Massachu-\\nsetts, had sailed liis ship into the Columbia River, so that\\na double discoverv e ave the United States the claim to\\nOregon.\\n5. Second Election of Jefferson. Notwithstanding his\\nunpopularity in New Fngiand, Mr. Jefferson was re-elected\\nIt comprised the present State of Louisiana and all that region north\\nof Texas and south of the Dominion of Canada between the Rocky\\nMountains and the Mississippi River.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "204 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1801\\nin 1804, George Clinton being chosen Vice-President in place\\nof Burr\\n6. Commercial Troubles. During Jefiferson s second\\nterm, war was raging in Europe; England, France, and Spain\\nmade laws injurious to American commerce. The President\\nfollowed Washington s policy of neutrality. This, however,\\ndid not protect American vessels; the British were specially\\noffensive, boarding them and carrying off their sailors, under\\npretense that they were English. In 1807, the British frigate\\nLeopard, of fifty guns, attacked the American man-of-war\\nChesapeake, of thirty-eight guns, near our coast, and took\\nfour sailors from her. For this outrage, Mr. Jefferson ordered\\nall British ships to leave American ports, and Congress\\npassed what is known as the Embargo Act, which forbade\\nAmerican vessels to leave for foreign ports, and British\\nvessels from entering American ports.\\n7. Trouble with New England. By the Embargo Act, it\\nwas hoped that the United States might avoid trouble with\\nEngland and also with France. The New England States\\nwere unwilling to see their commerce ruined, so the Massa-\\nchusetts Legislature now declared the Embargo Act uncon-\\nstitutional, and Connecticut refused to accept the act. New\\nEngland talked of secession, and of annexation to Canada.\\nTo conciliate New England, the Embargo Act was repealed\\n*Aaron Burr attributed his non-election to Alexander Hamilton s in-\\nfluence, picked a quarrel with him, and challenged him to fight a duel.\\nHamilton was opposed to duelling, but had not moral courage to decline\\nthe customary mode of settling disputes. Burr was a fine shot, and in-\\nflicted a mortal wound upon Hamilton, who flred his pistol in the air.\\nAt the age of forty-seven, Hamilton fell, a victim to an evil custom,\\nand a false idea of honor. Killing his antagonist did not make Burr\\nany more contented. Before long, it was believed that he was forming\\na conspiracy to set up a new government in the Southwest, and to make\\nhimself king or dictator there. He was arrested, and tried in Richmond,\\nVirginia, for treason, but little evidence of guilt was found against him.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "1809] Jefferson s administration. 205\\nin 1809, and the Non-Intercourse Act passed, which act for-\\nbade trade with England and France.\\n8. Ohio Becomes a State, 1802.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On April 30, 1802, Ohio\\nwas admitted as the seventeenth State of the American\\nRepublic. In 1809, the Indiana Territory was divided, the\\npart west of the Wabash forming the Territory of Illinois.\\n9. Fulton s Steamboat, 1807.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1807, Robert Fulton,\\nafter many experiments, solved the problem of running a\\nboat by steam power. Flis first steamboat, the Clermont,\\nwas launched on the Hudson River. In a few years, this\\ninvention greatly aided trade and travel. As there were no\\nrailroads, the steamboat was especially useful on large rivers\\nand lakes.*\\n10. Abolition of the Slave Trade. In 1807, Congress\\npassed a bill which prohibited the slave trade after January\\nI, 1808. This was in accordance with the Constitution (Art.\\nI, Sec. 9).\\n11. Election in 1808. In November, 1808, James Madi-\\nson, the Democratic-Republican nominee, was elected by a\\nlarge majority over C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, the\\nFederalist candidate.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What principle did the President lay down in his in-\\naugural address? 2. What brought on war with Tripoli? 3. What is the\\nstory of the Philadelphia and Lieutenant Decatur (note)? 4. What great\\npurchase did Mr. Jefferson make in 1803? 5. What regions did Louisiana\\nthen contain? 6. What advantages did the country gain by its purchase?\\n7. Tell of the opposition of New England to the Louisiana purchase.\\n8. Describe the explorations of Lewis and Clarke. 9. Who had\\nsailed into the Columbia River in 1792? 10. Who were elected Presi-\\nTwenty years before this time, in 1787, John Fitch, of Connecticut,\\nand James Rumsey, of Shepherdstown, in Virginia, had each conceived\\nthe idea that boats could be propelled by steam. Fitch put a steamboat\\non the Delaware in August, 1787, where it was seen and admired by\\nmembers of the Federal Convention. Rumsey s boat made a trial trip\\non the Potomac River, at Shepherdstown, in December of the same year.\\nThese two men deserve credit as the original projectors of the steamboat.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "206 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1809\\ndent and Vice-President in 1804? 11. Tell of the duel between Hamilton\\nand Burr (note). 12. What is the story of Burrs conspiracy (note)?\\n13. What commercial troubles now arose? 14. What outrage did the\\nBritish perpetrate upon the man-of-war Chcsai)cakcf 15. Tell about Mr.\\nJefferson s orders and the Embargo Act. 16. How did New England re-\\nceive them? 17. Give an account of the trouble with New England.\\n18. When did Ohio become a State? 19. When was the Indiana Territory\\ndivided, and into what? 20. Who made the first successful steamboat?\\nTell of Fitch and Rumsey (note). 21. When was the slave-trade abol-\\nished? 22. Who succeeded Jefferson as President? 23. Find the places\\non the map.\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nMadison s administration, 1809-1817 war of 1812.\\n1. Madison, Fourth President, 1809 Trade Relations.\\nThe disputes with England and P^rance had not been settled.\\nPreceding presidents had followed the policy of avoiding war\\nby diplomacy and ]\\\\Iadison began his administration by pur-\\nsuing a similar policy. As England and France were at war,\\nneither country was willing that the United States should\\ntrade with the other. Soon after his inauguration, Madison\\nmade an agreement with the British minister to resume trade\\nrelations with England. After a great many ships had set sail\\nfrom our ports, England declared that her minister had no\\nauthority to make such an agreement. So trade with England\\nwas stopped almost as soon as it began. Soon after this.\\nNapoleon, emperor of the French, offered not to interfere with\\nour connnerce provided we would trade only with France and\\nher allies. This proposition was accepted by Congress, and\\nmany of our ships made their way to ports in France. This\\ncontinued for some months, when suddenly, Napoleon issued\\nan order that all American vessels should be seized and sold.\\n2. Hostility Towards England. We now had sufficient\\ncause to declare war against both England and France. But", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "1817] Madison s administration. 207\\nthe feeling against England was stronger. Besides ruining\\nour commerce, she continued to stop American vessels on\\nthe high-seas and impress the seamen; more than 6,000 had\\nbeen thus seized; on various pretexts, our vessels had been\\ncaptured and sold; moreover, it was generally thought that\\nBritish agents were urging the Indians to attack the frontier\\nsettlement.\\n3. Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The country along the\\nWabash was greatly alarmed by an In-\\ndian uprising under Tecumseh and his\\nbrother, Elkswatawa, the Prophet; and\\nGovernor William Henry Harrison, with\\n1,000 men, advanced against the Proph-\\net s town at Tippecanoe. A truce was\\nmade, but the Indians broke it, and at-\\ntacked Harrison s camp in the night,\\nhoping to surprise and overcome him;\\nbut the whites, with their bayonets, drove the Indians off.\\nThe victory was complete, and the Prophet s town, which the\\nIndians had deserted, was burned.\\n4. A Sea Fight.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The feeling against England was greatly\\nstrengthened on account of an engagement between the\\nsloop Little Belt and the frigate President. The British\\ngovernment went so far as to send war-vessels into our waters\\nto seize our vessels as prizes. One of these, the Little Belt,\\nwhen hailed by the President, replied with a cannon-shot.\\nThe fire was returned, and the sloop was soon disabled. A\\ncivil answer was then given.\\n5. War Declared against England, 1812.* Madison re-\\nluctantly yielded to the demand for war, and sent a message\\nto Congress in which he advised war with England. The\\nIn November, 1812, Madison was re-elected President. He was op-\\nposed by De Witt Clinton, of New York, who, though a member of the\\nDemocratic-Republican party, was supported chiefly by the Federalists.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "208 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1809\\ndelegates from most of the New Eno-land States were very\\nmuch Opposed to this course, for fear that the war would\\ninjure the commerce of their States. The leaders in Congress,\\nJohn C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, were determined, however,\\nto have war and, finally, on June i8, 1812, it was formally\\ndeclared. The President was empowered to enlist 50,000\\nvolunteers, and to call out the militia. Vessels of the navv\\nAvere fitted out, and merchant ships allowed to arm them-\\nselves.\\n6. Engagements on Land and Sea, 1812. The land\\noperations of the year were everywhere unsuccessful. Gen-\\neral Hull, at Detroit, surrendered the whole Michigan Terri-\\ntory to Tecumseh and the British general. Brock, without\\nfiring a gun, or even stipulating that his garrison should be\\ntreated with the honors of war. At sea, the American vessels\\nachieved brilliant successes. The United States ship Con-\\nstitution captured the British frigate Gucrricre, oft the Gulf\\nof St. Lawrence, after a fight of two hours. Two more\\nBritish ships, the Frolic and the Macedonian, w^ere captured;\\nand the Constitution, Old Ironsides, destroyed another\\nfrigate, the Java, oft the coast of Brazil. Three hundred\\nprizes, also, were taken by the privateers. England had long\\nbeen accustomed to rule at sea, and was astonished to find\\nher vessels and seamen overpowered by the Americans. The\\nsecret of our success was that our guns and ships were han-\\ndled far better than those of the enemy. Congress made\\nappropriations to increase the navy, and to build larger ships.\\nSmall war-vessels Avere also rapidly constructed on the Lakes.\\n7. Battles of 1813. Early in 181 3, Winchester s detach-\\nment of 1,000 men, from Harrison s army, was surprised at\\nRaisin River and forced to surrender to a body of British\\nand Indians. The British general. Proctor, permitted the\\nIndians to nmrder many of the prisoners. Captain James\\nLawrence, in command of the Chesapeake, accepted a chal-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "1817] Madison s administration. 209\\nlenge from Captain Broke, of the British frigate Shannon,\\nto a fight between their ships. In the contest, Lawrence was\\nmortahy wounded, and though with his dying breath he\\nexclaimed, Don t give up- the ship, the Chesapeake was\\ncaptured and taken to Hahfax as a prize. This blow was\\ncounterbalanced by a brilliant victory on Lake Erie. With\\ngreat difihculty, a fleet of small vessels had been built at the\\ntown of Erie by Captain Oliver H. Perry. At last, it was\\nready, and Perry ofi ered battle to the British squadron on\\nLake Erie. His flagship, the Laivrence, being riddled with\\nshot. Perry went in a little boat to the Niagara, on whicli\\nhe hoisted his pennant, closed in with the enemy, and in\\neight minutes from that time won the victory. He an-\\nnounced his success to General Harrison\\nby the famous words, We have met the\\nenemy, and they are ours two ships, two\\nbrigs, one schooner and one sloop. This\\nvictory made it practicable for Harrison\\nto advance against the enemy. On receiv-\\ning Perry s message he crossed over into\\nCanada and defeated the British and their\\nLidian allies, strongly posted on the River harrison.\\nThames. This victory restored Michigan to the United\\nStates. Tecumseh was killed in the fight.\\n8. Fort MJmms, Alabama, 1813. The Creeks and Semi-\\nnoles had been stirred up by Tecumseh, and they attacked\\nFort Mimms on the upper Alabama River, where the set-\\ntlers had taken refuge. The fort was set on fire, and 400 of\\nthe whites perished. An army for defence was hastily\\ngathered from the neighboring States, chiefly Tennessee, and\\nAndrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was put in command. He\\nrouted the Indians in several severe engagements. They\\nmade their last stand at Horseshoe Bend on the Alabama\\n14", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "210 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1809\\nKiver. Here they were again defeated, six hundred of their\\nwarriors being killed. The rest gladly made peace.\\n9. Chippewa and Lundy s Lane, 1814. It was determined\\nto invade Canada again, and General W infield Scott and\\nGeneral Jacob Brown were put in command of the invading\\nforce. They defeated the British at Chippewa and Lundy s\\nLane, near Niagara, but these victories were without any\\nlasting advantage.\\n10. Burning of Washington. The British had declared a\\nblockade of the American coast, and they now began to\\nattack and burn defenceless places. There were no American\\nvessels strong enough to prevent their going where they\\npleased. So, Admiral Cockburn entered the Chesapeake,\\nand landed 5,000 men under General Ross. As Napoleon\\nhad been defeated, England was able to spare large numbers\\nof troops to invade America. Ross s army marched on\\nWashington, meeting only a feeble resistance. President\\nMadison and the Cabinet left the city. General Ross pro-\\nceeded to destroy whatever was valuable. All government\\nbuildings, except the Patent Office, as well as many private\\nresidences, were burned. Admiral Cockburn and General\\nRoss then made a combined move on Baltimore. That city\\nhad prepared for the attack, and the British were repulsed.\\n11. Victory on Lake Champlain. Later on, in 1814, the\\nBritish determined to capture Plattsburg on Lake Cham-\\nplain. For this purpose, twelve thousand British troops ad-\\nvanced from Canada under General Prevost; at the same\\ntime Captain Downie brought sixteen British ships into Lake\\nChamplain. Commodore AIcDonough met the British fleet,\\nand, as he was about to engage in battle, he knelt on the deck\\nand prayed that God would grant him victory. After a severe\\nfight, the British fleet surrendered, whereupon, the English\\ngeneral abandoned the attack on land and retreated in haste,\\nleaving: his 2:uns and stores.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "1817]\\nMADISON S ADMINISTRATION.\\n211\\n12. Battle of New Orleans, 1815. The last and strongest\\neffort of the enemy was made against New Orleans. This\\nplace was defended by General Jackson, the hero of Horse-\\nshoe Bend, with about 7,000 men. He selected a strong posi-\\ntion and hastily made breastworks of cotton bales and swam])\\nmud. Sir Edward Pakenham with 12,000 British veterans,\\nin the early morning of January 8th, attacked Jackson in his\\nintrenchments. Jackson s army was composed almost en-\\ntirely of militia and volunteers, but they were expert marks-\\nmen; 2,500 men from Kentucky and Tennessee were in his\\nBATTLE OF NEW ORI EANS.\\narmy. The Americans reserved their fire until Pakenham s\\nmen were within two hundred yards, and then they poured\\na storm of bullets into them, while Jackson s nine cannon\\ncut the British down with grape-shot and canister. One\\nafter another of the British generals were killed, Pakenham\\namong them. In twenty-five minutes two thousand British\\nsoldiers had fallen, and Lambert, who had succeeded to", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "212 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1809\\nthe command, ordered a retreat. Jackson s loss as reported\\nby him, was seven killed and six wounded. This victory\\nmade Jackson the idol of the people.\\n13. Treaty of Ghent. About two weeks before the battle\\nof New Orleans, a treaty of peace between England and the\\nUnited States had already been agreed upon at Ghent. The\\ntreaty left things just where they had been before the war.\\nEngland did not give up the right to search American vessels\\nfor English sailors, but she has never tried to exercise it\\nsince.\\n14. New England s Position in the War. In 1812, New\\nEngland Federalists issued an address against the war, and\\nJosiah Ouincy said in the House of Representatives that the\\nUnion ought to be dissolved. The Legislature of Massa-\\nchusetts passed a Remonstrance Act, denouncmg the war,\\nand, in response to a circular letter of this Legislature,\\ntwenty-six delegates from New England met at Hartford,\\nDecember 18, 18 14, to form some plan of resistance to the\\nFederal government. The proceedings of the convention\\nexcited the alarm and distrust of the American people, and\\ndestroyed the Federalist party.\\n15. Barbary States Chastised, 1815. During the war\\nwith England, the Dey of Algiers captured some American\\nvessels. Commodore Decatur w^as sent to punish him. Sail-\\ning through the Strait of Gibraltar, he captured two Algerine\\nfrigates, and forced Algiers, and also Tripoli and Tunis, to\\nsign a treaty in which they promised to cease from meddling\\nwith American ships.\\n16. National Bank. The war left the United States with\\na large debt. The charter of the bank had expired in 181 1,\\nand now (181 6) the National Bank was re-chartered for\\ntwenty years with the hope that it might re-establish the\\nUnited States on a firm financial basis.\\n17. New States. Two new States were admitted, Louisi-\\nana in 1812, and Indiana in 1816.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "1817] Madison s administration. 213\\nQuestions. 1. What was the condition of trade with England and\\nFrance? 2, What cause did we have for fighting England and France?\\n3. Who were the leaders in the Indian war of 1811? 4. Describe the bat-\\ntle of Tippecanoe. 5. What party favored war? What preparations were\\nmade for war with England, and when was it declared? 6. What part of\\nthe country opposed the war? 7. What was the difference in success on\\nthe land and on the sea? 8. What occurred at Raisin river? 9. Describe\\nthe fight between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. 10. Describe the vic-\\ntory on Lake Erie which counterbalanced this disaster. 11. What can\\nyou tell of the battle of the Thames, and the death of Tecumseh? 12.\\nWhat took place at Fort Mimms, in Alabama, in 1813? 13. How was this\\nbutchery avenged? 14. Tell of the fights at Chippewa and Lundy s Lane.\\n15. Tell how the British ravaged the coast and burned Washington. 16.\\nTell of McDonough s victory at Plattsburg. 17. What city in the South\\nwas now attacked, and by whom was it defended? 18. Describe the bat-\\ntle of New Orleans. 19. What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?\\n20. What was New England s position with reference to the war?\\n21. When did the Hartford convention meet, and for what purpose?\\n22. What effect was produced by it upon the country? 23. How were the\\nBarbary States punished by Commodore Decatur? 24. Why was the\\nNational Bank rechartered? 25. When did Louisiana and Indiana be-\\ncome States? 26. Look on the map for all the places mentioned.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "^14\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1S]7\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nMonroe s administration, 1817-1825 john quincy\\nADAMS administration, 1825-1829.\\nJAMES MONROE.\\n1. James Monroe President, 1817. The fifth President\\nof the United States was another Virginian, who, Hke those\\nwho preceded him, was twice elected,\\nand filled the office for eight years.*\\nMonroe cannot be called a great man,\\nl)ut he connselled with Jefferson and\\nMadison, and made a judicious and suc-\\ncessful President.\\n2. Era of Good Feeling.** No new\\nparty had arisen to take the place of the\\nold Federalist party, and so great har-\\nmony prevailed throughout the nation\\nthat the first years of the administration\\nw^ere called the era of good feeling. During his two\\nterms there was no political party except the Democratic-\\nRepublican or Jeffersonian party. Only one electoral vote\\nwas cast against him on his election to the second term\\nof office.\\n3. Pirates and Indians in the South. Hordes of pirates\\nsheltered themselves among the islands and bays of Florida\\nand Texas, then held by the Spaniards. They were attacked\\nand broken up. The Seminole Indians in Florida became\\nhostile, and committed outrages and murders in Alabama\\nand Georgia. General Andrew Jackson was sent against\\nthem, and drove them into the swamps of Florida. Jackson,\\nOld President Adams was very indignant, and said, My son wiH\\nnever have a chance until the last Virginian is laid in the graveyard.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "1825] Monroe s administration. 2115\\nbelieving- that the Spaniards had incited the Seminoles to\\ntheir savage deeds, seized the Spanish posts at Fort St.\\nMark s and Pensacola, and ordered General Gaines to capture\\nSt. Augustine. This order was, however, countermanded\\nat Washington, and the captured posts were restored to\\nSpain.\\n4. Jackson s Popularity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In undoing what Jackson had\\ndone, the government had to ])e careful not to offend him,\\nas he was a passionate, sensitive man. By this time he had\\nbecome extremely popular; the epithets of Hero of New\\nOrleans and Savior of the South were applied to him,\\nand people admired him almost as much as they had formerly\\nadmired W^ashington.\\n5. Florida Ceded to the United States, 1819. At the\\ntime of the Louisiana purchase, Air. Jefferson had tried to\\nsecure Florida also, l)ut Spain refused to sell. Now she\\nagreed to cede the territory if the United States would\\nabandon their claim to Texas, and would pay $5,000,000\\nto certain persons who claimed that sum as a debt from Spain.\\nThe proposition was accepted and Florida was made a Terri-\\ntory, with General Andrew Jackson as the first governor.\\n6. The American System. Easy\\ncommunication with the remote parts of\\nthe country became a matter of great im-\\nportance. Many people thought that the\\nnational government ought to make roads\\nand canals, especially in those sections in\\nwhich there were no rivers large enough to\\nfloat steamboats. Others believed that\\nHENEY CLAY. thls work was beyond the province of the\\ngovernment, and that each State should provide for roads\\nand canals within its own borders. Clay was the leading\\nadvocate of the first idea, and one fine thoroughfare\\nThe National Road \u00e2\u0080\u0094from Washington to Wheeling,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "216 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1817\\nwas built by the United States Government. Clay also\\nfavored a duty on foreign goods high enough to force the\\nAmericans to buy articles manufactured at home. The two\\nprinciples those of internal improvements and a pro-\\ntective tariff were combined into the American System,\\nand gave rise to new political parties.\\n7. New States. In the seven years from the beginning of\\nthe war of 181 2, five new States were added to the Union.\\nLouisiana, in 1812; Indiana, in 1816; Mississippi, in 1817;\\nIllinois, in 181 8; Alabama, in 181 9. Immigration from\\nEurope began, and in the South and Northwest the popu-\\nlation rapidly increased.\\n8. Sectional Hostility, 1820. Missouri applied, in 1820,\\nto be admitted into the Union, and an exhibition of strong\\nsectional feeling was the immediate result. An increase of\\nSouthern States and Southern votes in Congress was always\\nunwelcome to New England; but the outburst of ill-feeling\\nhad been, heretofore, prevented by the order in which the\\nStates had come into the Union. They had entered some-\\nwhat in pairs; first, one from the South, and, then, one from\\nthe North. Thus, Kentucky and Vermont, Tennessee and\\nOhio, Louisiana and Indiana, Mississippi and Illinois came in\\ntogether. The last State admitted had been Alabama, a\\nSouthern State, and before another Northern State applied,\\nMissouri claimed admittance with a constitution legalizing\\nslavery. The Northern members of Congress opposed the\\nadmission of Missouri as a slave State, although Congress\\nhad declared in 1793 that it had no power to interfere with\\nslavery.\\n9. Southern Views of Slaveryc After the Revolution,\\nmany Southern people would gladly have abolished slavery\\nif they had known what to do with the negroes. The slaves\\nfreed in Hayti had proved so idle and vicious that the South-\\nern States would not try a like experiment. Southern views", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "1825] Monroe s administration. Sl7\\non the subject had also changed. It was acknowledged that\\nslavery had its evils, but they were believed to be less than\\nthose which would result from its sudden abolition. Above\\nall things, the Southern States held that they alone had the\\nright to deal with slavery in their own borders, and that the\\nnon-slaveholding States had no right to interfere with them,\\nor to force them into anything against their own will and\\ntheir own interests.\\nlo. -Slavery in Missouri. The Louisiana territory had\\nbecome part of the United States with a guarantee to its\\ninhabitants of all legal rights possessed by citizens of the\\nrest of the country. The right to hold slaves was thus\\nguaranteed, and the people of Missouri had no idea that any\\ndifificulty would be made about her admission. The Ohio\\nRiver had been taken as the boundary between the free and\\nthe slave States. If this line had been extended west of the\\nMississippi it would have run across Missouri. To prevent\\nan increase of Southern power. Northern congressmen now-\\ndeclared that ]\\\\Iissouri should not come in as a slave State,\\nand that slavery should never be allowed to exist west of the\\nMississippi. Some of the Northern States opposed this re-\\nstriction, which they acknowledged to be a violation of the\\nConstitution, and a clear invasion of the rights possessed by\\nthe people of the Louisiana territory at the time of its pur-\\nchase from France.\\nn. Missouri Compromise, 1820- Congress adjourned\\nwithout a decision of the question. When it reassembled,\\nMissouri and Maine applied to come into the Union. The\\nSenate voted to admit them, the first with slavery, the second\\nwithout. The House, however, refused to admit Missouri\\nunless slavery was prohibited. At last, the Missouri Com-\\npromise was agreed to. This measure allowed Missouri to\\ncome into the Union as a slave State, on condition that slavery\\nshould never again be tolerated in any region north of 36", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "218 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1817\\n30 the southern boundary of the new State. Missouri,\\nhowever, was required to remove from her Constitution a\\nclause which prohibited free negroes from coming into the\\nState. She was not admitted into the Union until 1821,\\nalthough Maine became a State the year before. This com-\\npromise postponed the final struggle over slavery for thirty\\nyears. It practically conceded the right of Congress to re-\\nstrict slavery in the Territories, and for that reason John\\nRandolph and some thirty-five of the Southern menibers\\nvoted against the measure.\\n12. Monroe Doctrine. The Spanish States in Mexico and\\nSouth America, following the example of the United States,\\nhad asserted their right to govern themselves. The people\\nof the United States were in sympathy with them, and Con-\\ngress and the President, in 1822, recognized them as inde-\\npendent. The next }ear, Mr. Monroe, in his message to\\nCongress, gave utterance to the Monroe Doctrine, viz:\\n(i) That the American continents, by the free and inde-\\npendent condition which they have assumed and maintained\\nare henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future\\ncolonization by any European powers (2) that the United\\nStates ought to keep out of European politics; (3) that any\\nattempt on the part of European powers to interfere\\nin American afTairs would be regarded as an unfriendly dis-\\nposition towards the United States.\\n13. Prosperity of the Country Visit of Lafayette. Strife\\nin Congress did not hinder the increasing prosperity of the\\ncountry. Many immigrants went to the W est. Steamboats\\nplied on all the rivers. The lJ\\\\ilk-in-tJic-U\\\\itcr was\\nlaunched on Lake Erie in 181 8, and the next year, the first\\nocean steamer, the Savannah, sailed from Georgia to Eng-\\nland. In 181 5, New York began the Erie Canal, which was\\ncompleted by 1825.\\nIn 1824, the Marquis de Lafayette was brought in a", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "1825]\\nJOHN QUINCY ADAMS ADMINISTRATION.\\n219\\ngovernment vessel to the United States as a gnest of the\\nnation. The people welcomed him with affection and respect.\\nCongress presented him with $200,000 and a tract of land\\nin Florida, and, after a isit of more than a year, he was\\ntaken home by the United States ship, Brandyzvine.\\nJOHN QUINCY ADAMS ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1829.\\nJOHN iK I ^CV AlJ\\\\M-\\n14. John Quincy Adams, President At the election in\\n824, there were four candidates for the presidency, all Re-\\npublicans William H. Crawford, John\\nQuincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and\\nHenry Clay but no one of them re-\\nceived votes enough to secure his elec-\\ntion. The election was thrown into the\\nHouse of Representatives. Jackson had\\nthe largest nund^er of votes, and Clay\\nthe smallest. Clay s friends combined\\nwith those of Adams and made the lat-\\nter President. Calhoun became Vice-\\nPresident. Adams was not the choice of the people, and\\nbecame more and more unpopular.\\n15. The Creek Land Troubles, 1826. Serious trouble\\nthreatened to arise at this time between the State of Georgia\\nand the general government. The Creek Indians had made\\na treaty with the United States, giving up large tracts of\\nland in Georgia. The Senate had ratified the treaty, but the\\nPresident declared it to be of no force, and proceeded to\\nmake a new one. Governor Troup, of Georgia, declared the\\nfirst treaty valid. He had the land ceded by it, surveyed,\\nand intimated that he would resist Federal interference. In\\nthe end the old treaty prevailed, the Indians yielded, and\\nwere moved to a reservation west of the Mississippi.\\nThey never became civilized, but increased in idleness,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "220 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1825\\ndrunkenness, and other vices. Their removal seemed the\\nkindest thino^ for both races.\\ni6. New Parties. As has been stated, there were in\\n1789 two parties, the FederaHsts, and Anti-Federahsts, or\\nDemocratic-RepnbHcans. The Hartford Convention killed\\nthe Federalist party, so that in Alonroe s administration there\\nwas only one party, the Democratic-Republican. Durino-\\nthe second administration of Monroe, factions were formed\\nin the Democratic-Republican party. After Adams election\\nthese factions gradually formed two parties. The faction\\nheaded by Adams and Clay made up what was for a short\\ntime called the National Republican party; but soon this\\nparty came to be known as the Whig party. As a rule, it\\nfavored high tariff and internal improvements. The faction\\nled by Jackson and Crawford continued to be known as\\nthe Democratic-Republican party. In a short while, how-\\never, it dropped the latter part of the name, and since that\\ntime has been called the Democratic party. On the whole\\nthis party favored low tariiT and States rights.\\n17. Death of Jefferson and the Elder Adams, 1826. On\\nthe 4th of July, 1826, two ex-Presidents, Thomas Jefferson\\nand John Adams, passed away. Jefferson died about noon,\\nat the age of eighty-three; Adams, a few hours later, aged\\nninety-three. Both of these men had for some years led very\\nretired lives. Jeft erson lived at Alonticello, in Virginia, where\\nhe concerned himself chiefly with the affairs of his State.\\nEx-President Monroe also died on July 4th, five years later.\\n18. Tariff of 1828, Foreign competition had resulted in\\nsuch a clamor for protection of home manufactures that the\\nlow tariff of 1789 had twice been increased (181 6 and 1824).\\nAs Adams was a supporter of the American System. his\\nideas about protection were incorporated in the Tariff\\nAct of 1828 imposing higher duties on imports, especially\\nwool and hemp. As this bill benefitted Northern manufac-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "1829] JOHN OUINCY ADAMS ADMINISTRATION. 221\\nturers at the expense of Southern agriculturists, it was bit-\\nterly denounced in the South where it was called the Bill\\nof Abomination. Sectional feeling was so much aroused,\\nthat it is possible that the Union might have been dissolved\\nbut for the election to the Presidency of Andrew Jackson.\\nQuestions. 1. Who became the fifth President in 1817? 2. What\\ndid old President Adams say on this occasion (note) 3. What name was\\ngiven to the first years of this administration? 4. What troubles arose\\nalong the southern borders of the republic? 5. Who was sent to quiet\\nthem? 6. Tell of Jackson s popularity. 7. Under what circumstances was\\nFlorida ceded to the United States? 8. Describe the growth and pros-\\nperity of the country. 9. What was meant by internal improvement\\nand a protective tariff? 10. To what did these two principles give rise?\\n11. What five States were added to the Union between 1812 and 1819?\\n12. What aroused great sectional hostility in 1820? 13. How had an\\noutburst of ill-feeling been prevented up to this time? 14. Why did\\nthe North oppose the admission of Missouri? 15. Was slavery guaran-\\nteed by the Constitution? 16. Give the Southern views of slavery.\\n17. How did the question of Missouri affect slavery? 18. What effort\\nwas made to prevent an increase of Southern power? 19. How did\\nsome of the Northern States regard this? 20. Upon what terms did the\\nSenate agree that Maine and Missouri should become States? 21. What\\nwas the Missouri Compromise? 22. At what dates were Maine and\\nMissouri admitted to the Union? 23. What is meant by the Monroe\\nDoctrine? 24. What were the first lake and ocean steamers named?\\n25. Tell of Lafayette s visit to America in 1824 and 1825? 26. Who\\nbecame President in 1825? 27. What trouble arose between Georgia\\nand the general government in 1826? 28. Tell about the formation of\\nnew parties. 29. What two noted men died on the 4th of July, 1826?\\n30. Tell about the Tariff Act of 1828.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "222\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1829\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nJOHX C. CALHOUN.\\nANDREW Jackson s administration, 1829-1837.\\n1. Andrew Jackson, the Seventh President, {829-1837.\\nJackson was elected by a large majority, and Calhoun, of\\nSouth Carolina, was again chosen Vice-\\nPresident. General Jackson was an ardent\\nDemocrat. He believed in the rights of\\nthe people and was proud of being their\\nchoice. He also thought that he did\\nthe best thing for the nation when he\\nfollowed the principles of his party and\\ncarried out its intentions. He was an\\nhonest, fearless man, but he was very ar-\\nbitrary, and disliked those who opposed\\nhim, and he did not hesitate to exercise to the fullest extent\\nthe power of his position as President.*\\n2. Jackson Opposes the American Sys-\\ntem.** Jackson did not favor the con-\\nstruction of internal improvements by the\\ngovernment, nor the protection of Ameri-\\ncan industries by high import duties. He\\ntherefore vetoed bills for the first object,\\nand advised Congress to reduce the tariff\\nof 1828, as it was hurtful to the aQTicul-\\ntural interests of the Southern States.\\n3. Opening of Railroads, 1830.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The opening of railways\\nThe maxim that To the victors belong the spoils, had found favor\\nin New York politics, and was adopted as a rule during Jackson s ad-\\nministration. Every office-holder who was opposed to the Democrats\\nwas at once removed, and his place given to some politician or citizen\\nwho had worked or voted for Democratic success. This policy prevailed\\nat Washington for many years. Party Conventions, originated under\\nits influence, and political machinery became strong and complete\\nANDREW JACKSON.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "1837]\\nJACKSON S ADMINISTRATION.\\n223\\nat this time greatly increased the prosperity of the country.\\nThe cars were at first drawn by horses, but, in 1830, a steam-\\nlocomotive was used on a short roaj running out of Charles-\\nton, South Carolina. The Baltimore and Ohio railway next\\nused steam-engines, and other Northern roads took them up.\\n4. Nullification Threatened by South Carolina. As the\\nUnited States were formed of independent governments it\\nhad always been a nice question whether Congress had the\\nright to pass, for all the States, an act which the people in\\nany one of them regarded as going beyond\\nthe powers of Congress. On several occa-\\nsions, some of the Northern States had\\nthreatened to withdraw from the Union if\\ntheir interests were endangered and had\\npassed laws refusing to obey nullify-\\ning certain acts of Congress. When the\\ntariff bill of 1828 was passed, there was great\\nindignation among the Southern people who\\nbelieved that the provisions of that measure would work\\nhardships to their section. John Calhoun, the distinguished\\nstatesman of South Carolina, maintained the right of any\\nState to prevent, within its own borders,\\nthe operations of any act of Congress,\\nwhich was unconstitutional, and his views\\nwere those of most of the people in his\\nState. In 1830, Robert Hayne, one of the\\nSenators from South Carolina, advocated\\nm the Senate this doctrine of Calhoun s,\\nwhich is often called Nullification. The\\nopposition to these views was led by the\\ngreat New England statesman, Webster.\\nIn 1832 a new tarifT bill was passed but it was far from satis-\\nfactory to the people of South Carolina, and the great Cal-\\nhoun voiced the views of Southern statesmen when he\\nR. Y. HAY\\nDANIEL WEBSTER.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "224 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1829\\ndeclared that the measure was unconstitutional. The people\\nof South Carolina held a State Convention and declared that\\nthey would nullify the tariff bill of 1832 unless Congress\\naltered it. President Jackson was determined to enforce\\nthe tariff law, and South Carolina was determined to resist\\nit even to the point of leaving the Union. However, the\\ndifficulty was met by Henry Clay, who succeeded in having\\npassed an act known as the Compromise Tariff, which reduced\\nthe duty on many articles. South Carolina then repealed her\\nNullification Ordinance.\\n5. Jackson Re-elected. In 1832, Jackson was re-elected\\nPresident over Henry Clay, the National Republican or\\nWhig candidate. He was regarded as the people s candidate,\\nand received 219 electoral votes to 49 for Clay.\\n6. Jackson and the United States Bank. Being opposed\\nto the United States Bank, the President, in his message,\\nin 1832, advised that the government support should be with-\\ndrawn from it. Congress passed a bill to re-charter the\\nBank, but Jackson promptly vetoed it and caused the govern-\\nment money to be taken from the bank, and distributed\\namong certain State banks. The Senate and the political\\nleaders of the country Clay, Calhoun, Webster, and\\nAdams took sides against him, but he carried his point,\\nand was sustained bv the people.\\n7. Continued Agitation of the Slavery Question. The\\nquestion of slavery was thought to have been finally settled\\nby the passage of the Missouri Compromise. The Abolition\\nsocieties and the Quakers continued, however, to agitate\\nthe question through newspapers,^ documents, and petitions\\nThe most influential of these papers was The Liberator, published\\nby William Lloyd Garrison, which clamored for immediate emancipa-\\ntion. Garrison was a fearless fanatic. He was honest enough to admit\\nthat the Constitution was not opposed to slavery, and he termed it, on\\nthat account, an agreement with death and a covenant with hell.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "1837]\\nJACKSON S ADMINISTRATION.\\n225\\nto Congress.* The Abolitionisfs gradually gained strength,\\n8. Black Hawk War, 1832. The anxiety caused by the\\nslavery agitation was increased by a war with the Indians\\nin the Nor ch west. The Winnebagoes and Sacs and Foxes\\npracticed such cruelty on the settlers in Illinois that it\\nbecame necessary to repress them. Black Hawk, their leader,\\nwas a crafty, bold warrior, but, at last. General Atkinson\\nsucceeded in overcoming him in the battle of Bad Axe, in\\nIllinois. Black Hawk was made\\nprisoner, and his followers were re-\\nmoved west of the Mississippi.f\\n9. Florida War, 1835. The year\\n1835 witnessed the beginning of a\\nsecond Seminole war in Florida.\\nOsceola, the Seminole chief, made\\nthreats of vengeance for wrongs done\\nto him, and was put in irons and kept\\na prisoner for some days. Enraged\\nat this treatment, he withdrew into the Everglades to form\\na plan for revenge. A force of no United States soldiers,\\nunder Major Dade, was surrounded by Osceola and his\\nThe representatives of the South were opposed to the agitation of\\nthe slavery question. Insurrections of the negroes had sometimes been\\nstirred up, and in one, in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, in 1831, sixty\\nwhite people had been murdered. In 1836 Mr. Calhoun persuaded the\\nHouse of Representatives to pass what was called the Gag Law,\\nforbidding the reception of any petition concerning the abolition of\\nslaves. The Senate, more cool and conservative, declined to pass the\\nlaw. They thought the petitions should be received and laid on the\\ntable.\\nt General Scott sent two young lieutenants of the regular army, Jeffer-\\nson Davis and Robert Anderson, to administer the oath of allegiance to\\nthe companies which volunteered for the war. Abraham Lincoln, then\\nthe tall, awkward captain of an Illinois company, was sworn in by Jef-\\nferson Davis.\\n15", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "226\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1829\\nfollowers, and were all massacred except one man. For two\\nyears the war raged with varying success. Osceola went,\\nin 1837, to hold a con-\\nference with General\\nJessup. Although the\\nIndian chief was pro-\\ntected by a flag of\\ntruce, Jessup seized him\\nand sent him to Fort\\nMoultrie, in Charles-\\nton, where he died a the hermitage, home of andkku a.\\nprisoner. In 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor severely defeated\\nthe Seminoles. The war dragged on until 1842, when they\\nwere removed to the Indian Territory.\\n10. Jackson s Farewell. At the close of his eight years of\\noffice, Jackson issued a Farewell Address to the people,\\nfull of patriotism and devotion to constitutional liberty. He\\nhad changed his views and his policy more than once, and\\nhad offended some of his best friends, but he was sincere and\\nhonest in his intentions, and firm and able in carrying them\\nout. He died on June 8, 1845, his home, The Hermit-\\nage, near Nashville, Tennessee.\\n11. Arkansas, i836--Michigan, 1837. Late in 1836, Ar-\\nkansas was admitted to the Union, and Michigan early in\\n1837-\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who was President between the years 1829 and 1837?\\n2. Describe his character. 3. What political maxim was adopted as a\\nrule during Jackson s administration (note) 4. What was General\\nJackson s action towards the American System? 5. When and where\\nwere steam-locomotives first used? 6. What did South Carolina threaten\\nto do? 7. What was the doctrine of nullification? 8. Who was its\\ngreat advocate? 9. Who was its principal opponent? 10. What ordi-\\n^ance was passed by South Carolina in 1832? 11. How was danger pre-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "1837] VAN buren s administration. 227\\nvented? 12. How did the President feel and act towards the United\\nStates Bank? 13. How was the agitation of the slavery question kept\\nup? 14. What did William Lloyd Garrison call the Constitution (note)?\\n15. What insurrection occurred in Virginia in 1831 (note)? 16. Tell of\\nthe Black Hawk War. 17. What three noted men took part in it (note)?\\n18. Tell the story of the Florida War in 1835. 19. Who was the Seminole\\nchief, and what became of him and his tribe? 20. Tell of Jackson s\\nFarewell Address. 21. When did he die? 22. When were Arkansas\\nand Michigan admitted to the Union?\\nCHAPTER XXIX.\\nVAN buren s administration, 1837-184I THE HARRISON\\nAND TYLER ADMINISTRATION, 184I-1845.\\n1. Van Buren, the Eighth President, 1837. General Jack-\\nson s popularity ensiu ed the election of his favorite,\\nMartin Van Buren, of New York, over WiUiam Henry Har-\\nrison, the Whig candidate.\\n2. Financial Crash of 1837.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As a result of Jackson s\\npolicy of depositing the government s money in State banks,\\na financial storm swept over the country shortly after the be-\\nginning of the new administration. After the overthrow of\\nthe United States Bank, a great many State banks were\\nchartered. They issued a vast deal of paper money, or bank\\nnotes, but they had very little gold or silver. As money\\ncould be easily borrowed from these banks, people began to\\nbuy land, which they paid for in bank notes. Most of this\\nland was bought from the government. But in 1837, the gov-\\nernment refused to receive anything for their lands except\\ngold or silver; a rush was made on the banks for gold and\\nsilver; they could not redeem their notes, and consequently\\na financial crash followed. The failures in business amounted", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "MARTIN VAN 1;LREN.\\n228 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1837\\nto hundreds of millions of dollars. In the year 1836, there\\nwas a surplus of $37,000,000 in the Na-\\ntional Treasury, but now an extra session\\nof Congress had to be called to provide\\nfor the necessary expenses of the govern-\\nment. To meet the emergency, Congress\\nauthorized the issue of $10,000,000\\nTreasury notes. The panic lasted for\\nmore than a year, and Van Buren, per-\\nceiving the danger of putting government\\nmoney in State banks, proposed that,\\nfor safe-keeping of the government s funds, the government\\nshould have a treasury, with branches know^n as sub-treas-\\nuries. This is known as the Sub-Treasury Scheme, which\\nwas adopted in 1840, given up in 1841, and adopted again\\nin 1846. It is the system now used by the government.\\n3. State Rights Resolution in Congress. In 1838, be-\\ncause of the large number of Abolition petitions which were\\nbeing presented to Congress, Calhoun introduced into the\\nSenate six resolutions which asserted the rights reserved by\\nthe States when they entered the Union, the duty of the\\nFederal government to observe these rights, and the lack\\nof power on the part of the Federal government to abolish\\nslavery in the States, in the District of Columbia, or in the\\nTerritories. These resolutions were adopted in the Senate.\\nIn the same year, Mr. Atherton, of New Hampshire, intro-\\nduced in the House of Representatives a set of similar resolu-\\ntions, which w-ere adopted by more than a two-thirds\\nmajority. It was hoped that these resolutions, asserting the\\nconstitutionality of slavery and the inability of Congress to\\nabolish the institution, would settle the agitation.\\n4. Ocean Steamships, 1838. Steam-vessels now began\\nto ply regularly between England and America. About this\\ntime Dr. Lardner, a distinguished philosopher, wrote an", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Ib41] VAN buren s administration. 229\\narticle to prove that transportation across the ocean by steam\\nwas impossible. As soon as his essay was published it was\\nbrought to America in an ocean-steamer. Lines of steam-.\\nvessels were established, and large numbers of immigrants\\ncame to the United States from England, Ireland, and Ger-\\nmany. In the ten years ending with 1850 about 2,000,000\\nemigrants found homes here.*\\n5. General Harrison Elected President, 1840. When the\\nelection for President was held in 1840, the Democrats\\nnominated Van Buren for a second term. The Whigs nomi-\\nnated William Henry Harrison, f who had w^on distinction\\nby his defeat of Tecumseh, and afterwards in the war with\\nEngland. John Tyler, of Virginia, was the Whig candidate\\nfor Vice-President. The ruin of business following the panic\\nof 1837 caused the defeat of the Democratic candidate. Two\\nhundred and thirty electoral votes were cast for Harrison,\\nagainst sixty for Van Buren. There was an anti-slavery can-\\ndidate, but he received no electoral votes.\\nTHE HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRATION, 184I-1845.\\n6. Harrison s Death, 1841. General Harrison was inau-\\ngurated in a driving storm, on March 4, 1841. He took cold,\\nand died of pneumonia, April 4th, having been President just\\none month. Before he died, however, he had called an extra\\nsession of Congress, to meet on the last day of Alay.\\n7. John Tyler, President, 1841. The Vice-President at\\nThe government sent out an exploring expedition in 1838, under\\nCaptain Charles Wilkes, which did much to advance the natural\\nsciences. For nearly four years the ships cruised in waters hitherto un-\\nexplored, and discovered the Antarctic continent.\\nt Tippecanoe was a pet name given to General Harrison, and the\\nampaign cry of the Whigs was Tippecanoe and Tyler, too. They also\\nadopted a log-cabin and a cider-barrel as emblems, because their candi-\\ndate had lived in a log-house, and liked to drink hard-cider. Buttons,\\nscarf-pins, and cane-heads, fashioned like a cabin or a barrel, were seen\\neverywhere.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "2 S()\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\n[1841\\nonce took the oath of office, and became the tenth President\\nof the United States. Mr. Tyler was not in sympathy witli\\nthe Whig party. He was a strong State-rights man, and con-\\nsidered a national bank unconstitutional, l)ut he was put on\\nthe Whig ticket because he was the most available Southern\\nman for the position.\\n8. Mr. Tyler s Vetoes. When the extra session of Con-\\ngress met, it was soon seen to be at variance with the new\\nPresident. It passed two bills one to establish the Fiscal\\nBank of the United States, and another, the Fiscal Cor-\\nporation. Mr. Tyler vetoed both, as\\ncontrary to the Constitution, and thereby\\ngave great offence to the Wdiig party.\\nThe whole Cabinet, except Mr. Webster,\\nthe Secretary of State, at once resigned,\\nand the party divided into the friends and\\nthe enemies of the President. In 1842,\\nMr. Tyler vetoed two successive tariff\\nbills also, but at last signed a third.\\n9. Dorr s Rebellion, 1842. Rhode\\nIsland still retained its old charter, of\\n1662, and there had arisen a strong opposition, headed by\\nThomas W. Dorr, of Providence, against some of the features\\ncontained in it, chiefly the limitation of the right to vote to\\nproperty-holders and their eldest sons. The Dorr party suc-\\nceeded in having a new Constitution adopted, and, under it,\\nDorr was elected governor. As the other party claimed that\\nthe adoption of this Constitution was illegal, there were now\\ntwo opposing governments in the State. The old governor\\nasked aid from the President, and Dorr s government was\\nsuppressed. The Legislature, meanwhile, called a convention,\\nwhich arranged a new Constitution, including most of the\\nchanges demanded by Dorr s followers, and the matter ended.\\n10. Magnetic Telegraph.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The year 1844 witnessed the\\nJOHN TYLER.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "1845]\\nTYLER S ADMINISTRATION.\\n231\\nsuccessful completion of Morse s telegraph. It was put into\\noperation between Washington and Baltimore, and the first\\nmessage sent was What hath God wrought Professor\\nMorse had worked at his invention for years, amidst poverty\\nand discouragement, but his perseverance and skill were at\\nlast recognized by an appropriation from Congress to help\\nhim build the first line.\\nII. Treaties. Webster remained in Tyler s Cabinet be-\\ncause he was negotiating a treaty with England. This treaty\\nis known as the Ashburton treaty, and settled the disputed\\nboundary between the United States and Canada from the\\nAtlantic to tlie Rocky Mountains. The boundary from the\\nRocky Mountains to the Pacific was left unsettled. The ter-\\nritory in dispute extended from California to Alaska. The\\nUnited States claimed up to 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 on the grounds that it\\nhad been discovered by Captain Gray in 1792, and later had\\nbeen partially explored by Lewis and Clarke; moreover, it\\nhad been settled ch.iefly by Americans. The discussion of the\\nquestion became so heated that the war-cry, Fifty-four,\\nforty, or fight, arose. However, by a treaty with England\\nin 1846, the forty-ninth parallel of latitude was made the\\ndividing line. From the territory south of that line have been\\nformed the States of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington.\\n12. Texas Settled.\\nThe annexation of\\nTexas to the United\\nStates was the most\\nimportant event in\\nTyler s administra-\\ntion. Texas was\\nsettled as early as\\n1686 by the French\\nTHK ALAMu ^K^^Toi^Eu uudcr La Salle, but\\nit afterwards became a part of Mexico. In 1820, Moses Austin", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "232\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1841\\nreceived from Mexico a large grant of land in this region.\\nUnder this grant, a settlement was made on the Brazos river.\\nBy 1833, there were 20,000 settlers from the United States\\nin Texas, and they soon determined to throw off the op-\\npressive Mexican rule. This, of course, brought on a war\\nwith Mexico.\\n13. War between Mexico and Texas. In 1836, the\\nMexicans stormed the Alamo, a mission house turned into a\\nfort. Every Texan soldier in it was killed. Shortly after-\\nwards, Santa Anna, the Mexican gen-\\neral, had 300 prisoners killed at Goliad.\\nThe people fled in all directions, dread-\\ning the Mexican cruelty. General Sam\\nHouston, a former governor of Tennes-\\nsee, but a native Virginian, commanded\\nthe Texan army. In April, 1836, he met\\nthe Mexicans at San Jacinto. With shouts\\nof Remember the Alamo Remember\\nGoliad the Texans rushed on their ene-\\nmies, whom they utterly routed, killing and capturing almost\\nall of them. Santa Anna was among the prisoners. This\\nbattle put an end to the struggle, and Texan independence\\nwas gained. The Republic of Texas was recognized by the\\nUnited States in 1837, by England and France two years\\nlater. Houston was made its first President.\\n14. Annexation of Texas. As early as 1837, Texas asked\\nto be annexed to the United States. There was strong oppo-\\nsition, especially at the North, to this annexation. The\\nreasons for this opposition were, that the annexation of this\\nterritory would extend slavery, give to the South more power\\nin Congress, and bring on a war with Mexico. The Souih,\\non the other hand, insisted that Texas should be annexed.\\nThere was no more territory south of the Missouri Com-\\npromise line (36\u00c2\u00b0 40O from which slave States could be", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "1845] Tyler s administration. 233\\nformed in order to balance free States which could be made\\nfromx territory north of that line. In 1844, the Texas question\\nbecame the main issue between the political parties. The\\nDemocratic leader was Van Buren, but, as he was opposed to\\nannexation, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, was nominated.\\nThe Whigs nominated Henry Clay. The candidate of the\\nAnti-Slavery, or Liberty party, was James Birney. The\\npopular vote between the first two candidates was very close,\\nbut Polk was elected. When the result of the election was\\nknown, a bill was passed in Congress which provided that\\nTexas be annexed as a slave State, and that, with the consent\\nof the Texans, four States might be formed out of their\\nterritory; and that these States should decide for themselves\\nwhether they would be free or slave.\\n15. Florida Admitted to the Union, 1845. Florida be-\\ncame a State of the Union during the last days of Tyler s\\nadministration.\\nQuestions. 1. Who was inaugurated President in 1837? 2. Give an ac-\\ncount of the financial crash in 1837. 3. What resolutions did Mr. Calhoun\\nbring into the Senate in 1838? 4. How were they received? 5. What were\\nAtherton s resolutions, and why were they introduced? 6. Were they\\npassed? 7. What was Dr. Lardner s opinion of steamships? 8. Tell of\\nGeneral William Henry Harrison s election to the presidency in 1840.\\n9. Describe his inauguration and death. 10. Who succeeded him?\\nWhat were Tyler s views? 11. What bills did he veto? 12. How did this\\ndivide the Cabinet and the Whig party? 13. Tell the story of Dorr s\\nrebellion. 14. In what year and between what cities was the first tele-\\ngraph line built? 15. What can you tell of Professor Morse, and the first\\ntelegram? 16. Tell about the Ashburton Treaty. 17. What was the\\nOregon question? 18. How was it finally settled? 19. Tell of the\\nsettlement of Texas. 20. What republic was set up? 21. Tell of the\\nsiege of the Alamo. 22. What occurred at Goliad in 1836? 23. Tell\\nof the battle of San Jacinto, and its results. 24. Who was the\\nfirst President of Texas? 25. When did Texas apply to be annexed to\\nthe United States? 26. When was she admitted? 27. What provisions\\nwere made in the bill which admitted her? 28. Why was the North\\nopposed to the annexation of Texas? 29. Who succeeded Tyler as Presi-\\ndent? 30. Find all the places on the map.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "234 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1845\\nCHAPTER XXX.\\nfolk s administration, 1845-1849.\\nI. Occupation of Disputed Territory. James K. Polk\\nwas inaugurated on March 4, 1845. The country between the\\nRio Grande and Nueces rivers was claimed\\nby both Mexico and Texas. It was plain\\nthat there would be a struggle for the pos-\\nsession of it, and Mr. Polk sent General\\nZachary Taylor, with 5,000 soldiers, to\\noccupy and defend it.\\n2. Beginning of the Mexican War,\\n1846. General Taylor built Fort Brown,\\non the Rio Grande, opposite Alatamoras.\\nJAMES K.POLK. ^j^^ Mcxicaus considered this an act of\\nhostility, and they attacked a small American force of sixty-\\nthree men on the north side of the Rio Grande, and killed\\nor captured all of them. This was the first bloodshed of the\\nwar, and it excited great indignation all over the United\\nStates. Congress declared that war existed by the act of\\nMexico, put $10,000,000 at the President s disposal, and\\nauthorized the enrollment of 50,000 volunteers. Three hun-\\ndred thousand men at once offered their services. Two-thirds\\nof the soldiers mustered into service were from the Southern\\nStates.\\n3. Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 1846.\\nIn May, General Taylor, with 3,000 men, defeated, on the\\nplain of Palo Alto, 6,000 Mexicans. The American artillery\\nwas especially serviceable in driving the enemy from the field.\\nThe next day, Taylor gained at Resaca de la Palma another\\nvictory, in which the whole Mexican army was routed and\\ndriven across the Rio Grande.\\n4. The Plan of Campaign. The United States govern-\\nment now decided to make three separate attacks upon", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "1849] folk s administration. 235\\nMexico. General Kearney was directed to march asrainst\\nCalifornia, which was a part of Alexico; General Wool, to\\nseize the northern provinces; and General Taylor, to penetrate\\nthe country from his position on the Rio Grande. General\\nWool found his course into the northern provinces ob-\\nstructed, and finally joined General Taylor.\\n5. The Capture of California, 1846. General Kearney,\\nafter establishing a new government in New Mexico, set out,\\nin November, for California. But California had already\\n(June, 1846) been seized by American settlers under Colonel\\nJohn C. Fremont. Fremont, who, by direction of the gov-\\nernment, was exploring the Rocky Mountain regions, was\\nin California when hostilities with Alexico began. He at\\nonce organized the Americans there into a government, of\\nwhich he was the head. With the aid of an American scpiad-\\nron, under Commodore Stockton, which arrived about this\\ntime, Fremont soon had possession of all of California.\\n6. Taylor s Advance, 1847. After waiting several months\\nfor reinforcements. General Taylor advanced and reached\\nMonterey. After a stubborn resistance of several days, the\\ntown surrendered. Taylor occupied several other towns, ancT\\nsent reinforcements to General Scott. Learning of the reduc-\\ntion of Taylor s army, Santa Anna collected 20,000 ^Mexicans,\\nand, marching against the Americans, met them at the moun-\\ntain pass of Buena Vista. To his demand for immediate\\nsurrender, he received the reply, General Taylor never sur-\\nrenders. Santa Anna then attacked the Americans fiercely,\\nand for a time the issue seemed doubtful. At the critical\\nmoment a regiment from Kentucky, and one from Missis-\\nsippi under Colonel JefTerson Davis, were put into action,\\nand, by their accurate rifle-firing, forced the Mexicans back.\\nThe American artillery, under Sherman and Bragg, also did\\nexcellent service. General Taylor s pithy order, Give them\\na little more grape, Captain Bragg, was obeyed with such", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "236 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1845\\nspirit that the Mexicans fell back before the destructive fire,\\nand during the night abandoned their position. General Tay-\\nlor lost about 700 men; the Mexican loss was 2,000.\\n7. General Scott s Campaign. As the war advanced, the\\nWar Department determined to direct its efforts against the\\ncity of Mexico. General Scott was put in\\ncommand. In March, 1847, ^vith 12,000\\ntroops, he landed at ra Cruz, which sur-\\nrendered after a siege of four days. After his\\ndefeat at Buena Vista, Santa Anna had occu-\\npied the pass of Cerro Gordo, fifteen miles\\n^^^^T^ IJ^. west of A^era Cruz. In this position, he\\ncould not be successfully attacked in front. Under the direc-\\ntion of Scott s engineers, Lee, McClellan, Beauregard, and\\nothers, a road was made around the steep mountain side, by\\nwhich a part of the Americans passed to a point from which\\nSanta Anna said he did not think that even a goat could\\nhave attacked him. On April i8th, the Mexicans were\\ndriven from the pass with great loss, and the Americans\\npressed forward to Jalapa and Puebla. From the latter place,\\nScott, with a force of 11,000 men, advanced against the\\ncapital. By fierce fighting he carried the strong positions\\nof Contreras and Cherubusco. The fortress of Chapultepec\\nstill barred the way into the city of Mexico. On the 13th of\\nSeptember, the assaulting columns rushed up the slopes,\\nplanted their ladders, scaled the walls, and carried this\\nfortress by hand-to-hand fighting. Many soldiers, of whom\\nyou will hear much, won their first laurels in this Mexican\\ncampaign.\\n8. Mexico Captured, 1847. From Chapultepec, the\\nAmericans pressed on and entered the city of Mexico. A\\nSouth Carolina regiment, with the Palmetto flag, was the first\\nto march in. By nightfall of the 13th, the whole city was in\\nthe hands of the Americans, and the surrender of the capital\\nwas really the end of the war.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "1849]\\nPOLK S ADMINISTRATION.\\n237\\n9. Peace, 1848 In a treaty of peace, signed at Guadalupe\\nHidalgo February 2, 1848, all the territory claimed by Texas,\\nwith New Mexico, Arizona, and California, was granted to\\nthe United States. For this surrendered territory, Mexico\\nwas paid v$ 15,000,000.\\n10. The Slavery Question Again By continued efforts,\\nilliam Lloyd Garrison and others had produced a strong\\nanti-slavery sentiment in the North. Several religious\\ndenominations divided on the slavery question, and the\\nfeeling between the North and the South was becoming very\\nstrong. In 1846, while the war was going on with Mexico,\\nDavid Wilmot, a Democrat, ofTered his famous Proviso,\\nwhich proposed to exclude slavery from all territory that\\nmight be acquired from Mexico as a result of the war. Al-\\nthough the Wilmot Proviso did not become a law, no slave\\nState was admitted after Texas.\\nii. Gold Discovered in California, 1848 The discovery\\nof gold in California greatly increased the value of the terri-\\ntory acquired by the Mexican\\nwar. In eighteen months\\n100,000 men went to the\\ngold diggings. A great\\nnumber of these were ruffians\\nand cut-throats, and crime\\nwas rife in California until the\\nlaw-abiding citizens organ-\\nized themselves into vigilance\\ncommittees, and soon\\n1)rought about a better state\\nof affairs.\\n12. General Taylor Elected\\nP r e s i d e n t. In 1848, the\\nWdiisfs nominated Zacharv\\nTavlor for President, and Mil-\\n-t\\nDISCOVERY OF GOLD.\\nlard Fillmore for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "238 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1845\\nLewis Cass. Neither the Whigs nor the Democrats would\\ncommit themselves on the question of slavery in the Terri-\\ntories, so, many Whigs and Democrats who favored the\\nexclusion of slavery from the Territories joined the Anti-\\nSlavery, or Liberty party. This party soon became knov/n\\nas the Free-Soil party, and nominated ex-President Van\\nBuren. The majority of this party did not propose to inter-\\nfere with slavery in the States, but to exclude it from all the\\nTerritories. Taylor received a majority of the electoral\\nvotes, but no candidate had a majority of the popular vote.\\n13. Texas, 1845 Iowa, 1846 Wisconsin, 1848. Three\\nnew States Texas, Iowa and Wisconsin were admitted to\\nthe Union during Polk s administration.\\nQuestions. 1. Who was inaugurated President in 1845? 2. Why was\\nan army sent to Texas? 3. Tell how the Mexican war began. 4. Who\\nivon the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma? 5. How many\\narmies were then sent against Mexico? 6. What became of General\\nWool? 7. Who had already captured California? 8. Tell of Colonel\\nFremont s taking possession of California. 9. Who captured Monterey?\\n10. What Mexican general opposed Taylor? 11. What was the result of\\nthe battle of Buena Vista in 1847? 12. What regiments finally drove the\\nMexicans back, and what artillery officers were distinguished in the\\nfight? 13. Tell of the capture of Vera Cruz. 14. Describe the fight at\\nCerro Gordo, and its results. 15. Upon what city did General Scott then\\nadvance? 16. What battles were fought on the route to Mexico?\\n17. What fortress was stormed just outside of the city? 18. Describe\\nthe capture of the city of Mexico. 19. What effect did this have on the\\nMexican war? 20. Upon what conditions was peace made in 1848?\\n21. What had Garrison done in the North? 22. What was the Wilmot\\nproviso? 23. What was discovered in California? 24. Who were the\\ncandidates for President in 1S4S? 25. Who was elected? 26. In what\\nyears did Texas, Iowa and Wisconsin become States? 27. Have you\\nfound all the places on the map?", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "1849] TAYLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRATION. 239\\nCHAPTER XXXI.\\nTAYLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRATION, 1849-1853.\\n1. Condition of the Country. The population of the\\nUnited States increased from 5,000,000 in 1800 to over\\n23,000,000 in 1850. The people during this time were occu-\\npied mainly in agriculture, mining, trading and manufactur-\\ning. Iron and steel were produced in large quantities. Fac-\\ntories in New England wove millions of yards of cotton and\\nwoolen goods. Coal was extensively mined in Virginia, Mary-\\nland and Pennsylvania. All kinds of labor-saving machines\\nwere introduced. There was much intellectual progress, and\\npublic schools flourished in many States. There were more\\nthan 2,500 newspapers carrying information to all parts of the\\ncountry. Hundreds of thousands of Europeans* had been\\nattracted to the United States, and their coming greatly\\nThis was the great era of foreign immigration. The first great im-\\npetus given it was in 1847, when the starving Irish came in crowds\\nseeking food and homes. Between 1847 and 1854, 2,500,000 Europeans\\nsettled in the United States. Many farmers from the older States,\\nespecially from New England, tempted by the low price of government\\nland in the Northwest $25 for one hundred acres had left their bar-\\nren, exhausted farms and moved to the more fertile regions of the new\\nStates and Territories. Norwegians, Swedes, and Germans followed in\\ntheir tracks. The Irish generally took the places of those who had left\\nthe Atlantic slopes and gone west. The most worthless and vicious\\nimmigrants swelled the ranks of idleness and vice in the large cities.\\nThere were no public lands to give away in the South, and few for-\\neigners were attracted thither. They were ignorant of American his-\\ntory and opinions, and had no sympathy with either, and, therefore.\\nSoutherners, who loved their own States passionately, shrank from in-\\nviting among them the uncongenial newcomers from over the sea. These\\nsettlers, foreign in thought and feeling, widened the divergence of\\nopinions and interest between the two sections of the republic.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "240 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1849\\nchanged the character and opinions of the population, espe-\\nciahy in the Xorth and West. A restless desire to upset the\\nold order of things was displayed in many parts of the\\ncountry.\\n2. California Applies for Admission. The population of\\nCalifornia increased so rapidly by reason of the discovery of\\ngold there, that, in 1849, she applied for admission to the\\nUnion with a constitution forbidding slavery. It was evident\\nthat there would be a bitter contest over the question of ad-\\nmission because the parallel of latitude, 36\u00c2\u00b0 40 went\\nthrough California.\\n3. Strife in Congress. The division of the members of\\nCongress on various questions w^as such that a Speaker was\\nnot chosen for three weeks, and then Howell\\nCobb, of Georgia, was elected by a simple\\nplurality vote. Stormy and protracted de-\\nbates, chiefly on slavery, occupied both\\nhouses for many months. The three great\\nstatesmen Calhoun, Clay, and Webster\\nalthough their own views were widely dif-\\nferent made mighty efforts in the Senate\\nHOWELL COBB. |-q ^^]]ay ^j^g strifc aud to introduce a spirit\\nof peace and harmony.\\n4. Omnibus Bill.** ]\\\\Ir. Clay, who has been called\\nThe Great Pacificator, with a desire to quiet the agitation\\nin the country, brought in a bill which was called the Omni-\\nbus Bill, because it covered so many measures. It proposed\\nto admit California as a free State; to organize the Territories\\nof Utah and New Mexico without any slavery restriction;\\nto compel the free States to restore fugitive slaves to their\\nowners, and to forbid the buying and selling of slaves in the\\nDistrict of Columbia. The bill satisfied very few congress-\\nmen. The North opposed slavery in the new Territories,\\nand the surrender of fugitive slaves, and was eager to abolish", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "18531 TAYLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRATION. 241\\nslavery in the District of Columbia. The South claimed that\\nslavery could not be legally restricted south of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 She\\ninsisted that Southern people had a right to carry their slaves\\ninto the new Territories, and that the settlers in those Ter-\\nritories should be allowed to decide for or against slavery\\nwhen they applied to be admitted as States.\\n5. Passage of the Bill. Eloquently Mr. Clay defended\\nhis bill. Mr. Calhoun s feeble health did not permit him\\nto speak, but he prepared an address in which he urged his\\ncountrymen to consider what they were doing. He recited\\nthe concessions made by the South to preserve the Union,\\nand he warned the North that the Union would surely perish\\nif the North persisted in trying to deprive the South of her\\nrights. This speech was read by Mr. Mason, of Virginia,\\nand was received with breathless attention. Mr. Webster\\nreplied to Mr. Calhoun in an eloquent speech. He de-\\nnounced the efforts of the Abolition Societies, and acknowl-\\nedged that the slave-owners were upright, honest. Christian\\npeople. He opposed the extension of slavery, but said that\\nthe only just ground of complaint the South had against the\\nNorth was the fact that fugitive slaves were sheltered and\\nnot returned to their masters. He did not touch on the claim\\nmade by the Southern people, that they had a right to carry\\ntheir slaves, like any other property, into the new Territories.\\nOne of his remarks that peaceable secession was im-\\npossible \\\\Y.as as prophetic as Calhoun s declaration that per-\\nsistence in Northern attacks on Southern rights must\\nendanger the Union. One by one the provisions of the\\nOmnibus Bill were passed. California was admitted as a\\nfree State in August, 1850, and there was no Southern State\\nto come in as a balance to her vote.\\n6. Four Deaths. In the midst of the struggle over the\\nadmission of California and the restriction of slavery, Cal-\\n16", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "242\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY,\\n[1849\\nFOKT HILi., HOME OF CALnuu^.\\nhoun and President Taylor died. Fillmore became President.\\nIn 1852, Clay and Webster died. Thus within two years the\\ngreat trio Cal-\\nh o u n. Clay, and\\nWebster passed\\naway. Their names\\nare identified with all\\nthat was great and\\nmiportant in the na-\\ntional life of their\\nperiod. All were true\\npatriots and great\\norators, and exercised vast influence in the national councils.\\n7, Perry s Expedition to Japan, 1852. In order to es-\\ntablish trade relations with Japan, an expedition under Com-\\nmodore ]M. C. Perry was sent to that country. As a result,\\na treaty was made two years later, 1)y which two Japanese\\nports were opened to American ships. Japan has since\\nopened her ports to all countries.\\n8. Election of 1852. Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp-\\nshire, the Democratic candidate, was elected by a ver\\\\ large\\nmajority over General Winfield Scott, the \\\\\\\\^hig candidate.\\nThe Free Soil party, which declared against the forma-\\ntion of any adcHtional slave States and opposed the Fugitive\\nSlave Law, nominated John P. Hale, but he received no\\nelectoral vote.\\nQuestions. 1. What was the population in 1800? 2. What was the\\npopulation in 1850? 3. What great industries had sprung up? 4. Where\\nwas manufacturing carried on? 5. In what States was coal mined?\\n6. Tell of the growth of schools. 7. What effect did European immigra-\\ntion have in the North and West at this time? 8. How did this change\\nshow itself? 9. Tell of foreign immigration (note). 10. Who were the\\nfirst emigrants to the Northwest (note) 11. Where did the Europeans\\ngenerally settle (note) 12. Why was there little immigration to the\\nSouth (note)? 13. Tell of California s Constitution. 14. What gave rise\\nto trouble in Congress? 15. Who were the three great leaders, and what\\nefforts did they make? 16. What were the provisions of the Omnibus", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "1853] PIERCES ADMINISTRATION. 243\\nBill? 17. Why did it satisfy neither section of the country? 18. Tell of\\nMr. Calhoun s great speech. 19. Of Mr. Webster s eloquent reply.\\n20. When did California become a State? 21. What four great statesmen\\ndied about the same time? 22. Tell the results of Captain Perry s expe-\\ndition to Japan. 23. Who was elected President in 1852?\\nCHAPTER XXXII.\\npierce s administration, 1853-1857.\\n1. Franklin Pierce. President Pierce, anxious to end\\nthe distractions of the country, chose a Cabinet composed of\\nboth Northern and Southern men. He hoped, by this means,\\nto strike upon a line of action which might avail to calm the\\npassions that were being aroused by the slavery debates.\\n2. Personal-Liberty Laws. It was soon seen -that the\\nhope of peace for the country was not to be realized. The\\nclause of the Omnibus Bill known as the Fugitive Slave\\nLaw was odious to the Abolitionists, who continued to\\nwork against it with growing zeal. Measures, popularly\\nstyled Personal-Liberty Laws, were passed in most of the\\nNorthern States. These laws were enacted for the purpose\\nof preventing the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law in\\nthese States. This was practically nullification.\\n3. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854, For some years, many\\nleaders of the Democratic party had been contending that\\nConofress ou^ht not to make anv Territorv slave or\\nfree, but should leave the cjuestion to the vote of the peo-\\nple in that Territory. This is known as Squatter Sover-\\neignty. This principle had been introduced into the com-\\npromise of 1850, which provided that Utah and New Mexico,\\nthough south of the parallel 36\u00c2\u00b0 30^ could have slaves or\\nnot, just as the people of those Territories desired. In 1854,\\nStephen A. Douglas, a Northern Democrat, introduced into\\nCongress a bill to organize out of the remaining territory of\\nthe Louisiana purchase two Territories Kansas and Ne-\\nbraska. Both of these Territories lay north of the parallel", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "244 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1853\\n36\u00c2\u00b0 30 and, according to the Missouri Compromise, they\\ncould not become slave States. But the bill provided that\\nthe question of slavery or no slavery should be decided by\\nthe people living in those Territories. In spite of the strong\\nopposition of many Northern members of Congress, the bill\\npassed, and received the signature of the President.\\n4. The Effects of the Bill. The passage of this bill sim-\\nply transferred the struggle over slavery from the halls of\\nCongress to the Territories themselves. As the question was\\nto be decided by popular vote, anti-slavery societies hurried\\nmany immigrants into Kansas; on the other hand, many\\nslave-holders from Missouri and Arkansas moved across the\\nborder, and established several towns. All the new settlers\\nwent heavily armed, and a civil war soon broke out. Both\\nthe anti-slavery and pro-slavery parties adopted State con-\\nstitutions, and each sent a delegate to Congress. The anti-\\nslavery constitution excluded slavery from Kansas, while the\\npro-slavery constitution allowed it in the Territory. At first,\\nthe President and Congress recognized the pro-slavery gov-\\nernment. The fighting, however, continued several years\\nlonger, and finally, in 1858, the anti-slavery party was vic-\\ntorious. But Kansas was not admitted until 1861, after some\\nof the Southern States had left the Union.\\n5. Know-Nothlng Party. During this administration a\\nnew political organization arose, which called itself the\\nAmerican party, but which gained the title of Know-\\nNothing, from the secret oaths and watchwords by which\\nits members were admitted. Its especial principle was oppo-\\nsition to foreigners and Roman Catholics and to their election\\nto government offices. The motto of this party was America\\nfor Americans. For a while it acquired some power at the\\nNorth, but in the South the movement met little encourage-\\nment.\\n6. The Republican Party. The fierce struggle over the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "1857] Pierce s administration. 245\\nKansas-Nebraska bill and afterwards in Kansas resulted in\\nthe formation of a new party. It was composed of members\\nof various parties Free-Soilers, Anti-Slavery Whigs, and\\nAnti-Slavery Democrats. It soon became known as the\\nRepublican party, and was the beginning of the present\\nparty of that name.\\n7. Gadsden s Purchase\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The question of boundary be-\\ntween the United States and Mexico was not fully settled by\\nthe treaty of 1848. Gadsden, our minister to Mexico, nego-\\ntiated a new treaty. As a result, we paid Mexico $10,000,000\\nfor 45,000 square miles of disputed territory south of the Gila\\nRiver.\\n8. Some Achievements of Science. Silliman, Agassiz,\\nDraper, and others of this period greatly advanced the\\nsciences of geology, chemistry, as-\\ntronomy, and natural history, and made\\nvaluable additions to human knowledge;\\nand Matthew F. Maury* mapped out the\\nwinds and currents of the ocean. Chloro-\\nform and ether had been brought into\\nuse for the relief of pain and the improve-\\nment of surgery.\\n9. The Election of 1856. The\\nMATTHEW F. MAURY. Dcuiocrats uominatcd James Buchanan,\\nMatthew P. Maury, a naval officer, a native of Virginia, was per-\\nhaps the greatest benefactor of his time. The United States lent him\\naid in collecting a large number of facts about ocean-currents and\\nthe winds, and Maury prepared maps showing the direction of the cur-\\nrents and the winds. These maps have been of inestimable value to\\nsailors. They have saved the maritime nations from $40,000,000 to\\n$60,000,000 a year. European nations heaped honors on Maury, who\\ncame to be known as the Geographer of the Seas. Maury s investi-\\ngations showed that weather reports, such as we now have, could\\nbe made, and also that it was possible to establish the submarine tele-\\ngraphs which now encircle the globe. Cyrus Field, who laid the first\\nocean cable, said: Maury furnished the brains, England gave the\\nmoney, and T did the work Maury s great work has never been fully\\nrppognized by the United States.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "246 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1857\\nof Pennsylvania, for the presidency. The Republican candi-\\ndate was Fremont, and Fillmore was the candidate of the\\nWhig and Know-Nothing parties. The Republicans car-\\nried eleven out of fifteen free States, but Buchanan was\\nelected. The vote received by the Republican candidate\\nshowed the growth of anti-slavery feeling in the North and\\ngreatly alarmed the South.\\nQuestions. 1. What did Pierce do to reconcile the North and the\\nSouth? 2. What were personal-liberty laws, and why were they passed?\\n3. What is meant by squatter sovereignty? 4. What was the Kansas-\\nNebraska bill? 5. Did Congress pass the bill? 6. What did the anti-\\nslavery societies do? 7. What was done by the Missourians? 8. Describe\\nthe condition of affairs in Kansas. 9. Which side was finally victorious?\\n10. What was the Know-Nothing party? 11. What was the Republican\\nparty? 12. What was the Gadsden purchase? 13. Mention some of the\\nachievements of science at this time. 14. Tell of Matthew F. Maury and\\nhis great work (note). 15. Who was elected President in 1856?\\nCHAPTER XXXIII.\\nBuchanan s administration, 1857-1861.\\n1. Buchanan President.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In his inaugural address, Mr.\\nBuchanan approved the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska\\nbill as being entirely constitutional. Difficulties with the\\nMormons in Utah, and the increasing contention between\\nthe North and the South, made his administration one of\\nanxiety and turmoil.\\n2. The Mormons. Joseph Smith, in 1830, founded the\\nstrange sect of the Mormons. Smith professed to have\\nreceived a revelation from Heaven, and to have dug out ot\\nthe ground gold plates with the Book of Mormon en-\\ngraved on them. The new prophet attracted followers who\\ncalled themselves Latter-Day Saints.\\n3. The Land of the Honey-Bee. Smith, in 1843, pre-\\ntended that a message from Heaven told the Mormon men to", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "1S61J Buchanan s administration. 247\\nmarry as many wives as they pleased, because women had\\nno souls until they w^ere married. This doctrine disgusted\\nthe people in Illinois, to which State the Mormons had been\\ndriven from Ohio and Missouri, and they also drove them\\nout of their State. Smith was shot in a riot, and Brio-ham\\nYoung became the Mormon leader. He took his followers,\\nsome 20,000, across the Mississippi, and finally settled in\\nUtah. This region then belonged to Mexico. The Mormons\\nflourished in their new home, which they called Deserer,\\nor The Land of the Honey-Bee.\\n4. Difficulty with the Mormons, 1857. When the Ter-\\nritory of Utah was organized in 1850, Brigham Young was\\nmade the first governor. The principles and habits of the\\nMormons were different from those of other American\\ncitizens. Polygamy was contrary to the laws of all the States.\\nMany difficulties arose between the Mormon authorities and\\nthe United States ofiicers, and Brigham Young was so active\\nin driving the latter from Utah that President Buchanan\\nremoved him, and sent Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, with\\n1,700 soldiers, to compel obedience to the national authority.\\nThe little army endured many hardships, but accomplished\\nits object so well that Young w^as on the point of moving his\\npeople farther west. Unfortunately, commissioners from\\nWashington, instead of insisting on absolute submission, ac-\\ncepted from the Mormons promises which were kept only\\nuntil the troops were removed. Brigham Young remained\\nthe chief authority among the Mormons, no matter who was\\nthe governor. Some of the evils of Mormonism have since\\nbeen checked by United States laws.\\n5. Drcd Scott Case, 1856. The question whether it was\\nconstitutional to carry slaves into the Territories was not\\ndecided by the Supreme Court, the highest legal authority\\nunder the Constitution, until 1857. A negro called Dred\\nScott, and his family, had been carried by their master into a", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "248 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1857\\nregion north of 36 30 free under the Missouri Com-\\npromise and had then been taken back to Missouri as\\nslaves. Scott then claimed to be free because he had been\\ncarried into free territory. The Alissouri courts sustained\\nhis claim, but the Supreme Court reversed their decision, and.\\nheld that the Missouri Compromise was contrary to the Con-\\nstitution; that the Territories were the common property of\\nall the States, and that slaves like any other property could be\\ncarried into and owned in the Territories. This decision ex-\\ncited great anger among the friends of abolition. The South-\\nern people, on the other hand, were highly pleased to find\\ntheir claim to a constitutional right in the Territories con-\\nfirmed by the Supreme Court. The decision widened the\\nbreach between the two sections, and the feeling between\\nthem became constantly more hostile.\\n6. Debate Between Lincoln and Douglas, 1858. When\\nDouglas stood for re-election as Senator from Illinois, he\\nwas opposed by Abraham Lincoln. Both candidates went\\nthrough the State debating national issues, and the debate\\nmade Lincoln famous. Douglas was re-elected, but he ex-\\npressed opinions on the Dred Scott case and other issues\\nwhich made it impossible for the South to accept him as its\\nnext candidate for the presidency; and thus the foundation\\nwas laid for a split in the Democratic ranks, which was to\\nresult in the election of Lincoln.\\n7. John Brown s Raid, 1859. John Brown, a fanatical\\nAbolitionist from Connecticut, had played an important part\\nin the struggle in Kansas. The false impression of the condi-\\ntion of the Southern slave created by Mrs. Harriet Beecher\\nStowe s book, L^ncle Tom s Cabin, encouraged Brown to\\n*A misleading but strongly-written story, Uncle Tom s Cabin, by\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, of Connecticut, was one of the powerful\\nagents in arousing against slavery the passions of the North. Mrs.\\nStowe was an Abolitionist. She had never studied slavery as it really\\nwas, but had picked up exaggerated stories of wickedness and vice", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "1S6J]\\nBUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION\\n249\\nbelieve that with a httle assistance the negroes would g-ladly\\nrise and massacre their masters, and he laid a plan to arouse\\nthem to take this step. On Sunday night, October i6, 1859,\\nSUNDAY AFTERNOON ON A SOUTHERN PLANTATION.\\nBrown, with twenty-one white men, took possession of the\\narmory at Harper s Ferry, in Virginia. Some of the party\\nthen went to the plantations in the neighborhood, seized and\\ncarried ofT the owners, slaves, horses, carriages, and wagons.\\nVery soon they had made sixty prisoners. The negroes,\\nhowever, did not join the conspirators, as had been expected.\\nfrom a few newspapers, and she wrote a tale founded on them, from\\nwhich it appeared that cruelty and crime were the rules of life for all\\nthe slave-owners in the South. This book was widely circulated in\\nAmerica and Europe, and did gross injustice to the South. It was con-\\ndemned in the South, and by the conservative element of the North\\nyet a great many of the Northern people professed to believe that the\\nbook gave a true picture of Southern life, and began to put the South\\nunder moral bans. It is probable that this book did more than any-\\nthing else to increase the feeling of the North against slavery. After\\nits publication, the Fugitive Slave Law could not be enforced.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "250 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1857\\nA fight took place between Brown s followers and the citizens\\nof Harper s Ferry, in which the mayor and several citizens\\nwere killed. During the fight with the citizens, some of\\nBrown s followers fled; the rest barricaded themselves in a\\nstrong engine-house.\\n8. Brown Captured and Hanged. The President sent\\nColonel Robert E. Lee, with loo United States troops, to\\nseize Brown. He was summoned to surrender, but refused\\nto do so unless he and his men were permitted to carry their\\nprisoners to Pennsylvania. Colonel Lee then ordered an\\nassault upon the building, which was soon taken, with the\\nloss of one soldier killed and several wounded. Brown and\\nhis men fought like tigers. Brown and several of his followers\\nwere captured and given up to the Virginia authorities. They\\nwere given fair trials, and were defended by able lawyers.\\nThey were, however, proved guilty of treason, murder, and\\ninciting slaves to insurrection, and were justly sentenced and\\nhanged. The better element in the North severely condemned\\nthe action of Brown and his followers; yet, there were many\\nextremists who sympathized with him, and some who had\\ngiven him aid. The whole South was alarmed by the secrecy\\nwith which John Brown s operations had been carried out,\\nand there was great fear of negro insurrection. This raid did\\nmuch to increase the ill-feeling between the North and the\\nSouth.*\\ng, Davis Resolutions, i860. Mr. Jefferson Davis, of\\nMississippi, introduced into the Senate a series of resolutions\\nexpressing the views of the South. It set forth that the Con-\\nstitution had been ratified by each State as an independent\\nsovereignty; that the Constitution recognized slavery as an\\nimportant element of power in the South; that all the States\\nand their citizens had equal rights in the Territories, and\\nThe platform of the Republican party, In 1860, condemned this at-\\ntempt of Brown.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "1861]\\nBUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION.\\n251\\nthat Congress was bound to protect them therein; that the\\npeople of each Territory had the right to decide whether it\\nshould become a free or a slave-holding State, and that the\\nconstitutional provision and the many laws for restoring\\nfugitive slaves to their masters should be rigidly observed.\\nThese resolutions passed the Senate by a large majority.\\nlo. Election of i860. The Democratic Convention met\\nin Charleston, South Carolina. Had it been all of one mind,\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN.\\nit might have ensured peace in the land for four years longer.\\nBut, unhappily, the Northern and the Southern members\\ndiffered so widely on the slavery question that the conven-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "252 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1857\\ntion divided into two separate bodies. The Northern Demo-\\ncrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of IlHnois, and the\\nSouthern Democrats, John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky;\\nwhile the Constitutional Union party (formerly the American\\nparty) nominated John Bell,* of Tennessee. These three can-\\ndidates so divided the popular vote that the Republican\\nnominee, Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, received the majority\\nof votes in the Electoral College, although the popular\\nmajority against him was nearly a million. Not a single\\nState south of the Ohio River voted for him, so he ^\\\\as\\nelected by sixteen States only, all of them belonging to the\\nnorthern half of the Union. Lincoln was elected upon a\\nplatform which pledged his party to exclude slavery from the\\nTerritories, but not to interfere with its existence in any of\\nthe States.\\nII. Abraham Lincoln, i860. Abraham Lincoln was of\\nobscure parentage, of uncouth appearance and awkward\\nmanners. His early education was very limited, but, as he\\ngrew older, he improved himself by studying a few good\\nbooks especially the Bible, Shakespeare, and mathematical\\nworks. The first two taught him to use good English, and\\nfrom the latter he learned to reason logically. He had an\\nexcellent mind, a strong character, and sincere convictions.\\nWith a keen sense of humor and a fearless disposition, with\\nan inexhaustible store of anecdote and illustration, he be-\\ncame a good speaker, and was in every way fitted to be a\\nsuccessful leader of his party. He held strongly the Republi-\\ncan doctrines. His opposition to slavery, and his strange\\nbelief that the Union was older than the States which formed\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Of the States that afterwards seceded. Tennessee and Virginia\\nwere carried by Bell. The platform of his party declared for the Con-\\nstitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the law. In an election\\nheld in North Carolina in February, 1861, the majority of the people\\nvoted not to consider the question of secession.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "1861] Buchanan s administration. 253\\nit, or the Constitution which they made, carried him from the\\nWhig party his first political choice into the Republican\\nranks. He had already been a representative from lUinois,\\nand had aspired to the Senate. Two years before his election,\\nhe had said that, as a house divided against itself, the\\nUnion could not stand, but must become either altogether\\nfree or altogether slave-holding.\\n12. The Right of Secession. The Southern States had\\nno desire for war, and no purpose of trespassing on the rights\\nand liberties of the other States; but they felt it their duty\\nto vindicate their own, and they determined to reclaim the\\npowers they had yielded to the Federal Government in rati-\\nfying the Constitution. The right to withdraw from the\\nUnion had been reserved by some of the States wdien they\\nratified the Constitution. This right had been universally\\nacknowledged in the early days of the Republic, and New\\nEngland on more than one occasion thought of exercising it.\\n13. The Secession of Seven Southern States. South\\nCarolina was the first to take the momentous step. Her\\nconvention met, as soon as the election of Mr. Lincoln was\\ncertain, and passed, on December 20, i860, an Ordinance\\nof Secession, which separated the State from the Union\\nand took back all the powers which, in 1788, she had en-\\ntrusted to the Federal Government. By February, 1861,\\nMississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and\\nTexas had seceded. These States felt that, since Mr. Lincoln\\nhad been elected on a platform opposed to Southern interests,\\ntheir rights would be ignored.\\n14. Southern Confederacy Organized, i86i. Delegates\\nfrom the seceded States met at Montgomery, Alabama, on\\nFebruary 4, 1861, A provisional constitution for the Con-\\nfederate States w^as draw-n up, and Jefferson Davis, of Missis-\\nsippi, was elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of\\nGeorgia, Vice-President of the new Confederacy. To show", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "254\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n[1857\\nthe Southern desire for peace, commissioners were sent at\\nonce to Washington to ask for peaceful relations with the\\nUnited States, and a peaceable settlement of the questions\\nwhich must arise between the two sections of the original\\nrepublic.\\n15. Jefferson Davis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jefferson Davis was born in Ken-\\ntucky, in 1808, and was about two years older than Abraham\\nJEFFEBdON DAVIS.\\nLincoln. He was graduated from West Point, and served for\\nseveral years in the army. Davis left the army in 1835, and\\nbecame a cotton-planter in Mississippi. He was in Congress\\nwhen the Mexican war broke out, but was made colonel of\\na Mississippi regiment which did gallant service, especially\\nat Buena Vista, where he was badly wounded. For years he", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "1861] Buchanan s administration. 255\\nwas in the United States Senate, and, during Mr. Pierce s\\nadministration, was Secretary of War. The Honorable Caleb\\nGushing, of Massachusetts, characterized him as eloquent\\namong the most eloquent in debate, wise among the wisest\\nin counsel, and brave among the bravest on the battle-field.\\nHe was a conservative man and a strong believer in State\\nrights, and he had striven earnestly to maintain those rights\\nin the Union. His farewell to the United States Senate\\nmoved his opponents to tears. The position of the President\\nof the Southern Confederacy was one of exceeding dif^culty.\\nHe was too loyal to constitutional liberty to exercise arbi-\\ntrary power, and- he proved himself an earnest, unselfish,\\ndevoted patriot.\\ni6. Mr. Buchanan s Views. Before secession was an ac-\\ncomplished fact, the Thirty-sixth Congress met. In his\\nannual message, Mr. Buchanan spoke of the alarming condi-\\ntion of affairs. He thought that no State had the right to\\nleave the Union; but that, if she did, the Federal Government\\nhad no power to force her to remain in it, and he urged Con-\\ngress to make concessions which would reconcile the hostile\\nsections.\\n17, Crittenden Resolutions. As a step towards recon-\\nciliation. Senator Crittenden, of Kentucky, proposed to\\namend the Constitution. Under this amendment the country\\nnorth of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 should be absolutely free; south of that\\nline, slaves could be taken into the Territories, and the people\\ncould decide whether they would retain slavery -on becoming\\nStates. Slave property was to be protected, and the value of\\na fugitive slave paid in money, if he were not returned to his\\nowner. This amendment was defeated; but Senator Doug-\\nlas introduced a resolution that an amendment be added to\\nthe Constitution forbidding the Federal Government to in-\\nterfere with slavery in the States. This was carried, but", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "256 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1857\\nsome of tlie Southern States had ah eady seceded, and the\\nStates never voted on the amendment.\\ni8. Different Opinions at the North. There were some\\nNorthern people who l)eheved in the right of secession, who\\nwere opposed to coercion (forcing the South to remain in\\nthe Union), and who thought it best to let the erring sis-\\nters go m peace. But a majority of them took opposite\\nground. They said that the Union must be preserved, and\\nthey favored compelling the Southern States to return to\\ntheir allegiance to the Federal Government.\\n19. The Southern Leaders. The secession of the South-\\nern States was not the act of the fire-eaters, as the extreme\\nsecessionists were called in derision. It was accomplished\\nunder the guidance of the wisest and gravest of the Southern\\ncitizens men who loved the Union only less than they loved\\ntheir own States, and who sorrowfully\\nsevered their connection with the Union\\nonly when they felt that the South was being\\ndeprived of her rights. The farewell speeches\\nof the congressmen from the seceded States,\\nwhen they took leave of their associates to\\nfollow the fortunes of their people, show\\nhow solemnly they felt, and how deeply\\nthey appreciated the importance of the step\\nA. II. STEPHENS.\\nthey were taking.\\n20. Peace Congress, 1861. Virginia, having sacrificed\\nso much to secure the Union, was now most anxious to pre-\\nserve it. To that end, her Legislature, early in 1861, called\\na Peace Congress to assemble in Washington, sending to\\nit five of her soundest statesmen, one of them the venerable\\nex-President Tyler. Twenty-three States took part in this\\nCongress, and they hoped to effect a satisfactory compromise.\\nAll their propositions were, however, rejected by Congress,", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "129\\nIps^IK?^\\n105 Lonerltude\\nI F I C ALASKA B.\u00c2\u00ab.^:;r,qV:^N\\nySj ^-^\u00c2\u00b1^^-^600 Miles 35k\\\\ \u00c2\u00b06", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "from 90 Greenwich", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "1861] Buchanan s administration. 257\\nand it proved impossible to bring al^out an amicable settle-\\nment of the differences between the disagreeing sections.\\n21. The Forts in the South.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The forts within the se-\\nceded States had been built on ground granted by them to-\\nthe United States. When they withdrew from the Union\\nthey naturally thought this property should revert to them.\\nAccordingly, they took possession of all of it except the\\ndefences at Charleston and a few other forts, and made over-\\ntures to obtain these, without strife, from the Federal\\nGovernment.\\n22. Fort Sumter, South Carolina had been promised by\\nPresident Buchanan that, if the forts were not molested, he\\nwould make no attempt to reinforce the garrison in Charles-\\nton harbor. Repeated assurances were given at Washington\\nthat the military status at Charleston would be main-\\ntained. Yet, Major Anderson, commanding at Fort Moul-\\ntrie, removed the garrison into the stronger defences of Fort\\nSumter, and proceeded to dismantle and, as far as possible, to\\ndestroy the works at Fort Moultrie. The Star of the West\\nwith troops and arms concealed aboard, was secretly sent to\\nstrengthen the garrison. When she arrived off Charleston\\nharbor, her mission had become known, and she was fired\\nupon and driven back by land batteries.\\n23. New States. In Buchanan s administration three new\\nStates were admitted to the Union: Minnesota, 1858;\\nOregon, 1859; and Kansas in January, 1861.\\nQuestions. 1. Who became President in 1857? 2. What did he say of\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Bill in his inaugural address? 3. Why was his\\nadministration one of anxiety and turmoil? 4. Who were the Mormons?\\n5. Why did they wander from place to place, and where did they finally\\nsettle? 6. What difficulties arose between the government and the Mor-\\nmons? 7. What celebrated case came up before the Supreme Court in\\n1856? 8. How was it decided, and how was the decision received by the\\ncountry? 9. How did this decision affect the claims of the Southern\\npeople? 10. Tell of the debate between Douglas and Lincoln, 11. Tell\\nof Uncle Tom s Cabin and the effects produced by it (note). 12. Tell\\n17*", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "258 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1861]\\nof John Brown s raid and its bloody consequences. 13. Tell of his cap-\\nture and execution. 14. What was the feeling of the people of the\\nNorth towards him? 15. What was the effect upon the country of John\\nBrown s raid? 16. What resolutions, introduced by Mr. Davis, were\\npassed by the Senate in 1860? 17. Tell of the candidates and the elec-\\ntion for President in 1860. 18. Give a sketch of Abraham Lincoln s life.\\n19. Did a State have the right to secede from the Union? 20. Which\\nState seceded first, and when? 21. How many and which States fol-\\nlowed her example? 22. Why did they do this? 23. Tell of the forma-\\ntion of the Southern Confederacy in 1861. 24. Who were elected its\\nPresident and Vice-President? 25. How did the new government show\\nits desire for peace? 26. Give a sketch of the life of Jefferson Davis.\\n27. What resolutions were introduced in Congress by Mr. Crittenden,\\nof Kentucky? 28. What were Mr. Buchanan s views on secession?\\n29. What opposite opinions were held even at the North? 30. What\\nsort of men were the Southern leaders? 31. What efforts were made by\\nVirginia to secure peace? 32. How many States joined in the Peace\\nCongress, and how did it result? 33. What was done with the forts in\\nthe South? 34. Tell of Major Anderson and Fort Sumter. 35. What\\nnew States were admitted during Buchanan s administration? 36. Find\\non the map all the places mentioned.\\nArTHORiTiES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hildreth s History of the United States, Vol. III., IV.,\\nv., VI.; Schouler s History of the United States, Vol. I., IL, IIL, IV., V.;\\nMcMaster s History of the American People, Vol. I., II., III.; Von Hoist s\\nConstitutional History of the United States, Vol. VI., VII.; Rhodes\\nHistory of the United States, Vol. II. Johnston s Constitution and His-\\ntory of the United States; Ridpath s Popular History of the United\\nStates; Winsor s Narrative and Critical History of the United States,\\nVol. VII.; Irving s Life of Washington; Rives s Life of Madison; Madi-\\nson Papers; Jefferson, Madison. Monroe, Adams, American Statesmen\\nSeries; William Wirt Henry s Life of Patrick Henry; Rowland s\\nMemoirs of George Mason; Letters and Times of the Tylers; Clay, Cal-\\nhoun, Webster, American Statesmen Series; Parton s Life of Andrew\\nJackson; Annals of Congress; Congressional Records; Benton s Thirty\\nYears in the Senate; Memoir of Matthew F. Maury, by his daughter,\\nDiana Corbin; S. S. Cox s Three Decades of Constitutional Legislation;\\nLalor s Cyclopedia of Political Science; Woodrow Wilson s Division and\\nReunion; Memoir of Albert Sidney Johnston, by his Son; Appleton s\\nEncyclopedia; Stephens War between the States; Memoir of Jefferson\\nDavis, by his Wife; Encyclopedia of American Biography; Wilcox s\\nHistory of the Mexican War.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.\\n259\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nPHRIOD IV.\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\nFINANCE.\\nTARIFF.\\nPOLITICAL\\nPARTIES.\\nFOREIGN\\nAFFAIRS.\\nINDIAN\\nTROUBLES.\\n1. Hamilton s Financial Policy, 191.\\n2. National Bank, 192, 212, 224, 230.\\n3. Panic of 1837, 227.\\n4. Sub-Treasury, 228.\\nf 1. First Tariff, 190.\\n2. The American System, 215, 222.\\n3. Tariff of 1828, 220.\\n4. Tariff of 1832, 223.\\n5. Tariff of 1842, 230.\\nf 1. Federal, 192, 201.\\n2. Democratic-Republican, 192, 201.\\n3. Whig, 220.\\n4. Democratic, 220.\\n5. Liberty, 233.\\n6. Free Soil, 238, 245.\\n7. Know-Nothing, or American, 244, 252.\\n8. Republican, 245.\\n9. Constitutional Union, 252.\\n1. Trouble with England, 194, 195, 204, 206.\\n2. Trouble with France, 194, 198, 206.\\n3. Treaties with Spain, 195, 215.\\n4. Wars with the Barbary States, 202, 212.\\n5. War with England, 207-212.\\n6. Monroe Doctrine, 218.\\n7. Treaties with England, 231.\\n8. War with Mexico, 234-237.\\n1. Indian Troubles in Washington s Administration, 193,\\n195.\\n2. The Indians in the Northwest, 207, 225.\\n3. The Creek Indians, 209, 219.\\nL 4. Seminole War, 214, 225.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "260\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nEXPANSION.\\n1. Purchase of Louisiana, 203.\\n2. Purchase of Florida, 215.\\n3. Oregon Acquired, 231,\\n4. Annexation of Texas, 231-232.\\n5. Territory Acquired from Mexico, 237.\\n6. Gadsden Purchase, 245.\\nSLAVERY.\\nNULLIFICA-\\nTION AND\\nSECESSION.\\nINTERNAL\\nAFFAIRS.\\n1. Petitions for Abolition, 193, 224.\\n2. Abolition of Slave Trade, 205.\\n3. ISIissouri Compromise, 216-218.\\n4. Wilmot Proviso, 237.\\n5. Omnibus Bill, 240, 241, 243.\\n6. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 243, 244.\\n7. Dred Scott Case, 247.\\n8. John Brown s Raid, 248-250.\\n1. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 199.\\n2. New England s Threats, 204.\\n3. Hartford Convention, 212.\\n4. South Carolina and Nullification, 222.\\n5. States Rights, 228.\\n6. Personal Liberty Laws, 243.\\n7. Supreme Court and Slavery, 247.\\n8. Davis Resolutions, 250.\\n9. Right of Secession, 253.\\n10. The Confederate States, 253, 254.\\n11. Attempts M Reconciliation, 255, 256.\\n1. Whiskey Rebellion, 195.\\n2. Alien and Sedition Laws,\\n3. Prosperity, 214, 218.\\n4. Dorr s Rebellion, 230.\\n6. The Mormons, 246, 247.\\n6. Inventions, 200, 205, 230.\\n199.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE WAR. 261\\nPERIOD V.\\nWAR BETWEEN THE STATES AND RECONSTRUCTION\\nCHAPTER XXXIV\\nCAUSES OF THE WAR.\\n1. Lincoln s Inauguration. Mr. Lincoln came to Wash-\\nington secretly because of a rumored danger of assassination,\\nand was inaugurated March 4, 1861. In his inaugural\\naddress, the new President declared that no State can law-\\nfully get out of the Union; that the Union of the States\\nis perpetual, and that he would take care that all the\\nlaws of the Union should be faithfully executed in all the\\nStates. This meant that the President considered it his\\nduty to preserve the Union by force if necessary.\\n2. Differences between the North and the South. There\\nwere differences of opinion as to whether the source of power\\nwas the States or the Union. In 1861, the North maintained\\nthat the National Government was supreme; the South held\\nto the views which both North and South held in the early\\nyears of the Republic namely, that the States were sovereign\\nand independent, and that the Federal Government could\\nexercise only such powers as had been delegated to it by the\\nConstitution; and that the States, as sovereigns, were to\\njudge when the Federal Government went beyond those\\npowers. The large influx of foreign population, which had\\nneither State attachments nor State pride, had increased the\\nNorthern preference for a strong central government. The\\nNorth and South, as a rule, had dififerent interests and differ-\\nent political views; the South favored slavery and a low", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "262 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\ntariff, while the North opposed both; the South had favored\\nthe purchase of Louisiana, the war with England in 1812, and\\nthe annexation of Texas, all of which the North had opposed.\\n3. Slavery Recognized by the Constitution. The Con-\\nstitution of the United States recognized slavery. At the\\ntime of its adoption, in 1787, almost all the States still held\\nslaves; but very few were held in the North, because slave\\nlabor had not been found profitable there. The opinion that\\nit was a moral wrong did not prevail before the days of\\nGarrison and his followers, who pronounced it to be the\\nsum of all iniquity. \\\\\\\\^ith commendable candor, they\\nacknowledged that the Constitution favored it, and was\\ntherefore a league with death and a covenant with hell.\\nThe outcry against slavery had made the Southern people\\nstudy the subject, and they had reached the conclusion that\\nthe evils connected with it were less than those of any other\\nsystem of labor. Hundreds of thousands of African savages\\nhad been christianized under its influence. The kindest re-\\nlations existed between the slaves and their owners. A cruel\\nand neglectful master or mistress was rarely found. The\\nsense of responsibility pressed heavily on the slave-owners,\\nand they generally did the best they could for the physical\\nand religious welfare of their slaves. The bondage in which\\nthe negroes were held was not thought a wrong to them,\\nbecause they were better off than any other menial class in\\nthe world.\\nMr. Lincoln, in the beginning, was unwilling that the ques-\\ntion of slavery be considered one of the principal causes\\nof the war, and admitted that the right to hold slaves was\\nguaranteed by the Constitution. Later on, he acted on the\\nground that emancipation had become a military necessity.\\n4. War not to Preserve Slavery The Southern States\\ndid not secede from the Union to preserve or to extend", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE WAR. 263\\nslavery. The Constitution of the Confederate States ex-\\npressly prohibited the African slave trade; and, while it gave\\nslave-holders the right to carry their slaves into any part\\nof the Confederacy, under its provisions, any Territory might\\nbecome either a free or a slave-holding State, according to\\nthe will of its citizens.\\nThe determination of the Northern States to prevent the\\ncarrying of slaves into the Territories was in no way shaken\\nby the decision of the Supreme Court against them. When\\nMr. Lincoln was elected by a party pledged to disregard this\\ndecision and advocating various measures opposed to South-\\nern interests, the crisis came, and the South left the Union. It\\ncan therefore be said that although the North and South had\\ngradually become hostile to each other on account of various\\nconflicting interests, the immediate cause of secession was\\nthe question of the extension of slavery into the Territories.\\nThe North opposed the extension of slavery and denied that\\nany State had the constitutional right to leave the Union.\\nAs the peaceable secession of the Southern States was neither\\nan extension of slavery nor a violation of the Constitution,\\nwe may conclude that the war was caused by the determina-\\ntion of the North to preserve the Union. This determination\\nled to open war when the United States flag was fired upon\\nat Fort Sumter. The result of the war, though not proving\\nthat the South was wrong, has been for the best interests of\\nboth sections.\\n5. The Contest Unequal from the First. Both sides were\\nunprepared for the war, but the North had immense ad-\\nvantages over the South. It possessed 22,000,000 people,\\na regular army, an organized navy, arsenals, manufactories\\nof arms, and powder-mills. The South, with only 10,000,000\\npeople (6,500,000 whites and 3,500,000 negroes), was with-\\nout an army or navv, and had almost no means of making", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "264 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\narms or powder. After the John Brown Raid, the South-\\nern States had been given their share of the arms in the\\nnational arsenals, but the guns were old-fashioned and indif-\\nferent, and nothing like sufficient to supply an army. The\\ntotal enlistment of Northern troops was 2,750,000; of South-\\nern, about 700,000. This difference in numbers was partly\\ncounterbalanced by the fact that the South, during most of\\nthe war, was defending her territory against attack. More-\\nover, as the war progressed, the North was compelled to use\\na great many of her troops to hold the territory already taken\\nby her armies.\\nQuestions. 1. What statements did Mr. Lincoln make in his\\ninaugural address in regard to the Union? 2. On what points were\\nthere differences of opinion between the North and South? 3. Why-\\ndid slavery cease in the North? 4. What did the Abolitionists call the\\nConstitution? 5. What were the views of the Southern people about\\nslavery? 6. What was Mr. Lincoln s opinion in regard to the emanci-\\npation of the slaves? 7. What did the Confederate Constitution say\\nof slavery? 8. What was the real and what the immediate cause of\\nsecession? 9. Compare the strength of the North and the South at the\\noutbreak of the war.\\nCHAPTER XXXV.\\nTHE WAR IN 1861.\\nI. Plan to Reinforce Sumter, 1861. The peace commis-\\nsioners who had been sent to Washington by the Confederate\\nGovernment were not officially recognized. They remained\\nin Washington, however, hoping that some arrangements\\nmight be made whereby the Confederacy would be recog-\\nnized, and Federal forts within the limits of the Confederacy\\nevacuated. They received assurances through Justice Camp-\\nbell, of the Supreme Court first, that Sumter would be evac-\\nuated; then, that faith as to Sumter would be fully kept.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "Greenwich 85", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1861. 265\\nWhile this was going on, it was learned that an armed fleet,\\ncarrying 2,400 men, had already sailed for the relief of Sumter.\\nGovernor Pickens, of South Carolina, was notified by the\\ngovernment at Washington that an attempt would be made\\nto supply Sumter with provisions peaceably if they could,\\nforcibly if they must and that if there was no resistance to\\nprovisioning the fort, the garrison would not be reinforced\\nwithout further notice. As armed vessels carrying troops\\nwere already on the way to the fort, such notice was no\\ndoubt to be given when they reached the\\nharbor. A storm, which delayed these ships,\\ngave time for the Confederate authorities to\\ndemand the surrender of Fort Sumter. On\\nthe night of April nth. General Beauregard,\\ncommanding at Charleston, summoned\\nMajor Anderson to surrender. He refused,\\nbut said that he would evacuate the fort in\\na few days, unless he received instructions\\nfrom his government or additional sup- p. g. t. beaueegard.\\n(Louisiana.)\\nplies. in reply to a subsequent message, he\\nrefused to indicate any time at which the fort would be\\nevacuated.\\n2. Bombardment of Sumter. As the relief fleet was ex-\\npected at any moment, Beauregard s batteries opened on\\nSumter in the early morning of April 12th. After being\\nbombarded for thirty-three hours, the fort and garrison sur-\\nrendered. The fort was battered to pieces and set on fire by\\nthe fierce cannonading, but not a man was killed on either\\nside. The South has been charged with beginning the\\nwar because she fired on Sumter; but the first real act of\\nwar was the sending of armed vessels to Charleston in viola-\\ntion of promises solemnly made by the Federal Govern-\\nment.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "266 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n3. Seventy-five Thousand Men Called for Before the\\nbombardment of Sumter, there had been a general feeling in\\nthe North for peace, but now the cry was for war; political\\ndifferences were healed, and on all sides the President was\\ncalled u])on to preserve the Union by force of arms. On\\nApril 15th, the day after the surrender of Sumter, President\\nLincoln called for 75,000 men from the different States to\\nsuppress combinations in the seceded States too powerful\\nfor the law to contend with. The war governors of\\nthe Northern States obeyed the call for troops to coerce\\nthe seceded States. The governors of the Southern States\\nstill remaining in the Union, replied at once to Mr. Lincoln\\nthat their States would not furnish a soldier for such a\\npurpose.\\n4. Four More States Secede. Until Lincoln s call for\\ntroops, Virginia had been inclined to remain in the Union.\\nNow she was obliged to choose between leaving the L nion\\nand fighting against her Southern neighbors. She quickly\\ndecided not to do the latter, and, on the night of April 17th,\\nan Ordinance of Secession was passed. Arkansas (May 6th),\\nNorth Carolina (May 20th), and Tennessee (June 8th) seceded\\nand, along with Virginia, joined the Southern Confederacy.\\nThere were four slave-holding States which never seceded\\nDelaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. Delaware\\nsympathized with the North; the other three tried to re-\\nmain neutral, but were brought under Federal control by\\nforce. Members of the Maryland Legislature were impris-\\noned by the Federal military authorities to prevent their\\ntaking the State out of the Union. Missouri was kept from\\nseceding l)y the presence of Federal troops.\\n5. Confederate Soldiers. ^lost of the Southern officers\\nin the armv and navv of the L^nited States at once obeved the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1861.\\n267\\nenthii-\\ncourageously\\ncall of their native States, to which they felt they owed the\\nhighest allegiance. Most\\nprominent among the m\\nwere General Samuel Coop-\\ner, the adjutant-general of\\nthe United States army;\\nRobert E. Lee, Joseph E.\\nJohnston, and Albert Sidney\\nJohnston. The best people\\nof the Confederacy pressed\\nforward to defend their\\ncountry. Women of every\\ndegree shared the\\nsiasm, and\\nthough sadly, sent their\\nloved ones to the army.\\nBoth North and South were\\nnow making ready for the\\nconflict. LEAVING HOME.\\n6. Greatness of the Coming Conflict not Realized.\\nTroops were equipped in all parts of the country, and there\\nwas much enthusiasm,\\nbut few realized the\\ngreatness of the strug-\\ngle. The North did\\nnot believe that the\\nSouth would be able to\\nhold out long; while the\\nSouth thought that her\\nmany friends in the\\nNorth would somehow\\nassist in securing peace.\\nShe thought her cotton\\nso necessarv to the world that it woukl cause EnHand and\\nCONFEDERATE STATES FLAG.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "268\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nFrance to raise the blockade which ]\\\\Ir. Lincohi declared\\n(April 27th),* and to recognize her independence.\\n7. First Blood Shed, 1861. Indignant citizens of Balti-\\nmore, on the 19th of April, endeavored to prevent the\\npassage through their city\\nof Massachusetts and\\nPennsylvania troops. An\\nencounter ensued in\\nwhich several citizens and\\nsoldiers were killed.\\n8. Confederate Capital\\nRemoved to Richmond.\\nDuring the month of\\nMay, 1 86 1, the govern-\\nment of the Confederacy\\nwas removed from Mont-\\ngomery, Ala., to Rich-\\nmond, Va. This city re-\\nmained the capital of the\\nConfederacy until the end\\nof the war.\\n9. Armies Threatening\\nRECEPTION BY PRESIDENT AND MRS. DAVIS.\\nVirginia. Thinking that the Confederacy could be sub-\\ndued by overrunning Virginia and capturing Richmond,\\nLincoln sent three armies into Virginia one under General\\nButler to Fortress Monroe; another under General Geo.\\nB. McClellan into western Virginia; a third under General\\nPatterson to the vicinity of Harper s Ferry. These armies\\n*At the same time he increased the regular army and navy; he\\nsuspended the writ of Jiabeas corpus in certain places; and declared\\nthat Southern privateersmen were to be punished as pirates. After\\nLincoln s proclamation calling for 75,000 men, Mr. Davis had authorized\\nthe fitting out of privateers to attack the merchant ships of the Federal\\nStates. The punishment of privateersmen as pirates was against\\ninternational law, and it was abandoned.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1861. 269\\nwere respectively opposed by Confederate forces under Gen-\\nerals Magruder, Garnett and Joseph E. Johnston. To oppose\\na fourth army held at Washington, General P. G. T. Beaure-\\ngard was stationed at Manassas Junction. In these armies\\nthere were about 100,000 Federals and\\n65,000 Confederates.\\n10. Union Success in Western Vir-\\nginia. A large part of the population\\nin western Virginia was in sympathy with\\nthe North. They furnished guides and in-\\nformation to General McClellan, and as-\\nsisted him so elTectually that at the close of\\nthe campai2:nt the Federals held north-\\nIRWIN M DOWELL.\\nwestern Virginia and the Kanawha Valley. (Ohio.)\\n11. First Battle of Manassas Meanwhile the Northern\\npeople were crying On to Richmond. They had become\\nimpatient because the three months the term for which the\\nsoldiers had been enlisted had expired, and nothing had\\nbeen accomplished. Therefore, McDowell was sent from\\nWashington with 35,000 men to drive Beauregard s army of\\n22,000 men from Manassas and to seize Richmond. This\\nmight have been accomplished had not Johnston eluded\\nThe first battle in Virginia occurred on June 10th, near Big Bethel\\nchurch, not very far from Hampton, between 3,000 of Butler s men and\\n1,200 of Magruder s force. The Federals were repulsed with a loss of\\nseventy-six men, while only one Confederate was killed and seven\\nwounded.\\nt The fortified camp of the Confederates at Rich Mountain was\\nflanked on July 12th, and taken by General Rosecrans. General Robert\\nS. Garnett, the Confederate commander, was killed, and Colonel Pegram\\nwas captured. General Henry A, Wise had some success in the\\nKanawha Valley against superior forces of the Federals. Even General\\nRobert E. Lee, who was sent to command the troops in the north-\\nwestern part of the State, could effect little on account of the moun-\\ntainous country, the want of supplies, and the greatly outnumbering\\nFederal forces.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "270\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nPatterson and hastened with a part of his forces to Manassas,\\nwhere he arrived the day before the l^attle. On Sunday\\nmorning, July 21st, McDowell\\ni began the attack, and by a skill-\\nful movement forced the Confed-\\nerates to take up a new position,\\nwhich was at right angles with\\ntheir expected line of defence.\\nAfter many hours of severe fight-\\ning the Confederates were l^eing\\ndriven back by superior numbers;\\nGeneral Bee, to encourage his\\nweary and bleeding South Caro-\\nlinians, pointed to some Vir-\\nginians from the Shenandoah Val-\\nley, under General Thomas J.\\nJackson, exclaiming: There\\nstands Jackson like a stone wall;\\nlet us determine to die here, and\\nwe will conquer! The Carolinians rallied bravely behind\\nthis livins: wall. At this moment, the heroic Bee fell, noble\\nin his death as in his life.\\n12. Rout of the Federal Army. By\\nthree o clock, Johnston s 6,000 men, with\\nfewer than 3,000 of Beaureg-ard s, had\\nfought for five hours, and had repulsed\\nfive severe Federal assaults. Then a fresh\\nFederal force began to flank the Confed-\\nerate left. At this very moment. General\\nKirby Smith, with three additional regi-\\nments of Johnston s army, appeared on the\\nfield. The advancing Federals were aston-\\nished and terrified to find fresh troops pour-\\ning musket-balls into their flank from a point where they\\nCONFEDERATE BATTLE-FLAG,\\nBARNARD E. BEE.\\n(South Carolina.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1861. 271\\nexpected no resistance. At this juncture, a forward move-\\nment along Beauregard s whole line drove the Federals en-\\ntirely from the field. They abandoned cannon, muskets,\\nclothing, wagons, and everything that could impede their\\nprogress. The army, which had marched proudly from\\nWashington to destroy the Rebels the Yankee name\\nfor the Confederates and to capture Richmond, hastened\\nback to Washington, totally disorganized.*\\n13. Results of the Battle. The Federal loss was about\\n4,000 men; that of the Confederates, 2,000. Twenty-nine\\ncannon, thousands of muskets, small-arms, ammunition,\\nstores, and supplies of all sorts were captured by the victo-\\nrious Confederates. The South was elated and became too\\nconfident of success. Many thought the war was over, and\\nthat the independence of the Confederacy would soon be rec-\\nognized. Thus, preparations for the war were not pushed\\nas vigorously as they had been. The North saw that the\\nstruggle was not to be a ninety-day campaign, and, instead\\nof seeking peace, as many Southern leaders had hoped, she\\nbecame more determined than ever to preserve the Union by\\nforce.\\n14. Preparations to Prolong the War. The Federal\\nCongress authorized a call for 500,000 volunteers; ordered\\niron-clad ships and gunboats to be built; and, to meet these\\nexpenses, laid taxes and borrowed money to the enormous\\namount of $500,000,000.\\n\\\\\\\\diile the Federal Congress was making these prepara-\\ntions, the Confederate Congress provided for the calling out\\nof 400,000 volunteers and the issue of $100,000,000 in treas-\\nury notes.\\nThe only other important battle in Virginia during this year was\\nat Ball s Bluff, near Leesburg, where 1,700 Federal troops, under Colonel\\nBaker, United States Senator from Oregon, were met by about the\\nsame number of Confederates, under General Evans. The Federals were\\ndriven into the Potomac river, with a loss of nearly 1,000 men, including\\ntheir commander. The Confederate loss was 156 men.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "(272)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1861.\\n273\\n?MP;^\\nf M^-\\nU. S. FLAG USED BY FEDERALS.\\n15. Civil War in Missouri. The efiforts of Missouri and\\nKentucky to preserve a neutral. position proved unavailing.\\nThe Federals, under Colonel Lyon, attacked the militia camp\\nof Missouri and overpowered the State troops. Civil war\\nbroke out at many points. The\\ngovernor and others tried to\\nplace the State in friendly rela-\\ntions with the Confederacy, but\\nthe Federal power was too\\nstrong for them. Recruiting\\nfor both armies was carried on,\\nand Southern sympathizers got\\nthe better of the Federal troops\\nin various small engagements.\\nTo prevent the invasion of Ar-\\nkansas, General Ben. McCul-\\nloch marched into Missouri,\\nand united his forces with the State troops of General Ster-\\nling Price. These forces inflicted several defeats on the\\nFederals, the most important being at Carthage (July 5th),\\nWilson s Creek (August loth), and Lexing-\\nton (September 20th). After several\\nchanges of commanders for the Union\\nforces in Missoiu i had been made, General\\nHal leek was finally given supreme com-\\nmand, and under his leadership the Con-\\nfederates were gradually pushed back and\\nfinally driven into Arkansas.*\\n16. Affairs in Kentucky Governor\\nMagofiin tried hard to keep Kentucky\\nwholly neutral. The people were divided\\nThere was stationed at Belmont, in Missouri opposite Columbus, a\\nsmall force of Confederates who were to reinforce General Price, then\\nadvancing from Arkansas. Hoping to surprise the Confederates at\\nBelmont, General Grant, who had charge of eastern Missouri and the\\n18*\\nH. W. HALLECK.\\n(New York.)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "274 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nin sentiment, and would gladly have maintained peaceful\\nrelations with both the Xorth and the South. To comply with\\nthe wishes of the State, the Confederate Governmer.t\\npromised to send no troops to Kentucky unless Federal\\nsoldiers should enter the State. The Federal Government,\\nhowever, made efforts to get control of Kentucky, and there-\\nfore the Confederate authorities were constrained to send\\ntroops into the State in order to protect\\nTennessee and Virginia. On September\\n3d, General Polk seized and fortified Co-\\nlumbus, which commanded the channel of\\nthe Mississippi. Polk s aim was to take\\nPaducah, which controlled entrance to the\\nTennessee and Cumberland rivers, but be-\\nfore he had sutHcient force to do so, the\\nFederals, under General U. S. Grant, took (Louisiana.)\\npossession of the place. The Confederate general, Zolli-\\ncoffer, advanced from east Tennessee, and occupied south-\\neastern Kentucky. The command of the Confederate forces\\nin central Kentucky was entrusted to General Simon B.\\nBuckner. Thus, there were three Confederate armies in\\nKentucky, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was com-\\nmander-in-chief. The northern line of defence of the Con-\\nfederacy now extended from Columbus to Bowling Green\\nand thence to Cumberland Gap. The line was further\\nstrengthened by Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.\\n17. The Mason-Slidell Affair. England and France had\\nacknowledged the Confederate States as a belligerent\\nFederal operations on the upper Mississippi, landed (November 7th)\\nseveral thousand soldiers some miles above the town, and marched\\nrapidly on Belmont. General Polk had reinforced the troops at Belmont\\nby sending 2,000 men from Columbus. The Federals were repulsed and\\ndriven to their boats. This victory left the control of the Mississippi\\nstill in the hands of the Confederates.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "THE WAR IN 1 86 1. 275\\npower, and declared themselves neutral in the American\\nwar. The Confederate Government sent James M. Mason,\\nof Virginia, as commissioner to England, and John Slidell^\\nof Louisiana, to France, to see what could be done for the\\nadvantage of the South. These gentlemen ran the blockade\\nfrom Charleston to Havana, where they embarked for Europe\\non the British mail steamer Trent. By the law of nations, they\\nshould have been safe on a neutral vessel. Captain Charles\\nWilkes, commander of the Federal war-vessel San Jacinto,.\\nlearning that the Confederate commissioners were on board\\nthe Trent, stopped her, and took from her by force, Messrs.\\nMason and Slidell. Wilkes received great praise from the\\nNorth, and a gold medal from the Federal Congress. For this\\nviolation of international law, England at once demanded that\\nthe prisoners should be restored to her, intimating that\\nserious consecjuences would follow if they were not speedily\\nliberated. Mr. Lincoln and his Cabinet were too wise to\\nincur a foreign war. They simply said that Captain Wilkes,\\nhad acted without any authority from Washington, and\\nordered the prisoners to be delivered to Lord Lyons, the\\nBritish minister, at Washington. They afterwards went on\\ntheir respective missions.\\ni8. Results of the War in 1861. In the first year of the\\nwar, there had been no well-defined plan, and the most im-\\nportant engagements had been won by the Confederates.\\nSouthern success at Manassas had aroused the North to.\\nmake extensive preparations, and to adopt a definite plan\\nfor the campaign of 1862. The North had gotten possession\\nof Missouri and western Virginia, and held a strong position\\nin Kentucky. The blockade,* though not entirely efifective,.\\nhad prevented the South from getting many needed supplies.\\nThe capture of Fort Hatteras, on the North Carolina coast, and\\nof Port Royal harbor, in South Carolina, greatly strengthened the\\nblockade. Port Royal furnished an admirable shelter from storms for", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "276 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nQuestions. 1. What promises were made to the Peace Commission\\nat Washington? 2. How were these promises violated? 3. Tell about\\nthe bombardment of Fort Sumter. 4. What effect did the fall of Fort\\nSumter have upon the North? 5. What effect did Lincoln s proclama-\\ntion have upon the South? 6. Name the most prominent men that\\nresigned from the United States army. 7. On what facts did the South\\nbase her hopes for peace? 8. When and where was the first blood shed?\\n9. What city was made the permanent capital of the Confederacy?\\n10. Tell of the situation of the armies in Virginia and their compara-\\ntive strength. 11. Where was the first battle fought in Virginia, and\\nwhat was the result? 12. Why were the Federals successful in Western\\nVirginia? 13. Why was McDowell sent against Richmond? 14. Why\\nis Jackson called Stonewall 15. What was the result of the first\\nbattle of Manassas? 16. What acts were passed by. the Federal Con-\\ngress? By the Confederate Congress? 17. How was Missouri prevented\\nfrom seceding? 18. What was Kentucky s position in regard to seces-\\nsion? 19. Why were Confederate troops sent into Kentucky, and who\\nwas their commander-in-chief? 20. Between what points did the\\nnorthern lines of defence extend? 21. What events came near bringing\\non war with England, and how was it averted? 22. What were the\\nresults of the first year of the war? 23. Find on the map all places\\nmentioned.\\nCHAPTER XXXVI.\\nWAR IX THE WEST, t862.\\n1. Plan of the Campaign. The North opened the war in\\n1862 with three definite objects in view: (i) to get possession\\nof Kentucky and Tennessee, and to open the Mississippi\\nRiver; (2) to capture Richmond; and, (3) to make the\\nblockade of the Southern ports more effective.\\n2. Zollicoffer Killed at Mill Spring. General Zolli-\\ncoiTer, in eastern Kentucky, anticipating the Federal plan,\\nattacked the Federals at IMill Spring on January 19th. His\\nthe blockading vessels. The Confederates on the lower Mississippi\\nconverted a merchant steamer into a ram called the Manassas. With\\nthis ram and a few fire-ships, an unsuccessful attempt was made to\\ndestroy the Federal fleet at the mouth of the Mississippi.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 862. 277\\ndeath, early in the action, was followed by the defeat of the\\nConfederates, with a heavy loss of men and guns. As a con-\\nsequence of this battle, east Tennessee was soon in possession\\nof the Federal army.\\n3. Fort Henry. To break the center of the Confederate\\nnorthern line of defence. Grant determined to attempt the\\ncapture of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, and of Fort\\nDonelson on the Cumberland. Early in February, 1862, he\\nadvanced with his army and a fleet under Commodore Foote\\nagainst Fort Henry. After enduring a severe bombardment\\nfrom the fleet, it was found impossible to defend the place\\nagainst Grant s advancing army, so most of the garrison\\nwas sent to Fort Donelson; the remainder kept up an unequal\\ncontest until forced to surrender.\\n4. Fort Donelson. Grant now advanced against Fort\\nDonelson, which was garrisoned by 15,000 men, while his\\nown army soon numbered 35,000. As soon as the fleet\\narrived, a destructive cannonading was begun. The fleet,\\nhowever, was repulsed, as well as several attacks of the army.\\nAfter three days of continuous fighting amidst snow and ice\\nthe Confederate commanders, Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner,\\ndetermined to leave the fort, cut their way through the\\nbesieging army and retreat to Nashville; but they were\\ndriven back and part of their works taken. The next morn-\\ning (February i6th), a flag of truce was sent to Grant, asking\\nfor terms of surrender. No terms except unconditional\\nsurrender, was the reply; the fort with its remaining garri-\\nson of about 11,000 men was yielded on these hard and\\nunusual terms.\\nThis was the first signal victory of the war for the Federals.\\nIt filled the North with joy and brought great misfortune\\nto the South; the Confederates had to evacuate Columbus\\nand withdraw from Kentuckv. Nashville, with the stores", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "278\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nALKERT PIKE.\\n(Arkansas.)\\nand\\naccumulated there, was taken, and the whole of Tennessee\\nwas for a time occupied by the Federals.\\n5. Battle of Pea Ridge, or Elkhorn. Early in April, by\\ngreat exertions, General Johnston as-\\nsembled 38,800 troops in north ^lissis-\\nsippi, near Corinth, and was awaiting*\\nreinforcements from Arkansas. Their ar-\\nrival had been prevented by the Federal\\nadvance into Arkansas. On March 7th,\\nthe combined forces of Price, Van Dorn,\\nand Pike encountered the Federals\\nunder Curtis at Pea Ridge, or Elk Horn.\\nAfter a severe battle in which AlcCulloch was killed\\nPrice wounded, Van Dorn fell slowly back, carrying away all\\nhis artillery and baggage. The Federals soon got control of\\nnorthern Arkansas, which they held to the end of the war.\\n6. Battle of Shiloh. After the capture of Fort Donelson,\\nGeneral Grant with his gunboats and 44,900 troops pro-\\nceeded south along the Tennessee River to Pittsburg Land-\\ning. General Johnston determined to attack Grant before he\\ncould be joined by Buell, who was ap-\\nproaching with a large force. On the\\nM ^^UBi morning of April 6th, the Confederates\\nattacked Grant s position around Shiloh\\nMM f WSK^ church, and drove back the Federals all\\nalong the line, though they made a brave\\nresistance. At 2 o clock, when victory\\nseemed assured to the Confederates, Gen-\\neral Johnston, who had been constantly\\nALBERT s. .JOHNSTON, ^he liottest part of the fight, was\\n(Kentucky.) mortally wounded. His death was an\\nirretrievable loss to the Southern army and cause. The\\ndeath of their trusted commander was kept from the Confed-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 862. 279\\nerate troops, and General Beauregard, tlie second in com-\\nmand, carried on the contest. The Federal army had been\\ndriven to the river bank and to the shelter of their g-unboats.\\nThere was still an hour of daylight, and another vigorous\\nassault by the eager Confederates upon the demoralized\\nenemy would have forced them into the river or compelled\\nthem to surrender. At this moment, the\\ngunboats opened with shot and shell.\\nAs his men were exposed to a murderous\\nfire and were much exhausted. General\\nBeauregard ordered them to fall back\\nout of range. Most of Grant s artillery,\\nthousands of prisoners, numbers of flags,\\nand the Federal camp had been captured,\\nBeaiu egard telegraphed to Richmond\\nthat he had gained a complete victory.\\nDuring the night, Buell brought up as\\nmany fresh troops as the Southern army contained. The\\nnext morning the Confederates were driven back to their\\noriginal position. In this bloody battle, the Confedera e loss\\nwas 10,699; th ^t of the Federals, 13,573. Beauregard now\\nfell back into Mississippi.\\n7. Fall of Island No. 10. When Columbus was evacu-\\nated, the garrison was taken to Island No. 10, forty miles\\ndown the Mississippi. For a month the defence of the river\\nwas there kept up, but the day after Shiloh, Commodore\\nFoote with his gunboats captured the island with its power-\\nful guns and 6,700 men. This forced the evacuation of Fort\\nPillow and of Memphis, and the Mississippi River was opene 1\\nto Federal advance as far as Vicksburg.\\n8. Capture of New Orleans. While Grant was subduing\\nwestern Tennessee and Commodore Foote was opening up\\nthe ^lississippi north of Vicksburg, the Federal fleet under\\nD. C. BUELL.\\n(Ohio.)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "280 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nAdmiral Farragut attacked the defences of New Orleans,\\nand after seven days of almost continuous fighting captured\\nthe city (April 28th). In the course of the next two months\\nBaton Rouge and Natchez were captured by the Federal\\nfleet.\\n9. Efforts to Recover Tennessee and Kentucky. In\\nthe summer of 1862, General Bragg, who had succeeded\\nBeauregard in command, left Chattanooga with an army of\\n40,000 men, and advanced rapidly towards Louisville, Ken-\\ntucky. Kirby Smith s corps was\\nordered from Louisville into eastern\\nKentucky. On August 30th (the day\\nof Lee s victory at Second Manassas),\\nhe defeated a superior force of Federals\\nnear Richmond, Kentucky, and took\\n5,000 prisoners. General Buell, learn-\\ning of Bragg s intention to capture\\nLouisville, set out with all speed for\\nthe same place. Bragg delayed his\\nmarch to capture Munfordville, and e. kirby smith.\\nto inaugurate a Confederate govern- (Fionda.)\\nment for Kentucky. In the mean time, Buell occupied Louis-\\nSeventy miles below this city, Forts Jackson and St. Philis com-\\nmanded the channel of the Mississippi, which was also defended by a\\nConfederate fleet of thirteen small gunboats, a floating battery, and the\\nram Manassas. Admiral Farragut had seven large steam war-vessels,\\nsixteen gunboats, twenty-one mortar-schooners and transports with\\n15,000 men on board, under General Benjamin F. Butler. To overpower\\nthe forts with this strong force was a mere question of time. On April\\n18th, a bombardment was begun and carried on for six days and nights.\\nThe forts gave no signs of surrender, and Farragut, dividing his fleet\\ninto three squadrons, left one to attack each fort, and with the third\\nran past the defences and up the river. After overcoming innumerable\\nobstacles and defeating the Confederate fleet, he steamed on to seize\\nthe city. General Mansfield Lovell turned the city over to the city\\nauthorities, and took his soldiers away to be used elsewhere. Large", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 862.\\n281\\nville. Brag-g- now fell back, followed by Buell with an army\\nreinforced to the number of 100,000 men. At Perry ville,\\nBragg turned upon his pursuers and a sharp battle was\\nfought (October 8th), in which both sides lost heavily. As\\nheavy reinforcements for Buell were near by, Bragg retreated\\ninto Tennessee, carrying a wagon-train of stores and supplies\\nforty miles long\\nISATTLE OF MURFREESBORO.\\n10. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. In the\\nlatter part of December, Rosecrans, who had superseded\\nsupplies of stores were destroyed to prevent their falling into the hands\\nof the Federals. The levees blazed for miles with burning cotton, sugar,\\nand molasses. The unfinished war-vessels were set on fire and launched\\ninto the middle of the river, and thousands of citizens gathered up\\nsuch property as they could carry with them, and hastily left the city.\\nOn April 28th, New Orleans surrendered. General B. F. Butler was\\nplaced in command of New Orleans, and made himself so obnoxious to\\nthe people of the city that he was justly called Beast Butler. His\\nconduct was so outrageous that he was outlawed by President Davis,\\nand the Federal Government finally removed him and put General\\nBanks in his place.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "282\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nBtiell, moved against Bragg s army, now stationed at ^lur-\\nfreesboro, on Stone River. It happened that each commander\\nmade the same plan of battle, viz., to weaken his right wing\\nin order to attack with his left. Bragg attacked first and\\ndrove the Federal right and center from the held. The left,\\nhowever, which occnpied a strong position, repulsed every\\nassault. So great was the slaughter in these assaults that\\nthe soldiers called the bloody ground Hell s Half-Acre.\\nDuring the night Rosecrans withdrew to a stronger position.\\nTwo days later Bragg made an unsuccessful attempt to drive\\nhim from this position.\\nThe losses in this battle were terrible 10,266 Confederates\\nout of 35,000 engaged; 13,249 Federals out of 43,400.\\nn. Fighting in Mississippi. When Bragg decided to\\nmake an effort to recover Tennessee and Kentucky, he left\\nGenerals A^an Dorn and Price to watch\\nand hold in check all movements of Grant\\nin Mississippi. Rosecrans was in com-\\nmand of the division of the Federal army\\nat Corinth. He encountered Price at\\nluka, on September 19th, and defeated\\nhim in a close battle. Price was then\\njoined by \\\\^an Dorn, and the combined\\nConfederate forces made a desperate\\nassault on Rosecrans at Corinth. The\\nConfederates fought with great courage,\\nbut were repulsed with heavy loss.\\nSoon after the battle of Corinth, Grant planned his\\nadvance on Vicksburg. Sherman, who was at ^Memphis,\\nwas ordered to descend the Mississippi. Grant s base of\\nsupplies was Holly Springs, Mississippi. an Dorn with his\\nConfederate cavalry raided around Grant s army, cut his\\ncommunications, and captured Holly Springs and 2,000\\nSTERLING PRICE.\\n(Mis :ouri.^", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 862.\\n283\\nFederal soldiers: they then burned the storehouses with mil-\\nlions of dollars worth of Federal property. Sherman went\\ndown the river to Vicksburg, which was de-\\nfended by General Stephen D. Lee. He at-\\ntacked Lee at Chickasaw Bayou, December\\n29th, and was repulsed; consequently Grant\\nwas compelled to delay his advance on Vicks-\\n1)urg-. But he began to make greater prep-\\narations than ever to capture the city.\\n12. The Results of the War in the West,\\n1862. The war in the West had been dis-\\nastrous to the Confederacy. The loss of\\nFort Henry and Fort Donelson, followed by the battle of\\nShi oh, had put all of western Tennessee into the hands of the\\nFederals, the Mississippi River above Vicksburg and below\\nSTEPHEN D. LEE.\\n(South Carolina.)\\nBIRNIXG OF HOLLY SPRINGS.\\nPort Hudson also fell into their power. Brap g had failed in\\nhis campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee, and Kentucky", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "284 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nwas now almost entirely under the control of the Federals,\\nwhile much of Tennessee was occupied by them. Grant had\\nonly to take Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and the Con-\\nfederacy would be cut in two.\\nQuestions. 1. What was the plan of the campaign in 1862? 2. Where\\nwas the first battle fought in 1862, and what was the result? 3. Where\\nwere Fort Henry and Fort Donelson situated? 4. Tell how they\\nwere captured 5. Who were the commanders at the battle of Pea\\nRidge, and what was the result? 6. Who were the commanders at\\nthe battle of Shiloh, and which of them was killed? 7. What was the\\nresult of the battle? 8. What places were evacuated after the fall of\\nIsland No. 10? 9. What places on the Mississippi river were captured\\nby Admiral Farragut? 10. What two States did General Bragg try\\nto recapture, and with what results? 11. What battles were fought in\\nKentucky during this campaign, and which side was victorious in\\nthem? 12. What plan did both generals adopt at the battle of Mur-\\nfreesboro? 13. Compare the losses in this battle with the numbers\\nengaged. 14. What battles did General Price fight in Mississippi?\\n15. How was Grant s advance on Vicksburg delayed? 16. What were\\nthe results of the war in the West in 1862?\\nCHAPTER XXXVH.\\nWAR IN THE EAST, 1 862.\\n1. The Situation in the East, 1862. After the battle of\\nManassas, General McDowell had been removed from the\\nFederal command and General McClellan put in his place.\\nAll the winter, McClellan was enlisting and drilling troops\\nnear Washington, and by the spring of 1862, he had col-\\nlected an army of about 200,000 men. Joseph E. Johnston,\\nwho was commanding the Confederates, had an army of\\nabout one-fourth that number and was entrenched along the\\nRappahannock River.\\n2. Plan to Capture Richmond. In the early spring,\\nMcClellan was ordered to advance on Richmond. The gov-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862. 285\\nernment in Washington wisihed him to go by land across\\nA^irginia so as to keep between the Confederates and Wash-\\nington, but McClellan decided to make Fortress Monroe the\\nbase of his operations, and to advance up the York River.\\nMcDowell was to march from Washington to Richmond by\\nway of Fredericksburg; and, in order to protect Washing-\\nton, the Valley of Virginia was to be guarded by Banks\\nand Fremont.\\n3. Fighting on the Peninsula. General Johnston took his\\narmy to Richmond, and from there to Yorktown, to meet\\nMcClellan. It took 400 vessels one month to transport\\nMcClellan s men from Washington to Fortress Monroe, and\\nalmost another month was consumed in\\nlaying- siege to Yorktown, which MagTuder\\nhad stubbornly held with a small force until\\nJohnston s arrival, x^s the superior force of\\nMcClellan began to advance. General John-\\nston spiked the guns which he could not\\nmove, quietly evacuated Yorktown, and took\\nup the line of march for Richmond. The\\nJOHN v.. MAI. 1:1 UKR. r 1 1 -VTir-ll- 1\\n(Virginia.) Confederate rear was struck at WiUiamsburg\\nby Federal troops on May 5th, but held its ground until the\\nartillery and wagons got safely away.\\n4. The Virginia in Hampton Roads. While McClellan\\nwas advancing on the Peninsula, Norfolk was still held by\\nthe Confederates, because the entrance to Elizabeth River\\nwas guarded by the ram Virginia. When the Federals\\nevacuated the Gosport navy-yard, they scuttled and sank\\nthe fine steam frigate Merrimac. The Confederates succeeded\\nin raising the vessel, and remodeled it on a new plan furnished\\nby John Mercer Brooke. The top and sides were covered with\\nthick iron, and a strong iron beak was fastened to the prow.\\nThe vessel was armed with ten heavy guns, and re-named the", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "286\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nVirginia. On Alarch 8th, the ram, under the command of\\nAdmiral Buchanan, steamed out of Norfolk harbor, in com-\\npany with two small gunboats, and advanced toward the\\nFederal fleet in Hampton Roads. The shot hurled at her\\nglanced from her iron sides. Making straight for the large\\nwooden frigate Cmnbcrland, she rammed such a hole in her\\nside that within an hour she sank, and nearly half her crew\\nSINKING OF THE CUMBERLAND.\\nwere drowned. The frigate Congress avoided the beak of\\nthe Virginia by running into shallow water, but was captured\\nand burned. The other Federal vessels escaped by keeping\\nin shallow water.\\n5. Fight with the Monitor. This unexpected destruction\\nof their fine war-vessels struck the North with terror. All\\nthe seaboard towns feared immediate attack. When the\\nJlrginia appeared the next morning, hoping to destroy", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862. 287\\nthe Miniicsofa and other Federal vessels, she was met by an\\nunexpected antagonist, the Monitor, built by Ericsson, which\\nhad come into Hampton Roads during the night. With a\\nrevolving iron turret upon her flat, iron top, the Monitor\\nlooked like a cheese box on a plank. She was very strong,\\nand more easily managed than the Vir-\\nginia. During a terrific combat of several\\nhours neither one of the queer-looking\\ncraft did serious harm to the other. After\\nthe Monitor had withdrawn into shallow\\nwater, where the Virginia could not fol-\\nlow her, the latter went back to Nor-\\nfolk. This, the first battle between\\nADMIRAL BUCHANAN, ii onclad sfiips, chaugcd the mode of\\n(Maryland.) naval Warfare all over the world. The\\ntest of the Monitor quieted the fears of the Northern cities,\\nand the Federal Government ordered other monitors and\\nironclad ships to be built with all speed.\\n6. Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks By the last of May,\\nMcClellan s army was near Richmond, and lay behind strong\\nentrenchments along both sides of the Chickahominy River.\\nThe swamps along the river were almost impassable from\\nthe rains. On May 31st, General Johnston attacked at Seven\\nPines two Federal corps in an exposed position, hoping to\\ndestroy them before they could be reinforced. The same\\nwaters which kept back his enemies rendered his own move-\\nWhen the Confederates fell back from Williamsburg the Southern\\ntroops at Norfolk were withdrawn and ordered to Richmond. The\\nTirglnia drew too much water to be carried up th.e James, and was\\ntherefore destroyed. James river was now left unprotected, and the\\nFederal war-ships at once steamed up towards Richmond the iron-\\nclads, Galena and Monitor, among them. ODstructions in the river and\\nheavy batteries on shore stopped them at Drewry s Bluff, or Fort\\nDarling, eight miles below the city. But for the brave stand made at\\nthis point, Richmond would have been captured by the Federal fleet.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "288\\nXEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nments slow. Reinforcements reached the Federal troops\\nbefore Johnston s plan was fully carried out, and rendered\\nG ETTA s Burg.\\n1^ Cpljegc^\\nSemiaarrCo^\\nCAMPAIGNS IN VIRGINIA.\\nhis victory incomplete. Both sides lost heavily. General\\nJohnston was wounded so seriously that he was disabled for\\nmany months.\\nGeneral Robert E. Lee was assigned to the command of\\nGeneral Lee. was the youngest son of Light Horse Harry Lee of\\nthe Revolution. He graduated with high honors at West Point, distin-\\nguished himself greatly during the Mexican War, and had since filled", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1862. 289\\nthe Army of Northern Virginia, and he soon became the\\nmost prominent figure in the great struggle.\\n7. Jackson in the Valley. To prevent McClellan from\\nbeing reinforced b}- McDowell s army, Jacksonf attacked a\\nlargely superior Federal force near Winchester (March 23d);\\nalthough repulsed, he excited so much alarm in Washington\\nthat in a short time reinforcements were sent into the Valley\\nto surround and destroy his army. By a rapid march, he\\nsurprised and defeated Milroy at McDowell (May 8th). He\\nthen turned suddenly upon Banks and drove him from Win-\\nchester (May 25th). These victories so alarmed Washington\\nthat McDowell, who was advancing to aid McClellan, was\\nordered to stop and send a part of his force to strengthen\\nGeneral Fremont who was advancing against Jackson. At\\nCross Keys he defeated Fremont (June 8th), and the next\\nday the reinforcements from McDowell were routed at Port\\nRepublic.\\n8. Result of the Campaign. Within the month during\\nw^hich the campaign lasted, Jackson had out-generaled and\\nvarious responsible military positions. He was equal, if not superior,\\nto any other man in the service, and had been promoted repeatedly,\\nand was expected to succeed General Scott in command or the United\\nStates army. He loved his country and the Union, but he felt that his\\nhighest allegiance was due to his native State.\\nt Jackson was a native of Clarksburg, western Virginia. Early left a.\\npoor orphan boy, he worked and struggled until at last he obtained en-\\ntrance into the Military Academy at West Point. The first year he stood\\nat the foot of his class, but, by diligent study he rose so steadily, that,\\nhis classmates, at his graduation, said that in another year he would\\nhave reached the head of the class. In the Mexican War he was twice\\npromoted on the field for gallant conduct. At its close, he left the.\\narmy, and became a professor in the Virginia Military Institute at\\nLexington, Virginia. He was of medium height and square figure, un-\\ngraceful in movement, and abrupt in manner and speech. But his per-\\nsonal peculiarities were counterbalanced by his thorough integrity,\\ncourage and piety. He became a Presbyterian elder, and the superin-\\ntendent of a negro Sunday school. He proved to be very like Oliver\\nCromwell in his earnest piety, his influence over his men, and his mar-\\nvelous military skill.\\n19* i", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "290 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nout-fought three armies, each containing more than his own\\nforce of 15,000 men. His army had marched 500 miles, and\\nhad captured thousands of prisoners and milhons of dollars\\nworth of cannon, horses, wagons, and stores. Moreover,\\nit had prevented McClellan from being reinforced. Jackson\\nwas now to play an important part in the struggle around\\nRichmond.\\n9. Preparations for Fighting Around Richmond, 1862.\\nBy the middle of June, Lee s army numbered 65,000 men,\\nand the defences of Richmond were in good condition.\\nMcClellan s army of 115,000 men lay behind immensely\\nstrong earthworks, containing powerful siege guns. When\\nLee s preparations had been completed, he called Jackson\\nfrom the Valley to take part in the attack on McClellan.\\n10. Stuart s Ride Around McClellan. Wishing to ascer-\\ntain the exact position of McClellan s\\nforces, which jay north of the Chicka-\\nhominy. General Lee sent General J. E. B.\\nStuart on a raid around the enemy s rear.\\nWith 1,200 cavalry, Stuart started out on\\nthe right of the Federal army and passed\\nentirely around it. In the long ride, he\\nhad several encounters with the enemy,\\ndestroyed valuable stores, and brought to j. e. b. stuart.\\nGeneral Lee the information he desired. (\\\\irginia.\\n*James Ewell Brown Jeb Stuart was a Virginian, only twenty-\\nseven years old when he left the United States army for the Confed-\\nerate service. He was of a joyous disposition, a lover of horses and dogs\\nand of lively music. Knowing no fear, he contrived and executed the\\nmost daring military movements. Like Jackson and Lee, he was an\\nhumble, earnest Christian. He never uttered an oath, permitted no\\nswearing in his presence, never drank intoxicating liquor, and always\\ncarried his mother s Bible with him. The boldness and dash of his\\nmovements, and the prompt execution of all orders is sufficient warrant\\nto rank him as one of the ablest cavalry leaders in the war.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "GENERALS LEE, JOHNSTON AND JACKSON.\\n(291)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "292\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nII. Seven Days Fight. When Lee had found out the\\nposition of his adversary, he determined to attack him at\\nonce. The Fede-\\nrals seemed to be\\nunaware of Lee s\\npurpose, and, on\\nthe 25th of June,\\nthey attacked the\\nConfederate line\\nat Oak Grove,\\nbut were re-\\npulsed. The next\\nday (June 26th)\\nthe Federals were\\ndriven from their\\nentrenchments at\\nMechanicsville.\\nOn June 27th,\\nthey were forced\\nback from their new position at Beaver Dam creek; on the\\nsame day near Gaines Mill and Cold Harbor they made a\\ngallant stand against the pursuing Con-\\nfederates, but were finally driven back.\\nThere were only skirmishes the next day\\n(June 28th), but Lee, finding out that\\nMcClellan was retreating to his war-ves-\\nsels on the James River, ordered a pur-\\nsuit. As a result, the Federal retreat was\\nfurther marked by the bloody battles o^\\nSavage Station (June 29th), and Frazier\\nFarm (June 30th). On July ist, the\\nFederals took up a strong position on\\nMalvern Hill, and repulsed every efl:ort of Lee to dislodge\\nMAP. OF SCENE OF SEVEN DAY:\\nGEO. B. M CLELLAN.\\n(Pennsylvania.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862.\\n293\\nJOHN POPE.\\n(Illiuois.)\\nthem. Durino- the night, however, ^NIcCleHan silently fled to\\nWestover, where he was under cover of his gunboats. Instead\\nof destroying Lee s army and capturing Richmond, Mc-\\nClellan s great force had been compelled to retreat with the\\nloss of 25,000 men (killed, wounded and captured), besides\\nvaluable military supplies of all kinds. Mc-\\nClellan s defeat caused great mortification\\nand grief throughout the North, and Mr.\\nLincoln called for 300,000 more volun-\\nteers. General McClellan was ordered back\\nto Washington, and the commands of\\nBanks, Fremont, and McDowell were con-\\nsolidated and placed under General John\\nPope. General Halleck was made com-\\nmander-in-chief of the Federal forces.\\n12. Jackson Against Pope. Lee sent\\nJackson and Ewell to hold Pope in check until McClellan s\\narmy was withdrawn from the Peninsula. Jackson engaged\\nthe Federal army under Quartermaster\\nBanks at Cedar Mountain, and drove it\\nfrom the field. Hastening- on with his\\nfoot cavalry, Jackson passed to the rear\\nof Pope s army and captured Manassas\\nJunction with its immense stores of all\\nkinds.\\n13. Second Battle of Manassas. Jack-\\nson s position was now critical; he was\\nbetween the divisions of Pope s army, each\\nlarger than his own, while Lee was still miles away, though\\nhastening to his assistance. In the afternoon of August 28th,\\nthe two armies joined battle near the old field of Bull Run.\\nJackson stubbornly held his position against overwhelming-\\nodds until the arrival of Lee with Longstreet s division. At\\nR. L. EAVELL.\\n(Dist. Columbia.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "294\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nonce Longstreet fell with resistless power on the Federals.\\nPope had telegraphed to Washington that the enemy had\\nbeen driven from the field/^ The next news was that he him-\\nself was in hasty retreat. Lee pursued Pope s defeated and\\ndemoralized forces and drove them into the fortifications\\naround ashington.\\n14. Lee in Maryland. Virginia being free from hostile\\ntroops, Lee crossed over into Maryland. This advance\\nso frightened the Federal Government\\nthat General McClellan was once more\\nput in command of the Army of the Poto-\\nmac. One of Lee s marching orders fell\\ninto AlcClellan s hands and revealed the\\nfact that the Confederate army had been\\ndivided, Jackson s division having been\\nsent against Harper s Ferry. McClellan\\ndetermined to attack Lee while his army\\nwas divided. Jackson, however, was too\\nquick for him; for he captured Harper s\\nFerry (September 15th) with 11,000 prisoners and a large\\nquantity of arms and by a forced march rejoined Lee the\\nday before the battle of Sharpsburg.\\n15. Battle of Sharpsburg or Antictam. AlcClellan opened,\\non September 17th, the bloody battle known by both of\\nthe above names. Lee had about 40,000 men against\\nMcClellan s 87,000. The tide of battle swept to and fro along\\nthe line the whole day without either side gaining any\\nmaterial advantage. The loss on each side was nearly\\nequal about 12,000 and Sharpsburg must be considered\\na drawn battle. After waiting a day for McClellan to make\\n*At the second battle of Manassas the Confederate artillery, newly-\\norganized by Lee s chief of artillery, General William N. Pendleton, first\\ntook the important place it afterwards held in the Army of Northern\\nVirginia.\\nW. N. PENDLETON.\\n(Virginia.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862. 295\\nanother attack, Lee returned to Virginia and recruited his\\nexhausted army and improved its equipment with the arms\\ntaken at Harper s Ferry.\\n16. Battle of Fredericksburg. McClellan was again\\nremoved from his position, and A. E. Burnside was placed\\nin command. The new Federal com-\\nmander with a well-equipped army of\\n125,000 men decided to advance against\\nRichmond by way of Fredericksburg.\\nLee quickly massed his army at the\\nlatter place. Lender cover of a furious\\ncannonade, the Federal army crossed\\nthe Rappahannock River on pontoon\\nbridges and bravely attacked the Con-\\nA. E. BURNSIDE. fcdcratcs behind hastily constructed\\n(Indiana.) breastworks (December 13th). Six times\\nthe blue Federal line charged up Marye s Heights the key\\nto Lee s position only to be driven back as many times.\\nWhen night came, 12,000 Federal soldiers and 5,000 Con-\\nfederates lay dead or wounded on the icy plain. Burnside\\nwithdrew his shattered forces across the Rappahannock, and\\nthe two armies remained encamped on opposite sides of the\\nriver until the following spring.\\n17. Operations Along the Coast and on the Ocean, 1862.\\nRoanoke Island, an important Confederate position on\\nthe coast of North Carolina, was forced to surrender to an\\noverwhelming Federal force. This victory g*ave Albemarle\\nSound to the Federals, and left the southeastern part of\\nVirginia at their mercy. Fort Pulaski, defending Savannah;\\nFort Macon, at the mouth of Beaufort harbor; New Berne,\\nin North Carolina, and several harbors on the Florida coast\\nwere also seized by Federal war-vessels. The capture of\\nthese places left fewer shelters for vessels which dared the", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "296 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\ndangers of the Federal blockade. As the risk of capture\\nincreased, the number of blockade runners became constantly\\nless.\\nHowever, immense injury was done to Federal commerce\\nduring the war by the Confederate vessels on the ocean.\\nThere were three cruisers especially active the Alabama\\n(built for the Confederates at Liverpool), the Florida, and\\nthe ShciiaiidoaJi. These vessels had to slip away from Eng-\\nland unarmed and then pick up their guns and crews. Com-\\nmanded by Captain Raphael Semmes, who had already done\\ngood service on the Sumter, the Alabama cruised with great\\nsuccess in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The Florida,\\nunder Captain John H. Maffett, also captured many Federal\\nmerchantmen. The Shenandoah cruised in the Atlantic and\\nPacific oceans, and captured hundreds of whaling-vessels in\\nthe Behring Sea. Several months after the war was over\\nshe surrendered to the British consul at Liverpool.\\ni8. Condition of the Confederacy, 1862. Except the\\nshort extent of coast between Charleston and Savannah,\\nand one or two points in North Carolina, the Federal troops\\nand vessels now held all the Atlantic and most of the Gulf\\ncoast, as well as the Mississippi River above Vicksburg and\\nbelow Port Hudson. The close blockade kept supplies from\\nthe South, so that, at the end of 1862, the army was in great\\nneed of tents, clothing-, medicine, arms, and equipments of\\nall sorts.\\nIt was all the Southern railroads could do to move the\\narmies and transport food for them. Each region of country\\nhad, therefore, to raise ])rovisions enough to feed its popula-\\ntion. When an army swept over a district, the people had\\neither to move away or suffer want. During the last years\\nof the war, the sufiferings of the people can hardly be\\nimagined.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862. 297\\nThe South had scarcely any gold or silver. Paper was\\nthe only currency, and it was fast becoming worthless. Sup-\\nplies, formerly obtained from the North or from Europe,\\nwere now harder to get, and commanded enormous prices.*\\nThe devotion of the Southern women will always Ije\\nremembered. They made clothing for the soldiers, and took\\nthe carpets from their floors and made them into blankets.\\nThey nursed the sick and wounded; took charge of farms\\nand plantations; they cared for and directed the thousands\\nof negroes left dependent upon them, and, though their loved\\nones languished in prison or lay dead on the battle-field,\\nthey never lost their trust in God and in the righteousness of\\ntheir cause.\\n19. The Advantage with the North. In the field, the\\nFederal troops had not been so successful on the whole as\\nthe Confederates. In the East, they had entirely failed in\\ntheir attempts on Richmond, and the brilliant victories of Lee\\nand Jackson had thrilled the world. But all Missouri, north-\\nern Arkansas, Kentucky, and the greater part of Tennessee\\nhad fallen into their hands. West Virginia was also added\\nto the Federal States. t The North also had more gold and\\nCoffee was scarce at $20 a pound. Tea cost even more. Kid gloves,\\nwhicli ran the blockade, sold for from five dollars to twenty-five\\ndollars a pair. Shoes, fine dress-goods, paper, books, pins, needles,\\nbuttons, scissors, sewing material, and other little necessaries of life\\nwere hard to get at ten times their former prices. Silk fringes and\\nhome-made thread of cotton or flax, were used to mend old garments\\nor make the few new ones. Colleges were closed, professors and\\nstudents having all gone to the army. Some schools were taught by\\ndisabled soldiers who received their board and a small amount of\\nalmost worthless Confederate money for their services.\\nt Early in 1861, the forty-eight counties in Virginia which had refused\\nto take part in secession were recognized by the Federal Government\\nas if they were the whole State of Virginia, and sent members to the\\nFederal Congress. Francis H. Pierpont was the governor. The Pier-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "298 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nsilver money, and its paper money had never fallen below\\nthirty-four cents in gold for one dollar in greenbacks. The\\nports were open to European countries, and business relations\\nwere not so interrupted as in the South.\\n20. War Prisoners. The Federal Government at first\\nrefused to make any arrangements for the exchange of\\nprisoners of war, although commanders in the field frequently\\nexchanged the prisoners they held. Late in 1861, the\\nFederal Congress insisted that arrangements should be made\\nfor an immediate exchange of prisoners, of whom the South\\nthen held the greater number. As the Confederate Govern-\\nment also desired such an arrangement, in July, 1862, an\\nagreement for the exchange of prisoners was made. This\\nwas carried out with some regularity up to the summer of\\n1863. After that time, the North refused to exchange, and\\nthe prisons North and South became overcrowded. A larger\\nper cent, of soldiers died in prison than on the battle-field.*\\n21. Emancipation Proclaimed January 1, 1863. Mr.\\nLincoln had declared more than once that the question of\\nslavery had nothing to do with the conflict between the two\\nsections of the country. Li his inaugural address, he said\\npont government organized these counties into a new State, known as\\nWest Virginia. This new State was admitted into the Federal Union\\nin 1863. Pierpont, claiming to be the governor of Virginia, then moved\\nhis government to Alexandria, where it remained till after the war.\\nTennessee, after the fall of Fort Donelson, was for a while given repre-\\nsentation in the Federal Congress. Conventions of Southern sympa-\\nthizers had met in Missouri and Kentucky, voted those States into the\\nConfederacy, and elected provisional legislatures. Representatives\\nchosen by these legislatures or by the soldiers from these States, had\\nseats in the Confederate Congress, so that there were two sets of Con-\\ngressmen, one in Washington and one in Richmond.\\nThe number of Confederate soldiers in Northern prisons from first to\\nlast was 220,000 and of Federal troops in Southern prisons, 270,000. Of all\\nConfederates confined in Northern prisons, 26,200 died; of Federal troops\\nin Southern prisons, 22,500 died.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 862. 299\\nthat he had no purpose, inchnation, nor right to interfere\\nwith the institution of slavery. But he had now come to the\\nconclusion that the North w^ould be stimulated, if the war\\nwas made one ag-ainst slavery. In September, 1862, just after\\nthe battle of Sharpsburg, Mr. Lincoln notified the Confed-\\nerate States that, unless they returned to the Union within\\none hundred days, he would declare their slaves forever free.\\nThe Southern States paid no attention to this notice, and on\\nthe first of January, 1863, Air. Lincoln issued a proclamation\\ndeclaring- the slaves in the seceded States not held by Fed-\\neral troops absolutely and forever free. Of course, Mr. Lin-\\ncoln had no constitutional right as President to abolish\\nslavery. His action carried no other authority than that\\nwhich the President exercised as commander-in-chief of the\\nmilitary forces of the Federal States. Slaves were not eman-\\ncipated by Mr. Lincoln s proclamation, but by the thirteenth\\namendment to the Laiited States Constitution.\\nQuestions. 1. What was the situation in the East in 1862? 2. What\\nplan did General McClellan adopt to capture Richmond? 3. What\\ncaused him a delay of two months? 4. Tell about the construction of\\nthe u-fiiiii(i. 5. What did she accomplish the first day in Hampton\\nRoads? 6. Describe the battle between the Monitor and the Tirginia.\\n7. What effect did this battle have upon the navies of the world?\\n8. Why was General Johnston unsuccessful in the battle of Seven Pines?\\n9. Who was put in command of the Confederate forces after the battle\\nof Seven Pines? 10. What victories did Jackson gain in the Valley?\\n11. What were the results of Jackson s campaign? 12. What was the\\ncomparative strength of McClellan s and Lee s armies? 13. What did\\nGeneral Stuart accomplish by his raid around McClellan? 14. Which\\nof the Seven Days battles did the Confederates win and which the\\nFederals? 15. What were the losses on each side? 16. How did Lee\\nforce McClellan to withdraw his army from the Peninsula? 17. Why\\nwas Jackson s position so critical after his capture of Manassas Junc-\\ntion? 18. Tell about the second battle of Manassas. 19. To what city\\ndid the Federals retreat? 20. Where did Lee take his army after this\\nbattle? 21. Why was McClellan so anxious to attack Lee? 22. How\\nwere his plans disconcerted by Jackson? 23. How many troops were", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "300\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nengaged at Sharpsburg, and what was the loss on each side? 24. What\\nwas Burnside s plan for capturing Richmond? 25. When and where\\nwas he defeated? 26. What places along the coast were captured in\\n1862? 27. What effect did it have upon the blockade? 28. What three\\ncruisers did immense damage to Federal commerce? 29. What was\\nthe condition of the Confederacy in 1862? 30. What did the women of\\nthe South do for the soldiers? 31. Give your reasons for saying that\\nthe result of the war in 1862 was favorable to the North? 32. Tell\\nabout the exchange of war prisoners. 33. When was the Emancipation\\nProclamation issued, and what authority did this proclamation carry?\\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nWAR IN THE WEST, 1 863.\\n1. Grant against Vicksburg. The Northern plan of cam-\\npaign in 1863 was the same as that of 1862. At the end of\\nour account of the war in the est\\nin 1862, Grant was preparing- to at-\\ntack Vicksburg. A few Federal gun-\\nboats had succeeded in running past\\nVicksburg and Port Hudson, but\\nthe Confederates still held the Mis-\\nsissippi River between these points.\\nAll communication between the two\\nsections of the Confederacy east and\\nwest of the Mississippi depended\\non the possession of that river. The\\ndefence of Vicksburg was entrusted to General John C. Pem-\\nberton, and General U. S. Grant devoted his energies to its\\ncapture. By skillful generalship he prevented Johnston from\\njoining Pemberton, whom he forced l)ack into Vicksburg.\\n2. Vicksburg Captured. On May 19th, Grant invested\\nthe city. Heavy assaults upon the Confederate entrench-\\nments were made on the 19th and again on the 22d. In both\\nCOMMODORE FOOTE.\\n(Connecticut.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 863.\\n301\\nCAMPAIGNS IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.\\nattacks the Federals were repulsed with such severe loss that\\nGrant changed hi.^\\nplan and began a\\nregular siege oi\\nthe city. Federal\\nvessels on the\\nwater front and\\npowerful land bat-\\nteries now joined\\nin the siege anc\\nhurled shot anc\\nshell continuousl}\\ninto the city. Fo\\nwant of ammuni\\ntion, the Confed-\\nerate guns rarely replied. Grant s army was reinforced\\nuntil it numbered 80,000 men, and he fortified his rear\\nso strongly that it was impossible for Johnston, with his army\\nof 25,000, to come to the relief of the city.\\nWant of food soon became a powerful ally to the besieging\\narmy. By the last of May, the Confederates had only half\\nrations of bacon, and supplies of all sorts grew rapidly less.\\nBacon was soon replaced by scanty rations of mule meat.\\nAn effort from Arkansas to relieve them failed, and their\\ncondition grew worse day by day. Realizing that the city\\ncould not be defended much longer, Johnston informed\\nPemberton that he would attack Grant on July 7th, and\\nurged the garrison to co-operate- with him and try to cut its\\nway out. The end came before that time. General Pember-\\nton s army was starving, and on July 4th he surrendered the\\ncity and his army of 31,600 men. The men were paroled and\\nallowed to go home.\\nThe paroling took some time, and the starving Confederates were\\nprovided with rations by their captors. The soldiers showed them much", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "302\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n3. The Confederacy Cut in Two While Grant was\\nbesieging Vicksburg, Port Hudson, the last Southern forti-\\nfication on the Mississippi, had been invested by General\\nBanks, and on July 8th, surrendered. The whole of the great\\nriver was now open to Federal vessels, and Louisiana,\\nTexas, and Arkansas were cut ofT from the rest of the Con-\\nfederacy.\\n4. Morgan s Raid. Early in June, General Morgan,\\nwith 2,000 cavalry, a part of Bragg s army, started on his\\nfamous raid. He swept into Kentucky, cheering his friends,\\nfrightening his foes, and enlisting a number of recruits. He\\nboldly crossed the Ohio River, and dashed through Ohio\\nand Indiana. AMthin a week, he had taken and paroled\\n6,000 prisoners, cut many railroads, destroyed $10,000,000\\nworth of public property, and terrified the population\\nof two States. By this time, his men and horses were\\nboth worn out. The Governor of Ohio had called out\\nthe militia, and the roads were all am-\\nbuscaded. The Ohio River was guarded\\nby gunboats and by forces on the shore,\\nand Morgan and many of his men were\\ncaptured. Morgan afterwards escaped\\nfrom the j^enitentiary in which he was\\nconfined.\\n5. Battle of Chickamauga. Since the\\nbattle of Murfreesboro the two armies in\\nTennessee had been inactive, but by the\\nmiddle of June, Rosecrans army had\\nbeen strongly reinforced, while Bragg s force had been weak-\\nS. ROSECEAN?\\n(Ohio.)\\nkindness, and when the gallant defenders marched out of their en-\\ntrenchments, forebore uttering a single cheer of triumph. Much of this\\nforbearance was, no doubt, due to General Grant, who directed the\\ncommands to be orderly and quiet as these prisoners pass. and to\\nmake no offensive remarks.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 863. 303\\nened by sending- troops to Mississippi. When Rosecrans\\nadvanced from Mnrfreesboro (June 23d) Bragg- slowly fell\\nback to Chattanooga.\\nAs Rosecrans moved down the valley west of Lookout\\nMountain, Bragg left Chattanooga for Chickamauga Valley\\nin order to protect the railroad into Georgia. Rosecrans at\\nonce occupied the city, and on September 19th he ad-\\nvanced against Bragg. In the first day s fight, Bragg made\\nan unsuccessful attempt to get between Rosecrans and\\nChattanooga. Longstreet, who after the battle of Gettys-\\nburg had been sent with 5,000 troops to reinforce Bragg,\\narrived, and was given command of the left of the Confederate\\narmy. Bragg ordered his whole line to attack very early\\nthe next day. Longstreet, taking advantage of a gap in the\\nenemy s line, drove back the Federal right, where General\\nRosecrans was commanding in person, until both right and\\ncenter fled in confusion to Chattanooga. General Thomas,\\nwho commanded the Federal left, successfully resisted the\\nConfederate attacks, and thus saved the Federal army from\\nutter rout. In the night, however, Thomas fell back. Bragg\\nhad put 50,000 men into the battle; Rosecrans, 55,000. In-\\ncluding prisoners, the loss on each side was about 16,000.\\nConsidering the numbers engaged and the losses, this was\\nprobably the bloodiest battle of the war.\\n6. Siege of Chattanooga. General Bragg allowed the\\nFederal army to withdraw into the fortifications at Chatta-\\nnooga. He followed slowly, and occupied the heights in front\\nof the city. Flis line extended from the northern crest of\\nLookout Mountain across Chattanooga Valley to the top of\\nMissionary Ridge. In a short time the Federal situation\\nbecame extremely critical. The troops in Chattanooga were\\nsuffering for food, clothing and supplies of all sorts, and their\\nhorses and cattle were dying of hunger. In this emergency,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "304\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nG. H. THOMAS\\n(Virginia.)\\nthe Federal authorities turned to the men who had been\\nsuccessful in Mississippi. Grant was ordered to take\\ncommand at Chattanooga. Hooker\\nfrom irginia and Sherman from\\nicksbm g were hurried thither with\\nreinforcements. On October 23d,\\nGeneral Grant reached Chattanooga,\\nand soon succeeded in suj^plying- am-\\nnumition. food and clothing to his des-\\ntitute soldiers.\\nA\\\\ hile Grant s army was being made\\nstronger, that of Bragg was suddenly\\nweakened. President Davis came to\\nTennessee late in October, and sent Longstreet with 15,000\\nmen to drive Burnside from Knoxville. When Grant learned\\nof this movement, he determined to strike Bragg s weakened\\narmy, hoping that a victory would give him an opportunity\\nto reinforce Burnside. The opportune arrival of Sherman s\\ncorps swelled his army to 80,000 men. while Bragg s force\\nwas little more than half as large.\\n7. Battle of Missionary Ridge. On November 24th,\\nHooker s corps captured Lookoiu Mountain, which had been\\nleft w eakly defended. The Confederates now fell back across\\nChattanooga creek, burnt the bridges, and occupied a strong\\nposition on Missionary Ridge. The battle of Missionary\\nRidge began the next day by an attack of Sherman s force\\nupon the Confederate right. To strengthen this point, Bragg\\nweakened his center very nnich. Grant, in order to take\\nadvantage of this fact, ordered Thomas to advance. His line\\nswept forw ard, captured the ritie-pits at the foot of the Ridge,\\nand then swarmed up the mountain side and over the earth-\\nworks. The Confederates gave way and retreated before\\nDid not resign from the United States army at the outbreak of the war.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE WEST, 1 863. 305\\nthem in ntter rout. The abandonecl ^uns were seized Ijy the\\nr^ederals and turned upon the fleeing men. Bragg retreated\\nto Dalton, Georgia.\\nThe losses in this battle were about 6,000 on each side, but\\nmost of the Southern loss was of men captured without a\\nwound. General Grant kept up the pursuit of Bragg for\\nsome days. Before beginning this pursuit, however, he sent\\nheavy reinforcements to Burnside. This forced Longstreet\\nto abandon his fruitless siege of Knoxville, and placed east\\nTennessee once more under the control of Federal armies.*\\nBragg was now superseded by General Joseph E. Johnston.\\nQuestions. 1. Why was Grant so anxious to capture Vicksburg?\\n2. How long did the siege of Vicksburg last? 3. What forced the Con-\\nfederates to surrender? 4. What was the result of the capture of Vicks-\\nburg? 5. What did Morgan accomplish in his raid through Indiana\\nand Ohio? 6. Who were the commanders in and what was the result\\nof the battle of Chickamauga? 7. To what city did Rosecrans retreat?\\n8. What was the condition of his army in a short time? 9. What did\\nthe Federal authorities do under these circumstances? 10. What gave\\nGrant a favorable opportunity to attack Bragg? 11. Describe the battle\\nof Missionary Ridge. 12. What were the losses in this battle? 13. What\\neffect did it have upon the siege of Knoxville? 14. Who succeeded Bragg\\nin command?\\nThrough Admiral Farragut, nearly the whole Texas coast had been\\nsecured by the Federals. General Magruder, commanding the Con-\\nfederate forces in Texas, converted two river steamboats into war-ships,\\nand, with the help of a small infantry force, attacked the Federal\\ngunboats and garrison on Galveston Island. The Harriet Lane was\\ncaptured. The Federal flagship, the Wefitfield, in getting out of range\\nof the batteries, ran aground, and was blown up. The other ships\\nescaped, but the garrison surrendered, and the Confederates recovered\\npossession of Galveston. Later in the year, a fleet of Federal gunboats,\\naccompanied by transports carrying 5,000 men, attemptea to capture\\nFort Grigsby at Sabine Pass. This fort was garrisoned by forty-two\\nmen, commanded by Richard Bowling. As a result of the attack on the\\nfort, the Federal fleet was repulsed. Without the loss of a single man\\nof the garrison, three of the gunboats were forced to surrender, and\\n200 Federals were captured or wounded.\\n20*", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "306\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nJOSEPH HOOKER.\\n(Massachusetts.)\\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\\nWAR IX THE EAST, 1 863.\\n1. Hooker Advances against Lee. The Federal army in\\nVirginia had been recruited during the\\nwinter of i862- 63 to 132,000 men, and\\nplaced under command of Fighting-\\nJoe Hooker. Lee still held Fredericks-\\nburg, and, when Hooker began his ad-\\nvance late in April, he could muster only\\n53,000 men. Sending Sedgwick with a\\nforce nearly as large as the Confederate\\narmy to hold Lee at Fredericksburo-\\nHooker with his main army crossed the\\nRappahannock River and threw up\\nentrenchments around Chancellorsville a plantation settle-\\nment in the heart of a dense growth of trees and bushes\\nknown as The Wilderness.\\n2. Battle of Chancellorsville. With a boldness which the\\ngravity of the situation demanded, Lee, having left a small\\nforce under General Early at Fredericksburg, divided his\\nmain army and sent Jackson to attack the Federals in the\\nrear. His men fell on the Federals like a thunderbolt from\\na cloudless sky (May 2d). They rushed forward through the\\nundergrowth, clambered over the breastworks, drove all\\nbefore them, and shortly before nightfall captured the\\nentrenchments, less than half a mile from Hooker s head-\\nquarters. Jackson now rode forward in the dark with his\\nstaff to examine the enemy s position. As they returned to\\nthe Confederate lines, the party was mistaken for a squad\\nof Federal cavalry, and was fired into by his own men. Two\\nof them fell dead, and Jackson, among others, was severely\\nwounded. A. P. Hill, the second in command, was disabled\\nby the same volley.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 863.\\n307\\n3. The Battle on Sunday, May 3d. When Lee heard\\nof Jacksoir s wound,* he directed Stuart\\nto continue the attack. At daybreak,\\nl)oth wings of the Confederate army ad-\\nvanced and by 10 A. M. the Federals\\nhad been driven from all their positions\\naround Chancellorsville to heavy en-\\ntrenchments nearer the Rappahannock.\\nLee re-formed his weary army and pre-\\npared to attack their new position.\\nLearning that Sedgwick had captured\\nFredericksburg and was advancing on\\nhis rear, Lee hastened with a strong force to assist Early.\\nThe Federals were soon routed and driven across the river\\n(May 4th). Lee now returned to attack Hooker, but found\\nthe whole Federal army had retreated the night before across\\nthe Rappahannock. Hooker had lost 17,000 men, and his\\ndefeat occasioned much alarm at Washington. The Con-\\nfederate loss was 10,000.\\n4. Lee Moves North. After General Jackson s death,\\nGeneral Lee divided his army into three corps, with Long-\\nstreet, Ewell, and A. P. Hill as their re-\\nspective commanders, and prepared for\\nanother move northward. On the 3d\\nof June he set out with Longstreet s\\nand Ewell s commands, leaving A. P.\\nHill s corps in front of Hooker s 1 18,000\\nmen. This movement caused Hooker to\\nleave his strongly fortified camp north\\nof Fredericksburg in order to keep be-\\ntween Lee s army and Washington.\\nA. P. Hill then followed his comrades\\nacross the Potomac into Maryland.\\nOn May lOtli, Jackson died. General Lee s exclamation that any\\nvictory is a dear one which deprives us of the services of Jackson\\nproved to be a true one. His loss to the Confederacy was irreparable.\\nJAMES A. LONGSTREET.\\n(South Carolina.)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "308 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nBy invading- the Xorth, General Lee hoped to obtain food\\nand su])plies for his army, and to reHeve Virginia of the drain\\nwliich had nearly exhausted her resources. To do this, the\\narmy took possession of food, cattle, horses, and whatever\\nelse was necessary, but it was done in a regular and orderly\\nway by the quartermasters and commissaries. Whenever\\ndemanded, official receipts were given for all articles taken.\\nThese receipts furnished the holders a means of proving their\\nloss and the Federal Government, in many cases, made these\\nlosses good. All soldiers and officers were bidden to abstain\\nwith most scrupulous care from unnecessary or wanton injury\\nto private property. Lee s second and\\nmore important object was to draw the\\nFederal army out of Virginia. Conster-\\nnation and dread filled the North. Wash-\\nington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and\\nNew York expected to be attacked. The\\nmilitia of all the adjacent States was\\ncalled out. General Hooker was relieved,\\nat his own request, and George G. Aleade\\nwas put in his place, with orders to meet\\nGEO. G. MEADE. ^liuI fight Lee, but at the same time to\\n(Pennsylvania.) |^,ggp between him and Washington.\\n5. First Day s Fight at Gettysburg. Near Gettysburg\\n(July 1st), A. P. Hill engaged and drove back the Federal\\nadvance. Towards the close of the fight. General Lee came\\nup and directed -Ewell to capture their strong position on\\nCemetery Hill. A report that the Federals were advancing-\\non his rear delayed Ewell, and it was thought best not to\\nattack until the next morning.\\n6. Second Day s Fight. This attack, however, was\\nnot made until 4 o clock in the afternoon, after Meade s whole\\narmy had come up and taken position. Had Lee s orders\\nfor an earlv attack been executed, the result miHit have been", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 863.\\n309\\ndifferent. Longstreet, on the right, drove the Federals from\\ntheir advanced positions, and Ewell, on the left, penetrated\\nthe Federal line and occupied a position on Gulp s Hill.\\nHood s Texans pushed on and swarmed up the rocky slope\\n^ILT.S\\nMAP OP^ GETTYSBURG\\nto seize I he important position of Little Round Top. Vin-\\ncent s Federal brigade, climbing up the other side of the hill,\\nreached the top a moment earlier than the Texans, and a\\nhand-to-hand fight for the summit took place. The struggle", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "310\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nlasted a half-hour, but the Federals had the firmer foothold\\nand forced the Texans back. The day s battle closed with\\nthe Federal troops still holding- the crest of the hill.\\n7. Third Day s Fight.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As the Federals had lost very\\nheavily. General Lee hoped that by a vigorous attack early\\non the ^d of July, he might carry their positions. Long-\\nstreet was, therefore, ordered to attack on the right with\\nPickett s three brigades which had not yet\\nbeen engaged, while Ewell at the same\\ntime (daybreak) was to assail the works in\\nhis front. Four brigades, commanded by\\nthe gallant General Pettigrew, and sup-\\nported by two of Pender s North Carolina\\nbrigades under Trimble, were to attack\\non Pickett s left. The Federal right antici-\\npated Ewell s attack, and opened a heavy\\nartillery fire on him at 4 A. AL, and after\\nfour hours fighting drove him from the position within their\\nworks which he had gained the day before. Lee s orders to\\nattack at daybreak were not carried out, and it was not until\\nI P. AL that the battle opened with the\\nmost furious artillery engagement ever\\nheard on this continent. At the end of\\nan hour the Confederate ammunition\\nwas so nearly exhausted that firing had\\nto cease, and the Federal guns seemed to\\nhave been silenced. But when Pickett s,\\nPettigrew s, and Pender s men advanced\\nacross the open plain to charge the\\nbreastworks on Cemetery Hill, the Fed-\\neral artillery burst forth again and poured\\na storm of shot and shell into the ad-\\nvancing Confederates, while want of ammunition prevented\\nGEORGE E. riCKETT.\\n(Virginia.)\\nW. D. PENDER.\\n(North Carolina.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "WAR IN THE EAST, 1 863. 311\\nthe Southern guns from replying. Undeterred by this\\nmurderous fire, the gallant Southerners moved steadily\\nforward, closed the gaps in their lines made by the Federal\\nshot, and Pickett s men seized their outer works. The\\nnecessary supports which had been ordered by General Lee\\nwere not brought up, and the men who had performed one\\nof the most daring deeds recorded in all\\nhistory were driven back after one-half\\nof their number had been shot down.\\nThe repulse of this desperate charge\\nended the hardest fought battle of\\nthe war. Lee had lost 16,000 men\\nkilled and wounded, and 5,000 prison-\\ners. Meade s loss was 23,000.\\nLee waited a day for Meade to attack,\\nand then fell back slowly into Virginia,\\nfirst to Winchester and then behind w. s. hancock.\\nthe Rapidan. Meade followed. For the (Penney vama.\\nrest of the year, nothing of any importance was done in\\nVirginia.\\nThe battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the war.\\nLee was ever afterward compelled to be on the defensive.\\nAll hope of aid for the Confederacy from European countries\\nwas now lost. The day after Lee s defeat at Gettysburg,\\nGrant captured Vicksburg, and from this time on the duration\\nof the war was merely a question of Southern endurance\\nagainst Northern resources.\\n8. Operations Along the Coast, 1863. As the Federals\\nwere especially anxious to secure Charleston, South Caro-\\nlina, Admiral Dupont, with a strong naval force, was sent to\\ncapture it. By direction of General Beauregard the fleet was\\npermitted to pass the batteries on Morris Island without\\nreceiving a shot, but when they came within range of", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "312 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nSumter, the guns of the fort and islands opened on them\\n(April /th). The war-ships replied fiercely, directing their\\nprincipal attack against Fort Suixiter. Iron cables and sunken\\npiles prevented the ships from passing round the fort. They\\ntherefore poured in a terrific fire from the front, but the\\nSouthern guns proved too strong even for the monitors.\\nIn less than an hour, the powerful fleet was compelled\\nto withdraw. The Kcokiik was so injured that she sank near\\nSullivan s Island, and others of the monitors received such\\ninjury that they had to be taken back to Port Royal. Later\\nin the summer, General Gilmore made another equally un-\\nsuccessful attack upon Charleston. The blockade all along\\nthe coast was still vigorously maintained.\\n9. The State of the War at the Close of 1863.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nyear had been a very successful one for the Northern armies,\\nand most disastrous for the South. The Federals had gained\\npossession of the Mississippi River, thus cutting the Confed-\\neracy in two, and held much of Arkansas and Louisiana west\\nof the river. They occupied Tennessee and northern Missis-\\nsippi, and made devastating raids into Alabama and Georgia.\\nGettysburg had been lost, and the northern part of Virginia\\nwas in Federal hands. The limits of the Confederacy were\\nnarrowed on all sides, and its resources were crippled and\\novertaxed. There were thousands of deserters from the\\nSouthern armies. It was impossible to enforce the conscrip-\\ntion laws, and, from the desertions and the heavy losses in\\nthe many severe battles, there were scarcely more than\\n400,000 men on the Confederate rolls at the close of 1863,\\nand fully one-third of these were absent from the ranks. The\\nFederal armies at this time numbered largely over 1,000,000.\\nIn this state of aiTairs, the North was naturally exultant,\\nthough a respectable minority desired to give up the war\\nagainst the South. Notwithstanding all their suiTerings and", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864. 313\\nreverses, and the great disparity of numbers, the Southern\\npeople and the Confederate Government preserved a buoyant,\\ndetermined spirit, and hoped for ultimate success.\\nQuestions. 1. What was the comparative strength and situation of\\nthe armies in Virginia at the beginning of 1863? 2. What plan did\\nGeneral Lee adopt to drive Hooker from Chancellorsville? 3. What was\\nthe result of this plan? 4. What two generals were wounded at Chan-\\ncellorsville? 5. Why did Lee have to give up his attack on Hooker s\\narmy? 6. Who were the commanders of the three divisions of Lee s\\narmy after Jackson s death? 7. What two objects did General Lee\\nhave in invading the North? 8. How were supplies obtained? 9. What\\neffect did his advance have upon Northern cities? 10. When and where\\ndid the armies meet, and who was the Federal commander? 11. What\\nwere the results of the first two days fighting? 12. What troops made\\nthe charge on the third day? 13. When had this attack been ordered,\\nand when was it made? 14. What was the result? 15. Where did\\nGeneral Lee go from Gettysburg? 16. What effect did Gettysburg have\\nupon the Confederate cause? 17. Describe the operations against\\nCharleston. 18. What was the condition of the Confederacy at the close\\nof 1863? 19. Find on the map all places mentioned.\\nCHAPTER XL.\\nWAR IN I\\n1. Plan of the Campaign in 1864. The Federal plan for\\n1864 was to overrun all the States of the Confederacy, if pos-\\nsible; but the main desire was to take Richmond. The year\\nopened with war in many parts of the Confederacy. Let us\\nnotice the progress of the war (i) in Florida, (2) in Missis-\\nsippi, (3) in Louisiana, (4) in Georgia and Tennessee, (5) in\\nVirginia, and (6) on the high seas.\\n2. The War in Florida, 1864. At Olustee, near Ocean\\nPond, in Florida, the Confederates under General Finnegan\\ndefeated (February 20th) General Seymour, at the head of\\nabout 7,000 men, a great part of whom were negroes. The", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "814\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nX. B. FORREST.\\n(Tennessee.)\\nConfederate force captured i,8oo prisoners. By this defeat\\nthe Federal troops were driven from Florida.\\n3. Sherman in Mississippi. In February, Sherman with\\na well-equipped army left Vicksburg with the purpose of\\ndestroying the railroads in Mississippi and\\nSouthern Alabama. Having occupied\\nMeridian an important railroad center\\nSheniian destroyed the crops and railroads\\nfor miles around; he then burned most of\\nthe town and returned to Vicksburg. A\\nlarge cavalry force which had started from\\nMemphis to join him was met at Okolona,\\nMississippi, and driven back with heavy\\nloss by Forrest and his cavalry.*\\n4. Fighting in Louisiana. After Sherman had returned\\nto Vicksburg, he sent a part of his forces across the Missis-\\nsippi River to assist General Banks in an expedition up the\\nRed River to capture Shreveport and to move on into Texas,\\nBanks had about 40,000 men, with gun-\\nboats and transports. General Dick Tay-\\nlor, son of old General Zachary Taylor,\\ncommanded the Confederate forces in\\nLouisiana. Taylor could not prevent\\nBanks advance, and fell slowly back be-\\nfore him. With 15,000 men, he attacked\\nBanks (April 8th) near Mansfield, and by\\nnightfall drove him from the field with\\ngreat loss. At Pleasant Hill, the retreat-\\ning army made a stand and checked the\\npursuit, though it suffered more loss than\\nit inflicted. Banks now fell back to New Orleans. By the\\ntime he reached there, he had lost a third of his army.\\nAfter this, Forrest moved again into western Tennessee, gained\\nseveral successes there, and besieged Fort Pillow, a fortified post on\\nRICHARD TAYLOR.\\n(Louisiana.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864. 315\\n5. Plans of General Grant and General Sherman. At\\nthe ciOse of 1863, the Federal troops in Tennessee were in\\nthe vicinity of Chattanooga.* Grant, the hero of Vicksburg\\nand Missionary Ridge, was their commander. He had been\\nthe most successful Federal general; therefore, in March,\\n1864, Lincoln made him commander-in-chief of the Federal\\nforces. Sherman was, at the same time, given the command\\nfrom the Alleghany Moimtains to the Mississippi, and\\nMcPherson was put in Sherman s place at the head of the\\nArmy of Tennessee. There were only two Confederate armies\\nof any strength left in the field at the close of 1863 Lee s\\nforce on the Rapidan, and Johnston s at Dalton, Georgia.\\nGrant determined to strike both at once. He ordered Sher-\\nman to move against Johnston and break up his army, and\\nthen to march to the sea, destroying as he went everything\\nwhich the Confederates might use to help them in carrying\\non the war.\\n6. Sherman in Georgia. In accordance with Grant s\\norders, Sherman, on Alay 4th, moved with nearly 100,000\\nthe bluff a little above Memphis. He demanded its surrender; when\\nthis was refused, he assaulted the fort, and on April 12th captured it.\\nThe garrison fled toward the gunboats while a murderous cross-fire\\nfrom the Confederate muskets mowed them down. About five hundred\\nwere slain or drowned. During the summer, Forrest greatly injured\\nthe Federal cavalry and communications in western Tennessee, northern\\nMississippi, and Alabama. On Tishomingo Creek, in Mississippi, on\\nJune 10th, with 3,500 men, he defeated 10,000 Federal troops and killed\\nand captured more than 2,000 of them. Other brilliant exploits followed,\\nall intended to destroy Sherman s communications and supplies.\\nGeneral John Morgan, who was employed with his cavalry in east\\nTennessee and southwest Virginia, determined to prevent a Federal\\nexpedition into Virginia by leading another raid into Kentucky. With\\nlittle over 2,000 men he dashed into Kentucky, and captured Cynthiana\\nand its garrison. A large Federal force attacked him next day, and\\ndrove his command into Tennessee. Morgan was captured and killed.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "316\\nXEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nwell-equipped men against Dalton. Johnston had about\\n40,000 poorly provided soldiers, but he was afterwards joined\\nby Polk s corps, 19.000 strong. Sherman s first object\\nwas to destroy Johnston s army and capture Atlanta. The\\ngreat superiority of the Federals made it impossible for John-\\nston to maintain an advanced position, much less to move\\nforward, as he was urged to do by the Confederate W^ar\\nDepartment.\\nSHERMAN S MARCH.\\n7. Continued Flanking Movements. The rough, moun-\\ntainous country afforded so many strong positions for de-\\nfence that Sherman adopted the tactics of continually\\nflanking the Southern army, instead of attacking it in its\\nfortifications. The Confederate army was thus forced to fall\\nback from Dalton to one strong position after another, Sher-\\nman always moving around its flank. There were constant\\nskirmishes and several severe encounters; at Resaca and New\\nHope Church strong Federal attacks were repulsed; at Kene-\\nsaw Mountain, Sherman was held in check a month. But", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864.\\n317\\nthe flanking- process was renewed, and Johnston was forced\\nto fall back to the outer defences of Atlanta.*\\n8. Siege of Atlanta. Just at this time, when Johnston was\\nin a more favorable condition for fighting than he had been\\nbefore, the authorities in Richmond, not understanding his\\ndifficulties, relieved him and placed General Hood in com-\\nmand of the army. As Hood had been put in command to\\nfight, he abandoned Johnston s tactics and took the defen-\\nsive; but after three unsuccessful attacks (July 20th, 22d,\\nand 28th), in which the Confederate loss was 8,000 men.\\nhe withdrew into the fortifications of Atlanta, and the city\\nwas invested.\\nAfter the siege had lasted forty days, Sherman captured the\\nrailroad to Macon, w^hich fur-\\nnished the Confederate army\\nwith supplies; this forced Hood\\nto evacuate Atlanta (September\\n1st). General Sherman at once\\noccupied the city, and put his\\nmen in camp for a needed rest.\\nThe depots, factories, and prin-\\ncipal buildings were destroyed,\\nand all the surrounding country\\nlaid waste. The capture of\\nAtlanta, with the railroads cen-\\ntering there, w^as another severe\\nblow to the South, as it cut off\\nmost valuable supplies from the people and the armies.\\n9. Hood s Raid to the Rear. While Sherman was\\nresting in Atlanta, Hood moved off into Tennessee. He\\nthought that by getting into Sherman s rear and destroying\\nW. T. SHERMAN.\\n(Ohio.)\\nDuring this retreat General Polk was killed, and General A.\\nStewart succeeded him in command.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "318\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nhis communications, he coiikl force him to abandon Georgia.\\nThe only hope for success from this movement was by a\\nrapid advance; but just before reaching Chattanooga, Hood\\nturned his course southwest towards Gadsden, Alabama.\\nAs soon as Sherman learned of Hood s departure, he\\nordered Thomas into Tennessee and\\nplaced 60,000 men under his com-\\nmand. Wdien Hood at length advanced\\ninto middle Tennessee with 35,000 men,\\nthe Federal army fell back before him\\nfrom place to place. On November 30th,\\nhe attacked the fortifications at Franklin,\\nwhere General Schofield was in command.\\nAfter one of the most hotly contested\\nbattles of the war, the Confederates were\\nvictorious, and Schofield retreated in the\\nnight. The victory was dearly bought\\nwith the loss of 6,000 men and five generals, among them the\\ngallant General Cleburne. The Federal loss was about 3,500.\\nHood pushed on to Nashville, where he was attacked by\\nThomas (December 15th and i6th), and routed.\\n10. Result of Hood s Expedition.\\nIn this campaign in Tennessee, Hood\\nlost about 27,000 men killed, wounded\\nand deserters; the Federals, perhaps, half\\nas many. But the South lost far more\\nthan men and arms. All hope of recover-\\ning and holding Kentucky, Tennessee,\\nand Mississippi, and the States west of\\nthem, was destroyed.\\nli. Sherman s March to the Sea. On November 15th,\\nwhile Hood was in Alabama, Sherman, having burned\\nAtlanta, set out with 65,000 men. As there was no army to\\np. R. CLEBURNE.\\n(Arkansas.)\\nB. F, CHEATHAM.\\n(Tennessee.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864.\\nB19\\nresist him, he ordered his men to subsist on the fertile\\ncountry. The troops moved on different roads, but all were\\nto direct their course to Savannah. They moved forward\\nrapidly, leaving behind them a track of desolation and ruin.\\nSherman reached the vicinity of Savannah on December loth.\\n12. Fall of Savannah. Having taken\\nFort McAllister, he summoned the city\\nto surrender, vowing vengeance if it did\\nnot. As General Hardee had too few\\nmen to defend the city, he withdrew\\nhis army during the night, and moved\\ntowards Charleston. Sherman s army\\nmarched m on the 21st. Sherman had\\nfully carried out Grant s orders. He had\\nforced the Confederates out of Tennessee\\nand Georgia, and had cut off the main\\nW. J. HARDEE.\\n(Georgia.)\\nsource of supplies and ammunition for the Confederacv.\\nCAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA.\\n13. Grant in Virginia. Sherman had accomplished one of\\nGrant s plans; now let us see what Grant had to contend wath\\nin trying to accomplish the task which he himself undertook,\\nnamely, the capture of Richmond. Grant established his\\nheadquarters with Meade s army in Virginia. Grant had all\\nBefore turning to Grant s campaign in Virginia, mention ought to\\nbe made of the Confederate attempt to take Missouri. In September of\\nthis year, General Sterling Price entered Missouri with 10,000 men. He\\ndid not wish to make a mere raid, but to occupy and hold the State.\\nHe moved through a large part of it, almost without hindrance, raising\\nthe hopes of the Confederates, and injuring Federal property. But\\nnumbers of his men, who had not seen their families for several years,\\ndeserted him to return home. Troops were gathered to oppose him. He\\nwas attacked and defeated on October 23d, and again on the 24th. His\\narmy was cut up and demoralized, and he was obliged to retreat to\\nArkansas.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "320 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nthe resources of the Federal Government at his disposal. He\\nfound 125,000 men and 325 cannon on the northern bank of\\nthe Rapidan. Sigel with a considerable force was sent to move\\nup the Valley of Virginia and cut off Lee s supplies. Butler\\nwas directed to come with his 30,000 men from Fortress\\n^lonroe towards Richmond, to co-operate with Meade. Lee\\nhad only 62,000 men and 224 guns with which to meet the\\ngreat hosts coming against him.\\n14. Battles of the Wilderness. Grant s army crossed the\\nRapidan on May 4th, expecting to turn Lee s flank. Lee,\\nhowever, anticipated the Federal movement, and both armies\\nplunged into the Wilderness. The Federal generals knew\\nlittle about the country, and had no idea that Lee s force\\nwas within a few miles of them. The advance guards met\\non the morning of May 5th, and the battle began and con-\\ntinued all day without definite results. Owing to the dense\\ngrowth, one could see only a few yards away. To manoeuver\\nwas impossible, and cavalry and artillery were nearly useless.\\nGeneral Grant ordered his whole line to attack at 5 o clock\\non the morning of the 6th. His attack was repulsed by the\\nopportune arrival of General Longstreet.* When night\\ncame, the balance of success was on the Confederate side.\\nThe dead and wounded lay everywhere among the tangled\\ngrowth, and, as the woods took fire from shot and shell, many\\nof them perished in the flames.\\n15. Battles Around Spotsylvania Courthouse. On the\\n7th, the two armies watched each other all day. Grant\\nIt was here that General Lee met some of Longstreet s force coming\\nforward at a double-quick. He saw that they were Texans, and called\\nout, Hurrah for Texas! Hurrah for Texas! and rode to their front\\nwith the order, Charge. The soldiers, fearing lest their beloved\\ncommander might be shot, cried Lee to the rear! A gray-haired\\nsergeant seized his bridle, and said: General Lee, if you do not go\\nback, we will not go forward. The general yielded to this appeal, and\\nthe gallant Texans swept on, changing the tide of battle.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864. 321\\nintended during the night to slip by Lee s right, but Ander-\\nson had been sent to Spotsylvania Courthouse, where he\\narrived in time to assist Stuart s cavalry in heading off\\nGrant s advance. The Southerners thus had possession of\\nthe roads, and the choice of position. From the 8th to the\\n20th of May, heavy assaults were made on Lee s lines. By\\none of these assaults, a projecting point in the Confederate\\nearthworks was captured, and with it two generals, 3,000\\nmen and 24 guns. At this point, known as Bloody\\nAngle, the battle raged fiercely until in the night, but the\\nFederals could not break through the Confederates second\\nline of defence. Stout oak trees were cut down by musket\\nballs during the fight.\\n16. Second Cold Harbor. On the night of May 20th,*\\nthe Federal army made a fiank movement towards the North\\nAnna River, but Lee was so quick that Grant was faced\\nagain. On June 3d, the two armies met again at Cold\\nHarbor, their positions in the form.er battle being reversed.\\nGrant threw his men on Lee s works in a tremendous assault.\\nThey advanced in double lines six miles long, but could\\naccomplish nothing, as Lee s men, behind their breastw^orks,\\nreceived little injury. Grant lost, in less than a half-hour,\\n12,000 men. The soldiers finally refused to make another\\nattack, and at midday offensive operations were suspended.\\nDuring the month of this campaign, Grant had 192,000\\nmen in the field, and had lost 60,000 of them in getting to\\nIn the mean, time, a grievous loss had befallen the Southern cause.\\nSheridan, with 10,000 Federal cavalry, had ridden towards Richmond,\\nintending to cut Lee s communications. Stuart followed him with less\\nthan 4,000 men. A fierce but unequal fight took place between them\\nat Yellow Tavern, six miles from Richmond. Here Stuart received a\\nwound from which he died next day. General Wade Hampton suc-\\nceeded him in command of the cavalry, and soon proved himself a\\nworthy successor to that gallant fighter.\\n21*", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "322 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nthe place which McClellan had reached two years before.\\nLee, with all his reinforcements, had, from the Wilderness\\nto Cold Harbor, only 78,400 men. His loss is nowhere\\nexactly stated, but it is estimated at 20,000. Grant knew,\\nhowever, that though Lee s loss was much less than his\\nown, he could by continually hammering away destroy Lee s\\nentire army. He had already received heavy reinforce-\\nments and could get any additional aid he asked for.\\n17. Siege of Petersburg. When General Grant s assault\\non the Confederate line at Cold Harbor failed, he moved\\nhis army to the south side of the James River, hoping by this\\nmove to seize Petersburg and to cut Richmond ofT from\\ncommunication with the South. Failing to capture Peters-\\nburg by a direct attack. Grant dug a mine under a part\\nof the Confederate works, hoping to enter through the breach\\ncaused by the explosion. The result was a disastrous failure, j\\nSigel, who was to advance up the Valley, had been defeated at New\\nMarket, on May 15th, by Breckinridge. In Breckinridge s army, a\\nbattalion of boys, cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, fought\\nlike veterans. If Butler had moved promptly from Fortress Monroe\\nhe might have seized Petersburg, but he moved slowly, and was, on\\nMay 16th, attacked by Beauregard and shut up in the neck of land\\niDCtween the James and Api3omattox rivers. Thus bottled up, he could\\nmake no use of his 30,000 men. Twelve thousand five hundred of them\\nwere afterwards carried across the James to Grant s army before\\nRichmond.\\nt The explosion took place very early on the morning of July 30th,\\nwith a deafening roar and a mighty upheaval of earth. As this mass\\nrose, it burst and scattered stones, timbers, weapons, and mutilated\\ncorpses everywhere around. Two hundred and fifty South Carolinians\\nand twenty-two Petersburg artillerymen were buried beneath the ruins.\\nA breach was made in the Confederate line, but Lee had a strong\\nbattery stationed back of the mine. When the Federals advanced they\\nfound themselves on the edge of an enormous hole or crater, piled with\\nruins. The Confederate cannon and mortars opened upon them as they\\nplunged into the hole. The fire poured into their ranks prevented them\\nfrom climbing out and occupying the open space beyond. The Confed-\\nerates hurried up, and the resistance became stronger every moment.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864.\\n823\\nThe siege of Petersburg, which lasted ten months, was\\nmarked by another important event, viz., the capture l3v\\nGrant of one of the two railroads that connected Richmond\\nwith the South. I ee made several desperate but unsuccess-\\nful attempts to recapture it.\\nTHE CRATER.\\n(From a sketch taken just after the explosion of the mine, July 30, 1864.)\\n18. Early Threatens Washington. In order to draw\\na part of General Grant s force from before Richmond,\\nGeneral Early, with 10,000 troops, was ordered to threaten\\nAgain and again, the charge of the Federal troops was driven back.\\nThe Crater became crowded, and the Confederate fire more and more\\ngalling. Burnside now ordered up his negro soldiers, but they could\\nnot face the deadly fire which met them, and broke and ran for their\\nlives some into the Crater, some to the refuge of their own lines. The\\nmen huddled in the Crater were being slaughtered by shot and shell.\\nThose who were left alive raised the white flag of surrender. The\\nscene, where the dead and mangled were piled up in the Crater beneath\\nthe burning sun, was ghastly beyond description. This horrible affair\\ncost Grant 4,000 men, and Lee about as many hundred.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "324\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nJUBAL A. EARLY.\\n(Virginia.)\\n\\\\\\\\^ashington. After having driven Sigel and several thousand\\nmen into the defences at Harper s Ferry, he crossed the\\nPotomac at Shepherdstown. At Alono-\\ncacy Bridge, he defeated (July 9th) a\\nstrong Federal force.\\nHe then hurried on to \\\\\\\\^ashington.\\nThe defences, however, were too strong\\nto be taken by his small force; so, after\\nthreatening the city for a day, he with-\\ndrew to Virginia and finally took posi-\\ntion below Winchester, ready to ad-\\nvance or fall back up the Valley.\\n19. Sheridan Against Early. General Grant now sent\\nGeneral Sheridan, with 55,000 men, to drive Early from the\\nValley. On September 19th, Sheridan attacked Early at\\nWinchester, and after a hard fought battle, in which both\\nsides lost heavily. Early was driven back.\\nOn the morning of October 19th, Sheridan s entrenched\\ncamp near Cedar Creek was surprised by General Early. The\\nFederal troops were driven back at\\nfirst. Early s half starved men,\\nthinking their foes routed, stopped\\nto plunder and refresh themselves\\nwith the comforts and luxuries in\\nthe deserted camp. In the mean-\\nwhile, the Federals had been rallied\\nand in turn attacked the Confed-\\nerates and utterly routed them, cap-\\nturing their guns, wagons, and\\nmany of the troops. This disaster\\nalmost destroyed Early s wasted army, and there was nothing\\nleft to check Sheridan s progress through the Valley, where\\nhis track was marked by fire and destruction.\\n20. Affairs at Sea, 1864. The Confederate cruisers had\\nPHILIP SHERIDAN.\\n(New York.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864.\\n325\\ndone great damage to Federal merchant vessels. The Ala-\\nbama alone had destroyed about $10,000,000 worth of ships\\nand cargoes. She was much battered by her long cruise in\\nthe Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, and went into the\\nharbor of Cherbourg, France, for repairs. While in the\\nharbor, she was challenged by the Kearsargc, commanded\\nby Captain Winslow. The Kearsargc had a thick defence\\nof iron chains concealed under the planking on her sides.\\nOf this Captain Semmes had no knowl-\\nedge, and, therefore, when challenged,\\nhe accepted, though he might have\\navoided a fight. On the 19th of June,\\nthe Alabama steamed out of the harbor\\nof Cherbourg, and the fight began. The\\npowder on the Alabama was very de-\\nfective, and her shot did little damage\\nto the chain-clad Kearsargc, while the\\ngallant little cruiser was soon torn to\\npieces and in a sinking condition. The\\nboats of the Alabama could save only\\na part of the crew. The rest jumped\\ninto the water before she went down\\nand most of them were picked up by\\nthe English yacht Deerhound, which\\nhad watched the fight, and by French\\npilot boats.\\nMobilef one of the few ports\\nopen to blockade-runners was cap-\\ntured by Admiral Farragut (August\\n5th).\\n21. Mr. Lincoln Re-elected, 1864.\\nIn November, 1864, a presidential election was held in the\\n*Did not resign from United States navy at outbreak of war.\\nt Lashing his vessels together so that if one was disabled the engines\\nof the other would carry both onward, Farragut bravely fought his\\nR. SKMMES.\\n(Maryland.)\\nADMIRAl- FARR.4GUT.\\n(Tennessee.*)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "326\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nXorthern States. Mr. Lincoln was the nominee of the\\nRepubhcan partv. The Xorthern Democrats had ah alone\\nbeen divided on the question of the war. The Confederate\\nsuccesses early in the year, and General Grant s failure to\\ndestroy General Lee had greatly strengthened the Peace\\nDemocrats or Copperheads. Li a convention at Chicago,\\nthey nominated General ^McClellan, and urged, amono- other\\nMA i;v THE KEARSAR(\\nthings, that steps should be taken to secure a speedy peace.\\nThe successes of Thomas and Sherman revived the hopes of\\nthe Xofth. and :Mr. Lincoln was re-elected by an enormous\\nmajority. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, was elected ice-\\nPresident.\\n22. The Confederacy at the Close of 1864 The Con-\\nfederacy was now in desperate straits. Her territory was\\ncut to pieces anrl overrun by Federals. Her money was\\nworthless; her resources exhausted. Her few soldiers were\\nway past the forts guarding the entrance to the harbor and engaged the\\nfleet beyond. All of the Confederate vessels except the ironclad Tinmssee\\nwere soon silenced. The whole Federal fleet now turned on the Tcnnes-\\nser, which was heroically defended until she became unmanageable.\\nThe fort was soon reduced, but the city was not captured until after\\nLee s surrender the next year.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "WAR IN 1864. 327\\nhalf naked and half starved, and the people at home were\\nlittle better off. There were no means of repairing- the rail-\\nways destroyed by the invading armies. A majority of the\\nable-bodied white men in the South had been killed or\\ndisabled in battle, or by disease and exposure, and thousands\\nof them were languishing in Northern prisons. The taking\\nof horses and cattle for army purposes and the widespread\\ndevastation of the Federal armies, bade fair to add famine\\nto the other calamities of the South.\\nThe Federal power, meanwhile, had gained immensely\\nduring the year. It now held Tennessee, Missouri, and most\\nof Mississippi and Alabama, had wasted Georgia and the\\nValley of Virginia, and had nearly destroyed Hood s, Price s,\\nand Early s armies. Grant and Sherman were making ready\\n200,000 men to crush the army defending Petersburg. The\\nend was plainly drawing near.\\nQuESTioxs. 1. What was the chief object of the Federals in 1864?\\n2. What victory was gained in Florida by the Confederates? 3. For\\nwhat purpose did Sherman leave Vicksburg, and what did he do at\\nMeridian? 4. What happened to the cavalry that was coming to his\\nassistance? 5. When, where, and by whom was Banks advance de-\\nfeated? 6. Tell of Morgan s last raid and death. 7. Who was made\\ncommander-in-chief of the Federal army, and what plans did he adopt?\\n8. What was the comparative strength of Sherman s and Johnston s\\narmies? 9. What battles were fought during the retreat to Atlanta?\\n10. Who was put in Johnston s place, and for what reason? 11. What\\nwas the result of Hood s attack on Sherman s lines? 12. How long\\ndid the siege of Atlanta last, and how did Sherman force Hood to\\nevacuate the city? 13. What was the next move made by General Hood,\\nand for what reason? 14. What was the comparative strength of\\nHood s and Thomas armies? 15. What two battles did these armies\\nfight, and with what results? 16. Describe Sherman s march through\\nGeorgia. 17. Why was Savannah evacuated? 18. What had Sherman\\nFlour was $300 a barrel, and in the far South could not be obtained.\\nCorn meal was $50 a bushel, coffee $30 and tea $50 a pound. Dry goods\\ncould not be bought. Ladies turned and returned their old clothing\\nor wore homespun cotton, woven by hand. They made hats and bonnets\\nof wheat straw and palmetto, and trimmed them with feathers and\\nstraw flowers. They fashioned gloves of old silk stockings and bits of\\ncloth. A general s pay was only $300 a month, other officers got less;\\nthe privates scarcely anything.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "328\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\naccomplished? 19^. What was the comparative strength of the two\\narmies in Virginia at the beginning of 1864? 20. Where did the two\\narmies meet, and with what results? 21. Tell of the battle of Spotsyl-\\nvania Courthouse. 22. How many men had Grant lost since the begin-\\nning of this campaign? 23. Tell of the battle of the second Cold Harbor.\\n24. Against what city did Grant proceed after this battle? 25. What two\\nimportant events marked the siege of Petersburg? 26. Why was Early\\nsent against Washington, and with what results? 27. Tell about the\\nbattle of Cedar Creek. 28. When, where, and why was the AJahama\\ndefeated? 29. What city on the Gulf was captured by Admiral Farragut?\\n30. Tell of Mr. Lincoln s re-election in 1864. 31. What was the condi-\\ntion of the Confederacy at the close of 1864?\\nCHAPTER XLI.\\nCLOSE OF THE WAR, 1865.\\n1. Capture of Fort Fisher.- Europe had threatened to\\ndisregard the blockade unless it was enforced along the North\\nCarolina coast. Eort Fisher, protecting Wilmington, was\\nthe only port left in the South, and its capture was of the\\nhighest importance. An expedition against it, under Gen-\\neral Butler, in December, 1864, had accomplished nothing.\\nOn January 6th, General Terry was sent thither with\\n20,000 infantry. Admiral Porter s fleet of fifty-nine vessels\\nfive of them ironclads was to co-op-\\nerate with Terry. After bombarding\\nthe fort for three days, the Federal\\nfleet and land force attacked it. The\\nstorm of shot and shell from the fleet\\nknocked down the walls of the fort,\\nexploded the powder, and made the\\nplace so hot that the infantry force\\n^captured the outer works. For the\\ninner defences, a hand-to-hand strug-\\ngle was carried on for hours in the\\nsubterranean passages. After General\\nWhiting had been mortally wounded. Colonel Lamb entirely\\ndisabled, and hundreds of the small but heroic garrison killed\\nADMIRAL PORTER.\\n(Pennsylvania.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE WAR. 1865.\\n329\\nor wounded, the fort was surrendered. Wilmington soon fell\\ninto the hands of the Federals, and thus the second object of\\nthe North the blockade of all Southern ports was accom-\\npHshed.\\n2. Sherman s March into South Carolina. On February\\nist, General Sherman set out from Savannah with 65,000\\nmen. Wheeler s cavalry did what they\\ncould to impede his march by obstruct-\\ning the roads and destroying the\\nbrido;es, but thev could not materiallv\\ndelay the advancing hosts. Their course\\nthrough South Carolina was one of de-\\nvastation; the destruction and plunder-\\ning were even worse than in Georgia, f\\nNo effort was made to restrain the sol-\\ndiers; they burned dwellings, granaries\\nand factories, and destroyed private\\nproperty of all kinds.\\n3. Sherman in South Carolina.\\nSherman s direct march for Columbia,\\nthe capital of South Carolina, obliged Hardee to evacuate\\nCharleston. This he did on February 17th, first burning the\\nJOSEPH WHEELER.\\n(Alabama.)\\nOn February 3d of this year an informal Peace Conference took\\nplace on board a ship in Hampton Roads, between President Lincoln\\nand Mr. Seward on one side, and Vice-President Stephens, Mr. Hunter\\nof Virginia, and Judge Campbell of Louisiana, on the other. Mr. Lincoln\\nwould near of no conditions of peace except the immediate return of\\nthe South to the Union. The Southern commissioners were instructed\\nto require the recognition of the Confederacy. The two demands could\\nnot be made to harmonize and the conference accomplished nothing.\\nt Sherman s march through Georgia and South Carolina stands as\\none of the most destructive campaigns ever experienced by any invaded\\ncountry. Everything along his course became a prey to plunder and\\ndestruction. According to his own account, Sherman did the State of\\nGeorgia $100,000,000 damage.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "330\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\ncotton, and the arsenals and other pubHc property. A large\\nquantity of powder accidentally exploded, and kindled a fire\\nwhich destroyed much of the city. Charleston had made an\\nheroic defence for four years, and bore everywhere marks of\\nthe shot and shell hurled into it, and the flames which had\\ndesolated it. The Federals occupied the city on the 21st,\\nbut found its beauty gone, and its once fair streets scarred\\nand mutilated.\\nSherman occupied Columbia on February 17th. He prom-\\nBUENING OF COLUMBIA, S. C.\\nised that nothing except public property should be destroyed,\\nand that not a finger s breadth of the city should be burned.\\nContrary to this pledge, the soldiers began to plunder and\\npillage the city. Finally, it was burned, and, if not by Sher-\\nman s orders, without any hindrance from him.*\\n4. Sherman in North Carolina. Joseph E. Johnston,\\nGeneral Sherman tried to create the impression that General Hamp-\\nton had destroyed Columbia by firing some cotton bales before evacu-\\nating the town. General Hampton denied this, and hundreds of wit-\\nnesses testified that no fires broke out until after Sherman s men\\nentered the town. In his Memoirs, General Sherman says that the fire\\nwas accidental, and that he accused Hampton in order to shake\\nthe faith of the South Carolinians in him.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE WAR, 1865.\\n831\\nhaving been put in command again, collected a force of about\\n22,000 men with which to oppose three armies Sherman s\\nfrom South Carolina, Terry s from Wilmington, and Scho-\\nfield s from Kinston. The Confederates made determined\\nstands at Averysboro and Bentonville;\\nat the latter place (March 19th) they\\nsuccessfully resisted every attempt of\\nSherman to drive them back. Fearing,\\nhowever, that he might be crushed by\\noverwhelming forces, Johnston with-\\ndrew to Raleigh. Sherman now pro-\\nceeded to Goldsboro to meet Terrv\\nand Schofield, and soon his army\\nnumbered 100,000 men. It was evi-\\ndent that Johnston could not over-\\nWADE HAMPTON.\\n(South Carolina.) couic such odds, but he prepared to\\nresist in every way possible the advance of Sherman s host.\\nEvents in irginia, however, soon made further resistance in\\nNorth Carolina useless.\\nCAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA.\\n5. Opening of Campaign in Virginia. Lee s position at\\nPetersburg was fast becoming desperate. He had 35,000\\nhalf-starved and poorly-equipped men to defend thirty miles\\nof entrenchment, and this number was being constantly di-\\nminished by battles and desertions. The conscription act\\ncalling out all males between the ages of fifteen and sixty\\ncould not be strictly enforced; thus, there was little pros-\\npect of an increase in Lee s army. Grant had under his im-\\nmediate command 120,000 well-equipped soldiers and was\\npreparing to concentrate around Richmond all the available\\nFederal force in the South. Lender these circumstances Lee\\ndecided that his only hope of continuing the struggle lay in\\nleaving Petersburg and Richmond and uniting his army with\\nJohnston s in North Carolina.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "332\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\n6. Attack on Fort Steadman. To force Grant to weaken\\nhis left wing, near which ran the most direct road to North\\nCaroHna, Lee sent a strong force under General John B.\\nGordon against Fort Steadman (]\\\\Iarch 25th). The fort was\\ncaptured by a gallant charge, but overwhelming numbers and\\nULYSSES S. GKA.XT,\\n(Ohio.)\\nlack of proper support forced Gordon to retire with a loss of\\nover 3,000 men.\\n7. Five Forks. To prevent Lee s retreat to southwest\\nVirginia, Sheridan s cavalry and two infantry corps were sent\\nto capture the railroad leading to Danville. To check this\\nmovement, Fitz Lee s cavalry and Pickett s division of in-\\nfantry attacked Sheridan and drove him back with heavy loss\\n(March 31st). Sheridan being reinforced by his infantry.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE WAR, 1865. 333\\nrenewed the battle next day, near Five Forks. The Confed-\\nerates were driven back wdth heavy loss. This was the be-\\nginning of the end, as Lee s right w^as now completely turned.\\n8. Richmond and Petersburg Evacuated The next\\nmorning (/\\\\pril 2d) at daybreak Grant s whole army ad-\\nvanced in an overwhelming assault, driving the Confederates\\nto an inner line of defence. The only thing now possible\\nwas to evacuate Petersburg, and this meant the evacuation of\\nRichmond* also.\\n9. Lee*s Retreat. During the night of April 2d, Lee\\nleft Petersburg for Amelia Courthouse, to which place\\nhe had ordered supplies for his army. By mistake they had\\nbeen sent to Richmond and tw^enty-four hours w^ere con-\\nsumed in collecting scanty provisions for\\nhis starving troops. The delay w^as fatal, as\\nit gave Grant time to get ahead and seize\\nthe railroad leading to Danville, thus cut-\\nting ofT retreat in this direction. Lee s\\nmarchf was now directed towards Lynch-\\nburg; the soldiers had no food except a\\nlittle parched corn and many sank ex-\\nhausted by the roadside. When Lee\\nreached the neighborhood of Appomattox\\nCourthouse, he found out that the Fed- john b. gordon.\\nerals had already occupied the place and\\ncaptured a train of provisions intended for his army. By the\\nBefore General Ewell left the city he fired the tobacco warehouses\\nto keep the tobacco from being captured. The bridges over the river\\nand the vessels were also burned. The fire spread from house to house\\nuntil the whole business part of the city was in flames. Much disorder\\nand drunkenness prevailed, and stores and private houses were broken\\ninto and looted. On Monday, April 3d, Grant s advance guard marched\\ninto Richmond. With much difiiculty the Federals succeeded in saving\\nthe city from total destruction by fire.\\nt On April 6th, the weary and starving rear of the retreating army,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "334\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nmorning- of April 9th, there were 40.000 Federals in front and\\n25.000 close l)ehind Lee s 10,000 men. Gordon and Fitzhugh\\nLee led a last attack and drove back the advance forces of the\\nFederals, but heavy columns behind these made further ad-\\nvance impossible.\\n10. Lee Surrenders. Two davs before this. Grant had\\noffered Lee generous terms of surrender.\\nWhen Lee saw\\nJ^^ ^^rlw\\nmmm\\n^r\\nii^m\\nkJ^^ jA\\nLEE LEAVING APPOMATTOX.\\nthat all hope of escape was gone, he felt that it was his duty\\nto his soldiers to yield. Accordingly he sent a flag of truce,\\nand asked for an interview with Grant. The two command-\\ners met at the house of ]vlr. A\\\\ i]mer McLean, near Appo-\\nmattox Courthouse.\\nThe terms of surrender were quickly written out. The\\ncommanded by Ewell, was attacked at Sailor s Creek by a greatly\\nsuperior force. His command of 10,000 men was surrounded, and all\\nof them except 250 were killed, wounded, or captured.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE WAR, 1865. 335\\nmen and officers were to be paroled, on a pledge not to take\\nup arms until properly exchanged. The officers could retain\\ntheir side-arms, private horses, and baggage. All other prop-\\nerty and arms were to be given up, and the army was to be\\ndisbanded and allowed to go home. Lee s troops had\\nlearned of the surrender before he returned to them, and they\\ncrowded around him striving to touch him or even his horse.\\nThe anguish of defeat and surrender was like death to them.\\nLee. too, wept as with a broken voice he bade them return\\nto their homes and prove themselves as worthy in peace\\nas they had been in war. Such was the parting between Lee\\nand the tattered remnants of the Army of Northern Virginia.\\nGeneral Grant showed much magnanimity to the defeated\\narmy. As at Vicksburg, he permitted no display of exul-\\ntation over his fallen foes. After he had arranged to carry\\nout the details of surrender, he went at once to Washington.\\nII. End of the War. Ten thousand men under arms were\\nsurrendered at Appomattox, 8,000 of them infantry, the rest,\\ncavalrv and artillery. The broken-down soldiers and strag-\\nglers broug-ht up the number paroled to 28,350.\\nThe surrender of Lee proved to be the real ending of the\\nwar. Johnston, in a few weeks, surrendered to Sherman all\\nthe Confederate troops east of the Mississippi, on the same\\nterms made between Lee and Grant; and Kirby Smith, west\\nof the Mississippi, followed with the surrender of the forces\\nunder him. In all, about 267,000 men, scattered from Appo-\\nmattox to the Rio Grande, surrendered. After a time\\n1,200,000 Federal soldiers were mustered out. The total loss\\nof life, including those killed in battle and those that died\\nfrom wounds or disease, amounted to 650,000. The war had\\ncost the Federal Government on an average of $2,000,000\\na day. This amount was raised by a high tariff, internal\\nrevenue taxes, the sale of government bonds and issuing\\npaper money. National banks were chartered and required", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "336\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nto buy government bonds to secure the payment of all paper\\nmoney issued by them.\\n12. Lincoln and the Seceded\\nStates. At Lincoln s second in-\\nauguration, a little more than a\\nmonth before Lee s surrender, he\\nhad said in regard to his proposed\\ntreatment of the Southern States\\nthat he would act Svith malice\\ntowards none, with charity for all.\\nLincoln had been determined to\\nforce the South to a reunion with\\nthe North, but, after the surrender\\nof its armies, he would probably\\nhave been the best and strongest\\nfriend of the South. In 1863, he\\nhad issued a proclamation that any\\nseceded State should be received\\ninto the Union whenever one-tenth\\nof its voters should have taken the\\noath of allegiance to the United\\nStates and re-established a State\\ngovernment. Louisiana and Ar-\\nkansas had already organized such\\nofovernments, and it seemed likelv\\nthat the other States would, by a\\nsimilar process, soon unite with the\\nNorthern States in re-forming the\\nL^nion.\\n13. Assassination of President Lincoln. All hope of a\\nliberal policy towards the South, based on Mr. Lincoln s\\nmagnanimity, was destroyed by his assassination. On Good-\\nFriday night, April 14, 1865, he was in a box at Ford s\\nTheatre, in Washington, when John Wilkes Booth, an actor,\\nsoldiers and sailors monument.\\n(Richmond, Va.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CLOSE OF THE WAR, 1865.\\n337\\nentered the box and shot him.* Lincohi died the next morn-\\ning, and Vice-President Andrew Johnson became President.\\n14. The Capture of Mr. Davis When Richmond was\\nevacuated, Mr. Davis left that city for Danville, expecting-\\nLee and Johnston to unite\\nand make a successful\\nstand. Lee s surrender de-\\nstroyed this hope, and Mr.\\nDavis determined to push\\nat once across the Missis-\\nsippi, and there try to se-\\ncure some favorable terms\\nfor the South froiii the\\nFederal Government. In\\nCAPTURE OF MR. DAVIS\\nGeorgia, he joined his\\nfamily to protect them\\nfrom marauders. Having\\ngotten them to a place of\\nsafety he was about to start\\nfor the West when he was\\ncapturedf by a party of\\nFederal soldiers.\\n15. Imprisonment of\\nMr. Davis. A reward of\\n$100,000 had been offered for the capture of Mr. Davis, and,\\nbecause of the belief that he had something to do with Mr.\\nLincoln s assassination, he was treated in a manner which\\nBooth escaped, but was overtaken in Virginia and shot while resist-\\ning arrest. The closest investigation could find no one implicated in\\nthe assassination except Booth and a man named Powell. Several\\nfriends of Booth, however, were tried and hanged by a military com-\\nmission in order to quiet the popular clamor for vengeance.\\nt The mistaken idea that Mr. Davis attempted to escape in woman s,\\nclothing arose from his having on, at the time of his capture, his wife s-\\nshawl to protect him from the rain.\\n22^", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "338 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nwill always remain a blot on the pages of American history.\\nHe was carried to Fortress Monroe, where he remained in\\nprison for nearly two years. An indictment of treason was\\nthen brought against him. The trial of Major Wirz for the\\nconduct of Andersonville prison showed nothing against Mr.\\nDavis, and not a shadow of evidence of his connection with\\nBooth s crime was ever shown. On the 13th of May, 1867,\\nhe was bailed by the United States Court, at Richmond.\\nHis bail was placed at $100,000, and Horace Greeley and other\\nNorthern men went on the bond. The ablest lawyers of the\\nNorth gave it as their opinion that Mr. Davis could not be\\nconvicted, and about a year afterwards the prosecution for\\ntreason was finally abandoned. Mr. Davis passed the re-\\nmainder of his life quietly, more beloved and honored by\\nthe Southern people, amid his misfortunes, than when he was\\nPresident of the ill-fated Confederacy.\\n16. New States. During Lincoln s administration two\\nnew States were admitted by the Federal Government West\\nVirginia in 1863, and Nevada in 1864.\\nQuestions. 1. Why was it so important for the North to capture Fort\\nFisher? 2. Tell how it was captured. 3. Describe Sherman s march\\nthrough South Carolina. 4. How did Sherman force the Confederates\\nto evacuate Charleston? 5. What did the Federal soldiers do in\\nColumbia? 6. Who was sent to oppose Sherman? 7. What two battles\\ndid these armies fight, and with what results? 8. What was the condi-\\ntion and size of the two armies in Virginia at the opening of the cam-\\npaign? 9. Why did Lee attack Fort Steadman? 10. What Federal\\nmovement brought on the battle of Five Forks? 11. What effect did\\nthis battle have upon Lee s position? 12. Describe Lee s retreat to\\nMr. Davis died in New Orleans on December 6, 1889. In May, 1893,\\nhis remains were taken to Richmond and laid in Hollywood Cemetery.\\nWherever the funeral train halted, large crowds gathered to honor his\\nmemory, and a great procession of old soldiers and citizens escorted\\nthe sacred dust to its final resting place, where an appropriate monu-\\nn:ent is being erected to his memory.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "[1865]\\nJOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION.\\n339\\nAppomattox. 13. Why was he forced to surrender? 14. What were\\nthe terms of the surrender? 15. How many men were there in Lee s\\narmy when it surrendered? 16. What effect did Lee s surrender have\\nupon other Confederate armies in the field? 17. What was the cost of\\nthe war in men and money? 18. How did Mr. Lincoln propose to treat\\nthe seceded States? 19. What happened to him on April 14th? Who\\nbecame President? 20. Tell of Mr. Davis movements after the evacua-\\ntion of Richmond. 21. Where was he imprisoned, and for what was he\\ntried? 22. How did the trial result? 23. What States were admitted\\nto the Union during this administration? 24. Find on the map all\\nplaces mentioned.\\nCHAPTER XLII.\\nJohnson s administration, 1865-1869.\\nI. Condition of the Country Within a few months, the\\nlarge Federal armies were disbanded; but, though the War\\nbetween the States\\nwas over, both\\nNorth and South\\nhad been upturned\\nin the struggle, and\\nreal peace and har-\\nmony did not soon\\nfollow the cessation\\nof hostilities. At the\\nSouth, everything\\nwas in a state of\\nruin. The railroads\\nwere almost imfit\\nfor use. The banks were all destroyed, and there was no\\nmoney. In large areas of the country the lands lay waste,\\nthe cattle were gone, fences had disappeared, and the mills and\\nmany dwellings were only heaps of ruins. No manufactories\\nSOUTHERN SCENE AT CLOSE OF WA]", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "340\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\n[1865\\nwere left. Freeing the slaves deprived the South of property\\nvalued at $2,000,000,000. The whole system of labor was\\ndestroyed. The negroes, most of whom had been faithful to\\ntheir masters and their duties during the war, were utterly\\ndemoralized.\\n2. Courage of the Southerners Under Defeat The de-\\nfeated Southern soldiers encountered the ruin and desolation\\nof their homes with the same courage that had given them\\nstrength to contend against heavy odds on the battle-field.\\nTo comfort and support the loved ones, who rejoiced in his\\nreturn while mourning over his defeat, became the first duty\\nand chief interest of every surviving Southerner. Offtcers\\nand privates alike used the horses left them by General Grant\\nto raise food for their wives and children. Others did what-\\never offered them a livelihood. They drove drays and street-\\ncars, worked in machine-shops, cut wood in the forests, and\\nthe most cultivated and elegant men in the South put their\\nhands with a will to every kind of labor.\\n3. General Lee Becomes a College President. Southern\\nschools and colleges had almost died out during the war.\\nThe States at once took\\nsteps to revive them. Gen-\\neral Lee himself became\\nPresident of Washington\\nCollege, now Washing-\\nton and Lee University,\\nin Virginia, and devoted\\nhis energies to training\\nhis youthful countrymen\\nto become useful and pa-\\ntriotic citizens. Numbers\\nof the students and pro-\\nLEE MONUMENT, RICHMOND, VA. fcSSOrS, who gathcfcd\\naround him, had followed him to battle, and they now sought", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "MONUMENT TO CONFEDERATE DEAD IN HOLLYWOOD CEMETERY\\n(341)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "1869] Johnson s administration. 343\\nto fit themselves, under his guidance, for the duties of peace.\\nHe died at his home, in Lexington, Virginia, October 12,\\n1870.\\n4. Submission to Federal Laws. The pohtical issues of\\nthe time were all unsettled, and the Southern people were to\\nhave no voice in deciding them. Believing that they had\\nfought for what was legal and just, they quietly submitted to\\nthe fate which war had brought them, and were determined\\nto keep their paroles, and to obey the Federal laws. There\\nwas great uncertainty as to what those laws would be. Mr.\\nLincoln had held that a State could not get out of the Union.\\nHe had recognized the provisional government of Virginia\\nearly in the war, and afterwards that of Louisiana, Ten-\\nnessee, and Arkansas. Had he lived, he would, no doubt,\\nhave organized similar governments in each of the seceded\\nStates, and the South would have been spared the unjust\\ntreatment which she afterwards received.\\n5. Andrew Johnson s Position. Like Mr. Lincoln, An-\\ndrew Johnson held that the seceded States had never been\\nout of the Union, and that the war had been fought solely to\\ncompel them to return to their allegiance to the Union. The\\npersons and lives of the soldiers who\\nsurrendered to General Grant and to\\nother Federal generals were protected\\nby the terms of their paroles, and Gen-\\neral Grant demanded that those terms\\nshould be complied with. Johnson s\\nposition was not one to be envied.\\nBefore the war, he had been a Demo-\\ncrat, and when Tennessee seceded he\\nANDREW JOHNSON. ^yas 3. Scuator from that State. He\\nsympathized with the South, and was a strong believer in\\nState rights; he was in accord with the Republican party\\nonly in desiring the preservation of the Union. Li May,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "344 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1865\\n1865, he issued an amnesty or peace proclamation. In this\\nproclamation Johnson recognized the four States mentioned\\nabove, and appointed provisional governors in the rest with\\nthe understanding that, as soon as these States abolished\\nslavery and organized their governments, they were to have\\nequal rights with the other States. By August, 1865, all\\nthe States except Texas had organized governments, and\\nwere ready to send senators and representatives to Congress.\\n6. Thirteenth Amendment. Before Mr. Lincoln s second\\ninauguration, the Federal Congress voted a thirteenth amend-\\nment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery in the United\\nStates. To make it a part of the Constitution required the\\nsanction of three-fourths of the States. Lincoln s emancipa-\\ntion proclamation applied only to seceding States, so that,\\nin 1865, Kentucky and Delaware legally had slavery. They\\nrefused to ratify the amendment. Texas, Mississippi, and\\nFlorida did not act on it, but the eight other States which\\nhad been in the Confederacy, together with West Virginia,\\nMaryland, and Missouri, which had slaves in i860, and six-\\nteen free States ratified, and thus by the vote of twenty-seven\\nout of thirty-six States the amendment was adopted. If the\\ngovernments of the Southern States as recognized by John-\\nson were not legitimate, then the adoption of the thirteenth\\namendment was illegal.\\n7. Laws to Regulate Labor. Dreading the evils apt to\\nfollow the sudden release of the negroes from all restraint,\\nsome of the Southern legislatures, although they represented\\na minority of the people, passed strict laws with regard to\\nvagrants, contracts for labor, and other relations between\\nemployers and employees. In some States these laws ap-\\nplied alike to both white and colored people; in others, only\\nto negroes and mulattoes. Every State promised protection\\nof the rights of both negroes and whites.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "1869] Johnson s administration. 345\\n8. Appointment of a Committee on Reconstruction.\\nIt was soon evident that the Southern States would not be\\nadmitted to union with the Federal States on the easy terms\\nproposed by President Johnson. The names of Southern\\nmembers of Congress were omitted from the roll-call, and a\\nJoint Committee on Reconstruction was appointed to inquire\\nand report whether any Southern State was entitled to repre-\\nsentation in Congress. They reported that no State was to be\\nallowed representation without the consent of Congress, and\\nthus they annulled the President s policy.\\ng. Congress and the President Disagree. For four\\nyears, the Republicans had urged on the war to enforce their\\ndoctrine that a State could never get out of the Union. But\\nnow, although the thirteenth amendment had been declared\\nvalid by including the votes of eight Southern States, they\\ndeclared that by seceding, those States were out of the Union,\\nand must be treated as conquered provinces. President John-\\nson thought otherwise, and a struggle began at once between\\nhim and Congress. The President s proclamation declared\\nthe insurrection at the South at an end and the war over.\\nBut Cong-ress became more hostile towards the South than\\nbefore.\\n10. Freed men s Bureau. The previous Congress had\\npassed a law to establish for one year the Freedmen s\\nBureau. Through it, the War Department was to furnish\\nfood, clothing, and homes for the needy negroes. This law\\nwas not thought forcible enough. The attempt of the\\nSouthern legislatures to control the negroes had given great\\noffence. A second bill was therefore passed, in i866, which\\ngave more power to the Bureau, and ordered homes, lands,\\nfood, clothing, schools, and asylums to be provided for the\\nnegroes. All violations of this bill and offences against tlie\\nnegroes were to be punished by the Bureau.\\n11. Mr. Johnson s Vetoes. Mr. Johnson promptly ve-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "346 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1865\\ntoed this bill as unconstitutional. He also vetoed on the\\nsame ground a Civil Rights bill which conferred the rights\\nof citizenship upon the negroes. Congress, however, passed\\nthis bill over the President s veto, and a few months later, in\\nspite of the President s veto, established a Freedmen s Bureau\\nto act for two years.\\n12. Fourteenth Amendment. The Republicans now de-\\nsired to make the Civil Rights bill a fourteenth amendment\\nto the Constitution. This bill reduced the representation in\\nCongress of such States as did not give negroes the right to\\nvote, and prevented from holding office all who had taken\\npart in the war and who had formerly held any United States\\noffice. It also provided for the payment of the war debt of\\nthe United States, and of pensions to Federal soldiers, and\\nprohibited any settlement of the Confederate debt. The\\nSouthern States were forced to ratify this amendment before\\nthey could be admitted to the Union. Johnson sent a message\\nto Congress disapproving of this amendment. Tennessee\\nratified, and by act of Congress, July 24, 1866, was admitted\\ninto the Union.\\n13. Strife between President and Congress.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. Johnson\\nwas not afraid of Congress, but he became much incensed\\nat its action. In the summer of 1866, he travelled through the\\nNorth and West, and on this tour he denounced Congress\\nin excited and often undignified speeches. This, of course,\\nwidened the breach and embittered the strife between the\\nPresident and Congress.\\n14. Reconstruction Committee, 1866.^ The Reconstruc-\\ntion Committee, on June i8th, made a report which they\\nintended to use as a campaign document that fall, when a\\nnew Congress was to be elected. They declared that the\\ngovernments established in the Southern States were sus-\\npended because of the reluctance with which the Southern\\npeople had accepted the results of the war, and that pledges", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "1869] Johnson s administration. 347\\nof their loyalty would be demanded before Congress would\\nadmit them to the Union.\\n15. Military Districts of the South.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The election gave\\nthe Republicans a large majority in Congress; so, when\\nCongress met in December, it was more determined than\\never to carry out its policy against the South. A Recon-\\nstruction Act was passed; it set aside the provisional govern-\\nments established by the President, and divided the South,\\nexcepting Tennessee, into five military districts, to be gov-\\nerned by generals appointed by the President. Almost ab-\\nsolute power was given to these military governors, who\\nwere required to take steps to reorganize the State govern-\\nments.\\n16. Bills Passed, 1867. The President vetoed this bill\\nand others, two of which were framed to take away his con-\\nstitutional powers. Congress passed them all over his veto,\\nand, to prevent the President s acting against their will, called\\nthe new Congress for March 4th, at the close of the short\\nsession. It would ordinarily have met in December.\\n17. The Iron-Clad** Oath.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On March 27, 1867, the\\nnew Congress passed, over the President s veto, a stricter\\nReconstruction Act. The commander in each military dis-\\ntrict was instructed to take a registration of all persons having\\na right to vote. All persons ofTering to register or to vote\\nhad to take an oath, known as the iron-clad oath. It\\naffirmed that the person taking it had not borne arms against\\nthe United States, and had given no aid to the Confederacy.\\nA voter had to swear that he had not engaged in rebellion\\nafter having taken an oath to support the Constitution of\\nthe United States. Thus Southern white men who had held\\nany office prior to the war were prevented from voting, and\\nthe elections for State conventions passed largely into the\\nhands of the negroes, and Northern men who had come\\nSouth after the war. Conventions were to be held in the", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "348 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1865\\nStates, and constitutions drawn up, but the right to vote\\nwas to be given only to those quahfied to vote under the\\nReconstruction Acts.\\ni8. The Carpet-Baggers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As these laws prevented the\\nrepresentative men in the South from aiding in the formation\\nof State governments, a large number of Northern adven-\\nturers came to act as leaders of the negroes. They received\\nthe title of carpet-baggers. In forming the State govern-\\nments, the negroes were allowed to vote. The carpet-bag-\\ngers, by pretending great love for the negroes, soon worked\\nthemselves into the most important and best-paying places\\nin the reconstructed Southern States. The years of their\\nsway were filled with mismanagement and misrule beyond\\ndescription. Many of them were unprincipled men, who\\nwere bent on plunder, and the taxes were multiplied to such\\nextent that several States were run enormously into debt.\\nMuch of the money went into the pockets of these men and\\nof their partners among the negroes.\\n19. Impeachment of President Johnson. The President\\nremoved from office, without the consent of Congress, Edwin\\nM. Stanton, Secretary of War. This was a violation of one\\nof the laws passed by Congress over the President s veto.\\nThe House of Representatives then (1868) accused him of\\nnot fulfilling his oath to carry out the laws. When the\\nPresident is accused or impeached, the Senate tries him.\\nWhen the case came to a vote, thirty-five Senators were for\\nconviction and nineteen for acquittal. Thus the President\\nwas not turned out of office, as his opponents lacked one\\nvote of the two-thirds necessary for conviction.\\n20. Admission of States into the Union. Arkansas,\\nLouisiana, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama and North\\nCarolina were admitted in 1868.*\\nThese States, under the Carpet-Bag rule, willingly ratified the\\nfourteenth amendment, which, on July 28th, was proclaimed a part of", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "1869] Johnson s administration. 349\\n21. Fifteenth Amendment. In February, 1869, Congress\\nprepared a fifteenth amendment, which gave the right to vote\\nto the negroes, and empowered Congress to enforce it. This\\namendment, being ratified by the necessary number of States,\\nwas declared in force March 30, 1870. Virginia, Mississippi,\\nTexas and Georgia were required to accept this amendment,\\nas well as the fourteenth, before they were to be admitted\\nto the Union. These four States accepted the demands and\\nwere admitted in the early part of 1870.\\n22. Some Important Events in Johnson s Administration.\\nThe Atlantic telegraph line, laid in 1858, became useless after\\na few messages had passed over it. In 1866, through the\\nefTorts of Cyrus Field, another submarine cable was laid,\\nand it has been in operation ever since. There are now five\\nocean lines between this country and Europe.\\nIn 1867, the United States bought from Russia, for a little\\nHiore than $7,000,000 the northwestern part of this continent.\\nIn this region, known as Alaska, great tracts of fine cedar\\nand pine timber, valuable fisheries and furs especially seal\\nskins are found.\\nNapoleon III., of France, had tried to make Maximilian,\\na European prince, emperor of Mexico. The United States\\nprotested against the efTort to establish a monarchy so close\\nto her borders, and, as soon as the war between the States\\nended, sent troops to the Mexican frontier, and Napo-\\nthe Constitution. Congress approved the constitutions adopted by the\\nStates just named, and admitted them to representation. Virginia,\\nMississippi, and Texas not having accepted the constitutions prepared\\nfor them were kept under military governors for about two years longer.\\nAfter Georgia s Constitution had been accepted, the State added another\\nclause declaring that negroes could not hold office. She was directed\\nby Congress to repeal this clause, and was also required to ratify the\\nfifteenth amendment. She was finally admitted by a special act of\\nCongress, July 15, 1870.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "350 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1865\\nleon withdrew the French force. MaximiHan was deposed\\nand shot by the Mexicans.\\nIn 1867, Nebraska was admitted as a State.\\nIn the election of 1868, General Grant was the Republican\\ncandidate for President, and Horatio Seymour, the Demo-\\ncratic. All the States, except \\\\^irginia, Texas and Missis-\\nsippi, voted. Grant was elected.\\nQrESTioxs. 1. What was the condition of the North and of the South\\nafter the war? 2. What spirit was shown by the Southern soldiers?\\n3. What position did General Lee take? 4. What were Mr. Lincoln s\\nviews as to the seceded States? 5. What was President Johnson s\\nopinion, and how did he act toward the South? 6. What was his am-\\nnesty proclamation? 7. What was the thirteenth amendment? 8. What\\npersons were forbidden to vote in the South? 9. What laws were made\\nto regulate labor at the South? 10. What joint committee was ap-\\npointed? 11. Were members from the Southern States admitted to\\nCongress? 12. What differences arose between the President and Con-\\ngress? 13. For what purpose was the Freedmen s Bureau established?\\n14. What bills were passed over the President s veto? 15. What was\\nthe fourteenth amendment? 16. How was it received? 17. Tell of the\\nPresident s tour and of his speeches in 1866. 18. Describe the work of\\nthe Reconstruction Committee. 19. What sort of governments were set\\nup in the South? 20. What bills were passed in 1867? 21. What was\\nthe iron-clad oath? 22. Who were the Carpet-Baggers 23. Tell\\nof the influence they acquired and its bad consequences. 24. Why was\\nJohnson impeached? 25. What was the result of the impeachment?\\n26. What States were admitted in 1868? 27. What was the trouble with\\nGeorgia (note)? 28. What was the fifteenth amendment? 29. What\\nfour States were not admitted till 1870? 30. Tell about the Atlantic\\ncables. 31. What connection has Alaska with the United States?\\n32. What became of Maximilian in Mexico? 33. When was Nebraska\\nadmitted? 34. Who was elected President in 1868?\\nAuthorities. Schouler s History of the United States, Vol. V.; Von\\nHoist s Constitutional History of the United States, Vol. VL, VH.;\\nDraper s History of the Civil War; Congressional Record; Stephens\\nHistory of the United States; Stephens War Between the States;\\nWoodrow Wilson s Division and Reunion; McPherson s Political His-\\ntory of the Rebellion; S. S. Cox s Three Decades of Constitutional\\nLegislation; Lalor s Cyclopedia of Political Science; McPherson s His-\\ntory of Reconstruction; Reports and Correspondence in Government\\nWar Records; Jefferson Davis Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "1869] Johnson s administration. 351\\nernment; Bledsoe s Is Davis a Traitor? Curry s Southern States; E. A.\\nPollard s Lost Cause; Raymond s Life of Abraham Lincoln; Memoirs\\nof Albert Sidney Johnston^ by William Preston Johnston; General\\nGrant s Memoirs; Memoir of Leonidas Polk, by his Son; Dabney s Life\\nof T. J. Jackson; Long s Life of Robert E. Lee; Fitz Lee s Memoir of\\nRobert E. Lee; Allen s Jackson s Valley Campaign; J, E. Johnston s\\nNarrative; Memoir of General Pendleton, by his Daughter; Taylor s\\nFour Years with Lee; Sherman s Memoirs; Taylor s Destruction and\\nReconstruction; Duke s Morgan and His Men; Hood s Advance and Re-\\ntreat; Battles and Leaders of the Civil War; Semmes s Service Afloat;\\nHumphrey s Virginia Campaigns; Memoir of Jefferson Davis, by his\\nWidow; Dr. Craven s Prison Life of Jefferson Davis; Memoirs of Charles\\nSumner; Thurlow Weed s Autobiography; Seward s Autobiography; T.\\nN. Page s Old South; Johnston s American Politics; Derry s Story of the\\nConfederate States.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "352\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nPHRIOD V.\\nCAUSES OF 1\\nTHE WAR. i\\nWAR IN THE\\nBORDER 2.\\nSTATES. j o\\nTHE\\nCONFEDERACY\\nCUT IN TWO.\\nTHE\\nCONFEDERACY\\nOVERRUN.\\nBLOCKADE OF\\nSOUTHERN\\nPORTS.\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\nLincoln s Inaugural Address, 261.\\nDifferences Between North and South, 261.\\nThe Question of Slavery, 262, 263.\\nPlatform of Republican Party, 263.\\nReinforcements sent to Fort Sumter, 264.\\nThe Firing on Fort Sumter, 264.\\nIn Western Virginia, 269.\\nIn Missouri, 273.\\nIn Kentucky, 273, 274.\\nf 1. Fall of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, 277.\\n9\\n2. Battle of Pea Ridge, 278.\\nBattle of Shiloh, 278.\\nCapture of Island No\\n10,\\n6.\\n7.\\n8.\\n9.\\n110.\\n-P Fort Pillow.\\nMemphis.\\nCapture of New Orleans, 279- gl^^J^^.^ge.\\nEfforts to Recover Tennessee and Kentucky, 280.\\nBattle of Murfreesboro, 281, 282.\\nFighting in Mississippi, 282.\\nCapture of Vicksburg, 300.\\nFall of Port Hudson, 302.\\nBattle of Chickamauga, 302, 303.\\nSiege of Chattanooga, 304.\\nSherman in Mississippi, 314.\\nBanks in Louisiana, 314.\\nSherman in Georgia, 315-318.\\nThomas in Tennessee, 318.\\nSherman in South Carolina and North Carolina, 329, 330.\\n1. Capture of Fort Hatteras and Port Royal, 275.\\n2. Capture of Roanoke Island, Fort Pulaski, Fort Macon\\nand New Berne, 295, 296.\\n3. Attack on Charleston, 311.\\n4. Capture of Mobile, 325.\\n5. Fall of Savannah, 319.\\n6. Capture of Fort Fisher, 328.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.\\n35a\\nCAPTURE OF\\nRICHMOND.\\nCIVIL\\nAFFAIRS.\\nRECONSTRUC-\\nTION.\\n1. First Battle of Manassas, 269, 270,\\n2. Battle of Seven Pines, 287.\\n3. Jackson in the Valley, 289.\\n4. Battle Between Merrimac and Monitor, 286.\\n5. Seven Days Battle, 292.\\n6. Second Manassas, 293; r^? ^^f^l.^^^ ^^1.\\nBattle of Antietam, 294.\\n7. Battle of Fredericksburg, 295.\\n8. Chancellorsville, 306; f ^^?i f^^ nH;,\\ni Battle of Gettysburg, 308-311-\\n9. Battle of the AVilderness, 320.\\n10. Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, 320.\\n11. Battle of Cold Harbor, 321.\\n12. Siege of Petersburg, 322.\\n13. Early Threatens Washington, 323.\\n14. Petersburg and Richmond Evacuated, 333.\\n1. Lincoln s Call for Troops, 266.\\n2. Secession of Four States, 266.\\n3. Preparations for the War, 267, 268.\\n4. Mason-Slidell Affair, 274, 275.\\n5. Prisoners of War, 298.\\n6. Emancipation Proclaimed, 298.\\n7. Confederacy at Close of 1862, 296.\\n8. Confederacy at Close of 1863, 312.\\n9. Confederacy at Close of 1864, 326.\\n10. Cost of War, 335.\\n11. Lincoln and the Seceded States, 336.\\n12. Lincoln Assassinated, 336.\\nCapture and Imprisonment of Mr. Davis, 337.\\nCondition of the South, 339.\\nCongress vs. the President, 343, 345, 348.\\n3. Amendments to the Constitution, 344, 346, 349.\\n4. Congressional Plan of Reconstruction, 345-348.\\n5. Readmission of Seceded States, 378, 379.\\n[13.\\n1.\\n9\\n23^", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "354 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [J 8(39\\nPERIOD VI.\\nTHE NEW REPUBLIC.\\nCHAPTER XLIII.\\ngrant s ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1877.\\n1. First Pacific Railroad, 1869.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The year of General\\nGrant s inauguration, 1869, witnessed the opening of the\\nfirst railroad that crossed the continent from the Atlantic to\\nthe Pacific. Four other railroads now connect the eastern\\n.and western shores of the United States, and carry passen-\\ngers from one to the other in fewer days than it formerly\\nrequired months. The quickest route from England to China\\nis across North America.*\\n2. Black Friday, 1869.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The paper money issued by the\\ngovernment during the war declined greatly in value. At one\\ntime 100 cents in gold was worth 286 cents in greenbacks.\\nThe notes then rose in value, and in 1869, a gold dollar was\\nworth only 130 cents in paper. Foreign trade is carried on in\\ngold, and merchants and bankers are obliged to have it at\\nany price. The United States Treasury, in Washington,\\nhad $100,000,000 in its vaults, and the New York banks,\\n$15,000,000. Fisk and Gould, two New York bankers of\\n*In 1868, China sent to the United States the first embassy she had\\never commissioned to any foreign nation. Friendly relations have\\nexisted between the two governments since that time, although the\\nUnited States have felt it necessary to prohibit the continual immigra-\\ntion of the Chinese, which was thought injurious, especially in the\\nPacific States.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "1877] grant s administration. 355\\nlarge fortune and much shrewdness, thought they would\\nmake a fortune for themselves by raising the price of gold,\\nand quietly began to buy all they could find in New York.\\nThey paid always a little more, and asked a still higher\\nprice for it, intending to make one dollar in gold worth\\ntwo in greenbacks. By September 24th, the gold corner\\nwas accomplished. The greatest excitement eyer known in\\nthe gold-room on Wall street, New York, prevailed. The\\nspeculators had bought up nearly all the gold in the market,\\nand would sell none of it except at a ruinous price. There\\nAvas also great excitement in the Exchange, on A\\\\^all Street.\\nThe business of the nation seemed paralyzed, when a tele-\\ngram announced that the Secretary of the Treasury offered\\n$4,000,000 of gold for sale. The price fell at once, and in\\ntwenty minutes went down twenty per cent. A great panic\\nensued. In the rush to bid for gold at the falling prices\\nsome men were crushed to death. Others died from the\\nshock of losing instead of reaping enormous gains; but the\\nprincipal actors in the speculation pocketed $11,000,000\\nbefore they were checked.\\n3. The Country in 1870. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The census of 1870 showed that,\\nin spite of the ravages of war, the population of the country\\nhad increased, since i860, from 31,000,000 to 38,000,000,\\nand the wealth of the nation in almost as large ratio. The\\nInternal Revenue, a system of taxation on the productions\\nof the country, was gradually lessening the enormous war\\ndebt. The South, with her abundant crops of cotton, to-\\niDacco, sugar, and rice, was still the great agricultural section;\\nand the internal revenue system largely increased the burdens\\nof her already over-taxed people.\\n4. Settlement of the Alabama Claims. In 1871, a demand\\nwas made on England for payment for damage done to\\nAmerican commerce by Confederate privateers (especially\\nthe Alabama), on the ground that they had been fitted out", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "356 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1869\\nin British ports. The matter was settled by arbitration.\\nGreat Britain paid $15,500,000 for the losses inflicted by the\\nConfederate cruisers.\\n5. The Reconstructed Governments. The plan of recon-\\nstruction agreed upon in Johnson s adminstration did not\\nwork well, and Grant had a great deal of trouble in trying\\nto uphold the State governments established under the\\ncarpet-bag rulers. The reconstructed governments\\nof the South in no way represented the people of the Southern\\nStates. Some of the generals who ruled in the five districts\\nwere more conscientious and humane than others, and more\\nprudent and considerate of the white population under their\\nrule; but most of them had directed affairs in the interest of\\nthe carpet-baggers and the negroes. Under reconstruction,\\nthere was only the mockery of a representative government,\\nas many of the most intelligent white people had been dis-\\nfranchised by the constitutions of their States. In order to\\nincrease their influence over the colored people, the carpet-\\nbag leaders introduced among them secret societies, known\\nas Loyal Leagues. f The meetings were held at night,\\nand violent speeches incited the negroes to evil deeds.\\nDuring the continuance of the reconstructed governments, many\\nof the carpet-baggers held prominent State offices. In South Caro-\\nlina, the governor, lieutenant-governor, and all the other State officials\\nwere either carpet-baggers or negroes. Many of these negro legislators,\\njudges, and magistrates could neither read nor write, and, of course,\\ncould not understand the important questions of the times. Government\\nin such incapable hands, became every day more corrupt. The ignorant\\nnegroes, elated at their fancied equality with their white colleagues,\\nwere entirely subservient to their will. The impoverished States were\\ntaxed more heavily than the most prosperous times warranted, and\\nthose taxes had to be paid by the disfranchised whites. The debt of\\nSouth Carolina was increased from $5,000,000, in 1865, to $30,000,000,\\nten years later. The same conditions prevailed elsewhere, and Missis-\\nsippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas suffered as deeply as South Carolina.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f These leagues seem to have been partly religious and partly politi-\\ncal. The members took solemn oaths to carry out the objects of the\\nsociety, which were to strengthen the Northern adventurers and injure\\nthe Southern whites.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "1877] grant s administration. 357\\n6. Ku Klux Klan. No high-spirited, courageous people\\ncould patiently submit to such a government. As open re-\\nsistance was impossible, they, too, had recourse to secret\\norganizations. They were at first local, and were intended\\nfor self-protection against the barn-burnings and worse out-\\nrages committed by misguided negroes. The best men at\\nthe South took part in these societies, which bore such names\\nas The Pale Faces, The Invisible Empire, Knights\\nof the ^\\\\d^ite Camellia, and other fantastic titles. They\\nw^orked upon the fears and superstitions of the negroes by\\nappearing suddenly at night with masked faces and flowing\\nW hite robes, sometimes declaring themselves to be ghosts\\nor evil spirits, and threatening terrible punishment to all\\nwho resisted them. After a time, these different societies\\nwere all known as the Ku Klux Klan, and they became\\nquite powerful, though there was never any widespread,\\ngeneral organization. The methods which had proved ef-\\nfective in checking the Loyal Leagues, and to protect\\n^vhite women and defenceless families, were afterwards used\\nfor political purposes.*\\n7. Oppression and Tyranny.^-The Democratic party at\\nthe North was opposed to the tyranny and oppression\\npracticed at the South, but could not prevent it. The Re-\\npublicans were determined to keep the national government\\nin their own hands, and to maintain their supremacy in the\\nSouthern States. Often the carpet-bag rulers, unable to\\ncontrol the whites, would complain to the government at\\nWashington, and United States troops would be sent to keep\\nthe whites down. This added another element of strife and\\nThe enormous negro majorities were the principal caase of the mis-\\nrule, and dishonesty prevailing throughout the Southern States, and\\nthe Ku Klux devoted itself to keeping the negroes from voting. Some-\\ntimes negroes and Northern whites, who stirred up others to deeds of\\nviolence against the harassed and exasperated Southerners, received\\nsevere whippings.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "358 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [18(39\\nconfusion to the distracted, downtrodden South. The\\nwhites determined to rule, and, whenever the Federal troops\\nwere withdrawn, they regained the upper hand. With the\\naid of some of the negroes, who were partly persuaded and\\npartly frightened into siding with the Democrats, the\\nSouthern States became Democratic. To undo this, the\\nRepublican Congress, in 1871, passed a Force Bill giving\\ncontrol of all Federal elections to United States soldiers and\\nof^cers.\\nExcept in loss of life, the South suffered far mor^ during\\nthe reconstruction period than during the war. After several\\nyears of endurance and resistance on the part of the Souths\\nCongress gradually came to realize that the only way to pro-\\nduce stable governments in the South was for the Federal\\nGovernment to stop interfering with State affairs; native\\npatriots once more controlled the affairs of their States, and\\nthe long struggle came to an end.\\n8. Re-election of Grant, 1872. By 1872, the Republican\\nparty was divided into two factions. One faction, the regular\\nRepublicans, approved of the course of Congress, while the\\nother faction, known as the Liberal Republicans, desired\\na reform in the Civil Service, and a more lenient course\\nThere was probably more misrule in Louisiana than in any other\\nState. As early as 1866, there were bloody riots in Louisiana between\\nthe partisans of Mr. Lincoln s provisional government and Mr. John-\\nson s appointee. General Sheridan superseded both, but proved so\\narbitrary that he was ordered elsewhere. In the election of 1868, most\\nof the whites and m.any negroes voted against Grant for President, and\\ngave a large majority to Mr. Seymour. The officials in power would not\\nyield, and bloodshed and riot occurred all over the State. In 1870, Gen-\\neral Grant recognized Pinchback, a negro, as governor. In another\\ncontest between rival parties, the President allowed the Democratic\\nLegislature to assemble, and declared Kellogg, the Republican, the law-\\nful governor. The best cf the negroes joined the whites in resisting\\nKellogg. Riots and bloodshed again broke out. When the people in\\nNew Orleans deposed Kellogg, military rule was re-established. The\\ndebt of the State was enormously increased.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "1877] grant s administration. 359\\ntowards the South. Grant was the nominee of the regular\\nRepubhcans. Greeley was nominated by the Liberal Re-\\npublicans/ and received the endorsement of the Democratic\\nConvention. But Greeley was very unpopular in the South\\nand received a small vote. Grant was re-elected.\\n9. Credit Mobilier. In the election campaign of 1872, the\\nDemocrats charged many of the Republican congressmen^\\nwith having received bribes from the Credit IMobilier, a cor-\\nporation which had been chartered in Pennsylvania, in 1864,,\\nto build the Union Pacific Railway. The accusation made\\nwas that the Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax; the Vice-Presi-\\ndent elect, Henry Wilson; the Secretary of War, W^illiam\\nBelknap, and a number of senators and representatives\\nhad accepted shares of stock in the Credit Mobilier in ex-\\nchange for their political influence for the Union Pacific\\nRailway. The matter was investigated and tw^o members\\nof the House, Oakes Ames and James Brooks, were found\\nguilty, and suspicion rested on others.\\n10. Financial Crash of 1873.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One of the greatest money-\\npanics ever felt in the country followed the discovery of the\\noperations of the Credit Mobilier. The Northern Pacific\\nRailway was in process of construction, and a Philadelphia\\nbank, which was thought enormously rich, advanced money\\nto build the road, expecting to be repaid by grants from\\nCongress. The public mind was, however, so much aroused\\nby the exposure of the Credit Mobilier that Congress could\\nnot venture to vote money for a railway. The bonds of the\\nNorthern Pacific Railway, which Jay Cooke s bank held as\\nsecurities, became unsalable, and the bank failed for $15,000,-\\n000, carrying down w^ith it many smaller banks and business\\nhouses. A great financial crash followed. Many railways\\nfailed, and the stockholders lost everything. Distress and\\nhard times were felt everywhere, and bore most heavily\\non the poorer working people.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "360 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1869\\nII. Corrupt Officials.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 hiskey was among the articles\\nwhich produced a large internal revenue. Some United\\nStates officials conspired with Western distillers to defraud\\nthe United States Government. In 1875, the entire scheme\\nwas unearthed, and it was found that the government had\\nbeen defrauded of $1,200,000. Certain members of the\\nPresident s Cabinet were suspected of having been bribed.\\nEAST FRONT OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.\\nCongress impeached General Belknap, the Secretary of War,\\nfor taking bribes and selling the patronage of his office, but\\nhe escaped by resigning before he could be tried.\\n12. The Salary Grab. In 1873, an act was passed to in-\\ncrease the President s salary from $25,000 to $50,000, and\\nthe salaries of senators and representatives from $5,000 to\\n$7,500. This made Congress very unpopular, because the\\nmen who passed the bill were simply voting money to them-\\nselves from the public treasury. The act was repealed at the\\nnext session of Congress, except with reference to the Presi-\\ndent s salary, which still remains $50,000.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "1877] grant s administration. 361\\n13. Civil Service. Congress, in 1871, authorized the\\nPresident to establish a Commission to regulate admission\\ninto the Civil Service. The object of this law was to\\ngive offices to none but fit persons, instead of allowing suc-\\ncessful politicians to fill them with their followers. The first\\nCommission lost the support of Congress, in 1874; but it has\\nbeen re-established, and its rules and examinations now regu-\\nlate admission to most of the Federal offices.\\n14. Modoc War, 1873.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Modoc Indians refused to\\nabandon their lands in Oregon and to remove to the Indian\\nTerritory, and defied the United States to compel them to\\ndo so. The father of their leader, Captain Jack, had been\\nkilled by order of an army officer while under protection of\\na flag of truce, and Captain Jack hated the whites intensely.\\nTo avoid bloodshed, a truce with the Alodocs was agreed\\nto, and General Canby and other commissioners met them in\\ncouncil. Indian vengeance could not resist such an oppor-\\ntunity. General Canby and a clergyman were murdered\\nduring a meeting of the council. A fierce war followed. The\\nwhole band of Modocs was forced to surrender, and the\\nchiefs were court-martialed and executed.\\n15. Sioux War, 1876. Three years later, the Sioux In-\\ndians began to rove from their reservation in Dakota into\\nMontana and Wyoming, where they murdered and robbed\\nthe white settlers. Soldiers were sent to subdue them.\\nGeneral Custer, with his cavalry, increased the rage of the\\nSioux by burning their towns and inflicting punishment on\\ntheir women and children. While scouting near the Big\\nHorn River, on June 25th, the cavalry suddenly came upon\\na large force of Indians. A battle ensued in which General\\nCuster and all his men were killed. A murderous war raged\\nfor months. The Indians were defeated again and again, and\\nat last retreated to Canada to avoid extermination.\\n16. Centennial Exposition, 1876. The centennial year of", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "^62 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1869\\nthe Declaration of Independence was celebrated by a gTea:\\ninternational exposition, held in Philadelphia. More than\\ntwo hundred splendid buildings were erected several of\\nthem made entirely of iron and glass to contain a grand\\ndisplay of products from all parts of the world. :\\\\Iillions\\nof people from all parts of the United States and from abroad\\nvisited this exposition, which gave a wonderful idea of the\\nresources and wealth developed by the Republic in a hundred\\nyears. Electric lights and telephones, now so widely used,\\nwere hrst exhibited at this exposition.\\n17. Colorada, the Centennial State. The admission of\\nColorado, the thirty-eighth State, into the Union in 1876,\\nmade her exactly one hundred years younger than the old\\nthirteen.\\n18. Election in 1876. In November, 1876, the presi-\\ndential election came off. Rutherford B. Hayes was the\\nRepublican candidate, and Samuel Tilden, the Democratic.\\nTilden carried the country by a popular majority of 200,000,\\nand at one time it was thought that he had been elected\\nPresident, but after some dispute, it was decided that Hayes\\nhad received 185 votes and Tilden 184. Hayes became Presi-\\ndent, March 4, 1877.\\nWhen the election returns of 1876 came in, Tilden had certainly\\ncarried New York, New Jersey, Connecticat and Indiana, in the North,\\nand all the South except South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. These\\nthree States were in doubt. Hayes had carried all the States in the\\nNorth except those mentioned above. In Oregon, however, there was a\\ndispute. This State had gone Republican, but one of the electors was\\na United States officer, and consequently could not be an elector; so, the\\nDemocratic governor certified two Republican electors and one Demo-\\ncrat in the place of the Republican. The Democrats soon gave up their\\nclaim on South Carclina, which was counted for Hayes. Tilden then\\nhad 184, Hayes 172, but it took 185 to elect. The returning boards\\nand the governors of Louisiana and Florida certified to the election\\nof Republican electors. It was seen that the two houses of Congress\\nwould not agree on the count, so an electoral commission was ap-\\npointed. Ihis was composed of fifteen members, five each from the", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "1877] HAYES ADMINISTRATION. 303\\nQuestions. 1. When were the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans connected\\nby rail? 2. How many railroads now cross the continent? 3. Tell of\\nour relations with China (note). 4. Tell of the price of gold in 1869.\\n5. Of Black Friday in Wall street. 6. What is the internal revenue?\\n7. State the population in 1870. 8. What were the Alabama claims?\\n9. What was the condition of the reconstructed governments in the\\nSouth? 10. What kind of leagues did the negroes have? 11. What was\\nthe Ku Klux Klan 12. How were the whites kept down in the\\nSouth? 13. Who was elected President in 1872? 14. Tell of the Credit\\nMobilier. 15. What caused the financial crash in 1873? 16. Tell of the\\nwhiskey frauds. 17. What was the salary-grab act? 18. What is\\nmeant by Civil Service reform? 19. Tell of the Modoc War in 1873.\\n20. Of the Sioux War in 1876. 21. Describe the Centennial Exposition,\\n1876, and tell what it celebrated. 22. When was Colorado admitted to\\nthe Union? 23. Who was elected President in 1877? 24. Who was his\\nopponent? 25. Who received the popular vote? 26. What Southern\\nStates were in doubt (note)? 27. What was the electoral commission\\n(note)? 28. How did this electoral commission decide the contest\\n(note)?\\nCHAPTER XLIV.\\nHAYES ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881.\\nI. The South after Hayes* Election. Although Hayes\\nwas made President by counting the votes of Southern States\\nwhich he did not carry, yet he proved to be a friend to that\\nsection of the Union. He soon w^ithdrew from it all Federal\\nSenate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. The\\nSenate chose three Republicans and two Democrats; the House, three\\nDemocrats and two Republicans. Four judges, two belonging to each\\nparty, were then appointed. These four were to select the fifth judge.\\nIt was expected that they would choose Judge Davis, who was a non-\\nparty man; but Davis was made Senator from Illinois, and resigned\\nhis judgeship. There were only two Democratic judges, and they were\\nalready on the commission. The fifth was therefore necessarily a\\nRepublican. The commission decided everything by a strict party\\nvote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 eight Republicans to seven Democrats, and Hayes was dec .ared to\\nhave been elected.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "364 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1877\\ntroops, and when the soldiers left, the carpet-baggers dis-\\nappeared. The Republican governors, whose certificates\\nmade Hayes President, now gave way quietly to the Demo-\\ncrats chosen by the people. From that time the South,\\nguided and controlled by her own people, has moved steadily\\nforward.\\n2. Strife between Labor and Capital. The accumulation\\nof vast wealth in the hands of a few individuals or of great\\ncorporations bears very hard on people of small means, and\\nespecially on those who work for daily wages. The employed\\nare constantly trying to resist oppression by the employers,\\nand to gain a larger portion of the money made by their\\ndaily toil; and this strife between labor and capital has\\ncaused outbreaks and troubles in various parts of the United\\nStates.\\nThis spirit first broke out dangerously in the summer of\\n1877, when the railroad employees in Maryland, Pennsyl-\\nvania, and New York became dissatisfied with their wages.\\nWhen the trains were started with new workmen, the strikers\\nburned the cars and the depots. State troops and United\\nStates soldiers were employed to put down the strikers.\\nIn Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, a mob of 20,000 men held the\\ncity for days. Much property was destroyed and 100 people\\nkilled. Similar riots occurred in St. Louis and Chicago.\\n3. Bland Silver Act. An act of 1870 had made all United\\nStates bonds, issued under that act, payable in coin, and an\\nact of 1873 had demonetized silver, or, in other words, had\\ndropped the silver dollar from the coin, so that gold\\npractically came to be the standard money. Silver then\\nbegan to decrease in value as compared with gold,, so, in\\n1878, Congress passed the Bland Silver Act, which provided\\nthat the United States should coin silver dollars. Not less\\nthan $2,000,000 nor more than $4,000,000 in silver was to\\nbe coined everv month.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "1881] GARFIELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION. 365\\n4. Specie Payments Resumed, 1879. Specie payments\\nwere resumed on January i, 1879. This means that the\\nUnited States Treasury and the national banks then, for the\\nlirst time since 1861, could pay in gold, instead of in paper\\nmoney known as greenbacks, all claims against them. This\\nresumption improved the national credit so much that the\\ngovernment could borrow money at a low rate of interest.\\n5. Garfield Elected President, 1880. In the election in\\n1880, the Republican candidates were General James A. Gar-\\nfield for President, and Chester A. Arthur for Vice-Presi-\\ndent. Garfield was elected, but the popular vote between\\nhim and the Democratic candidate, General W. S. Hancock,,\\nwas very close.\\nQuestions. 1. What did Hayes do for the South? 2. What causes\\nstrife between labcr and capital? 3. When did the strife in the United\\nStates between labor and capital begin? 4. In what States did laborers\\nstrike? 5. Tell about the strike in Pittsburg. 6. What was the Bland\\nSilver Act? 7. When was it passed? 8. What was the result of its\\npassage? 9. When were specie payments resumed? 10. What is meant\\nby specie payments? 11. Who succeeded Hayes as President?\\nCHAPTER XLV.\\nGARFIELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION, 1881-1885.\\nI. Garfield Shot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On July 2, 1881, Gen-\\neral Garfield was shot in the depot in Wash-\\nington by a disappointed office-seeker,\\nnamed Guiteau. The wounded President\\nlingered for more than two months, and^\\nafter great suffering, died at Long Branch,\\non September 19th. Vice-President Arthur\\nJ. A. GARFIELD. a|- Qucc becauie President. Guiteau pre-\\ntended to be insane, but was condemned and hanged.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "366\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1881\\n2. Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, 1881. October\\n19th of this year was the hundredth an-\\nniversary of Cornwallis surrender, and it\\nAvas celebrated at Yorktown, in Vir-\\ng-inia. Thousands of soldiers and many\\nships of war assembled at that historic\\ntown. France and Germany sent repre-\\nsentatives, and descendants of officers of\\nthose nations men who had been with\\nWashington a hundred years before\\njoined in doing honor to the occasion. chestek a. arthur.\\n3. Unfortunate Arctic Expedition. In 1879, the steamer\\nJcanncttc, fitted out by Air. James Gordon Bennett, of New\\nYork, and manned by United States sailors and officers, sailed\\nthrough Behring Straits to explore the Arctic Ocean north\\n-of Asia. In 1881, she was crushed by ice. Her crew took\\nto the boats. Some of them reached the frozen shore of\\nSiberia, where most of them died of starvation. A few sur-\\nvivors afterwards reached home. An expedition of twenty-\\nfour men, commanded by Lieutenant Greely, was sent, in\\n1881, to establish a Polar station in the frozen seas of North\\nAmerica. For three years nothing was heard of these men.\\nIn 1882, and again in 1S83, relief expeditions were sent, but\\nthey failed to find Greely s party. Another, costing $1,000,-\\n000, was sent in 1084, and was more successful. Only six\\nmen of Greely s party had lived through the sufferings and\\nhardships of these three years in the frozen Arctic regions,\\nand they were nearly dead when found l^y the relief party.\\n4. Questions before Congress. After President Garfield\\nhad been killed by an office-seeker, the question of Civil\\nService reform was brought up. In 1883 an act was passed\\nempowering the President to establish a board to examine\\ncandidates for certain government offices. The question of\\nthe reduction of tariff also came up. The tarifT was very", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "1885] GARFIELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION. 367\\nhigh, having been made so in 1861 in order that revenue\\nmight be raised for the war. Nothing was done, however,\\nin Arthur s administration to reduce it, and it soon came to\\nbe a party issue.\\n5. Incidental Development. The whole country devel-\\noped greatly during this administration. The Brooklyn\\nBridge was opened in 1883, and in the same year the North-\\nern Pacific Railway was finished. The South was raising\\na great deal more grain and cotton than it did before the war.\\nIt had also come to be the great trucking section, and fur-\\nnished (and still furnishes) most of the vegetables for the\\nNorthern cities. An industrial fair was held in Atlanta in\\n1 88 1, and another in New Orleans in 1884. The various\\nand wonderful exhibits at these fairs showed how quickly\\nthe South revived after the war.\\n6. Grover Cleveland Elected President, 1884. November,\\n1884, the presidential election took place. The Republican\\ncandidate was James G. Blaine, and the Democratic, Grover\\nCleveland, of New York. Party principles were not clearly\\ndefuied, but it was generally understood that the Democrats\\nwanted more Civil Service reform and a tariff for revenue\\nonly, while the Republicans wanted to keep up a high tarilT.\\nMany of the Republicans voted for Cleveland, and he was\\nelected. He was inaugurated T^Iarch 4, 1885, and was the\\nfirst Democratic President since Buchanan. Thomas A.\\nHendricks became Vice-President at the same time.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who shot President Garfield? 2. What was done\\nwith Guiteau? 3. Who succeeded Garfield? 4. Tell about the Centen-\\nnial at Yorktown. 5. What Arctic expeditions were made? 6. What\\ntwo important questions were brought before Congress? 7. Tell about\\nthe industrial developments during Arthur s administration. 8. Who\\nwas elected President in 1885? 9. How long had the Democrats been\\nout of power?", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "368 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1885\\nCHAPTER XLVI.\\nCleveland s first administration, 1885-1889.\\n1. Cleveland and Civil Service. As soon as Mr. Cleve-\\nland went into office he busied himself with Civil Service\\nreform. He appointed a Civil Service Com-\\nmission whose duty it was to see, in most\\ncases, that no removals from office were made\\nexcept for proper and just cause. His desire\\nto make certain reforms in the government\\nled to the passage of several important laws.\\nBRovE. CLEVELAND- ;[)^^j-ij-jg t|-,g coursc of his administration, how-\\never, he vetoed more than three hundred bills, which was\\nmore than double the number vetoed by all preceding presi-\\ndents.\\n2. Important Acts of Congress. Congress passed an\\nact, in 1887, that each State would have to decide any contest\\narising as to who had been chosen as presidential electors.\\nThis was a very wise provision, as it will prevent any such\\ntrouble as arose in the Tilden-Hayes contest.\\nAfter the death of Vice-President Hendricks, an act, fixing\\npresidential succession in case both the President and Vice-\\nPresident should die, was passed. The order of succession,\\naccording to the act, is as follows The Secretaries of State,\\nTreasury, and V^ar, the Attorney-General, the Postmaster-\\nGeneral, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of\\nthe Interior. Another important law the Interstate Com-\\nmerce Act was passed. The ol)ject of this law was to\\nregulate railroad transportation between different States,\\nand thus to prevent unfair rates. A commission was ap-\\npointed to see that the law was carried out. A great deal\\nof good has been derived from the operation of this law.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "1889] Cleveland s first administration. 36^\\n3. Tariff Question. As a large surplus had been accumu-\\nlated in the United States Treasury by the tariff law, Mr.\\nCleveland advocated reducing the tariff until it yielded only\\nan amount sufficient to meet the expenses of the government^\\nand the Mills Bill was introduced to carry out the Presi^\\ndent s wishes. It passed the House of Representatives, which\\nwas Democratic, but failed in the Senate, which was Republi-\\ncan. The tariff now came to be the principal issue between\\nthe Democrats and the Republicans.\\n4. Labor Troubles.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In Mr. Cleveland s first administra-\\ntion, there was great discontent among the laboring class. In\\n1886, the worst labor strikes ever experienced took place.\\nThese strikes began with the street-car drivers in New York,\\nand spread through many parts of the country, and into\\nalmost all departments of work.\\nRiots occurred in Chicago, and meetings in the public\\nsquares were harangued by leaders who uttered vicious\\nthreats, and urged the mob to violent deeds. When the city\\npolice of Chicago, on May 4th, tried to disperse the mob,\\nthey were attacked with dynamite bombs, which killed six\\nand wounded more than sixty of them. The rest of the\\npolice charged into the mob, killed some, wounded others,\\ncaptured the ringleaders, and dispersed the rioters. All the\\nleaders except one were foreigners. They boasted that they\\nwere Anarchists enemies to all government, which they\\nwished to destroy by murder or by any kind of violence. Four\\nof them were hanged, and others were imprisoned for life.\\n5. Earthquake in Charleston. In 1886, there occurred a\\nsevere earthquake in Charleston, South Carolina, which\\nthreatened the city with total destruction, and was felt for\\nseveral hundred miles in every direction.\\n6. Election in 1888. In November, 1888, Grover Cleve-\\nland was renominated for President by the Democrats, and\\nBenjamin Harrison, a grandson of William Henry Harrison,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "370 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1889\\nthe ninth President, was the RepubHcan candidate. The issue\\nwas the tariff, the Democrats being for low tariff and the\\nRepublicans for high tariff. Harrison was elected, and be-\\ncame President, [March 4, 1889. At the same time, Levi P.\\n[Morton became A^ice-President.\\nQuestions. 1. How did Cleveland attempt to regulate Civil Service\\nreform? 2. What act was passed to avoid such troubles as arose in\\nthe Tilden-Hayes contest? 3. What was the Presidential Succession\\nLaw? 4. For what purpose was the Interstate Commerce Law passed?\\n5. Why did Mr. Cleveland advocate a reduction of the tariff? 6. By\\nwhom was the Mills Bill defeated? 7. In what cities were there\\nstrikes? 8. What did the strikers do in Chicago? 9. When was the\\nearthquake in Charleston? 10. What was the issue between the parties\\nin 1888? 11. Who was elected President? 12. Who was Harrison s\\nopponent?\\nCHAPTER XLVH.\\nHarrison s administration, 1889-1893.\\nI. The Tariff and the Currency. During this and the\\npreceding administration, and ever since, the principal politi-\\ncal questions have been the tariff and the\\ncurrency. They are subjects hard to un-\\nderstand, and too much disputed and too\\nperplexing for us to hope to make them\\nclear and interesting to you. It is suffi-\\ncient to say that Congress enacted a law,\\nknown as the McKinley Bill, which laid\\na high tax on most articles imported into\\nBENJAMIN HARRISON ^|^g Uuitcd Statcs. It was intended by\\nthis law to enable our own manufacturers to get a better price\\nfor their products, and it has therefore been called a pro-\\ntective tariff, as it protects our people from competition\\nwith foreign manufacturers.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "1898]\\nHarrison s administration.\\n371\\nThe question of silver again became prominent, and\\nits advocates demanded legislation more favorable to that\\nmetal. Accordingly, a bill, known as the Sherman Act,\\nwas passed. This act required the Secretary of the Treasury\\nto buy monthly not less than 4,500,000 ounces of silver, and\\nto pay for it with Treasury notes. The paying out of so much\\nmoney each month was intended to increase the amount of\\ncurrency in the hands of the people.\\n2. Pensions. At the suggestion of Mr. Harrison, a new\\npension bill was passed. Under the operations of this law,\\nPENSION BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.\\ng Federal\\nabout $150,000,000 a year is paid to the survivin\\nsoldiers and to the kinsmen of those who have died. The\\namount of each pension is regulated by the rank of the\\nsoldier during the war. Under the operation of this law,\\na great many needy old soldiers have received substantial aid.\\n3o Questions of Diplomacy. During the administration\\nof Mr. Harrison, disputes with other nations seemed to be", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "372 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1889\\nconstantly arising, and they sometimes threatened serious\\nconsequences. One of these disputes was with Italy. It grew\\nout of the killing, by indignant citizens of New Orleans, of\\nseveral outlaws, some of whom were Italians; another was\\noccasioned by the designs of Germany to get possession of\\nthe Samoan Islands; still another, by the murder in the streets\\nof Valparaiso, Chili, of some sailors from a United States\\nwar-ship. None of these, however, led to actual hostilities.\\n5. The Navy. Such international difficulties called the\\nattention of the people of the United States to the compara-\\ntive weakness of their navy, and a strong impetus was given\\nto naval construction, already begun under Cleveland. Now\\nwe have some of the largest and most powerful war-ships in\\nthe world.\\n6. Notable Events. In 1889, Oklahoma,^ a rich district\\nof nearly 40,000 square miles, formerly belonging to the\\nIndians, was made a national Territory and opened for set-\\ntlers. Within a year, the population became 6o,oocr, and\\nhas increased rapidly since.\\nA terrific hurricane at Apia, Samoa, on the 15th of March,\\n1889, destroyed a great number of vessels and human lives.\\nSeveral American, German, and British war-vessels were\\nanchored in the harbor, along with smaller craft of various\\nkinds. The irresistible force of the winds tore all these ships\\nfrom their anchorage and drove them on the coral reefs, or\\nagainst each other. Seven war-ships were wrecked and nearly\\n200 lives lost in this disaster.\\nOn May 13th, the city of Johnstown, in centnal Pennsyl-\\nvania, was overwhelmed by a flood caused by the breaking\\nof a dam in the uplands. More than 2,000 people perished,\\nand property to the amount of $10,000,000 was destroyed.\\nA revolution in Hawaii, in 1892, drove the queen from\\nthe throne and established a free provisional government.\\nMr. Harrison made a treaty of annexation with this new", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "1893] Cleveland s second administration. 373\\ngovernment, and in the last days of his term sent it to the\\nSenate for ratification. But nothing further was done in the\\nmatter at that time.\\n7. New States. During Harrison s administration, the\\nStates of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Wash-\\nington were admitted in 1889, and the States of Idaho and\\nWyoming, in 1890.\\n8. Cleveland Elected President, 1892. In the election\\nof 1892, Grover Cleveland was, for the third time, the candi-\\ndate of the Democratic party. President Harrison was his\\nopponent. The people had begun to revolt against high\\ntariff and the financial legislation of the Republicans, and Mr.\\nCleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee\\nfor Vice-President, were elected by a large majority. Seve-\\nral new political parties Populists, Prohibitionists, etc.\\nnow began to come forward and to take part in election con-\\ntests. General Weaver, the Populists candidate, received\\ntwenty-two electoral votes.\\nQuestions. 1. What had been for some time the main political\\nquestions? 2. What was the McKinley Bill 3. What was the\\nSherman Bill 4. What affair promised trouble with Italy? 5. What\\nislands seemed likely to involve the United States in trouble with Ger-\\nmany? 6. What was the difficulty with Chili? 7. What called attention\\nto the need of a navy? 8. How was this need met? 9. Tell of Oklahoma.\\n10. Tell of the hurricane at Apia, in Samoa. 11. Tell of the Johnstown\\nflood. 12. What States were admitted in Harrison s administration?\\n13. Who was elected President in 1892?\\nCHAPTER XLVIII.\\nCleveland s second administration, 1893-1897.\\nI. Repeal of the Sherman Act. One of the first measures\\nof the President was to call an extra session of Congress to\\nmeet on the 7th of August. A disastrous business depression\\nhad begun early in 1893, and it was thought to have grown", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "374 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1893\\nout of the operation of the Sherman Act of 1890, which re-\\nquired a monthly purchase of a large amount of silver. At\\nthe earnest request of Mr. Cleveland, and after some hesita-\\ntion. Congress consented to repeal that law.\\n2. More Tariff Legislation. At the regular session, be-\\nginning in December, Congress undertook to revise the\\nMcKinky tarifif law. William L. Wilson, of West Virginia,\\nbrought in a bill greatly reducing the import tax on almost\\nall articles, especially the raw material for manufacture. It\\npassed the House of Representatives; but the Senate intro-\\nduced into it so many changes as to create much strife among\\nthe leaders and members of the Democratic party. The bill,\\nas it finally passed both houses, pleased few, and Mr. Cleve-\\nland allowed it to become a law without his signature.\\n3. Arbitration of National Disputes. One of the chief\\nevents of this administration was the settlement of the dis-\\nputes between England and the United States over the seal\\nfisheries in the Behring Sea. The controversy had been\\ngoing on for years, and had now reached such a stage as to\\nrequire immediate settlement. It was determined to refer\\nthe decision of the whole subject to a tribunal of disinterested\\nmen. The dispute was thus finally settled amicably, indeed,\\nbut not much to the advantage of the United States.\\nFor some years, the boundary line between British Guiana\\nand Venezuela had been in dispute. In 1895, England began\\nto occupy some territory claimed by Venezuela. Thereupon,\\nCleveland sent a strong message to Congress, calling atten-\\ntion to England s occupation of the disputed territory, and\\nclaiming that England had violated the Monroe Doctrine.\\nFor a while, it seemed that this country would be involved\\nin a war with England, but finally the dispute was settled by\\narbitration.\\n4. Cyclone at St. Louis. In the spring of 1896, a storm\\nof unprecedented severity visited the city of St. Louis, Mis-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "1897] Cleveland s second administration. 375\\nsouri, and in a few moments left behind it a most appalling\\nscene of wreck and destruction. Hundreds of lives and mil-\\nlions of dollars worth of property were lost. The disaster\\nwas one of the most terrible that ever befell a city of our\\ncountry.\\n5. Columbian Exposition. In 1893, magnificent naval\\nreviews of the vessels of almost all nations were held in Hamp-\\nton Roads, Virginia, and in New York harbor. The great\\nColumbian Exposition, or World s Fair, to celebrate the four\\nhundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by\\nColumbus, was held at Chicago during this year.\\n6. Strike in Chicago. In 1894, another very serious\\nlabor strike broke out in Chicago. The strike began with\\nthe employees of the Pullman Car Company, and spread to\\nall kinds of railroad business in the North and West. No\\ntrains were allowed to run; the mails were stopped and all\\ntrade interrupted. When the railroads engaged other hands,\\nthe strikers resorted to violence and murder to prevent work\\nbeing done. For days, there was a wholesale destruction of\\nproperty. United States soldiers were sent against the\\nstrikers, and order was restored. Many millions of dollars\\nw^ere lost by this outbreak. An important fact connected\\nwith this subject is that the South has been free of such\\nstrikes as those already described.\\n7. Mr. Cleveland s Unpopularity. Mr. Cleveland retired\\nat the close of his second term with but little of the popularity\\nwhich had placed him so triumphantly in the presidential\\nchair. His advocacy of the gold standard, and his seem-\\ning friendliness towards corporations, monopolies, and the\\nmoneyed power had made him very unpopular.\\n8. The Admission of Utah. In 1896, Utah was ad-\\nmitted as the forty-fifth State of the Union. The admission\\nhad been delayed for some years because of the existence of\\npolygamy in the Territory. Polygamy having finally been", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "376 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY. [1897J\\nnearly suppressed by the acts of Congress and the action of\\nthe Mormon Church, Utah was allowed to become a State.\\n9. McKinley Elected President, 1896. Great division had\\noccurred in the Democratic party on the subject of silver.\\nThis party nominated Williarn J. Bryan, of Nebraska, as\\ntheir candidate on a platform pledging the party to the im-\\nmediate free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold by\\nthe government at the ratio of sixteen to one. Large num-\\nbers of Democrats refused to support him. Some of them\\nnominated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, as their candidate on\\na gold platform. William McKinley, of Ohio, was the\\nRepublican candidate. He was nominated on a platform\\npledging the Republican party to high tarifT and inter-\\nnational bimetalism. McKinley received the support of\\nmany Democrats, and was elected. Hobart was elected\\nVice-President.\\nQuestions. 1. Tell about the repeal of the Sherman Act. 2. What\\ntariff legislation was enacted? 3. What questions were arbitrated?\\n4. Tell of the cyclone in St. Louis. 5. What Exposition was held?\\n6. What strikes occurred in 1894? 7. What State was admitted in 1896?\\n8. Why did Mr. Cleveland become so unpopular? 9. Who was the\\nRepublican candidate in 1896? 10. What split occurred in the Demo-\\ncratic party? 11. Who was elected in 1896?", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "m kinley s administration. 377\\nCHAPTER XLIX.\\nMckinley s administration, 1897.\\ni. McKinley President, 1897. The first work of the new\\nadministration w^as to revise the tariff laws, and Mr. Dingley,\\nof Maine, chairman of the Committee of\\nWays and Means, offered a tariff act\\nwhich restored, and in many cases ex-\\nceeded, the heavy duties imposed by the\\nMcKinley law. It, however, easily passed\\nthe two houses of Congress and became the\\nlaw under which we now (1899) i*^ise our\\nduties on imports.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2WILLIAM M KINLBY i\\n2. Discovery of Gold in Alaska. In the\\nsummer of 1897, gold was discovered in Alaska along the\\nupper Yukon river, and in the Klondyke region lying partly\\nin Alaska, and partly in Canada. In the last two years, the\\nworld s production of gold has been enormously increased.\\n3. Depression of Agriculture. The prices of wheat and\\nother products of the soil were so extremely low at this\\nperiod that the agricultural population was greatly impover-\\nished and discouraged. Much land in the most fertile States\\nof the Union was covered with mortgages, and ruin stared\\nthe people in the face. But a partial failure of crops in\\nEurope, in 1897, created a great demand for American grain,\\nand thereby sensibly relieved the hard times.\\n4. Affairs in the Island of Cuba. Events in Cuba over-\\nshadowed all other questions of public policy. The govern-\\nment was earnestly considering what it should do for the\\noppressed and harried people of that island. The government\\nand people of the United States had, through many years,\\nserious causes of complaint against the conduct of the Spanish", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "378 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nauthorities in Cuba. The cruelty and oppressiveness of their\\nrule over the Cuban people; the destruction of business inter-\\nests, caused by frequent uprisings of the people against their\\noppressors; the hampering of trade relations between the\\nisland and this country; repeated outrages on the persons\\nand property of American citizens all these, and other like\\ninjuries, were gradually wearing out the patience and for-\\nbearance of the people of the United States.*\\n5. Cuban Efforts for Freedom.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1868, the Cuban\\npeople began a struggle for liberty, which lasted ten years.\\nThey finally laid down their arms on the most solemn\\npromises of Spain to reform abuses, to stay the hand of\\nrapacity and oppression, and to secure to them the rights of\\na free people. No attempt to fulfill these promises was ever\\nmade, and after waiting for years, the Cubans, in 1895, again\\ntook up arms against intolerable oppression. The insurgents\\nwere poorly armed and equipped, yet Spain, with an army\\nof 200,000 men, was wholly unable to suppress them.\\n6. Rule of Weyler in Cuba. Campos, the Captain-\\nGeneral of Cuba, was thought by his government to be too\\nmild in dealing with the insurgents, and General Weyler\\nwas sent to replace him. His barbarities soon gained him the\\nThe people of the United States had not forgotten what is known\\nas the Yirginms affair. The Steamer Tirghiius, flying the Stars and\\nStripes and having a regular United States registry, was June 20, 1873,\\narrested on the high seas by an armed Spanish vessel, the Tornado. She\\nwas hurried, with her crew and passengers, into the harbor of Santiago\\nde Cuba, and, on the pretence that she was carrying aid to the Cuban\\ninsurgents, her captain and crew, together with sixteen passengers,\\nwere condemned by a drum-head court-martial, and, in spite of the pro-\\ntests of the British Consul and the American Consular Agent, were put\\nto death with circumstances of great cruelty. The rest of the pas-\\nsengers, ninety-three in number, would have speedily shared the same\\nfate, but for the arrival of a British man-of-war, the commander of\\nwhich interfered and saved them. Spain was compelled to make ample\\napology and pay a heavy indemnity for this outrage.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "M KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION.\\n379\\ntitle of the Butcher. He adopted the severest and most\\nunfeeHng methods of\\nconducting the war,\\nthe most terrible of\\nwhich was his poHcy\\nof concentration.\\nThe raising of crops\\nin the country dis-\\ntricts was a source of\\nsupply for the in-\\ns u r g e n t s. Weyler,\\ntherefore, determined\\nto remove the farmers\\nand all the population\\nfrom the country into\\ntowns garrisoned by\\nhis troops. No ar-\\nrangements were\\nmade for feeding or\\ncaring for these un-\\nfortunate R e c o n\\ncentrados, as they\\nwere called, and soon\\nthe most fearful suf-\\nferings, from want of\\nfood, privation and\\ndisease, arose amongst\\nthem. Accounts of\\nthese sufferings ex-\\ncited sympathy and\\nindignation through-\\nout the whole civilized world, and especially in the United\\nStates.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "380\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nFITZHUGH LEE.\\n7. Reports from Our Agents in Cuba Late in the ad-\\nministration of Mr. Cleveland, he appointed Fitzhugh Lee,\\nof Virginia, to be Consul-General in Cuba.\\nLee was a clear-headed man of indomit-\\nable courage and ripe military experience\\ngained by a distinguished service in the\\nConfederate army. He had also been gov-\\nernor of his State, and had held other\\noffices of trust and responsibility. His re-\\nports of Spanish outrages, perpetrated\\nagainst both the native population and citi-\\nzens of the United States, greatly intensified the feeling of\\nindignation and pity which had been for years accumulating\\nin the hearts of our people.\\n8. Destruction of the IVIaine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An event now occurred\\nwhich sent an additional thrill of hot indignation and horror\\nthrough the length and breadth of the land. The battle-ship\\nMaine, commanded by Captain Sigsbee, was\\nsent, early in 1898, to Havana, partly on a\\nvisit of courtesy, and partly because the\\nConsul-General had intimated that the\\npresence of a war-vessel in Cuban waters\\nhad become desirable. On the night of\\nFebruary 15th, she was lying quietly at\\nanchor on ground assigned by the Spanish\\nofficials. The officers and crew had retired\\nto their quarters and all seemed safe, when suddenly a\\nmighty explosion lifted the ship almost out of the water, and\\nthen sent her to the bottom of the harbor, a broken and con-\\nfused wreck. Of her crew, 266 perished with her. Subse-\\nquent investigation showed that the explosion took place\\noutside the ship, and convinced the people of the United\\nStates that the Spanish authorities had connived at this\\natrocious deed.\\nCAPTAI f SIGSBEE.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "M KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION.\\n381\\n9. Preparation for War. On March 9th, Congress ap-\\npropriated $50,000,000 for public defence, voted a large in-\\ncrease of the regular army, and ordered vigorous preparations\\nto be begun on both land and sea to meet any emergency.\\nThe strained relations between the two countries soon led to\\nthe withdrawal from Cuba of all the consular agents of the\\nUnited States, and, in a short time thereafter, the Spanish\\nBATTLESHIP MAINE.\\nMinister at Washington, and the United States Minister at\\nMadrid, departed for their homes. On the nth of April\\nthe President sent a message to Congress, asking, in the\\nname of humanity and of civilization, and in behalf of en-\\ndangered American interests, for authority to put a stop to\\nthe Cuban war and to secure a stable government for that\\nunhappy people. Congress passed resolutions declaring the\\nindependence of the Cuban people, and demanding that Spain\\nshould at once relinquish her authority in Cuba and withdraw", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "382\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nREAR-ADMIEAL SAMPSON.\\non the contest.\\nfrom the Island. Congress expressly repudiated the inten-\\ntion of acquiring territory, and assured the world that, as soon\\nas a lasting peace had been secured, Cuba\\nshould be left to its own people. Spain\\npaid no attention to these demands, and,\\non both sides, preparations for war were\\nhastened. The President called for 125,000\\nvolunteers. The North and the South\\nseemed to vie with each other in obeying\\nthis call. Congress took steps to provide\\nfor the enormous expense of carrying\\nThe North Atlantic fleet, under Captain\\nSampson, was ordered to blockade Havana and other por-\\ntions of the Cuban coast, and everywhere the preparations\\nfor war were pushed.\\n10. Opening of the War. The first blow of the war was\\ndelivered on the side of the globe opposite to the United\\nStates. There was a large Spanish fleet lying in the bay of\\nManila, the principal sea-port of the Spanish\\npossessions in the Philippine Islands. Com-\\nmodore Dewey, in command of the Asiatic\\nsquadron, was ordered to proceed from\\nHong Kong to ^Manila, to capture or destroy\\nthe Spanish fleet and to hold possession of\\nthe bay and harbor for the United States.\\nOn the last night in April, 1898, with his\\nsquadron of six armed vessels, he steamed over the sub-\\nmarine torpedoes and into the bay. After a brief contest,\\nearly in the morning of May ist, every Spanish vessel of\\nany consequence had been completely destroyed, and the\\nforts and batteries on land disabled and silenced. This bril-\\nliant achievement did not cost the life of a single American,\\nand gained for the intrepid commodore the thanks of Con-\\ngress and a deserved promotion to the rank of admiral. The\\nADMIRAL DEMET.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "M KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION.\\n383\\nGENERAL MERRITT.\\nenemy lost i,ooo men. In a short time after Dewey s victory,\\nan army of 25,000 men, under General\\nMerritt, was sent to maintain the authority\\nof the United States in Manila.\\n11. Naval Incidents in American Waters.\\nAdmiral Cervera, with a powerful Spanish\\nfleet, started from the Cape Verde Is-\\nlands to raise the blockade of Cuba. In~^\\norder to make the transportation of troops\\nfrom the United States to Cuba safe from\\nCervera s swift and powerful cruisers, it was necessary\\nthat his fleet should be destroyed or driven back. Accord-\\ningly, Commodore Schley was sent with his Flying Squad-\\nron from Norfolk, to join Sampson in finding and disabling\\nthe Spanish fleet. They failed, however, to come up with it,\\nbut finally discovered that Cervera had taken refuge in\\nthe harbor of Santiago de Cuba. Here he was protected\\nby a land-locked harbor, with a narrow entrance defended by\\npowerful forts on both flanks.\\n12. Movements on Santiago de Cuba. It now became\\nthe first object of the United States to shut up Cervera in his\\nchosen refuge and to keep him securely\\nenclosed. Every available vessel of the\\nnavy was gathered at the opening of the\\nharbor, and unceasing watch was kept\\non all his movements. During this\\nnaval siege many acts of heroic valor\\nwere performed. Lieutenant Blue, a\\nSouth Carolinian, alone and without a\\nguide, twice made the circuit of the\\ncity and bay, and accurately noted the\\nposition of the naval vessels and forts.\\nLieutenant Hobson, an Alabamian, with seven volunteer sea-\\nmen sank the collier Merrimac in the narrow mouth of\\nLIEUT. BLUE.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "384\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nLIEUT. HOBSON.\\nthe harbor and at the very muzzle of the guns in Morro\\nCastle. Many other deeds equally as brave and patriotic\\nwere performed in this service, but must be omitted from\\na history as brief as the one you are now\\nstudying.\\n13. Troops Sent to Cuba.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It now be-\\ncame safe for our vessels to traverse any part\\nof the seas. Accordingly, General Shafter\\nwas ordered to transfer his corps at once to\\nCuban soil. On the 20th of June, he had\\nreached the neighborhood of Santiago. A\\nparty of 600 marines had previously landed\\nat Guantanamo, and, after a severe fight, secured and held\\na position which commanded the landing. A landing was\\nefTected at this point by General Shafter s forces, and an ad-\\nvance on the defences of the city was ordered to begin at\\nonce. General Lawton led the advance, and with him went\\nGeneral Joseph Wheeler, a brave ex-Con-\\nfederate officer, who commanded the dis-\\nmounted cavalry division. On went the\\nintrepid advance, without transportation for\\nsupplies, without roads, without reserves,\\nthrough bottomless mud, under a burning\\ntropical sun, or drenching tropical rains, over\\nbarbed wire fences and all other obstacles\\nnever faltering or hesitating. The final as-\\nsault on Santiago was made July ist, when the strong posi-\\ntions at San Juan and El Caney were captured, and the\\nSpanish forces driven into their inner lines. The victory\\ncost the American army 230 killed and 1,300 wounded. The\\nSpanish loss has not been ascertained.\\n14. The Destruction of Cervcra s Fleet. Shafter being\\nsecurely entrenched on heights commanding the city and\\nbay, it was clear that he would soon be able to destroy the\\nJOSEPH WHEELER.\\n(Hero of San Juan.)", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "m kinley s administration.\\n385\\nMISS ANNIE WHEELER.\\nSpanish fleet with heavy guns already being placed in posi-\\ntion. Cervera was, therefore, ordered by the Captain-General\\nto leave the harbor of Santiago and try to\\nescape with his fleet through the beleagur-\\ning American ships. On the morning of July\\n3d, his flag-ship steamed out of the har-\\nbor and was followed by all the rest of his\\nsquadron in single file. They were instantly\\nobserved, and the entire United States fleet\\nstarted a vigorous pursuit, pouring a tre-\\nmendous fire into the fleeing enemy. In\\nan incredibly short time every Spanish ship was a complete\\nwreck. The loss of the Spaniards was 500 killed and\\nw^ounded, and 1,600 prisoners; among the latter was Ad-\\nmiral Cervera himself.\\n15. Surrender of Santiago de Cuba. The destruction of\\nfleet was a crushing blow to Spain, especially to her\\npower in Cuba. The surrender of the city\\nand province of Santiago followed on the\\n1 6th of July, and with them the surrender\\nof all the Spanish troops in that territory,\\nestimated to be about 16,000.\\n16, The Occupation of Porto Rico\\nand of Manila. The transactions at San-\\ntiago substantiall} closed the war with\\nSpain. In a short time, an American\\narmy under General Miles occupied, with but slight opposi-\\ntion, the island of Porto Rico. A little later, Admiral Dewey\\nand General Merritt, after some fighting, captured the city\\nof Manila.\\nthis\\nKEAR-ADMIRAL SCHLEY.\\nMention should be made of the part played by the women during\\nthis war. Numbers of them volunteered to nurse the sick and wounded.\\nThe noble work done by Miss Annie Wheeler during the siege of San-\\ntiago won for her the title of Angel of the Army,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "GENERAL MILES.\\n386 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n17. Spain Asks for Terms of Peace. Spain was now\\ndefenceless, and, realizinsr her condition, she asked, through\\nthe French Ambassador at Washington,\\nwhat terms of peace would be granted her\\nby the United States. On the 12th of\\nAugust, a protocol covering the outlines of\\na treaty of peace was signed at Washing-\\nton by the Ambassador of France, repre-\\nsenting Spain, and by the American Secre-\\ntary of State.\\n18. The Peace Commission. The pro-\\ntocol provided that Spain should relinquish her authority in\\nCuba, and cede to the United States Porto Rico and all her\\nother possessions in the West Indies, and submit the disposal\\nof the Philippine Islands to a commission, consisting of five\\nmen from each country. This commission was soon ap-\\npointed, and met, on the invitation of the French Govern-\\nment, in the city of Paris, and finally concluded a treaty of\\npeace. This treaty included all the terms of the protocol, and\\nprovided, in addition, that Spain should surrender all claims\\non the Philippines. For this latter surrender, the United\\nStates agreed to pay her the sum of $20,000,000.\\n19. Ratification of the Treaty. The treaty of peace,\\nsigned by the peace commission, was ratified by the Senate\\non February 6, 1899. The new acquisitions of the United\\nStates are all in the military occupancy of the government,\\nand all departments of civil administration among the people\\nare directed by military authority.\\n20. War in the Philippines., A number of the most ac-\\ntive of the Filipinos were dissatisfied with the terms of settle-\\nment proposed by the United States for the afifairs of the\\nIslands. They did not regard the United States as promising\\nfreedom of self-government to the islanders with as much\\nclearness as thev wished, and the feeling of disappointment", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "M KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION.\\n387\\nat last took the form of open resistance to the authority of\\nthe American commanders. Aguinaldo, a young native sol-\\ndier of considerable\\nability, raised the\\nstandard of revolt,\\nand aided by his\\nknowledge of the\\ndensely tangled\\ncountry and a cli-\\nm a t e which has\\nproved unbearable to\\nthe Americans, he\\nhas succeeded i n\\nholding his own\\nagainst troops which,\\nin ordinary circum-\\nstances, would have\\ncrushed him in a\\nweek. The Ameri-\\ncan General Otis,\\n^vho succeeded Mer-\\nritt, has had the ser-\\nvices of brave and in-\\ntelligent officers, and\\nof men of undaunted\\ncourage. They have\\nin companies per-\\nformed actions\\nwhich, had they been\\non a larger scale,\\nwould have filled the\\nw o r 1 d with their\\n.n-cha,u Shao-wuo I 5Ping,-)ang\\njt hainan-,\\nPAR ACEL\\nclSheld\\nTiZARD BAN\\nlERY CB3S3\\n-0\\nBalUntang Channel\\n/BABUYAN is!\\n/c.BOJEADOS\\nj-QF CANCER\\nPHILIPPINE IS.,\\nand the East Coast of\\nCHINA.\\nCOPYRIGHT, 189S, BY THE _\\nMATTHEWS-NORTHRUP CO.,\\neUFFALO, N. Y.\\nSCALE Of MILES\\nD 200\\nENGANO\\nguegari\\nrUgue\\n200\\nJL UZON I.\\nhong\\niiia\\nS PHILIPFINE^\\nBEEF\\n^ro siNGAp oRE\\nI J BUbUANGA- SAMAR I.\\n1 CALAMIANES IS.^; ^pCatbilt/gan\\n..\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 NORTH CAPE.-.a. ,iS. I, lo O\\nBahJ^J.^^F\\nMTNDANAOYr\\nBai .6jeS(;i.N. i\u00c2\u00b0^*?\u00c2\u00ab I- ,.1 T GORD f/^ fC. IVl l N DAMOVl J,-\\nsot! B\u00e2\u0084\u00a24\\\\fVt, /fr^ -N X^ f^v V\\nS j ISongoiicJ K BAjiL!.N i:xS!? Leno ILiidabaM r-\\nMT.niNASAOji-. ^USau iiakan fi-UnW.H =ela \\\\1 )Va,ao Oulf\\n,AN f 3^evJNiANG,^A;A!ySs S-\u00c2\u00bbn n/\\nc.eARAM^ B O R X E^O*p\u00c2\u00bbf J ic^...Vi.L:;,Q is.l\\nVl V /S, -^r ^?:3. r KARAKELAlia ,.y\\nN ._ a 114 Long, b Ea.t Ua from COreeDW.122 Cl 1^6 e\\nfame. But up to the present time (August i, 1899), they", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "^88 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nhave been unable to combat successfully the odds enlisted\\nagainst them odds not so much of numbers as of nature.\\n2i. Annexation of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands, applied\\nfor annexation to the United States in Harrison s adminis-\\ntration. Harrison negotiated a treaty for the annexation\\nof the islands, but nothing was done with it. While the war\\nwas going on with Spain, the United States, realizing that\\nthe Hawaiian Islands would be serviceable as a coaling-\\nstation, annexed them.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Who became President in 1897? 2. What tariff bill\\nwas passed? 3. Tell about the discovery of gold in Alaska. 4. What\\nwas the condition of the farmers? 5. What was going on in Cuba?\\n6. Why did the United States feel for Cuba? 7. What was the Virginius\\naffair (note) 8. Tell of Weyler s rule in Cuba. 9. What did Fitzhugh\\nLee do in Cuba? 10. Tell of the blowing up of the Maine. 11. What\\npreparations were made for war? 12. Tell of the battle of Manila.\\n13. What fleets were in Atlantic waters? 14. Tell of the movements on\\nSantiago de Cuba. 15. Tell of the battle at Santiago. 16. Tell of the\\ndestruction of Cervera s fleet. 17. What places did the United States\\nnow occupy? 18. Tell of the peace with Spain. 19. Tell of Aguinaldo s\\nefforts. 20. What islands were annexed with their own consent?\\n21. Find all the places on the map.\\nCHAPTER L.\\nTHE PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY.\\nI. Education. The true development and greatness of a\\ncountry depend upon the education of its citizens. In the\\nnumber and excellence of the schools which flourish at thou-\\nsands of places in its borders, and in the eagerness with\\nwhich its people seek knowledge, the United States is easily\\nthe peer of any nation on the globe.\\nThe public-school system deep-rooted in the hearts of\\nthe people furnishes the elements of a common-school edu-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY. 389\\ncation free to the children of the land. Secondary schools\\nof great excellence take up the work at this point and give\\npreparation for the hundreds of colleges, which, in turn,\\nsend out their graduates to the great universities, where the\\ntraining is as broad and thorough as it can be made.\\nThe national government has taken charge of the edu-\\ncation of the Indians, and contributed to the education of the\\nnegroes, and has aided the States to establish colleges of\\ncertain sorts. Religious denominations vie with each other\\nin the number and efficiency of their schools and colleges,\\nand private citizens have given nobly to found great univer-\\nsities. The total enrollment in all schools of the United\\nStates is now about 16,000,000 pupils.\\n2. Literature, Arts, and Inventions Considering its age,\\nthe United States had produced a mass of literature credit-\\nable both in volume and in quality. In historical work, some\\nof the American authors deserve to be and are ranked as\\nhigh as any in the world, while every branch of literature\\nhas received valuable contributions from Americans. Works\\nof Poetry, Fiction, Romance, Biography, Travel, on Politics,\\nReligion, Science, Philosophy, have appeared and brought\\nfame to their authors and credit to the country.\\nThe number of books, and especially the number of new^s-\\npapers and periodicals published in the United States, is\\nenormously large. Of the 45,000 newspapers in the world,\\n14,000 are published in the United States, and the presses\\nof the great publishing houses are continually making ad-\\nditions to the books which the people purchase by millions\\nevery year.\\nThe fine arts have reached a point of high advancement in\\nthe country. American, painters and sculptors rank with\\nthe best in the world, and the wealth which enables the\\npeople to fill their homes with beautiful objects has acted\\nas a powerful spur on the ambition and genius of the artists.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "390 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nThe United States is the home of invention. There is\\nno valuable invention of recent years in which its citizens\\nhave not borne some part, while many of the most valuable\\nhave been wholly American. For a generation the world\\nhas been almost entirely dependent upon the United States\\nfor improvements of every sort, and the mechanical genius\\nof the people has rarely been taxed in vain. The very highest\\nadvance has been made in all the mechanical arts, and it is\\nhardly too much to say that the wonderful character of the\\nmachines employed will enable the citizens of this country\\nto rival any product of workshops elsewhere in the world,\\nboth in quality and in price.\\n3. The Industrial Development of the Country.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 So vast\\nare the resources of the United States, and so vast is its\\npresent commercial importance that, to understand it, it is\\nnot even necessary to consider how wonderfully the country\\nhas grown in four hundred years a short period in a nation s\\nlife from nothing to a place as high as that of any people\\nin the world. It is only needful to regard the facts as they\\nstand to-day. The United States has a territory, for the\\nneeds of its present population, boundless in its extent. It\\nincludes every variety of soil and of climate required for\\nthe production of the most varied growths. Its forests con-\\ntain timber of almost every sort and of incalculable value. Its\\nmineral wealth of coal and of iron, gold, silver, lead, copper\\nand other metals is such as makes its mines the treasury\\nof the earth. Its immense river systems fertilize great basins\\nwhich year by year yield up a countless crop. Mills, turned\\nby the power of the smaller streams, convert these products\\ninto many forms; and fleets of vessels floating on the larger\\nrivers convey this merchandise to every corner of the land.\\nThe varied nature of the population gives it an energy\\nand tireless push known nowhere else on earth. New dis-\\ntricts of country settle, become prosperous, become famous", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY. 391\\nfor some industry, as if by magic. Towns spring into exist-\\nence in a month, cities in a year. Feats that would daunt\\nanother people are undertaken and successfully performed,\\nand out of a mass, composed of elements drawn from almost\\nevery people of the globe, has arisen one nation, compact\\nand harmonious, and moving with resistless strength towards\\na destiny the grandest that a nation ever had.\\nCertain great circumstances still fix some features of the\\nindustrial life of the country. The New^ England States, by\\nreason of the poverty and rockiness of the land, and the swift\\ncurrents that carry the rivers to the near-by sea, and by rea-\\nson of years of custom, still continue the great manufactur-\\ning region of the Union. The West, with its boundless grass\\nlands, is yet most marked for the mighty herds that roam its\\nplains. The South, with its genial seasons, is still the agri-\\ncultural center of the land.\\nBut there are even now the marks of a great change. The\\nNorthern States are fast losing their position as the manufac-\\nturing center of the country. Cotton mills and iron furnaces\\nare moving to the South in order to be near the fields of\\ncotton and the mines of iron and of coal; while flouring mills\\nare moving to the West, where an immeasurable sea of wheat\\nbillows before their doors. The mighty prairies of the West\\nare being changed from herding grounds to farms; vast irri-\\ngation works have rendered possible the establishment of\\nfruit plantations which are the wonder of the world, and the\\nfertility of a well-nigh exhaustless soil is fast converting the\\ncountry into the granary of the earth. The railways, stretch-\\ning from sea to sea, have opened the western lands to\\nsettlers. The shores of the great lakes are gemmed with\\ncities, and, clustered round the mouths of mines and pits,\\nare countless towns. The center of population, in the last\\none hundred years, has moved from the Atlantic coast west-", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "392 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nward at a rate of about five miles a year, until now it occupies\\na point near Columbus, Indiana.\\nThe South has changed so much that it is called the New\\nSouth. The abolition of slavery, the opening of railways,\\nthe development of mines, the establishment of factories, the\\nintroduction of new elements of population, have all com-\\nbined to graft upon the agricultural occupation of the people\\nthe new features of mining, manufacturing, ship-building\\nand commerce, and the resources of the Southern States and\\nthe genius of their people are such as to insure success in all\\nthese things.\\nThe area of the United States is about 3,600,000 square\\nmiles, or 2,304,000,000 acres. This area is about equal to\\nthe whole of Europe. There are twenty-four States each\\nlarger than England.\\nThe population of the country is about 70,000,000 nearly\\ntw^enty-one to the square mile. Not far from half of this is\\nlocated in the towns and cities. About 15,000,000 are of\\nforeign birth German, Irish, British, Canadian, Scandi-\\nnavian, Hungarian, Polish, Italian, in the order given. Be-\\nsides, there are large numbers of people from other foreign\\nlands.\\nThe farms of the United States cover an area of about\\n1,200,000 square miles, and, together with stock and im-\\nplements, are valued at about $14,000,000,000, or about one-\\nfifth of the entire wealth of the country. There is an annual\\nyield of about 10,000,000 bales of cotton, 488,000,000 pounds\\nof tobacco, 70,000,000 tons of hay, 1,300,000,000 bushels of\\ncorn, and 400,000,000 bushels of w^heat.\\nThere are 210,000 miles of steam railway, costing tw^elve\\nbillion dollars. They carry annually 500,000,000 passengers\\nand 750,000,000 tons of freight, earn $1,300,000,000 and sup-\\nport 850,000 men.\\nThe factories in the United States are w orth about $6,500,-", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY. 398\\n000,000, and the annual value of the products is $9,000,000,-\\n000. The value of the material used is about $5,000,000,000,\\nwhich leaves $4,000,000,000 as the income from all factories.\\nThe number of persons employed is about 3,000,000.\\nThe value of the mineral products of the country is about\\n$600,000,000. The yearly output of coal is valued at $160,-\\n000,000, pig-iron at $120,000,000, silver at $70,000,000, build-\\ning stone at $44,000,000, lime at $33,000,000, gold at $32,000,-\\n000, etc. Statistics like the above might be given almost\\nwithout end. They would all tend to prove that the point\\nreached by the material development of the country is a\\nmarvellous one, and, while, taken year after year, there would\\nbe some backward steps, on the whole they would show^ a\\nsteady, healthy growth that clearly promises that the country\\nwill soon reach a plane of prosperity and commercial power\\nwhich will render it the leading country of the world.\\n4. Closing Words, In bidding you farewell, young\\nreaders, we hope that you may all learn from these pages to\\nadmire and emulate the virtues and abilities of the men and\\nwomen who have exalted and adorned our country. Each one\\nof you has a responsibility toward the whole nation, and\\nespecially towards that section to which you belong. If you\\nperform your duties faithfully as boys and girls, and make\\ngood use of your opportunities and privileges at home and\\nat school, you will, when you grow to be men and women,\\nshow that our country is still, as she has been since Captain\\nJohn Smith planted the first colony at Jamestown, the home\\nof a brave, patriotic people who, walking in the fear of God,\\nand maintaining the true principles of free government, will\\nprove, throughout the ages, an honor and a safeguard to the\\nhuman race.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "394\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nGRANT S AD-\\nMINISTRATION.\\nHAYES AD-\\nMINISTRATION.\\nTHE\\nGARFIELD-\\nARTHUR AD-\\nMINISTRATION.\\nCLEVELAND S\\nFIRST AD-\\nMINISTRATION.\\nHARRISON S\\nADMINISTRA-\\nTION.\\nCLEVELAND S\\nSECOND AD-\\nMINISTRATION.\\nM KINLEY S\\nADMINIS-\\nTRATION.\\nPROGRESS\\nOF THE\\nCOUNTRY.\\n1.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\n2.\\n3.\\n1 4.\\nf 1.\\n1 3.\\n(1-\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n1.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n1.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n1.\\n2.\\n3.\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\n7.\\n8.\\n9.\\n1.\\n2.\\nPHRIOD VI.\\n(The Numbers Refer to Pages.)\\nProgress of the Country, 354, 355.\\nFinancial Crisis, 354.\\nReconstructed Governments, 356-358.\\nCongress and Corruption, 359, 360.\\nCivil Service, 361.\\nIndian Wars, 361.\\nHayes and the South, 363.\\nStrife Between Capital and Labor, 364.\\nBland Silver Act, 364.\\nSpecie Payments, 365.\\nGarfield s Death, 365.\\nArctic Explorations, 366.\\nIndustrial Development, 367.\\nCivil Service, 368.\\nImportant Legislation, 368.\\nTariff Discussion, 369.\\nLabor Troubles, 369.\\nTariff and Currency, 370.\\nPensions, 371.\\nDiplomacy, 371.\\nNotable Events, 372.\\nTariff and Currency, 373, 374.\\nColumbian Exposition, 375.\\nStrikes, 375.\\nOther Events, 374, 375.\\nCondition of the United States, 377.\\nAffairs in Cuba, 377-379.\\nDestruction of the Maine, 380.\\nWar Declared Against Spain, 381, 382.\\nWar on the Sea, 382-385.\\nWar on Land, 383-385.\\nPeace with Spain, 386.\\nTrouble with the Philippines, 386, 387.\\nHawaii, 388.\\nEducation, 388.\\nLiterature, Arts, Inventions, 389.\\nIndustrial Development, 390-393.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "a a 9^ s\\no\\nc\\nG r^ fl\\nW\\ny}K^O H\\n^^1\\nCD ED\\nQ.\\nu\\nO\\nO\\nz\\n(0\\nz\\nUJ\\na\\nw\\nUi\\noc\\nQ.\\no\\nfe tf P^\\nMp^\\nn: o\\n-\u00c2\u00bbJ\u00c2\u00ab oj sj\\ncS Cw o2 -^-3 cd -4-^ o2\\nO O O o3 u ce o\\nft ft;\\n\u00c2\u00a3bcOi3C5joOO ^O ^O\\n:^O^^ftq p^ p^a^p^fttfftp^\\nOS V\\nis\\nHO\\nX) CO 00 g^ So ^J\\n00 LQ\\nHO H\\n-r/^OOgOoOX S a\\n-I^^S -HOgTHrH O g\\nc s -1 s P^t ci c;\\nOOHOrH^OO\\nC3 05 M t-\\n^00 00 00\\nt- OO 00 05\\nGO rj: 00 00 30\\n3 2 s s s d\\nr; i, lO J- t^\\no) q; OJ (U\\nH Ooc^OOOS\\no\\nfe 2 5d:\\n6 o\\nO O c5 O\\n,\u00c2\u00a3i^ IV U di,^\\nOO^^^i^^O\\nbe\\nS:3\\no\\no\\np; CO\\nma\\nc\\nfC 5j ^H\\n^i^\\nrj 3 2 --S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tc^^ t: S s\\nW 0^ aj a; vj\\n-O J\\n.-^F^s\\nUJ.\\nfsg\\nOJ S S f^\\nt^ S 2 P ?5\\n00 C5 O 1-1 M\\n(395)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES\\nOF AMERICA.\\nWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect\\nunion, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the\\ncommon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings\\nof liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this\\nConstitution for the United States of America,\\nARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall\\nbe vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a\\nSenate and House of Representatives.\\nSection 2. 1, The House of Representatives shall be composed of\\nmembers chosen every second year by the people of the several States,\\nand the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for\\nelectors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.\\n2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to\\nthe age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the\\nUnited States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of\\nthat State in which he shall be chosen.\\n3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the\\nseveral States which may be included within this Union, according to\\ntheir respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the\\nwhole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a\\nterm of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other\\npersons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years\\nafter the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within\\nevery subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law\\ndirect. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every\\nthirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative:\\nand until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire\\nshall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island\\nand Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six;\\nNew Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six;\\nVirginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia,\\nthree.\\n4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the\\nexecutive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such\\nvacancies,\\n5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other\\noflicers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.\\nSection 3. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of\\ntwo senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for\\nsix years; and each senator shall have one vote.\\n2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the\\nfirst election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three\\nclasses. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated\\nat the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expira-\\ntion of the fourth year; of the third class, at the expiration of the\\nsixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and\\nif vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "398 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nthe Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary-\\nappointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall\\nthen fill such vacancies.\\n3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the\\nage of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen. of the United States,\\nand who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for\\nwhich he shall be chosen.\\n4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the\\nSenate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.\\n5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president\\npro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall\\nexercise the office of President of the United States.\\n6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.\\nWhen sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation.\\nWhen the President of the United States is tried the Chief-Justice shall\\npreside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of\\ntwo-thirds of the members present.\\n7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than\\nto removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office\\nof honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party con-\\nvicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,\\njudgment, and punishment, according to law.\\nSection 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for\\nsenators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the\\nLegislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make\\nor alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.\\n2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such\\nmeeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall\\nby law appoint a different day.\\nSection 5.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns,\\nand qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall\\nconstitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn\\nfrom day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of\\nabsent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each\\nhouse may provide.\\n2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its\\nmembers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-\\nthirds, expel a member.\\n3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time\\nto time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg-\\nment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either\\nhouse on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present,\\nbe entered on the journal.\\n4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the\\nconsent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any\\nother place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.\\nSection 6. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com-\\npensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of\\nthe treasury of the United States. They shall in ail cases, except\\ntreason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest\\nduring their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and\\nin going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate\\nin either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.\\n2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he\\nwas elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of\\nthe United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 399\\nwhereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person,\\nholding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either\\nhouse during his continuance in office.\\nSection 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the\\nHouse of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with\\namendments as on other bills.\\n2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives\\nand the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the\\nPresident of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if\\nnot, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it\\nshall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their\\njournal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration,\\ntwo-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,\\ntogether with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall\\nlikewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house,\\nit shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses\\nshall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons\\nvoting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each\\nhouse respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President\\nwithin ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented\\nto him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it,\\nunless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which\\ncase it shall not be a law.\\n3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the\\nSenate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a\\nquestion of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the\\nUnited States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved\\nby him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds\\nof the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and\\nlimitations prescribed in the case of a bill.\\nSection 8. The Congress shall have power:\\n1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the\\ndebts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the\\nUnited States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform\\nthroughout the United States;\\n2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;\\n3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several\\nStates, and with the Indian tribes;\\n4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws\\non the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;\\n5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and\\nfix the standard of weights and measures;\\n6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and\\ncurrent coin of the United States;\\n7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;\\n8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for\\nlimited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their\\nrespective writings and discoveries;\\n9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;\\n10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high\\nseas, and offences against the law of nations;\\n11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make\\nrules concerning captures on land and water;\\n12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to\\nthat use shall be for a longer term than two years;\\n13. To provide and maintain a navr*", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "400 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\n14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and\\nnaval forces;\\n15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the\\nUnion, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;\\n16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia,\\nand for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service\\nof the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appoint-\\nment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according\\nto the discipline prescribed by Congress;\\n17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such\\ndistrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particu-\\nlar States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the\\ngovernment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over\\nall places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in\\nwhich the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,\\ndockyards, and other needful buildings; And\\n18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry-\\ning into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested\\nby this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in\\nany department or officer thereof.\\nSectiox 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any\\nof the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be\\nprohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hun-\\ndred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation,\\nnot exceeding ten dollars for each person.\\n2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,\\nunless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may\\nrequire it.\\n3. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed.\\n4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion\\nto the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.\\n5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.\\n6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or\\nrevenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall\\nvessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay\\nduties in another.\\n7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of\\nappropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of\\nthe receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published\\nfrom time to time.\\n8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no\\nperson holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without\\nthe consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,\\nor title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.\\nSectiox 10. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con-\\nfederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit\\nbills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in pay-\\nment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law im-\\npairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.\\n2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im-\\nposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely\\nnecessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all\\nduties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be\\nfor the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall\\nbe subject to the revision and control of the Congress.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 401\\n3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of\\ntonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any\\nagreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or\\nengage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as\\nwill not admit of delay.\\nARTICLE 11.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a\\nPresident of the United States of America. He shall hold his office\\nduring the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President,\\nchosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:\\n2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof\\nmay direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of sena-\\ntors and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Con-\\ngress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of\\ntrust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector,\\n3. (The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by\\nballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant\\nof the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all\\nthe persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which\\nlist they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of the\\ngovernment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate.\\nThe president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall\\nthen be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes\\nshall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num-\\nber of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such\\nmajority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Repre-\\nsentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President;\\nand if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list\\nthe said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in\\nchoosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre-\\nsentation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose\\nshall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States,\\nand a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In\\nevery case, after the choice of the President, the person having the\\ngreatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President.\\nBut if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the\\nSenate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.)\\n4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and\\nthe day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the\\nsame throughout the United States.\\n5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United\\nStates at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible\\nto the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that\\noffice who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and\\nbeen fourteen years a resident within the United States.\\n6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,\\nresignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said\\noffice, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress\\nmay by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or\\ninability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what\\nofficer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly\\nuntil the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.\\n7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a\\ncompensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during\\nthe period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not re-\\n26", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "402 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nceive within that period any other emolument from the United States,\\nor any of them.\\n8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the\\nfollowing oath or affirmation: I do solemnly swear (or affirm)\\nthat I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States,\\nand will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the\\nConstitution of the United States.\\nSectiox 2. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army\\nand navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States,\\nwhen called into the actual service of the United States; he may require\\nthe opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive\\ndepartments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective\\noffices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for\\noffences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.\\n2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the\\nSenate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present\\nconcur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con-\\nsent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers\\nand consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the\\nUnited States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided\\nfor, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law\\nvest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they ihink proper, in\\nthe President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.\\n3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may\\nhappen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which\\nshall expire at the end of their next session.\\nSectiox 3. 1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor-\\nmation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration\\nsuch measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on\\nextraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in\\ncase of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjourn-\\nment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he\\nshall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care\\nthat the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the\\nofficers of the United States.\\nSectiox 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the\\nUnited States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and\\nconviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\\nARTICLE III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sectiox 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judicial power of the United States\\nshall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such Inferior courts as\\nthe Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges,\\nboth of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during\\ngood behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a\\ncompensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance\\nin office.\\nSectiox 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and\\nequity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States,\\nand treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;\\nto all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con-\\nsuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to con-\\ntroversies; to which the United States shall be a party;\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to controversies\\nbetween two or more States; between a State and citizens of another\\nState; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the\\nsame State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between\\nn State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 403\\n2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and con-\\nsuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court\\nshall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned\\nthe Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and\\nfact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress\\nshall make.\\n3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by\\njury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes\\nshall have been committed; but when not committed within any State,\\nthe trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law\\nhave directed.\\nSectiox 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only\\nin levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving\\nthem aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless\\non the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confes-\\nsion in open court.\\n2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of\\ntreason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or\\nforfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.\\nARTICLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Full faith and credit shall be given in each\\nState to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other\\nState. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in\\nwhich such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the\\neffect thereof.\\nSection 2. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all\\nprivileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.\\n2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,\\nwho shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on\\ndemand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be\\ndelivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the\\ncrime.\\n3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws\\nthereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or\\nregulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall\\nbe delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor\\nmay be due.\\nSection 3. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this\\nUnion; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic-\\ntion of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of\\ntwo or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the\\nLegislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.\\n2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful\\nrules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belong-\\ning to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so\\nconstrued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any\\nparticular State.\\nSection 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this\\nUnion a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them\\nagainst invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu-\\ntive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic\\nviolence.\\nARTICLE v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses\\nshall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution,\\nor, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several\\nStates, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "404 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\neither case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this\\nConstitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the\\nseveral States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one\\nor the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;\\nprovided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one\\nthousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first\\nand fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that\\nno State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in\\nthe Senate.\\nARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into,\\nbefore the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the\\nUnited States under this Constitution, as under the confederation.\\n2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall\\nbe made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be\\nmade, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme\\nlaw of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby,\\nanything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not-\\nwithstanding.\\n3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the mem-\\nbers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial\\nofficers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be\\nbound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no\\nreligious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or\\npublic trust under the United States.\\nARTICLE VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The ratification of the conventions of nine States\\nshall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the\\nStates so ratifying the same.\\nAMENDMENTS.\\nARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establish-\\nment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging\\nthe freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peace-\\nably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of\\ngrievances.\\nARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the\\nsecurity of a free State the right of the people to keep and bear arms\\nshall not be infringed.\\nARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any\\nhouse, without the consent of the owmer; nor in time of war but in a\\nmanner to be prescribed by law.\\nARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,\\nhouses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,\\nshall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable\\ncause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the\\nplace to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\\nARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or\\notherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a\\ngrand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the\\nmilitia, when in actual service in time of w^ar and public danger; nor\\nshall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in\\njeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case\\nto be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or\\nproperty, without due process of law; nor shall private property be\\ntaken for public use, without just compensation.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 405\\nARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy\\nthe right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State\\nand district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis-\\ntrict shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed\\nof the nature and cau3e of the accusation; to be confronted with the\\nwitnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit^\\nnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.\\nARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in con-\\ntroversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall\\nbe preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined\\nin any court of the United States than according to the rules of com-\\nmon law.\\nARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive\\nfines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\\nARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights\\nshall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the\\npeople.\\nARTICLE X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The powers not delegated to the United States by the\\nConstitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the\\nStates respectively, or to the people.\\nARTICLE XL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judicial power of the United States shall not be\\nconstrued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prose-\\ncuted against one of the United States by citizens of anothei State, or\\nby citizens or subjects of any foreign State.\\nARTICLE XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States,\\nand vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at\\nleast, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves;\\nthey shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and\\nin distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they\\nshall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of\\nall persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for\\neach, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the\\nseat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the\\nSenate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate\\nand House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes\\nshall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes\\nfor President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of\\nthe whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such\\nmajority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not\\nexceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House\\nof Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.\\nBut in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the\\nrepresentation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this\\npurpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the\\nStates, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.\\nAnd if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,\\nwhenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the\\nfourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act\\nas President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis-\\nability of the President. The person having the greatest number of\\nvotes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number\\nTdc a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no\\nperson have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the\\nlist, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the\\npurpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators,", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "406 NEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nand a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.\\nBut no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall\\nbe eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.\\nARTICLE XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi-\\ntude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have\\nbeen duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place\\nsubject to their jurisdiction.\\n2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate\\nlegislation.\\nARTICLE XIV. Sectiox 1. All persons born or naturalized in the\\nUnited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of\\nthe United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall\\nmake or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or im-\\nmunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive\\nany person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor\\ndeny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the\\nlaws.\\n2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States\\naccording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of\\npersons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right\\nto vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and\\nVice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the\\nexecutive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legis-\\nlature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State,\\nbeing twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in\\nany way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime,\\nthe basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion\\nwhich the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole num-\\nber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.\\n3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or\\nelector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or mili-\\ntary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having pre-\\nviously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the\\nUnited States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an\\nexecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of\\nthe United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion\\nagainst the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But\\nCongress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such\\ndisability.\\n4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by\\nlaw, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for\\nservices in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques-\\ntioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or\\npay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion\\nagainst the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation\\nof any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held\\nillegal and void.\\n5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,\\nthe provisions of this article.\\nARTICLE XV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Secttox 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The right of citizens of the United States\\nto vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any\\nState, en account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\\n2. Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article\\nby appropriate legislation.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY.\\nKey to Vowel Sounds. Fate, hat, far, hawk, care, sofa,\\nbe, met, her, pine, pin, tone, lot, do, tune, us, full, rude.\\nAccomac (ak^ko mak^).\\nAlamance (aFa mans).\\nAlamo (a la mo).\\nAlgiers (al jerz\\nAlgonquin (al gon kwin).\\nAlleghany (al le ga nl).\\nAlloiiez (al lu a^).\\nAltajnahaw (al tam a ha).\\nAmerigo Vespucci (a mer i go\\nves pu chee).\\nAndre (an dra).\\nAntietam (an te^tam)\\nAntiocJi (an^ti ok).\\nAppaches (a patch ez).\\nAppalachian (ap palach^i an).\\nA2ig2istine (au gus fine).\\nBahama (ba ha ma).\\nBalboa (bal bo^a).\\nBeauregard (bo re gard).\\nBerkley (berk li).\\nBienville (be enVil).\\nBiloxi (bil ok si).\\nBon Homme (bon -om\\nBovadilla (barv a diria).\\nBotetourt (bot e turt).\\nBuena Vista (bwa na ves ta).\\nBurgoyne (bur goin\\nCabral (ka braF).\\nCahokia (ka ho ki a).\\nCalhoun (kal hoon\\nCanonchet (ka non tchgt).\\nCanonictis (ka non i kus).\\nCaribbean (ka ri be an).\\nCartaret (kar te ret).\\nCaytiga (ka yoo ga\\nCerro Gordo (ser ro gor do).\\nCervera (ser ve ra).\\nChamplain (sham plan\\nChapultepec (cha pool ta pSk).\\nChattanooga (chat ta noo ga).\\nCherokees (tcher o kees\\nCherubusco (cher u bus ko).\\nChevalier de St. Pierre (sher\\nval ya de Sant pe ar\\nChevalier La Salle (sher val ya\\nla sal).\\nChickamauga (chick a ma ga)^\\nChichasaws (chick a saz).\\nChickasaw Bayou (chick a sa\\nbi oo).\\nChippeiva (chip pe wa).\\nColeron (kol ron\\nContreras (kon tra raz).\\nCotymore (ko ti mor).\\nCreve Coeur (krav ker", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "408\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nDaHen (da re en).\\nDe Kalb (de kalp\\nDeseret (dez a ret).\\nDes Moines (da moin\\nUEstaing (des tan\\nDc To7iti (de ton te).\\nU Iberville (d e ber vel\\nDoug ail (dou gan).\\nDii Quesne (doo kan\\nEaii Claire (o klar\\nEl Caney (el ka nl).\\nElkszvatazva (elks wa ta wa).\\nEl Pas c II a Florida (el pas koo\\na flor e da).\\nFlorentine (flor en ten).\\nFrederica (fred er e ka).\\nFrobisJier (frob ish er).\\nFrontenac (fron te nak\\nGeiger (gi ger).\\nGeftet (zhe na\\nGenoa (jen o wa).\\nGhent (gent).\\nGorges (gor jez).\\nGosnold (goz nold).\\nGrierson (grer son).\\nGuantanamo (gwan tan a mo).\\nGuerriere (gher ri ar\\nGuina (ghi a na).\\nHayti (ha ti).\\nHawaii (ha wl e).\\nHenlopen (hen lo pen).\\nHennepin (hen e pin).\\nHenrico (hen rl ko).\\nHenrietta Maina (hen ri et ta\\nma re a).\\nHernando Cortes (her nan do\\nkor tez).\\nHouston (h us ton)\\nIroquois (ir o kwoi\\nJacques Cartier (zhak kar tya\\nJalapa (ha la pa).\\nJamaica (ja ma ka).\\nJoliet (jo le et).\\nKanazvha (ka na wa).\\nKaskaskia (kas kas ki a).\\nKoutz (kowtz).\\nKearney (kar ni).\\nKieft (keft).\\nLac qui Parle (lak ke parP).\\nLafayette (la fa et\\nLeif{\\\\\\\\i).\\nLeisler (lis ler).\\nMagellan (ma jel an).\\nManilla (ma nil la).\\nMarguette (mar ket\\nMaskokee (mas ko ki).\\nMassasoit (mas a soit\\nMatagorda (mat a gor da).", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY.\\n409\\nMatamoras (mat a mo^ras).\\nMaximilian (maks i miFyan).\\nMaumee (ma me\\nMcCulloch (ma kuFuk).\\nMcDonougJi (mak don oh).\\nMeche Sepc (ma sha sa pa\\nMenendez (ma nen dez).\\nMe s op o t ainiai m s o p6 ta mia)\\nMonocacy (mon^o ka si).\\nMonongahela (mo non^ga he\\nla).\\nMonterey (mon te ra\\nMoultrie (mool tri).\\nMuskogee (mus ko ge).\\nNarragansett (nar a gan set).\\nNarvaez (nar va eth).\\nNew Orleans (nu or le anz).\\nNicholson (nik ol son).\\nNipmuck (nip muks).\\nNollichucky (nol i chuk i).\\nOglethorpe (o g l thorp).\\nOneida (o ni da).\\nOnondaga (on on da ga).\\nOpechancanough (o pe chan\\nkan o).\\nOpequon (o pe kwon\\nOriskany (o ris kan i)\\nOsceola (os se o la).\\nOswego (os we go).\\nOttawas (ot a waz).\\nPalo Alto (pa lo al to).\\nPalos (patios).\\nPamiinkey (pa munk i).\\nPanama (pan a ma\\nPcquot (pe kwot\\nPhilippine (fil i pen).\\nPizarro (pe zar ro).\\nPocahontas (po ka hon tas).\\nPocotaligo (po ko tal e go).\\nPonce de Leon (pon tha da\\nla on).\\nPonttac (pon ti ak).\\nPorto Rica (por to re ko).\\nPowhatan (pow a tan\\nPrairie du Chi en (pra ri doo\\nshen\\nPrevost (preh vo\\nProtocol (pro to kol).\\nPtolemy (tol e mi).\\nPuebla (pweb la).\\nPueblo (pweb lo).\\nRappahannock (rap a han ok).\\nRe sac a de la Pal in a (ra sa ka\\nda la pal ma).\\nRebault (re bo\\nRicahecrians (rl ka he kri ans).\\nRio Grande (re o gran de).\\nRoanoke (ro an oke).\\nRochambeau (ro shon bo\\nRyswick (riz wik).\\nPaducah (pa du ka).\\nSaltzburg (saltz burg).", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "410\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nSamoa (sa mo a).\\nSan Jacinta (san ja sin to).\\nSan Juan (san hoo an\\nSanta Maria (san ta ma re a).\\nSantiago (san te a go).\\nSault St. Marie (soo sant ma\\nre\\nSavannah (sa van nah).\\nSchofield (sko feld).\\nSchenectady (ske nek ta di).\\nSchley (shli).\\nSchuyler (ski ler).\\nSchuylkill {^^Vob\\\\ V\\\\\\\\\\\\\\nSeminole (sem i no le).\\nSevier (se veer\\nShackamaxon (shak a mak\\nson).\\nSigel (se gel).\\nSioux (soo).\\nSloughter (slo ter).\\nSomers (sum erz).\\nSothel (suth el).\\nSt. Clair (sant klar\\nSt. Louis (sant loo i).\\nSteuben (stu ben).\\nStuyvesant (sti ve sant).\\nSuez (soo ez).\\nSurratt (sur rat\\nSwanzey (swon zi).\\nSyria (si ri a).\\nTecumsiJi (te kum seh).\\nTerre Haute (ter e hot).\\nThames (temz).\\nThorfinn Karlsefni (tor fin karl\\nsef ni).\\nTiconderoga (ti kon de ro ga).\\nTippecanoe {V\\\\Yi e ka noo\\nTilghman (til man).\\nToscanelli (tos ka nel li).\\nTroup (troop).\\nTuscarora (tus ka ro ra).\\nUtrecht (u trekt).\\nValparaiso (varpa ri zo).\\nVaji Braam (van bram\\nVasco da Gama (vas ko da\\nga ma).\\nVenezuela (ven e zwe la).\\nVera Cruz (va ra krooz).\\nVincennes (vin senz\\nWabash (wa bash).\\nWaldseeniuller (valt za miil er).\\nWatauga (wa ta ga).\\nWeyler (wa ler or wl ler).\\nWyatt (wl at).\\nYeardley (yard ly).\\nYemassee (yem a se).\\nYukon (yoo kon).", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "INDE\\nAbercrombie, General, 98.\\nAbolitionists, 224, 225, 228, 243, 248.\\nAbominations, Bill of, 220.\\nAbraham, Heights of, 98, 99.\\nAcadia, 82, 96.\\nAdams, John, 141, 151, 189, 194, 198,\\n220.\\nAdams, John Q., 219, 221.\\nAdams, Samuel, 131.\\nAlabama, Admitted, 216; Secedes.\\n253.\\nAlabama Claims, 355.\\nAlabama (cruiser), 296, 325, 326.\\nAlamance, Battle of. 124.\\nAlaska, Purchase of. 349; Discovery\\nof Gold in, 377.\\nAlien and Sedition Laws, 199, 201.\\nAllen Ethan, 130.\\nAmelia Courthouse, Lee s Retreat\\nto, 333.\\nAmendments, 184, 344, 346, 349.\\nAmerica, Discovery of, 14, 17;\\nNamed, 19.\\nAmerica (North), Discovery of, 20.\\nAmerican Revolution, 119; Causes\\nof, 119.\\nAmerican System, 216, 220, 222.\\nAnderson, Major, 257, 265.\\nAndre, Major, 163.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund. 65, 66.\\nAnnapolis, Convention at, 180.\\nAntarctic Ocean, 229.\\nAntietam, Battle of, 294.\\nAppomattox, Retreat to, 333.\\nArkansas, Admitted. 226; Secedes,\\n266; War in, 278.\\nArlington, Lord, 55.\\nArnold, Benedict, 162, 163, 169.\\nArthur s Administration, 365-367.\\nArticles of Confederation, 178, 179.\\nAshburton, Treaty of, 231.\\nAtherton, 228.\\nAtlanta, Sherman at, 316, 317, 318.\\nAtlantic Cable, 349.\\nAverysboro, Fight at, 331.\\nAztecs, 25.\\nBacon, Nathaniel, 56. 59.\\nBalboa, 20.\\nBall s Bluff, Battle of, 271.\\nBaltimore City, 115, 268.\\nBaltimore, Lord, 39, 51, 61.\\nBaltimore and Ohio Railway, 223.\\nBank, National, 192, 224.\\nBanks, General, 314.\\nBarbary States, 202, 212.\\nBaton Rouge, Capture of, 280.\\nBeauregard, General, 236, 265, 269,\\n279, 311, 322.\\nBee, General Barnard, killed, 270.\\nBehring Sea, Dispute over, 374.\\nBell, John, 252.\\nBelmont. Battle of, 273.\\nBennington, Battle of, 149.\\nBerkeley. Wm., 48, 50, 54, 56. 59.\\nBeverly, Robert, 61.\\nBig Bethel, Battle of, 269.\\nBlack Friday, 354.\\nBlack Hawk War, 225.\\nBland Silver Act, 364.\\nBlockade Declared, 268, 296.\\nBloody Angle, S21.\\nBlue, Lieutenant. 383.\\nBoone, Daniel. 155.\\nBooth, John Wilkes, 337.\\nBoston, 115, 123, 125, 134, 137.\\nBoundary (British Guiana-Vene-\\nzuela), i-t.\\nBouquet, Colonel, 102.\\nBraddock, 95, 97.\\nBradstreet, General, 98.\\nBragg, Gen., 280, 304.\\nBrandywine, Battle of, 147.\\nBrazil, Discovery of. 20.\\nBreckinridge, J. C, 322.\\nBrooke, J. M., 285.\\nBrown, General Jacob. 210.\\nBrown, John, 248. 250.\\nBryan. William J., 376.\\nBuchanan, Admiral, 294.\\nBuchanan. James. 245. 246. 247, 255.\\nBuckner, General S. B., 277.\\nBuell, General. 279, 280.\\nBuena Vista, 235.\\n(411)", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "412\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nBuford, Colonel, 162.\\nBull Run, 270.\\nBunker Hill, 134, 136.\\nBurgesses, House of, 35. 121, 123.\\nBurgoyne, General. 148.\\nBurnside, A. E., 295.\\nBurr, Aaron, 201, 204.\\nButler, B. F., 268, 280.\\nCabots, The, 20.\\nCabral 2u.\\nCalifornia, 235, 237, 240; Admitted,\\n241.\\nCalhoun, J. C, 208, 219, 222, 223,\\n228, 240, 241.\\nCalvert, Cecil, 40.\\nCamden (S. C), 162.\\nCampbell, Colonel, 165.\\nCapital, U. S., 190, 191, 200.\\nCarpet-Baggers, 348, 356.\\nCartier, Jacques, 20.\\nCarthage, Battle of, 273.\\nCedar Creek, 324.\\nCedar Mountain, 293.\\nCentennial at Yorktown, 366.\\nCerro Gordo, 236.\\nCervera. Admiral. 383, 385.\\nChamplain, Lake, 75, 98.\\nChamplain, Battle of, 210.\\nChancellorsville. Battle of, 305, 307\\nCharles I., 44; Executed. 48.\\nCharles H., 53, 60; Restored, 54;\\nHis Injustice, 55, 63, 68, 72.\\nCharleston (S. C), 143, 257, 265,\\n311; Occupation of, 329; Earth-\\nquake in, 366.\\nCharlotte (N. C), 167.\\nCharter Oak, 65.\\nChattanooga, Bragg at, 303.\\nCherokees, 101, 155, 219.\\nChesapeake (vessel), 208.\\nChickamauga, Battle of, 302.\\nChickasaw Bayou. 283.\\nChristian, Colonel William, 156.\\nCincinnati, Society of, 175.\\nCivil Service, 361, 368.\\nCivil War, Cost of, 335.\\nClarke, George R., 127, 155, 157, 158.\\nClarke, William, 203.\\nClay, Henry, 208, 215, 224, 233, 240,\\n241, 242.\\nClayborne, William, 39, 51.\\nCleburne, P. R., 318.\\n^Cleveland, First Administration,\\n368-370; Re-elected, 373; Sec-\\nond Administration, 374-376;\\nUnpopularity, 385.\\niClinton, George, 204.\\nClinton, Sir H.. 144, 151, 160, 171,\\n172.\\nCobb, Howell, 240.\\nCockburne, Admiral, 210.\\nCold Harbor, 292, 321.\\nColonial Flag, ]37.\\nColonies Settled (Table), 103; Gov-\\nernment of, 103; Population,\\n103, 108; Religion, 104; Social\\nLife, 106, 107; Nationalities,\\n108; Occupations, 108, 109;\\nTravel, 114; Postal Facilities,\\n114; General Culture, 114.\\nColorado, Ac mitted, 362.\\nColumbia College, 112.\\nColumbia (S. C). Burning of, 330.\\nColumbian Exposition, 375.\\nColumbus, Christopher, 15, 19.\\nCommittees of Correspondence, 125.\\nCompromises, First, Second, and\\nThirfl, 182.\\nConfederate States Constitution,\\n263; Capital Removed, 268.\\nConfederation, Articles of, 178, 179,\\n185.\\nCongregationalists, 63.\\nCongress, 69, 123, 125, 126, 130. 140,\\n145, 150, 162, 182, 183, 185, 271,\\n298.\\nCongress (frigate), 286.\\nConnecticut, 46. 63, 65, 204.\\nConstitution, 183, 184, 262.\\nConstitution (vessel), 208.\\nConvention, Annapolis, 180.\\nConvention, Federal, 180, 181.\\nConvention, Hartford, 212.\\nConvention, Virginia, 141.\\nConway Cabal, 151.\\nCooper, General Samuel, 267.\\nCorinth, Battle of, 282.\\nCornwallis, Lord, 145, 146, 161, 168,\\n170, 173.\\nCotton Gin, 200.\\nCotymore, 101.\\nCowpens, Battle of, 167.\\nCrater, Fight at the, 322.\\nCraven, Governor, 84.\\nCredit Mobilier, 359.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n413\\nCrittenden Resolutions, 255.\\nCross Keys, 289.\\nCuba, Oppression of, 377, 378.\\nCyclone at St. Louis, 374.\\nDade, Major, 225.\\nDakota, North and South, Admit-\\nted, 373.\\nDale, Governor, 34.\\nDavis, Jefferson, 225, 235, 250;\\nPresident, 253, 254, 304; Capture\\nof, 337; Death of, 338.\\nDecatur, Commodore, 202, 212.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 134,\\n141.\\nDeclaration of Rights, 58. 126, 127.\\nDe Grasse. Count, 171, 172.\\nDe Kalb, 148, 162.\\nDelaware, 29, 70, 71, 72, 103. 266.\\nDelaware. Lord, 34.\\nDe Soto. 21.\\nD Estaing, 153, 160.\\nDewey, Commodore, 382.\\nDinwiddle, Governor, 94.\\nDonelson, Fort, 274; Battle of, 277.\\nDorr s Rebellion. 230.\\nDouglas, Stephen A.. 243, 248, 252,\\n255.\\nDrake, Second Voyage Around the\\nWorld, 27.\\nDred Scott, 247.\\nDrummond. William, 72.\\nDunmore, Governor, 127, 128, 138.\\nDu Quesne, 95. 97.\\nDustin, Mrs., 81.\\nDutch, 68.\\nEarly, General J. A., 306; Before\\nWashington, 324; at Winches-\\nter, 325.\\nEducation, New England Colonies,\\n111; Middle, 112; Southern,\\n112, 113; 200, 388, 389.\\nEl Caney, 384.\\nElectors, Presidential, 368.\\nEliot, John, 64.\\nElkhorn, Battle of, 278.\\nEmancipation, 298.\\nEmbargo Act, 204.\\nEndicott s Laws, 45.\\nEngland and Slavery, 120.\\nEngland Discoveries, 20; 95, 100.\\n101, 194, 195, 204, 206. 207, 245.\\nEnglish Church, 54, 63, 66, 105, 121.\\nEutaw Springs, Battle of, 169.\\nEric, The Red, 14.\\nErie Canal, 218.\\nEnlistments, Total Number of, 264.\\nEvacuation of Petersburg and\\nRichmond, 333.\\nEwell, General, 293.\\nExpositions at Atlanta and New\\nOrleans, 367.\\nFairfax, Lord, 91.\\nFair Oaks, 287.\\nFarragut, Admiral, 280, 325.\\nFederal Convention, 180, 181.\\nFederalists, 181, 192, 212.\\nFerguson, Colonel, 164, 165.\\nField, Cyrus W., 245, 349.\\nFifteenth Amendment, 349.\\nFillmore, Millard, 237; President,\\n242, 246.\\nFinance, 191, 192.\\nFinancial Crash, 227.\\nFinnegan, Gen., 313.\\nFisher, Fort, Capture of, 328.\\nFitch, John, 205.\\nFive Forks, 332.\\nFlag, First Colonial, 137.\\nFlorida, Discovery, 20; Ceded, 215;\\nWar, 225; Admitted, 233; Se-\\ncedes, 253; War in, 313.\\nFlorida (cruiser), 296.\\nFloyd, General, 277.\\nFoote, Commodore, 279.\\nForrest, Gen., 314, 315.\\nFortress Monroe, 268.\\nForts, Southern, 256.\\nFourteenth Amendment, 346.\\nFox, George, 52.\\nFranklin, Battle in, 318.\\nFranklin. Benjamin. 86, 92, 112, 115,\\n141, 151, 178, 181.\\nFredericksburg, Battle of, 295.\\nFree Soil Party, 238, 242.\\nFreedman s Bureau, 345.\\nFremont, John C, 235. 246, 289.\\nFrance Discoveries. 20, 75 78, 91-\\n93, 95, 98, 100. 146, 151. 153;\\nFleet, 153. 163. 164, 171, 175,\\n195, 198, 206, 279.\\nFrazier s Farm, Battle of. 292.\\nFrench and Indian Wars, 93-102.\\nFulton, Robert, 205.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "414\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTOR\\\\\\nGage, General. 126, 127, 129, 135.\\nGaines Mill, Battle of, 292.\\nGalveston Island, 302.\\nGarfield, 365.\\nGarnett, General, killed, 269.\\nGarrison. Wm. L., 224, 237, 262.\\nGaspee, 124.\\nGates, General. 151. 162.\\nGenet, Citizen, 194.\\nGeorge I., 84, 86.\\nGeorge II., 119.\\nGeorge III.. 119, 120, .130.\\nGeorgia, Named, 87, 88; Royal\\nProvince, 89; Settled, 103-123,\\n130, 140. 159, 160, 219; Secedes,\\n253; Bragg Retreats to, 305;\\nSherman in, 315-319; Destruc-\\ntion of Property in, 329.\\nGermantown. Battle of, 147.\\nGettysburg, Battle of, 308-311.\\nGhent. Treaty of, 210.\\nGilbert. Sir Humphrey, 29.\\nGold, Discovered, 237, 377.\\nGordon, Gen. John B., 330, 332.\\nGosnold. Bartholomew, 29.\\nGrand Model, 72, 73.\\nGrant, General, 274, 277; Against\\nVicksburg, 300; Commander-in-\\nChief, 315; In Virginia. 319;\\nAdministration, 354-363.\\nGreat Bridge. Battle of. 138.\\nGreat Meadows, 97.\\nGreene, General. 167-169.\\nGrigsby, Fort, 321.\\nGuerriere, 208.\\nGuilford Courthouse. Battle of, 168.\\nHalleck, General, 273.\\nHamilton, Alex.. 157, 158, 189, 191,\\n192; Killed. 204.\\nHamilton s Financial Policy, 191.\\nHampton, General. 321, 330, 331.\\nHancock. John, 126, 130, 131.\\nHardee, General, 319, 329.\\nHarper s Ferry, 249; Capture of,\\n294.\\nHarrison, Benjamin, Administra-\\ntion of, 370-372.\\nHarrison, William H.. 207. 227;\\nPresident. 229; Death. 229.\\nHartford Convention. 212. 220.\\nHarvard College. 112.\\nHawaii, Revolution in, 372; An-\\nnexation of, 387.\\nHayes Administration, 363-365.\\nHayes-Tilden Contest, 392.\\nHayne, Robert, 223.\\nHayti, Settled, 18.\\nHenry, Fort, 274, 277.\\nHenry, Patrick, 122, 128, 138.\\nHessians, 144.\\nHill, A. P., 306.\\nHobkirk s Hill, 168.\\nHobson, Lieutenant, 384.\\nHood, Gen., 317.\\nHooker, Joseph, 304, 306.\\nHope Church, Battle of, 316.\\nHouston, General Sam., 232.\\nHowe, Colonel A. M., 139.\\nHowe, Gen., 135. 144, 147, 151.\\nHudson, Henry, 37.\\nHudson River, 37.\\nHuguenots, 28, 73.\\nHull, General, 208.\\nHunt, Rev. Robert, 30.\\nHutchison, Mrs. Anne, 45.\\nIdaho, Admitted, 373.\\nIllinois County, 158, 184; Territory\\n205; Admitted, 216.\\nImxmigration, 228, 229, 239.\\nIndependence, Declaration of, 141.\\nIndiana. 184; Territory, 205; Ad-\\nmitted, 212.\\nIndians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hostile, 21; Origin, 22;\\nCustom s. 22, 23; Races, 24;\\nTraits, 25; Religion, 25; Mas-\\nsacre, 36; Troublesome, 38;\\nChristianized, 41; Second Mas-\\nsacre, 49, 55, 59, 64, 70; Cruel-\\nties, 81; In Carolinas, 82.\\nIndians Atrocities, 83; Wars. 93,\\n102, 120. 126, 155, 193, 195, 207,\\n208, 209, 214, 225, 361.\\nInsurrection, Turner s, 225.\\nInsurrection, Whiskey, 195.\\nInterstate Commerce Act, 368.\\nIowa, Admitted, 238.\\nIron-Clad Oath, 347.\\nIsland No. 10. Fall of, 279.\\nluka. Battle of, 283.\\nJackson, Fort, 280.\\nJackson, General Andrew, 209, 211,\\n214, 215; President, 222-224;\\nFarewell and Death, 226.\\nJackson, Stonewall, 270. 289, 306.\\nJamaica, Discovered, 18.\\nJames River, Named, 30.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n415\\nJamestown, Settled, 30; Burned, 59.\\nJapan, 242.\\nJasper, Sergeant, 143.\\nJay, John, 190, 195.\\nJeannette Expedition, 366.\\nJefferson, Thomas, 141, 171, 184,\\n189, 191, 192, 198; President,\\n201, 202, 203; Death, 220.\\nJessiip, General, 226.\\nJohnson, Andrew, Vice-President,\\n326; President, 339; Adminis-\\ntration of, 339-381; Impeach-\\nment, 348.\\nJohnson, Bradley T., at Chambers-\\nburg, 351 (note).\\nJohnson, Sir William, 98.\\nJohnston, A. S., 267, 274; Killed,\\n278.\\nJohnston. Joseph E., 267, 269, 270,\\n284, 287, 301, 305, 315.\\nJohnstown (Pa.), Flood at, 372.\\nJoliet, 76, 77.\\nJones, John Paul, 173.\\nKanawha, Battle of, 133.\\nKanawha Valley, 271.\\nKansas, 244; Admitted, 257.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill, 243-245.\\nKaskaskia, Fort, 157.\\nKearney, General, 235.\\nKearsarge (cruiser), 325.\\nKenesaw Mountain, Battle of, 316.\\nKentucky, 155; Admitted, 196, 266,\\n277.\\nKeokuk (monitor), 312.\\nKettle Creek, 160.\\nKing Philip s War, 64.\\nKing William s War, 81.\\nKing s Mountain, Battle of, 164,\\n165.\\nKlondyke, 377.\\nKnow-Nothing Party, 244.\\nKnox, Henry, 189.\\nKnoxville, 301, 302.\\nKu Klux Klan, 357.\\nLafayette, 148, 163, 170; Visits\\nAmerica, 218.\\nLamb, Colonel, 329.\\nLardner, Dr., 228.\\nLa Salle, 77, 78, 91.\\nLawrence, Captain James, 208.\\nLee, Charles; Disobedience, 145, 152.\\nLee, Fitzhugh, at Appomattox, 332;\\nIn Cuba, 380.\\nLee, General R. E., 267, 288, 294.\\nLee, Richard H., 141, 162, 164, 166,\\n195.\\nLee, General S. D., 283.\\nLeif, The Lucky, 14.\\nLeisler s Rebellion, 68.\\nLewis, Meriwether, 203.\\nLexington (Mass.), Battle of, 129.\\nLexington (Va.), 347.\\nLexington (Ky.), 273.\\nLiberator, The, 224.\\nLincoln, Abraham, 225, 248; Presi-\\ndent, 252, 253, 261; Re-elected,\\n325; Assassination of, 326.\\nLincoln, General, 159, 160, 162.\\nLocke, John, 72, 73.\\nLondon Company. 33.\\nLong Island, Battle of, 144.\\nLongstreet, General, 293, 304, 307,\\n320.\\nLouisiana, 77, 78; Settled, 78; Pur-\\nchase, 203; Admitted, 212; Ter-\\nritory, 217; Secedes, 253;\\nFighting in, 313; Under Recon-\\nstruction, 358.\\nLovell, General, 280.\\nLoyal Leagues, 356.\\nLundy s Lane, 210.\\nLyon, General, 273.\\nLyttleton, Governor, 101, 120.\\nMcAllister, Fort, 319.\\nMcClellan, General, 236, 268, 284,\\n290, 294, 326; Nominated for\\nPresident, 354.\\nMcCrae, Jane, 150.\\nMcCulloch, General, 273; Killed,\\n278.\\nMcDonough, Commodore, 210.\\nMcDowell, General, 269, 270, 284,\\n285, 289.\\nMcKinley, Elected, 376; Adminis-\\ntration, 377-393.\\nMcKinley Bill, 370.\\nMacon, Fort, 295.\\nMadison, James, 180, 181, 191; Pres-\\nident, 205, 206, 207, 210.\\nMaffett, John H., 296.\\nMagoffin, Governor, 274.\\nMagruder, General, 269, 285.\\nMaine, Destruction of the, 380.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "416\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nMaine, Settled, 47, 217; Admitted,\\n218\\nMalvern Hill. 292.\\nManassas, Battles of, 269-271, 293.\\nManassas (ram), 280.\\nManila, Occupation of, 382, 383, 385.\\nMansfield. 314.\\nMarion, Francis, 161, 162, 164, 166.\\nMarquette. 76. 77.\\nMarshall. John, 199.\\nMaryland. Settled, 39; 51. 61, 62,\\n103, 178, 266; Lee in, 306.\\nMason. John S., 275.\\nMassachusetts, Settled, 53; 63, 103;\\nCharter Annulled, 65, 123, 203,\\n204. 212.\\nMassachusetts Bay Colony, 43;\\nVoting Law of, 45.\\nMassacre (Indian), First, 36; Sec-\\nond. 49.\\nMassasoit. 43.\\nMather, Cotton. 66.\\nMaury, M. F., 245.\\nMaximilian in Mexico, 349, 350.\\nMayflower. Farewell to the. 42.\\nMeade. Gen. CTeorq:e G., 308. 320.\\nMechanicsville, 292.\\nMecklenburg Declaration, 139.\\nMeridian. 314.\\nMerrimac (frigate). 285.\\nMerritt. General. 383.\\nMexican War. 234-237.\\nMexico City Captured. 236.\\nMichigan. Settled, 76; 184, 209; Ad-\\nmitted. 226.\\nMiddle Colonies, Life in, 109; Edu-\\ncation, 112.\\nMiles, General, 385.\\nMilitary Districts of the South, 347.\\nMill Spring, Battle of, 276.\\nMimms. Fort. 209.\\nMinnesota. 184; Admitted, 257.\\nMinnesota (frigate). 286.\\nMissionary Ridge. 304.\\nMississippi. Admitted. 216: Se-\\ncedes, 253; Fighting in, 282, 313.\\nMissouri, 216. 266. 273. 319.\\nMissouri Compromise, 217.\\nMobile, 325.\\nModoc War, 361.\\nMonitor, 286.\\nMonmouth Courthouse, Battle of,\\n16L\\nMonroe Doctrine. 218.\\nMonroe, James, President, 214;\\nDeath, 220.\\nMontana, Admitted, 373.\\nMontcalm. 98-100.\\nMonterey, 235.\\nMontgomery (Ala.), 253, 269.\\nMoore, Governor James, 74.\\nMoore s Creek, Battle of, 139.\\nMoravians, 88.\\nMorgan, Gen. Daniel, 136, 148. 167.\\nMorgan, Gen. John H., 302, 315.\\nMormons. 246, 247.\\nMorris, Gouverneur. 151. 194.\\nMorris. Robert. 163, 171.\\nMorristown, 163.\\nMoss. 231.\\nMoultrie. Fort, 143, 161, 257.\\nMound Builders. 26.\\nMount Vernon, 19*6.\\nMunfordville, Ky., 280.\\nMurfreesboro, 281; Battle of, 281.\\nNapoleon, 199, 206.\\nNashville. Battle of, 318.\\nNatchez. Capture of, 280.\\nNational Bank. 212.\\nNational Road. 215.\\nNavigation Acts. 120.\\nNavigation Laws. 54.\\nNebraska. Admitted. 340.\\nNegroes. Free, 216-218.\\nNelson. Governor. 172.\\nNew Amsterdam, 38.\\nNew Berne (N. C). 295.\\nNew England. Settled. 42. 51. 66;\\nUnited Colonies of. 52, 63. 65,\\n67; Life in. 109; Education in,\\n111. 115. 116.\\nNew Hampshire, Settled, 47.\\nNew Haven Colony, 46.\\nNew Jersey. 69; Settled, 181.\\nNew Netherlands. 37.\\nNew Orleans, Capture of, 279, 314.\\nNewspapers. 114, 200. 389.\\nNew South. The. 392.\\nNew York. Named, 68, 69; Settled,\\n103.\\nNew York City, 115, 189.\\nNiagara. 96.\\nNinetv-Six, Fort, 169.\\nNorth Carolina. 72. 74; Settled. 103;\\n108, 122-124. 138-140, 143, 167;\\nSecedes. 266; Sherman in, 295.\\n328. 330.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n4]?\\nNorthmen, 14.\\nNorthwest, Purchase of, 90, 184.\\nNova Scotia, Settled, 28; 83, 96.\\nNullification, 223.\\nOak Grove, 292.\\nOglethorpe, 86, 89.\\nOhio, 184; Admitted, 205.\\nOhio Company, 92.\\nOklahoma, 372.\\nOkolona, Battle of, 314.\\nOlustee, Battle of, 313.\\nOmnibus Bill, 240.\\nOpechancanough, 31, 36, 49.\\nOrd, General, 364.\\nOregon, 203; Admitted, 257.\\nOriskany, Battle of, 149.\\nOsceola, 225.\\nOttawa, 101.\\nPacific Railroad, 354.\\nPaine, Tom, 201.\\nPakenham, Edward, 211.\\nPalmer, John M., 376.\\nPalo Alto, Battle of, 234.\\nPanic of 73, 349.\\nParis, Treaty of, 100, 103.\\nParliament, 50, 122, 123.\\nParsons Case, 121.\\nPatroons, 38.\\nPatterson, General, 270, 272.\\nPeace Commission, 386.\\nPeace Conference, 329 (note).\\nPeace Congress, 256; Commission-\\ners, 265.\\nPea Ridge, Battle of, 278.\\nPemberton, Gen. John C, 300.\\nPender, General, 310.\\nPendleton, Edmund, 141.\\nPendleton, Wm. N., 294 (note).\\nPenn, William, 69-71.\\nPensions, 371.\\nPennsylvania, 69, 70; Settled, 103.\\nPennsylvania University, 112.\\nPequot War, 47.\\nPerry, Commodore, 209.\\nPerry Expedition, 242.\\nPerryville, Battle of, 281.\\nPetersburg, 322; Evacuation of, 333.\\nPettigrew, General, 310.\\nPhiladelphia, 115, 125; Women, 163;\\n185, 189; Capital, 190.\\nPhiladelphia (vessel), 202.\\nPhilippines, Spain Surrenders the,\\n386; Government in the, 386,\\n387.\\nPhillips, General, 170.\\nPickens, Andrew, 161, 164.\\nPickens, Governor, 265.\\nPickett, Gen. George E., 310.\\nPierce, Franklin, 242, 243.\\nPike, General, 278.\\nPillow, Fort, 314.\\nPillow, General. 277.\\nPinckney, Charles, 198, 201, 205.\\nPirates, 214.\\nPitt, William, 98.\\nPittsburg, 94.\\nPleasant Hill, 314.\\nPlymouth Company, Charter, 30.\\nPocahontas, 31; Marriage, 35;\\nDeath, 35.\\nPocotaligo, 84.\\nPolk, General Leonidas, 274; Death\\nof, 316.\\nPolk, James K., 233, 234.\\nPonce de Leon, 20.\\nPontiac s War, 100-102.\\nPope, General, 293.\\nPopulation in Colonies, 103, 108,\\n199.\\nPorter, Admiral, 228.\\nPort Hudson, 296; Capture of, 302.\\nPort Republic, Battle of, 289.\\nPorto Rico, Occupation of, 385.\\nPortuguese, 17-19.\\nPowhatan (chief), 31.\\nPrescott, Colonel, 134.\\nPresidential Succession, 368.\\nPrevost, Bishop, 189.\\nPrevost, General, 210.\\nPrice, General Sterling, 273, 278,\\n319.\\nPrinceton, Battle of, 146.\\nPrinceton College, 112.\\nPrisoners of War, 311.\\nPulaski, Count, 148; Killed, 160.\\nPulaski, Fort, 295.\\nPuritans, 42, 44, 51.\\nPutnam, Israel, 129, 132.\\nQuakers, 52, 53, 69.\\nQuebec, Founded, 28; 83, 98, 100,\\n105, 137, 224.\\nQuebec Act, 154.\\nQueen Anne s War, 82.\\nQuincy, Josiah, 212.\\n27", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "418\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nRailroads, 222, 223.\\nRaisin River, 208.\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter, 29.\\nRandolph, Edmund, 189.\\nRandolph, John, 218.\\nRawdon, Lord, 161, 16\u00c2\u00ab.\\nReconstruction, 345-347.\\nRed River Expedition, 314.\\nRegulators, 124.\\nReligious Liberty, 44; Toleration.\\n40, 49, 50, 176, 200.\\nRemonstrance Act, 212.\\nRepublicans, 193. 245, 250.\\nResaca de la Palma, Battle of, 234.\\nRevenue Act, 123.\\nRevolution, 119; Causes, 120; Con-\\nvention, 124.\\nRhode Island, Settled, 45; 52, 63,\\n103, 124, 142. 180.\\nRichmond (Va.), 268; Evacuation\\nof, 333.\\nRichmond (Ky.), Battle of, 280.\\nRich Mountain. 269.\\nRoanoke Island, 29; Capture of, 295.\\nRobertson, James, 155.\\nRochambeau, 163, 164, 171.\\nRoman Catholics, 51, 61, 62, 76, 87,\\n105, 244.\\nRomney, 293.\\nRosecrans, General, 282, 302.\\nRumsey, James, 205.\\nRutledge, John, 140.\\nRyswick, 82.\\nSt. Augustine. 28, 215.\\nSt. Clair, 193.\\nSt. Leger, 147.\\nSt. Mary s, 40.\\nSt. Philip, Fort, 286.\\nSalary Grab, 360.\\nSalem (Mass.), 66.\\nSamoa, Hurricane in, 372.\\nSampson, Captain, 382.\\nSan Juan, 384.\\nSan Miguel, 28.\\nSantiago, 384, 385.\\nSaratoga, Battle of, 150.\\nSavannah, 129, 159, 160, 319.\\nSavannah (vessel), 218.\\nSchley, Commodore, 383.\\nSchuyler, General, 148.\\nSchuyler, Govf.rnor, 83.\\nScotch, 88.\\nScotch-Irish, 9G.\\nScott, General Winfield, 210, 225\\n236, 242.\\nSeceded States Admitted to the\\nUnion, 348, 349.\\nSecession, 253, 256, 261, 263, 266.\\nSeminoles, 214, 225, 226.\\nSemmes, Captain Raphael, 325.\\nSeparatists, 42.\\nSeven Days Fight, 292.\\nSeven Pines, 286.\\nSeven Years War, 98.\\nSevier, John, 155.\\nShaffer, General, 384.\\nSharpsburg, Battle of, 294.\\nSheridan, Gen., 324, 332.\\nSherman Act, 371, 373.\\nSherman, General, 304, 314, 315, 318.\\nSherman, Roger, 141.\\nShenandoah (cruiser), 296.\\nShiloh, Battle of, 278.\\nShreveport, 332.\\nSigsbee, Captain, 380.\\nSioux War, 391.\\nSlavery Introduced, 35; Ships, 39;\\nLegalized, 44, 88, 105, 120, 190,\\n193, 205, 216, 217, 224, 228, 237,\\n241, 243, 247, 248, 250, 253; Con-\\nstitutional, 262; Abolished, 299.\\nSix Nations, 83, 90, 156.\\nSlidell, Johji, 275.\\nSmith. Captain John. 20, 31, 33, 42.\\nSmith, Joseph, 246, 247.\\nSmith, Kirby, 270, 280.\\nSothel, Seth. 73.\\nSouth, Life in the. 109, 110; Educa-\\ntion, 112, 113; Character, 116.\\nSouth Carolina, 72, 74, 82, 84; Set-\\ntied, 103; 123, 129, 140, 142, 143,\\n161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 223, 224;\\nSecedes, 253, 257; Sherman in,\\n329.\\nSouthern Confederacy, Formed,\\n253, 266.\\nSouthern forts, 257.\\nSpanish Conquests. 21; Settle-\\nments, 28, 89, 195.\\nSpecie Payments Resumed, 365.\\nSpotsylvania Courthouse, Battles\\nAround, 321.\\nSpotswood, Governor, 83, 86.\\nSquatter Sovereignty, 243.\\nStamp Act, 122, 123.\\nStandish, Miles, 43.\\nStark. John, 129, 135, 148.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n419\\nStates Rights, 181, 228, 261.\\nSteadman, Fort, Assault on, 332.\\nSteamboat, 205.\\nSteamer, Ocean, First, 218, 228.\\nSteam Locomotive, First, 222.\\nStephens, Alex., Vice-Pre s., 253.\\nStewart, Gen. A. P., 317.\\nStevenson, Adlai, Vice-Pres., 373.\\nStockton, Commodore, 235.\\nStone River, Battle of, 281.\\nStony Point, 160.\\nStowe, Mrs., 248.\\nStrikes, 364, 369, 375.\\nStuart, General, 290; Death of, 321.\\nStuart s Cavalry, 345.\\nStuyvesant, Governor, 39.\\nSub-Treasury Scheme, 228.\\nSullivan, General, 144, 147.\\nSumter (cruiser), 296.\\nSumter, Fort, 257, 264, 265, 302.\\nSumter, Thos., 161, 162, 164. 166.\\nSurrender, Lee s, 334-336.\\nSwanzey, 64.\\nSwedes, 39.\\nTariff, 190, 220, 366, 369, 370, 374.\\nTarleton, 161.\\nTaylor, General Dick, 314.\\nTaylor, Zachary, 226, 234; Presi-\\ndent, 237; Death, 242.\\nTea Tax. 124.\\nTecumseh, 207-209.\\nTelegraph, 230, 231.\\nTennessee, 155; Admitted, 196; Se-\\ncedes, 266; War in, 313.\\nTexas, 231; Annexed, 232; Admit-\\nted, 238.\\nThirteenth Amendment, 344.\\nThomas, General, 304, 318.\\nTiconderoga, 98, 120.\\nTippecanoe, 207.\\nTobacco, 34, 121.\\nToleration, 40.\\nTrade Relations, 206.\\nTrade Routes, 16.\\nTreaty of Peace between U. S. and\\nSpain, 386.\\nTrent (vessel), 275.\\nTrenton, Battle of, 146.\\nTrevillians, 347.\\nTripoli, 202.\\nTroup, Governor, 219.\\nTryon, Governor, 124.\\nTurner, Nat, 225.\\nTurner s Insurrection, 225.\\nTyler, John, President, 229; Vetoes,\\n230, 256.\\nUncle Tom s Cabin, 248.\\nUnited Colonies, 131.\\nUniversity of Virginia, 201, 202.\\nUtah, 246, 247; Admitted, 375.\\nUtrecht, 120.\\nValley Campaign, 298-301.\\nValley Forge, 150.\\nVan Buren, Pres., 227, 228, 229, 233.\\nVan Dorn, 278, 282.\\nVasco da Gama, 18.\\nVermont, Admitted, 196.\\nVicksburg, 279, 282, 296, 300.\\nVincennes, 92, 157.\\nVirginia, Named, 29; Settled. 30;\\nFirst Legislature, 34; Royal\\nProvince, 36; Prosperity, 50, 54,\\n55; Burgesses, 58, 125; Conven-\\ntion, 141, 120, 123-125, 128, 137.\\n141, 142, 169, 170, 181, 184, 256;\\nSecedes, 266; Campaign in, 313.\\nVirginia Company, 28; Charter, 30;\\nDisasters, 33.\\nVirginia Military Institute, 322.\\nVirginia (ram), 285.\\nVirginius, The (steamer), 378\\n(note).\\nWar in the Philippines, 386-388.\\nWar of 1812, 207.\\nWar, Pontiac s, 100-102.\\nWar Prisoners, 298.\\nWar, Seven Years 98.\\nW^ar with Spain, 381-386.\\nWarren, General, 135.\\nW^ashington, Admitted, 383.\\nWashington Artillery, 308.\\nWashington City, 200; Burned, 210.\\nWashington, Fort, 145.\\nWashington, George, Born, 91; 93,\\n95, 97, 131. 136, 144-146, 150,\\n171-173, 181; President, 189,\\n192, 194-196; Death, 199.\\nWatauga. 155, 156.\\nWaxhaw, 161.\\nWayne, General, 160, 195.\\nWeaver. General (Populist), 373.\\nWVDster, Daniel, 223, 231, 240, 241;\\nDeath, 242.\\nWesley, 88.", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "420\\nNEW SCHOOL HISTORY.\\nWest Virginia, 269.\\nWeyler, 378, 379.\\nWheeler, General, 329; at Guanta-\\nnamo, 384.\\nWheeler, Miss Annie, 385.\\nWhigs, 220.\\nWhiskey Insurrection, 195.\\nWhite. Captain John, 29.\\nWhitefield, 88.\\nWhiting. General, 329.\\nWilderness, Battle of the, 320.\\nWilkes, Captain, 229, 275.\\nWilliam and Mary College, 67, 113.\\nWilliams, Roger, 41, 45, 105.\\nWilliamsburg, 86, 115.\\nWilmington, Capture of, 329.\\nWilmot Proviso, 237.\\nWilson s Springs, Battle of, 273.\\nWinchester, General, 208.\\nWinchester (Va.), 292, 293, 3C;\\nBattle at, 289, 324.\\nWinslow, Captain, 325.\\nWinthrop, Governor, 44, 63.\\nWisconsin, 184; Admitted 238.\\nWitchcraft, 66.\\nWolfe, General, 98, 100.\\nWrits of Assistance, 120.\\nWyatt. Governor, 34.\\nWyoming, Massacre of, 156; A;\\nmitted, 373.\\nYamacraw, 87.\\nYeardley, Governor, 34.\\nYemassee, 84.\\nYorktown, 172.\\nYoung, Brigham, 247.\\nZollicoffer, 274; Killed, 276.", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3572", "width": "2082", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3587", "width": "2327", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3592", "width": "2301", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3754", "width": "2447", "jp2-path": "newschoolhistory00lees_0448.jp2"}}