{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3577", "width": "2225", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": ".0 ^^?!Ti 0*\\n^IP,* ^-5-^^\\\\. ^V\\n5r^. .c, .^{\\\\V^:-", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A SHORT HISTORY OF\\nENGLAND, IRELAND\\nAND SCOTLAND\\nBY\\nMARY PLATT PARMELE\\nAuthor of France, Germany, United States, Spain, etc.\\nPUBLISHED FOR THE\\nBAY VIEW READING CIRCLE\\nCentral Office, Flint, Mich.\\n1900", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "73273\\n11358\\nL-ibrarv of Cor.\\nJUN 27 1900\\nStCSNB COPY.\\nDeliv\u00c2\u00abfe4 to\\nORDER DIVISION,\\nCOPTBIGHT, 1895, BY\\nWILLIAM BEVERLEY HAEISON\\nCopyright, 1898, 1900, by\\nCHARLES SCMBNER S SONS\\nTROW DIRECTORY\\nPRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY\\nNEW YORK", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nWill the readers of this little work please\\nbear in mind the difficulties which must at-\\ntend the painting of a very large picture,\\nwith multitudinous characters and details,\\nupon a very small canvas This book is\\nmainly an attempt to trace to their sources\\nsome of the currents which enter into the\\nlife of Great Britain to-day, and to indicate\\nthe starting-points of some among the vari-\\nous threads legislative, judicial, social, etc.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094which are gathered into the imposing\\nstrand of English civilization in this closing\\nnineteenth century.\\nThe reader will please observe that there\\nseem to have been two things most closely\\ninterwoven with the life of England Re-\\nligion and MONEY have been the great\\nevolutionary factors in her development.\\nIt has been, first, the resistance of the", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4 PEEFACE\\npeopie to the extortions of money by the\\nruling class, and second, the violating of\\ntheir religious instincts, which has made\\nnearly all that is vital in English history.\\nThe lines upon which the government has\\ndeveloped to its present constitutional form\\nare chiefly lines of resistance to oppressive\\nenactments in these two matters. The\\ndynastic and military history of England,\\nalthough picturesque and interesting, is\\nreally only a narrative of the external\\ncauses which have impeded the nation s\\ngrowth toward its ideal of the greatest\\npossible good to the greatest possible num-\\nber.\\nThe historic development of Ireland\\nand Scotland, and the events which have\\nbrought these two countries into organic\\nunion with England are, of necessity, very\\nbriefly related.\\nM. P. P.", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nHISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nChapter I.\\nFAaB\\nAncient Britain Caesar s Invasion Britain a Ro-\\nman Province Boadicea Lyndin or London\\nRoman Legions Withdrawn Angles and\\nSaxons Cerdic Teutonic Invasion Eng-\\nlish Kingdoms Consolidated 9\\nChapter II.\\nAugustin.e Edwin Csedmon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Baeda Alfred\\nCanute Edward the Confessor Harold\\nWilliam the Conqueror 25\\nChapter III.\\nGilds and Boroughs William 11. Crusades\\nHenry I. Henry II. Becket s Deaths\\nRichard I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Magna Charta 40\\nChapter IV.\\nHenry III. Roger Bacon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First True Parlia-\\nment\u00e2\u0080\u0094Edward I. Conquest of Wales of\\nScotland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle\\nof Crecy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Richard II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wickliffe 51", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nChapter V.\\nPAGE\\nHouse of Lancaster\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Henry V.\\nAgincourt Battle of Orleans Wars of the\\nRoses House of York\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward IV. Rich-\\nard III. Henry VII. Printing Introduced. 62\\nChapter VI.\\nHenry VIII Wolsey Reformation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Edward\\nVL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mary 73\\nChapter VII.\\nElizabeth East India Company Chartered\\nColonization of Virginia Flodden Field\\nBirth of Mary Stuart\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mary Stuart s Death\\nSpanish Armada Francis Bacon 83\\nChapter VIII.\\nJames I. First New England Colony Gunpow-\\nder Plot Translation of Bible Charles I.\\nArchbishop Laud John Hampden Petition\\nof Right Massachusetts Chartered Earl\\nStrafford\u00e2\u0080\u0094 /Stor Chamber 97\\nChapter IX.\\nLong Parliament Death of Strafford and Laud\\nOliver Cromwell Death of Charles I.\\nLong Parliament Dispersed Charles II 114", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS 7\\nChapter X.\\nPAGE\\nAct of Habeas Corpus Death of Charles II.\\nMilton Bunyan James II. William and\\nMary\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Battle of the Boyne 123\\nChapter XI.\\nAnne Marlborough Battle of Blenheim\\nHouse of Hanover George I. George II.\\nWalpole British Dominion in India Bat-\\ntle of Quebec John Wesley 131\\nChapter XII.\\nGeorge III. Stamp Act Tax on Tea American\\nIndependence Acknowledged Impeachment\\nof Hastings War of 1812 First English\\nRailway George IV. William IV. Reform\\nBill Emancipation of the Slaves 143\\nChapter XIII.\\nVictoria Famine in Ireland War with Russia\\nSepoy Rebellion Massacre at Cawnpore 159\\nChapter XIV.\\nAtlantic Cable Daguerre s Discovery First\\nWorld s Fair Death of Albert Suez Canal\\nVictoria Empress of India Disestablish-\\nment of Irish Branch of Church of England\\nPresent Conditions 169", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nHISTORY OF IRELAND\\nPAGE\\nPre-Christian Ireland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From Augustine to Eng-\\nlish Conquest From Henry II. to Elizabeth\\nFrom Elizabeth to William III. and Mary\\nFrom William III. to Act of Union\\nFrom Act of Union to Present Time 179\\nHISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nEarly Celtic Period\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Period from Malcolm III.\\nto Robert Bruce From Bruce to James I.\\nFrom James I. to Union of Crowns From\\nUnion of Crowns to Treaty of Union\\nBrief Summary of Period Since the Treaty\\nof Union 227", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nCHAPTEE I\\nThe remotest fact in the history of Eng-\\nland is written in her rocks. Geology tells\\nus of a time when no sea flowed between\\nDover and Calais, while an unbroken conti-\\nnent extended from the Mediterranean to\\nthe Orkneys.\\nHuge mounds of rough stones called\\nCromlechs, have yielded up still another\\nsecret. Before the coming of the Keltic-\\nAryans, there dwelt there two successive\\nraces, whose story is briefly told in a few\\nhuman fragments found in these Crom-\\nlechs. These remains do not bear the\\nroyal marks of Aryan origin. The men\\nwere small in stature, with inferior skulls\\nand it is surmised that they belonged to the\\nsame mysterious branch of the human fam-", "height": "3419", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nily as the Basques and Iberians, whose pres-\\nence in Southern Europe has never been\\nexplained.\\nWhen the Aryan came and blotted out\\nthese races will perhaps always remain an\\nunanswered queston. But while Greece was\\nclothing herself with a mantle of beauty,\\nwhich the world for two thousand years has\\nstriven in vain to imitate, there was lying\\noff the North and West coasts of the Euro-\\npean Continent a group of mist-enshrouded\\nislands of which she had never heard.\\nObscured by fogs, and beyond the horizon\\nof Civilization, a branch of the Aryan race\\nknown as Britons were there leading lives\\nas primitive as the American Indians, dwell-\\ning in huts shaped like beehives, which\\nthey covered with branches and plastered\\nwith mud. While Phidias was carving im-\\nmortal statues for the Parthenon, this early\\nBritisher was decorating his abode with the\\nheads of his enemies and could those shape-\\nless blocks at Stonehenge speak, they\\nwould, perhaps, tell of cruel and hideous\\nDruidical rites witnessed on Salisbury\\nPlain, ages ago.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 11\\nEumors of the existence of this people\\nreached the Mediterranean three or four\\nhundred years before Christ, but not until\\nCaesar s invasion of the Island (55 B.C.)\\nwas there any positive knowledge of them.\\nThe actual conquest of Britain was not\\none of Caesar s achievements. But from the\\nmoment when his covetous eagle eye\\nviewed the chalk-cliffs of Dover from the\\ncoast of Northern Gaul, its fate was sealed.\\nThe Roman octopus, from that moment had\\nfastened its tentacles upon the hapless land\\nand in 45 a.d., under the Emperor Claudius,\\nit became a Eoman province. In vain did the\\nBritons struggle for forty years. In vain\\ndid the heroic Boadicea (during the reign\\nof Nero, 61 a.d.), like Hermann in Germany,\\nand Vercingetorix in France, resist the de-\\nstruction of her nation by the Romans. In\\nvain did this woman herself lead the Brit-\\nons, in a frenzy of patriotism; and when\\nthe inevitable defeat came, and London was\\nlost, with the desperate courage of the bar-\\nbarian she destroyed herself rather than\\nwitness the humiliation of her race.\\nThe stately Westminster and St. Paul s", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ndid not look down upon this heroic daughter\\nof Britain. London at that time was a\\ncollection of miserable huts and entrenched\\ncattle-pens, which were in Keltic speech\\ncalled the Fort-on-the-Lake or Llyn-\\ndin, an uncouth name in Latin ears, which\\ngave little promise of the future London,\\nthe Eomans helping it to its final form by\\ncalling it Londinium.\\nBut the octopus had firmly closed about\\nits victim, whose struggles, before the year\\n100 A.D., had practically ceased. A civili-\\nzation which made no effort to civilize was\\nforcibly planted upon the island. Where\\nhad been the humble village, protected by\\na ditch and felled trees, there arose the\\nwalled city, with temples and baths and\\nforum, and stately villas with frescoed\\nwalls and tessellated floors, and hot-air\\ncurrents converting winter into summer.\\nSo Chester, Colchester, Lincoln, York,\\nLondon, and a score of other cities were set\\nlike jewels in a surface of rough clay, the\\nBritons filling in the intervening spaces\\nwith their own rude customs, habits, and\\nmanners. Dwelling in wretched cabins", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 13\\nthatched with straw and chinked with mud,\\nthey still stubbornly maintained their own\\nuncouth speech and nationality, while they\\nhelplessly saw all they could earn swallowed\\nup in taxes and tributes by their insatiate\\nconquerors. The Keltic Gauls might, if\\nthey would, assimilate this Eoman civiliza-\\ntion, but not so the Keltic-Britons.\\nThe two races dwelt side by side, but sep-\\narate (except to some extent in the cities),\\nor, if possible, the vanquished retreated be-\\nfore the vanquisher into Wales and Corn-\\nwall and there to-day are found the only\\nremains of the aboriginal Briton race in\\nEngland.\\nThe Eoman General Agricola had built in\\n78 A.D. a massive wall across the North of\\nEngland, extending from sea to sea, to pro-\\ntect the Eoman territory from the Picts and\\nScots, those wild dwellers in the Northern\\nHighlands. It seems to us a frail barrier\\nto a people accustomed to leaping the rocky\\nwall set by nature between the North and the\\nSouth and unless it were maintained by a\\nline of legions extending its entire length,\\nthey must have laughed at such a defence", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\neven \u00e2\u0080\u00a2when duplicated later, as it was, by\\nthe Emperor Hadrian, in 120 a.d. and still\\ntwice again, first by Emperor Antoninus,\\nand then by Severus. For the swift trans-\\nportation of troops in the defensive warfare\\nalways carried on with the Picts and Scots,\\nmagnificent roads were built, which linked\\nthe Komanized cities together in a network\\nof splendid highways.\\nThere were more than three centuries of\\npeace. Agriculture, commerce, and indus-\\ntries came into existence. Wealth accumu-\\nlated, but the Briton decayed beneath\\nthe weight of a splendid system, which had\\nnot benefited, but had simply crushed out\\nof him his original vigor. Together with\\nEoman villas, and vice, and luxury, had\\nalso come Christianity. But the Briton, if\\nhe had learned to pray, had forgotten how\\nto fight, and how to govern; and now the\\nEoman Empire was perishing. She needed\\nall her legions to keep Alaric and his Goths\\nout of Eome.\\nIn 410 A.D. the fair cities and roads were\\ndeserted. The tramp of Eoman soldiers\\nwas heard no more in the land, and the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 15\\nenfeebled native race were left helpless and\\nalone to fight their battles with the Picts\\nand Scots; that fierce Briton offshoot\\nwhich had for centuries dwelt in the fast-\\nnesses of the Highlands, and which swarmed\\ndown upon them like vultures as soon as\\ntheir protectors were gone.\\nIn 446 A.D. the unhappy Britons invited\\ntheir fate. Like their cousins, the Gauls,\\nthey invited the Teutons from across the sea\\nto come to their rescue, and with result\\nfar more disastrous.\\nWhen the Frank became the champion\\nand conqueror of Gaul, he had for centuries\\nbeen in conflict or in contact with Eome,\\nand had learned much of the old Southern\\ncivilizations, and to some extent adopted\\ntheir ideals. Not so the Angles and Saxons,\\nwho came pouring into Britain from Schles-\\nwig-Holstein. They were uncontaminated\\npagans. In scorn of Eoman luxury, they\\nset the torch to the villas, and temples and\\nbaths. They came, exterminating, not as-\\nsimilating. The more complaisant Frank\\nhad taken Romanized, Latinized Gaul just\\nas he found her, and had even speedily", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nadopted her religion. It was for Gaul a\\nchange of rulers, but not of civilization.\\nBut the Angles and Saxons were Teutons\\nof a different sort. They brought across\\nthe sea in those keels their religion,\\ntheir manners, habits, nature, and speech;\\nand they brought them for use (just as the\\nEnglishman to-day carries with him a little\\nEngland wherever he goes). Their religion,\\nhabits, and manners they stamped upon the\\nhelpless Britons. In spite of King Arthur,\\nand his knights, and his sword Excalibur,\\nthey swiftly paganized the land which had\\nbeen for three centuries Christianized and\\ntheir nature and speech were so ground\\ninto the land of their adoption that they\\nexist to-day wherever the Anglo Saxon\\nabides.\\nFrom Windsor Palace to the humblest\\nabode in England (and in America) are to\\nbe found the descendants of these dominat-\\ning barbarians who flooded the British Isles\\nin the 5th Century. What sort of a race\\nwere they? Would we understand England\\nto-day, we must understand them. It is not\\nsufficient to know that they were bearded", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 17\\nand stalwart, fair and ruddy, flaxen-haired\\nand with cold blue eyes. We should know\\nwhat sort of souls looked out of those clear\\ncold eyes. What sort of impulses and\\nhearts dwelt within those brawny breasts.\\nTheir hearts were barbarous, but loving\\nand loyal, and nature had placed them in\\nstrong, vehement, ravenous bodies. They\\nwere untamed brutes, with noble instincts.\\nThey had ideals too; and these are re-\\nvealed in the rude songs and epics in which\\nthey delighted. Monstrous barbarities are\\ncommitted, but always to accomplish some\\nstern purpose of duty. They are cruel in\\norder to be just. This sluggish, ravenous,\\ndrinking brute, with no gleam of tenderness,\\nno light-hearted rhythm in his soul, has yet\\nchaotic glimpses of the sublime in his ear-\\nnest, gloomy nature. He gives little promise\\nof culture, but much of heroism. There is,\\ntoo, a reaching after something grand and\\ninvisible, which is a deep rehgious instinct.\\nAll these qualities had the future English\\nnation slumbering within them. Marriage\\nwas sacred, woman honored. All the mem-\\nbers of a family were responsible for the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nacts of one member. The sense of obliga-\\ntion and of responsibility was strong and\\nbinding.\\nIs not every type of English manhood\\nexplained by such an inheritance? From the\\ndrunken brawler in his hovel to the English\\ngentleman taking his pleasures sadly, all\\nare accounted for; and Hampden, Milton,\\nCromwell, John Bright, and Gladstone ex-\\nisted potentially in those fighting, drinking\\nsavages in the 5th Century.\\nTheir religion, after 150 years, was ex-\\nchanged for Christianity. Time softened\\ntheir manners and habits, and mingled new\\nelements with their speech. But the Anglo-\\nSaxon nature has defied the centuries and\\nchange. A strong sense of justice, and a\\nresolute resistance to encroachments upon\\npersonal liberty, are the warp and woof\\nof Anglo-Saxon character yesterday, to-day\\nand forever. The steady insistence of these\\ntraits has been making English History for\\nprecisely 1,400 years, (from 495 to 1895,)\\nand the history of the Anglo-Saxon race in\\nAmerica for 200 years as well.\\nOur ancestors brought with them from", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 19\\ntheir native land a simple, just, Teutonic\\nstructure of society and government, the\\nbase of which was the individual free-man.\\nThe family was considered the social unit.\\nSeveral families near together made a town-\\nship, the affairs of the township being set-\\ntled by the male freeholders, who met\\ntogether to determine by conference what\\nshould be done.\\nThis was the germ of the town-meet-\\ning and of popular government. In the\\nwitan, or wise men, who were chosen as\\nadvisers and adjusters of difficult questions,\\nexist the future legislature and judiciary,\\nwhile in the king, or alder-mann\\nEaldorman we see not an oppressor,\\nbut one who by superior age and experience\\nis fitted to lead. Cerdic, first Saxon king,\\nwas simply Cerdic the Ealdorman or\\nAlder-mann.\\nThey were a free people from the begin-\\nning. They had never bowed the neck to\\nyoke, their heads had never bent to tyranny.\\nBetter far was it that Roman civilization,\\nbuilt upon Keltic-Briton foundation, should\\nhave been effaced utterly, and that this", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nstrong untamed humanity, even cruel and\\nterrible as it was, should replace it. Koman\\nlaws, language, literature, faith, manners,\\nwere all swept away. A few mosaics, coins,\\nand ruined fragments of walls and roads are\\nall the record that remains of 300 years of\\noccupation.\\nAnd the Briton himself what became of\\nhim? In Ireland and Scotland he lingers\\nstill; but, except in Wales and Cornwall,\\nEngland knows him no more. Like the\\nAmerican Indian, he was swept into the re-\\nmote, inaccessible corners of his own land.\\nIt seemed cruel, but it had to be. Would\\nwe build strong and high, it must not be\\nupon sand. We distrust the Kelt as a\\nfoundation for nations as we do sand for\\nour temples. France was never cohesive\\nuntil a mixture of Teuton had toughened\\nit. Genius makes a splendid spire, but a\\npoor corner-stone. It would seem that the\\nKeltic race, brilliant and richly endowed,\\nwas still unsuited to the world in its higher\\nstages of development. In Britain, Gaul,\\nand Spain they were displaced and absorbed\\nby the Germanic races. And now for long", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 21\\ncenturies no Keltic people of importance\\nhas maintained its independence the Gaelic\\nof the Scotch Highlands and of Ireland, the\\nnative dialect of the Welsh and of Brittany,\\nbeing the scanty remains of that great fam-\\nily of related tongues which once occupied\\nmore territory than German, Latin, and\\nGreek combined. The solution of the Irish\\nquestion may lie in the fact that the Irish\\nare fighting against the inevitable; that\\nthey belong to a race which is on its way to\\nextinction, and which is intended to survive\\nonly as a brilliant thread, wrought into the\\ntexture of more commonplace but more en-\\nduring peoples.\\nIt was written in the book of fate that a\\ngreat nation should arise upon that green\\nisland by the North Sea. A foundation of\\nEoman cement, made by a mingling of Kel-\\ntic-Briton, and a corrupt, decayed civiliza-\\ntion, would have altered not alone the fate\\nof a nation, but the History of the World.\\nOur barbarian ancestors brought from\\nSchleswig-Holstein a rough, clean, strong\\nfoundation for what was to become a new\\ntype of humanity on the face of the earth.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nA Humanity which was not to be Persian\\nnor Greek, nor yet Eoman, but to be nour-\\nished on the best results of all, and to be-\\ncome the standard-bearer for the Civilization\\nof the future.\\nThe Jutes came first as an advance-guard\\nof the great Teuton invasion. It was but\\nthe prologue to the play when Hengist and\\nHorsa, in 449 a.d., occupied what is now\\nKent, in the Southeast extremity of Eng-\\nland. It was only when Cerdic and his\\nSaxons placed foot on British soil (495 a.d.)\\nthat the real drama began. And when the\\nAngles shortly afterward followed and oc-\\ncupied all that the Saxons had not appro-\\npriated (the north and east coast), the actors\\nwere all present and the play began. The\\nAngles were destined to bestow their name\\nupon the land (Angle-land), and the Saxons\\na line of kings extending from Cerdic to\\nVictoria.\\nCovetous of each other s possessions, these\\nTeutons fought as brothers will. Exter-\\nminating the Britons was diversified with\\nefforts to exterminate one another. Seven\\nkingdoms, four Anglian and three Saxon,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 23\\nfor 300 years tried to annihilate each other;\\nthen, finally submitting to the strongest,\\nunited completely, as only children of one\\nhousehold of nations can do. The Saxons\\nhad been for two centuries dominating more\\nand more until the long struggle ended\\nbehold, Anglo-Saxon England consolidated\\nunder one Saxon king! The other king-\\ndoms Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia,\\nKent, Sussex, and Essex surviving as\\nshires and counties.\\nIn 802 A.D., while Charlemagne was weld-\\ning together his vast and composite empire,\\nthe Saxon Egbert (Ecgberht), descendant of\\nCerdic (the Alder-mann was consolidat-\\ning a less imposing, but, as it has proved,\\nmore permanent kingdom and the History\\nof a United England had begun.\\nWhile Christianity had been effaced by\\nthe Teuton invasion in England, it had sur-\\nvived among the Irish-Britons. Ireland was\\nnever paganized. With fiery zeal, her peo-\\nple not alone maintained the religion of the\\nCross at home, but even drove back the\\nheathen flood by sending missionaries\\namong the Picts in the Highlands, and into", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nother outlying territory about the North\\nSea.\\nPope Gregory the Great saw this Keltic\\nbranch of Christendom, actually outrunning\\nLatin Christianity in activity, and he was\\nspurred to an act which was to be fraught\\nwith tremendous consequences.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER n\\nThe same spot in Kent (the isle of\\nThanet), which had witnessed the landing\\nof Hengist and Horsa in 449, saw in 597\\na band of men, calling themselves Stran-\\ngers from Eome, arriving under the lead-\\nership of Augustine.\\nThey moved in solemn procession toward\\nCanterbury, bearing before them a silver\\ncross, with a picture of Christ, chanting in\\nconcert, as they went, the litany of their\\nChurch. Christianity had entered by the\\nsame dpor through which paganism had\\ncome 150 years before.\\nThe religion of Wodin and Thor had\\nceased to satisfy the expanding soul of the\\nAnglo-Saxon; and the new faith rapidly\\nspread its charm consisting in the light it\\nseemed to throw upon the darkness encom-\\npassing man s past and future.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nAn aged chief said to Edwin, king of Nor-\\nthumbria, (after whom Edwins-borough\\nwas named,) Oh, King, as a bird flies\\nthrough this hall on a winter night, coming\\nout of the darkness, and vanishing into the\\ndarkness again, even so is our life! If\\nthese strangers can tell us aught of what\\nis beyond, let us hear them.\\nKing Edwin was among the first to espouse\\nthe new religion, and in less than one hun-\\ndred years the entire land was Christianized.\\nWith the adoption of Christianity a new\\nlife began to course in the veins of the\\npeople.\\nCsedmon, an unlettered Northumbrian\\npeasant, was inspired by an Angel who\\ncame to him in his sleep and told him to\\nSing. He was not disobedient unto the\\nheavenly vision. He wrote epics upon all\\nthe sacred themes, from the creation of the\\nWorld to the Ascension of Christ and the\\nfinal judgment of man, and English litera-\\nture was born.\\nParadise Lost, one thousand years later,\\nwas but the echo of this poet-peasant, who\\nwas the Milton of the 7th Century.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 27\\nIn the 8th Century, Baeda (the venerable\\nBeda), another Northumbrian, who was\\nmonk, scholar, and writer, wrote the first\\nHistory of his people and his country, and\\ndiscoursed upon astronomy, physics, me-\\nteorology, medicine, and philosophy. These\\nwere but the early lispings of Science but\\nthey held the germs of the British Associa-\\ntion and of the Eoyal Society; for as\\nEnglish poetry has its roots in Csedmon, so\\nis English intellectual life rooted in Baeda.\\nThe culmination of this new era was in\\nAlfred, who came to the throne of his\\ngrandfather, Egbert, in 871.\\nHe brought the highest ideals of the\\nduties of a King, a broad, statesmanlike\\ngrasp of conditions, an unsullied heart, and\\na clear, strong intelligence, with unusual\\ninclination toward an intellectual life.\\nFew Kings have better deserved the title\\nof great. With him began the first con-\\nception of National law. He prepared a\\ncode for the administration of justice in his\\nKingdom, which was prefaced by the Ten\\nCommandments, and ended with the Golden\\nRule while in his leisure hours he gave co-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nherence and form to the literature of the\\ntime. Taking the writings of Csedmon,\\nBseda, Pope Gregory, and Boethius; trans-\\nlating, editing, commentating, and adding\\nhis own to the views of others upon a wide\\nrange of subjects.\\nHe was indeed the father not alone of a\\nlegal system in England, but of her culture\\nand literature besides. The people of Wan-\\ntage, his native town, did well, in 1849, to\\ncelebrate the one-thousandth anniversary of\\nthe birth of the great King Alfred.\\nBut a condition of decadence was in prog-\\nress in England, which Alfred s wise reign\\nwas powerless to arrest, and which his\\ngreatness may even have tended to hasten.\\nThe distance between the king and the peo-\\nple had widened from a mere step to a\\ngulf. When the Saxon kings began to be\\nclothed with a mysterious dignity as the\\nLord s anointed, the people were corres-\\npondingly degraded; and the degradation\\nof this class, in which the true strength\\nof England consisted, bore unhappy but\\nnatural fruits.\\nA slave or unfree class had come with", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 29\\nthe Teutons from their native land. This\\nsmall element had for centuries now been\\nswelled by captives taken in war, and by-\\naccessions through misery, poverty, and\\ndebt, which drove men to sell themselves\\nand families and wear the collar of ser-\\nvitude. The slave was not under the lash\\nbut he was a mere chattel, having no more\\npart than cattle (from whom this title is de-\\nrived) in the real life of the state.\\nIn addition to this, political and social\\nchanges had been long modifying the struc-\\nture of society in a way tending to degrade\\nthe general condition. As the lesser King-\\ndoms were merged into one large one, the\\nwider dominion of the king removed him\\nfurther from the people; every succeeding\\nreign raising him higher, depressing them\\nlower, until the old English freedom was lost.\\nThe folk -moot and Witenagemot\\nwere heard of no more. The life of the\\nearly English State had been in its folk-\\nmoot, and hence rested upon the individual\\nEnglish freeman, who knew no superior but\\nWitenagemot a Council composed of Witan or\\nWise Men.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nGod, and the law. Now, he had sunk into\\nthe mere villein, bound to follow his lord,\\nto the field, to give him his personal ser-\\nvice, and to look to him alone for justice.\\nWith the decline of the freeman (or of\\npopular government) came Anglo-Saxon\\ndegeneracy, which made him an easy prey\\nto the Danes.\\nThe Northmen were a perpetual menace\\nand scourge to England and Scotland.\\nThere never could be any feeling of perma-\\nnent security while that hostile flood was\\nalways ready to press in through an un-\\nguarded spot on the coast. The sea wolves\\nand robbers from Norway came devouring,\\npillaging, and ravaging, and then away\\nagain to their own homes or lairs. Their\\nboast was that they scorned to earn by\\nsweat what they might win by blood. But\\nthe Northmen from Denmark were of a\\ndifferent sort. They were looking for\\npermanent conquest, and had dreams of\\nEmpire, and, in fact, had had more or\\nless of a grasp upon English soil for\\ncenturies before Alfred; and one of his\\ngreatest achievements was driving these", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 31\\nhated invaders out of England. In 1013,\\nunder the leadership of Sweyn, they once\\nmore poured in upon the land, and after a\\nbrief but fierce struggle a degenerate Eng-\\nland was gathered into the iron hand of the\\nDane.\\nCanute, the son of Sweyn, continued the\\nsuccesses of his father, conquering in Scot-\\nland Duncan (slain later by Macbeth), and\\nproceeded to realize his dream of a great\\nScandinavian empire, which should include\\nDenmark, Sweden, Norway, and England.\\nHe was one of those monumental men who\\nmark the periods in the pages of History,\\nand yet child enough to command the tides\\nto cease, and when disobeyed, was so hu-\\nmiliated, it is said, he never again placed a\\ncrown upon his head, acknowledging the\\npresence of a King greater than himself.\\nConqueror though he was, the Dane was\\nnot exactly a foreigner in England. The\\nlanguages of the two nations were almost\\nthe same, and a race affinity took away\\nmuch of the bitterness of the subjugation,\\nwhile Canute ruled more as a wise native\\nKing than as a Conqueror,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nBut the span of life, even of a founder of\\nEmpire, is short. Canute s sons were de-\\ngenerate, cruel, and in forty years after the\\nConquest had so exasperated the Anglo-Sax-\\nons that enough of the primitive spirit re-\\nturned, to throw off the foreign yoke, and\\nthe old Saxon line was restored in Edward,\\nknown as the Confessor.\\nEdward had qualities more fitted to\\nadorn the cloister than the throne. He\\nwas more of a Saint than King, and was\\nglad to leave the affairs of his realm in the\\nhands of Earl Godwin. This man was the\\nfirst great English statesman who had been\\nneither Priest nor King. Astute, powerful,\\ndexterous, he was virtual ruler of the King-\\ndom until the death of the childless King\\nEdward in 1066, when Godwin s son Harold\\nwas called to the empty throne.\\nForeign royal alliances have caused no\\nend of trouble in the life of Kingdoms. A\\nmarriage between a Saxon King and a Nor-\\nman Princess, in about the year 1000 a.d.,\\nhas made a vast deal of history. This Prin-\\ncess of Normandy, was the grandmother of\\nthe man, who was to be known as William", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 33\\nthe Conqueror. In the absence of a di-\\nrect heir to the English throne, made vacant\\nby Edward s death, this descent gave a shad-\\nowy claim to the ambitious Duke across the\\nChannel, which he was not slow to use for\\nhis own purposes.\\nHe asserted that Edward had promised\\nthat he should succeed him, and that Har-\\nold, the son of Godwin, had assured him of\\nhis assistance in securing his rights upon\\nthe death of Edward the Confessor. A tre-\\nmendous indignation stirred his righteous\\nsoul when he heard of the crowning of\\nHarold; not so much at the loss of the\\nthrone, as at the treachery of his friend.\\nIn the face of tremendous opposition and\\ndifficulties, he got together his reluctant\\nBarons and a motley host, actually cutting\\ndown the trees with which to create a fleet,\\nand then, depending upon pillage for sub-\\nsistence, rushed to face victory or ruin.\\nThe Battle of Senlac (or Hastings) has\\nbeen best told by a woman s hand in the\\nfamous Bayeux Tapestry. An arrow pierced\\nthe unhappy Harold in the eye, entering the\\nbrain, and the head which had worn the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ncrown of England ten short months lay in\\nthe dust, William, with wrath unappeased,\\nrefusing him burial.\\nWilliam, Duke of Normandy, was King\\nof England. Not alone that. He claimed\\nthat he had been rightful King ever since\\nthe death of his cousin Edward the Con-\\nfessor; and that those who had supported\\nHarold were traitors, and their lands confis-\\ncated to the crown. As nearly all had been\\nloyal to Harold, the result was that most\\nof the wealth of the Nation was emptied into\\nWilliam s lap, not by right of conquest, but\\nby English law.\\nFeudalism had been gradually stifling old\\nEnglish freedom, and the King saw himself\\nconfronted with a feudal baronage, nobles\\nclaiming hereditary, military, and judicial\\npower independent of the King, such as de-\\ngraded the Monarchy and riveted down the\\npeople in France for centuries. With the\\ngenius of the born ruler and conqueror,\\nWilliam discerned the danger and its\\nremedy. Availing himself of the early\\nlegal constitution of England, he placed\\njustice in the old local courts of the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "History of England 35\\nhundred and shire, to which every free-\\nman had access, and these courts he placed\\nunder the jurisdiction of the King alone. In\\nGermany and France the vassal owned su-\\npreme fealty to his lord, against all foes, even\\nthe King himself. In England, the tenant\\nfrom this time swore direct fealty to none\\nsave his King.\\nWith the unbounded wealth at his dis-\\nposal, William granted enormous estates to\\nhis followers upon condition of military ser-\\nvice at his call. In other words, he seized\\nthe entire landed property of the State, and\\nthen used it to buy the allegiance of the\\npeople. By this means the whole Nation\\nwas at his command as an army subject to\\nhis will; and there was at the same time a\\nbreaking up of old feudal tyrannies by a\\nredistribution of the soil under a new form\\nof land tenure.\\nThe City of London was rewarded for in-\\nstant submission by a Charter, signed, not\\nby his name but his mark, for the Con-\\nqueror of England (from whom Victoria is\\ntwenty-fifth remove in descent), could not\\nwrite his name.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nHe built the Tower of London, to hold the\\nCity in restraint. Fortress, palace, prison,\\nit stands to-day the grim progenitor of the\\nCastles and Strongholds which soon frowned\\nfrom every height in England.\\nHe took the outlawed, despised Jew under\\nhis protection not as a philanthropist, but\\nseeing in him a being who was always\\naccumulating wealth, which could in any\\nemergency be wrung from him by torture,\\nif milder measures failed. Their hoarded\\ntreasure flowed into the land. They built\\nthe first stone houses, and domestic archi-\\ntecture was created. Jewish gold built Cas-\\ntles and Cathedrals, and awoke the slumber-\\ning sense of beauty. Through their connec-\\ntion with the Jews in Spain and the East,\\nknowledge of the physical sciences also\\nstreamed into the land, and an intellectual\\nlife was created, which bore fruit a century\\nand a half later in Eoger Bacon.\\nAll these things were not done in a day.\\nIt was twenty years after the Conquest that\\nWilliam ordered a survey and valuation of\\nall the land, which was recorded in what\\nwas known as Domesday Book, that he", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 37\\nmight know the precise financial resources\\nof his kingdom, and what was due him on\\nthe confiscated estates. Then he summoned\\nall the nobles and large landholders to meet\\nhim at Salisbury Plain, and those shapeless\\nblocks at Stonehenge witnessed a strange\\nscene when 60,000 men there took solemn\\noath to support William as King even\\nagainst their oivn lords. With this splen-\\ndid consummation his work was practically\\nfinished. He had, with supreme dexterity\\nand wisdom, blended two Civilizations, had\\nat the right moment curbed the destructive\\nelement in feudalism, and had secured to\\nthe Englishman free access to the surface\\nfor all time. Thus the old English freedom\\nwas in fact restored by the Norman Con-\\nquest, by direct act of the Conqueror.\\nWilliam typified in his person a transi-\\ntional time, the old Norse world, mingling\\nstrangely in him with the new. He was\\nthe last outcome of his race. Norse daring\\nand cruelty were side by side with gentle-\\nness and aspiration. No human pity tem-\\npered his vengeance. When hides were\\nhung on the City Walls at Alengon, in insult", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nto his mother (the daughter of a tanner), he\\ntore out the eyes, cut off the hands and feet\\nof the prisoners, and threw them over the\\nwalls. When he did this, and when he\\nrefused Harold s body a grave, it was the\\nspirit of the sea- wolves within him. But it\\nwas the man of the coming Civilization, who\\ncould not endure death by process of law in\\nhis Kingdom, and who delighted to discourse\\nwith the gentle and pious Anselm, upon the\\nmysteries of life and death.\\nThe indirect benefits of the Conquest,\\ncame in enriching streams from the older\\ncivilizations. As Eome had been heir to\\nthe accumulations of experience in the an-\\ncient Nations, so England, through France\\nbecame the heir to Latin institutions, and\\nwas joined to the great continuous stream\\nof the World s highest development. Fresh\\nintellectual stimulus renovated the Church.\\nEoman law was planted upon the simple\\nTeuton system of rights. Every depart-\\nment in State and in Society shared the ad-\\nvance, while language became refined, flex-\\nible, and enriched.\\nThis engrafting with the results of an-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 39\\ntiquitv, was an enormous saving of time, in\\nthe development of a nation but it did not\\nchange the essential character of the Anglo-\\nSaxon, nor of his speech. The ravenous\\nTeuton could devour and assimilate all these\\nnew elements and remain essentially un-\\nchanged. The language of Bunyan and of the\\nBible is Saxon and it is the language of the\\nEnglishman to-day in childhood and in ex-\\ntremity. A man who is thoroughly in\\nearnest who is drowning speaks Saxon.\\nCharacter, as much as speech, remains un-\\naltered. There is small trace of the IN or-\\nman in the House of Commons, or in the\\nmeetings at Exeter Hall, or in the home, or\\nlife of the people anywhere.\\nThe qualities which have made England\\ngreat were brought across the North Sea in\\nthose keels in the 5th Century. The\\nAnglo-Saxon put on the new civilization and\\ninstitutions brought him by the Conquest, as\\nhe would an embroidered garment but the\\nman within the garment, though modified by\\ncivilization, has never essentially changed.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE III\\nIt is not in the exploits of its Kings but\\nin the aspirations and struggles of its people,\\nthat the true history of a nation is to be\\nsought. During the rule and misrule of the\\ntwo sons, and grandson, of the Conqueror,\\nEngland was steadily growing toward its\\nultimate form.\\nAs Society outgrew the simple ties of\\nblood which bound it together in old Saxon\\nEngland, the people had sought a larger\\nprotection in combinations among fellow\\nfreemen, based upon identity of occupation.\\nThe Frith-Gilds, or peace Clubs, came\\ninto existence in Europe during the 9th and\\n10th Centuries. They were harshly repressed\\nin Germany and Gaul, but found kindly\\nwelcome from Alfred in England. In their\\nmutual responsibility, in their motto, if any\\nmisdo, let all bear it, Alfred saw simply", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 41\\nan enlarged conception of the family,\\nwhich was the basis of the Saxon social\\nstructure; and the adoption of this idea of a\\nlarger unity, in combination, was one of the\\nfirst phases of an expanding national life.\\nSo, after the conquest, while ambitious\\nkings were absorbing French and Irish ter-\\nritory or fighting with recalcitrant barons,\\nthe merchant, craft, and church gilds\\nwere creating a great popular force, which\\nwas to accomplish more enduring conquests.\\nIt was in the boroughs and in these\\ngilds that the true life of the nation con-\\nsisted. It was the shopkeepers and ar-\\ntisans which brought the right of free\\nspeech, and free meeting, and of equal jus-\\ntice across the ages of tyranny. One free-\\ndom after another was being won, and the\\nbattle with oppression was being fought, not\\nby Knights and Barons, but by the sturdy\\nburghers and craftsmen. Silently as the\\ncoral insect, the Anglo-Saxon was building\\nan indestructible foundation for English\\nliberties.\\nThe Conqueror had bequeathed England\\nto his second son, William Eufus, and Nor-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nmandy to his eldest son, Eobert. In 1095\\n(eight years after his death) commenced\\nthose extraordinary wars carried on by the\\nchivalry of Europe against the Saracens in\\nthe East. Eobert, in order to raise money\\nto join the first crusade, mortgaged Nor-\\nmandy to his brother, and an absorption of\\nWestern Prance had begun, which, by means\\nof conquest by arms and the more peaceful\\nconquest by marriage, would in fifty years\\nextend English dominion from the Scottish\\nborder to the Pyrenees.\\nWilliam s son Henry (I.), who succeeded\\nhis older brother, William Eufus, inherited\\nenough of his father s administrative genius\\nto complete the details of government which\\nhe had outlined. He organized the begin-\\nning of a judicial system, creating out of his\\nsecretaries and Eoyal Ministers a Supreme\\nCourt, whose head bore the title of Chancel-\\nlor. He created also another tribunal, which\\nrepresented the body of royal vassals who\\nhad all hitherto been summoned together\\nthree times a year. This King s Court,\\nas it was called, considered everything re-\\nlating to the revenues of the state. Its", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 43\\nmeetings were about a table with a top like\\na chessboard, which led to calling the mem-\\nbers who sat, Barons of the Exchequer.\\nHe also wisely created a class of lesser\\nnobles, upon whom the old barons looked\\ndown with scorn, but who served as a coun-\\nterbalancing force against the arrogance of\\nan old nobility, and bridged the distance\\nbetween them and the people.\\nSo, while the thirty-five years of Henry s\\nreign advanced and developed the purposes\\nof his father, his marriage with a Saxon\\nPrincess did much to efface the memory of\\nforeign conquest, in restoring the old Saxon\\nblood to the royal line. But the young\\nPrince who embodied this hope, went down\\nwith 140 young nobles in the White Ship,\\nwhile returning from Normandy. It is said\\nthat his father never smiled again, and\\nupon his death, his nephew Stephen was\\nking during twenty unfruitful years.\\nBut the succession returned through Ma-\\ntilda, daughter of Henry I. and the Saxon\\nprincess. She married Geoffrey, Count of\\nAnjou. This Geoffrey, called the hand-\\nsome, always wore in his helmet a sprig of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthe broom -plant of Anjou {Planta genista),\\nhence their son, Henry II. of England, was\\nknown as Henry Plante-a-genet.\\nThis first Plantagenet was a strong, coarse-\\nfibred man; a practical reformer, without\\nsentiment, but really having good govern-\\nment profoundly at heart.\\nHe took the reins into his great, rough\\nhands with a determination first of all to\\ncurb the growing power of the clergy, by\\nbringing it under the jurisdiction of the\\ncivil courts. To this end he created his\\nfriend and chancellor, Thomas a Becket, a\\nprimate of the Church to aid the accomplish-\\nment of his purpose. But from the moment\\nBecket became Archbishop of Canterbury, he\\nwas transformed into the defender of the\\norganization he was intended to subdue.\\nHenry was furious when he found himself\\nresisted and confronted by the very man he\\nhad created as an instrument of his will.\\nThese were years of conflict. At last, in a\\nmoment of exasperation, the king exclaimed,\\nIs there none brave enough to rid me of\\nthis low-born priest This was construed\\ninto a command. Four knights sped swiftly", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 45\\nto Canterbury Cathedral, and murdered the\\nArchbishop at the altar. Henry was stricken\\nwith remorse, and caused himself to be beaten\\nwith rods like the vilest criminal, kneeling\\nupon the spot stained with the blood of his\\nfriend. It was a brutal murder, which caused\\na thrill of horror throughout Christendom.\\nBecket was canonized; miracles were per-\\nformed at his tomb, and for hundreds of\\nyears a stream of bruised humanity flowed\\ninto Canterbury, seeking surcease of sorrow,\\nand cure for sickness and disease, by contact\\nwith the bones of the murdered saint.\\nBut Henry had accomplished his end.\\nThe clergy was under the jurisdiction of\\nthe King s Court during his reign. He also\\ncontinued the judicial reorganization com-\\nmenced by Henry I. He divided the king-\\ndom into judicial districts. This completely\\neffaced the legal jurisdiction of the nobles.\\nThe Circuits thus defined correspond roughly\\nwith those existing to-day; and from the\\nCourt of Appeals, which was also his crea-\\ntion, came into existence tribunal after tri-\\nbunal in the future, including the Star\\nChamber and Privy Council.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nBut of all the blows aimed at the barons\\nnone told more effectually than the restora-\\ntion of a national militia, which freed the\\ncrown from dependence upon feudal retain-\\ners for military service.\\nIn a fierce quarrel between two Irish chief-\\ntains, Henry was called upon to interfere;\\nand when the quarrel was adjusted, Ireland\\nfound herself annexed to the English crown,\\nand ruled by a viceroy appointed by the\\nking. The drama of the Saxons defending\\nthe Britons from the Picts and Scots, was\\nrepeated.\\nThis first Plantagenet, with fiery face,\\nbull-neck, bowed legs, keen, rough, obsti-\\nnate, passionate, left England greater and\\nfreer, and yet w4th more of a personal des-\\npotism than he had found her. The trouble\\nwith such triumphs is that they presuppose\\nthe wisdom and goodness of succeeding\\ntyrants.\\nHenry s heart broke when he learned that\\nhis favorite son, John, was conspiring against\\nhim. He turned his face to the wall and\\ndied (1189), the practical hard-headed old\\nking leaving his throne to a romantic", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 47\\ndreamer, who could not even speak the lan-\\nguage of his country.\\nKichard (Coeur de Lion) was a hero of ro-\\nmance, but not of history. The practical\\nconcerns of his kingdom had no charm for\\nhim. His eye was fixed upon Jerusalem,\\nnot England, and he spent almost the entire\\nten years of his reign in the Holy Land.\\nThe Crusades, had fired the old spirit of\\nNorse adventure left by the Danes, and\\nEngland shared the general madness of the\\ntime. As a result for the treasure spent\\nand blood spilled in Palestine, she received\\na few architectural devices and the science of\\nHeraldry. But to Europe, the benefits were\\nincalculable. The barons were impover-\\nished, their great estates mortgaged to thrifty\\nburghers, who extorted from their poverty\\ncharters of freedom, which unlocked the\\nfetters and broke the spell of the dark ages.\\nEichard the Lion-Hearted died as he had\\nlived, not as a king, but as a romantic ad-\\nventurer. He was shot by an arrow while\\ntrying to secure fabulous hidden treasure in\\nFrance, with which to continue his wars in\\nPalestine.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nHis brother John, in 1199, ascended the\\nthrone. His name has come down as a\\ntype of baseness, cruelty, and treachery.\\nHis brother Geoffrey had married Constance\\nof Brittany, and their son Arthur, named\\nafter the Keltic hero, had been urged as a\\nrival claimant for the English throne.\\nShakespeare has not exaggerated the cruel\\nfate of this boy, whose monstrous uncle\\nreally purposed having his eyes burnt out,\\nbeing sure that if he were blind he would\\nno longer be eligible for king. But death\\nis surer even than blindness, and Hubert, his\\nmerciful protector from one fate, was power-\\nless to avert the other. Some one was found\\nwith heart as hard as hammered iron,\\nwho put an end to the young life (1203)\\nat the Castle of Rouen.\\nBut the King of England, was vassal to the\\nKing of France, and Philip summoned John\\nto account to him for this deed. When\\nJohn refused to appear, the French provinces\\nwere torn from him. In 1204 he saw an Em-\\npire stretching from the English Channel to\\nthe Pyrenees vanish from his grasp, and was\\nat one blow reduced to the realm of England.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 49\\nWhen we see on the map, England as she\\nwas in that day, sprawling in unwieldy\\nfashion over the western half of France, we\\nrealize how much stronger she has heen on\\nthat snug little island, that right little,\\ntight little island, and we can see that\\nJohn s wickedness helped her to be invin-\\ncible.\\nThe destinies of England in fact rested\\nwith her worst king. His tyranny, brutal-\\nity, and disregard of his subjects rights, in-\\nduced a crisis which laid the corner-stone of\\nEngland s future, and buttressed her liber-\\nties for all time.\\nAt a similar crisis in France, two centu-\\nries later, the king (Charles VII.) made com-\\nmon cause with the people against the barons\\nor dukes. In England, in the 13th Century,\\nthe barons and people were drawn together\\nagainst the King. They framed a Charter,\\nits provisions securing protection and justice\\nto every freeman in England. On Easter\\nDay, 1215, the barons, attended by two\\nthousand armed knights, met the King near\\nOxford, and demanded his signature to the\\npaper. John was awed, and asked them to", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nname a day and place. Let the day be the\\n15th of June, and the place Eunnymede,\\nwas the reply.\\nA brown, shrivelled piece of parchment in\\nthe British Museum to-day, attests to the\\nkeeping of this appointment. That old Oak\\nat Eunnymede, under whose spreading\\nbranches the name of John was affixed to\\nthe Magna Charta, was for centuries held\\nthe most sacred spot in England.\\nIt is an impressive picture we get of\\nJohn, the Lord s Anointed, when this\\nscene was over, in a burst of rage rolling on\\nthe floor, biting straw, and gnawing a stick 1\\nThey have placed twenty-five kings over\\nme, he shouted in a fury; meaning the\\ntwenty-five barons who were entrusted with\\nthe duty of seeing that the provisions of the\\nCharter were fulfilled.\\nWhether his death, one year later (1216),\\nwas the result of vexation of spirit or surfeit\\nof peaches and cider, or poison, history does\\nnot positively say. But England shed no\\ntears for the King to whom she owes her\\nliberties in the Magna Charta.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nFor the succeeding 56 years John s son,\\nHenry III., was King of England. While\\nthis vain, irresolute, ostentatious king was\\nextorting money for his ambitious designs\\nand extravagant pleasures, and struggling\\nto get back the pledges given in the Great\\n.Charter, new and higher forces, to which\\nhe gave no heed, were at work in his\\nkingdom.\\nParis at this time was the centre of a\\ngreat intellectual revival, brought about by\\nthe Crusades. We have seen that through\\nthe despised Jew, at the time of the Con-\\nquest, a higher civilization was brought into\\nEngland. Along with his hoarded gold\\ncame knowledge and culture, which he had\\nobtained from the Saracen. Now, these\\ngerms had been revived by direct contact\\nwith the sources of ancient knowledge in", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthe East during the Crusades; and while the\\nlong mental torpor of Europe was rolling\\naway like mist before the rising sun, Eng-\\nland felt the warmth of the same quicken-\\ning rays, and Oxford took on a new life.\\nIt was not the stately Oxford of to-day,\\nbut a rabble of roystering, revelling youths,\\nEnglish, Welsh, and Scotch, who fiercely\\nfought out their fathers feuds.\\nThey were a turbulent mob, who gave ad-\\nvance opinion, as it were, upon every eccle-\\nsiastical or political measure, by fighting it\\nout on the streets of their town, so that an\\noutbreak at Oxford became a sort of prelude\\nto every great political movement.\\nImpossible as it seems, intellectual life\\ngrew and expanded in this tumultuous at-\\nmosphere; and while the democratic spirit\\nof the University threatened the king, its\\nspirit of free intellectual inquiry shook the\\nChurch.\\nThe revival of classical learning, bring-\\ning streams of thought from old Greek and\\nLatin fountains, caused a sudden expansion.\\nIt was like the discovery of an unsuspected\\nand greater world, with a body of new truth,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 53\\nwhich threw the old into contemptuous dis-\\nuse. A spirit of doubt, scepticism, and de-\\nnial, was engendered. They comprehended\\nnow why Abelard had claimed the su-\\npremacy of reason over faith, and why\\nItalian poets smiled at dreams of immor-\\ntality. Then, too, the new culture com-\\npelled respect for infidel and for Jew. Was\\nit not from their impious hands, that this\\nnew knowledge of the physical universe had\\nbeen received?\\nRoger Bacon drank deeply from these\\nfountains, new and old, and struggled like\\na giant to illumine the darkness of his time,\\nby systematizing all existing knowledge.\\nHis Opus Majus was intended to bring\\nthese riches to the unlearned. But he died\\nuncomprehended, and it was reserved for\\nlater ages to give recognition to his stupen-\\ndous work, wrought in the twilight out of\\ndimly comprehended truth.\\nPursued by the dream of recovering the\\nFrench Empire, lost by his father, and of re-\\ntracting the promises given in the Charter,\\nHenry III. spent his entire reign in conflict\\nwith the barons and the people, who were", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nclosely drawn together by the common dan-\\nger and rallied to the defence of their liberties\\nunder the leadership of Simon de Montfort.\\nIt was at the town of Oxford that the\\ngreat council of barons and bishops held its\\nmeetings. This council, which had long\\nbeen called Parliament (from parler), in\\nthe year 1265 became for the first time a\\nrepresentative body, when Simon de Mont-\\nfort summoned not alone the lords and\\nbishops but two citizens from every city,\\nand two burghers from every borough. A\\nEubicon was passed when the merchant, and\\nthe shopkeeper, sat for the first time with\\nthe noble and the bishops in the great\\ncouncil. It was thirty years before the\\nchange was fully effected, it being in the\\nyear 1295 (just 600 years ago now) that the\\nfirst true Parliament met. But the House\\nof Lords and the germ of the House of\\nCommons, existed in this assembly at Ox-\\nford in 1265, and a government of the\\npeople, for the people, by the people, had\\ncommenced.\\nEdward I., the son and successor of\\nHenry III., not only graciously confirmed", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 55\\nthe Great Charter, but added to its privi-\\nleges. His expulsion of the Jews, is the one\\ndark blot on his reign.\\nHe conquered North Wales, the strong-\\nhold where those Keltic Britons, the Welsh,\\nhad always maintained a separate exist-\\nence and as a recompense for their wounded\\nfeelings bestowed upon the heir to the\\nthrone, the title Prince of Wales.^^\\nWestminster Abbey was completed at\\nthis time and began to be the resting-place\\nfor England s illustrious dead. The inven-\\ntion of gunpowder, which was to make iron-\\nclad knights a romantic tradition, also be-\\nlongs io this period, which saw too, the con-\\nquest of Scotland and the magic stone sup-\\nposed to have been Jacob s pillow at Bethel,\\nand which was the Scottish talisman, was\\ncarried to Westminster Abbey and built\\ninto a coronation-chair, which has been used\\nat the crowning of every English sovereign\\nsince that time.\\nScottish liberties were not so sacrificed by\\nthis conquest as had been the Irish. The\\nScots would not be slaves, nor would they\\nstay conquered without many a struggle.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nEobert Bruce led a great rebellion, T^ hich\\nextended into the succeeding reign, and\\nBruce s name was covered with glory by his\\ngreat victory at Bannockburn (1314).\\nWe need not linger over the twenty years\\nduring which Edward II., by his private in-\\nfamies, so exasperated his wife and son that\\nthey brought about his deposition, which\\nwas followed soon after by his murder and\\nthen by a disgraceful regency, during which\\nthe Queen s favorite, Mortimer, was virtu-\\nally king. But King Edward III. com-\\nmenced to rule with a strong hand. As\\nsoon as he was eighteen years old he sum-\\nmoned the Parliament. Mortimer was\\nhanged at Tyburn, and his queen-mother\\nwas immured for life.\\nWe have turned our backs upon Old Eng-\\nland. The England of a representative\\nParliament and a House of Commons, of\\nideals derived from a wider knowledge, the\\nEngland of a Westminster Abbey, and gun-\\npowder, and cloth -weaving, is the England\\nwe all know to-day. Vicious kings and\\ngreed of territory, and lust of power, will\\nkeep the road from being a smooth one,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 57\\nbut it leads direct to the England of Vic-\\ntoria; and 1895 was roughly outlined in\\n1327, when Edward III. grasped the helm\\nwith the decision of a master.\\nAfter completing the subjection of Scot-\\nland he invaded France, the pretext of\\nresisting her designs upon the Netherlands,\\nbeing merely a cover for his own thirst for\\nterritory and conquest. The victory over\\nthe French at Crecy, 1346, (and later of Poi-\\ntiers,) covered the warlike king and his son,\\nEdward the Black Prince, with imperish-\\nable renown. Small cannon were first used\\nat that battle. The knights and the archers\\nlaughed at the little toy, but found it use-\\nful in frightening the enemies horses.\\nEdward III. covered England with a\\nmantle of military glory, for which she had\\nto pay dearly later. He elevated the king-\\nship to a more dazzling height, for which\\nthere have also been some expensive reckon-\\nings since. He introduced a new and higher\\ndignity into nobility by the title of Duke,\\nwhich he bestowed upon his sons the great\\nlandholders or barons, having until that time\\nconstituted a body in which all were peers.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nHe has been the idol of heroic England.\\nBut he awoke the dream of French con-\\nquest, and bequeathed to his successors a\\nfatal war, which lasted for 100 years.\\nThe Black Prince died, and the Black\\nDeath, a fearful pestilence, desolated a\\nland already decimated by protracted wars.\\nThe valiant old King, after a life of brilliant\\ntriumphs, carried a sad and broken heart to\\nthe grave, and Eichard II., son of the heroic\\nPrince Edward, was king.\\nThis last of the Plantagenets had need of\\ngreat strength and wisdom to cope with the\\nforces stirring at that time in his kingdom,\\nand was singularly deficient in both. The\\ncostly conquests of his grandfather, were a\\ntroublesome legacy to his feeble grandson.\\nEnormous taxes unjustly levied to pay for\\npast glories, do not improve the temper of a\\npeople. A shifting of the burden from one\\nclass to another arrayed all in antagonisms\\nagainst each other, and finally, when the bur-\\nden fell upon the lowest order, as it is apt\\nto do, it rose in fierce rebellion under the\\nleadership of Wat Tyler, a blacksmith (1381).\\nConcessions were granted and quiet re-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 59\\nstored, but the people had learned a new way\\nof throwing off injustice. There began to\\nbe a new sentiment in the air. Men were\\nasking why the few should dress in velvet\\nand the many in rags. It was the first\\nEnglish revolt against the tyranny of wealth,\\nwhen people were heard on the streets sing-\\ning the couplet\\nWhen Adam delved and Eve span,\\nWho was then the gentleman?\\nAs in the times of the early Saxon kings,\\nthe cause breeding destruction was the wid-\\nening distance between the king and the\\npeople. In those earlier times the people\\nunresistingly lapsed into decadence, but the\\nAnglo-Saxon had learned much since then,\\nand it was not so safe to degrade him and\\ntrample on his rights.\\nThen, too, John Wickliffe had been telling\\nsome very plain truths to the people about\\nthe Church of Eome, and there was develop-\\ning a sentiment which made Pope and Clergy\\ntremble. There was a spirit of inquiry,\\nhaving its centre at Oxford, looking into\\nthe title-deeds of the great ecclesiastical", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ndespotism. Wickliffe heretically claimed\\nthat the Bible was the one ground of faith,\\nand he added to his heresy by translating\\nthat Book into simple Saxon English, that\\nmen might learn for themselves what was\\nChrist s message to man.\\nLuther s protest in the 16th Century was\\nbut the echo of Wickliffe s in the 14th,\\nagainst the tyranny of a Church from, which\\nall spiritual life had departed, and which in\\nits decay tightened its grasp upon the very\\nthings which its founder put behind Him\\nin the temptation on the mountain, and\\naimed at becoming a temporal despotism.\\nClosely intermingled with these struggles\\nwas going on another, unobserved at the\\ntime. Three languages held sway in Eng-\\nland Latin in the Church, French in polite\\nsociety, and English among the people.\\nChaucer s genius selected the language of\\nthe people for its expression, as also of course,\\ndid Wickliffe in his translation of the Bible.\\nFrench and Latin were dethroned, and the\\nKing s English became the language of\\nthe literature and speech of the English\\nnation.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 61\\nHe would have been a wise and great\\nKing who could have comprehended and\\ncontrolled all the various forces at work at\\nthis time. Eichard II. was neither. This\\nseething, tumbling mass of popular discon-\\ntents was besides only the groundwork for\\nthe personal strifes and ambitions which\\nraged about the throne. The wretched King,\\nembroiled with every class and every party,\\nwas pronounced by Parliament unfit to\\nreign, the same body which deposed him,\\ngiving the crown to his cousin Henry of\\nLancaster (1399), and the reign of the Plan-\\ntagenets was ended.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nThe new king did not inherit the throne;\\nhe was elected to it. He was an arbitrary-\\ncreation of Parliament. The Duke of Lan-\\ncaster, Henry s father (John of Gaunt), was\\nonly a younger son of Edward HI. Accord-\\ning to the strict rules of hereditary succes-\\nsion, there were two others with claims su-\\nperior to Henry s. Richard Duke of York,\\nhis cousin, claimed a double descent from\\nthe Duke Clarence and also from the Duke\\nof York, both sons of Edward HI.\\nThis led later to the dreariest chapter in\\nEnglish history, the Wars of the Roses.\\nIt is an indication of the enormous in-\\ncrease in the strength of Parliament, that\\nsuch an exercise of power, the creating of\\na king, was possible. Haughty, arrogant\\nkings bowed submissively to its will.\\nHenry could not make laws nor impose", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 63\\ntaxes without first summoning Parliament\\nand obtaining his subjects consent. But cor-\\nrupting influences were at work which were\\ndestined to cheat England out of her liber-\\nties for many a year.\\nThe impoverishment of the country to pay\\nfor war and royal extravagances, had awak-\\nened a troublesome spirit in the House of\\nCommons. Cruelty to heretics also, and op-\\npressive enactments were fought and de-\\nfeated in this body. The King, clergy, and\\nnobles, were drawing closer together and\\nfarther away from the people, and were\\ndevising ways of stifling their will.\\nIf the King might not resist the will of\\nParliament, he could fill it with men who\\nwould not resist his; so, by a system of\\nbribery and force in the boroughs, the\\nHouse of Commons had injected into it\\nenough of the right sort to carry obnoxious\\nmeasures. This was only one of the ways\\nin which the dearly bought liberties were\\nbeing defeated.\\nHenry IV., the first Lancastrian king,\\nlighted the fires of persecution in England.\\nThe infamous Statute of Heresy was", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\npassed 1401. Its first victim was a priest\\nwho was thrown to the flames for denying\\nthe doctrine of transubstantiation.\\nWickliff e had left to the people not a party,\\nbut a sentiment. The Lollards, as they\\nwere called, were not an organization, but\\nrather a pervading atmosphere of revolt,\\nwhich naturally combined with the social\\ndiscontent of the time, and there came to be\\nmore of hate than love in the movement,\\nwhich was at its foundation a revolt against\\ninequality of condition. As in all such move-\\nments, much that was vicious and unwise\\nin time mingled with it, tending to give\\nsome excuse for its repression. The dis-\\ncarding of an old faith, unless at once re-\\nplaced by a new one, is a time fraught with\\nmany dangers to Society and State.\\nSuch were some of the forces at work for\\nfourteen brief years while Henry IV. wore\\nthe coveted crown, and while his son, the\\nroystering Prince Hal, in the new charac-\\nter of King (Henry V.) lived out his brief\\nnine years of glory and conquest.\\nFrance, with an insane King, vicious\\nQueen Eegent, and torn by the dissensions", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 65\\nof ambitious Dukes, had reached her hour\\nof greatest weakness, when Henry V. swept\\ndown upon her with his archers, and broke\\nher spirit by his splendid victory at Agin-\\ncourt then married her Princess Kath-\\narine, and was proclaimed Regent of France.\\nThe rough wooing of his French bride, im-\\nmortalized by Shakespeare, throws a gla-\\nmour of romance over the time.\\nBut an all subduing King cut short\\nHenry s triumphs. He was stricken and\\ndied (1422), leaving an infant son nine\\nmonths old, who bore the weight of the\\nnew title, King of England and France,\\nwhile Henry s brother, the Duke of Bed-\\nford, reigned as Regent.\\nThen it was, that by a mysterious inspi-\\nration, Joan of Arc, a child and a peasant,\\nled the French army to the besieged City\\nof Orleans, and the crucial battle was\\nwon.\\nCharles VII. was King. The English\\nwere driven out of France, and the Hundred\\nYears War ended in defeat (1453). Eng-\\nland had lost Aquitaine, which for two hun-\\ndred years (since Henry II.) had been hers,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nand had not a foot of ground on Norman\\nsoil.\\nThe long shadow cast by Edward III.\\nupon England was deepening. A ruinous\\nwar had drained her resources and arrested\\nher liberties and now the odium of defeat\\nmade the burdens it imposed intolerable.\\nThe temper of every class was strained to\\nthe danger point. The wretched govern-\\nment was held responsible, followed, as\\nusual, by impeachments, murders, and im-\\npotent outbursts of fury.\\nWhile, owing to social processes long at\\nwork, feudalism was in fact a ruin, a mere\\nempty shell, it still seemed powerful as ever;\\njust as an oak, long after its roots are dead,\\nwill still carry aloft a waving mass of green\\nleafage. The great Earl of Warwick when\\nhe went to Parliament was still followed\\nby 600 liveried retainers. But when Jack\\nCade led 20,000 men in rebellion at the close\\nof the French war, they were not the serfs\\nand villeinage of other times, but farmers\\nand laborers, who, when they demanded a\\nmore economical expenditure of royal rev-\\nenue, freedom at elections, and the removal", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 67\\nof restrictions on their dress and living,\\nknew their rights, and were not going to\\ngive them up without a struggle.\\nBut the madness of personal ambition was\\ngoing to work deeper ruin and more com-\\nplete wreck of England s fortunes. We\\nhave seen that by the interposition of Par-\\nliament, the House of Lancaster had been\\nplaced on the throne contrary to the tradi-\\ntion which gave the succession to the oldest\\nbranch, which Eichard, the Duke of York,\\nclaimed to represent; his claim strengthened\\nby a double descent from Edward III.\\nthrough his two sons, Lionel and Edward.\\nFor twenty-one years, (1450-1471) these\\ndescendants of Edward III. were engaged\\nin the most savage war, for purely selfish\\nand personal ends, with not one noble or\\nchivalric element to redeem the disgraceful\\nexhibition of human nature at its worst.\\nMurders, executions, treacheries, adorn a\\nnetwork of intrigue and villany, which was\\nenough to have made the White and the\\nEed Rose forever hateful to English eyes.\\nThe great Earl of Warwick led the White\\nRose of York to victory, sending the Lan-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ncastrian King to the tower, his wife and\\nchild fugitives from the Kingdom, and pro-\\nclaimed Edward, (son of Richard Duke of\\nYork, the original claimant, who had been\\nslain in the conflict), King of England.\\nThen, with an unscrupulousness worthy\\nof the time and the cause, Warwick opened\\ncommunication with the fugitive Queen, of-\\nfering her his services, betrothed his daugh-\\nter to the young Edward, Prince of Wales,\\ntook up the red Lancastrian rose from the\\ndust of defeat, brought the captive he had\\nsent to the tower back to his throne ^only\\nto see him once more dragged down again\\nby the Yorkists and for the last time re-\\nturned to captivity leaving his wife a pris-\\noner and his young son dead at Tewksbury,\\nstabbed by Yorkist lords. Henry VI. died\\nin the Tower, mysteriously, as did all the\\ndeposed and imprisoned Kings; Warwick\\nwas slain in battle, and with Edward IV.\\nthe reign of the House of York commenced.\\nSuch in brief is the story of the Wars\\nof the Roses^^ and of the Earl of Warwick,\\nthe King Maker J^\\nAt the close of the Wars of the Roses,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 69\\nfeudalism was a ruin. The oak with its\\ndead roots had been prostrated by the\\nstorm. The imposing system had wrought\\nits own destruction. Eighty Princes of the\\nblood royal had perished, and more than half\\nof the Nobility had died on the field or the\\nscaffold, or were fugitives in foreign lands.\\nThe great Duke of Exeter, brother-in-law\\nto a King, was seen barefoot begging bread\\nfrom door to door.\\nBy the confiscation of one-fifth of the\\nlanded estate of the Kingdom, vast wealth\\npoured into the King s treasury. He had\\nno need now to summon Parliament to vote\\nhim supplies. The clergy, rendered feeble\\nand lifeless from decline in spiritual enthu-\\nsiasm, and by its blind hostility to the intel-\\nlectual movement of the time, crept closer\\nto the throne, while Parliament, with its\\npartially disfranchised House of Commons,\\nwas so rarely summoned that it almost\\nceased to exist. In the midst of the general\\nwreck, the Kingship towered in solitary\\ngreatness.\\nEdward IV. was absolute sovereign. He\\nhad no one to fear, unless it was his in-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ntriguing brother Eichard, Duke of Glouces-\\nter, who, during the twenty-three years of\\nEdward s reign, was undoubtedly carefully\\nplanning the bloodstained steps by which\\nhe himself should reach the throne.\\nAcute in intelligence, distorted in form\\nand in character, this Eichard was a mon-\\nster of iniquity. The hapless boy left heir\\nto the throne upon the death of Edward\\nIV., his father, was placed under the guar-\\ndianship of his misshapen uncle, who until\\nthe majority of the young King, Edward\\nV. was to reign under the title of Protec-\\ntor.\\nHow this Protector protected his neph-\\news all know. The two boys (Edward V.\\nand Eichard, Duke of York) were carried to\\nthe Tower. The world has been reluctant to\\nbelieve that they were really smothered, as\\nhas been said; but the finding, nearly two\\nhundred years later, of the skeletons of two\\nchildren which had been buried or concealed\\nat the foot of the stairs leading to their\\nplace of confinement, seems to confirm it\\nbeyond a doubt.\\nRetribution came swiftly. Two years", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 71\\nlater Eichard fell at the battle of Bosworth\\nField, and the crown won by numberless\\ncrimes, rolled under a hawthorn bush. It\\nwas picked up and placed upon a worthier\\nhead.\\nHenry Tudor, an offshoot of the House of\\nLancaster, was proclaimed King Henry YII.,\\nand his marriage with Princess Elizabeth of\\nYork (sister of the princes murdered in the\\nTower) forever blended the White and the\\nRed Rose in peaceful union.\\nDuring all this time, while Kings came\\nand Kings went, the people viewed these\\nchanges from afar. But if they had no\\nlonger any share in the government, a great\\nexpansion was going on in their inner life.\\nCaxton had set up his printing press, and\\nthe art preservative of all arts, was bring-\\ning streams of new knowledge into thou-\\nsands of homes. Copernicus had discovered\\na new Heaven, and Columbus a new Earth.\\nThe sun no longer circled around the Earth,\\nnor was the Earth a flat plain. There was\\na revival of classic learning at Oxford, and\\nErasmus, the great preacher, was founding\\nschools and preparing the minds of the peo-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\npie for the impending change, which was\\nsoon to be wrought by that Monk in Ger-\\nmany, whose soul was at this time begin-\\nning to be stirred to its mighty effort at\\nreform.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nWhen in the year 1509 a handsome youth\\nof eighteen came to the throne, the hopes\\nof England ran high. His intelligence, his\\nfrank, genial manners, his sympathy with\\nthe new learning, won all classes. Eras-\\nmus in his hopes of purifying the Church,\\nand Sir Thomas More in his Utopian\\ndreams for politics and society, felt that a\\nfriend had come to the throne in the young\\nHenry VIII.\\nSpain had become great through a union\\nof the rival Kingdoms Castile and Aragon\\nso a marriage with the Princess Katharine,\\ndaughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, had\\nbeen arranged for the young Prince Henry,\\nwho had quietly accepted for his Queen his\\nbrother s widow, six years his senior.\\nFrance under Francis I. had risen into a\\nstate no less imposing than Spain, and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nHenry began to be stirred with an ambition\\nto take part in the drama of events going on\\nupon the greater stage, across the Channel.\\nThe old dream of French conquest returned.\\nFrancis I. and Charles V. of Germany had\\ncommenced their struggle for supremacy in\\nEurope. Henry s ambition was fostered by\\ntheir vying with each other to secure his\\nfriendship. He was soon launched in a\\ndeep game of diplomacy, in which three in-\\ntriguing Sovereigns were striving each to\\noutwit the others.\\nWhat Henry lacked in experience and\\ncraft was supplied by his Chancellor Wol-\\nsey, whose private and personal ambition\\nto reach the Papal Chair was dexterously\\nmingled with the royal game. The game\\nwas dazzling and absorbing, but it was\\nunexpectedly interrupted; and the golden\\ndreams of Erasmus and More, of a slow and\\norderly development in England through an\\nexpanding intelligence, were rudely shaken.\\nMartin Luther audaciously nailed on the\\ndoor of the Church at Wittenberg a protest\\nagainst the selling of papal indulgences, and\\nthe pent-up hopes, griefs and despair of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 75\\ncenturies burst into a storm which shook\\nEurope to its centre.\\nSince England had joined in the great\\ngame of European politics, she had ad-\\nvanced from being a third-rate power to the\\nfront rank among nations; so it was with\\ngreat satisfaction that Catholic Europe\\nheard Henry VIII. denounce the new Refor-\\nmation, which had swiftly assumed alarm-\\ning proportions.\\nBut a woman s eyes were to change all\\nthis. As Henry looked into the fair face of\\nAnne Boleyn, his conscience began to be\\nstirred over his marriage with his brother s\\nwidow, Katharine. He confided his scruples\\nto Wolsey, who promised to use his efforts\\nwith the Pope to secure a divorce from\\nKatharine. But this lady was aunt to\\nCharles V., the great Champion of the\\nChurch in its fight with Protestantism. It\\nwould never do to alienate him. So the\\ndivorce was refused.\\nHenry VIII. was not as flexible and ami-\\nable now as the youth of eighteen had\\nbeen. He defied the Pope, married Anne\\n(1533), and sent his Minister into disgrace", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nfor not serving him more effectually.\\nThere was the weight which pulled me\\ndown, said Wolsey of Anne, and death\\nfrom a broken heart mercifully saved the\\nold man from the scaffold he would cer-\\ntainly have reached.\\nThe legion of demons which had been\\nslumbering in the King were awakened.\\nHe would break no law, but he would bend\\nthe law to his will. He commanded a\\ntrembling Parliament to pass an act sus-\\ntaining his marriage with Anne. Another\\npermitting him to name his successor, and\\nthen another making him supreme head of\\nthe Church in England. The Pope was for-\\never dethroned in his Kingdom, and Prot-\\nestantism had achieved a bloodstained\\nvictory.\\nHenry alone could judge what was ortho-\\ndoxy and what heresy but to disagree with\\nhim, was death. Traitor and heretic went\\nto the scaffold in the same hurdle the Cath-\\nolic who denied the King s supremacy rid-\\ning side by side with the Protestant who\\ndenied transubstantiation. The Protestant-\\nism of this great convert was political, not", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 77\\nreligious; he despised the doctrines of Lu-\\ntheranism, and it was dangerous to believe\\ntoo much and equally dangerous to believe\\ntoo little. Heads dropped like leaves in the\\nforest, and in three years the Queen who\\nhad overturned England and almost Europe,\\nwas herself carried to the scaffold (1536).\\nIt was in truth a Keignof Terror by an\\nabsolutism standing upon the ruin of every\\nrival. The power of the Barons had gone\\nthe Clergy were panic-stricken, and Parlia-\\nment was a servant, which arose and bowed\\nhumbly to his vacant throne at mention of\\nhis name! A member for whom he had\\nsent knelt trembling one day before him.\\nGet my bill passed to-morrow, my little\\nman, said the King, or to-morrow, this\\nhead of yours will be off. The next day\\nthe bill passed, and millions of Church\\nproperty was confiscated, to be thrown away\\nin gambling, or to enrich the adherents of\\nthe King.\\nThomas Cromwell, who had succeeded to\\nWolsey s vacant place, was his efficient in-\\nstrument. This student of Machiavelli s\\nPrince, without passion or hate, pity or", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nregret, marked men for destruction, as a\\nwoodman does tall trees, the highest and\\nproudest names in the Kingdom being set\\ndown in his little notebook under the head\\nof either Heresy or Treason. Sir\\nThomas More, one of the wisest and best\\nof men, would not say he thought the mar-\\nriage with Katharine had been unlawful,\\nand paid his head as the price of his fearless\\nhonesty.\\nJane Seymour, whom Henry married the\\nday after Anne Boleyn s execution, died\\nwithin a year at the birth of a son (Edward\\nVI.). In 1540 Cromwell arranged another\\nunion with the plainest woman in Europe,\\nAnne of Cleves; which proved so distasteful\\nto Henry that he speedily divorced her, and\\nin resentment at Cromwell s having en-\\ntrapped him, by a flattering portrait drawn\\nby Holbein, the Minister came under his\\ndispleasure, which at that time meant\\ndeath. He was beheaded in 1540, and in\\nthat same year occurred the King s marriage\\nwith Katharine Howard, who one year later\\nmet the same fate as Anne Boleyn.\\nKatharine Parr, the sixth and last wife,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 79\\nand an ardent Protestant and reformer, also\\nnarrowly escaped, and would undoubtedly\\nat last have gone to the block. But Henry,\\nwho at fifty-six was infirm and wrecked in\\nhealth, died in the year 1547, the signing of\\ndeath-warrants being his occupation to the\\nvery end.\\nWhatever his motive, Henry VIII. had in\\nmaking her Protestant, placed England\\nfirmly in the line of the world s highest\\nprogress and strange to say, that Kingdom\\nis most indebted to two of her worst\\nKings.\\nThe crown passed to the son of Jane Sey-\\nmour, Edward YI., a feeble boy of ten. In\\nview of the doubtful validity of his father s\\ndivorce, and the consequent doubt cast upon\\nthe legitimacy of Edward s two sisters, Mary\\nand Elizabeth, the young king was per-\\nsuaded to name his cousin Lady Jane Grey\\nas his heir and successor. This gentle girl\\nof seventeen, sensitive and thoughtful, a\\ndevout reformer, who read Greek and He-\\nbrew and wrote Latin poetry, is a pathetic\\nfigure in history, where we see her, the un-\\nwilling wearer of a crown for ten days, and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthen with her young husband hurried to that\\nfatal Tower, and to death. Upon the death of\\nEdward this unhappy child was proclaimed\\nQueen of England. But the change in the\\nsuccession produced an unexpected uprising,\\nin which even Protestants Joined. Lady\\nJane Grey was hurried to the block, and the\\nCatholic Mary to the throne. Henry s di-\\nvorce was declared void, and his first mar-\\nriage valid. Elizabeth was thus set aside by\\nAct of Parliament and as she waited in the\\nTower, while her remorseless sister vainly\\nsought for proofs of her complicity with the\\nrecent rebellion, she was seemingly nearer to\\na scaffold than to a throne.\\nWhen we remember that there coursed in\\nthe veins of Mary Tudor the blood of cruel\\nSpanish kings, mingled with that of Henry\\nVIII., can we wonder that she was cruel and\\nremorseless? Her marriage with Philip II.\\nof Spain quickly overthrew the work of her\\nfather. Unlike Henry YIII., Mary was im-\\npelled by deep convictions and like her\\ngrandmother, Isabella I. of Spain, she perse-\\ncuted to save from what she believed was\\ndeath eternal and her cruelty, although", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 81\\nunfcempered by one humane impulse, was\\nstill prompted by a sincere fanaticism, with\\nwhich was mingled an intense desire to\\nplease the Catholic Philip. But Philip re-\\nmained obdurately in Spain and while she\\nwas lighting up all England with a blaze\\nof martyrs, Calais, over which the English\\nstandard planted by Edward III. had waved\\nfor more than 200 years, Calais, the last\\nEnglish possession in France, was lost.\\nAmid these crushing disappointments, pub-\\nlic and personal, Mary died (1558), after a\\nreign of only five years.\\nElizabeth with her legitimacy questioned\\nwas still under the shadow of the scaffold\\nupon which her mother had perished. There\\nis reason to believe that Philip II. turned the\\ndelicately balanced scale. It better suited\\nhim to have Elizabeth occupy the throne of\\nEngland, than that Mary Stuart, the next\\nnearest heir, should do so. Mary had mar-\\nried the Dauphin of France; and France\\nwas Philip s enemy and rival. Better far\\nthat England should become Protestant, than\\nthat France should hold the balance of\\npower in Europe", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nElizabeth, daughter of Henry YIII. and\\nAnne Boleyn, a disgraced and decapitated\\nQueen, wore the crown of England. If hered-\\nity had been as much talked of then as now,\\nEngland might have feared the child of a\\nfaithless wife, and a remorseless, bloodthirsty\\nKing. But while Mary, daughter of Kath-\\narine, the most pious and best of mothers,\\nhad left only a great blood-spot upon the\\npage of History, Elizabeth s reign was to be\\nthe most wise, prosperous and great, the\\nKingdom had ever known. In her complex\\ncharacter there was the imperiousness, au-\\ndacity and unscrupulousness of her father,\\nthe voluptuous pleasure-loving nature of\\nher mother, and mingled with both, quali-\\nties which came from neither. She was a\\ntyrant, held in check by a singular caution,\\nwith an instinctive perception of the pres-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 83\\nence of danger, to which her purposes always\\ninstantly bent.\\nThe authority vested in her was as abso-\\nlute as her father s, but while her imperious\\ntemper sacrificed individuals without mercy,\\nshe ardently desired the welfare of her\\nKingdom, which she ruled with extraordi-\\nnary moderation and a political sagacity\\nalmost without parallel, softening, but not\\nabandoning, one of her father s usurpations.\\nShe was a Protestant without any enthu-\\nsiasm for the religion she intended to restore\\nin England, and prayed to the Virgin in her\\nown private Chapel, while she was undoing\\nthe work of her Catholic sister Mary. The\\nobsequious apologies to the Pope were with-\\ndrawn, but the Reformation she was going\\nto espouse, was not the fiery one being fought\\nfor in Germany and France. It was mild,\\nmoderate, and like her father s, more polit-\\nical than religious. The point she made\\nwas that there must be religious uniformity,\\nand conformity to the Established Church\\nof England\u00e2\u0080\u0094 with its new Articles, which\\nas she often said, left opinion free.\\nIt was in fact a softened reproduction of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nher terrible father s attitude. The Church,\\n(called an Episcopacy, on account of the\\njurisdiction of its Bishops,) was Protestant\\nin doctrine, with gentle leaning toward\\nCatholicism in externals, held still firmly by\\nthe Act of Supremacy in the controlling\\nhand of the Sovereign. Above all else de-\\nsiring peace and prosperity for England,\\nthe keynote of Elizabeth s policy in Church\\nand in State was conciliation and compro-\\nmise. So the Church of England was to a\\ngreat extent a compromise, retaining as\\nmuch as the people would bear of external\\nform and ritual, for the sake of reconciling\\nCatholic England.\\nThe large element to whom this was of-\\nfensive was reinforced by returning refu-\\ngees who brought with them the stern doc-\\ntrines of Calvin and they finally separated\\nthemselves altogether from a Church in\\nwhich so much of Papacy still lingered, to\\nestablish one upon simpler and purer foun-\\ndation; hence they were called Puritans,\\nand Nonconformists, and were persecuted\\nfor violation of the Act of Supremacy.\\nThe masculine side of Elizabeth s charac-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 85\\nter was fully balanced by her feminine\\nfoibles. Her vanity was inordinate. Her\\nlove of adulation and passion for display,\\nher caprice, duplicity, and her reckless love-\\naffairs, form a strange background for the\\ncalm, determined, masterly statesmanship\\nunder which her Kingdom expanded.\\nThe subject of her marriage was a mo-\\nmentous one. There were plenty of aspi-\\nrants for the honor. Her brother-in-law\\nPhilip, since the abdication of Charles V.,\\nhis father, was a mighty King, ruler over\\nSpain and the Netherlands, and was at the\\nhead of Catholic Europe. He saw in this\\nvain, silly young Queen of England an easy\\nprey. By marrying her he could bring\\nEngland back to the fold, as he had done\\nwith her sister Mary, and the Catholic cause\\nwould be invincible.\\nElizabeth was a coquette, without the\\npersonal charm supposed to belong to that\\ndangerous part of humanity. She toyed\\nwith an offer of marriage as does a cat with\\na mouse. She had never intended to marry\\nPhilip, but she kept him waiting so long for\\nher decision, and so exasperated him with", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nher caprice, that he exclaimed at last, That\\ngirl has ten thousand devils in her. He\\nlittle thought, that beneath that surface of\\nfolly there was a nature hard as steel, and\\na calm, clear, cool intelligence, for which\\nhis own would be no match, and which\\nwould one day hold in check the diplomacy\\nof the Escurial and outwit that of Eu-\\nrope. She adored the culture brought by\\nthe new learning; delighted in the so-\\nciety of Sir Philip Sidney, who reflected all\\nthat was best in England of that day;\\ntalked of poetry with Spenser; discussed\\nphilosophy with Bruno; read Greek trage-\\ndies and Latin orations in the original could\\nconverse in French and Italian, and was be-\\nsides proficient in another language, the\\nlanguage of the fishwife, which she used\\nwith startling effect with her lords and\\nministers when her temper was aroused,\\nand swore like a trooper if occasion re-\\nquired.\\nBut whatever else she was doing she\\nnever ceased to study the new England she\\nwas ruling. She felt, though did not un-\\nderstand, the expansion which was going", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 87\\non in the spirit of the people but instinc-\\ntively realized the necessity for changes and\\nmodifications in her Government, when the\\ntemper of the nation seemed to require it.\\nIt was enormous common-sense and tact\\nwhich converted Elizabeth into a liberal\\nSovereign. Her instincts were despotic.\\nWhen she bowed instantly to the will of the\\nCommons, almost apologizing for seeming\\nto resist it, it was not because she sympa-\\nthized with liberal sentiments, but because\\nof her profound political instincts, which\\ntaught her the danger of alienating that\\nclass upon which the greatness of her King-\\ndom rested. She realized the truth forgot-\\nten by some of her successors, that the Sov-\\nereign and the middle class must befriends.\\nShe might resist and insult her lords and\\nministers, send great Earls and favorites\\nruthlessly to the block, but no slightest\\ncloud must come between her and her\\ndear Commons and people. This it was\\nwhich made Spenser s adulation in the\\nFaerie Queen but an expression of the\\nintense loyalty of her meanest subject.\\nPerhaps it was because she remembered", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthat the whole fabric of the Church rested\\nupon Parliamentary enactment, and that\\nshe herself was Queen of England by Par-\\nliamentary sanction, that she viewed so\\ncomplacently the growing power of that\\nbody in dealing more and more with mat-\\nters supposed to belong exclusively to the\\nCrown, as for instance in the struggle\\nmade by the Commons to suppress monopo-\\nlies in trade, granted by royal prerogative.\\nAt the first she angrily resisted the meas-\\nure. But finding the strength of the pop\\nular sentiment, she gracefully retreated, de-\\nclaring, with royal scorn for truth, that\\nshe had not before known of the existence\\nof such an evil.\\nIn fact, lying, in her independent code of\\nmorals, was a virtue, and one to which she\\nowed some of her most brilliant triumphs\\nin diplomacy. And when the bald, unmiti-\\ngated lie was at last found out, she felt not\\nthe slightest shame, but only amusement at\\nthe simplicity of those who had believed she\\nwas speaking the truth.\\nHer natural instincts, her thrift, and her\\nlove of peace inclined her to keep aloof", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 89\\nfrom the struggle going on in Europe be*\\ntween Protestants and Catholics. But while\\nthe news of St. Bartholomew s Eve seemed\\nto give her no thrill of horror, she still\\nsent armies and money to aid the Hu-\\nguenots in France, and to stem the perse-\\ncutions of Philip in the Netherlands, and\\ncommitted England fully to a cause for\\nwhich she felt no enthusiasm. She encour-\\naged every branch of industry, commerce,\\ntrade, fostered everything which would lead\\nto prosperity. Listened to Ealeigh s plans\\nfor colonization in America, permitting the\\nNew Colony to be called Virginia in her\\nhonor (the Virgin Queen). She chartered\\nthe Merchant Company, intended to ab-\\nsorb the new trade with the Indies (1600),\\nand which has expanded into a British\\nEmpire in India.\\nBut amid all this triumph, a sad and soli-\\ntary woman sat on the throne of England.\\nThe only relation she had in the world was\\nher cousin, Mary Stuart, who was plotting\\nto undermine and supplant her.\\nThe question of Elizabeth s legitimacy was\\nan ever recurring one, and afforded a rally-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ning point for malcontents, who asserted that\\nher mother s marriage with Henry YIII.\\nwas invalidated by the refusal of the Pope\\nto sanction the divorce. Mary Stuart, who\\nstood next to Elizabeth in the succession,\\nformed a centre from which a network of\\nintrigue and conspiracy was always menac-\\ning the Queen s peace, if not her life, and\\nher crown.\\nScotland, since the extinction of the line\\nof Bruce, had been ruled by the Stuart\\nKings. Torn by internal feuds between her\\nclans, and by the incessant struggle against\\nEnglish encroachments, she had drawn into\\nclose friendship with France, which country\\nused her for its own ends, in harassing\\nEngland, so that the Scottish border was al-\\nways a point of danger in every quarrel be-\\ntween French and English Kings.\\nIn 1502 Henry VIII. had bestowed the\\nhand of his sister Margaret upon James IV.\\nof Scotland, and it seemed as if a peaceful\\nunion was at last secured with his Northern\\nneighbor. But in the war with France which\\nsoon followed, James, the Scottish King,\\nturned to his old ally. He was killed at", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 91\\nFlodden Field, after suffering a crushing\\ndefeat. His successor, James V., had mar-\\nied Mary Guise. Her family was the head\\nand front of the ultra Catholic party in\\nFrance, and her counsels probably influ-\\nenced James to a continual hostility to the\\nProtestant Henry, even though he was his\\nuncle. The death of James in consequence\\nof his defeat at Solway Moss occurred im-\\nmediately after the birth of his daughter,\\nMary Stuart (1542).\\nThis unhappy child at once became the\\ncentre of intriguing designs; Henry VIH.\\nwishing to betroth the little Queen to his\\nson, afterwards Edward VI., and thus for-\\never unite the rival kingdoms. But the\\nGuises made no compromises with Protes-\\ntants Mary Guise, who was now Kegent of\\nthe realm, had no desire for a closer union\\nwith Protestant England, and very much\\ndesired a nearer alliance with her own\\nFrance. Mary Stuart was betrothed to the\\nDauphin, grandson of Francis I. and was sent\\nto the French Court to be prepared by Cath-\\narine de Medici (the Italian daughter-in-law\\nof Francis I.) for her future exalted positiouc", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nIn 1561, Mary returned to England. Her\\nboy-husband had died after a reign of two\\nyears. She was nineteen years old, had\\nwonderful beauty, rare intelligence, and\\npower to charm like a siren. Her short\\nlife had been spent in the most corrupt and\\nprofligate of Courts, under the combined\\ninfluence of Catharine de Medici, the worst\\nwoman in Europe, and her two uncles of\\nthe House of Guise, who were little better.\\nPolitical intrigues, plottings and crimes\\nwere in the very air she breathed from in-\\nfancy. But she was an ardent and devout\\nCatholic, and as such became the centre and\\nthe hope of what still remained of Catholic\\nEngland.\\nElizabeth would have bartered half her\\npossessions for the one possession of beauty.\\nThat she was jealous of her fascinating rival\\nthere is little doubt, but that she was exas-\\nperated at her pretensions and at the au-\\ndacious plottings against her life and throne\\nis not strange. In fact we wonder that,\\nwith her imperious temper, she so long hesi-\\ntated to strike the fatal blow.\\nWhether Mary committed the dark crimes", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 93\\nattributed to her or not, we do not know.\\nBut we do know, that after the murder of\\nher wretched husband. Lord Darnley, (her\\ncousin, Henry Stuart), she quickly married\\nthe man to whom the deed was directly\\ntraced. Her marriage with Bothwell was\\nher undoing. Scotland was so indignant\\nat the act, that she took refuge in England,\\nonly to fall into Elizabeth s hands.\\nMary Stuart had once audaciously said,\\nthe reason her cousin did not marry was\\nbecause she would not lose the power of\\ncompelling men to make love to her. Per-\\nhaps the memory of this jest made it easier\\nto sign the fatal paper in 1587.\\nWhen we read of Mary s irresistible\\ncharm, of her audacity, her cunning, her\\ngenius for diplomacy and statecraft, far\\nexceeding Elizabeth s ^when we read of all\\nthis and think of the blood of the Guises in\\nher veins, and the precepts of Catharine de\\nMedici in her heart, we realize what her\\nusurpation would have meant for England,\\nand feel that she was a menace to the State,\\nand justly incurred her fate. Then again,\\nwhen we hear of her gentle patience in her", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nlong captivity, her prayers and piety, and her\\nsublime courage when she walked through\\nthe Hall at Fotheringay Castle, and laid\\nher beautiful head on the block as on a pil-\\nlow, we are melted to pity, and almost re-\\nvolted at the act. It is difficult to be just,\\nwith such a lovely criminal, unless one is\\nmade of such stern stuff as was John Knox.\\nThe son of Mary by Henry Stuart (Lord\\nDarnley) was James YI. of Scotland. His\\npretensions to the English throne were now\\nseemingly forever at rest. But Philip of\\nSpain thought the time propitious for\\nhis own ambitious purposes, and sent an\\nArmada (fleet) which approached the Coast\\nin the form of a great Crescent, one mile\\nacross. The little English seadogs, not\\nmuch larger than small pleasure yachts,\\nwere led by Sir Francis Drake. They wor-\\nried the ponderous Spanish ships, and then,\\nsending burning boats in amongst them,\\nsoon spoiled the pretty crescent. The fleet\\nscattered along the Northern Coast, where it\\nwas overtaken by a frightful storm, and the\\nwinds and the waves completed the victory,\\nalmost annihilating the entire Armada.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 95\\nEngland was great and glorious. The\\nrevolution, religious, social and political,\\nhad ploughed and harrowed the surface\\nwhich had been fertilized with the New\\nLearning, and the harvest was rich.\\nWhile all Europe was devastated by relig-\\nious wars there arose in Protestant England\\nsuch an era of peace and prosperity, with\\nall the conditions of living so improved that\\nthe dreams of Sir Thomas More s Utopia\\nseemed almost realized. The new culture\\nwas everywhere. England was garlanded\\nwith poetry, and lighted by genius, such\\nas the world has not seen since, and may\\nnever see again. The name of Francis\\nBacon was sufficient to adorn an age, and\\nthat of Shakespeare alone, enough to illu-\\nmine a century. Elizabeth did not create\\nthe glory of the Elizabethan Age, but\\nshe did create the peace and social order\\nfrom which it sprang.\\nIf this Queen ever loved any one it was\\nthe Earl of Leicester, the man who sent his\\nlovely wife. Amy Eobsart, to a cruel death\\nin the delusive hope of marrying a Queen.\\nWe are unwilling to harbor the suspicion", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthat she was accessory to this deed and yet\\nwe cannot forget that she was the daughter\\nof Henry VIII. and sometimes wonder if\\nthe memory of a crime as black as Mary s\\nhaunted her sad old age, when sated with\\npleasures and triumphs, lovers no more\\nwhispering adulation in her ears, and mir-\\nrors banished from her presence, she silently\\nwaited for the end.\\nShe died in the year 1603, and succumb-\\ning to the irony of fate, and possibly as\\nan act of reparation for the fatal paper\\nsigned in 1587, she named the son of Mary\\nStuart, James YI. of Scotland, her successor,\\nJames I. of England.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nThe House of Stuart had peacefully\\nreached the long coveted throne of England\\nin the person of a most unkingly King.\\nGross in appearance and vulgar in manners,\\nJames had none of the royal attributes of\\nhis mother. A great deal of knowledge had\\nbeen crammed into a very small mind.\\nConceited, vain, pedantic, headstrong, he\\nset to work with the confidence of ignorance\\nto carry out his undigested views upon all\\nsubjects, reversing at almost every point\\nthe policy of his great predecessor. Where\\nshe with supreme tact had loosened the\\nscrews so that the great authority vested in\\nher might not press too heavily upon the\\nnation, he tightened them. Where she\\nbowed her imperious will to that of the\\nCommons, this puny tyrant insolently defied\\nit, and swelling with sense of his own great-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nnesSj claimed Divine right for Kingship\\nand demanded that his people should say\\nthe King can do no wrong, to question\\nhis authority is to question that of God.\\nIf he ardently supported the Church of Eng-\\nland, it was because he was its head. The\\nCatholic who would have turned the Church\\nauthority over again to the Pope, and the\\nPuritans who resisted the Popish prac-\\ntices of the Eeformed Church of England,\\nwere equally hateful to him, for one and\\nthe same reason they were each aiming to\\ndiminish his authority.\\nWhen the Puritans brought to him a peti-\\ntion signed by 800 clergymen, praying that\\nthey be not compelled to wear the surplice,\\nnor make the sign of the cross at baptism\\nhe said they were vipers, and if they did\\nnot submit to the authority of the Bishops\\nin such matters they should be harried out\\nof the land. In the persecution implied\\nby this threat, a large body of Puritans es-\\ncaped to Holland with their families, and\\nthence came that band of heroic men and\\nwomen on the Ma3^ilower, landing at a\\npoint on the American Coast which they", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 99\\ncalled Plymouth (1620). A few English-\\nmen had in 1607 settled in Jamestown, Vir-\\nginia. These two colonies contained the\\ngerm of the future United States of\\nAmerica.\\nThe persecution of the Catholics led to\\na plot to blow up Parliament House at a\\ntime when the King was present, thinking\\nthus at one stroke to get rid of a usurping\\ntyrant, and of a House of Commons which\\nwas daily becoming more and more infected\\nwith Puritanism. The discovery of this\\nGuy Fawkes gunpowder plot, prevented\\nits consummation, and immensely strength-\\nened Puritan sentiment.\\nThe keynote of Elizabeth s foreign policy\\nhad been hostility to Spain, that Catholic\\nstronghold, and an unwavering adherence to\\nProtestant Europe. James saw in that\\ngreat and despotic government the most\\nsuitable friend for such a great King as\\nhimself. He proposed a marriage between\\nhis son Charles and the Infanta, daughter\\nof the King of Spain, making abject promises\\nof legislation in his Kingdom favorable to\\nthe Catholics; and when an indignant House\\nLire", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "100 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nof Commons protested against the marriage,\\nthey were insolently reprimanded for med-\\ndling with things which did not concern\\nthem, and were sent home, not to be recalled\\nagain until the King s necessities for money\\ncompelled him to summon them.\\nDuring the early part of his reign the\\npeople seem to have been paralyzed and\\nspeechless before his audacious pretensions.\\nGreat courtiers were fawning at his feet\\nlistening to his pedantic wisdom, and hu-\\nmoring his theory of the Divine right of\\nhereditary Kingship. And alas! that we\\nhave to say it Francis Bacon (his Chancel-\\nlor), with intellect towering above his cen-\\ntury, was his obsequious servant and tool,\\nuttering not one protest as one after another\\nthe liberties of the people were trampled\\nupon!\\nBut this Spanish marriage had aroused a\\nspirit before which a wiser man than James\\nwould have trembled. He was standing\\nmidway between two scaffolds, that of his\\nmother (1587), and his son (1649). Every\\nblow he struck at the liberties of England\\ncut deep into the foundation of his throne.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 101\\nAnd when he violated the law of the land by\\nthe imposition of taxes, without the sanc-\\ntion of his Parliament, he had sowed the\\nwind and the whirlwind, which was to\\nbreak on his son s head was inevitable.\\nPopular indignation began to be manifest,\\nand Puritan members of the Commons began\\nto use language the import of which could\\nnot be mistaken. Bacon was disgraced his\\ncrime, while ostensibly the taking of\\nbribes, was in reality his being the servile\\ntool of the King.\\nIn reviewing the acts of this reign we see\\na foolish Sovereign ruled by an intriguing\\nadventurer whom he created Duke of Buck-\\ningham. We see him foiled in his attempt to\\nlink the fate of England with that of Cath-\\nolic Europe sacrificing Sir Walter Ealeigh\\nbecause he had given offense to Spain, the\\ncountry whose friendship he most desired.\\nWe see numberless acts of folly, and but\\nthree which we can commend. James did\\nauthorize and promote the translation of\\nthe Bible which has been in use until to-\\nday. He named his double Kingdom of\\nEngland and Scotland Great Britain.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nThese two acts, together with his death in\\n1625, meet with our entire approval.\\nCharles I., son of James, was at least one\\nthing which his father was not. He was a\\ngentleman. Had it not been his misfor-\\ntune to inherit a crown, his scholarly refine-\\nments and exquisite tastes, his irreproach-\\nable morals, and his rectitude in the per-\\nsonal relations of life, might have won him\\nonly esteem and honor. But these qualities\\nbelonged to Charles Stuart the gentleman.\\nCharles the King was imperious, false, ob-\\nstinate, blind to the conditions of his time,\\nand ignorant of the nature of his people.\\nEvery step taken during his reign led him\\nnearer to its fatal consummation.\\nNo family in Europe ever grasped at\\npower more unscrupulously than the Guises\\nin France. They were cruel and remorseless\\nin its pursuit. It was the warm southern\\nblood of her mother which was Mary\\nStuart s ruin. She was a Guise, and so\\nwas her son James I. and so was Charles\\nI., her grandson. There was despotism and\\ntyranny in their blood. Their very natures\\nmade it impossible that they should com-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 103\\nprehend the Anglo-Saxon ideal of civil lib-\\nerty.\\nWho can tell what might have been the\\ncourse of History, if England had been ruled\\nby English Kings, which it has not been\\nsince the Conquest. With every royal mar-\\nriage there is a fresh infusion of foreign\\nblood drawn from fountains not always the\\npurest, until after centuries of such dilu-\\ntions, the royal line has less of the Anglo-\\nSaxon in it than any ancestral line in the\\nKingdom.\\nThe odious Spanish marriage had been\\nabandoned and Charles had married Henri-\\netta, sister of Louis XIII. of France.\\nThe subject of religion was the burning\\none at that time. It soon became apparent\\nthat the new King s personal sympathies\\nleaned as far as his position permitted to-\\nward Catholicism. The Church of England\\nunder its new Primate, Archbishop Laud,\\nwas being drawn farther away from Prot-\\nestantism and closer to Papacy while Laud\\nin order to secure Royal protection advocated\\nthe absolutism of the King, saying that\\nJames in his theory of Divine right had", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nbeen inspired by the Holy Ghost, thus turn-\\ning religion into an engine of attack upon\\nEnglish liberties. Laud s ideal was a puri-\\nfied Catholicism retaining auricular con-\\nfession, prayers for the dead, the Eeal\\nPresence in the Sacrament, genuflexions\\nand crucifixes, all of which were odious to\\nPuritans and Presbyterians. He had a bold,\\nnarrow mind, and recklessly threw himself\\nagainst the religious instincts of the time.\\nThe same pulpit from which was read a\\nproclamation ordering that the Sabbath be\\ntreated as a holiday, and not a Holy-day,\\nwas also used to tell the people that resist-\\nance to the King s will was Eternal dam-\\nnation.\\nThis made the Puritans seem the defend-\\ners of the liberties of the country, and drew\\nhosts of conservative Churchmen, such as\\nPym, to their side, although not at all in\\nsympathy with a religious fanaticism which\\ncondemned innocent pleasures, and all the\\nthings which adorn life, as mere devices of\\nthe devil. Such were the means by which\\nthe line was at last sharply drawn. The\\nChurch of England and tyranny on one", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 105\\nside, and Puritanism and liberty on the\\nother.\\nBut there was one thing which at this\\nmoment was of deeper interest to the King\\nthan religion. He wanted, he must have,\\nmoney. Religion and money are the two\\nthings upon which the fate of nations has\\noftenest hung. These two dangerous fac-\\ntors were both present now, and they were\\ngoing to make history very fast.\\nOn account of a troublesome custom pre-\\nvailing in his Kingdom, Charles must first\\nsummon his Parliament, and they must\\ngrant the needed supplies. His father had\\nby the discovery of the theory of Divine\\nright, prepared the way to throw off these\\nParliamentary trammels. But that could\\nonly be reached by degrees. So Parliament\\nwas summoned. It had no objection to\\nvoting the needed subsidies, but, the King\\nmust first promise certain reforms, political\\nand religious, and ^dismiss his odious Min-\\nister Buckingham.\\nCharles, indignant at this outrage, dis-\\nsolved the body, and appealed to the country\\nfor a loan. The same reply came from", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nevery quarter. We will gladly lend the\\nmoney, but it must be done through Parlia-\\nment. The King was thoroughly aroused.\\nIf the loan will not be voluntary, it must\\nbe forced. A tax was levied, fines and pen-\\nalties for its resistance meted out by sub-\\nservient judges.\\nJohn Hampden was one of the earliest\\nvictims. His means were ample, the sum\\nwas small, but his manhood was great.\\nNot one farthing, if it cost me my life,\\nwas his reply as he sat in the prison at Gate\\nHouse.\\nThe supply did not meet the King s de-\\nmand. Overwhelmed with debt and shame\\nand rage, he was obliged again to resort to\\nthe hated means. Parliament was sum-\\nmoned. The Commons, with memory of\\nrecent outrages in their hearts, were more\\ndetermined than before. The members\\ndrew up a Petition of Right, which was\\nsimply a reaffirmation of the inviolability of\\nthe rights of person, of property and of\\nspeech a sort of second Magna Charta.\\nThey resolutely and calmly faced their\\nKing, the Petition in one hand, the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 107\\ngranted subsidies in the other. For a while\\nhe defied them but the judges were whis-\\npering in his ear that the Petition would\\nnot be binding upon him, and Buckingham\\nwas urging him to yield. Perhaps it was\\nCharles Stuart the gentleman who hesi-\\ntated to receive money in return for solemn\\npromises which he did not intend to keep\\nBut Charles the King signed the paper, which\\nseven judges out of twelve, in the highest\\ncourt of the realm, were going to pro-\\nnounce invalid because the King s power\\nwas beyond the reach of Parhament. It\\nwas inherent in him as King, and bestowed\\nby God. Any infringement upon Ms pre-\\nrogative by Act of Parliament was void\\nWith king so false, and with justice so\\npolluted at its fountain, what hope was\\nthere for the people but in Eevolution?\\nFrom the tyranny of the Church under\\nLaud, a way was opened when, in 1629,\\nCharles granted a Charter to the Colony of\\nMassachusetts. With a quiet, stern enthu-\\nsiasm the hearts of men turned toward that\\nrefuge in America. Not men of broken for-\\ntunes, adventurers, and criminals, but own-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ners of large landed estates, professional\\nmen, some of the best in the land, who\\nabandoned home and comfort to face intol-\\nerable hardships. One wrote, We are\\nweaned from the delicate milk of our\\nMother England and do not mind these\\ntrials. As the pressure increased under\\nLaud, the stream toward the West increased\\nin volume; so that in ten years 20,000 Eng-\\nlishmen had sought religious freedom across\\nthe sea, and had founded a Colony which,\\nstrange to say, under the influence of an\\nintense religious sentiment, became itself a\\nTheocracy and a new tyranny, although one\\nsternly just and pure.\\nThe dissolute, worthless Buckingham had\\nbeen assassinated, and Charles had wept\\npassionate tears over his dead body. But\\nhis place had been filled by one far better\\nsuited to the King s needs at a time when he\\nhad determined not again to recall Parlia-\\nment, but to rule without it until resistance\\nto his measures had ceased.\\nIt was with no sinister purpose of estab-\\nlishing a despotism such as a stronger man\\nmight have harbored, that he made this", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 109\\nresolve. What Charles wanted was simply\\nthe means of filling his exchequer; and if\\nParliament would not give him that except\\nby a dicker for reforms, and humiliating\\npledges which he could not keep, why then\\nhe would find new ways of raising money\\nwithout them. His father had done it be-\\nfore him, he had done it himself. With no\\nCommons there to rate and insult him, it\\ncould be done without hindrance.\\nHe was not grand enough, nor base\\nenough, nor was he rich enough, to carry\\nout any organized design upon the country.\\nHe simply wanted money, and had such\\nblind confidence in Kingship, that any very\\nserious resistance to his authority did not\\nenter his dreams. It was the limitations of\\nhis intelligence which proved his ruin, his\\ninability to comprehend a new condition in\\nthe spirit of his people. Elizabeth would\\nhave felt it, though she did not understand\\nit, and would have loosened the screws,\\nwithout regard for her personal preferences,\\nand by doing it, so bound the people to her,\\nthat her policy would have been their\\npolicy. Charles was as wise as the en-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ngineer who would rivet down the safety-\\nvalves\\nSir Thomas Wentworth (Earl Strafford),\\nwho had taken the place of Buckingham,\\nwas an apostate from the party of liberty.\\nDisappointed in becoming a leader in the\\nCommons he had drawn gradually closer to\\nthe King, who now leaned upon him as the\\nvine upon the oak.\\nThis man s ideal was to build up in Eng-\\nland just such a despotism as Eichelieu was\\nbuilding in France. The same imperious\\ntemper, the same invincible will and admin-\\nistrative genius, marked him as fitted for the\\nwork. While Charles was feebly scheming\\nfor revenue, he was laying large and com-\\nprehensive plans for a system of oppression,\\nwhich should yield the revenue, and for\\nArsenals and Forts and a standing Army,\\nand a rule of terror which should hold the\\nnation in subjection while these things were\\npreparing. He was clear-sighted enough to\\nsee that absolutism was not to be accom-\\nplished by a system of reasoning. He would\\nnot urge it as a dogma, but as a fact.\\nThe Star Chamber, a tribunal for the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 111\\ntrying of a certain class of offences, was\\nbrought to a state of fresh efficiency. Its\\npunishments could be anything this side of\\ndeath. A clergyman accused of speaking\\ndisrespectfully of Laud, is condemned to\\npay \u00c2\u00a35,000 to the King, \u00c2\u00a3300 to the ag-\\ngrieved Archbishop himself, one side of his\\nnose is to be slit, one ear cut off, and one\\ncheek branded. The next week this to be\\nrepeated on the other side, and then fol-\\nlowed by imprisonment subject to pleasure\\nof the Court. Another who has written a\\nbook considered seditious, has the same sen-\\ntence carried out, only varied by imprison-\\nment for life.\\nThese were some of the embellishments of\\nthe system called Thorough, which was\\ncarried on by the two friends and confeder-\\nates. Laud and Strafford, who were in their\\npleasant letters to each other all the time\\nlamenting that the power of the Star\\nChamber was so limited, and judges so\\ntimid Is it strange that the plantation in\\nMassachusetts had fresh recruits?\\nBut the more serious work was going on\\nunder Strafford s vigorous management.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OP ENGLAND\\nMonopolies were sold once more, with a\\nfixed duty on profits added to the price of\\nthe original concession. Every article in\\nuse by the people was at last bought up by\\nMonopolists, who were compelled to add to\\nthe price of these commodities, to compen-\\nsate for the tax they must pay into the\\nKing s Treasury.\\nShip Money^^ -wsis a tax supposably for\\nthe building of a Navy, for which there was\\nno accounting to the people, the amount\\nand frequency of the levy being discretion-\\nary with the King. It was always possible\\nand imminent, and was the most odious of\\nall the methods adopted for wringing money\\nfrom the nation, while resistance to it, as to\\nall other such measures, was punished by\\nthe Star Chamber in such pleasant fashion\\nas would please Strafford and Laud, whose\\ncreatures the judges were.\\nHampden, as before, championed the\\nrights of the people in his own person,\\ngoing to prison and facing death, if it were\\nnecessary, rather than pay the amount of\\n20 shillings. But that the taxes were\\npaid by the people is evident, for so success-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 113\\nful was this scheme of revenue that many-\\npredicted the King would never again call\\na Parliament. What would be the need of\\na Parliament, if he did not require money?\\nThe Eoyalists were pleased, and the people\\nwere wisely patient, knowing that such a\\nfinancial fabric must fall at the first breath\\nof a storm, and then their time would\\ncome.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nThe storm came in the form of a war\\nupon Scotland, to enforce the estabhshed\\nChurch, which it had cast out root and\\nbranch for the Presbyterianism which\\npleased it. The Loyalists were alarmed by\\nrumors that Scotland was holding treas-\\nonable communication with her old ally,\\nFrance; and after an interval of eleven\\nyears, a Parliament was summoned, which\\nwas destined to outlive the King.\\nThe Commons came together in stern\\ntemper, Pym standing promptly at the Bar\\nof the House of Lords with Strafford s im-\\npeachment for High Treason. The great\\nEarl s apologists among the Lords, his own\\ningenious and powerful pleadings, the\\nKing s entreaties and worthless promises,\\nall were in vain.\\nThe King saw the whole fabric of tyranny", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 115\\ncrumbling before his eyes. He was over-\\nawed and dared not refuse his signature to\\nthe fatal paper. It is said that as Strafford\\npassed to the block, Laud, who was at the\\nwindow of the room where he too was a\\nprisoner, fainted as his old companion in\\ncruelty stopped to say farewell to him.\\nThere were a few moments of silence,\\nthen, a wild exultant shout. His head\\nis off His head is off.\\nThe execution of the Archbishop swiftly\\nfollowed, then the abolition of the Star\\nChamber, and of the High Commission\\nCourt; then a bill was passed requiring\\nthat Parliament be summoned once in three\\nyears, and a law enacted forbidding its\\ndissolution except by its own consent.\\nThey were rapidly nearing the conception\\nthat Parliament does not exist by sanction\\nof the King, but the King by sanction of\\nParliament.\\nWhat could be done with a King whom\\nno promises could bind who, while in the\\nact of giving solemn pledges to Parliament\\nin order to save Strafford, was perfidiously\\nplanning to overawe it by military force?", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nThe attempted arrest of Hampden, Pym,\\nand three other leaders was part of this\\nArmy Plot, which made civil war inevi-\\ntable. The trouble had resolved itself into\\na deadly conflict between King and Parlia-\\nment. If he resorted to arms, so must\\nthey.\\nIf Hampden stands out pre-eminent as the\\nChampion who like a great Gladiator fought\\nthe battle of civil freedom, Pym is no less\\nconspicuous in having grasped the principles\\non which it must be fought. He saw that\\nif either Crown or Parliament must go\\ndown, better for England that it should be\\nthe crown. He saw also, that the vital\\nprinciple in Parliament lay in the House of\\nCommons. If the King refused to act with\\nthem, it should be treated as an abdication,\\nand Parliament must act without him, and\\nif the Lords obstructed reform, then they\\nmust be told that the Commons must act\\nalone, rather than let the Kingdom per-\\nish.\\nThis was the theory upon which the fu-\\nture action was based. Revolutionary and\\nwithout precedent it has since been accepted", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 117\\nas the correct construction of English Con-\\nstitutional principles.\\nBetter would it have been for Charles\\nhad he let the ship sail, which was to have\\nborne Hampden and Oliver Cromwell (cousin\\nof the latter) toward the Valley of the\\nConnecticut. When he gave that order,\\nhe recalled the man who was to be his evil\\ngenius. Cromwell could not so accurately\\nhave defined the constitutional right of his\\ncause as Pym had done, nor make himself\\nits adored head as was Hampden; but he\\nhad a more compelling genius than either.\\nHis figure stands up colossal and grim away\\nabove all others from the time he raised his\\npraying, psalm-singing army, until the de-\\nfeat of the King s forces at Naseby (1645),\\nthe flight of the King and his subsequent\\nsurrender.\\nIt was at this time that Cromwell began\\nto manifest as much ability as a political as\\nhe had done as a military leader. Hamp-\\nden had fallen on the battlefield, Pym was\\ndead, he was virtual head of the cause.\\nPerhaps it needed just such a terrible, un-\\ncompromising instrument, to carry Eng-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nland over such a crisis as was before her.\\nNot overscrupulous about means, no trou-\\nblesome theories about Church or State no\\nreverence for anything but God and the\\nGospel.\\nWhen Parliament halted and hesitated\\nat the last about the trial of the King, it\\nwas the iron hand of Cromwell which\\nstrangled opposition, by placing a body of\\ntroops at the door, and excluding 140 doubt-\\nful members. A Parliament, with the\\nHouse of Lords effaced, and with 140 ob-\\nstructing members excluded, leaving only a\\nsmall body of men of the same mind, sus-\\ntained by the moral sentiment of a Crom-\\nwellian Army, can scarcely be called a\\nRepresentative body; nor can it be consid-\\nered competent to create a Court for the\\ntrial of a King! It was only justifiable as\\na last and desperate measure of self-\\ndefence.\\nCharles wins back some of our sympathy\\nand esteem by dying like a brave man and\\na gentleman. He conducted himself with\\nmarvellous dignity and self possession\\nthroughout the trial, and at the end of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 119\\nseven days, laid his head upon the block\\nin front of his royal palace of Whitehall.\\nThat small body of men, calling itself the\\nHouse of Commons, declared England a\\nCommonwealth, which was to be gov-\\nerned without any King or House of Lords.\\nCromwell was Lord Protector of England,\\nScotland and Ireland. He scorned to be\\ncalled King, but no King was ever more\\nabsolute in authority. It was a righteous\\ntyranny, replacing a vicious one.\\nThere was no longer an eager hand dip-\\nping into the pockets of the people, com-\\npelling the poor to share his scanty earn-\\nings with the King. There was safety, and\\nthere was prosperity. But there was rage\\nand detestation, as Cromwell s soldiers with\\ngibes and jeers, hewed and hacked at ven-\\nerable altars and pictures, and insulted the\\nreligious sentiment of one-half the people.\\nEmpty niches, mutilated carvings, and\\nfragments of stained glass, from\\nWindows riclily dight,\\nCasting a dim religious light,\\nshow US to-day the track of those profane\\nfanatics.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nWhen the remnant of the House of Com-\\nmons calling itself a Parliament was not\\nalert enough in its obedience, Cromwell\\nmarched into the Hall with a company of\\nmusketeers, and calling them names neither\\nchoice nor flattering, ordered them to get\\nout, then locked the door, and put the key\\ninto his pocket. Such was the dissolu-\\ntion of a Parliament which had been strong\\nenough to overthrow a Government, and\\nto send a King to the Scaffold This might\\nbe fittingly described as a personal Govern-\\nment!\\nHe was loved by none but the Army.\\nThere was no strong current of popular sen-\\ntiment to uphold him as he carried out his\\narbitrary purposes; no engines of cruelty\\nto fortify his authority; no Star Cham-\\nber to enforce his order. Men were not\\nbeing nailed by the ears to the pillory, nor\\nmutilated and branded, for resisting his\\nwill. But the spectacle was for that reason\\nall the more astonishing: a great nation,\\nfull of rage, hate and bitterness, but silent\\nand submissive under the spell of one domi-\\nnating personality.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 121\\nHe had no experience in diplomatic\\nusages, no skilled ministers to counsel and\\nwarn, but by his foreign policy he made him-\\nself the terror of Europe; Spain, France,\\nand the United Provinces courting his friend-\\nship, while Protestantism had protection at\\nhome and abroad.\\nThat the man who did this had a com-\\nmanding genius, all must be agreed. But\\nwhether he was the incarnation of evil, or\\nof righteousness, must ever remain in dis-\\npute. We shall never know whether or not\\nhis death, in 1658, cut short a career which\\nmight have passed from a justifiable to an\\nunjustifiable tyranny.\\nA fabric held up by one sustaining hand,\\nmust fall when that hand is withdrawn.\\nCromwell left none who could support his\\nburden. Charles II., who had been more\\nthan once foiled in trying to get in by the\\nback door of his father s kingdom, was now\\ninvited to enter by the front, and amid\\nshouts of joy was placed on the throne.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nTime brings its revenges. The instinct\\nfor beauty, and for joy and gladness, had\\nbeen for twenty-one years repressed by\\nharshly administered Puritanism. There\\nwas a thrill of delight in greeting a gra-\\ncious, smiling king, who would lift the\\nspell of gloom from the nation. Charles\\ndid this, more fully than was expected.\\nNever was the law of reaction more fully\\ndemonstrated! The Court was profligate,\\nand the age licentious. The reign of Charles\\nwas an orgy. When he needed more money\\nfor his pleasures, he bargained with Louis\\nXIY. to join that king in a war upon Prot-\\nestantism in Holland, for the consideration\\nof \u00c2\u00a3200,000\\nWe wonder how he dared thus to goad\\nand prod the British Lion, which had de-\\nvoured his Father. But that animal had", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 123\\ngrown patient since the Protectorate. Eng-\\nland treated Charles like a spoiled child\\nwhose follies entertained her, and whose mis-\\ndemeanors she had not the heart to punish.\\nThe Eoundheads, who had trampled\\nupon the Cavaliers, were now trampled\\nupon in return. But even at such a time as\\nthis the liberties of the people were expand-\\ning. The Act of Habeas Corpus forever\\nprevented imprisonment, without showing\\nin Court just cause for the detention of the\\nprisoner.\\nThe House of Stuart, those children of\\nthe Guises, was always Catholic at heart,\\nand Charles was at no pains to conceal his\\npreferences. A wave of Catholicism alarmed\\nthe people, who tried to divert the succes-\\nsion from James, the brother of the King,\\nwho was extreme and fanatical in his devo-\\ntion to the Church of Eome. But in 1685,\\nthe Masks and routs and revels were inter-\\nrupted. The pleasure-loving Charles, who\\nhad never said a foolish thing, and never\\ndone a wise one, lay dead in his palace at\\nWhitehall, and James II. was King of Eng-\\nland.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nThree names have illumined this reign, in\\nother respects so inglorious. In 1666 New-\\nton discovered the law of gravitation and\\ncreated a new theory of the Universe. In\\n1667 Milton published Paradise Lost, and\\nin 1672 Bunyan gave to the world his al-\\nlegory, Pilgrim s Progress. There was\\nno inspiration to genius in the cause of\\nKing and Cavaliers. But the stern prob-\\nlems of Puritanism touched two souls with\\nthe divine afflatus. The sacred Epic of\\nMilton, sublime in treatment as in concep-\\ntion, must ever stand unique and solitary\\nin literature; while Pilgrim s Progress,\\nin plain homely dish served the same heav-\\nenly food. The theme of both was the\\nproblem of sin and redemption with which\\nthe Puritan soul was gloomily struggling.\\nThe reign of James II. was the last effort\\nof royal despotism to recover its own. He\\ntried to recall the right of Habeas Corpus;\\nto efface Parliament and to overawe the\\nClergy, while insidiously striving to estab-\\nlish Papacy as the religion of the Kingdom.\\nChief Justice Jeffries, that most brutal of\\nmen, was his efficient aid, and boasted that", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP ENGLAND 125\\nhe had in the service of James hanged more\\ntraitors than all his predecessors since the\\nConquest\\nThe names Whig and Tory had come\\ninto existence in this struggle. Whig\\nstanding for the opponents to Catholic dom-\\nination, and Tory for the upholders of the\\nKing. But so flagrantly was the Catholic\\npolicy of James conducted, that his up-\\nholders were few. In three years from his\\naccession, Whig and Tory alike were so\\nalarmed, that they secretly sent an invita-\\ntion to the King s son-in-law, William,\\nPrince of Orange, to come and accept the\\nCrown.\\nWilliam responded at once, and when he\\nlanded with 14,000 men, James, paralyzed,\\npowerless, unable to raise a force to meet\\nhim, abandoned his throne without a strug-\\ngle and took refuge in France.\\nThe throne was formally declared vacant\\nand William and Mary his wife were in-\\nvited to rule jointly the Kingdom of Eng-\\nland, Ireland and Scotland (1689).\\nThe House of Stuart, which seems to have\\nbrought not one single virtue to the throne,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nwas always secretly conspiriDg with Catholi-\\ncism in Europe. Louis XIV., as the head\\nof Catholic Europe at this time, was the\\nnatural protector of the dethroned King.\\nHis aim had long been, to bring England\\ninto the Catholic European alliance, and, of\\ncourse, if possible, to make it a dependency\\nof France. A conspiracy with Louis to ac-\\ncomplish this end occupied England s exiled\\nKing during the rest of his life.\\nBut European Protestantism had for its\\nleader the man who now sat upon the\\nthrone of England. In fact he had prob-\\nably accepted that throne in order to further\\nhis larger plans for defeating the expanding\\npower of Louis XIV. in Europe. Broad and\\ncomprehensive in his statesmanship, noble\\nand just in character, an able military\\nleader, England was safe in his strong\\nhand. Conspiracies were put down, one\\nFrench army after another, with the des-\\npicable James at its head, was driven back\\nthe purpose at one time being to establish\\nJames at the head of an independent King-\\ndom in Catholic Ireland. But that would-\\nbe King of Ireland was humiliated and sent", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 127\\nback to France by the battle of Boyne\\n(1690).\\nAs important as was all this, things of\\neven greater moment were going on in the\\nlife of England at this time. As a wise\\nhouseholder employs the hours of sunshine\\nto repair the leaks revealed by the storm,\\njust so Parliament now set about strength-\\nening and riveting the weak spots revealed\\nby the storms which had swept over Eng-\\nland.\\nWhat the Magna Charta^^ and Petition\\nof Eighf had asserted in a general way,\\nwas now by the Bill of Eights,^^ estab-\\nlished by specific enactments, which one\\nafter another declared what the King\\nshould and what he should not do. One\\nof these Acts touched the very central\\nnerve of English freedom.\\nIf religion and money are the two impor-\\ntant factors in the life of a nation, it is\\nmoney upon which its life from day to day\\ndepends A Government can exist without\\nmoney about as long as a man without air\\nSo the act which gave to the House of\\nCommons exclusive power to grant supplies,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nand also to determine to what use they\\nshall be applied, transferred the real au-\\nthority to the people, whose will the Com-\\nmons express.\\nThe struggle between the Crown and\\nParliament ends with this, and the theory\\nof Pym is vindicated. The Sovereign and\\nthe House of Lords from that time could\\nno more take money from the Treasury of\\nEngland, than from that of France. Hence-\\nforth there can be no differences between\\nKing and people. They must he friends. A\\nMinistry which forfeits the friendship of the\\nCommons, cannot stand an hour, and sup-\\nplies will stop until they are again in accord.\\nIn other words, the Government of England\\nhad become a Government of the people.\\nWilliam regarded these enactments as\\nevidence of a lack of confidence in him.\\nConscious of his own magnanimous aims,\\nof his power and his purpose to serve Eng-\\nland as she had not been served before, he\\nfelt hurt and wounded at fetters which\\nhad not been placed upon such Kings as\\nCharles I. and his sons. We wonder that\\na man so exalted and so superior, did not", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 129\\nsee that it was for future England that\\nthese laws were framed, for a time when\\nperhaps a Prince not generous, and noble,\\nand pure should be upon the throne.\\nWilliam was silent, grave, cold, reserved\\nalmost to sternness. He had none of the\\nqualities which awaken personal enthusi-\\nasm. He was one of those great leaders\\nwho are worshipped from afar. Besides, it\\nis not an easy task to rule another s house-\\nhold. Benefits however great, reforms\\nhowever wise, are sure to be considered an\\nimpertinence by some. Then there might\\nbe another Eestoration, and wary ambi-\\ntious nobles were cautiously making a rec-\\nord which would not unfit them for its\\nbenefits when it came. He lived in an\\natmosphere of conspiracy, suspicion, and\\nloyalty grudgingly bestowed. But these\\nwere only the surface currents. Anglo-\\nSaxon England recognized in this foreign\\nKing, a man with the same race instincts,\\nthe same ideals of integrity, honor, justice\\nand personal liberty, as her own; qualities\\npossessed by few of her native sovereigns\\nsince the good King Alfred.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nThe expensive wars carried on against\\nJames and his confederate, Louis XIV.,\\ncompelled loans which were the begin-\\nning of the National Debt. That and the\\nestablishing of the Bank of England, form\\npart of the history of this reign.\\nIn 1702 William died, and Mary having\\nalso died a few years earlier, the succession\\npassed to her sister Anne, who was to be\\nthe last Sovereign of the House of Stuart.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI\\nWilliam s policy had not been bounded by\\nhis Island Kingdom. It included the cause\\nof Protestant Europe. An apparently in-\\nvincible King sat on the throne of France,\\ngradually drawing all adjacent Kingdoms\\ninto his dominion. When in defiance of\\npast pledges he placed his grandson upon\\nthe vacant throne of Spain, and declared\\nthat the Pyrenees should exist no more,\\neven Catholic Austria revolted, and begin-\\nning to fear Louis more than Protestantism,\\nnew combinations were formed, England\\nstill holding aloof, and striving to keep out\\nof the Alliance. But that all-absorbing\\nKing had long ago fixed his eye upon Eng-\\nland as his future prey, and when he re-\\nfused to recognize Anne as lawful Queen\\nand declared his intention of placing the\\nPretender (illegitimate son of James)", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nupon the throne, there could be no more\\nhesitation. This Jupiter who had removed\\nthe Pyrenees, might wipe out the English\\nChannel too Hitherto the name Whig had\\nstood for the adherents to the war policy,\\nand Tory for its opponents. Now, all was\\nchanged. Even the stupid Anne and her\\nTory friends saw that William s policy must\\nbe her policy if she would keep her Kingdom.\\nFortunate was it for England, and for\\nEurope at this time that a Marlborough\\nhad climbed to distinction by a slender, and\\nnot too reputable ladder. This man, John\\nChurchill, who a few years ago had been\\nunknown, without training, almost with-\\nout education, was by pure genius fitted to\\nbecome, upon the death of William, the\\nguiding spirit of the Grand Alliance.\\nHe had none of the qualities possessed by\\nWilliam, and all the qualities that leader\\nhad not. He had no moral grandeur, no\\nstern adherence to principles. Whig and\\nTory were alike to him, and he followed\\nwhichever seemed to lead to success, and to\\nthe richest rewards. He was perfectly sor-\\ndid in his aims, invincible in his good na-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 133\\nture, with a careless, easy bonhomie which\\ncaptured the hearts of Europeans, who\\ncalled him the handsome Englishman.\\nAs adroit in managing men as armies, as\\nwise in planning political moves as cam-\\npaigns, using tact and diplomacy as effec-\\ntually as artillery, he assumed the whole\\ndirection of the European war; managed\\nevery negotiation, planned every battle,\\nand achieved its great and overwhelming\\nsuccess.\\nBlenheim turned the tide of French\\nvictory, and broke the spell of Louis invin-\\ncibility. The loss at that battle was some-\\nthing more than men and fortresses. It\\nwas prestige, and that self-confidence which\\nhad made the great King believe that\\nnothing could resist his purposes. It was\\na new sensation for him to bend his neck,\\nand to say that he acknowledged Anne\\nQueen of England.\\nMarlborough received as his reward the\\nsplendid estate upon which was built the\\npalace of Blenheim. Then, when in the\\nsunshine of peace England needed him no\\nmore, Anne quarrelled with his wife, her", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nadored friend, and cast him aside as a rusty\\nsword no longer of use. But for years Eu-\\nrope heard the song Malbrook s en va-t-en\\nguerre, and his awe-inspiring name was\\nused to frighten children in France and in\\nEngland.\\nHis passionate love for his wife, Sarah\\nChurchill, ran like a golden thread of ro-\\nmance through Marlborough s stormy ca-\\nreer. On the eve of battle, and in the first\\nflush of victory, he must first and last write\\nher; and he would more willingly meet 20,-\\n000 Frenchmen than his wife s displeasure!\\nIndeed Sarah seems to have waged her own\\nbattles very successfully with her tongue,\\nand also to have had her own diplomatic\\ntriumphs. Through Anne s infatuation for\\nher, she was virtually ruler while the friend-\\nship lasted. But to acquire ascendancy over\\nAnne was not much of an achievement.\\nIt is said that there was but one duller\\nperson than the Queen in her Kingdom, and\\nthat was the royal Consort, George, Prince\\nof Denmark. Happy was it for England\\nthat of the seventeen children born into this\\nroyal household, not one survived. The sue-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 135\\ncession, in tlie absence of direct heirs, was\\npledged to George, Elector of Hanover, a\\nremote descendant of James I.\\nIt was during Anne s reign that English\\nliterature assumed a new character. The\\nstately and classic form being set aside for\\na style more familiar, and which concerned\\nitself with the affairs of everyday life. Let-\\nters shone with a mild splendor, while\\nSteele, Sterne, Swift, Defoe and Fielding\\nwere writing, and Addison s Spectator\\nwas on every breakfast-table.\\nIn the year 1714 Anne died, and George\\nI., of the House of Hanover, was King of\\nEngland, an England which, thanks to the\\ngreat soldier and Duke, would never more\\nbe molested by the intriguing designs of a\\nFrench King, and which held in her hand\\nGibraltar, the key to the Mediterranean.\\nKing George I. was a German grandson\\nof Elizabeth, sister of Charles I. Deeply\\nattached to his own Hanover, this stupid\\nold man came slowly and reluctantly to as-\\nsume his new honors. He could not speak\\nEnglish; and as he smoked his long pipe,\\nhis homesick soul was soothed by the ladies", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OP ENGLAND\\nof his Court, who cut caricature figures out\\nof paper for his amusement, while Robert\\nWalpole relieved him of affairs of State. As\\nignorant of the politics of England as of its\\nlanguage, Walpole selected the King s Min-\\nisters and determined the policy of his\\nGovernment; establishing a precedent which\\nhas always been followed. Since that time\\nit has been the duty of the Prime Minister\\nto form the Ministry; and no sovereign\\nsince Anne has ever appeared at a Cabinet\\nCouncil, nor has refused assent to a single\\nAct of Parliament.\\nSuch a King was merely a symbol of\\nProtestantism and of Constitutional Gov-\\nernment. But this stream of royal dulness\\nwhich set in from Hanover in iTli, came\\nas a great blessing at the time. It enabled\\nEngland to be ruled for thirty years by the\\nparty which had since the usurpation of\\nJames I. stood for the rights of the people.\\nWalpole created a Whig Government. The\\nWhigs had never wavered from certain\\nprinciples upon which they had risen to\\npower. There must be no tampering with\\njustice, nor with the freedom of the press,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 137\\nnor any attempt to rule independently of\\nParliament. Thirty years of rule under\\nthese principles converted them into an in-\\ntegral part of the national life. The habit\\nof loyalty to them was so established by this\\nlong ascendancy of the Whig party, that\\nEnglishmen forgot that such things could\\nbe forgot that it was possible to infringe\\nupon the sacred liberties of the people.\\nHowever much Whig and Tory have\\nseemed to change since we first hear of them\\nin the time of James I., they have in fact\\nremained essentially the same; the Whigs\\nalways tending to limit the power of the\\ncrown, and the Tories to limit that of the\\npeople. At the time of Walpole the Tories\\nhad been the supporters of the Pretender\\nand of the High Church party, the Whigs\\nof the policy of William and Protestantism.\\nTheir predecessors were the Cavaliers and\\nEoundheads, and their successors to-day\\nare found in the Liberals and Conserva-\\ntives.\\nThere was at last peace abroad and pros-\\nperity at home. The latter was interrupted\\nfor a time in 1720 by the speculative mad-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nness created by the South-Sea Bubble.\\nMen were almost crazed by the rise in the\\nvalue of shares from \u00c2\u00a3100 to \u00c2\u00a31,000; and\\nthen plunged into despair and ruin when\\nthey suddenly dropped to nothing. The\\nsuffering caused by this wreck of fortunes\\nwas great. But industries revived, and\\nprosperity and wealth returned with little\\nto disturb them again until the death of\\nGeorge I. in 1727; when another George\\ncame over from Hanover to occupy the\\nEnglish throne.\\nGeorge II. had one advantage over his\\nfather. He did speak the English language.\\nNor was he content to smoke his pipe and\\nentrust his Kingdom to his Ministers, which\\nwas a doubtful advantage for the nation.\\nBut his clever wife. Queen Caroline, believed\\nthoroughly in Walpole, and when she was\\ncontrolled by the Minister, and then in turn\\nherself controlled the policy of the King,\\nthat simple gentleman supposed that he,\\nGeorge II., was ruling his own King-\\ndom. His small, narrow mind was inca-\\npable of statesmanship but he was a good\\nsoldier. Methodical, stubborn and passion-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 139\\nate, he was a King who needed to be care-\\nfully watched, and adroitly managed, to\\nkeep him from doing harm.\\nThere was a young Pretender in these\\ndays (Charles Edward Stuart), who was con-\\nspiring with Louis XV., as his father had\\ndone with Louis XIV., to get to the English\\nthrone. We see him flitting about Europe\\nfrom time to time, landing here and there\\non the British Coast until when finally de-\\nfeated at CuUoden Moor, 1746, this wraith\\nof the House of Stuart disappears\u00e2\u0080\u0094 dying ob-\\nscurely in Eome; and Wha ll be King but\\nCharlie, and Over the Water to Charlie,\\nlinger only as the echo of a lost cause.\\nThere was a time of despondency when\\nEngland seemed to be annexed to Hanover,\\nfollowing her fortunes, and sharing her\\nmisfortunes in the seven years war over\\nthe Austrian succession, as if the Great\\nKingdom were a mere dependency to the\\nlittle Electorate and all to please the stub-\\nborn King. Desiring peace above all things\\nEngland was no sooner freed from one en-\\ntanglement, than she was plunged into an-\\nother.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nIn India, the English Merchant Com-\\npany, chartered by Elizabeth in 1600, had\\nexpanded to a power. One of the native\\nPrinces, jealous of these foreign intruders\\nin Bengal, and roused, it was said, by the\\nFrench to expel them, committed that deed\\nat which the world has shuddered ever since.\\nOne hundred and fifty settlers and traders,\\nwere thrust into an air-tight dungeon\\nin an Indian midsummer. Maddened with\\nheat and with thirst, most of them died be-\\nfore morning, trampling upon each other in\\nfrantic efforts to get air and water. This\\nis the story of the Black Hole of Calcutta\\nwhich led to the victories of Clive, and the\\nestablishment of English Empire in India,\\n1757.\\nTwo years later a quarrel over the boun-\\ndaries of their American Colonies brought\\nthe French and English into direct conflict.\\nGen. Wolfe, the English Commander, was\\nkilled at the moment of victory in scaling\\nthe walls of Quebec. Montcalm, the French\\ncommander, being saved the humiliation of\\nseeing the loss of Canada (1760), by sharing\\nthe same fate.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 141\\nThe dream of French Empire in America\\nwas at an end; and with the cession of\\nFlorida by Spain, England was mistress of\\nthe eastern half of the Continent from Nova\\nScotia to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the\\nAtlantic to the Mississippi. So since the\\ndays of Elizabeth, and from seed dropped\\nby her hand, an Eastern and a Western Em-\\npire had been added to that island King-\\ndom, whose highest dream had been to get\\nback some of her lost provinces in France.\\nInstead of that it was to be her destiny to\\ngirdle the Earth, so that the Sun in its en-\\ntire course should never cease to shine upon\\nBritish Dominions.\\nSide by side with the aspiration which\\nuplifts a nation, there is always a tendency\\ntoward degradation, which can only be ar-\\nrested by the infusion of a higher spiritual\\nlife. Strong alcoholic liquors had taken the\\nplace of beer in England (to avoid the ex-\\ncessive tax imposed upon it) and the grossest\\nintemperance prevailed in the early part of\\nthis reign. John Wesley introduced a re-\\ngenerative force when he went about among\\nthe people preaching Methodism, a pure", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nand simple religion. Not since Augustine\\nhad the hearts of men been so touched, and\\na new life and new spirit came into being,\\nbetter than all the prosperity and territorial\\nexpansion of the time.\\nWalpole had passed from view long be-\\nfore the stirring changes we have alluded\\nto. A new hand was guiding the affairs of\\nState J the hand of William Pitt.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII\\nAt the close of the Seven Years War, Eng-\\nland had driven the French out of Canada,\\nher ships which had traversed the Pacific\\nfrom one end to the other, (Capt. Cook) had\\nwherever they touched, claimed islands for\\nthe Crown she had projected into the heart\\nof India English institutions and civilization.\\nMistress of North America, and of the Pa-\\ncific Isles, and future mistress of India, she\\nhad left in comparative insignificance those\\nEuropean States whose power was hounded\\nby a single Continent. And all this, in the\\nreign of the puniest King who had ever sat\\nupon her throne As if to show that Eng-\\nland was great not through ^but in spite\\nof, her Kings.\\nWhen in 1Y60, George III. came to the\\nthrone, thirteen prosperous American Col-\\nonies were a source of handsome revenue to", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthe mother country, by whom they were\\nregarded as receptacles for surplus popula-\\ntion, and a good field for unsuccessful men\\nand adventurers. These children were fre-\\nquently reminded that they owed England\\na great debt of gratitude. They had cost\\nher expensive Indian and French wars for\\nwhich she should expect them to reimburse\\nher as their prosperity grew. They were\\nto make nothing themselves, not so much as\\na horseshoe; but to send their raw ma-\\nterial to English mills and factories, and\\nwhen it was returned to them in wares and\\nmanufactured articles, they were to pay\\nsuch taxes as were imposed, with grateful\\nhearts to the kind Government which was\\nso good as to rule them.\\nIf the Colonies had still needed the pro-\\ntection of England from the French, they\\nmight never have questioned the propriety\\nof their treatment. They were at heart in-\\ntensely loyal, and the thought of severance\\nfrom the Mother Country probably did not\\nexist in a single breast. But they had since\\nthe fall of Quebec a feeling of security\\nwhich was a good background for inde-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 145\\npendence, if their manhood required its as-\\nsertion. They were Anglo-Saxons, and per-\\nfectly understood the long struggle for civil\\nrights which lay behind them. So when in\\n1765 they were told that they must bear\\ntheir share of the burden of National Debt\\nwhich had been increased by wars in their\\nbehalf, and to that end a Stamp Act had\\nbeen passed, they very carefully looked into\\nthe demand. This Act required that every\\nlegal document drawn in the Colonies, will,\\ndeed, note, draft, receipt, etc., be written\\nupon paper bearing an expensive Govern-\\nment stamp.\\nThe thirteen Colonies, utterly at variance\\nupon most subjects, were upon this agreed\\nThey would not submit to the tax. They\\nhad read the Magna Charta, they knew that\\nthe Stamp Act violated its most vital prin-\\nciple. This tax had been framed to extort\\nmoney from men who had no representation\\nin Parliament, hence without their consent.\\nPitt vehemently declared that the Act\\nwas a tyranny, Burke and Fox protested\\nagainst it, the brain and the heart of Eng-\\nland compelled the repeal of the Act; Pitt", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ndeclaring that the spirit shown in America\\nwas the same that in England had with-\\nstood the Stuarts, and refused Ship\\nMoney. There was rejoicing and ringing\\nof bells over the repeal, but before the\\nechoes had died away another plan was\\nforming in the narrow recesses of the\\nKing s brain.\\nGeorge III. had read English History.\\nHe remembered that if Parliaments grow\\nobstructive, the way is not to fight them\\nbut to pack them with the right kind of\\nmaterial. Tampering with the boroughs,\\nhad so filled the House of Commons with\\nTories that it had almost ceased to be a\\nrepresentative body, and if Pitt would not\\nbow to his wishes, he would find a Minister\\n.who would. Another tax was devised.\\nThreepence a pound upon tea, shipped di-\\nrect to America from India, would save the\\nimpost to England, bring tea at a cheaper\\nrate to the Colonies (even with the added\\ntax), and at the same time yield a handsome\\nrevenue to the Government.\\nThe Colonists were not at all moved by\\nthe idea of getting cheaper tea. They had", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 147\\ntaken their stand in this matter of taxation\\nwithout representation; they would never\\nmove from it one inch. When the cargo of\\ntea arrived in Boston harbor, it was thrown\\noverboard by men disguised as Indians.\\nGeorge III. in a rage closed the port of\\nBoston, cancelled the Charter of Massa-\\nchusetts, withdrew the right of electing its\\nown council and judges, investing the Gov-\\nernor with these rights, to whom he also\\ngave the power to send rebellious and sedi-\\ntious prisoners to England for trial. Then\\nto make all this sure of fulfilment, he sent\\ntroops to enforce the order, in command of\\nGeneral Gage, whom he also appointed\\nGovernor of Massachusetts.\\nFox said, How intolerable that it should\\nbe in the power of one blockhead to do so\\nmuch mischief! The obstinacy of George\\nIII. cost England her dearest and fairest\\npossession. It is almost impossible to pic-\\nture what would be her power to-day if she\\nhad continued to be mistress of North\\nAmerica\\nAll unconscious of his stupendous folly,\\nthe King was delighted at his own firmness.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nHe rubbed his hands in high glee as he said,\\nThe die is cast, the Colonies must submit\\nor triumph, meaning of course that tri-\\numph was a thing impossible. Pitt (now\\nEarl Chatham), Burke, Fox, even the Tory\\nHouse of Lords, petitioned and implored in\\nvain. The confident, stubborn King stood\\nalone, and upon him lies the whole respon-\\nsibility Lord North simply acting as his\\ncompliant tool.\\nThe colonies united as one, all local differ-\\nences forgotten. As they fought at Lex-\\nington and at Bunker Hill, the idea of some-\\nthing more than resistance was born the\\nidea of independence.\\nA letter from the Government addressed\\nto the Commander-in-Chief as George\\nWashington, Esq. was sent back unopened.\\nBattles were lost and won, the courage and\\nresources of the Americans holding out for\\nyears as if by miracle, until when rein-\\nforced by France the end drew near; and\\nwas reached with the defeat of Lord Corn-\\nwallis at Yorktown.\\nIt was a dreary morning in 1782 when a\\nhumiliated King stood before the House of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 149\\nLords and acknowledged the independence\\nof the United States of America\\nThus ended a contest which the Earl of\\nChatham had said was conceived in in-\\njustice, and nurtured in folly.\\nIt was during the American war that the\\nPress rose to be a great counterbalancing\\npower. Popular sentiment no longer find-\\ning an outlet in the House of Commons,\\nsought another mode of expression. Public\\nopinion gathered in by the newspapers be-\\ncame a force before which Government\\ndared not stand. The Chronicle, Post,\\nHerald and Times came into existence,\\nphilosophers like Coleridge, and statesmen\\nlike Canning using their columns and com-\\npelling reforms.\\nThe impeachment of Warren Hastings,\\nconducted by Burke, Sheridan, and Fox, led\\nto such an exposure of the cruelty and cor\\nruption of the East India Company, that\\nthe gigantic monopoly was broken up. A\\nBoard of Control was created for the ad-\\nministration of Indian affairs, thus absorb-\\ning it into the general system of English\\nGovernment (1^784:).", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nJames Watt had introduced (in 1769)\\nsteam into the life of England, with conse-\\nquences dire at first, and fraught with such\\ntremendous results later, changing all the\\nindustrial conditions of England and of the\\nworld.\\nIn 1789 England witnessed that terrific\\noutburst of human passions in France, which\\nculminated in the death of a King and a\\nQueen. An appalling sight which made\\nEepublicanism seem odious, even to so ex-\\nalted and just a soul as Burke, who de-\\nnounced it with words of thrilling eloquence.\\nThen came Napoleon Bonaparte, and his\\nswift ascent to imperial power, followed by\\nhis audacious conquest almost of Europe,\\nuntil Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wel-\\nlington, led the allied army at Waterloo,\\nand Napoleon s sun went down.\\nIn 1812 the United States for a second\\ntime declared war against England. That\\ncountry had claimed the right to search for\\nBritish-born seamen upon American ships,\\nin order to impress them into her own ser-\\nvice and recruit her Navy. The right\\nof search was denied^ and the British", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 151\\nforces landed in Maryland, burned tlie Cap-\\nitol and Congressional Library afc Wash-\\nington, but met their Waterloo at New\\nOrleans, where they were defeated by Gen-\\neral Andrew Jackson, and the right of\\nsearch is heard of no more.\\nLong before this time George III. had\\nbeen a prey to blindness, deafness, and in-\\nsanity, and in 1820 his death came as a\\nwelcome event. Had he not been blind,\\ndeaf, and insane, in 17 Y5, Engl?.nd might\\nnot have lost her fairest possession.\\nThe weight of the enormous debt incurred\\nby the long wars fell most heavily upon the\\npoor. One-half of their earnings went to\\nthe Crown. The poor man lived under a\\ntaxed roof, wore taxed clothing, ate taxed\\nfood from taxed dishes, and looked at the\\nlight of day through taxed window-glass.\\nNothing was free but the ocean.\\nBut there must not be cheap bread, for\\nthat meant reduced rents. The farmer was\\nprotected by having the price of corn kept\\nartificially above a certain point, and fur-\\nther protected by a prohibitory tax upon\\nforeign corn, all in order that the landlord", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nmight collect undiminished rentals from his\\nfarm lands. But, alas! there was no pro-\\ntection from starvation. Is it strange that\\ngaunt famine was a frequent visitor in the\\nland? But men must starve in silence.\\nTo beg was a crime.\\nAlas, that bread should be so dear,\\nAnd flesh and blood so cheap I\\nChildren six years old worked fourteen\\nand fifteen hours daily in mines and fac-\\ntories, beaten by overseers to keep them\\nawake over their tasks; while others five\\nand six years old, driven by blows, crawled\\nwith their brooms into narrow soot-clogged\\nchimneys, and sometimes getting wedged\\nin narrow flues, were mercifully suffocated\\nand translated to a kinder world.\\nA ruinous craving was created for stimu-\\nlants, which took the place of insuflScient\\nfood, and in these stunted, pallid, emaciated\\nbeings a foundation was laid for an en-\\nfeebled and debased population, which\\nwould sorely tax the wisdom of statesman-\\nship in the future.\\nIf such was the condition of the honest", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 153\\nworking poor, what was that of the crimi-\\nnal It is difficult now to comprehend the fe-\\nrocity of laws which made 235 offenses\u00e2\u0080\u0094 pun-\\nishable with death, most of which offenses\\nwe should now call misdemeanors. But\\nperhaps death was better than the prisons,\\nwhich were the abode of vermin, disease\\nand filth unspeakable. Jailers asked for no\\npay, but depended upon the money they\\ncould wring from the wretched beings in\\ntheir charge for food and small alleviations\\nto their misery. In 1773 John Howard\\ncommenced his work in the prisons, and the\\nidea was first conceived that the object of\\npunishment should be not to degrade sin-\\nsick humanity, but to reform it.\\nFar above this deep dark undercurrent,\\nthere was a bright, shining surface. John-\\nson had made his ponderous contribution to\\nletters. Frances Burney had surprised the\\nworld with Evelina; Horace Walpole,\\n(son of Sir Eobert) was dropping witty\\nepigrams from his pen; Sheridan, Gold-\\nsmith, Cowper, Burns, Southey, Coleridge,\\nWordsworth, in tones both grave and gay,\\nwere making sweet music; while Scott,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nByron, Shelley added strains rich and\\nmelodious.\\nAs all this was passing, George Stephen-\\nson was pondering over a daring project.\\nFulton had completed his invention in 1807,\\nand in 1819 the first steamship had crossed\\nthe Atlantic. If engines could be made to\\nplough through the water, why might they\\nnot also be made to walk the earth? It\\nwas thought an audacious experiment when\\nhe put this fire-devouring iron monster on\\nwheels, to draw loaded cars. Not until 1830\\nwas his plan realized, when his new locomo-\\ntive The Eocket drew the first railway\\ntrain from Liverpool to Manchester, the\\nDuke of Wellington venturing his life on\\nthe trial trip.\\nIn the year 1782 Ireland was permitted\\nto have its own Parliament; but owing to\\na treasonable correspondence with France,\\na few years later, she was deprived of this\\nlegislative independence, and in 1801, after\\na prolonged struggle, was reunited to Great\\nBritain, and thenceforth sent her represen-\\ntatives to the British Parliament.\\nThe laws against Eoman Catholics which", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 155\\nhad been enacted as measures of self-defence\\nfrom the Stuarts, now that there was no\\nlonger a necessity for them had become an\\noppression, which bore with special weight\\nupon Catholic Ireland. By the oath of\\nSupremacy, and by the declarations\\nagainst transubstantiation, intercession of\\nSaints, etc., etc., the Catholics were shut\\nout from all share in a Government which\\nthey were taxed to support. Such an ob-\\nvious injustice should not have needed a\\npowerful pleader but it found one in Daniel\\nO Connell, who by constant agitation and\\nfiery eloquence created such a public senti-\\nment, that the Ministry, headed by the Duke\\nof Wellington, aided by Sir Robert Peel in\\nthe House, carried through a measure in 1828\\nwhich opened Parliament to Catholics, and\\nalso gave them free access to all places of\\ntrust, Civil or Military, excepting that of\\nRegent, Lord Chancellor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and Lord Lieu-\\ntenant of Ireland.\\nThere is nothing to record of George IV.\\nexcept the irregularities of his private life,\\nover which we need not linger. He was a\\ndissolute spendthrift. His illegal marriage", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nwith Mrs. Fitzherbert, and his legal mar-\\nriage with Caroline of Brunswick from\\nwhom he quickly freed himself, are the\\nchief events in his history.\\nHis charming young daughter, the Prin-\\ncess Charlotte, had died in 1817, soon after\\nher marriage with Prince Leopold of Saxe-\\nCoburg. She had been adored as the future\\nQueen, but upon the death of George IV. in\\n1830, the Crown passed to his sailor brother\\nWilliam.\\nWilliam IV. was sixty -five when he came\\nto the throne. He was not a courtier in his\\nmanners, nor much of a fine gentleman in\\nhis tastes. But his plain, rough sincerity\\nwas not unacceptable, and his immediate\\nespousal of the Eeform Act, then pending,\\nwon him popularity at once.\\nThe efficiency and integrity of the House\\nof Commons had long been impaired by an\\neffete system of representation, which had\\nbeen unchanged for 500 years. Boroughs\\nwere represented which had long disappeared\\nfrom the face of the earth. One had for\\nyears been covered by the sea! Another\\nexisted as a fragment of a wall in a gentle", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 157\\nman s park, while towns like Manchester,\\nLeeds, Birmingham, and nineteen other\\nlarge and prosperous places, had no represen-\\ntation whatever. These rotten boroughs\\nas they were called, were usually in the\\nhands of wealthy landowners; one great\\nPeer literally carrying eleven boroughs in\\nhis pocket, so that eleven members went to\\nthe House of Commons at his dictation. It\\nwould seem that a reform so obviously\\nneeded should have been easy to accomplish.\\nBut the House of Lords clung to the old\\nsystem as if the life of the Kingdom de-\\npended upon it. And when the measure\\nwas finally carried the good old Duke of\\nWellington said sadly, We must hope for\\nthe best but the most sanguine cannot be-\\nlieve we shall ever again be as prosperous.\\nBy this Act 56 boroughs were disfran-\\nchised, and 43 new ones, with 30 county\\nconstituencies, were created.\\nIt was in the contest over this Eeform\\nBill that the Tories took the name of Con-\\nservatives and their opponents Liberals.\\nIts passage marks a most important transi-\\ntion in England. The workingman was", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OP ENGLAND\\nby it enfranchised, and the House of Com-\\nmons, which had hitherto represented prop-\\nerty^ thenceforth represented manhood.\\nNor were pohtical reforms the only ones.\\nHuman pity awoke from its lethargy. The\\npenalties for wrongdoing became less brutal,\\nthe prisons less terrible. No longer did gap-\\ning crowds watch shivering wretches brought\\nout of the jails every Monday morning, in\\nbatches of twenty and thirty, to be hung for\\npilfering or something even less. Little\\nchildren were lifted out of the mines and\\nfactories and chimneys and placed in schools,\\nwhich also began to be created for the poor.\\nNumberless ways were devised for making\\nlife less miserable for the unfortunate, and\\nfor improving the social conditions of toiling\\nmen and women.\\nWhile white slavery in the collieries and\\nfactories was thus mitigated, Wilberforce\\nremoved the stain of negro slavery from\\nEngland in securing the passage of a Bill\\nwhich, while compensating the owners (who\\nreceived \u00c2\u00a320,000,000), set 800,000 human\\nbeings free (1833).", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII\\nWilliam IV. died at Windsor Castle, and\\nat 5 o clock on the morning of June 20th,\\n183Y (just 58 years from the day this is\\nwritten), a young girl of eighteen was\\nawakened to be told she was Queen of\\nGreat Britain and Ireland. Victoria was\\nthe only child of Edward, Duke of Kent,\\nbrother of William IV. Her marriage in\\n1840 with her cousin. Prince Albert of Saxe-\\nCoburg, was one of deep affection, and se-\\ncured for her a wise and prudent counsellor.\\nOn account of the high price of corn, Ire-\\nland had for years subsisted entirely upon\\npotatoes. The failure of this crop for sev-\\neral successive seasons, in 1846 produced a\\nfamine of such appalling dimensions that\\nthe old and the new world came to the\\nrescue of the starving people. Parliament\\nvoted \u00c2\u00a310,000,000 for food. But before re-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "160 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nlief could reach them, two millions, ono\\nfourth of the population of Ireland, had per-\\nished. The anti-corn measures, championed\\nhy Eichard Cobden and John Bright, which\\nhad been bitterly opposed by the Tories\\nunder the leadership of Disraeli, were thus\\nreinforced by unexpected argument; for-\\neign breadstuffs were permitted free access\\nand free trade was accepted as the policy of\\nEngland.\\nNicholas, the Czar of Eussia, was, after\\nthe fashion of his predecessors (and his suc-\\ncessors), always waiting for the right mo-\\nment to sweep down upon Constantinople.\\nEngland had become only a land of shop-\\nkeepers, France was absorbed with her new\\nEmpire, and with trying on her fresh im-\\nperial trappings. The time seemed favor-\\nable for a move. The pious soul of Nicholas\\nwas suddenly stirred by certain restrictions\\nlaid by the Sultan upon the Christians in\\nPalestine. He demanded that he be made\\nthe Protector of Christianity in the Turkish\\nEmpire, by an arrangement which would\\nin fact transfer the Sovereignty from Con-\\nstantinople to St. Petersburg.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 161\\nThat mass of Oriental corruption known\\nas the Ottoman Empire, held together by no\\nvital forces, was ready to fall into ruin at\\none vigorous touch. It was an anachronism\\nin modern Europe, where its cruelty was\\nonly limited by its weakness. That such an\\nodious, treacherous despotism should so\\nstrongly appeal to the sympathies of Eng-\\nland that she was willing to enter upon a life-\\nand-death struggle for its maintenance, let\\nthose believe who can. Her rushing to the\\ndefence of Turkey, was about as sincere as\\nRussia s interest in the Christians in Pales-\\ntine.\\nThe simple truth beneath all these diplo-\\nmatic subterfuges was of course that Russia\\nwanted Constantinople, and England would\\nat any cost prevent her getting it. The\\nkeys to the East must, in any event, not\\nbelong to Russia, her only rival in Asia.\\nFrance had no Eastern Empire to protect,\\nBO her participation in the struggle is at first\\nnot so easy to comprehend, until we reflect\\nthat she had an ambitious and parvenu\\nEmperor. To have Europe see him in con-\\nfidential alliance with England, was alone", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "163 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nworth a war while a vigorous foreign pol-\\nicy would help to divert attention from the\\nrecent treacheries by which he had reached\\na throne.\\nSuch were seme of the hidden springs of\\naction which in 1854 brought about the\\nCrimean War, one of the most deadly and\\ndestructive of modern times. Two great\\nChristian kingdoms had rushed to the de-\\nfence of the worst Government ever known,\\nand the best blood in England was being\\npoured into Turkish soil.\\nIt was soon discovered that the English\\nwere no less skilled as fighters, than as\\nshop-keepers. They were victorious from\\nthe very first, even when the numbers were\\nill-matched. But one immortal deed of valor\\nmust have made Russia tremble before the\\nspirit it revealed.\\nSix hundred cavalrymen, in obedience to\\nan order which all knew was a blunder,\\ndashed into a valley lined with cannon, and\\ncharged an army of 30,000 men\\nForward, the Light Brigade\\nWas there a man dismay d?\\nNot tho the soldier knew\\nSome one had blunder d", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 163\\nTheir s not to make reply,\\nTheir s not to reason why,\\nTheir s but to do, and die\\nInto the valley of Death\\nRode the six hundred.\\nThe horrible blunder at Balaklava was\\nnot the only one. One incapable general\\nwas followed by another, and routine and\\nred-tape were more deadly than Eussian\\nshot and shell.\\nFood and supplies beyond their utmost\\npower of consumption, were hurried to the\\narmy by grateful England. Thousands of\\ntons of wood for huts, shiploads of clothing\\nand profuse provision for health and com-\\nfort, reached Balaklava.\\nWhile the tall masts of the ships bearing\\nthese treasures were visible from the heights\\nof Sebastopol, men there were perishing for\\nlack of food, fuel and clothing. In rags, al-\\nmost barefoot, half-fed, often without fuel\\neven to cook their food, in that terrible\\nwinter on the heights, whole regiments of\\nheroes became extinct, because there was\\nnot sufficient administrative ability to con-\\nvey the supplies to a perishing army\\nSo wretched was the hospital service, that", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nto be sent there meant death. Gangrene car-\\nried off four out of five. Men were dying\\nat a rate which would have extinguished\\nthe entire army in a year and a half. It\\nwas Florence Nightingale who redeemed\\nthis national disgrace, and brought order,\\ncare and healing into the camps.\\nWhen England recalls with pride the\\nvalor and the victories in the Crimea, let\\nher remember it was the manhood in the\\nranks which achieved it. When all was\\nover, war had slain its thousands, but\\nofficial incapacity its tens of thousands\\nIt was a costly victory: Eussia was hu-\\nmiliated, was even shut out from the waters\\nof her own Black Sea, where she had hitherto\\nbeen supreme. To two million Turks was\\npreserved the privilege of oppressing eight\\nmillion Christians; and for this, twenty\\nthousand British youth had perished. But\\nthe way to India was unobstructed\\nEngland s career of conquest in India\\nwas not altogether of her own seeking. As\\na neighboring province committed outrages\\nupon its British neighbors, it became neces-\\nsary in self-defence to punish it; and such", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 165\\npunishment, invariably led to its subjuga-\\ntion. In this way one province after an-\\nother was subdued, until finally in the absorp-\\ntion of the Kingdom of Oude (1856) the\\nnatural boundary of the Himalaya Moun-\\ntains had been reached, and the conquest\\nwas complete. The little trading company\\nof British merchants had become an Em-\\npire, vast and rich beyond the wildest\\ndreams of romance.\\nThe British rule was upon the whole be-\\nneficent. The condition of the people was\\nimproved, and there was little dissatisfac-\\ntion except among the deposed native\\nprinces, who were naturally filled with hate\\nand bitterness. The large army required to\\nhold such an amount of territory, was to a\\ngreat extent recruited from the native pop-\\nulation, the Sepoys, as they were called,\\nmaking good soldiers.\\nIn 185T the King of the Oude and some\\nof the native princes cunningly devised a\\nplan of undermining the British by means\\nof their Sepoys, and circumstances afforded\\na singular opportunity for carrying out\\ntheir design.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nA new rifle had been adopted, which re-\\nquired a greased cartridge, for which ani-\\nmal grease was used. The Sepoys were told\\nthis was a deep-laid plot to overthrow their\\nnative religions. The Mussulman was to be\\neternally lost by defiling his lips with the\\nfat of swine, and the Hindu, by the indig-\\nnity offered to the venerated Cow. These\\nEnglish had tried to ruin them not alone in\\nthis world, but in the next.\\nThrilled with horror, terror-stricken, the\\ndusky soldiers were converted into demons.\\nMutinies arose simultaneously at twenty-two\\nstations; not only officers, but Europeans,\\nwere slaughtered without mercy. At\\nCawnpore was the crowning horror. After\\na siege of many days the garrison capitu-\\nlated to Nana Sahib and his Sepoys. The\\nofficers were shot, and their wives, daugh-\\nters, sisters and babes, 206 in number, were\\nshut up in a large apartment which had\\nbeen used by the ladies for a ballroom.\\nAfter eighteen days of captivity, the hor-\\nrors of which will never be known, five men\\nwith sabres, in the twilight, were seen to\\nenter the room and close the door. There", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 167\\nwere wild cries and shrieks and groans.\\nThree times a hacked and a blunted sabre\\nwas passed out of a window in exchange for\\na sharper one. Finally the groans and\\nmoans gradually ceased and all was still.\\nThe next morning a mass of mutilated re-\\nmains was thrown into an empty well.\\nTwo days later the avenger came in the\\nperson of General Havelock. The Sepoys\\nwere conquered and a policy of merciless\\nretribution followed.\\nIn that well at Cawnpore was forever\\nburied sympathy for the mutinous Indian.\\nWhen we recall that, we can even hear\\nwith calmness of Sepoys fired from the can-\\nnon s mouth. From that moment it was\\nthe cause of men in conflict with demons,\\ncivilization in deadly struggle with cruel,\\ntreacherous barbarism. We cannot advo-\\ncate meeting atrocity with atrocity, nor can\\nwe forget that it was a Christian nation\\nfighting with one debased and infidel. But\\nterrible surgery is sometimes needed to ex-\\ntirpate disease.\\nGreed for territory, and wrong, and in-\\njustice may have mingled with the acquisi-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\ntion of an Indian Empire, but posterity will\\nsee only a majestic uplifting of almost a\\nquarter of the human family from debased\\nbarbarism, to a Christian civilization; and\\nall through the instrumentality of a little\\nband of trading settlers from a small far-off\\nisland in the northwest of Europe,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK XIV\\nBut there were other things besides fam-\\nine and wars taking place in the Kingdom\\nof the young Queen. A greater and a subtler\\nforce than steam had entered into the life\\nof the people. A miracle had happened in\\n1858, when an electric wire threaded its way\\nacross the Atlantic, and two continents con-\\nversed as friends sitting hand in hand.\\nAnother miracle had then just been\\nachieved in the discovery of certain chem-\\nical conditions, by which scenes and objects\\nwould imprint themselves in minutest detail\\nupon a prepared surface. A sort of magic\\nseemed to have entered into life, quickening\\nand intensifying all its processes. Enlarged\\nknowledge opened up new theories of dis-\\nease and created a new Art of healing.\\nSurgery, with its unspeakable anguish, was", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "170 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nrendered painless by anaesthetics. Mechan-\\nical invention was so stimulated that all the\\nprocesses of labor were quickened and im-\\nproved.\\nIn 1851 the Prince Consort conceived the\\nidea of a great Exposition, which should\\nunder one roof gather all the fruits of this\\nmarvellous advance, and Sydenham Palace,\\na gigantic structure of glass and iron, was\\nerected.\\nIn literature, Tennyson was preserving\\nEnglish valor in immortal verse. Thack-\\neray and Dickens, in prose as immortal, were\\npicturing the social lights and shadows of\\nthe Victorian Age.\\nIn 1861 a crushing blow fell upon the\\nQueen in the death of the Prince Consort.\\nAmerica treasures kindly memory of Prince\\nAlbert, on account of his outspoken friend-\\nship in the hour of her need. During the\\nwar of the Rebellion, while the fate of our\\ncountry seemed hanging in the balance, we\\nhad few friends in England, where people\\nseemed to look with satisfaction upon our\\nprobable dismemberment.\\nWe are not likely to forget the three", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 171\\nshining exceptions Prince Albert John\\nBright\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and John Stuart Mill.\\nIt was while that astute diplomatist, Dis-\\nraeli (Lord Beaconsfield) was Prime Min-\\nister, that French money, skill and labor\\nopened up the waterway between the\\nMediterranean and the Eed Sea. It would\\nnever do to have France command such a\\nstrategic point on the way to the East.\\nEngland was alert. She lost not a moment.\\nThe impecunious Khedive was offered by\\ntelegraph $20,000,000 for his interest in the\\nSuez Canal, nearly one-half of the whole\\ncapital stock. The offer was accepted with\\nno less alacrity than it was made. So with\\nthe Arabian Port of Aden, which she al-\\nready possessed, and with a strong enough\\nfinancial grasp upon impoverished Egypt to\\nsecure the right of way, should she need it,\\nEngland had made the Canal which France\\nhad dug, practically her own.\\nLord Beaconsfield had crowned his dra-\\nmatic and picturesque Ministerial career by\\nplacing a new diadem on the head of the\\nwidowed Queen, who was now Empress of\\nIndia. His successor, William Ewart Glad-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nstone, the great leader of the Liberal party,\\nwas content with a less showy field. He had\\nin 1869 relieved Ireland from the unjust bur-\\nden of supporting a Church the tenets of\\nwhich she considered blasphemous and one\\nwhich her own, the Eoman Catholic, had\\nfor three centuries been trying to over-\\nthrow. We cannot wonder that the mem-\\nory of a tyranny so odious is not easily\\neffaced nor that there is less gratitude for\\nits removal, than bitterness that it should so\\nlong have been.\\nThe disestablishment of the English\\nChurch in Ireland was one of the most\\nrighteous acts of this reign. Whether the\\ngreat English Statesman will be equally\\nsuccessful in securing Home Eule for that\\nunhappy land, upon which he has staked\\nthe final effort of his life, remains to be\\nseen.\\nThe Irish question is such a tangled web\\nof wrong and injustice complicated by folly\\nand outrage, that the wisest and best-inten-\\ntioned statesmanship is baffled. Whether\\nthe conditions would be improved by giving\\nthem their own Parliament, can only be de-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 173\\ntermined by experiment and that experi-\\nment England is not yet willing to try. His-\\ntory affords few spectacles of its kind more\\nimpressive than Mr. Gladstone at 86, with\\nthe ardor and energy of youth, battling for\\na measure he believes so vitally necessary to\\nthe Nation. Although his name does not\\nappear upon the short list of our English\\nfriends in 1860, and although he did not seem\\nto deplore our threatened dismemberment at\\nthat critical time, still, not even in his own\\nland is more sincere homage paid to him than\\nby his kin beyond the sea, in America.\\nThe work of Parliamentary reform com-\\nmenced in 1832 has moved steadily on\\nthrough this reign. By successive acts the\\nfranchise has extended farther and farther,\\nuntil a final limit is almost reached; and\\nside by side with this has been a correspond-\\ning increase in educational facilities, be-\\ncause, as a Peer cynically remarked, we\\nmust educate our Masters!\\nSo many reforms have been accomplished\\nduring this reign, the time seems not far\\ndistant when there will be little more for\\nLiberals to urge, or for Conservatives and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthe House of Lords to obstruct. Monarchy is\\nabsolutely shorn of its dangers. The House\\nof Commons, which is the actual ruling\\npower of the Kingdom, is only the expres-\\nsion of the popular will..\\nWe are accustomed to regard American\\nfreedom as the one supreme type. But it is\\nnot. The popular will in England reaches\\nthe springs of Government more freely,\\nmore swiftly, and more imperiously, than it\\ndoes in Eepublican America. It comes as a\\nstern mandate, which must be obeyed on the\\ninstant. The Queen of England has less\\npower than the President of the United\\nStates. He can form a definite policy, se-\\nlect his own Ministry to carry it out, and to\\nsome extent have his own way for four\\nyears, whether the people like it or not.\\nThe Queen cannot do this for a day. Her\\nMinistry cannot stand an hour, with a pol-\\nicy disapproved by the Commons. Not since\\nAnne has a sovereign refused signature to\\nan Act of Parliament. The Georges, and\\nWilliam IV., continued to exercise the\\npower of dismissing Ministers at their pleas-\\nure. But since Victoria, an unwritten", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 175\\nlaw forbids it, and with this vanishes the\\nlast remnant of a personal Government.\\nThe end long sought is attained.\\nThe history of no other people affords\\nsuch an illustration of a steadily progres-\\nsive national development from seed to\\nblossom, compelled by one persistent force.\\nFreedom in England has not been wrought\\nby cataclysm as in France, but has unfolded\\nlike a plant from a life within; impeded\\nand arrested sometimes, but patiently bid-\\ning its time, and then steadily and irresist-\\nibly pressing outward; one leaf after an-\\nother freeing itself from the detaining force.\\nOnly a few more remain to be unclosed, and\\nwe shall behold the consummate flower of\\nfourteen centuries centuries in which the\\nmost practical nation in the world has\\nsteadily pursued an ideal! The ideal of\\nindividual freedom subordinated only to the\\ngood of the whole.\\nThe triumph of England has been the\\ntriumph not of genius, nor of intellect, but\\nof character. It is those cross-threads of\\nstubborn homely traits, the tenacity of pur-\\npose, the reluctance to change, the adher-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nence to habit, usage and tradition, which\\nhave toughened the fabric almost to inde-\\nstructibility. These traits are illustrated in\\nthe persistence of the hereditary principle\\nin the royal line. We look in vain for an-\\nother such instance. The blood of Cerdic,\\nthe first Saxon Ealdorman (495), flows in\\nthe veins of Victoria. She is 38th remove\\nfrom Egbert, first Saxon King of consoli-\\ndated England (802), 26th from William the\\nConqueror (1066), and 9th in descent from\\nthat picturesque and lovely criminal, Mary\\nStuart (1587). There have been wars, and\\nforeign invasions, a Danish and a Norman\\nconquest, the overturning of dynasties, and\\nEevolutions, and a Protectorate, and\\nyet there sits upon the throne to-day a\\nQueen descended by unbroken line from\\nCerdic the Saxon!\\nQueen Victoria is undoubtedly indebted\\nto the wise counsel and guidance of the\\nPrince Consort in the early decades of her\\nreign. Not one act of folly has marred its\\neven current. She has held up to the na-\\ntion a high ideal of wifehood, motherhood,\\nand of domestic virtue. None of her prede-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF ENGLAND 177\\ncessors have bound their people to them\\nwith ties so human, her griefs and experi-\\nences moving them as their own. We think\\nof her more as an exalted type of Woman,\\nthan as Sovereign of the most marvellous\\nEmpire the World ever saw its area three\\ntimes that of Europe, representing every\\nzone, all products, and every race\\nHow long England will be capable of\\nsending out a vital current sufficient to\\nnourish such distant extremities none can\\ntell or whether the far-off Colonies of Aus-\\ntralia, Canada, and New Zealand will in-\\ncrease their independent life, until they\\nbecome detached Sovereignties like the\\nUnited States. If that day ever comes, like\\nthe Mother of a generation of grown chil-\\ndren, with independent homes of their own,\\nEngland will sit with folded hands, her\\nlife-work done.\\nLet no American forget, that England\\nbefore the 18th Century is as much our\\nEngland as theirs; that the memories of\\nCrecy, of Blenheim, of Marston Moor and\\nNaseby, are our great inheritance too that\\nChaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, belong to", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF ENGLAND\\nthe humblest American as mucli as to Vic-\\ntoria.\\nTtie branch has grown far from the par-\\nent tree since the 17th Century and the\\nEngland of Tennyson and Herbert Spencer\\nmay be only a distant cousin. She has not\\nalways treated us well, has not been chary\\nof criticism, nor prodigal of praise, nor did\\nshe sympathize with us in the day of our\\nperil and misfortune. But for all that\\nsharing the same great heritage of race and\\nof literature, speaking in the same language\\nthe same thoughts and impulses, there must\\nalways exist between us a tie, such as can\\nbind us to no other nation upon the earth.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nThe history of prehistoric Ireland as told\\nin ancient chronicles, easily proves the\\nIrish to be the oldest nation in Europe,\\nmingling their story with those not alone of\\nEgypt, Troy, Greece, and Rome, but with\\nthat of Noah and the antediluvian world.\\nWho was the Lady Csesair, who fled with\\nher household to Ireland from the coming\\ndeluge after being refused shelter by Noah\\nand who Nemelid, the next colonist from the\\nEast, who heads the royal procession of one\\nhundred and eighteen kings and who, above\\nall, is Milesius, who comes fresh from the\\nlingual disaster at Shinar, the divinely ap-\\npointed ruler, bringing with him his Egyp-\\ntian wife Scota (Pharaoh s daughter) and her\\nson Gael? and who that other son Heber,\\nwhose name was given to the original lingua\\nhicmana (the Hebrew), in honor of his efforts\\nto prevent the blasphemous building of Ba-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF lEELAND\\nbel 1 For what do these shadowy figures\\nstand, looming out of formless mist and chaos\\nand bestowing their names as imperishable\\nmemorials Scotia, Scots, Gaelic, the\\nword Gaelic in its true significance includ-\\ning Ireland and Scotland. Even the name\\nFenian takes on a venerable dignity when\\nwe learn that Fenius, the Scythian King,\\nand father of Milesius, established the first\\nuniversity a sort of school of languages\\nfor the study of the seventy-two new vari-\\neties of human speech, appointing seventy-\\ntwo wise men to master this new and trouble-\\nsome branch of human knowledge We are\\ntold that Heber and Heremon, the sons of\\nMilesius, finally divided the island between\\nthem, and then, after the fashion of Ro-\\nmulus, Heber drove the factious Heremon\\nover the sea into the land of the Picts, and\\nreigned alone over the Scots in Ireland.\\nThe sober truth seems to be that Ireland,\\nat a very early period, was known to the\\nGreeks as lerne (from which comes Erin),\\nand later to the Romans as Hibernia. At a\\nvery remote time it seems to have been colon-\\nized by Greek and other Eastern peoples,\\nwho left a deep impress upon the Celtic race", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRP:LA]S D 181\\nalready inhabiting the island bnt an im-\\npress upon the mind, not the life, of the\\nCelts, for no vestige of Greek or other civili-\\nzation, except in language and in ideals, has\\never been found in Ireland. The only archaeo-\\nlogical remains are cromlechs, which tell of\\na Druidical worship, and the round towers,\\nbelonging to a much later period, whose\\npurpose is only conjectured.\\nIreland s Aryan parentage is plainly in-\\ndicated in its primitive social organization\\nand system of laws. The family was the\\nsocial unit, and the clan or sejpt was only\\na larger family. Pre-Christian Ireland was\\ndivided into five septs Munster, Connaught,\\nUlster, Leinster, and Meath. Each of these\\ntribal divisions was governed by a chief\\nor king, who was the head of the clan (or\\nfamily). Among these, the chief-king, or\\nArd Reagli^ resided at Tara in Meath, and\\nreceived allegiance from the other four, with\\nno jurisdiction, however, over the internal\\naffairs of the other kingdoms. There was a\\nperpetual strife between the clans. Outside\\nof one s own tribal limits was the enemy s\\ncountry. The business of life was maraud-\\ning and plundering, and the greatest hero", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "182 HISTOEY OF lEELAI^D\\nwas he who could accomplish these things\\nby deeds of the greatest daring.\\nAll alike lived under a simple code of laws\\nadministered by a hereditary class of jurists\\ncalled Brehons. All offences were punish-\\nable by a system of fines called erics. The\\nland was owned by the clan. Primogeniture\\nwas unknown, and the succession to the\\noffice of chief was determined by the clan,\\nwhich had power to select any one within\\nthe family lines as Tanist or successor. This\\nin Brehon Law is known as the law of\\nTanistry, and was closely interwoven with\\nthe later history of Ireland. But the class\\nmore exalted than kings or brehons was the\\nBards. These were inspired singers, before\\nwhom Brehons quailed and kings meekly\\nbowed their heads.\\nDuring the Roman occupation of Britain\\nin which that country was Christianized,\\npagan Ireland heard nothing of the new\\nevangel almost at her door. But in 432, after\\nBritain had relapsed into paganism, St. Pat^\\nrick came into the darkened isle. If ever\\nPentecostal fires descended upon a nation it\\nwas in those sixty years during which one\\nsaintly man transformed a people from brut-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 183\\nish paganism to Christianity, and converted\\nIreland into the torch-bearer and nourisher\\nof intellectual and spiritual life, so that as\\nthe gothic night was settling upon Europe,\\nthe centre of illumination seemed to be pass-\\ning from Rome to Ireland. Their missionaries\\nwere in Britain, Germany, Gaul and students\\nfrom Charlemagne s dominions, and the sons\\nof kings from other lands, flocked to those\\nstone monasteries, the remains of which are\\nstill to be seen upon the Irish coast, and\\nwhich were then the acknowledged centres of\\nlearning in Europe. It was not until late in\\nthe ninth century that Ireland played a truly\\ngreat part in European history. Rome be-\\ncame jealous of these fiery Christians they\\nhad never worn her yoke, and concerned\\nthemselves little about the Pope. They had\\ntheir own views about the shape of the ton-\\nsure, and also their own time for celebrating\\nEaster, which was heretical and contuma-\\ncious, and there began a struggle between\\nRoman and Western Christianity. The pas-\\nsion for art and letters which accompanied\\nthis spiritual birth makes this, indeed, a\\nGolden Age. But the painting of missals,\\nand study of Greek poetry and philosophy,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "184 HISTOEY OF IRELAND\\nbrought no change in the life of the people.\\nIt was for the learned, and a subject for just\\npride in retrospect. But the Christianized\\nsepts fought each other as before, and life\\nwas no less wild and disordered than it had\\nalways been.\\nIn the eighth century the first viking ap-\\npeared. It was then that a master-spirit\\narose, a man of the clan of O Brien Brian\\nBoru. He drove out the Danes, usurped the\\nplace of Chief-King, and reigned in the Halls\\nof Tara for a few years, then left his land to\\nlapse once more into a chaos of fighting clans.\\nBut it was Dermot, the King of Leinster,\\nwhose fatal quarrel led to the subjugation of\\nthe land to England. The Irish epic, like\\nthat of Troy, has its Paris and Helen. If\\nthat fierce old man had not fallen in love\\nwith the wife of the Lord of Brefny and car-\\nried her away, there might have been a dif-\\nferent story to tell. The injured husband\\nmade war upon him, in which the Chief-\\nKing took part, and so hot was it made for\\nthe wife-stealer, that he offered to place Lein-\\nster at the feet of Henry II. in return for as-\\nsistance. A party of adventurous barons,\\nled by Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 185\\nrushed to Dermot s rescue, defeated tlie\\nChief-King, drove the Danes out of Dublin,\\nwhich they had founded, and took posses-\\nsion of that city themselves. Henry II. fol-\\nlowed up the unauthorized raid of his barons\\nwith a well-equipped army, which he him-\\nself led, landing upon the Irish coast in\\n1171.\\nThe conquest was soon complete, and\\nHenry proceeded to organize his new terri-\\ntory, dividing it into counties, and setting\\nup law-courts at Dublin, which was chosen\\nas the Seat of his Lord-Deputy. The sj^stem\\nof English law was established for the use\\nof the Norman barons and English settlers,\\nthe natives being allowed to live under their\\nold system of Brehon laws. Henry gave\\nhuge grants of land with feudal rights to his\\nbarons, then returned to his own troubled\\nkingdom, leaving them to establish their\\nclaims and settle accounts with the Irish\\nchieftains as best they could. The sword\\nwas the argument used on both sides, and\\na conflict between the brehon and feudal\\nsystems had commenced which still contin-\\nues in Ireland. If Henry had expected to\\nconvert Irishmen into Englishmen, he had", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nmiscalculated it was the reverse which\\nhappened the Norman-English were slowly\\nbut surely converted into Irishmen, and two\\nelements were thereafter side by side, the\\nOld Irish and the Anglo-Irish, who, however\\nantagonistic, had always a certain commun-\\nity of interest which drew them together in\\ngreat emergencies.\\nIt is an easy task to describe a storm\\nwhich has one centre. But how is one to\\ndescribe the confused play of forces in a\\ncyclone which has centres within centres?\\nIrish chieftains at war with Irish chieftains,\\njealous Norman barons with Norman bar-\\nons, all at the same time in deadly struggle\\nwith O Neills, O Connells, and O Briens,\\nwho would never cease to fight for the terri-\\ntory which had been torn from them and yet\\neach and all of these ready in a desperate\\ncrisis to combine for the preservation of Ire-\\nland. In this chaos the territorial barons\\nwere the framework of the structure. The\\ngrants bestowed by Henry 11. had created, in\\nfact, a group of small principalities. These\\nwere called Palatinates, and the power of\\nthe Lords Palatine was almost without limit.\\nEach was a king in his own little kingdom", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF IRELAND 187\\ncould make war upon his neighborb, and\\nrecruit his army from his own vassals. It\\nwas the Geraldines who played the most his-\\ntoric part among these Palatines, the houses\\nof Kildare and Desmond both being branches\\nof this famous ISTorman family, which was\\nalways in high favor with the English sover-\\neign, and always at war with the rival house\\nof Ormond, the next most powerful Anglo-\\nJSTorman family, descended from Thomas a\\nBecket. These barons, or Lords of the\\nPale, were, of course, supposed to be the\\nintermediaries for the King s authority.\\nBut the Geraldines seem to have found\\nplenty of time to build up their own fort-\\nunes, and as peace with their neighbors was\\nsometimes more conducive to that pursuit,\\nalliances with native chiefs and marriages\\nwith their daughters had in time made of\\nthem pretty good Irishmen.\\nBut our main purpose is not to follow\\nthe fortunes of these picturesque and roman\\ntic robbers who considered all Ireland their\\nlegitimate prey, but rather those of the hap-\\nless native population, dispossessed of their\\nhomes, hiding in forests and morasses, and\\nwhom it was the policy of the English Gov-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nernment to efface in their own country.\\nThese pages will tell of many efforts to com-\\npel loyalty, but not one effort to win the\\nloyalty of the Irish people is recorded in\\nhistory IS o race in the world is more sus-\\nceptible to kindness and more easily reached\\nby personal influences, and there are none\\nof whom a passionate loyalty is more char-\\nacteristic. What might have been the effect\\nof a policy of kindness instead of exaspera-\\ntion, we can only guess. But we can all see\\nplainly enough the disastrous resiilts which\\nhave come from pouring vitriol upon open\\nwounds, and from treating a nation as if\\nthey were not only intruders but outlaws in\\ntheir own land.\\nListen to the Statutes of Kilkenny, passed\\nby an obedient Parliament at a time when\\nEdward III. was depending upon sinewy,\\nclean-limbed young Irishmen to fight his\\nbattles in France and liBlp him to win\\nCrecy. (Which they did.) These are some\\nof the provisions of the statute Marriage\\nbetween English and Irish is punishable by\\ndeath in most terrible form. It is high\\ntreason to give horses, goods, or weapons of\\nany sort to the Irish. War with the natives", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 189\\nis binding upon good colonists. To speak\\nthe language of the country is a penal\\noffence, and the killing of an Irishman is not\\nto be reckoned as a crime.\\nBut in spite of the ferocity of her purpose,\\nEngland grew lax. She had great wars on\\nher hands, and more important interests to\\nlook after. Things were left to the Geral-\\ndines, and to the Irish Parliament, which\\nwas controlled by the Lords of the Pale.\\nIntermarriages, against which horrible penal-\\nties had once been enforced, had become\\nfrequent, and many dispossessed chiefs, not-\\nably the O Neills, had recovered their own\\nlands. So, when Henry YII. came to the\\nthrone, although the iJ^orman banners had\\nfor three centuries floated over Ireland, the\\nEnglish territory, the Pale, was really\\nreduced to a small area about Dublin.\\nHenry VII. determined to change all this.\\nSir Edward Poynings came charged with\\na mission, and Parliament passed an Act\\ncalled Poynings Act^ by which English laws\\nwere made operative in Ireland as in Eng-\\nland. When Henry YIII. succeeded his\\nfather, the astute Wolsey soon doubted the\\nfidelity of the Geraldines. Of what use", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "190 HISTOEY OF lEELAND\\nwere the Statutes of Kilkenny and the\\nPoynings Act, when the ruling Anglo- Irish\\nhouse acted as if they did not exist He\\nplanned their downfall. The great Earl\\nof Kildare was summoned to London, and\\nsix of the doomed house were beheaded in\\nthe Tower. The Reformation had given\\na new aspect to the troubles in Ireland.\\nHenry s attack upon the Church drew\\ntogether the native Irish and the Anglo-\\nIrish. The struggle had been hitherto only\\none over territory, between these naturally\\nhostile classes now they were drawn to-\\ngether by a common peril to their Church,\\nand when, in 1560, Queen Elizabeth had\\npassed the famous Act of Uniformity, mak-\\ning the Protestant liturgy compulsory, the\\nexasperation had reached an acute stage,\\nand the sense of former wrongs was intensi-\\nfied by this new oppression. Ireland was\\nfilled with hatred and burning with desire\\nfor vengeance, and there was one proud\\nfamily in Ulster, the O Neills, which was\\npreparing to defy all England. They scorn-\\nfully threw away the title Earl of Tyrone,\\nbestowed upon the head of their house by\\nHenry VIII., and declared that by virtue", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 191\\nof the old Irish law of Tanistry, Shane\\nO Neill was King of Ulster It was a test\\ncase of the validity of Irish or English laws.\\nShane the Proud, the King of Ulster, at\\nthe invitation of Elizabeth, appeared with\\nhis wild followers at her Court, wearing\\ntheir saffron shirts and battle-axes. The\\ntactful Queen patched up a peace with her\\nrival, and then made sure that his head\\nshould in a few weeks adorn the walls of\\nDublin Castle. His forfeited kingdom was\\nthickly planted with English and Scotch\\nsettlers, who, when they tried to settle,\\nwere usually killed by the O N eills. The\\nonly thing to be done was to exterminate\\nthis troublesome tribe. This grew into the\\nlarger purpose of extirpating the whole of\\nthe obnoxious native population. The\\nGeraldines were not all dead, and this atro-\\ncious plan led to the famous Geraldine\\nLeague, and that to the Desmond Rebel-\\nlion. The league which was to be the\\navenger of centuries of wrong, was a Catho-\\nlic one. The Earl of Desmond had long\\nbeen in communication with Rome and with\\nSpain, enlisting their sympathies for their\\nco-religionists in Ireland. A recent event", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nhelped to steel the hearts of the natives\\nagainst pity should they succeed. A ris-\\ning in Connaught had, at the suggestion of\\nSir Francis Crosby, been put down in the\\nfollowing way. The chiefs and their kins-\\nmen, four hundred in number, were invited\\nto a banquet in the fort of MuUaghmast.\\nBut one man escaped alive from that feast\\nof death One hundred and eighty from\\nthe clan of 0 Moore alone were slaugh-\\ntered. It was Rory O Moore who did\\nnot attend the banquet, who kept alive\\nthe memory of the awful event for many a\\nyear by his battle-cry, Remember Mul-\\nlaghmast! Now the long-impending bat-\\ntle was on, with a Geraldine for a standard-\\nbearer. But it was in vain. Another Earl of\\nKildare perished in the Tower, and another\\nDesmond head was sent there as a warning\\nagainst disloyalty Those who escaped\\nthe slaughter fell by the executioner, and\\nthe remnant, hiding from both, perished by\\nfamine. But Munster was pacified. The\\nenormous Desmond estate, a hundred miles\\nin territory, was confiscated and planted\\nwith settlers who would undertake the\\ndoubtful .task of settling.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF IRELAND 193\\nThe smothered fires next broke out in Ul-\\nster the brilliant Earl of Tyrone headed\\nthe rebellion bearing his name, with Spain\\nas an ally. The Queen sent the Earl of Es-\\nsex to crush Tyrone. His failure to crash\\nor even to check the great leader, and his\\nextraordinary conduct in consenting to an\\narmistice at the moment when he might\\nhave compelled a surrender, brought such a\\nreprimand from the furious Queen that he\\nrushed back to England, and to his death.\\nAnother and more successful leader came\\nMountjoy. The rebellion was put down, its\\nleader exiled, and his estate, comprising six\\nentire counties, was confiscated, planted with\\nScotch settlers, and Ulster, too, was pacified.\\nThe reign of Charles I. revived hope in Ire-\\nland. He wanted money, and when Straf-\\nford came bearing profuse promises of relig-\\nious and civil liberty, and the righting of\\nwrongs, a grateful Parliament at once voted\\nthe \u00c2\u00a3100,000 demanded for the immediate\\nuse of the Crown, also 10,000 foot and\\n1,000 horse for his use in the impending\\nrevolution, which was soon precipitated by\\nthe attempt of Charles and Laud to force\\nthe liturgy of the Established Church upon", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\ntlie people in Scotland. Between the Scotch\\nPresbyterians and the Irish Catholics there\\nwas the bitterest hatred engendered during\\nthe long strife between the natives and the\\nScotch settlers. So the King s cause was\\nIreland s cause, his enemies were her ene-\\nmies, and his triumph would also be hers.\\nThe day of liberation seemed at hand. The\\nLords of the Pale were in constant commu-\\nnication with the King and ready to co-oper-\\nate with him in his designs upon Scotland.\\nSuch was the situation when Charles, under\\nthe pressure of his need of money, summoned\\nthe Parliament (1641) the famous Long\\nParliament which was destined to sit for\\ntwenty eventful years.\\nWell would it be for Ireland if it could\\nblot out the memory of that year (1641)\\nand the horrid event it recalls. The story\\nbriefly told is that a plot, having for its\\nend a general forcible exodus of the hated\\nsettlers, was discovered and defeated, when\\na disappointed and infuriated horde of armed\\nmen spent their rage upon a community of\\nScotch settlers in Armagh and Tyrone, whom\\nthey massacred with horrible barbarities.\\nThere is no reason to believe this deed was", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 195\\npremeditated but it occurred, and was atro-\\ncious in details and appalling in magni-\\ntude. There can be no justification for\\nmassacre at any time but if there were no\\nbackground of cruelty for this particular\\none, it would stand out blacker even than it\\ndoes upon the pages of history. There were\\nmany massacres behind it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 massacres com-\\nmitted not to avenge wrongs, but to accom-\\nplish them The massacre of Protestants by\\nIrish Catholics is in itself no more hideous\\nthan the massacre of Irish Catholics by Prot-\\nestants. And was it strange that in their\\nfirst chance at retaliation, this half-civilized\\npeople treated their oppressors as their op-\\npressors had many, many times treated\\nthem? Could anything else have been ex-\\npected especially when we learn that the\\nScotch Presbyterians in Tyrone and Armagh\\nimmediately retaliated by murdering thirty\\nIrish Catholic families who were in no way\\nimplicated in the horror\\nStrafford s head had fallen in the first days\\nof the Long Parliament then Archbishop\\nLaud met the same fate, and finally the exe-\\ncution of Charles I. at Whitehall, in 1649,\\nput an end to the dreams of liberation. Al-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nmost the first thing to occupy the attention\\nof Cromwell was the settling of accounts\\nwith the Catholic rebels in Ireland, who had\\nfor years been intriguing with the traitor\\nKing and were even now plotting with the\\nPope s nuncio, Rinucini, for the return of\\nthe exiled Prince Charles.\\nIt required six years and 600,000 lives\\nfor Cromwell to inflict proper punishment\\nupon Ireland for these offences and the\\nmassacre of 1641 or rather, to ^prepare for\\nthe punishment which was now to begin,\\nand for which we shall search history in vain\\nfor a parallel The heroic Cromwellian\\nscheme which was carried out to the letter\\nwas this The entire native population\\nwere, before May 1, 1654, to depart in a body\\nfor Connaught, there to inhabit a small\\nreservation in a desolate tract between the\\nShannon and the sea, of which it was said\\nby one of the commissioners engaged in this\\nbusiness, there was not wood enough to\\nburn, water enough to drown, nor earth\\nenough to bury a man. They must not go\\nwithin two miles of the river, nor four miles\\nof the sea, a cordon of soldiers being per-\\nmanently stationed with orders to shoot any-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IHELAIS^D 197\\none who overstepped such limits. Any Irish\\nwho after the date named were found east\\nof the appointed line were to suffer death.\\nResistance was hopeless. We hear of wild\\npleas for time, for a brief delay to collect a\\nfew comforts, and make some provision for\\nfood and shelter. But at the beating of the\\ndrum and blast of the trumpet, and urged on\\nby bayonets, the tide of wretched humanity\\nflowed into Connaught, delicately nurtured\\nladies and children, the infirm, the sick, the\\nhigh and the low, peer and peasant, sharing\\nalike the vast sentence of banishment and\\nstarvation. The fate of others was even\\nworse, many thousands, ladies, children,\\npeople of all ranks, had for various reasons\\nbeen left behind. Wholesale executions of\\nso great a number of helpless beings were\\nimpossible, so they were sold in batches and\\nshipped, most of them to the West Indies\\nand to the newly acquired island of Jamaica,\\nto be heard of never more while of the\\nsturdier remnant left, a few fled into exile in\\nother lands, and the rest to the woods, there\\nto lead lives of wild brigandage, hiding like\\nwolves in caves and clefts of rocks, with a\\nprice upon their heads", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "198 HISTOEY OF lEELAND\\nOf the two crimes, the Cromwellian settle-\\nment and the massacre of 1641, it seems to\\nthe writer of this that Cromwell s is the\\nheavier burden for the conscience of a nation\\nto carry Who can wonder that the Irish\\ndid not love England, and that the task of\\ngoverning a people so estranged has been a\\ndifficult one for English statesmanship ever\\nsince\\nBut the extinction of a nation requires\\ntime, even when accomplished by measures\\nso admirable as those employed in the Crom-\\nwellian settlement. In 1660 Charles II.\\nwas on his father s throne, and we hear of\\nhopes revived, and the expectation that the\\nawful suffering endured for the father would\\nbe rewarded by his son. The land of the\\nexiles in Connaught had been bestowed by\\nCromwell upon his followers. But quick\\nto discern the turn in the tide, these men had\\nhelped to bring the exiled Prince Charles\\nback to his throne. They expected reward,\\nnot punishment Like many another suc-\\ncessful candidate, Charles was embarrassed\\nby obligations to his friends besides, he\\nmust not offend the anti-Catholic sentiment\\nin England, which since the massacre of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 199\\n1641 had become a passion. The matter of\\nthe land was finally adjudicated such Irish\\nas could clear themselves of complicity with\\nthe Papal Nuncio and of certain other seri-\\nous offences, of which almost all were guil-\\nty, might have their possessions restored to\\nthem. So a small portion of the land came\\nback to its owners, and the Duke of Ormond,\\na stanch Protestant, was created Viceroy.\\nAlthough nominally a Protestant, to the\\npleasure-loving Charles the religion of his\\nkingdom was the very smallest concern. So,\\nmore from indifference than indulgence,\\nthings became easier for the Irish Catholics,\\nand exiles began to return. The Protest-\\nants, both English and Irish, were alarmed.\\nWith the massacre ever before them, they\\nbelieved the only safety for Protestants was\\nin keeping the Irish papists in a condition\\nof absolute helplessness. There was a\\nsmouldering mass of apprehension which\\nneeded only a spark to convert it into a\\nblaze. The murder of Sir Edward Bery\\nGodfrey, a magistrate, afforded this spark.\\nTitus Gates, the most worthless scoundrel in\\nall England, had recently made a sworn\\nstatement before this gentleman to the effect", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200 EISTOEY OF lEELAND\\ntliat a plot existed for the murder of the\\nKing in order to place his Catholic brother\\non the throne, to be followed by a general\\nmassacre of Protestants, the burning of Lon-\\ndon, and an invasion of Ireland by the\\nFrench. When Sir Edward was found\\ndead upon a hill-side, men s minds leaped to\\nthe conclusion that the carnival of blood\\nhad begun. An insane panic set in. Noth-\\ning short of death would satisfy the popular\\nfrenzy. The Roman Catholic Archbishop,\\nDr. Plunkett, a man revered and beloved even\\nby Protestants, was dragged to London, and\\nfor complicity in a French plot which never\\nexisted, and for aiding a French invasion\\nwhich had never been contemplated, was\\nhanged, drawn, and quartered. Innocent vic-\\ntims were torn from their homes, fifteen sent\\nto the gallows, and 2,000 languished in pris-\\nons, while a suite of apartments at Whitehall\\nand \u00c2\u00a3600 a year was bestowed upon Gates,\\nwho was greeted as the saviour of his country!\\nIn two years more Gates was driven from\\nhis apartment at Whitehall for calling the\\nheir to the throne a traitor, was found\\nguilty of perjury, and sentenced to be pil-\\nloried, flogg ed, and imprisoned for life.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 201\\nAnd so ended the famous Popish Plot of\\n1678.\\nIn 1685 Charles XL died, and was succeeded\\nby his brother, James II. It was precisely\\nbecause this ignominious reign was so disas-\\ntrous to England, that it was a period of\\nbrief triumph for Ireland. That country\\nwas the corner-stone for the political struct-\\nure which James had long contemplated.\\nIt was the stronghold for the Catholicism\\nwhich he intended should become the re-\\nligion of his kingdom. The Duke of Or-\\nmond was deposed, and a Catholic filled the\\noffice of Viceroy in Ireland. At last their\\nturn had come, and no time was lost. An\\nIrish Parliament was summoned, in which\\nthere were just six Protestants. All the\\nthings of which they had dreamed for years\\nwere accomplished. The Poynings Act was\\nrepealed. Irish disabilities were removed.\\nThe Irish proprietors dispossessed by the\\nAct of Settlement had their lands restored\\nto them. All Protestants, under terrible\\npenalties, were ordered to give up their arms\\nbefore a certain day. Men only recently\\nwith a price upon their heads were now offi-\\ncers in the King s service, and were quarter-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202 HISTOEY OF lEELAND\\ning their soldiers upon the estates of the\\nProtestants. There was a general exodus of\\nthe Protestants, some fleeing to England and\\nothers into the North, where they finally en-\\ntrenched themselves in the cities of Ennis-\\nkillen and Londonderry, winning for that\\nlast-named city imperishable fame by their\\nheroic defence during a siege which lasted\\none hundred and five days.\\nIn the meantime it had become evident in\\nEngland that the safety of the kingdom\\ndemanded the expulsion of James. His son-\\nin-law, William of Orange, accepted an invi-\\ntation to come and share the English throne\\nwith his wife Mary. The fugitive King found\\na refuge with his friend and co-conspirator,\\nLouis Xiy., and from France continued to\\ndirect the revolutionary movements in Ire-\\nland, which he intended to use as a stepping-\\nstone to his kingdom.\\nBut for Catholic Ireland all these over-\\nturnings meant only a realization of the\\nlong-prayed-for event, a separation from\\nEngland, a kingdom of their own, with the\\nCatholic James to reign over them. When he\\narrived with his fleet and his French officers\\nand munitions of war, provided by Louis", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 203\\nXIV., he was embraced witli tears of rapt-\\nurous joy. Their ^Deliverer had come!\\nHe passed under triumphal arches and over\\nliower-strewn roads on his way to Dublin\\nCastle. But almost before these flowers had\\nfaded, James had met the army of William,\\nthe Battle of the Boyne had been fought\\nand lost (1690), and as fast as the winds\\nwould carry him he had fled back to France.\\nAs the city of Londonderry had been the\\nlast refuge for the Protestants in the North,\\nit was in the city of Limerick that the Irish\\nCatholics made their last stand in the South.\\nAnd the two names stand for companion acts\\nof valor and heroism. Saarsfield s magnifi-\\ncent defence of the latter city after the flight\\nof the King and during the terrible siege by\\nWilliam s army under Ginkel, is the one lumi-\\nnous spot in the whole campaign of disaster\\nand defeat. With the surrender of Limerick\\nthe end had come. Their Deliverer was\\nagain a fugitive in France, and Ireland was\\nface to face with an austere Protestant King,\\nonce more to be called to account and to re-\\nceive punishment for her crimes.\\nBy the famous Articles of Limerick the\\nterms of the surrender, wrung by Saarsfield s", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nvalor from the English commander, were\\nmore favorable than could have been expect-\\ned. These were a full pardon, and a restora-\\ntion of the rights enjoyed by the Catholics\\nunder Charles II. The army, with its officers,\\nwas to go into exile, and they might choose\\neither the service of William in England,\\nor enroll themselves in the service of France,\\nSpain, or otlier European countries. The\\nlatter was the choice of all except a very\\nfew and when the heart-rending separation\\nwas over, wives and mothers clinging in de-\\nspair to the retreating vessels, the last act in\\nthe Great Rebellion of 1690 was finished.\\nOf course the Poynings law was re-\\nstored, the recent Acts repealed, and a new\\nperiod had commenced for Ireland a period\\nof quiet, but a quiet not unlike that of the\\ngraveyard, the sort of quiet which makes\\nthe wounded and exhausted animal cease to\\nstruggle with his captors. For a whole cen-\\ntury we are to hear of no more revolts, ris-\\nings, or rebellions. There was nothing left to\\nrevolt. Nothing left to rise The bone and\\nsinew of the nation had gone to fight under\\nstrange banners upon foreign battle-fields,\\nso there was left a nation of non-combatants,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 205\\nwith spirit broken and hope extinguished,\\nand grown so pathetically patient, that we\\nhear not a single remonstrance as William s\\ncold-blooded decrees, known as the Penal\\nCode, are placed in operation. These enact-\\nments were not blood-thirsty, not sanguinary,\\nlike those of former reigns, but just a delib-\\nerate process apparently designed to convert\\nthe Irish into a nation of outcasts, by de-\\nstroying every germ of ambition and drying\\nup every spring which is the source of self-\\nrespecting manhood.\\nHere are a few of the provisions of the\\nfamous, or infamous, code No Papist could\\nacquire or dispose of property nor could\\nhe own a horse of the value of more than\\n\u00c2\u00a35 and any Protestant offering that sum\\nfor a horse he must accept it. He might not\\npractise any learned profession, nor teach\\na school, nor send his children to school\\nat home or abroad. Every barrister, clerk,\\nand attorney must take a solemn oath not\\nfor any purpose to employ persons belong-\\ning to that religious faith. The discovery\\nof any weapon rendered its Catholic owner\\nliable to fines, whipping, the pillory, and\\nimprisonment. He could not inherit, or", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\neven receive property as a gift from Pro-\\ntestants. The oldest son of a Catholic,\\nby embracing the Protestant faith, became\\nthe heir-at-law to the whole estate of his\\nfather, who was reduced to the position\\nof life-tenant and any child by the same\\nAct might be taken away from its father and\\na portion of his property assigned to it\\nwhile it was the privilege of the wife who\\napostatized, to be freed from her husband,\\nand to have assigned to her a proportion of\\nhis property.\\nThe not unnatural result of these last-\\nnamed enactments was that many were\\ndriven to feigned conversions in order to\\nkeep their families from starvation. It is\\nsaid that when old Lady Thomond was re-\\nproached for having bartered her soul by\\nprofessing the Protestant faith, her quick\\nretort was, Is it not better that one old\\nwoman should burn, than that all of the\\nThomonds should be beggars\\nMore details are unnecessary after saying\\nthat by a decision of Lord Chancellor Bowes\\nand Chief -Justice Robinson it was declared\\nthat the law does not suppose any such\\nperson to exist as an Irish Roman Catho-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 207\\nlie, while the English Bishop at Meath\\ndeclared from his pulpit, We are not\\nbound to keep faith with papists. And it\\nmust be remembered that the people placed\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2under this monstrous system of wrong and\\ndegradation were not a handful, whom the\\nwelfare of a community required should be\\ndealt with severely, they were a large ma-\\njority of the population, a nation dwelling\\nin their own country, where, by a Parliament\\nsupposed to be their own, they were governed\\nby a minority of aliens.\\nIn this time of Protestant ascendancy, as\\nit is called, there were, of course, only Protes-\\ntants in the Parliament. They had all the au-\\nthority, they alone were competent to vote\\nthey were the privileged and upper class\\nan Irish papist, whatever his rank, being the\\nsocial inferior of his Protestant neighbor.\\nBut let it not be supposed that the Irish\\nProtestants were on that account happy\\nThey had been planted in that land as a\\nbreakwater against the native Irish flood,\\nbut for all that, England had no idea of per-\\nmitting them to build up a dangerous pros-\\nperity in Ireland. The theory governing\\nEnglish statesmanship was that that coun-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208 HISTOKY OF lEELAIfD\\ntry must be kept helpless and to that end\\nit must be kept poor. During the reign of\\nCharles II. the importing of Irish cattle into\\nEngland had been forbidden. The effects of\\nthis prohibition, so ruinous at first, were at\\nlast offset by the discovery that sheep\\nmight be made a greater source of profit at\\nhome, than when shipped to England. There\\nwas an increasing demand in Europe for\\nIrish wool, and skilled manufacturers of\\nwoollen goods from abroad had come and\\nstarted factories, thus giving employment\\nto thousands of people.\\nWhen it was realized in England that a\\nprofitable Irish industry had actually been\\nestablished, there was a panic. The traders\\ndemanded legislative protection from Irish\\ncompetition, which came in this form. In\\n1699 an Act was passed prohibiting the ex-\\nport of Irish woollen goods, not alone to Eng-\\nland, but to all other countries. The facto-\\nries were closed. The manufacturers left the\\ncountry, never to return, and a whole popu-\\nlation was thrown out of employment. A\\ntide of emigration then commenced which\\nhas never ceased such as could, fleeing from\\nthe inevitable famine which in a land always", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 209\\nSO perilously near starvation must surely\\ncome.\\nThere was no market now for the wool\\nwhich the factories would have consumed.\\nAt home it brought 5d. a pound, but in\\nFrance a half crown The long, deeply\\nindented coast-line was well adapted for\\nsmuggling. French vessels were hovering\\nabout, waiting an opportunity to get it the\\npeople were hungr}^, and might be hungrier,\\nfor there was a famine in the land Is it\\nstrange that they were converted into law-\\nbreakers, and that wool was packed in caves\\nall along the coast and that a vast contra-\\nband trade carried on by stealth, took the\\nplace of a legitimate one which was made\\nimpossible\\nSo it became apparent that any efforts to\\nestablish profitable enterprises in Ireland\\nwould be put down with a strong hand.\\nThe colonists who had been placed there by\\nEngland felt bitterly at finding themselves\\nthus involved in the pre-determined ruin of\\nthe country with which they had identified\\ntheir own fortunes. Their love of the parent-\\ncountry waned, some even turning to and\\nadopting the persecuted creed. The voice of", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "210 HISTORY OF lEELAlS^D\\nthe native people, utterly stifled, was never\\nheard in Parliament, and struggles which\\noccurred there were between Protestants and\\nProtestants between those who did, and\\nthose who did not, uphold the policy of the\\nGovernment. Such was the condition which\\nremained practically unchanged until the\\nmiddle of the eighteenth century a small dis-\\ncontented upper class, chiefly aliens below\\nthem the peasantry, the mass of the people,\\nwhose benumbed faculties and empty minds\\nhad two passions to stir their murky depths\\nlove for their religion, and hatred of England.\\nThe first voice raised in support of the\\nconstitutional rights of Ireland was that of\\nWilliam Molyneux, an Irish gentleman and\\nscholar, a philosopher, and the intimate\\nfriend of Locke. In the latter part of the\\nseventeenth century he issued a pamphlet\\nwhich in the gentlest terms called attention\\nto the fact that the laws and liberties of\\nEngland which had been granted to Ireland\\nfive hundred years before had been invaded,\\nin that the rights of their Parliament, a\\nbody which should be sacred and inviola-\\nble everywhere, had been abolished. Noth-\\ning could have been milder than this pre-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 211\\nsentation of a well-known fact but it\\nraised a furious storm. The constitutional\\nrights of Ireland! Was the man mad?\\nThe book was denounced in Parliament as\\nlibellous and seditious, and was destroyed\\nby the common hangman. Then Dean Swift,\\nhalf- Irishman and more than half -English-\\nman, an ardent High-Churchman and a vehe-\\nment anti-papist, published a satirical pam-\\nphlet called A Modest Proposal, in which\\nhe suggests that the children of the Irish\\npeasants should be reared for food, and the\\nchoicest ones reserved for the landlords, who\\nhaving already devoured the substance of the\\nfathers, had the best right to feast upon their\\nchildren. This was made the more pungent\\nbecause it came from a man who so far from\\nbeing an Irish patriot, was an English Tory.\\nHe cared little for Ireland or its people, but he\\nhated tyranny and injustice and was stirred\\nto a fierce wrath at what he himself wit-\\nnessed while Dean of St. Patrick s Cathedral\\nin Dublin. Then it was that with tremen-\\ndous scorn he hurled those shafts of biting\\nwit and satire, which struck deeper than the\\ncogent reasoning of the gentle and philo-\\nsophic Molyneux.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nSo the spell of silence was broken, and\\nthere began to form a small patriotic party\\nin Parliament, which in 1760 was led by\\nHenry Flood, from Kilkenny. A day was\\ndawning after the long night and when in\\n1775 Henry Grattan s more powerful per-\\nsonality was joined with Flood s, then that\\nbrief day had reached its highest noon. Next\\nto that of Edmund Burke, Grattan s is\\nthe greatest name on the roll of native-born\\nIrishmen. Happy was that country in hav-\\ning such an advocate and guide at the criti-\\ncal period when the American colonies were\\nthrowing off the yoke of English tyranny.\\nThe wrongs suffered by the English colonies\\nin America were trifling compared with those\\nendured by that other English colony in\\nIreland. If ever there was a time to press\\nupon England the necessity for loosening\\ntheir shackles it was now, when their battle\\nwas being fought across the sea. Every ar-\\ngument in support of the independence of\\nAmerica applied with equal force to the\\nlegislative independence of Ireland. It was\\nGrattan who at this momentous time guided\\nthe course of events. A Protestant, yet pos-\\nsessing the entire confidence of the Catho-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 213\\nlies an uncompromising patriot, yet com-\\nmanding tlie respect and admiration of the\\nEnglish Government inflexibly opposed to\\nCatholic exclusion and the ascendancy of a\\nProtestant minority, and as inflexibly op-\\nposed to any act of violence, he was deter-\\nmined to obtain redress but to obtain it\\nonly by means of the strictest constitutional\\nmethods. It was upon the constitutional\\nity of their claims that he threw all the\\nenergy of the movement growing out of the\\nAmerican war. His personal sympathies\\nwere with the struggling colonists yet he\\nvoted for men and money to sustain the\\nEnglish cause. Equal rights bestowed upon\\nCatholics, who were in large majority, would\\ntransfer to them the power yet he, a Prot-\\nestant, passionately advocated a removal of\\nthe disabilities of four-fifths of the people.\\nIt was in this spirit of wise moderation and\\neven-handed justice that Grattan took the\\ntangled web of the Irish cause out of the\\nhands of the more impetuous Flood his elo-\\nquence and his moving appeals keeping two\\nobjects steadily in view the independence\\nof the Irish Parliament, and the removal of\\nthe fetters from Irish trade.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214 HISTORY OF IRELAIH)\\nTimes had changed since Molynenx s gentle\\nremonstrance, when Gfrattan s famous Dec-\\nlaration of Rights was being supported by\\neighteen counties, and still more changed\\nwhen at last, in 1782, an Irish House of Com-\\nmons marched in a body to present to the\\nLord Lieutenant their address demanding\\nfreedom of commerce and manufacture.\\nAn unlooked-for train of events had given\\nnew weight to this demand. England had\\nrealized the necessity of protecting Ireland\\nfrom a possible invasion growing out of the\\nAmerican war. So it was determined that a\\nbody of militia should be levied, in which\\nonly Protestants should be enrolled. The\\nattempt to raise the men or the money in\\nIreland was a failure, and while defenceless,\\nthe country was thrown into a panic by the\\ndescent of Paul Jones, the American naval\\nhero, upon Belfast and other points on the\\ncoast. The citizens of Belfast enrolled them-\\nselves for their own defence. Other towns\\nfollowed, and the contagion spread with such\\nrapidity that in a short time there was in ex-\\nistence a volunteer force of 60,000 men.\\nDismayed at the swiftness of the move-\\nment, England hesitated but how could she", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 215\\ndeny her colony the right of self-defence\\nThey were given the arms which had been in-\\ntended for the Protestant militia. And so,\\nwhen the House of Commons marched in a\\nbody to the Lord Lieutenant, and presented\\ntheir address to the Crown, it had 60,000\\narmed men behind it\\nThe Viceroy wrote to England that unless\\nthe trade restrictions were removed, he would\\nnot answer for the consequences. Lord\\nNorth had enough to do with one rebellion\\non his hands and, besides, George III. might\\nhave need of some of those 60,000 soldiers\\nbefore he got through with America. So the\\nPrime Minister yielded. The first victory\\nwas gained, and the other quickly followed.\\nAmerican independence was acknowledged\\nEngland was in no mood to defy another col-\\nony with rebellion in its heart. The Poynings\\nAct once more, and now for all time, was re-\\npealed, and the Irish Parliament was a free and\\nindependent body. Grateful for this partial\\nemancipation, it voted \u00c2\u00a3100,000 to Grattan.\\nBut this legislative triumph did not feed\\nthe people. It was only the seed out of\\nwhich future prosperity was to grow. A\\nvague expectation of instant relief was bit-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nterly disappointed when it was found instead\\nthat they were sinking deeper every day in\\nthe hopeless abyss of poverty and degrada-\\ntion. There had come into existence an or-\\nganization called the White Boys, with\\nno political or religious purpose, simply a\\nfraternity of wretchedness; beings made\\ndesperate by want, standing ready to com-\\nmit any violence which oifered relief. At\\nthe same time an irritation born of misery\\nbrought the Protestants and Catholics in the\\nNorth into tierce collision and the germ of\\nthe future Orange societies appeared.\\nThese small storm-centres were all soon to\\nbe drawn into a larger one. In 1791 the So-\\nciety of United Irishmen was formed at\\nBelfast. It was merely a patriotic attempt\\nto sink minor differences in an organization\\nin which all could join. With the rising of\\nthe general tide of misery it changed in\\ncharacter, and fell into the control of a band\\nof restless spirits led by Wolfe Tone, who\\nmaintained that since constitutional reforms\\nhad failed, force must be their resort. He\\nsent agents to Paris, and the new French\\nrepublic consented to assist in an attempt\\nto establish a republic in Ireland.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 217\\nWhen tlie year 1798 closed, there had\\nbeen another unsuccessful rebellion. Fe-\\nrocity had been met by ferocity, and Wolfe\\nTone and Edward Fitzgerald (a Geraldine)\\nhad perished in the ruin of the structure\\nthey had wildly built. Flood and Gfrattan\\nhad stood aloof from this miserable under-\\ntaking. It was now eighteen years since the\\nconstitutional triumph which had proved so\\nbarren. England was in stern mood. Pitt\\nhad long believed that the elfacement of the\\nIrish Parliament and a legislative union of\\nthe two countries was the only solution.\\nThe Irish Protestants were shown the bene-\\nfits of the protection this would afford them,\\nwhile the bait offered to the Catholics was\\nemancipation, the removal of disabilities\\nwhich it was intimated would quickly fol-\\nlow. But no one was won to the cause,\\nGrattan, in the most impassioned way pro-\\ntesting against it, and the measure was de-\\nfeated. Then followed the darkest page in\\nthe chapter.\\nIt is well known that large amounts of\\nmoney were paid to the owners of eighty-five\\ndoubtful boroughs boroughs which would\\nbe effaced by the union that peerages and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "218 HISTORY OF lEELAl^D\\nbaronetcies were generously distributed, and\\ntliafc shortly after, the measure was again\\nbrought up and carried So by the Act\\nof Union, 1800, the Irish Parliament had\\nceased to exist, and the two countries were\\npolitically merged. It is certain that the\\nunion was hateful to the Irish people, and\\nthat it was tainted by the suspicion of dis-\\nhonorable methods, which one hundred\\nyears have failed to disprove. It may have\\nbeen the best thing possible, under the cir-\\ncumstances, for Ireland but to the Irish\\npatriots it seemed a crowning act of oppres-\\nsion accomplished by treachery.\\nYou cannot combine oil and water by\\npouring them into one glass. The union\\nwas not a union. The natures of the two\\nraces were utterly hostile. Centuries of\\ncruel wrong and outrage had accentuated\\nevery undesirable trait in the Irish people.\\nA nature simple, confiding, spontaneous,\\nand impulsive, had become suspicious, ex-\\nplosive, and dangerous. Pugnacity had\\ngrown into ferocity. A joyous, light-hearted,\\nand engaging people had become a sullen\\nand vindictive one famine, misery, and ig-\\nnorance had put their stamp of degradation", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 219\\nupon the peasantry, the majority of the\\npeople. Intermarriage, so savagely inter-\\ndicted for centuries, was the only thing\\nwhich could ever have fused two such con-\\ntrasting races. Such a fusion might have\\nbenefited both, in giving a wholesome solid-\\nity to the Irish, while the stolid English\\nwould have been enriched by the fascinat-\\ning traits and the native genius of their brill-\\niant neighbors. But the opportunity had\\nbeen lost and enlightened English states-\\nmanship is still seeking for a plan which\\nwill convert an unnatural and artificial union\\ninto a real one.\\nThe delusive promises of the relief which\\nwas to come with union were not fulfilled.\\nCatholics remained under the same mon-\\nstrous ban as before, and things were prac-\\ntically unchanged. Young Robert Em-\\nmett s abortive attempt to seize Dublin\\nCastle in 1803 intensified conditions, but\\ndid not alter them. The pathetic story of\\nhis capture while seeking a parting interview\\nwith Sarah Curran, to whom he was engaged,\\nand his death by hanging the following\\nmorning, is one of the smaller tragedies in\\nthe greater one and the death of Sarah", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nfrom a broken heart, soon after, is tlie subject\\nof Moore s well-known lines.\\nThe most colossal figure in the story of\\nIreland had now appeared. Daniel O Con-\\nnell, unlike the other great leaders, was a\\nCatholic. In the language of another, he\\nwas the incarnation of the Irish nation.\\nAll that they were, he was, on a majestic\\nscale. His whole tremendous weight was\\nthrown into the subject of Catholic emanci-\\npation and, although a giant in eloquence\\nand in power, it took him just twenty-nine\\nyears to accomplish it. In the year 1829,\\neven Wellington, that incarnation of Brit-\\nish conservatism, bent his head before the\\nstorm, and there was a full and unqualified\\nremoval of Catholic disabilities. O Connell\\nwas not content he did not pause. The\\ntithe-system, that most odious of oppressions,\\nmust go. A starving nation compelled to\\nsupport in its own land a Church it consid-\\nered blasphemous A standing army kept\\nin their land to wring this tribute from them\\nat the point of the bayonet! Think of a\\npeople on the brink of the greatest famine\\nEurope has ever known, being in arrears a\\nmillion and a quarter of pounds for tithes", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF IRELAND 221\\nfor an Established Church they did not want\\nIs it strange that Sydney Smith said no\\nabuse as great could be found in Timbuctoo 1\\nIs it a wonder that there was always disorder\\nand violence from a chronic tithe-war in\\nIreland, which it is said has cost a million of\\nlives But in 1839, in the second year of\\nQueen Victoria s reign, Parliament gave re-\\nlief, in the following ingenious way. The\\nburden was placed upon the land the land-\\nlord must pay the tithe, not the people\\nThe exasperation which followed took a form\\nwith which we are all more or less familiar.\\nWith the increase in rents which, of course,\\nensued, there commenced an anti-rent agita-\\ntion which has never ceased. A repeal of\\nthe Union was the only remedy, and to this\\nO Connell devoted all his energies.\\nIn 1845, in one black night, a blight fell\\nupon the potato-crop. Carlyle says a fam-\\nine presupposes much. What must be the\\neconomic condition of a people when there is\\nonly one such frail barrier between them\\nand starvation The famine was the hideous\\nchild of centuries. There is no need to dwell\\nupon its details. Its name expresses all the\\nhorror of those two years, when Europe and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nAmerica strove in vain to relieve the famish-\\ning nation, even those who had food, dying,\\nit is said, from the mental anguish produced\\nby witnessing so much suffering which they\\ncould not assuage. The great O Connell\\nhimself died of a broken heart in beholding\\nthis national tragedy. When it was over,\\nIreland had lost two millions of its popula-\\ntion. Thousands had perished and thou-\\nsands more had emigrated from the doomed\\nland to America, there to keep alive, in the\\nhearts of their children, the memory of their\\nwrongs.\\nOut of this wreck and ruin there arose the\\nparty of Young Ireland, led, with more or\\nless wisdom, by Mitchell, Smith O Brien\\n(descended from Brian Boru), Dillon, and\\nMeagher. Mitchell was soon transported,\\nand later O Brien and Meagher were under\\nsentence of death, which was afterward com-\\nmuted, Meagher surviving to lay down his\\nlife for the North in the civil war in Amer-\\nica. It is not strange that these men were\\ndriven to futile insurrections, maddened as\\nthey were by the sight of their countrymen,\\nnot yet emerged from the horrors of famine,\\nforced in droves out of the shelter of their", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF IRELAND 223\\nmiserable cabins, for non-payment of rent.\\nIt has been told in foregoing pages how it\\ncame about that absentee English landlords\\nowned a great part of Ireland. From this\\nhad arisen the custom of subletting and\\nwhen it is known that sometimes four people\\nstood between the tenant and the landlord,\\nit will be realized how difficult it was to\\nplace responsibility, to do justice, or to show\\nmercy in such an iniquitous system. It was\\nthe system, not the landlord, that was vicious.\\nEviction has done as much as famine to de-\\npopulate Ireland. It has driven millions of\\nIrishmen into America and the cruelty and\\neven ferocity with which it has been carried\\nout cannot be overstated. Whatever the\\nweather, for the sick, or even for the dying,\\nthere was no pity. Out they must go and\\nto make sure that they would not return,\\nthe cabin was unroofed And then, if the\\nwretched being died under the stars by the\\nroad-side, he might, in the words of Mitchell,\\nlift his dying eyes and thank Gfod that he\\nperished under the best constitution in the\\nworld\\nAt the close of the American civil war it\\nwas believed by Irishmen that the strained", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nrelations between England and America\\nwould lead to open conflict. An organiza-\\ntion named Fenians (after the ancient Feni)\\nformed a plan for a rising in Ireland, which,\\nwas to be simultaneous with a raid into\\nCanada by way of America.\\nThe United States Government took vigor-\\nous action in the matter of the Canadian\\nraid, and the failure of this and of other vio-\\nlent attempts at home put an end to the least\\ncreditable of all such organizations.\\nIt was in 1869 that Mr. Gladstone realized\\nhis long- cherished plan for the disestablish-\\nment of the Church in Ireland. The genera-\\ntions which had hoped and striven for this\\nhad passed away, and in the Ireland which\\nremained, there was scarcely spirit enough\\nleft to rejoice over anything. The words\\nHome Rule were the only ones with power\\nto arouse hope. With the Liberal Party on\\ntheir side, this seemed possible of attain-\\nment. In 1875 Charles Parnell entered the\\nHouse of Commons and became the leader of\\na Home Rule Party. But the question of\\nevictions, of which there had been 10,000 in\\nfour years, became so pressing, that he\\norganized a National Land League, which", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF lEELAKD 225\\nhad for its object the relief of present dis-\\ntress, and the substitution of peasant-pro-\\nprietorship for the existing landlord system\\nan agrarian scheme, or dream, to which\\nMr. Parnell devoted the rest of his life.\\nMr. Parnell s weapons were parliamentary.\\nHe introduced an obstructive method in\\nlegislation which caused extreme irritation\\nand finally antagonism between the Liberal\\nParty and his own. This, together with the\\nunfounded suspicion of complicity in the\\nmurder of Lord Frederick Cavendish, in\\n1882, militated against Mr. Gladstone s\\nHome Rule Act, which was defeated in\\n1886 and the cause still awaits another\\nchampion.\\nIt has been Ireland s misfortune to be\\ngeographically allied to one of the greatest\\nEuropean Powers. She has been fighting\\nfor centuries against the despotism of\\nfact. She has never once loosened the\\ngrasp fastened upon her in 1171 never had\\ncontrol of her capital city, which, built by\\nthe Northmen, has been the home of her\\npolitical masters ever since. Of course\\neveryone knows that when the English\\nGovernment solemnly doubts the capacity", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF IRELAND\\nof the Irish people for Home Rule, its solici-\\ntude is for England, not Ireland. Francis\\nMeagher, when on trial for his life, said:\\nIf I have committed a crime, it is because\\nI have read the history of Ireland One\\nneed not be an Irish patriot to be in rebel-\\nlion against the English rule in that land\\nand no Protestant can read without shame\\nand indignation the crimes which have been\\ncommitted in the name of his Church.\\nWith what measure ye meet, it shall be\\nmeasured to you again. These are stern\\nwords. One human life is not long enough\\nto show their inexorable truth, but it is con-\\nspicuously proved in the life of empires.\\nHow England is going to make restitution\\nto the nation she has so cruelly wronged,\\nno one is yet wise enough to foresee.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nThe northern extremity of the British\\nIsles, bristling with mountains and with its\\nragged coast-line deeply fringed by the sea,\\ntold in advance the character of its people.\\nScotland is the child of the mountains and\\nin spite of all that has been done to change\\ntheir native character, the word Caledonia\\nstill invokes the same picturesque, liberty-\\nloving race which in the first century, under\\nthe name of Picts, defied Agricola and his\\nRoman legions, and the wall they had\\nbuilded. If they have borrowed their name\\nfrom Ireland, if they have used the speech\\nand consented to wear the political yoke of\\nthe Anglo-Saxon, they have accepted these\\nthings only as convenient garments for a\\nproud Scottish nationality, which has defied\\nall efforts to change its essential character.\\nAbout four centuries after the Roman in-\\nvasion, a colony of Scots (Irish) migrated to", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nthe opposite coast, under Fergus, and set up\\ntheir little kingdom in Argyleshire, taking\\nwith them, perhaps, the sacred Stone of\\nDestiny upon which a long line of Irish\\nkings had been crowned, and which tradition\\nasserts was Jacob s Pillow. The Picts\\nand the Irish Scots were both of the Celtic\\nrace, and if they fought, it was as brothers\\ndo, ready in an instant to embrace and make\\ncommon cause, which they first did against\\nthe Romans. A common enemy is the sur-\\nest healer of domestic feuds, and there were\\nmany of these to bring together the two Cel-\\ntic branches dwelling on the same soil after\\nthe fifth century. Then came the more\\npeaceful fusion through a common religious\\nfaith. St. Columba had been preceded by\\nSt. Mmian. But it was the Irish saint from\\nDonegal who did for the Picts what St.\\nPatrick had done for the Irish Scots. In\\nthe history of the Church there has never\\nbeen an awakening of purer spiritual ardor\\nthan that which irradiated from Columba s\\nmonastery at lona.\\nWhy the Irish Scots, occupying only a\\nsmall bit of territory, should have fastened\\ntheir name upon the land of their adoption", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAIS^D 229\\nis not known. Perhaps it was the magic of\\nthat Stone of Destiny The Picts had the\\npolitical centre of their kingdom at Scone,\\non the river Tay. It was in 844 that Kenneth\\nM Alpin made war upon the Irish Scots, the\\nlittle kingdom in Argyle was merged with\\nthat of the Picts, and by the eleventh century\\nthe latter name had disappeared and the\\nname Scotland was applied to the whole\\ncountry. In the two centuries following\\nthis union there were four reigns, in which\\nwars between hostile clans were diversified\\nby wars with invading Danes, and with the\\nAngles near the border, with whom there\\nwas a chronic struggle, caused by aggressions\\nupon both sides. Malcolm 11. succeeded in\\ndefeating the Angles on the Tweed, seized\\nLothian, incorporated this bit of old England\\nwith his own kingdom, then died, in 1034,\\nleaving his throne to his grandson, Duncan.\\nThere was the same play of fierce ambi-\\ntions upon this small stage as on larger ones.\\nScottish thanes strove to undermine and\\nsupplant other thanes, just as Norman\\nbarons and Scotch-English earls would do\\nlater, and as in other lands and at all times,\\nthe dream of aspiring, intriguing nobles", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nwas by some happy chance to snatch the\\ncrown and reign at Scone.\\nMacbeth, the Thane of Glamis, was by\\nbirth nearest to the supreme prize. His\\nwife, whose undaunted mettle we all\\nknow, had royal blood in her veins. We\\nalso know how the poison of ambition\\nworked in the once guiltless soul of the\\nthane after the prophecy of the Weird\\nSisters had commenced its fulfilment. The\\nstory was quaintly told a century before\\nShakespeare lived, in a history of Scotland\\nby Boece. The book was written in Latin,\\nand in the sixteenth century was translated\\ninto the Scottish vernacular. It tells of the\\nmeeting between Macbeth, Banquo, and the\\nWeird Sisters. The first of thaim said,\\nHale, Thane of Glammis the secound\\nsaid, Hale, Thane of Cawder and the\\nthrid said, Hale, King of Scotland Then\\nBanquo said, How is it ye gaif to my com-\\npanyeon not onlie landis and gret rentis,\\nbot Kingdomes, and gevis me nocht? To\\nwhich they reply, Thoucht he happin to be\\nane King, nane of his blude sail eftir him\\nsucceid. Be contrar, thow sail nevir be King,\\nbot of the sal cum mony Kingis, quhilkis", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF SCOTLAND 231\\nsail rejose the Croun of Scotland! Then\\nthey evanist out of sicht. This seems to\\nhave amused the two friends and Fur sam\\ntime Banquho wald call Makbeth King of\\nScottis for derisioun and he on the samin\\nmaner wald call Banquho the fader of\\nmony Kingis Yit, not long ef ter, it hapnit\\nthat the Thane of Cawder was disinherist and\\nforfaltit of his landis for certane crimes and\\nhis landis wer gevin be King Duncane to\\nMakbeth. It hapnit in the nixt nicht that\\nBanquho and Makbeth were sportand togid-\\ndir at thair supper, and Banquo reminded\\nhis friend that there remained only the Crown\\nto complete the prophecy. Whereupon, he\\nbegan to covat the crown. And then Dun-\\ncan named his young son Malcolm as his\\nheir, Quhilk wes gret displeseir to Mak-\\nbeth for it maid plane derogatioun to the\\nthrid weird, promising him the Crown.\\nl^ochtheless, he thocht, gif Duncane war\\nslane, he had maist richt to the Croun, be the\\nold lawis of King Fergus (law of tanistry),\\nbecaus he wer nerest of blude thair to,\\nthe text of the old law being, Quhen\\nyoung children wer unabil to govern, the\\nnerrest of thair blude sail regne. Then,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF SCOTLATTD\\nwhen his wife calland him oft times, febil\\ncowart, sen he durst not assail ye thing\\nwith manheid and enrage, qnhilk is offert to\\nhim be benivolence of fortonn, then, so\\ntempted and so goaded, Makbeth fand\\nsufficient opportunite, and slew King Dun-\\ncane, the yil yeir of his regne, and his body\\nwas buryit in Elgin, and efter tane up\\nand brocht to Colmekill, quhare it remanis\\nyit, amang the uthir Kingis: fra our Re-\\ndemption. MXLYI yeris.\\nThe story told in these quaint words was,\\nwithout any doubt, read by Shakespeare, and\\nin the alembic of his imagination grew into\\nthe immortal play. Touched by his genius,\\nthe names Dunsinnane and Birnam, lying\\nclose to Scone, are luminous points on the\\nmap, upon which the eye loves to linger.\\nThe incidents may not be authentic. We\\nare told they are not. But Macbeth certainly\\nslew Duncan and was King of Scotland, and\\nfinally met his Nemesis at Dunsinnane, near\\nBirnam Wood, where Malcolm III., called\\nCanmore, avenged his father s death, slew\\nthe usurper, and was crowned king at Scone,\\n1054.\\nThe historic point selected by Shakespeare", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 233\\nhas an important significance of a different\\nsort. It was the dividing line between the\\nold and the new. Macbeth s reign marks\\nthe close of the Celtic period. With the\\nadvent of Malcolm III., there commenced\\nthat infusion of Teutonic political ideals\\nwhich was destined at last to merge the An-\\nglo-Saxon and the Scottish Celt into one\\npolitical organism. Malcolm s mother was\\nthe sister of the Earl of IN orthumberland.\\nSo the son of Duncan was half-English and\\nhe became more than half-English when,\\nsomewhat later, he married Margaret, sister of\\nhis friend and guest, Edgar the Atheling,\\nlast claimant of the Saxon throne, who had\\ntaken refuge with him while vainly plotting\\nagainst William the Conqueror. This was in\\n1067, the year after the conquest. So at this\\ncritical period in English history, the door\\nleading to the South, which had until now\\nbeen kept bolted and barred, except for hos-\\ntile bands, was left ajar. A host of Saxon no-\\nbles, following their leader, Edgar, streamed\\ninto Scotland, and soon formed the most\\npowerful element about the throne, bringing\\nnew speech, new ways, new customs in fact,\\ndoing at Scone precisely what the Norman", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234 HTSTOEY OF SCOTLAIS^D\\nnobles were at the same time doing at Lon-\\ndon, substituting a more advanced civiliza-\\ntion for an existing one. The manners of the\\nJN orman nobles were not more odious to the\\nSaxon nobility in England, than were those\\nof the Saxons to the proud thanes and people\\nin Scotland. Then Malcolm began to bestow\\nlarge grants of land upon his foreign favor-\\nites, accompanied by an almost unlimited\\nauthority over their vassals, and feudalism\\nwas introduced into the free land. With\\nthese changes there gradually formed a dia-\\nlect, a mingling of the two forms of speech,\\nwhich became the language of the Court, and\\nof the powerful dwellers in the Lowlands.\\nAnd so, in succeeding reigns, the process of\\nblending went on, the wave of a changed\\ncivilization driving before it the Celtic\\nspeech, manners, and habits, into their im-\\npregnable fastnesses in the Highlands, there\\nto preserve the national type in proud per-\\nsistence. Such was the condition for one\\nhundred and fifty years, the Crown in open\\nalliance with aliens, subverting established\\nusages and fastening an exotic feudalism up-\\non the South while an angry and defiant Cel-\\ntic people remained unsubdued in the North.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 235\\nIt was a favorite amusement with the\\nScottish kings to dart across the border into\\nNorthumbria, the disputed district, not yet\\nincorporated with England, there to waste\\nand burn as much as they could, and then\\nback again. In one of these forays in 1174,\\nthe King, William the Lion, was captured\\nby a party of English barons. Henry II. of\\nEngland had just returned from Ireland,\\nwhere he had established his feudal sover-\\neignty by conquest. Now he saw a chance\\nof accomplishing the same thing by peaceful\\nmethods in Scotland. He named as a price\\nof ransom for the captive King an acknowl-\\nedgment of his feudal lordship. The terms\\nwere accepted, and the five castles which they\\nincluded were surrendered. Fifteen years\\nlater, his son Kichard I., the romantic crusad-\\ner; gave back to Scotland her castles and her\\nindependence. But what had been done\\nonce, would be tried again. So while it was\\nthe stead}^ policy of the English sovereigns\\nto reduce Scotland to a state of vassalage to\\nEngland, it was the no less steady aim of\\nthe Scottish kings to extend their own feudal\\nauthority to the Highlands and the islands\\nin the north and west of their own realm,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236 HISTORY OF SCOTLAl^D\\nwhere an independent people h^d never yet\\nbeen brought under its subjection.\\nIn the year 1286 Alexander III. died, and\\nonly an infant granddaughter survived to\\nwear the crown. The daughter of the de-\\nceased King had married the King of Nor-\\nway, and dying soon after, had left an infant\\ndaughter. It was about this babe that the\\ndiplomatic threads immediately began to\\nentwine. A regency of six nobles was ap-\\npointed to rule the kingdom. Then Edward\\nI. of England proposed a marriage between\\nhis own infant son and the little maid. The\\nproposition was accepted. A ship was sent\\nto Norway to bring the baby Queen to Scot-\\nland, bearing jewels and gifts from Edward\\nbut just before she reached the Orkneys the\\nMaid of Norway died. Edward s plans\\nwere frustrated, and the empty throne of\\nScotland had many claimants, but none with\\nparamount right to the succession. In the\\nwrangle which ensued, when eight ambitious\\nnobles were trying to snatch the prize, Ed-\\nward I. intervened to settle the dispute,\\nwhich had at last narrowed down to one be-\\ntween two competitors, Bruce and Baliol,\\nboth lineally descended from King David I.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 237\\nBut the important fact in this mediatorial\\nact of Edward was, that it was done by virtue\\nof his authority as Over-Lord of Scotland.\\nWe are left to imagine how and why such a\\nmonstrous and baseless pretension was ac-\\nknowledged without a single protest. But\\nwhen we reflect that the eager claimants and\\ntheir upholders represented, not the people\\nof Scotland but an aristocratic ruling ele-\\nment, more than half-English already, it is\\nnot so strange thg.t they were willing to pay\\nthis price for the sake of restoring peace and\\nsecurity at a time when everything was im-\\nperilled by an empty throne. There was no\\norganic unity in Scotland only a superficial\\nunity, created by the name of king, which fell\\ninto chaos when that name was withdrawn.\\nIt was imperative that someone should be\\ncrowned at Scone at once. And so, when\\nEdward, by virtue of his authority as Over-\\nLord, gave judgment in favor of John Baliol,\\nwithout a single remonstrance Baliol was\\ncrowned John I. at Scone, rendered hom-\\nage to his feudal lord, and Scotland was a\\nvassal kingdom (1292). This whole proceed-\\ning, thus disposing of the state, had in no\\nway recognized the existence of a nation.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nIt was an arrangement between the Scottish\\nnobles and clergy, and the King of England.\\nWhen the heralds had, with great ceremony,\\nproclaimed King Edward Lord Paramount\\nof Scotland, the matter was supposed to be\\nended, and it was forgotten that there was\\nbeyond the Grampians a proud people,\\nwhose will would have to be broken before\\ntheir country would become the fief of an\\nEnglish king. But Baliol soon discovered\\nhow empty was the honor he had purchased.\\nThere was now a right of appeal from the\\nScottish Parliament and courts to those of\\nEdward I. Such appeals were made, and\\nKing John I. was with scant ceremony sum-\\nmoned to London to plead his own cause\\nbefore a Parliament which humiliated and\\ninsulted him.\\nIn 1295, so intolerable had his position\\nbecome, that Baliol threw off the yoke of vas-\\nsalage, secured an alliance with France, and\\ngathered such of his nobles as he could about\\nhim, prepared to resist the authority of Ed-\\nward whereupon that enraged King marched\\ninto the rebellious land, swept victoriously\\nfrom one city to another, gathering up towns\\nand castles by the way then took the sa-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 239\\ncred Stone of Destiny from Scone as a\\nmemorial of his conquest, and left the peni-\\ntent vassal King helpless and forlorn in his\\nhumiliated kingdom. It was then that the\\nfamous stone was built into the coronation-\\nchair, where it still remains.\\nWe have now come to a name which, as\\nWordsworth says, is to be found like a wild\\nflower, all over his dear country. Every-\\nwhere there are places sacred to his memory.\\nThe story of Wallace is a brief one\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an\\nimpassioned resolve to free his enslaved\\ncountry, one supreme triumph, then defeat,\\nan ignominious and cruel death in London,\\nto be followed by imperishable renown for\\nhimself, and for Scotland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 freedom. Sir\\nWilliam Wallace belonged to the lower class\\nof Scotch nobility. He had never sworn al-\\nlegiance to Edward I. His career of out-\\nlawry commenced by his making small\\nattacks upon small English posts. As his\\nsuccesses increased, so did his followers,\\nuntil so formidable had the movement be-\\ncome, that Edward learned there was a\\nrising in his vassal kingdom. But it could\\nnot be much, he thought, as he had all the\\nnobles, and how could there be a rising with-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nout nobles So he despatched a small force\\nto straighten things out. But a few weeks\\nlater, Edward himself was in Scotland with\\nan army. Wallace was besieging the Castle\\nof Dundee, when he heard that the King was\\nmarching on Stirling. With the quick in-\\nstinct of the true military leader, he saw his\\nopportunity. He reached the rising ground\\ncommanding the bridge of Stirling, while the\\nEnglish army of 50,000 were still on the op-\\nposite side of the river. When the English\\ngeneral, seeing his disadvantage, offered to\\nmake terms, Wallace replied that his terms\\nwere the freedom of Scotland. The at-\\ntack made as they were crossing the bridge\\nresulted in the panic of the English and a\\nrout in whjch the greater part of the flee-\\ning army was slain and drowned (1297).\\nBaliol had been swept from the scene and\\nwas in the Tower of London, so Wallace was\\nsupreme. But in less than a year Edward\\nhad returned with an army overwhelming\\nin numbers, and Wallace met a crushing de-\\nfeat at Falkirk. We next hear of him on\\nthe Continent, still planning for Scotland s\\nliberation, then hunted and finally caught\\nin Glasgow, dragged to London in chains,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HISTOKY OF SCOTLAND 241\\nthere to be tried and condemned for treason.\\nHad they condemned Mm as a rebel and an\\noutlaw there would have been justice, for these\\nhe was. But a traitor he never was, for he had\\nnever sworn allegiance to Edward. He had\\nfought against the invaders of his country,\\nand for this he died a felon s death, with all\\nthe added cruelties of Norman law. He was\\nfirst tortured, then executed in a way to\\nstrike terror to the souls of similar offenders\\n(1304). But his work was accomplished. He\\nhad lighted the fires of patriotism in Scot-\\nland. The power of his name to stir the\\nhearts of his people like a trumpet-blast, is\\nbest described by the words of Robert Burns\\nThe story of Wallace poured a Scottish\\nprejudice into my veins, which will boil\\nalong there till the flood-gates of life shut,\\nin eternal rest. To be praised by the bards\\nwas the supreme reward of Celtic heroes.\\nWhat did death matter, in form however\\nterrible, to one who was to be so remembered\\nnearly ^ve centuries later by Scotland s\\ngreatest bard\\nWe are accustomed to regard the name of\\nBruce as the intensest expression of a Scot-\\ntish nationality, and of its aspirations tow-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nard liberty. But it had no such meaning\\nat this time. The ancestor of the family\\nwas Robert de Bruis, a Norman knight who\\ncame over with the Conqueror. His son,\\nRobert, was one of those hated foreign ad-\\nventurers at the Court of David I., and\\nreceived from that King a large grant and\\nthe Lordship of Annandale. The grandson\\nof this first Earl of Annandale married Isa-\\nbel, the granddaughter of David I., and so it\\nwas that the house of Bruce came into the\\nline of royal succession. It was Robert, the\\nson of Isabel, who competed with Baliol for\\nthe throne of Scotland.\\nRobert Bruce, who stands forth as the\\ngreatest character in Scottish history, was\\ntwelve years old when his grandfather was\\ndefeated by Baliol in this competition. No\\nfamily in the vassal kingdom was more\\ntrusted by England s King, nor more friend-\\nly to his pretensions. The young Robert s\\nfather had accompanied King Edward to\\nPalestine in his own youth, and he himself\\nwas being trained at the English Court. His\\nEnglish mother had large estates in England,\\nand, in fact there was everything to bind\\nhim to the King s cause. He and his father.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 243\\nand the High Steward of Scotland, together\\nwith other Scottish-Norman nobles, had been\\nwith the King in his triumphal march through\\nScotland when Baliol was dethroned, and at\\nthe time of the rising under Wallace, Rob-\\nert Bruce had not one thing in common with\\nhim or his cause. And as for the people\\nin the Highlands, if he ever thought of them\\nat all, it was as troublesome malcontents,\\nwho needed to be ruled with a strong hand.\\nWallace was in rebellion against an estab-\\nlished authority, to which all his own ante-\\ncedents reconciled him. How the change\\nwas wrought, how his bold and ardent spirit\\ncame to its final resolve, we can only sur-\\nmise. Was it through a complicated strug-\\ngle of forces, in which ambition played the\\ngreatest part Or did the splendid heroism\\nof Wallace, and the spirit it evoked in the\\npeople, awaken a slumbering patriotism in\\nhis own romantic soul Or was it the pre-\\nscience of a leader and statesman, who saw\\nin this newljT- developed popular force an\\nopportunity for a double triumph, the eman-\\ncipation of Scotland, and the realization of\\nhis own kingship\\nWhatever the process, a change was going", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\non in his soul. He wavered, sometimes in-\\nclining to the party of Wallace, and some-\\ntimes to that of the King, until the year\\n1304. In that year, the very one in which\\nWallace died, he made a secret compact\\nwith the Bishop of Lamberton, pledging mut-\\nual help against any opponents. While at\\nthe Court of Edward, shortly after this, he\\ndiscovered that the King had learned of this\\ncompromising paper. There was nothing\\nleft but flight. He mounted his horse and\\nswiftly returned to Scotland. Now the die\\nwas cast. His only competitor for the\\nthrone was Comyn. They met to confer\\nover some plan of combination, and in a\\ndispute which arose, Bruce slew his rival.\\nWhether it was premeditated, or in the heat\\nof passion, who could say 1 But Comyn was\\nthe one obstacle to his purpose, and he had\\nslain him, had slain the highest noble in the\\nstate All of England, and now much of\\nScotland, would be against him but he\\ncould not go back. He resolved upon a bold\\ncourse. He went immediately to Scone, as-\\ncended the throne, and surrounded by a\\nsmall band of followers, was crowned King\\nof Scotland, March 27, 1306. He soon learned", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 245\\nthe desperate nature of the enterprise upon\\nwhich he had embarked. There was noth-\\ning in his past to inspire the confidence of\\nthe patriots at the North, and at the South\\nhe was pursued with vindictive fury by the\\nfriends of the slain Comyn. Edward, stirred\\nas never before, was preparing for an in-\\nvasion, issuing proclamations no mercy to\\nbe shown to the rebels. Bruce s English\\nestates, inherited from his mother, were con-\\nfiscated, and an outlaw and a fugitive, he\\nwas excommunicated by the Pope Un-\\nable to meet the forces sent by Edward, he\\nplaced his Queen in the care of a relative and\\nthen disappeared, wandering in the High-\\nlands, hiding for one whole winter on the\\ncoast of Ireland and supposed to be dead.\\nHis Queen and her ladies were torn from\\ntheir refuge and his cousin hanged.\\nHad Robert Bruce died at this time he\\nwould have been remembered not as a pa-\\ntriot, but as an ambitious noble who perished\\nin a desperate attempt to make himself king.\\nBut his undaunted soul was working out a\\ndifferent ending to the story. In the spring\\nof 1307 he returned undismayed. With a\\nsmall band of followers he met an English", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\narmy, defeated the Earl of Pembroke at\\nAyr, and with this success the tide turned.\\nThe people caught the contagion of his in-\\ntrepid spirit, and in the seven years which fol-\\nlowed, he shines out as one of the great cap-\\ntains of history. By the year 1313 every\\ncastle save Berwick and Stirling had sur-\\nrendered to him. Yast preparations were\\nmade in England for the defence of this lat-\\nter stronghold.\\nIt was on the burn (stream) two miles from\\nStirling that Bruce assembled his 30,000\\nmen, and made his plans to meet Edward\\nwith his 100,000. On the morning of the 23d\\nof June, 1314, he exhorted his Scots to fight\\nfor their liberty. How they did it, the world\\nwill never forget And while Scotland en-\\ndures, and as long as there are Scotsmen\\nwith warm blood coursing in their veins,\\nthey will never cease to exult at the name\\nBannockburn Thirty thousand English\\nfell upon the field. Twenty-seven barons\\nand two hundred knights, and seven hun-\\ndred squires were lying in the dust, and\\ntwenty- two barons and sixty knights were\\nprisoners. Never was there a more crushing\\ndefeat.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 247\\nStill England refused to acknowledge tlie\\nindependence of the kingdom, and Bruce\\ncrossed tlie border with his army. The Pope\\nwas appealed to by Edward, and issued a\\npacifying bull in 1317, addressed to Edward,\\nKing of England, and the noble Robert\\nde Bruis, conducting himself as King of\\nScotland. Bruce declined to accept it until\\nhe was addressed as King of Scotland, and\\nthen proceeded to capture Berwick. The\\nScottish Parliament sent an address to the\\nPope, from which a few interesting extracts\\nare here made\\nIt has pleased God to restore us to lib-\\nerty, by one most valiant Prince and King,\\nLord Robert, who has undergone all manner\\nof toil, fatigue, hardship, and hazard. To\\nhim we are resolved to adhere in all things,\\nboth on account of his merit, and for what he\\nhas done for us. But, if this Prince should\\nleave those principles he has so nobly pur-\\nsued, and consent that we be subjected to\\nthe King of England, we will immediately\\nexpel him as our enemy, and will choose\\nanother king, for as long as one hundred of\\nus remain alive, we will never be subject to\\nthe English. For it is not glory, nor riches,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "248 HISTOBY OF SCOTLAND\\nnor honor, but it is liberty alone, thai we\\ncontend for, which no honest man will lose\\nbut with his life.\\nThe spirit manifested in this had its effect,\\nand the Pope consented to address Bruce by\\nhis title, King of Scotland. After delaying\\nthe evil day as long as possible, England at\\nlast, in 1328, concluded a treaty recognizing\\nScotland as an independent kingdom, in\\nwhich occurred these words And we re-\\nnounce whatever claims we or our ancestors\\nin bygone times have laid in any way over\\nthe kingdom of Scotland.\\nConcerning the character of Kobert Bruce,\\nhistorians are not agreed. To fathom his\\nmotives would have been difficult at the\\ntime how much more so then after six cen-\\nturies. We only know that he leaped into\\nan arena from which nature and circum-\\nstances widely separated him, gave a free\\nScotland to her people, and made himself the\\nhero of her great epic.\\nWhen we see the spiritless sons of Bruce\\nin the hands of base intriguing nobles, trail-\\ning their great inheritance in the mire, we\\nexclaim Was it for this that there was such\\nmagnilicent heroism? Was it worth seven", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 249\\nyears of such struggle to emancipate the\\nland from a foreign tyranny, only to have it\\nfall into a degrading domestic one But the\\nreassuring fact is, that the governing power\\nof a nation is only an incident, more or less\\nimperfect. The life is in the people. There\\nwas not a cottage nor a cabin in all of Scot-\\nland that was not ennobled by the conscious-\\nness of what had been done. Men s hearts\\nwere glad with a wholesome gladness and\\nevery child in the land was lisping the names\\nof Wallace and of Bruce and learning the\\nstory of their deeds. But for all that, the\\nperiod following the death of the great King\\nand Captain is a disappointing one, and we\\nare not tempted to linger while the incapable\\nDavid II. wears his father s crown, and while\\nthe son of Baliol, instigated by England, is\\ntroubling the kingdom, and even having him-\\nself crowned at Scone and while Edward\\nIII., until attracted by more tempting fields\\nin France, is invading the land and recapt-\\nuring its strongholds. The limit of humilia-\\ntion seems to be reached when David II., in\\nthe absence of an heir, proposes to leave his\\nthrone to Lionel, son of Edward III.\\nWhen Robert Bruce bestowed his daugh-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nter, Marjory, upon tlie Higli Steward of Scot-\\nland, lie determined the course of history in\\ntwo countries in England even more than\\nin Scotland. The office of Steward was the\\nhighest in the reahn. Since the time of\\nDavid I. it had been hereditary in one\\nfamily, and according to a prevailing cus-\\ntom, to which many names now bear testi-\\nmony, the official designation had become\\nthe family name. The marriage of Robert\\nStewart (seventh High Steward of his house)\\nto Marjory Bruce was destined to bear con-\\nsequences involving not alone the fate of\\nScotland, but leading to a transforming\\nrevolution and the greatest crisis in the life\\nof England. As the Weird Sisters promised\\nto Banquo, this Stewart was to be the\\nfader of mony Kingis, for Marjory was the\\nancestress of fourteen sovereigns, eight of\\nwhom were to sit upon the throne of Scot-\\nland, and six upon those of both England\\nand Scotland (1371 to 1714, three hundred\\nand forty-three years).\\nMarjory s son, Robert II., the first of the\\nStuart kings, was crowned at Scone in 1371.\\nHis natural weakness of character made him\\nthe mere creature of his determined and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 251\\nambitious brother, the Duke of Albany, who,\\nin fact, held the state in his hand until far\\ninto the succeeding reign of Eobert III.,\\nwhich commenced in 1390. The nobles had\\nnow established a ruinous ascendancy in the\\nstate, and so abject had the King become,\\nthat Robert III. was paying annual grants\\nto the Duke of Albany and others for his\\nsafety and that of his heir In spite of this,\\nhis eldest son, Rothesay, was abducted by\\nAlbany and the Earl of Douglas, and mys-\\nteriously died, it is said of starvation. The\\nunhappy King then sent Prince James, his\\nsecond son, to France for safety but he\\nwas captured by an English ship by the\\nway, and lodged in the Tower of London by\\nHenry IV. When Robert III. died immedi-\\nately after of a broken heart, the captive\\nPrince was proclaimed king (1406), and his\\nuncle, the Duke of Albany, the next in royal\\nsuccession, ruled the kingdom in name, as\\nhe had for many years in fact.\\nThere existed between France and Scot-\\nland that sure bond of friendship between\\nnations a common hatred. This had given\\nbirth to a political alliance which was to be\\na thorn in the side of England for many", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "252 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nyears. French soldiers and French gold\\nstrengthened Scotland in her chronic war\\nwith England, and m return the Scots sent\\ntheir soldiers to the aid of the Dauphin of\\nFrance. It was this which gave such value\\nto the royal prisoner. He could be used by\\nHenry IV. to restrain the French alliance,\\nand also to keep in check the ambitious\\nDuke of Albany, by the fact that he could\\nin an hour reduce him to insignificance by\\nrestoring James to his throne.\\nSuch were some of the influences at work\\nduring the eighteen years while the Scottish\\nPrince with keen intelligence was drinking\\nin the best culture of his age, and at the\\nsame time studying the superior civilization\\nand government of the land of his captivity.\\nHe seems to have studied also to some\\neffect the affairs of his own kingdom. He\\nwas released in 1424, crowned at Scone, and\\na new epoch commenced. He had resolved\\nto break the power of the nobles, and with\\nextraordinary energy he set about his task\\nThere was a long and unsettled account with\\nhis own relatives. He knew well who had\\nhumiliated and broken his father s heart,\\nand starved to death his brother Rothesay,", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 253\\nand, as lie believed, had also conspired with\\nHenry IV. for his own capture and eighteen\\nyears captivity. The old conspirator who\\nhad been the chief author of these things\\nhad recently died, but his son wore his\\ntitle. So the Duke of Albany (the King s\\ncousin) and a few of the most conspicuous of\\nthe conspirators were seized, tried, and one\\nafter another five of the King s kindred died\\nby the axe, in front of Stirling Castle. It\\nwas one of those outbursts of wrath after\\na long period of wrongdoing, terrible but\\nwholesome. An unscrupulous nobility had\\nwrenched the power from the Crown, and it\\nmust be restored, or the kingdom would\\nperish. This disease, common to European\\nmonarchies, could only be cured by just\\nsuch a drastic remedy successfully tried\\nlater in France, by Louis XI. (fifteenth cen-\\ntury), by Ivan the Terrible in Russia (six-\\nteenth century), and by slower methods\\naccomplished in England, commencing with\\nWilliam the Conqueror, and completed\\nwhen great nobles w^ere cringing at the\\nfeet of Henry YIII. There are times when\\na tyrant is a benefactor. And when a cen-\\ntralized, or even a despotic, monarchy sup-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "254 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nplants an oligarchy, it is a long step in\\nprogress.\\nThis ablest of the Stuart kings was assas-\\nsinated in 1437 by the enemies he had shorn\\nof power, his own kindred removing the\\nbolts to admit his murderers. He was the\\nonly sovereign of the Stuart line who inher-\\nited the heroic qualities of his great ances-\\ntor Kobert Bruce, a line which almost fa-\\ntally entangled England, and sprinkled the\\npages of history with tragedies, four out of\\nthe fourteen dying violent deaths, two of\\nbroken hearts, while two others were be-\\nheaded.\\nIt is a temptation to linger for a moment\\nover the personal traits of James I. We\\nshall not find again among Scottish kings\\none who is possessed of every manly ac-\\ncomplishment, one who plays upon the or-\\ngan, the flute, the psaltery, and upon the\\nharp like another Orpheus, who draws\\nand paints, is a poet, and what all the world\\nloves a lover. It was his pure, tender, ro-\\nmantic passion for Lady Jane Beaufort,\\nwhom he married, just before his return to\\nhis kingdom, which inspired his poem, The\\nKingis Quhaiir (the King s book), a work", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 255\\nnever approached by any other poet-king,\\nand which marked a new epoch in the his-\\ntory of Scottish poetry. It is the story of\\nhis life and his love a fantastic mingling of\\nfact and allegory after the fashion of Chau-\\ncer and other mediaeval writers. It is pleas-\\nant to fancy that a sympathetic friendship\\nmay have existed between the unfortunate\\nyouth and the warm hearted, impulsive\\nPrince Hal, who, immediately upon his ac-\\ncession as Henry Y., had James transferred\\nfrom the Tower to Windsor. There it was\\nhe spent the last ten years of his captivity,\\nthere he met Lady Jane Beaufort, and wrote\\na great part of his poem.\\nThe turbulence which had been checked\\nby the splendid energy of James I., revived\\nwith increased fury after his death. The\\nfifty years in which James II. and James\\nIII. reigned, but did not govern, is a mean-\\ningless period, over which it would be folly\\nto linger. If it had any purpose it was to\\nshow how utterly base an unpatriotic feu-\\ndalism could become Douglases, Craw-\\nfords, Livingstons, Crichtons, Boyds, like\\nravening beasts of prey tearing each other to\\npieces, and trying to outwit by perfidy when", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "256 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nforce failed Livingstons holding the infant\\nKing, James II., a prisoner in Stirling Castle,\\nof which they were hereditary governors,\\nand together with the Crichtons entrapping\\nthe yonng Earl of Douglas and his brother\\nby an invitation to dine, and then behead-\\ning them both so that it is with satisfaction\\nwe learn of the King s reaching his majority\\nand beheading a half-score of Livingstons at\\nEdinburgh Castle Then to the Douglases\\nis traced every disorder in the realm, and\\nwith relief we hear of their disgrace and\\nbanishment, only to have the Boyds come\\nupon the scene with a villanous conspiracy\\nto seize the young King, James III., they,\\nafter rising to power, swiftly and tragically\\nto fall again. History could not afford a\\nmore shameful and senseless display of de-\\npravity than in these human vultures. A\\nScottish writer says: There was nothing\\nbut slaughter in this realm, every party ly-\\ning in wait for another, as they had been\\nsetting tin chills (snares) for wild beasts.\\nIn viewing this raging storm of anarchy\\none wonders what had become of the peo-\\nple. We hear nothing of them. They had\\nno political influence, and if they had repre-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 257\\nsentatives in Parliament, they were dumb,\\nfor the voice of the Commons was never\\nheard. But there is reason to believe that,\\nin spite of the ferocious feudal and social\\nanarchy, the urban population and the peas-\\nantry were groping their way into a higher\\ncivilization. That better ways of living pre-\\nvailed we may infer from sumptuary laws\\nenacted by James III., and in the founding\\nof three universities (St. Andrew s, 1411,\\nGlasgow, 1450, and Aberdeen, 1494) there\\nis sure indication that beneath the turbid\\npolitical surface there flowed a stream of in-\\ntellectual life. From these literary centres\\nlearned Scotsmen began to swarm over\\nthe land, and a solid scholarship was the\\naim of ambitious youths, who found in that\\nthe road to posts of distinction once won\\nonly by arms. There was a small body of\\nnational literature. Barbour s poem, The\\nBrus, led the way in the fourteenth century,\\nthen King James s poem in the fifteenth,\\nthen Henryson and Boece, and the proces-\\nsion of splendid names had commenced\\nwhich was to be joined in later ages by\\nBurns, Scott, and Carlyle.\\nEngland had now become the refuge for", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "258 HISTOKY OF SCOTLAND\\ndisgraced and intriguing nobles. The Duke\\nof Albany, the Earl of Douglas, and others\\nentered into negotiations with the English\\nKing, offering to acknowledge his feudal\\nsuperiority, he in return promising to give\\nthe crown of Scotland to Albany. A battle\\nbetween the English and Scottish forces took\\nplace in the vicinity of Stirling. During the\\nengagement King James was thrown from\\nhis horse and then slain by his miscreant\\nnobles (1488). The scheme was a failure,\\nand the son of the murdered King was at\\nonce crowned James lY. Henry YIL, now\\nKing of England, conceived a plan of ce-\\nmenting friendly relations between the two\\nkingdoms by the marriage of his daughter,\\nPrincess Margaret, with the young King.\\nThis union, so fruitful in consequences, took\\nplace at Holyrood in 1502, amid great re-\\njoicings.\\nDuring the two preceding reigns the rela-\\ntions of Scotland with her great neighbor\\nwere comparatively peaceful. But in 1509\\nQueen Margaret s brother, Henry VIIL, was\\ncrowned King of England. Family ties sat\\nvery lightly upon this monarch, and his\\nhostile purposes soon became apparent, and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 259\\nthe friendly relations were broken. A war\\nbetween France and England was the signal\\nfor a renewal of the old alliance between the\\nFrench and the Scots. James himself led an\\narmy against that of his brother-in-law\\nacross the Tweed, and at Flodden met an\\noverwhelming defeat and his own death\\n(1513).\\nEurope was now unconsciously on the\\nbrink of a moral and spiritual revolution,\\na revolution which was going to affect no\\ncountry more profoundly than Scotland.\\nThe Church of Eome, deeply embedded and\\nwrought into the very structure of every\\nEuropean nation, seemed like a part of nat-\\nure. As soon would men have expected to\\nsee the foundations of the continent removed,\\nand yet there was a little rivulet of thought\\ncoursing through the brain of an obscure\\nmonk in Germany which was going to un-\\ndermine and overthrow it, and cause a new\\nChristendom to arise upon its ruins. And\\nstrangely, too, as if by pre-arrangement, that\\nwonderful new device the printing press-\\nstood ready, waiting to disseminate the prop-\\naganda of a Reformed Church\\nBut kings and nobles went on as before", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "260 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nwith their absorbing game. The infant\\nJames Y. was proclaimed king. The condi-\\ntions which had disgraced the minority of his\\npredecessors were repeated, and until he was\\neighteen he was virtually a prisoner then\\nwith relentless severity he turned upon the\\ntraitors. The Reformation which was assum-\\ning great proportions was beginning to creep\\ninto Scotland. The Catholic King, with a\\ndouble intent, placed Primates of the Church\\nin all the great offices, and the excluded\\nnobles began to lean toward the new faith.\\nLuther s works were prohibited and strin-\\ngent measures adopted to drive heretical lit-\\nerature out of the land. When, for reasons\\nwe all know, Henry VIII. became an illus-\\ntrious convert to Protestantism, he tried to\\nbring about a marriage between his nephew,\\nJames, and his young daughter, Princess\\nMary at the same time urging his nephew\\nto join him in throwing off the authority of\\nthe Pope. But James made a choice preg-\\nnant with consequences for England. He\\nmarried, in 1538, Mary, daughter of the great\\nDuke of Guise in France thus rejecting the\\npeaceful overtures of his uncle, Henry YIII.,\\nand confirming the French alliance and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 261\\nthe anti-Protestant policy of Ms kingdonl.\\nHenry was displeased, and commenced an\\nexasperating course toward Scotland. There\\nwas a small engagement with the English at\\nSolway Moss, which ended in a panic and\\ndefeat of the Scots. This so preyed upon\\nthe mind of the King that his spirit seemed\\nbroken. The news of the birth of a daugh-\\nter Mary Stuart came to him simultan-\\neously with that of the defeat. He was full\\nof vague, tragic forebodings, sank into a\\nmelancholy, and expired a week later (1542).\\nThe little Queen Mary at once became the\\ncentre of state intrigues. Henry YIII. se-\\ncured the co-operation of disaffected Scotch\\nnobles in a plan to place her in his hands as\\nthe betrothed of his son, Prince Edward. A\\ntreaty of alliance was drawn and signed,\\nagreeing to the marriage, with the usual\\ncondition of the feudal lordship of the Eng-\\nlish King over Scotland. The Scottish Par-\\nliament, through the efforts of Cardinal\\nBeaton, rejected the proposal, and the furi-\\nous Henry declared war, with instructions\\nto sack, burn, and put to death without\\nmercy. Cardinal Beaton s destruction being\\nespecially enjoined. The Cardinal, in the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "262 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nmeantime, was trying to stamp out the Re-\\nform-fires which were spreading with ex-\\ntraordinary swiftness. There were execu-\\ntions and banishments. Wishart, the Re-\\nformer and friend of John Knox, was burned\\nat the stake. Following this there was a\\nconspiracy for the death of the Cardinal, who\\nwas assassinated, and his Castle of St. An-\\ndrew became the stronghold of the conspir-\\nators. John Knox, for his own safety, took\\nrefuge with them, and upon the surrender of\\nthe castle to a French force, Knox was sent\\na prisoner to the French galleys.\\nThe infant Queen, now six years old, was\\nbetrothed to the grandson of Francis I. and\\nconveyed by Lord Livingston to France for\\nsafe-keeping until her marriage. Her mother,\\nMary of Guise, was Regent of Scotland, and\\ndoing her best to stem the tide of Protest-\\nantism. The spread of the Reformed faith\\nwas amazing. It took on at first a form\\nmore ethical than doctrinal. It was against\\nthe immoralities of the clergy that a sternly\\nmoral people rose in its wrath, and, on the\\nother hand, it was the reading of the Script-\\nures, and interpreting them without author-\\nity, for which men were condemned to the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 263\\nstake, their accusers saying, What shall\\nwe leave to the bishops to do, when every\\nman shall be a babbler about the Bible?\\nCarlyle says the E-eformation gave to Scot-\\nland a soul. But it might have fared differ-\\nently had not a co-operating destiny at the\\nsame time given Scotland a John Knox\\nKnox was to the Reformed Church in Scot-\\nland what the body of the tree is to its\\nbranches. He not only poured his own un-\\ncompromising life into the branches, but\\nthen determined the direction in which they\\nshould inflexibly grow. Knox had been the\\nfriend and disciple of Calvin in Geneva.\\nThe newly awakened soul in Scotland fed\\nupon the theology of that great logician as\\nthe bread of heaven, and Calvinism was for-\\never rooted in the hearts and minds of the\\npeople.\\nThe marriage of Queen Mary with the\\nDauphin had been quickly followed by the\\ndeath of Henry II., and her young consort\\nwas King of France. Queen Elizabeth, in re-\\nsponse to an appeal from the Reformed\\nChurch, sent a fleet and soldiers to meet the\\npowerful French force which would iiow\\nsurely come. But the reign of Francis II.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nwas brief. In 1560 tidings came that he was\\ndead. Mary now resolved to return to her\\nown kingdom. Elizabeth tried to intercept\\nher by the way, but she arrived safely and\\nwas warmly welcomed. She was nineteen,\\nbeautiful, gifted, rarely accomplished, had\\nbeen trained in the most brilliant and gayest\\ncapital in Europe, and was a fervent Catho-\\nlic. She came back to a land which had by\\nAct of Parliament prohibited the Mass and\\nadopted a religious faith she considered\\nheretical, and a land where Protestantism in\\nits austerest form had become rooted, and\\nwhere John Knox, its sternest exponent, held\\nthe conscience of the people in his keeping.\\nWhat to her were only simple pleasures,\\nwere to them deadly sins. When the Mass\\nwas celebrated after her return, so intense\\nwas the excitement, the chapel-door had to\\nbe guarded, and Knox proclaimed from the\\npulpit, that an axmy of 10,000 enemies\\nwould have been less fearful to him than\\nthis act of the Queen.\\nDuring the winter in Edinburgh the gaye-\\nties gave fresh offence. Knox declared that\\nthe Queen had danced excessively till after\\nmidnight. And then he preached a sermon", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 265\\non the Vices of Princes, which was an\\nopen attack upon her uncles, the Guises in\\nFrance. Mary sent for the preacher, and re-\\nproved him for disrespect in trying to make\\nher an object of contempt and hatred to her\\npeople, adding, I know that my uncles and\\nye are not of one religion, and therefore I do\\nnot blame you, albeit you have no good opin-\\nion of them. The General Assembly passed\\nresolutions recommending that it be enacted\\nby Parliament that all papistical idolatry\\nshould be suppressed in the realm, not alone\\namong the subjects, but in the Queen s own\\nperson. Mary, with her accustomed tact,\\nreplied, that she was not yet persuaded in\\nthe Protestant religion, nor of the impiety\\nin the Mass. But although she would not\\nleave the religion wherein she had been\\nnourished and brought up, neither would\\nshe press the conscience of any, and, on their\\npart, they should not press her conscience.\\nWe cannot wonder that Mary was re-\\nvolted by the harshness of John Knox nor\\ncan we wonder that he was alarmed. A\\nfascinating queen, with a rare talent for\\ndiplomacy, and in personal touch with all\\nthe Catholic centres in Europe, was a for-", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "266 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nmidable menace to the Reformed Cliurcli in\\nScotland, and would in all probability have\\ntemporarily overthrown it, had not the\\ncourse of events been unexpectedly arrested.\\nEvery Court in Europe was scheming for\\nMary s marriage. Proposals from Spain,\\nFrance, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and the\\nEarl of Leicester in England were all con-\\nsidered. Mary s preference was for Don\\nCarlos of Spain but when this proved im-\\npossible, she made, suddenly, an unfortu-\\nnate choice. Henry Stewart, who was Lord\\nDarnley, the son of the Earl of Lennox, was,\\nlike herself, the great grandchild of Henry\\nVII. That was a great point in eligibility,\\nbut the only one. He was a Catholic, three\\nyears younger than herself, good-looking,\\nweak and vicious. The marriage was cele-\\nbrated at Holyrood in 1565, and Mary be-\\nstowed upon her consort the title of king.\\nThis did not satisfy him. He demanded that\\nthe crown should be secured to him for life\\nand that if Mary died childless, his heirs\\nshould succeed. With such violence and\\ninsolence did Darnley press these demands,\\nand so open were his debaucheries, that\\nMary was revolted and disgusted. Her chief", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 267\\nminister was an Italian named E-izzio, a\\nman of insignificant, mean exterior, but as-\\ntute and accomplished. There seems no\\nreason to believe that Darnley was ever jeal-\\nous of the Italian, but he believed that he\\nwas an obstacle to his ambitious designs\\nand was using his influence with Mary to de-\\nfeat them. He determined to remove him.\\nWhile Rizzio and the Queen were in conver-\\nsation in her cabinet, Darnley entered, seized\\nand held Mary in his grasp, while his as-\\nsassins dragged Hizzio into an adjoining\\nroom and stabbed him to death. Who can\\nwonder that she left him, saying, I shall be\\nyour wife no longer But after the birth\\nof her infant, three months later, her feelings\\nseem to have softened, and it looked like\\nheroic devotion when she went to his bed-\\nside while he was recovering from small-pox,\\nand had him tenderly removed to a house\\nnear Edinburgh, where she could visit him\\ndaily.\\nIt will never be known whether Mary was\\ncognizant of or, even worse, accessory to\\nDarnley s murder, which occurred at mid-\\nnight a few hours after she had left him,\\nFebruary 9, 1567.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY 0 F SCOTLAND\\nSuspicion pointed at once to the Earl of\\nBoth well. The Court acquitted liim, but\\npublic opinion did not. And it was Mary s\\nmarriage with this man which was her un-\\ndoing. Innocent or guilty, the world will\\nnever forgive her for having married, three\\nmonths after her husband s death, the man\\nbelieved to be his murderer Even her\\nfriends deserted her. A prisoner at Loch-\\nleven Castle, she was compelled to sign an\\nact of abdication in favor of her son. A few\\nof the Queen s adherents, the Hamiltons, Ar-\\ngyles, Setons, Livingstons, Flemings, and\\nothers gathered a small army in her support\\nand aided her escape, which was quickly\\nfollowed by a defeat in an engagement near\\nGlasgow. Mary then resolved upon the step\\nwhich led her by a long, dark, and dreary\\npathway to the scaffold. She crossed into\\nEngland and threw herself upon the mercy\\nof her cousin, Elizabeth.\\nImmediately upon the Queen s abdication\\nher son, thirteen months old, was crowned\\nJames VI. of Scotland. There was a power-\\nful minority which disapproved of all these\\nproceedings so now there was a Queen s\\nparty, a King s party, the latter, under the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 269\\nregency of Moray, having the support of the\\nReformed clergy. These conditions promised\\na bitter and prolonged contest, which promise\\nwas fully realized and not until 1573 was\\nthe party of the Queen subdued. During\\nthe minority of the King a new element had\\nentered into the conflict. The Reformation\\nin Scotland had, as we have seen, under the\\nvigorous leadership of John Knox, assumed\\ntheCalvinistic type. In England, during the\\nreign of Elizabeth, a more modified form had\\nbeen adopted\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an episcopacy, with a house\\nof bishops, a liturgy, and a ritual. To the\\nScotch Reformers this was a compromise\\nwith the Church of Rome, no less abhorrent\\nto them than papacy. The struggle resolved\\nitself into one between the advocates of these\\nrival forms of Protestantism, each striving to\\nobtain ascendancy in the kingdom, and con-\\ntrol of the King. Some of the most moderate\\nof the Protestants approved of restoring the\\necclesiastical estate which had disappeared\\nfrom Parliament with the Reformation, and\\nhaving a body of Protestant clergy to sit with\\nthe Lords and Commons. These questions,\\nof such vital moment to the consciences of\\nmany, were to others merely a cloak for", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\npersonal ambitions and political intrigues.\\nWhen James was seventeen years old, the\\nmethod already so familiar in Scotland, was\\nresorted to. In order to separate him from\\none set of villanous plotters, he was en-\\ntrapped by another by an invitation to visit\\nRuthven Castle, where he found himself a\\nprisoner, and when the plot failed, the Re-\\nformed clergy did its best to shield the per-\\npetrators, who had acted with their knowl-\\nedge and consent.\\nBut James had already made his choice\\nbetween the two forms of Protestantism, and\\nthe basis of his choice was the sacredness of\\nthe royal prerogative. A theology which\\nconflicted with that, was not the one for his\\nkingdom. He would have no religion in\\nwhich presbyters and synods and laymen\\nwere asserting authority. The King, God s\\nanointed, was the natural head of the Church,\\nand should determine its policy. Such was\\nthe theory which even at this early time\\nhad become firmly lodged in the acute and\\nnarrow mind of the precocious youth, and\\nwhich throughout his entire reign was the\\ninspiration of his policy. In the proceedings\\nfollowing the Ruthven Raid, as it is", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 271\\ncalled, he openly manifested his determina-\\ntion to introduce episcopacy into his king-\\ndom.\\nSo the conflict was now between the clergy\\nand the Crown. The latter gained the first\\nvictory. Parliament, in 1584, affirmed the\\nsupreme authority of the King in all matters\\ncivil and religious. The act placed unprece-\\ndented powers in his hands, saying, These\\npowers by the gift of Heaven belong to his\\nMajesty and to his successors. And so it\\nwas that in 1584 the current started which,\\nafter running its ruinous course, was to ter-\\nminate in 1649 in the tragedy at Whitehall.\\nThere was a reaction from the first triumph\\nof divine right, and in 1592 the Act of Royal\\nSupremacy was repealed, and the General\\nAssembly succeeded in obtaining parliamen-\\ntary sanction for the authority of the pres-\\nbytery.\\nThe Roman Catholic Church, although no\\nlonger conspicuous in the arena of politics,\\nwas by no means extinguished in Scotland.\\nIts stronghold was in the North, among the\\nHighlands, where it is estimated that out of\\nthe 14,000 Catholics in the kingdom, 12,000\\nwere still clinging with unabated ardor to the", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "272 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nold religion. It was tMs minority, with many\\npowerful chiefs for its leaders, which looked\\nto Mary as the possible restorer of the faith\\nand this was the nursery and the hatching-\\nground for all the plots with France or Spain\\nwhich for twenty years were leading Mary\\nstep by step toward Fotheringay. Whether\\nthe copies of the compromising letters which\\nconvicted her of complicity in these plots\\nwould have stood the test of an impartial\\ninvestigation to-day we cannot say but we\\nknow that Mary s tarnished name was re-\\nstored almost to lustre by the fortitude and\\ndignity with which she bore her long captiv-\\nity, and met the moment of her tragic re-\\nlease (1587). There is something in this\\nstory which has touched the universal heart,\\nand the world still weeps over it. But we do\\nnot hear that it ever cost her son one pang.\\nJames was twenty years old when Elizabeth\\nsigned the fatal paper, and if he ever made\\nan effort to save his mother or shed a single\\ntear over her fate, history does not mention\\nit. Perhaps it was in recognition of this, or\\nit may have been in reward for his cham-\\npionship of episcopacy, that Elizabeth made\\nJames her heir and successor. Whatever", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 273\\nwas the impelling motive, the protracted\\nstruggle between the two nations came to a\\nstrange ending not the supremacy of an\\nEnglish king in Scotland, as had been so\\noften attempted, but the reign of a Scottish\\nking in England. Elizabeth died in 1603,\\nleaving to the son of Mary her crown, and a\\nfew days later James arrived in London, was\\ngreeted by the shouts of his English subjects,\\nand crowned James I., King of England,\\nupon the Stone of Destiny.\\nThe limits of this sketch do not permit\\nmore than the briefest mention of the pe-\\nriod between the union of the crowns, and\\nthe legislative union, a century later, when\\nthe two kingdoms became actually one. Its\\nchief features were the resistance to en\\ncroachments upon the polity and organiza-\\ntion of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland,\\nthe cruelty and oppressions used by Charles\\nI. to enforce the use of the liturgy of the\\nChurch of England, the formation of the\\nNational Covenant, a sacred bond by\\nwhich the Covenanters solemnly pledged an\\neternal fidelity to their Church, the alliance\\nbetween the Scotch Covenanters and English\\nPuritans, and the consequences to Scotland", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND\\nof the overtlirow of the monarchy by Crom-\\nwell. Still later (1689) came the rising of the\\nHighland chiefs and clans, the Jacobites, as\\nthe adherents of the Stuarts are called, an\\nattempt by the Catholics in the North to\\nbring about the restoration of the exiled\\nKing or his son, the Pretender.\\nStatesmen in England, and some in Scot-\\nland, believed there would be no peace until\\nthe two countries were organically joined. In\\nthe face of great opposition a treaty of union\\nwas ratified by the Scottish Parliament in\\n1707. The country was given a representa-\\ntion of forty-five members in the English\\nHouse of Commons, and sixteen peers in the\\nHouse of Lords, and it was provided that\\nthe Presbyterian Church should remain un-\\nchanged in worship, doctrine, and govern-\\nment to the people of the land in all suc-\\nceeding generations. With this final Act\\nthe Scottish Parliament passed out of exist-\\nence.\\nThe wisdom of this measure has been\\nabundantly justified by the results a\\ngrowth in all that makes for material pros-\\nperity, a richer intellectual life, and peace.\\nAfter centuries of anarchy and misrule and", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND 275\\naimless upheavals, Scotland had reached a\\nhaven. Her triumph has been a moral and\\nan intellectual triumph, not political. In\\nintellectual splendor her people may chal-\\nlenge the world, and in moral elevation and\\nin righteousness they will find few peers.\\nBut candor compels the admission that\\nScotland has no more than Ireland proved\\nherself capable of maintaining a separate\\nnationality. Without the excuse of her sis-\\nter island, never the victim of a foreign con-\\nquest, left to herself, with her own kings and\\ngovernment for nearly a thousand years,\\nwhat do we see A brave, spirited, warlike\\nrace with a passion for liberty dominated\\nand actually effaced by vicious kings, in-\\ntriguing regents, and a corrupt nobility\\nonly once, under Wallace and Bruce, rising\\nto heroic proportions, and then to throw off\\na foreign yoke and under leaders who were\\nboth of Norman extraction.\\nNever once were her native oppressors\\nchecked or awed never once did an out-\\nraged people unite under a great political\\nleader and only one sovereign after Bruce\\n(James I.) can be said to have had great\\nkingly qualities. What are we to conclude", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "276 HISTOEY OF SCOTLAND\\nAre we not compelled to believe that Scot-\\nland reached her highest destiny when she\\nwas joined to England, and when she be-\\nstowed her leaven of righteousness and her\\nmoral strength and the genius of her sons,\\nand received in exchange the political pro-\\ntection of her great neighbor\\nXI", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "O^ s\\n,K\\\\ Sif A** ^r% fills\\n^l\u00c2\u00b0o\\n.w.-.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "y o^r^\\n*o;o\u00c2\u00ab\\nV ft o.", "height": "3414", "width": "2139", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3691", "width": "2226", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofen03parm_0284.jp2"}}