{"1": {"fulltext": "A\\nw\\nTHE\\nROCKIES\\nCANADA\\nrd\\nBY\\n*\u00c2\u00abm\\nWALTER DWIGHT WILCOX", "height": "4654", "width": "3262", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nClia] lopyright So.\\nShelfafcJ X.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4141", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE\\nRockies of Canada\\nA REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION OF\\nCAMPING IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES\\nWITH MORE THAN FORTY PHOTOGRAVURE AND OTHER\\nILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL PHOTO-\\nGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR\\nWALTER DWIGHT WILCOX, RR.G.S.\\nAUTHOR OF PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPES IN THE CANADIAN\\nROCKY MOUNTAINS\\nG. P. PUTNAM S SONS\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\nXTbe IRntcfeerbocfcer press\\n1900\\no\\n.hV s", "height": "4475", "width": "2566", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "647\\nJUL 27 lyUJ\\nSECOND Ci\\nDslwered tt)\\nORDER DIVISION,\\nJUL 23 1900\\nCopyright, 1900\\nBY\\nWALTER DWIGHT WILCOX\\nUbe iknicfoevbocfter Press, Hew liJorh", "height": "4315", "width": "2854", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nTHE Rocky Mountains of Canada offer much to\\nthose who love the study of nature or enjoy\\nthe rougher life in camp with its attendant\\nhunting and fishing or the exercise of mountain climb-\\ning. No other mountains in the world combine with\\ngreater charm the gentle beauty of placid lakes, of\\nupland meadows gay with bright flowers, or the vast\\nsweep of green forests, with the stern grandeur of\\nrugged cliffs, snow fields, and magnificent peaks\\nwhich are characteristic of these Canadian Alps.\\nThe encouraging reception given to his previous\\nwork has led the author, after several seasons of ex-\\nploration in this fascinating region, to rewrite and\\nenlarge Camping in the Canadian Rockies. Since\\nthe appearance of that volume he has visited many\\nnew and interesting places and secured many photo-\\ngraphs which should give a better idea of this new\\npleasure-ground. The commencement of serious\\nclimbing by travellers from this country with Swiss\\nguides, and by several noted climbers from abroad,\\nhas furnished material for a separate chapter on\\nMountaineering. Other special chapters are de-\\nvoted to a discussion of Camp Life, Hunting and", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "iv preface\\nFishing, and of that very interesting tribe, the\\nStony Indians.\\nThe work is illustrated by photogravure and half-\\ntone plates from original photographs by the author.\\nIn books where natural scenery makes an important\\npart, good photographs give a clearer idea of the\\ncountry than word painting, however faithful, and\\nwith the knowledge of this fact no pains have been\\nspared to get the best possible effect in every detail.\\nThe illustrations are selected from a large collection,\\nand represent many toilsome climbs and foot jour-\\nneys, made under the heavy and sometimes danger-\\nous burden of a camera, when repeated visits to\\nfavoured spots year after year have not always met\\nwith success, and, owing to smoke of forest fires,\\nor the accident of clouds and storm, there was often\\nno reward for patient effort.\\nTwo maps accompany the text one a special\\ncontour map which shows the details of the country\\nnear Lake Louise, and the other a general map of\\nthe Rocky Mountains compiled from all the best\\nmaps hitherto published, supplemented by several\\nrecent sketches.\\nThe author wishes to make, in this place, grateful\\nacknowledgment to all those who, by kind sugges-\\ntion or valuable information, have made this work\\nmore complete than would have been otherwise\\npossible.\\nW. D. W.\\nWashington, D. C, June, 1900.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nI The Rockies of Canada\\ni\\nII Lake Louise\\n12\\nIll Its Environment\\n33\\nIV Paradise Valley\\n54\\nV Mt. Assiniboine\\n69\\nVI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Second Visit\\n98\\nVII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Camp Life\\n113\\nVIII The Bow Lakes\\n139\\nIX The Saskatchewan\\n150\\nX The Athabasca\\n168\\nXI The Middle Fork\\n182\\nXII Sources of the Vermilion\\n196\\nXIII Mountaineering\\n234\\nXIV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hunting and Fishing\\n258\\nXV The Stony Indians\\n281\\nAppendix\\n297\\nIndex\\n307", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PHOTOGRAVURE ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPage\\nMount Assiniboine Frontispiece\\nBanff Springs Hotel\\n6 1\\nBow River and Cascade Mountain\\n10\\nLake Louise and Mount Lefroy\\n16\\nLake Louise and Mount Victoria\\n28\\nLake Agnes\\nIn early July 1895.\\n36\\nDiscovery of Paradise Valley\\n48\\nMount Temple from the Saddle\\n54\\nCamp in Paradise Valley\\n60\\nMount Assiniboine\\n82\\nLake Aline\\n108\\nBill Peyto\\n118\\nCamp at Little Fork Pass\\n12S\\nMount Balfour\\n140\\nUpper Bow Lake\\nLooking south.\\n144\\nUpper Bow Lake\\nLooking west.\\n148\\nSource of the Little Fork of the Saski\\nitchewan\\nRiver\\ni 4\\nStorm in Little Fork Valley\\n182", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "viii pbotogravure Illustrations.\\nPage\\nMoraine Lake 200\\nMount Hector and Slate Mountains 238\\nFrom summit of a mountain near Little Fork Pass, 10,125 feet n altitude.\\nMount Lefroy and Mount Victoria 246\\nFrom Pope s Peak, 9825 feet.\\nThe Waputehk Range 252\\nLooking across the range from near Hector.\\nMount Sir Donald, from Eagle Peak 256\\nHead of Rocky Mountain Sheep 270\\nIn the Enemy s Country 282", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS OTHER THAN\\nPHOTOGRAVURE.\\nMount Lefroy\\nMount Assiniboine from the East\\nSouth Side of Mount Assiniboine\\nOn the Continental Divide\\nBreaking Camp\\nOur Camp at Moraine Lake\\nFortress Lake, Looking West\\nFortress Lake, Looking East\\nMount Forbes from Survey Peak (8000 Feet)\\nSummit of the Baker Pass\\nConsolation Valley\\nSketch of a Part of the Rocky Mountains be-\\ntween the Kicking Horse and Vermilion\\nPasses\\nFrom a rough survey by the author.\\nPass between O Hara and Prospector s Valleys\\nOHara Lake and IViwaxy Peak\\nO Hara Lake\\nHead of Rocky Mountain Goat\\nA Typical Stony Indian\\nA Stony Indian Mother and Children\\nMaps pocket at end\\nPage\\n40\\n88\\n94\\n100\\n122\\n34\\n172\\n178\\n18S\\n194\\n204\\n212\\n222\\n228\\n232\\n262\\n286\\n290", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE ROCKIES OF CANADA", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE\\nROCKIES OF CANADA\\nCHAPTER I\\nthe canadian plains\u00e2\u0080\u0094 characteristics of the rockies\\ncomparison with other great ranges of the world\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the national park of canada banff a visit to\\nthe devil s lake and ghost river valley\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sir george\\nSimpson s journey through the mountains an inci-\\ndent OF INDIAN WARFARE THE VERMILION LAKES AND\\nSOME FOREST TREES OF THE MOUNTAINS\\nTHE western plains of Canada, rolling in gentle\\nundulations of hill and dale, extend east a\\nthousand miles to the wheat fields of Mani-\\ntoba, south to the arid plateau of Colorado, and\\nnorth to the frozen regions of the Arctic and the\\nBarren Lands. They appear to have no definite\\nlimits except on their western border where the\\nRockies rise out of them like rugged shores from a\\ngreat sea. The herds of innumerable buffaloes which", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "2 Zbe IRocfcies of Canada\\nformerly roamed here have disappeared through the\\ncriminal slaughter of the white man s rifle, though\\nthe Indians remain as a last relic of primitive Western\\nlife and their roving bands of horsemen give a dash\\nof life and colour to the monotonous plains. For a\\nscore of miles or more there is a region of quiet\\nbeauty where the foothills make a borderland be-\\ntween plains and mountains. Here rivers fed by\\nmelting glaciers and snow freshets in the mountains\\nmake their way eastwards on their long journey over\\nthe plains. Their terraced valleys are covered by a\\nthin turf which is brightened, at least in early sum-\\nmer, by prairie flowers, while the higher places are\\ncrowned with groves of a rough-barked evergreen\\ncalled the Douglas fir. The Rockies, like an impas-\\nsable rampart, terminate these hills and show a\\nmultitude of snowy peaks extending north and south\\nbeyond the limits of vision. These mountains have\\non their eastern side a rocky escarpment with jutting\\nheadlands towering in abrupt cliffs thousands of feet\\nabove the plains.\\nThe great system of the Pacific Cordillera, which\\nis generally called the Rocky Mountains, commences\\nfar south in Mexico and sweeps north to Alaska.\\nThe alkaline valleys of Nevada and the glaciers of\\nAlaska, the cactus of Arizona and the evergreen\\nforests of British Columbia mark the diversity of\\nclimate in a mountain system of such vast extent,\\nwhile the granite domes of the Sierras, the bare and\\nlofty summits of Colorado, and the snow-covered", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Characteristics of tbe IRocfcies 3\\ndolomites and quartzite ledges of the Canadian\\nRockies illustrate the possibilities of mountain\\nforms.\\nThere are many reasons why the Rockies of\\nCanada are interesting to the mountain climber and\\nexplorer. They have only recently been made ac-\\ncessible. Though these mountains have not the\\nabsolute height of those in Colorado, their apparent\\ngrandeur is greater because the valleys are both deep\\nand narrow, richly forested and frequently guarded\\nby cliffs which are precipitous for three, four, or\\neven five thousand feet. Such rock walls are some-\\ntimes adorned by clinging trees and bushes or beauti-\\nfied by sparkling waterfalls playing at the mercy of\\nchanging breezes in their dizzy fall. Above are snow\\nfields and hanging glaciers which often awaken\\nthunders among the mountains by avalanches of ice.\\nThere are besides many lakes of blue or bluish-green\\ncolour, some of them hidden in the solitudes of ever-\\ngreen forests, others enclosed by rugged cliffs, or\\nexposed on the open expanse of upland meadows,\\nand so they add beauty to their grand environment.\\nIn comparison with other ranges of the world, the\\nCanadian Rockies are unusually interesting. The\\nAndes of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile have mountains\\nfrom twenty thousand to twenty-three thousand feet\\nabove sea-level, or nearly twice the height of the\\ngreatest peaks of southern Canada. The highest\\nmountains in the world, the Himalayas, reach such\\nstupendous altitudes that no human being may hope,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "4 Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nin the immediate future at least, to reach their sum-\\nmits on foot. But these great ranges lie in parts of\\nthe world somewhat remote from the beaten tracks\\nof travel. Whymper s description of the Andes in\\nEcuador and Fitz Gerald s of those in Chile show\\nthat the lack of vegetation on their higher parts\\ngives them a bare and dreary aspect. Sven Hedin s\\naccount of the Kuenlun and other ranges in Central\\nAsia proves that they are likewise comparatively\\nbare of forests and that their grandeur is not accom-\\npanied by beauty. The Caucasus and Alps, espe-\\ncially the latter, alone equal or surpass the Canadian\\nRockies, because they have scenic grandeur of snow\\nfields and forests combined with historical interest.\\nThe Canadian Rockies have no single peaks or\\ngroups of mountains so far discovered equal to the\\nJungfrau, the Matterhorn, or Mont Blanc. Their wild\\nand secluded valleys echo neither to the tinkle of\\nbells nor the call of horn. Their interest depends on\\nnatural beauty added to the fact that their solitudes\\nare as yet unfrequented by travellers. Where many\\nof the larger rivers and mountain ranges remain as\\nyet unexplored, every side valley offers some pos-\\nsibility of discovery. The mountaineer likewise\\nstanding on the windy summit of some high point com-\\nmands a view, not of a limited circle of mountains as\\nin Switzerland with the sea and plains beyond, but\\nof a chaotic upheaval where countless peaks and\\nridges extend in every direction beyond the utmost\\npossibility of vision four hundred miles to the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Gbe IRational park of Canafca 5\\nPacific, a thousand towards the Arctic, a thousand\\nand more southwards.\\nAll this region was practically an unknown wilder-\\nness before the completion of the Canadian Pacific\\nRoad. This undertaking was formally begun on the\\n20th of July, 1 87 1, when British Columbia entered\\nthe Dominion of Canada and on which day the first\\nsurvey parties commenced work. Eleven different\\nroutes were surveyed across the several ranges of\\nthe Rockies before the work of construction began.\\nIn 1880 the Government seemed unable to make any\\nprogress in so vast an undertaking and gave over its\\ncontrol to a private corporation. Under new man-\\nagement, what was at that time the longest railroad\\nin the world was soon an accomplished fact, and in\\n1886 a new region was opened to mountain climbers\\nand travellers.\\nPlaces of unusual interest and beauty were then\\nchosen among the mountains, of which the chief is\\nBanff in the Canadian National Park. This reserve\\nis similar in aims and government to our Yellowstone\\nPark, and covers at present 260 square miles, and has\\na prospect of a much greater extent in the near\\nfuture. A small body of the North-west Mounted\\nPolice is stationed here to enforce the game laws and\\nkeep order generally. Their exploits with rebellious\\nIndians and desperadoes on the plains make the\\ntheme of many exciting tales. They wear a scarlet\\nuniform, Wellington boots, and a small circular cap\\ngayly tilted to one side of the head. Their duties are", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "6 XEbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\neasier now than a few years ago when there were\\nlaws in force against the sale of whiskey, for many\\ndesperate attempts were made in those days to\\nsmuggle in stimulants, which were regarded neces-\\nsary to stave off the rigours of a severe climate. The\\nthirsty inhabitants of Banff met with some success,\\nthough in the process many bottles were smashed\\nand many barrels were rolled into the Bow River.\\nWhiskey is easily obtained by everyone now, and\\nthe people have accordingly lapsed into temperance.\\nThe village of Banff consists of a few scattered\\nhouses and stores, with the necessary schoolhouses\\nand churches for the enlightenment of the people,\\nand several hotels for the entertainment of summer\\nguests. Some excellent roads and bridle-paths lead\\nthrough pine and poplar groves to places of interest,\\nsuch as the hot sulphur springs, the Spray valley,\\nand Lake Minnewanka.\\nFrom the summit of Tunnel Mountain, which is\\nexactly one thousand feet above Banff, a very good\\nidea of the surrounding region may be had. The Bow\\nRiver comes from the north-west, passes through\\nthe village of Banff, and after forcing a passage be-\\ntween great mountains, flows east to the plains,\\nwhich are concealed by intervening ranges. South-\\nwards, for many miles, may be seen the green val-\\nley of the Spray River, an unbroken mass of forest\\nenclosed by long ridges, one of which, Mt. Rundle, is\\nnearly ten thousand feet high and towers a mile above\\nthe Bow. To the north-east is seen the end of", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0031.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0032.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Banff 7\\nMinnewanka Lake, beyond a series of gravel ridges\\nwhich are relics of the glacial period.\\nAbout one mile from the village, on an eminence\\noverlooking the junction of the Bow and Spray rivers,\\nstands the Banff Springs Hotel. The Bow River\\nmakes a fine cascade between rocky walls just below\\nthe hotel, which latter is a comfortable place with\\naccommodations for a large number of guests. The\\nverandas command, from a considerable height, a\\nmagnificent view of the foaming river, while a vista\\nof snowy peaks almost unrivalled on this continent\\nis seen in the distance through a gap in the nearer\\nlimestone cliffs.\\nSeveral years ago, two gentlemen decided to as-\\ncend Cascade Mountain, one of the highest peaks of\\nthe neighbourhood. Instead of taking such advice\\nas was offered, they would have it that a course over\\nan intervening ridge was preferable to any other.\\nThey started out with the intention of returning\\nwithin twenty-four hours, but instead mysteriously\\ndisappeared for three days. Then they returned,\\nmuch to the relief of their friends, who were by that\\ntime alarmed for their safety. It appears that they\\nhad been lost in a region of burnt timber where they\\nhad wandered hungry and hopeless till some fate\\nled them to a place of safety. No one knows how\\nfar they went or where, but it is certain that upon\\nreaching the hotel they retired to their rooms and\\nremained there the greater part of the ensuing week.\\nIn the early summer of 1899, I made a camping", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0033.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "8 Zhe IRocMea of Cana a\\ntrip from Banff to Lake Minnewanka, or the Devil s\\nLake, and along its north shore to the chain of pools\\nbeyond. This lake, which is ten miles long, though\\nvery narrow, is like a bit of the Mediterranean set\\nbetween high mountains. An excellent trail, much\\nfavoured by the Indians, follows the north shore. On\\nthe second day we passed the end of Devil s Lake\\nand made camp finally by the borders of another\\nsmall lake, in a place almost surrounded by mountains\\nbut commanding a view of the plains towards the\\neast. Our camp was located in a meadow where\\ninnumerable wild flowers blossomed, and among\\nthem meadow rue and wild onions grew together.\\nA few white blossoms albinos were mingled\\namong the purple heads of the wild onions. These\\nand the other mountain flowers were slowly drown-\\ning under the rising waters of the lake, which was\\nfed no doubt by underground springs from the\\nmountains.\\nThis is the valley of the Ghost River, a strange vale\\nof limestone formation where no streams flow. Tor-\\nrents descend gullies and waterfalls dash over the\\nvertical walls of this canyon, but each one of them\\ndisappears as it enters this Ghost River valley. It is\\nsupposed to have been the ancient valley of the Bow,\\nof which these small lakes and the larger Minne-\\nwanka are relics of the former channel. A few miles\\nto the east, the mountains end abruptly, and this en-\\ntrance upon the plains is called the Devil s Gap.\\nWhat with a gap, a large lake, and a mountain a", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0034.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "Hn Inci ent of flnbian THIlarfare 9\\nshort distance to the north, called the Devil s Head,\\nnamed after him, his Satanic Majesty seems to have a\\nmortgage on all this region. All the large rivers of\\nthe north-west enter upon the plains from these kinds\\nof openings which are called gaps. They are in real-\\nity noble thresholds or vestibules between the rolling\\nplains and the mountains.\\nThis Devil s Gap was the route by which Sir\\nGeorge Simpson entered the mountains in 1858 on\\nhis journey which he claims was the first overland\\nexpedition around the world from east to west. In\\nthis part of his journey his train, consisting of forty-\\nfive horses and a large number of packers, was guided\\nby an Indian named Peechee. The guide Peechee\\nseems to have possessed great influence among his\\nfellows, and whenever, as was often the case, the\\nIndians gathered around their camp-fires and gos-\\nsiped about their adventures, Peechee was listened\\nto with the closest attention. Nothing delights the\\nIndians more than to indulge their passion for idle\\ntalk when assembled together, especially when un-\\nder the soothing and peaceful influence of tobacco\\na surprising fact to those who see them only among\\nstrangers, when they are usually silent.\\nA circumstance of Indian history connected with\\nthe east end of the lake is mentioned by Sir George\\nSimpson, and illustrates very well the nature of\\nsavage warfare. A short time previous to his arrival,\\na Cree Indian and his wife had been tracked and\\npursued by five Indians of a hostile tribe. At length", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0035.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "io Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nthey were discovered and attacked by their pursuers.\\nTerrified by the fear of almost certain death, the\\nCree advised his wife to submit without making any\\ndefence. She was possessed of a more courageous\\nspirit, however, and replied that as they were young\\nand had but one life to lose they had better exert\\nevery effort in self-defence. Accordingly she brought\\ndown the foremost warrior with a well-aimed shot.\\nFrom very shame her husband was forced to join the\\ncontest and mortally wounded two of the advancing\\nfoe with arrows. There were now but two on each\\nside. The fourth warrior had by this time reached\\nthe Cree s wife and with upraised tomahawk was on\\nthe point of cleaving her head when his foot caught\\nin some inequality of the ground and he fell prostrate.\\nWith lightning stroke the undaunted woman buried\\na dagger in his side. Dismayed by this unexpected\\nslaughter of his companions, the fifth Indian took to\\nflight after wounding the Cree in his arm.\\nOne of the most interesting excursions in the\\nvicinity of Banff is a boating trip up the Bow River\\nand through the Vermilion lakes. This part of the\\nBow valley above the falls is flat and the river is here\\nwide and deep, with a comparatively moderate cur-\\nrent. A small stream half a mile from the boat-house\\nleads to the Vermilion lakes, and on pleasant sum-\\nmer days is alive with canoes and boating parties.\\nThe stream comes from two shallow lakes not far\\naway, and the voyage thither is full of interest. In\\nplaces the waterway is too narrow to permit of the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0036.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0039.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0040.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Gbe IPermilion lakes n\\nuse of oars and you must paddle between tangled\\nbushes and marsh grasses, dodging meanwhile the\\noverhanging branches of willows and alders.\\nOn these lakes there is an excellent opportunity\\nto study some of the characteristic features of the\\nCanadian Rockies. The surrounding mountains are\\ncovered with evergreens, part of that great subarctic\\nforest which sweeps down from the north and\\nclothes all Canada and the northern States in a gar-\\nment of sombre green. The trees are spruce, balsam-\\nfir, and pine. On the sunny south-facing slopes\\nthere are a few large Douglas firs which penetrate\\nthe lower mountain valleys from the foothills, but do\\nnot live at much higher altitudes than that of Banff,\\nwhich is forty-five hundred feet above sea-level. The\\nopen glades are filled with small aspen poplars, wil-\\nlows, and birches, which are practically the only\\ndeciduous trees. These live only at the lower alti-\\ntudes, but the spruces and balsam-firs cover the grey\\nlimestone mountains to a height of nearly three thou-\\nsand feet above this valley. The red squirrels and\\nchipmunks surprise the visitor by their tameness.\\nMany of the wild birds are likewise very tame, and\\nI have seen a number of finches engaged in picking\\nseeds from bushes within two yards of where 1 was\\nwalking.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0041.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nEARLIEST VISITS TO LAKE LOUISE VIEW OF LAKE FROM\\nTHE CHALET DESCRIPTION OF THE LAKE SWAMP FLOW-\\nERS THE WHITE-FLOWERED RHODODENDRON THE TRAIL\\nNEAR THE LAKE CLIFFS OF THE WEST SHORE THE DELTA\\nOF THE INLET STREAM THE ROCK SLIDE OF THE SOUTH\\nSHORE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COLOUR OF LAKE LOUISE WATER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEMPERATURE\\nIN MIDSUMMER SOME INSECT PESTS BATTLES OF HORSE-\\nFLIES AND WASPS CHALET LIFE SUMMER CLIMATE AT\\nTHE LAKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THUNDER-STORMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIGHT EFFECTS AND COLOUR\\nILLUSIONS AN OCTOBER VISIT TO LAKE LOUISE AN AVA-\\nLANCHE FROM MT. LEFROY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A WARNING OF WINTER S\\nAPPROACH\\nLAKE LOUISE is near the Bow valley, about\\nforty miles from Banff. Who first discovered\\nthe lake or whatever became of him is lost to\\nhistory. It is probable that venturesome spirits came\\nto this wild spot during the early years of railroad\\nbuilding, or possibly when the first surveyors as-\\ncended the Bow valley.\\nThe earliest record of a visit that I have been able\\nto find tells how, in 1882, Tom Wilson was camped\\nwith a pack train near the mouth of the Pipestone,\\nwhen some Stony Indians came along and placed their\\nteepees near him. Not long after, a heavy snow-\\nslide or avalanche was heard among the mountains", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0042.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Earliest IDisits to Xafce Xouiee 13\\nto the south, and in reply to inquiry one of the\\nIndians named Edwin, the Gold Seeker, said that the\\nthunder came from a big snow mountain above\\nthe lake of little fishes. The next day Wilson and\\nEdwin rode through the forests to the lake of little\\nfishes, which was named subsequently for the Prin-\\ncess Louise. The Indian told of two smaller lakes\\nhigher on the mountain side to the west, one of\\nwhich, called by him the Goats Looking-Glass,\\nis now known as Lake Agnes.\\nThis region being away from the main routes of\\ntravel, and surrounded as it is by a knot of high\\nmountains, no one hoped to find a pass in this direc-\\ntion, and no mention of it is made in the records of\\nthe earliest explorers. Somewhat more to our pur-\\npose is the fact that the place is now well known\\nand Lake Louise may be reached with little effort.\\nSome time before 1890, a rustic inn was placed on\\nthe swampy shore of the lake, and a waggon road\\nwas made to open communication with the railroad\\nat the little station of Laggan. In this way the first\\ntravellers came to Lake Louise. But one day in 1893\\nthis log building caught fire, and burned to the\\nground, so that there were no accommodations and\\nvery few visitors that summer. However, with a\\nfriend I spent two weeks of that season, camping out\\nin a tent among the tall trees near the shore, and in a\\nsmall way we commenced our earliest explorations\\nof the neighbourhood, which was at that time com-\\nparatively new.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0043.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14 Zbc IRocfties of Canada\\nThe new chalet stands on a ridge near the water\\nedge and gives a splendid, and possibly the best,\\nview of the lake. The extreme length of this in-\\nteresting body of water, which is shaped like the left\\nhuman foot, is one mile and a quarter, but from the\\nmagnitude of the mountains on every side it appears\\nat first glance to be a mere pool. The primitive\\nsimplicity of a virgin forest is shown in its densely\\nwooded shores and the tangle of bushy banks where\\nfallen trees, mossy in decay, are half concealed by\\nunderbrush and flowering shrubs. A narrow margin\\nof angular stones and rounded boulders marks the\\nshore line. From this the bottom drops away very\\nsuddenly to great depths, but you may see large\\nstones under the water and water-logged hulks of old\\ntrees swept long ago from their positions on the\\nmountain sides by avalanches.\\nLake Louise has the enduring attraction of nature\\nin one of her grandest and most inspiring moods. It\\nis a deeply coloured lake between wooded slopes,\\nwhich sweep upwards on either side in unbroken\\nmasses of green, to barren cliffs above tree line. On\\nthe left the forest growth ascends more steeply to\\nthe base of a grand precipice, while farther down the\\nlake a massive pile of fallen rocks rests against the\\nmountain base and dips abruptly into the water.\\nMt. Victoria, a giant of the continental watershed,\\nstands square across the valley end beyond the lake.\\nIts brilliant ice fields make striking contrast to the\\ndark forests and shadowy cliffs encircling the lake.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0044.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Swamp ]f lowers 15\\nIn early morning and during calms after a storm, the\\nplacid surface reflects the precipices and hanging\\nglaciers of the distant Mt. Victoria, and brings that\\npicture of Alpine grandeur in pleasing proximity to\\nthe beauty of spruce-lined shores and richly coloured\\nwater. These mountain outlines are so harmonious,\\nand the colour changes so exquisite, that Lake Louise\\nis a realisation of the perfect beauty of nature beyond\\nthe power of imagination. Though surprisingly at-\\ntractive to the new arrival, Lake Louise, like many\\nanother beautiful phase of natural scenery, grows in\\nimpressiveness when experience has given a true\\nidea of the distance and magnitude of the surrounding\\nmountains.\\nThe swampy shore before the chalet makes a\\nfine display of wild flowers even in these times when\\na new set of visitors comes every day to tear them\\nup. Every spot in these mountains has its character-\\nistic plants according to the nature of the ground and\\nits altitude above sea. There is at this end of the\\nlake a low and swampy shore, reeking with surface\\nwater from cold springs, unable to escape through\\nthe clayey soil beneath. Yellow violets and several\\nspecies of anemones thrive here together with a con-\\nsiderable number of greenish orchids, and the fragrant\\nlady s tresses, but by far the most beautiful flower is\\nthe yellow mountain columbine, a near cousin to the\\nscarlet variety of our eastern rock banks. There are\\nseveral shrubs, of which red-flowered sheep-laurel\\nand white-tufted Labrador tea are most conspicuous,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0045.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "1 6 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocMes of Canat a\\nthe leaves of the latter being covered underneath\\nwith a rusty down. In the retirement of partial forest\\nshade the beautiful white-flowered rhododendron\\ngrows. This bush has tender leaves of an oval\\nshape, and is decorated in spring with large bell-\\nshaped flowers, which hang their white corollas in\\nartistic clusters among the foliage. In June you will\\nfind them in bloom near Lake Louise, but the bush\\ngrows higher on the mountains also, and there they\\nblossom in July, or rarely in August. As in many\\nother mountain plants, the succession of flowers\\nthroughout the summer season comes from the low-\\nest valleys upwards to higher altitudes. The scrub\\nbirch, Betula glandulosa, has no flowers except in-\\nconspicuous catkins, but its long black wands and\\nsmall round leaves soon become familiar to every\\nvisitor to these mountains, for this bush is rarely\\nabsent from any mountain meadow.\\nA rather rough trail closely follows the north shore,\\nand with perseverance you may arrive at the far end\\nof the lake. New mountains appear as you proceed,\\nand the form of the lake, which from the chalet\\nseems like a round pool, changes apparently into a\\nlong and narrow body of water. Through a vertical\\nopening in the cliffs at the head of the lake, Mt.\\nLefroy looms in the distance, crowned with a helmet\\nof perpetual snow and hanging glacier. The extreme\\nend of the lake is guarded by a vertical cliff. The\\ntrail ascends to avoid a pile of stones which have\\nfallen from above, and so traverses a grassy slope,", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0046.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0049.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0050.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Gbe Grail near tbe Xafce 17\\nwhere the blue sky above is portrayed in the petals\\nof the most perfect forget-me-nots that I have ever\\nseen. Their cheery yellow eyes and bright blossoms\\ndecorate tall branching plants, and make a pretty dis-\\nplay throughout the entire summer.\\nThen the trail descends directly towards the cliffs,\\nwinds among great spruce trees, and enters a place\\nof sombre and perpetual twilight, made by over-\\nhanging cliffs and forest depths. This is a marvellous\\nrevelation of the stupendous grandeur of these Rocky\\nMountains. The cliffs are disposed in horizontal\\nlayers of a hard and shiny quartz sandstone, stained\\nred and orange transversely by iron, and vertically\\nbanded purple and black, where oozing waters drip\\nfrom the trees above. Throughout the first three\\nhundred feet the cliff rises sheer, or overhangs in\\nsome places where large blocks of this world masonry\\nhave fallen and left natural arches. On the higher\\nplaces spruce trees cling with precarious foothold,\\ntheir trunks parallel to the cliff, and so measuring the\\ninspiring height of the precipice. The lapping water,\\na few yards below, touches the base of a pile of\\nimmense rocks, heaped in confusion as they have\\nfallen from the crags, whence danger seems to\\nthreaten as you approach.\\nEmerging from this place of solemn grandeur, the\\ntrail leads down to a flat meadow at the head of Lake\\nLouise. Here marsh reeds and white-tufted cotton-\\ngrass grow in the sand and gravel which a muddy\\nstream has carried down to the lake from a glacier a", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0051.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "1 8 Zbc IRochtea of Canada\\nmile or more up the valley. This is in fact a delta,\\nwhich is slowly growing as the coarse materials are\\nadded to the shore, while the finer sand and clay rush\\nout in a tongue of milky water to defile the blue lake.\\nAbout a quarter mile of the ancient lake basin has\\nbeen filled in, but as this has no doubt required all\\nthe thousands of years since the glacial period, and\\nthe lake itself is exceedingly deep, many ages must\\nelapse before the lake entirely disappears.\\nIt is almost impossible to continue the journey\\naround the lake, as the inlet stream is rather difficult\\nto cross, and the south side of the lake for nearly a\\nmile is nothing less than a tremendous conical pile\\nof stones resting against the mountain side. This\\nplace is well worth thorough exploration in a boat.\\nSome banks of snow, left by winter snow-slides, often\\nremain till August, in one or two shady spots near\\nthe water. The rock-slide is composed of small and\\nlarge fragments disposed in unstable equilibrium, at\\nan angle of about forty-five degrees, and descending\\nbelow the water at the same angle, so that at two\\nhundred feet from the shore the depth is about two\\nhundred feet. These rocks are richly coloured with\\nlichens of various shades. Part of the slide is covered\\nby birch and willow brush. Even a few spruces\\nhave ventured to grow in this perilous place, though\\nthe green vegetation is everywhere scored by narrow\\nbands of bare ground, showing where rocks and\\nsnow-slides have swept resistlessly through. In fact it\\nis rather dangerous to approach very near, even in a", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0052.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Colour of Xafte Xouise Mater 19\\nboat, as stones, which travel at great speed, may fall\\nat any time from the cliffs. Above the slide an al-\\nmost perpendicular wall of rock ascends more than a\\nthousand feet, and then rises less abruptly till it ends\\nin the summit of Fairview Mountain 3300 feet above\\nthe lake.\\nThe usual colour of Lake Louise, which varies con-\\nsiderably according to the effect of sunlight, is a\\nrobin s-egg blue. Tyndall says that this blue colour\\nof glacial water and lakes, like that of the sky, is due\\nto infinitesimally small particles of matter held in\\nsuspension. The water is very clear in early spring,\\nbut the incoming stream brings down a muddy freshet\\nfrom the glacier during July and August, so that a\\nmilky colouring then appears and lasts till the frosts\\nof October. The lake finds an outlet near the chalet\\nin a broad and shallow stream, but after a few hundred\\nyards this changes to a boulder-strewn torrent where\\nit begins a rapid descent of six hundred feet to the\\nBow River. The deepest place in the lake is\\n230 feet, and this is near the rock-slide. With\\na long rope and a piece of iron pipe 1 got some\\nmud from the bottom where the water was two\\nhundred feet in depth. This mud is the very\\nfinest rock dust ground up by the glacier, which\\nsettles to the bottom century after century, where it\\nremains as a fine clay and upon drying turns to a\\nwhite powder. At certain times the surface of the lake\\nis covered by a kind of yellow scum that on examina-\\ntion proves to be pollen from the spruce forests.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0053.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "20 Gbe IRocfties of Canada\\nThe temperature of the water, coining as it does\\nfrom a glacial stream and melting snow, is very cold,\\nand the highest point reached in August is 57 de-\\ngrees, which is about the average daily temperature\\nof the air for this month, at Lake Louise. There is a\\nspring near the chalet which pours out a little stream\\nof sparkling water only five degrees above freezing,\\nand I found another at the north end of the lake only\\none and one-half degrees above freezing. Never-\\ntheless in this very coldest water some brown con-\\nfervas grow.\\nSmall brook and rainbow trout live in the lake,\\nbut the fishing is not very exciting, as the countless\\nflies and moths that are blown upon the water in the\\ndaily south wind supply an abundance of food. No\\nreason is apparent why large fish are not found here\\nas in other similar lakes in these mountains, but\\npossibly the fine mud in the water makes a poor\\nhabitat for lake trout.\\nNature rarely permits perfection, and the wonder-\\nful beauty of Lake Louise is somewhat balanced by\\nmosquitoes which swarm from June till the middle of\\nAugust. Newcomers are most annoyed, especially\\nthose from Europe where mosquitoes are scarce, but\\nold-timers are practically immune from their attacks\\nand from any poisonous effect of their bites. Several\\ndifferent species of mosquitoes are found here, and,\\nnot to go into the scientific names, they may be\\nclassed as small grey ones and large brown fellows,\\nsome that fly on silent wing, and others the worst", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0054.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Some flnsect pests 21\\nof all that announce their pestiferous presence by\\npersistent singing. Fortunately the nights are cold\\nenough to make them retire after about nine o clock.\\nAnother insect pest is a large horse-fly appropri-\\nately called the bull-dog from its ferocious bite,\\nwhich feels like a fiery spark. They are among the\\ntoughest of all insects not protected by a case as\\nbeetles are, and fly away unharmed after receiving a\\nhard blow of the hand. These bull-dogs frequent\\nall the lower valleys, and appear during the warm\\nsummer days, when they drive horses nearly frantic.\\nTheir instinct leads them to bite only rough things\\nand so leave your face and hands alone. Thus they\\nspend most of their time prodding your clothes in\\nvain and testing the rough hide of a horse, but they\\nsometimes make mistakes.\\nThe bull-dogs and wasps wage continual warfare,\\nand this species of fly, which invariably gets the\\nworst of it, would certainly disappear if the wasps\\nwere not so few, or the flies not practically inex-\\nhaustible. Their miniature battles are most interest-\\ning. Sometimes you will see a wasp pursue and\\ncapture a fly in mid-air, whereupon the contestants\\nfall to the ground and for a moment it is impossible\\nto follow the movements of either in their mad\\nbuzzing circles. From the whirling centre of motion\\ncome legs and wings, and in a brief moment the fly\\nis powerless, shorn of every means of movement by\\nthe sharp jaws of the wasp. Finally the wasp cuts\\noff the head of its helpless victim and leaves the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0055.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "22 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocMes of Canafca\\nlifeless body that it may continue the chase. These\\nacts of the wasps are assuredly cold-blooded and\\nmurderous, for the victim s body is neither eaten nor\\ncarried away for future use. Some old family feud\\nmust be at the bottom of it all.\\nSimplicity of chalet life at Lake Louise and per-\\nhaps even more the adventures on the mountains\\nbeget a ready acquaintance, which often ripens into\\nlasting friendship. It is a study in human nature to\\nwatch the new arrivals day by day, and to observe\\nthe effect on each of the superb view which appears\\nwhere the road emerges from the forest. Some\\npeople are overawed and stand on the lake shore in\\nsilent wonderment, while the majority exclaim This\\nis the most beautiful scene 1 have ever looked upon.\\nA few, after a brief glance at the lake, hasten into the\\nchalet for something to eat, thus balancing their\\nhunger for material things and their love of nature,\\nin uneven scale, but giving a testimonial at the same\\ntime to the value of mountain air as an appetiser.\\nMany interesting people are found among the\\nvisitors, while the good cheer and hearty comrade-\\nship that reign in this simple place are contagious.\\nAt evening a large fireplace is heaped with pine logs,\\nand a fire is kindled which throws light and cheerful\\nwarmth against the chill of frosty nights. Then\\namid curling smoke and the clink of glasses the mis-\\nhaps of the day are related. Often, too, you may\\nhear, from travellers who have visited the remotest\\nparts of the earth, perhaps thrilling accounts of", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0056.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Summer Climate at tbe lake 23\\nleopard, and tiger-hunts in the jungle, blood-curdling\\ntales of treachery and massacre, or daring exploits\\nin the Indian wars.\\nIn May or early June the ice breaks up, and the\\nforests near the lake are free from snow. The sum-\\nmer climate is cool and the highest temperature ever\\nrecorded is 78 degrees. The altitude above sea,\\nas near as I could determine from a series of baro-\\nmetrical observations, is 5643 feet. The nights are\\nalways cool, and sometimes a frost occurs even in\\nJuly or August. At daybreak the lake is usually\\nplacid and reflects, like a great mirror, the mountains\\nand wooded shores, but so soon as the summer sun\\nhas tempered the frosty air the breezes begin to stir,\\nat first imperceptibly in gentle zephyrs, which touch\\nthe motionless water some distance down the lake.\\nThen rippled places appear, enlarge very quickly,\\nand presently make a continuous band across the\\nlake. One end of the lake may thus remain under\\nthe influence of wind for an hour or more while the\\nother is quiet, but the strength of the breezes con-\\ntinues to grow as the sun gains power, till at noon\\nthe entire lake is almost invariably covered with lit-\\ntle whitecaps. The wind dies away after sunset,\\nand by midnight a frosty calm settles once more\\nupon the lake. Then the roar of the glacial stream,\\na mile and a half distant, unheard by day, becomes\\nplainly audible in the quiet night air.\\nThe approach of storms is announced by wisps\\nof cirrus cloud which move from west to east and", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0057.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "24 Gbe IRockies of Canaba\\npresently make a hazy veil which partially obscures\\nthe sun. A soft wind blows from the south-west,\\nwhile the smoke of forest fires increases and adds to\\nthe bluish haze. Sometimes this smoke is laden\\nwith white ash-flakes, which may have travelled\\nhundreds of miles from fires on the Pacific coast, or\\nin the Kootenay country, and the distant mountains\\noften withdraw from sight in a bluish obscurity.\\nThe first rain usually commences in a thunder-storm,\\nwhich comes crashing through the mountains with\\nits accompaniment of wind and hail, leaving the\\nforests moist, and the peaks hung with clinging\\nmists. A violent storm at night among these mount-\\nains is one of the most inspiring phenomena of na-\\nture. A continuous roar from the forest, stirred by\\nthe gale, mingled with the crash of conquered trees,\\nis momentarily lost in thunder, echoed and rolled\\nback from rock cliffs and mountain sides. A hoarse\\nmurmur, which is not the roar of ocean surf, but the\\nlesser voice of a small mountain lake lashed to fury,\\ncomes from the shore.\\nThe gloom of these night storms is followed by a\\nperiod of calm, not less impressive in majestic reve-\\nlations. At such times dawn shows the clouds low\\non the mountains, sulking, as it were, before the\\ncoming victory of the sun. The rising sun awakens\\nuncertain movements in the motionless mist, and\\ncauses moist air currents to ascend and form new\\nclouds, while others descend in counter currents,\\nspin out into wisps of fog, and disappear again like", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0058.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Xigbt Effects an Colour Allusions 25\\ncloud ghosts into thin air. Suddenly a mountain,\\ncovered with a mantle of fresh snow, appears above\\nthe rolling masses, and the sun, breaking through,\\npours a shaft of light that in its long pathway leaps\\nfrom mountains and clouds to fall into the lake.\\nChangeable breezes make ripples on the calm water,\\nthen cease, only to breathe upon another place like\\nthe last dying gasps of storm.\\nThe first two or three days after a severe rain are\\nmore beautiful than any others. It is impossible to\\ntell or paint the beautiful colours, the kaleidoscopic\\nchange of light and shade, under such conditions.\\nThey are so exquisite that one refuses to believe\\nthem even in their presence, so subtle in change, so\\ninfinite in variety, that the memory fails to recall\\ntheir varying moods. I have seen twenty shades of\\ngreen, and several of blue, in the waters of Lake\\nLouise at one time. Sometimes in the evening,\\nwhen the quantity of light is rapidly diminishing,\\nand the lake lies calm, or partly tremulous with dy-\\ning ripples, marked vertically by the reflections of\\ncliffs and trees, there is a light green in the shallow-\\nest water of the east shore, a more vivid colour a little\\nfarther out, and then a succession of deeper shades\\nmerging one into another by imperceptible change,\\nyet in irregular patches according to the depth of\\nwater, to the deep bluish-green and blue of the mid-\\ndle lake. The eye wanders from place to place and\\ncomes back a few moments later to where the bright-\\nest colours were, but no doubt they are gone now,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0059.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "26 Zbc IRocfcies of Canada\\nand the mirror surface is dulled by a puff of air, while\\nthe sharp reflections have been replaced by purple\\nshadows, or the obscure repetitions of the red brown\\ncliffs above the water. It may be that a day, a year,\\nor possibly a century will pass before those identical\\nglories of colour will come again.\\nAmong many marvellous effects of light and colour,\\none that occurred on a September afternoon remains\\ndistinct in my memory. The sky immediately over-\\nhead was clear, but massive clouds were brooding\\nabove the snowy crest of Mt. Victoria. A mysteri-\\nous calm pervaded the cool air, and the water lay\\ntremulous with that gentle motion which is the final\\npulsing of ripples before utter quiet settles on a\\nsleeping lake. The distant valley and the farther\\nreaches of water were obscured by a gloomy shade\\nof motionless clouds. An arching band of light\\nbathed their edges in brilliant silver, overleapt the\\ndark curtain, and descending, fell into the abyss of\\nwater near the north shore, to develop there a poison-\\nous looking green colour, intensely strong in com-\\nparison with the darkness beyond. The sun s rays\\nbreaking through the clouds threw light on various\\nparts of the lake, steeping in vivid sea-green the\\ntawny reflections of iron-stained cliffs and the bril-\\nliant yellows of autumn willows and larches, only to\\nbury them again in shadow. The lake seemed like\\na great basin filled with liquid under magic spell,\\nwhere the quietly changing sunbeams resembled\\nan enchanter s wand, which at the lightest touch", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0060.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Hn \u00c2\u00a9ctober \\\\Dteit to Xafce Xoutee 27\\nproduced wonderful colourings and weird effects in\\nthe uncertain light.\\nI once made an interesting visit to Lake Louise in\\nOctober. The previous September had been a month\\nof disagreeable weather and continuous snow-storms.\\nThen followed, as often happens in the Canadian\\nRockies, a month or more of bright weather which is\\nthe true Indian summer and has peculiar charms of\\nits own. I could not resist the temptation, as the\\nmorning train approached the station of Laggan, to\\nimprove an excellent opportunity for another study\\nof Lake Louise. Sunrise had been unusually bril-\\nliant and there was every prospect of a fine day.\\nAfter breakfast at the station-house I set forth on\\nthe hard frozen road towards the lake. I carried\\nlunch in my pocket, and an ever faithful camera\\nstrapped to my shoulders, while for a companion\\n1 coaxed an idle dog to accompany me. The air was\\ncold, and the feeble October sun had not as yet\\nstruck into the forest and removed the frost from\\nmoss and fallen leaves. In somewhat less than an\\nhour I arrived at the lake. All was deserted the\\nchalet closed, the keeper gone, and the lake restored\\nto primeval solitude. Of insect life there was none,\\nfor the busy swarms of bull-dogs and mosquitoes\\nhad been annihilated by nights of frost, or else were\\nhibernating till another season. Most all of the\\nflowers were withered and frost-bitten, the deciduous\\nbushes, but lately decked in gay autumn colours,\\nwere scattering dead leaves on the ground, while the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0061.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "28 Zbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nlarches far up on the mountains marked a band of\\npale yellow between the green spruces and the bare\\nslopes above tree line. However, the greater part\\nof Rocky Mountain plants are evergreen, so that the\\nspruces, balsams, and pines, no less than the under-\\ngrowth of heaths and mosses, find a way of defying\\nwinter by wearing a garb of perpetual summer.\\nThe lake rested motionless and half lighted by\\nthe early morning sun. There is rarely much sky\\ncolouring at sunrise or sunset in these mountains.\\nThe dry atmosphere, especially at this season, has\\nlittle power to dissolve the white light into rainbow\\nhues and produce those deep and richly varied colours\\nwhich occur in lowland regions or on the sea. The\\ntints are pure, clear, and cold like the air itself. They\\nare merely delicate shades or colour suggestions\\nwhich recall those faint but exquisite hues seen in\\ntopaz, transparent quartz, or tourmaline crystals, in\\nwhich the minutest trace of some foreign mineral has\\ncreated rare spectrum colours and imprisoned them\\nthere for ever. This morning the snowy mountain\\ntops were tinted a clear pink beautifully contrasted\\nagainst an intensely blue sky.\\nMy breath rose straight upwards in the calm air.\\nThe mirror surface of the lake was disturbed by some\\nwild fowl black ducks and northern divers which\\nfrequent the lake at this season. Their splashings\\nand the harsh cries of the divers came faintly over\\nthe water. It seemed strange that these familiar\\nhaunts could become so fearfully wild and lonely", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0062.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0065.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0066.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Hn Hvalancbe from fIDL Xefro? 29\\nmerely because man had resigned his claims to the\\nplace. Suddenly a wild, unearthly wail, from across\\nthe water, the cry of a loon, which is one of the\\nmost melancholy of all sounds, startled me and\\nabruptly ended my reverie on solitude.\\nAccordingly I walked down the north shore of\\nthe lake with the intention of going several miles up\\nthe valley and taking some photographs of Mt. Le-\\nfroy. The flat, bushy meadows near the upper end\\nof the lake were cold, and all the plants and reedy\\ngrass were white with frost. The towering cliffs\\nand castle-like battlements of the mountains on the\\nsouth side of the valley shut out the sun and pro-\\nmised to prevent its genial rays from warming this\\nspot till late in the afternoon. In the frozen ground\\nI saw the tracks of a bear, made probably the day\\nbefore. Bruin had gone up the valley somewhere\\nand had not returned, so there was the possibility of\\nmaking his acquaintance.\\nI was well repaid for my visit by seeing a magni-\\nficent avalanche fall from Mt. Lefroy, a rock mount-\\nain which rises in vertical cliffs between two branches\\nof a glacier encircling its base. A hanging glacier\\nrests on the highest slope of the mountain and forms\\na vertical face of ice over two hundred feet thick at\\nthe top of a precipice. At intervals, sometimes of\\ndays or weeks, masses of ice break from the hang-\\ning glacier and fall with thundering crashes to the\\nvalley.\\nI was standing at a point about two miles distant", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0067.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "30 Sbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nwhen, from the vertical ice-wall, a fragment of the\\nglacier, representing its entire thickness, broke away,\\nand, turning slowly, began to fall through the airy\\nabyss. In a few seconds of continued silence, for no\\nsound had yet reached me, the heavy mass struck a\\nprojecting ledge, after falling half a thousand feet,\\nand there was shivered into innumerable pieces and\\nclouds of powdered ice, as though it had been rent by\\nsome great explosion. Simultaneously came the\\nfirst thundering roar of the avalanche. Then for two\\nthousand feet more the greater masses of ice led the\\nway, leaping from ledge to ledge, some of them whirl-\\ning round in mid-air, while others shot downwards\\nlike meteors, trailing behind snowy streams brushed\\noff in their awful flight. In a long succession of\\nwhite curtains resembling a splendid waterfall, the\\nsmallest particles followed after. The loud crash\\nwhich signalled the first destruction of the icy mass\\nnow grew into a prolonged thunder, mingled with\\nexplosive reports of bursting fragments as they\\ncollided in mid-air or dashed against projecting parts\\nof the precipice. It was like the sound of battle,\\nwhere the clash of arms and the sharp crack of\\nrifles are accompanied by a continuous roar of\\nartillery.\\nThe north face of Mt. Lefroy is a practically ver-\\ntical cliff twenty-five hundred feet from base to top.\\nImagine then a precipice sixteen times higher than\\nNiagara, at the top of which stands a hanging glac-\\nier crevassed into yawning caverns, ever moving", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0068.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "H Wanting of Winter s approach 31\\nresistlessly forwards and threatening at any time to\\nlaunch tremendous masses of ice into the valley\\nbelow. Such avalanches are among the most thrilling\\nspectacles of nature. The majestically slow move-\\nment of these masses as they commence to fall is a\\nmeasure of much greater heights and depths than the\\neye, deceived by the clear mountain air, can at first\\nappreciate. The first movements of these avalanches\\nproceed in total silence, and the ice may fall a thous-\\nand feet or more while the sound is travelling the\\nintervening distance, to awaken echoes among the\\ncliffs and startle the mountaineer. I have often\\nnoticed that the thunder of avalanches from Mt.\\nVictoria requires twenty seconds to reach the chalet,\\nso that by that time there is often nothing but a\\nwhite cloud to indicate what has occurred.\\nI got back to Lake Louise again about one o clock.\\nA local breeze made a narrow lane of ripples in the\\nmidst of a surface otherwise perfectly calm. This\\nwas one of those rare days when the lake is undis-\\nturbed by wind at midday under a clear sky, for the\\nwind generally comes and goes with the rising and\\nsetting of the sun. The morning chill had been\\ntempered by the October sun and a few forest birds\\nwere flitting silently among the trees, but the flowers\\nand butterflies of summer were no more. It seemed\\nthe last expiring effort of autumn, when at any time\\na sudden storm might wrap the landscape in snow\\nand bind the lake with ice. Even at this warmest\\ntime of day the feeble sun rays seemed unable to", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0069.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "32 Zhe IRocMes of Canaba\\nfully heat the air, while the cold forest shadows and\\nunmelted frosts gave warning that winter was pre-\\nparing to descend from the mountains, and rule un-\\ninterrupted for a period of eight or nine months.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0070.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nTHE ENVIRONMENT OF LAKE LOUISE ORGANISATION OF\\nA CAMPING PARTY ALPINE FLOWERS LAKE AGNES\\nMOUNTAIN SOLITUDES VIEW FROM THE LITTLE BEE-\\nHIVE THE VICTORIA GLACIER AN ACCIDENT ON MT.\\nLEFROY A RETURN FOR AID INDIAN CONSOLATION\\nASCENT OF A SNOW PASS DISCOVERY OF A NEW VAL-\\nLEY EXPLORATION OF A DELIGHTFUL REGION A FOR-\\nEST BIVOUAC INDIAN SARCASM\\nTHE environment of Lake Louise is wild and\\nrugged. The snowy mountains seen be-\\nyond the water, Mt. Victoria and Mt. Lefroy,\\nform part of the continental watershed and are\\namong the finest peaks of southern Canada. The\\nspur ranges make a complex knot of splendid mount-\\nains towering from four to six thousand feet above\\nthe valleys. These latter abound in lakes and forests\\nin striking contrast to the bare rocks and dazzling\\nsnow fields of the high altitudes. The forces of\\nnature have made here a wonderful combination of\\ngloomy gorges and tremendous cliffs, limestone\\npinnacles, and crevassed glaciers.\\nTo explore this chaotic wonderland, then but little\\nknown, and to learn something of the neighbouring\\nvalleys and mountains, a party of college men was\\n3\\n33", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0071.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "34 XTbe IRochies of Canada\\norganised in 1894, and met at Lake Louise in July.\\nOne member of our party was an enthusiastic\\nhunter, another eager for the glories of mountain\\nclimbing, one was a disciple of Daguerre, while the\\ntwo others were ready to join almost any undertak-\\ning whatever. Yandell Henderson, Lewis Frissell,\\nand 1 were the first to meet at Lake Louise, but we\\nhad not been there long before our spirits were\\ncheered by the arrival of our friend George Warring-\\nton. After a few preliminary excursions had been\\nmade, to get in condition for more arduous trips,\\nSamuel Allen, with whom 1 had made several\\nmountain ascents in previous years, completed our\\nparty towards the middle of July.\\nA common purpose helped the unity of our work,\\nwhich was to explore the region immediately around\\nLake Louise, to ascend some high peaks, and to ob-\\ntain photographs of the scenery. Through Warring-\\nton s ingenuity in contriving a winding reel, the lake\\nwas sounded and then mapped and contoured.\\nHenderson added to our larder by his skill with a\\nrifle, while the rest of us climbed mountains and\\nmade maps.\\nOur first excursion, and one that nowadays is\\nvery popular with visitors, was to Lake Agnes. A\\ntrail leaves the chalet, and by a course of zigzags\\nthrough the forest ascends the sloping mountain\\nwest of the lake. The tall coniferous trees cast a\\ncool shade and shut out the mountain world till an\\nascent of a thousand feet has been made. An older", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0072.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "Hlpine ]flower$ 35\\ntrail then leads off to the right and presently comes\\nout on a bare slope, swept of trees years ago by a\\nwinter snow-slide. A wonderful view is here dis-\\nclosed. Mirror Lake, a small pool, is several hundred\\nfeet below, shut off from breezes by an encircling\\nforest and a great cliff called the Beehive, whose ta-\\npering form and horizontal bands of red and grey\\nrocks suggest its name. On the right of the Bee-\\nhive, Lake Agnes appears, partly concealed by Ly-\\nall s larch, and from it comes a cascade that dashes\\nover rocky ledges down to Mirror Lake. Mt. Lefroy\\nand Mt. Aberdeen across the valley seem for higher\\nthan they did twelve hundred feet below. Where the\\navalanche has swept away the forest trees, a growth\\nof bushes and herbs has restored the green colour to\\nthe mountain side and added beauty to it by means\\nof a multitude of Alpine flowers. The great mount-\\nain anemone, showing rigid white flowers, and com-\\npound leaves divided again and again into fern-like\\ntracery, grows here among the rocks. It should be\\ncalled the snow-flower, for it is the first to awaken\\nat the touch of spring and bloom at the edges\\nof melting snow-banks. I have seen their burst-\\ning buds surrounded by an inch of snow ready to\\nopen in to-morrow s sun. Sometimes the great\\nanemone blossoms in August or September on Al-\\npine highlands, where perhaps the snows of winter\\nhave been unusually deep, and a false spring comes\\nin autumn when the belated meadows are at last\\nuncovered. This plant bears a tufted bunch of", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0073.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "36 \u00c2\u00a3be IRoclues of Canada\\nplumed seeds which, at full development, is twelve\\nor eighteen inches above the ground, and these tas-\\nseled heads make a conspicuous display in every\\nhigh mountain meadow.\\nSomebody has said that edelweiss and Scotch\\nheather grow on this slope. There are two plants\\nresembling them, one an antennaria, and the other a\\nheath called bryanthus, which has small purple\\nblossoms remarkably like the Scotch heather. Why\\ndoes not somebody import the seeds or roots of the\\nSwiss edelweiss and plant them here Then, as in\\nthe Alps, lovers can risk broken limbs to show their\\ndevotion. These Canadian Rockies have the grand-\\neur and beauty of the Alps, but need their romance\\nand poetry, picturesque mountain villages, cattle\\npasturing on the upland meadows, or the calls of\\nthe shepherd and yodel to awaken the forest echoes.\\nThe trail, which is soon lost among the attrac-\\ntions of this place by anyone not devoting his atten-\\ntion to it, appears again on the farther side of the\\navalanche track. It makes a dizzy course along the\\nface of moss-fringed cliffs, glistening in places with\\nspring-water. Spruce trees have established a foot-\\ning wherever there is the slightest opportunity, often\\non the very edge of the precipice, so that their\\nspreading branches lean far out from the cliff, and\\ntheir bare roots, like writhing serpents, are flattened\\nin narrow fractures of the rocks. These wooden\\nanchors have safely outlived a thousand mountain\\nstorms and may see as many more.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0074.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0077.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0078.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Xafce Hgnes 37\\nLake Agnes is a wild tarn imprisoned by cheer-\\nless cliffs. At one end there is a narrow fringe of\\ntrees, but the lake on either side is bordered by\\nbarren angular stones, where nothing grows. Its\\nnorthward exposure and the towering walls of a\\ngreat amphitheatre keep out the sun and allow the\\nsnow to linger here all summer. One year the ice\\ndid not melt away till the end of July, and a thin\\nsheet of ice often forms on clear summer nights. I\\nhave seen the lake covered with winter ice again in\\nOctober. This lake is about one-third of a mile in\\nlength. The water is green, and, coming as it does\\nfrom melting snow and springs, is so clear that the\\nrough bottom may be seen at great depths. It is\\nalmost the only rock-basin lake that I have seen in\\nthe mountains and, like all other lakes that have not\\nbeen sounded, it is fathomless.\\nThe solitary visitor to the lake is soon oppressed\\nwith a sensation of utter loneliness. All these sur-\\nroundings are desolate and a perpetual silence reigns,\\nexcept for the sound of a rivulet falling over rocky\\nledges on one side. The faint pattering, echoed by\\nopposite cliffs, seems to fill the air with a murmur\\nwhich is faint or distinct at the mercy of fickle\\nbreezes. The elusive sound starts from every side,\\nor dies away into nothing, and seems almost superna-\\ntural because the ear is powerless to tell whence it\\ncomes. The shrill whistle of a marmot, the hoary\\nbadger of the Rockies, often breaks this unwonted\\nsilence in a startling manner. Once a visitor to the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0079.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "38 Zbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nlake cut short his stay and hurried back to the\\nchalet upon hearing one of these loud whistles, which\\nhe thought must be the signal of robbers or Indians\\nabout to commence an attack.\\nMany excursions of interest may be made on this\\nmountain side, but none commands a finer panorama\\nof the surrounding region than the top of a rock\\nbuttress called the Little Beehive. This is half a\\nmile north of Lake Agnes and is merely a knob upon\\na greater mountain. Vertical precipices form the side\\ntowards Lake Louise, but there is a flat top of several\\nacres extent covered with a most beautiful growth of\\nthe scraggly LyalLs larch, whose feathery needles\\nmerely filter but do not interrupt the streaming sun-\\nlight. A generous share comes to the huckleberry\\nbushes and Labrador tea which grow underneath.\\nThey need all they get, for it is a long way north\\nhere, besides being seventy-five hundred feet above\\nsea-level, where snow falls every month of the year\\nand the air is warm only at midday. To the north-\\nwest you may see a lake near the source of the Bow\\nRiver, Mt. Hector, towering like an uplifted castle\\neleven thousand feet above sea-level, standing be-\\ntween this valley and the Pipestone, then far away\\neastwards beyond Pilot Mountain (formerly a land-\\nmark for the surveyors) thirty miles down the Bow\\nvalley, and finally a nearer mass of giant peaks to the\\nsouth-east and south, which are strangers to us yet,\\ntogether with the now familiar peaks of Mt. Lefroy\\nand Mt. Victoria. I have never seen this glorious", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0080.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Gbe Victoria (Slacier 39\\nensemble of forests, lakes, and snow fields surpassed\\nin an experience on the summits of more than forty\\npeaks and the middle slopes of as many more in the\\nCanadian Rockies. And the best part of it all is,\\nthat a most indifferent climber can easily reach this\\nplace and, with care, a horse might be led to the\\nsummit.\\nBefore our party was complete, Henderson, Fris-\\nsell, and 1 made an excursion to Mt. Lefroy, which\\ngave us more caution ever after and nearly resulted\\nfatally for one of us. After crossing the lake in a\\nboat, we ascended the valley for a mile to the end of\\na glacier which is the source of the Lake Louise\\nstream. This glacier is formed from two branches,\\none of which fills the valley between Mt. Aberdeen\\nand Mt. Lefroy, while the other comes from a narrow\\ncanyon called the Death Trap. Thus Mt. Lefroy\\nstands like a precipitous island in a sea of ice. We\\ncrossed the muddy glacial stream and after climbing\\nthe sharp-edged moraine descended upon the glacier.\\nThis glacier is about three miles in length by half a\\nmile wide. Its upper part, or neve, is comparatively\\nclear, but many stones cumber the ice at its lower\\nend, increasing ever towards the snout, till at length\\nthis dirtiest glacier of the Rockies ends dismally and\\nindefinitely, buried beyond recognition in a confused\\nmoraine. The burden which the glacier carries is a\\nmass of limestones and shales, which have fallen from\\nthe cliffs up the valley and are being slowly trans-\\nported to the terminal moraine. You may walk", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0081.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "4o Zhe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nhalf a mile over the lower glacier and not once touch\\nthe ice under this covering of stones. There is one\\nlarge pile of shale blocks, which have been apparently\\ndumped upon the glacier all at one time, in which\\nsome of the stones measure fifteen or twenty feet in\\nlength.\\nPassing the ice-pillars, with their protecting caps\\nof stone, streams gliding silently over the glacier sur-\\nface in polished channels of ice, and the dark crev-\\nasses, into some of which these streams fall with a\\nhollow roar, we came, after an hour of walking, to\\nthe foot of Mt. Lefroy. There is a snow couloir\\non the north side of this mountain which seemed to\\noffer a possible way up a precipice about seven hun-\\ndred feet high. Above this precipice there is an\\neasier slope to the summit, and we thought that,\\nonce arrived there, nothing could prevent our ascent\\nof the mountain. An exploration was accordingly\\nbegun of this couloir in an effort to see how far it\\nwas practicable in view of some future ascent. The\\nsnow slope, which was comparatively easy at first,\\nsoon increased to a pretty stiff angle four or five\\nhundred feet above the glacier, and it seemed better\\nto try the rock cliffs on one side. We were now en-\\nclosed by limestone cliffs disintegrated by frost. It\\nwas in fact one of those narrow and precipitous\\ngulches of the Canadian Rockies which are most\\ndangerous to climbers. On either side of us there\\nwere overhanging walls, decayed limestone pillars,\\ntottering masses of broken stone with daylight", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0082.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0083.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0084.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "an Bccibent on fIDt Xefro?\\nshowing through the cracks, and a thousand rocks\\nresting threateningly balanced and apparently ready\\nto fall at a feather s touch. That we were not dis-\\nmayed at this hopeless prospect proves that we\\nwere more audacious than prudent.\\nAt length when reaching upwards for a handhold,\\nwith a boost from below and my face against the\\nlimestone, I saw a large and dangerous-looking stone\\npoised above us. Fellows, we must look out for\\nthat stone, said I, and not let the rope touch it.\\nA moment after, Henderson and I were above this,\\nclimbing another rock ledge, when we heard the\\ngrinding sound of the large stone moving. We\\nturned in time to see Frissell falling. The rope tight-\\nened and held him on a ledge ten feet below, but the\\ntremendous stone, which must have weighed a ton,\\nwas rolling over and coming down upon him. For\\na brief but awful moment, helpless and immovable,\\nas in a frightful dream, we saw the stone leap out\\ninto the air to descend upon our poor comrade, but he\\nmade a desperate movement, pressing hard against\\nthe cliff, and escaped the full force of the blow.\\nThen the whole place resounded with the hollow\\nrattle of falling stones as they danced in a shower of\\ndeath below us.\\nWe found that Frissell could not stand, one leg\\nbeing perfectly helpless, while he was so dazed by\\nthe shock that he fainted twice in our arms. We\\nwere many miles from assistance and it was after two\\no clock. Uncoiling the full length of the rope, one", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0085.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "42 Zbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nend was fastened round his waist, and the other\\nround mine. With an ice-axe buried to the head in\\nthe snow as an anchor, I paid out the rope and low-\\nered our helpless friend fully fifty feet. Then Hen-\\nderson went down and, anchoring himself in like\\nmanner, held him while I came down. This opera-\\ntion, repeated a number of times, brought us soon\\nupon the comparatively level glacier. Removing my\\ncoat for him to lie on, 1 started to the chalet for aid.\\nHeedless of crevasses, over the crumbling moraine\\nand rough stones to the trail around the lake, run-\\nning at all times except in the very roughest places,\\nI covered in seventy minutes what had required three\\nhours to walk in the morning. Arrived at the chalet\\ncompletely exhausted, 1 hoped to find sufficient aid\\nthere to make up a relief party, but, as ill luck would\\nhave it, only Joe Savage, the cook, was at the chalet.\\nMr. Astley, the manager, and two Indians, Tom\\nChiniquay and William Twin, were on the mount-\\nain near Mirror Lake. So while Savage got poles\\nand canvas ready for a litter, I commenced a tiring\\nclimb for the others. Coming at length upon Wil-\\nliam, where he was cutting out a trail, I addressed\\nhim in the Indian way of speaking English Wil-\\nliam, three white men go up big snow mountain.\\nBig stone come down hurt one man. I think Tom,\\nMr. Astley, you, all go up snow mountain bring\\nwhite man back. William asked, Kill him but\\nhis face showed anxiety till I told him that our friend\\nwas still alive, though he must hurry. Dropping his", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0086.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "a IReturn for Hi 43\\naxe, he ran off for the others who were higher upon\\nthe mountain, while I returned to the chalet and\\nmade ready some food and whiskey. Thus a relief\\nparty of four was soon started.\\nOn the back of an Indian cayuse 1 galloped away\\nto Laggan and telegraphed for Dr. Brett to come from\\nBanff. Then to division headquarters, How much\\nfor a special engine from Banff to Laggan The\\nreply was in terms too high for our purse, and 1\\narranged for a hand-car crew to bring up the doctor.\\nThe distance is thirty-six miles and there is a stiff\\ngrade with a total ascent of five hundred feet.\\nMeanwhile the rest of the party on the glacier,\\nseeing me disappear about three o clock beyond a\\nswelling mound of ice, were left to pass the tedious\\nhours in lonely contemplation. On a hot summer\\nday a glacier is a fairly comfortable place abounding\\nin cool breezes and bright sunshine. A decided\\nchange, however, takes place immediately after the\\nsun disappears, as it soon did here, behind Mt. Vic-\\ntoria. Ice-needles formed on the pools, the genial\\nbreezes ceased, and a penetrating draught came\\ndown from the higher places. The long hours\\nrolled by and still no sign of aid appeared. In\\nimagination they recounted the possibility of its\\nnever arriving, thinking that I might have fallen into\\na crevasse, or sprained my ankle while on the\\nmoraine, and that no one would ever think of com-\\ning to them. At length in desperation they made a\\nplan to leave the glacier by the shortest way, at", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0087.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "44 Gbe IRocMes of Canada\\nwhatever risk to life or limb, rather than die of cold\\non this cheerless sea of ice, but before such plans\\nwere carried out they discovered, with a field-glass,\\na boat leaving the far end of Lake Louise. In half\\nan hour the boat had crossed the lake, and then for\\nan hour or so no further sign of help was seen.\\nSuddenly four moving figures appeared like black\\ndots in the distance and they knew that a rescue\\nparty was coming at last. At seven o clock, or more\\nthan four hours after the accident, our injured com-\\npanion commenced his journey to the chalet in a\\nlitter hastily constructed and which, at best, only\\nserved to lift him a little above the ground. William\\nobserved his woebegone appearance and heard his\\ngroans with concern, but with true Indian lack of\\ntact, frequently during the painful journey enter-\\ntained the invalid as follows You think you die\\nMe think so too/\\nWhile Frissell was regaining health and strength\\nwe made several expeditions to the adjacent valleys,\\nand, among others, one of them proved the most de-\\nlightful that 1 have ever taken in this region. We\\nas yet knew nothing of the mountains east and\\nsouth of Lake Louise. Certain glimpses of a valley\\nbeyond Mt. Aberdeen and Mt. Lefroy had been caught\\nin our various climbs, but they gave only imperfect\\nideas of the geography of all that region. To push\\nour exploration into this new and doubtless attractive\\nplace seemed a most desirable thing. Our plan was to\\nexplore the Lefroy glacier and force a passage, if", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0088.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Hscent of a Snow pass 45\\npossible, over a snow pass eastwards, where, no\\ndoubt, all this unknown region would lie before us.\\nAccordingly one day near the first of August our\\nparty of four might have been seen traversing in\\nAlpine fashion the ice-fields near Mt. Lefroy. This\\nentire valley, which is more than seven thousand\\nfeet above sea-level, is filled with glacier ice and per-\\npetual snow. From the entire absence of trees or\\nvegetation of any kind it is impossible to judge dis-\\ntance and heights of mountains in this place. It is a\\nveritable canyon, of magnificent though desolate\\ngrandeur, with the bare limestone slopes of Mt.\\nAberdeen on the north, and on the other side the\\nnorth face of Mt. Lefroy, which has a total height of\\nnearly four thousand feet from the glacier. At the\\nvalley end there stands a curious pointed mountain,\\nshaped like a bishop s mitre, and on either side of\\nthis there is a col, or snow pass, one of which we\\nhoped to ascend.\\nAs we were marching over the glacier, which\\nwas covered with snow and therefore somewhat\\ndangerous, Warrington, who was third on the rope,\\nsuddenly broke through the frail bridge of a crevasse.\\nI could hear, he afterwards told us, the noise of\\nsnow falling under my feet and the gurgling of water\\nat the bottom of the depths over which I was sus-\\npended. We pulled him out of this dangerous\\nplace without anyone else getting in, and reached\\nthe foot of the snow passes without further accident.\\nThe one on our left seemed easier of slope than the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0089.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "46 Gbe IRocMes of Canada\\nother. It was very soon apparent that we had a\\nconsiderable amount of work before us. Allen led\\nthe way cutting steps in the snow, for the slope was\\nvery steep and we had no desire to slide into one of\\nthe great crevasses which made the place formid-\\nable. We crossed some of these treacherous\\ncaverns by means of snow bridges, but others we\\nwere compelled to pass around, and in such places\\nhad inspiring views of blue grottos hung with\\ndripping icicles. From the darkness of these yawn-\\ning death-traps came the sound of sub-glacial\\nstreams.\\nAfter three hours of slow and tiring work we had\\nclimbed only one thousand feet. It was a cloudy\\nday with a damp and cheerless atmosphere, and at\\nthis altitude of eight thousand feet there were occa-\\nsional showers of hail and snow. Chilled by the\\nlong exposure and the necessary slowness of our\\nprogress, every member of the party became silent\\nand depressed. It seems to me that the circulation\\nof the blood has much to do with the mental state\\nand that courage depends in a large measure on the\\npulse. The panting soldier will face a cannon s\\nmouth, but dreads unseen danger when chilled by\\nnight watching.\\nTo judge by our surroundings alone, we might\\nhave been exploring some lonely polar land, for our\\nentire view was limited by high mountains covered\\nwith glaciers and snow and altogether barren of\\nvegetation. At such times you wonder why you", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0090.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "SHscopen? of a IRew Dalle? 47\\ncame. Why not stay at home and be comfortable\\nEvery climber feels such temporary repulses, when\\nthe game is not worth the candle and he decides\\nonce for all to give up mountain climbing. Like the\\nancients vowing sacrifices and temples to the gods\\nin the thick of battle or on the point of shipwreck,\\nwhich vows they forgot very speedily when they\\narrived at safety, the mountaineer forgets his re-\\nsolves under the genial influence of hot Scotch and\\na comfortable camp. These Rockies have many sur-\\nprises for the explorer, and there was one in store\\nYor us.\\nWe sought temporary rest on an outcropping\\nledge and tried to regain some strength by eating\\nlunch. The summit of our pass now seemed only a\\nshort distance above, but we had been deceived so\\nmany times on this interminable slope that we put\\nno faith in our eyes. Recommencing our climb at\\na quicker pace, for the slope was easier and we\\nwere most anxious to see the view eastwards, we\\nwere soon near the summit. The last few steps to a\\nmountain pass are attended by a pleasurable excite-\\nment equalled only by the conquest of a new\\nmountain. The curtain is about to be raised, as it\\nwere, on a new scene and the reward of many\\nhours of climbing comes at one magical revelation.\\nArrived on the summit of our pass, 8500 feet above\\nsea-level, we saw a new group of mountains in the\\ndistance, while a most beautiful valley lay far below\\nus. Throughout a broad expanse of meadows and", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0091.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "48 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocMes of Canafca\\nopen country many streams were to be seen winding\\nthrough this valley, clearly traceable to their vari-\\nous sources in glaciers, springs, and melting snow-\\ndrifts. With all its diversity of features spread like a\\nmap before our eyes, this attractive place was seen\\nto be closely invested on the south by a semicircle\\nof high and rugged mountains, rising steeply from a\\ncrescent-shaped glacier at their united bases. The\\nencircling mountains extending then to the left,\\nhemmed in the far side of the valley in an irregular\\nline of peaks, to terminate, so far as we could see, in\\na double-pointed mountain with two summits about\\none mile apart. The strata of this mountain had\\nbeen fashioned by ages of exposure into innumerable\\nforms of beauty, like imitations of minarets, pinna-\\ncles, and graceful spires. The mountain itself resem-\\nbled a splendid building, with nature as architect, the\\nfrost and rain for sculptors. Its outlines showed a\\ncombination of gentle slopes and vertical ledges like\\nthe alternating roofs and walls of a cathedral. On\\none side of this mountain, where nature had evi-\\ndently striven to surpass all other efforts, there rose\\nfrom the middle slopes a number of slender stone\\ncolumns, apparently several hundred feet high. They\\nwere strange monuments of the past which had sur-\\nvived earthquake shocks and outlived the warring\\nelements while nature continued her work. Com-\\npared with these columns, the pyramids of Egypt,\\nthe palaces of Yucatan, and the temples of India are\\nyoung, even in their antiquity.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0092.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0095.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0096.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Discovery of a IHew IDalle? 49\\nAt the time of our arrival on the summit, a sudden\\nchange took place in the weather. The wind came\\nfrom another quarter, and the monotonous covering\\nof grey clouds began to disclose blue sky in many\\nplaces. The afternoon sun poured shafts of light\\nthrough the moving clouds, and awakened bright\\ncolours over forests, meadows, and streams.\\nThis beautiful scene opened before us so suddenly\\nthat for a time the cliffs echoed to our exclamations\\nof pleasure, while those who had recently been most\\ndepressed in spirit were now most vehement in ex-\\npressions of delight. A short time before no one\\ncould be found to assume the responsibility of such a\\nfoolhardy trip, but now each member of our party\\nhad been the proposer of this glorious excursion. We\\nspent a half-hour on the pass, and divided our work\\nso that while one took photographs of the scene,\\nanother took angles of prominent points for our map,\\nand the rest built a cairn to celebrate our ascent of\\nthe pass.\\nIt was decided, by each one no doubt to himself,\\nbut at any rate by the party unanimously, to explore\\nthis new valley whatever should be the result.\\nThough it was late in the afternoon and there was\\nsmall chance of reaching the chalet that night, the\\ndesolate valley behind repelled, while the new one\\nseemed to bid us enter.\\nFortunately, a long snow slope led far into the\\nvalley from the pass. This we prepared to descend\\nby glissading, all roped together, because one or two", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0097.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "50 Gbe IRochies of Canada\\nof our party were undergoing their first Alpine ex-\\nperiences. The slope was pretty steep, and we were\\njust well under way in our descent, when someone\\nlost his footing and commenced to slide at such speed\\nithat the end man was jerked violently by the rope,\\nand lost his ice-axe as he fell headlong. With con-\\nsternation very evident on their faces, our two com-\\nrades came rolling and sliding downwards, head first,\\nfoot first, sometimes one leading, and sometimes the\\nother. Their momentum was too much for the rest\\nof us and, even with our ice-axes well set in the soft\\nsnow, we all slid some distance in a bunch. Owing\\nto the complicated figures executed in our descent, it\\nrequired several minutes to unwind the tangled ropes\\nin which we were caught. Then a committee of\\none was appointed to go back and gather the scat-\\ntered hats, ice-axes, and such other personal effects as\\ncould be found.\\nIn a short time we had descended fifteen hundred\\nfeet to the valley bottom. We had thus in a few\\nmoments exchanged the cold and dreary upper re-\\ngions for the genial warmth of summer. Humboldt\\nsays In the physical as in the moral world, the con-\\ntrast of effects, the comparison of what is powerful\\nand menacing with what is soft and peaceful, is a\\n1 never-failing source of our pleasures and our emo-\\ntions. By our rapid change of altitude we had passed\\nthrough all gradations of climate from polar to tem-\\nperate, and now found ourselves surrounded by\\nmeadows of rich grass, gay with the wild flowers of", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0098.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "lEypIoration of a \u00c2\u00a9eligbtful IReeion 51\\nmidsummer, and open groves where squirrels were\\nchattering, and the wild conies and other rodents\\nwere staring at us as we passed along. There were\\nnot a few mosquitoes in evidence also.\\nWe followed a small stream and saw it finally\\ngrow into a river. Pursuing our way with rapid\\nsteps, like adventurers in nature s fairyland, where\\nevery moment reveals new wonders, we came at\\nlength to an opening in the forest, where the falling\\nstream dashed among great stones strewn in wild\\ndisorder. They were colossal fragments of sandstone\\nhewn by nature into angular blocks and poised one\\nupon another as though they were ready to fall from\\ntheir insecure positions. After several hours of walk-\\ning, the stream became a large, muddy torrent which\\nswung from right to left every hundred yards or so,\\nand was now too wide and deep to cross.\\nThe tremendous cliffs of Mt. Temple, one of the\\nhighest of the Canadian Rockies, guard the east side\\nof this valley. For the space of three miles its preci-\\npices present an uninterrupted wall of rock, four\\nthousand feet from base to top and a total height of\\nfive thousand feet from the valley. Henderson and\\nI led the way, and at length lost sight of the others,\\nwho preferred a slower pace after such unusual exer-\\ntions. In the early evening we came to a swampy\\nplace, beyond which we recognised the broad open-\\ning of the Bow valley. Here we waited some time\\nfor our friends, who were a long way behind, and\\nthen at length wrote a note and fastened it to a pole", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0099.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "52 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocfcies of Canaba\\nin a conspicuous place. It read We are going to\\nclimb the ridge to the north and try to make the\\nchalet to-night. Advise you to follow us. On the\\ntop of the pole we cut a slit and pointed a splinter of\\nwood in the exact direction we were to take.\\nHaving accomplished these duties in the best\\nmanner possible and in spite of innumerable swarms\\nof mosquitoes from the swamp, we walked at our\\nbest speed, not relishing the prospect of a cheerless\\nbivouac overnight after our long fast. Encountering\\nthe usual obstacles of fallen timber, we reached Lake\\nLouise, by good fortune, at eight o clock. After\\nshouting in vain for someone to send over a boat,\\nwe forded the stream and entered the chalet, where\\na sumptuous repast was prepared forthwith and to\\nwhich we did justice after our walk of twelve hours\\nduration.\\nOur friends did not appear till morning. It seems\\nthat they discovered our note, but decided not to\\ntake our route as they thought it safer to follow the\\nstream to the Bow. This, however, proved much\\nfarther than it appeared, and they had not proceeded\\nfar before they became entangled in a large area of\\nfallen timber, where they were soon overtaken by\\nnight and compelled to give up all hope of reaching\\nLake Louise till morning. In the dark forest they lit\\na small fire, and were at first tormented by mosqui-\\ntoes, and later by the chill of advancing night, so\\nthat sleep was impossible. The utter weariness of\\nexhaustion, embittered by hunger and sleeplessness,", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0100.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "flnbian Sarcasm 53\\namid clouds of voracious mosquitoes, was only off-\\nset by the contents of a flask, with which they\\nendeavoured to revive their drooping spirits and nour-\\nish the feeble spark of life till dawn. Fortunately\\nthe nights in this latitude are short, and at four\\no clock they continued their way to the Bow River,\\nwhich they then followed to Laggan.\\nA week later, a little column of smoke was seen\\nrising from the woods toward the east, and from Lag-\\ngan it was reported that a large area of the forest was\\non fire. Some pointed the finger of scorn at us and\\nheld our party responsible. William Twin, our\\nIndian friend, said, Me think two white men light\\nhim fire, to which we replied that this was impos-\\nsible as the fire had broken out nearly a week after\\nour visit. William then met our arguments with\\nthis sarcastic fling: Oh no, white man no light\\nfire. Me think sun light him.\\nA gang of section men with axes and water-\\nbuckets was immediately despatched from Laggan\\nto fight the fire, which, thanks to the weather, did\\nnot prove very serious and was extinguished in two\\ndays.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0101.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nAN UPLAND MEADOW VIEW OF MT. TEMPLE WE\\nPLACE OUR CAMP IN PARADISE VALLEY DIFFICULTIES\\nOF TRAVERSING THE PATHLESS FOREST A MARVELLOUS\\nSOMERSAULT THE UPPER END OF PARADISE VALLEY\\nDISCORDANT FLOWER COLOURS THE FIREWEED THE\\nSPRUCE AND BALSAM THE BLACK PINE AND WHITE-\\nBARKED PINE THE LYALLS LARCH ITS ENDURANCE OF\\nCOLD AND STORMS THE MARMOT AND PICA THE\\nVALLEY IN WINTER\\nTHE beautiful place which had been discovered\\nin such a delightful way we called Paradise\\nValley. Our route will never be popular ex-\\ncept with mountaineers, and comparatively few will\\nsee this valley from the Mitre col. The lower end\\nof Paradise Valley can be seen to better advantage\\nfrom an elevated place called The Saddle, a part of\\nFairview Mountain, east of Lake Louise. An excel-\\nlent trail has been made and you may now ride there\\non the back of an Indian pony in an hour. The\\nSaddle is an upland meadow between a craggy ele-\\nvation on one side and the great conical mass of\\nFairview Mountain to the north. This alp, beautified\\nby waving grass and bright flowers, alternating with\\nscattered groves of LyalLs larch, is so elevated that\\n54", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0102.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0105.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0106.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Hn inplanfr flDeabow 55\\nit commands an inspiring view of the Bow valley\\nand of Mt. Temple. The latter is a splendid mount-\\nain (the highest seen from the Canadian Pacific\\nRoad), and is surpassed only by the giant Mt. As-\\nsiniboine to the south, and by those great snow\\nmountains, Forbes and Lyell, near the source of the\\nSaskatchewan.\\nThe meadow dips gently southwards, suddenly\\nbreaks up into rocky crags, and then drops abruptly\\nfifteen hundred feet to the bottom of Paradise Valley,\\nwhere the stream resembles a narrow band of silver,\\nwinding in sinuous course through the forests.\\nStanding on one of these flat-topped ledges, where a\\nstone from the hand drops one hundred feet before\\ntouching the cliff, you may enjoy one of the most\\ninspiring views in the Rockies of Canada. A small,\\nblue lake rests against the base of Mt. Temple, some-\\nwhat elevated above the valley, hemmed in by forests,\\nand sparkling with diamonds when the sun is south.\\nIt is more than five thousand feet from the water of\\nthis lonely pool to the top of Mt. Temple. A glacier,\\nfree of all dirt-bands and stones, for there are no\\ncliffs above to scatter rock-falls upon it, crowns the\\nmountain summit and, at intervals, makes ice ava-\\nlanches when its hanging edge breaks away. These\\navalanches are infrequent, but the roar of ice in its\\nfall of several thousand feet may be heard at Laggan,\\nsix miles distant.\\nOne route to Paradise Valley lies over this Saddle,\\nbut a far shorter way is through the forests from Lake", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0107.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "56 Zbe IRocfUes of Cana a\\nLouise to the mouth of the other valley, which is\\nonly three miles distant and on about the same level.\\nWe decided to make a camping expedition into this\\nregion and explore it at leisure, so we procured three\\nor four horses at the chalet and made ready some pro-\\nvisions and blankets. It would not have required a\\nvery large book to contain all we knew about packing\\nhorses at that time. They say the Bedouins pack\\ntheir camels in a singular manner by winding thongs\\nround the animals bodies, packs and all, and at their\\njourneys end simply cut the fastenings, whereupon\\neverything comes loose. Our horses must have been\\npacked in a similar manner, but at all events we knew\\nabsolutely nothing about the diamond hitch.\\nAllen and Henderson said they would go ahead\\nand get a camp settled near the end of Paradise Val-\\nley. To help drive the horses, two Indian boys were\\nengaged, but on the second day, after a hearty break-\\nfast, they deserted. Frissell and I came along in two\\ndays with another horse and some auxiliary supplies.\\nI shall never forget that night when we were search-\\ning for the camp. We had been leading the horse,\\nan obstinate old brute, more than six hours through\\nthe pathless forest, and had arrived at length not far\\nfrom the valley end, where, however, there was no\\nsign of a camp. A stormy night was coming on and\\na fine drizzle commenced to wet the underbrush.\\nWe untied the rifle and fired several shots as a signal\\nof distress. Hollow echoes from the forest gloom\\nand the long-drawn repetitions farther and farther", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0108.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Gravereing tbe patbless forest 57\\naway mocked our despair. The poor old cayuse\\nwas a picture of silent misery with his head hanging\\ndown, the rain dripping in streamlets from ears and\\nmane, and his body steaming with moisture. We\\nprepared to make a night of it in the wet forest with\\nno tent to protect us, no axe to cut fire-wood, and\\nlittle chance of cooking anything, though there were\\nsome cold canned provisions somewhere on the\\nhorse unless they had fallen out of his packs. I put\\non a slicker and made a last search for the camp\\nin a rapid excursion up the valley. Some large\\nwhitish stones loomed through the darkness and\\nseveral times deceived me into the idea that they\\nwere our tent. At length 1 found the place on the\\nfarther side of a stream and gave a shout. There\\nwas no fire before the camp, which made it so diffi-\\ncult to find. In another hour the horse had been\\nbrought up and a fire made, large enough to dry our\\nclothes and cook a fine dinner. The next day was\\nspent in cutting fire-wood and boughs for beds, to\\nsay nothing of making camp generally comfortable.\\nSeveral trips were made afterwards between the\\nlake and camp to replenish our stock of blankets and\\nprovisions. As might be supposed where the ex-\\nplorers were inexperienced and the country unusually\\nrough, some remarkable things happened on these\\njourneys. There was a spot about two miles within\\nthe valley entrance that always put our patience to\\na severe test. On one side of the stream was a place\\nmade fairly impassable by fallen trees crossed two or", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0109.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "58 Zhe TRocfcies of Cana a\\nthree deep. The other bank, which we were com-\\npelled to take, was covered by an unusually dense\\nforest, where a tangled underbrush and fallen timber\\npartially concealed the pitfalls of a moss-covered\\nrock-slide. There were deep holes between the\\nstones, and in many places underground streams,\\nwhich we could hear gurgling beneath our feet, had\\nwashed out the soil. To lead a horse through this\\nplace required considerable skill and courage. With-\\nout guidance the poor beast would stand motionless,\\nbut to choose a path while leading him was a pre-\\ncarious occupation, for the very first hole was enough\\nto frighten the animal so that, instead of going more\\ncarefully, he usually commenced a wild rush till he\\nfell. In these frantic struggles we were occasionally\\ntrampled on, while the packs were smashed against\\nthe trunks of trees or torn off altogether.\\nOur usual manner of procedure was to have one\\nof our party ahead to select rapidly open places in\\nthe forest, while about twenty-five yards behind\\ncame another whose duty it was to find the path-\\nfinder, and if possible improve on his route. Then\\ncame the horse led by a third, while the rear of our\\nlittle procession was brought up by two others\\ncharged with the responsibility of picking up what-\\never articles fell out of the packs.\\nThe following incident, which is related merely\\nfor the sake of historical accuracy and to show the\\npossibilities of the country, is offered with no fond\\nhope whatsoever that anyone will credit the tale.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0110.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "H fll an ellou6 Somersault 59\\nIt happened that we were pursuing our way through\\nthe woods in our usual manner, when the leader\\ncame to a tree which leaned over the trail at an\\nangle. It was small enough to be limber, and large\\nenough to be strong. Moreover, it was too low for\\nthe horse to pass under, and too high for him to jump\\nover. Approaching the slanting tree, the leader saw\\nthe pack-horse rear in the air and prepare for a jump.\\nHe thought it best to get out of the way, but in his\\nhaste stumbled and fell headlong into a bush.\\nMeanwhile the horse, a stupid old beast, prepared\\nfor the effort of his life, and with a tremendous\\nspring jumped high in air, but unfortunately his fore-\\nfeet caught in the tree, which swung forward a little\\nwith his weight, and then returning like a spring,\\nturned the animal over in mid-air. The poor beast\\nfell on his back about five yards farther on, and re-\\nmained motionless as death, with his four legs point-\\ning towards the sky. But this was not all, for the\\ntree swung back violently and caught one of our\\nparty on the nose, fortunately at the end of its\\nswing, but with sufficient force to knock him down.\\nWhen our two friends had recovered, we turned our\\nattention to the horse, which had not yet moved.\\nHe is dead, cried a voice. We rolled him over\\nnevertheless, whereupon he got up and seemed\\nnone the worse for his experience except for a more\\nthan usual stupidity.\\nThough our camp life was not so comfortable as\\nfurther experience has shown to be possible in these", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0111.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "60 Gbe IRockies of Canafca\\nmountains, still there was the enthusiasm of early\\nexploits and a certain romantic atmosphere to all we\\nsaw and did that perhaps lessens with riper experi-\\nence. In the first place our surroundings would\\nhave appealed to any lover of nature. The upper\\npart of this valley is hemmed in by an encircling line\\nof mountains, and abruptly terminated to the south\\nby a bare precipice which rises in a wedge-shaped\\npeak called by us Hungabee, or the chieftain.\\nFalling away into a moderate depression, the cliffs\\nrise again on the right into the lofty summit of Mt.\\nLefroy. A curious glacier, shaped like a horseshoe,\\nlies at the base of this semicircle of mountains.\\nThe glacier ends in a high moraine ridge, and below\\nthis for a mile or more the valley abounds in de-\\nlightful meadows and open groves, interrupted at\\nfrequent intervals by level tracts, pools of water, and\\nquiet rivulets, or, where the country is more broken,\\nby noisy glacial streams. The meadows were at the\\nheight of summer glory and bright with the scarlet\\npainted-cup and red-purple epilobiums mingled in a\\nwild clash of colours.\\nThere are several species of epilobium in the\\nmountains, of which the commonest is a tall plant\\nwith a long raceme of flowers. It is called the fire-\\nweed, for it appears most abundantly in the desolate\\nwastes of burnt timber lands, where its bright flowers\\nenliven the black and grey monotony of charred\\ntrees. In late summer it sends forth a multitude of\\ncottony seeds, which are borne away through the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0112.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "nnpr", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0115.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0116.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Gbe Tripper Ent of parabiee Dalles 61\\nair for miles, sometimes over high mountain ridges,\\nto other valleys. There is a smaller and more\\nbeautiful plant of the same genus, which is only a\\nfew inches high and bears a few conspicuous flow-\\ners, magenta-purple coloured, that harmonise with\\nnothing except perhaps the green of its own pointed\\nleaves. It prefers the pebble-lined borders of mount-\\nain streams, or the dry bed of some old channel where\\na little gravel offers a foothold between water-worn\\nstones, to the rich soil and verdure of meadows.\\nThis flower, like Grieg s music, recalls mountain\\npastures, and suggests in its discordant beauty of\\ncolour tones his wild, bitter-sweet harmonies.\\nThe altitude of all the upper part of Paradise Val-\\nley is approximately seven thousand feet above sea-\\nlevel, which, in this part of the Canadian Rockies, is\\nthe normal tree-line. The terms tree-line and snow-\\nline are inexact, and vary greatly according to situa-\\ntion. In secluded valleys that face north, the upper\\nlimit of tree growth is sometimes below seven\\nthousand feet. But where the valleys are broad and\\nsun-exposed, spruces and larches grow as high as\\nseventy-five hundred or even seventy-six hundred\\nfeet above sea-level.\\nAll the valleys of these mountains are covered\\nwith heavy coniferous forests. There is a certain\\ndignity in these tall, straight trees, which seems suit-\\nable to the cold northern wilderness, though the\\neffect is monotonous as compared with the variety\\nof tree forms found in the deciduous forests of the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0117.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "62 \u00c2\u00a3be iRockies of Canaba\\nAppalachians, the Green, and the White mountains.\\nOnly five kinds of trees compose by far the greater\\npart of the forests in the summit range of the Cana-\\ndian Rockies.\\nThe white spruce (Picea Engelmannii) is found\\neverywhere throughout the mountains from the low-\\nest altitudes to the highest limits of tree growth. It\\nis from forty to one hundred feet in height and from\\none to three feet or more in diameter. In heavy for-\\nests the outline of this tree is very narrow, as the\\nhigher branches, especially, project but a little way\\nfrom the tapering stem. These lateral branches show\\na tendency to slope downwards, possibly the better\\nto shed the burden of winter snow. In dark forests\\nthe lower branches die away and are often hung\\nwith black and gray beard-lichens. In places where\\nthe forests are somewhat open and protected from\\nsnow-slides, the spruce has live branches from the\\nground to the terminal bud, and the tree then as-\\nsumes the form of a symmetrical spire. I counted\\nfour hundred rings in an old spruce stump near Lake\\nLouise. This tree was less than three feet in dia-\\nmeter, but it sometimes exceeds four feet, and by the\\nsame ratio of growth such trees should be between\\nfive hundred and six hundred years old.\\nThe balsam spruce {Abies subalpina) has about the\\nsame range as the white spruce, but is less common.\\nAt a distance it is hardly to be distinguished from\\nthe spruce, but the bark on branches and young\\ntrees is raised in blisters which contain a drop or two", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0118.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "XTbe Spruce ant Balaam 6 3\\nof balsam. This balsam exudes from the bark wher-\\never it is bruised. At first it is a very clear liquid,\\nregarded by old trappers and woodsmen as a certain\\ncure, when brewed with hot water, for colds and\\nthroat trouble. On exposure to air it slowly hardens\\ninto a brittle resin, which the woodsman melts into\\npitch to seal boxes or mend leaky canoes. The\\ncamper-out makes his bed from balsam boughs, as\\nthey are more springy and less rigid than those of\\nthe spruce. The blunt and soft leaves of the balsam\\nare likewise much pleasanter to the touch than the\\nsharp spruce needles.\\nThere are two kinds of pine the black pine\\n(Pinus Murrayana), a small and slender tree which\\ncannot endure very high altitudes, and the white-\\nbarked pine {Pinus albicaulis), which is found on\\nrocky slopes at greater heights. The black pine ex-\\ntends over considerable areas, and alternates with\\nspruce when fires destroy one or the other forest.\\nThe white-barked pine has an open branching trunk\\nand is rather scarce in these mountains.\\nThe most interesting and by far the most beauti-\\nful conifer is Lyalfs larch {Larix Lyallii). It resem-\\nbles the eastern tamarack, but is restricted to the\\nsummit range of the Rockies, and its southern limits,\\nprobably in Montana, have not yet been determined.\\nI have never seen the larch in any of the Saskatche-\\nwan or Athabasca valleys, and the farthest north that\\n1 have observed it was on the slopes of Mt. Hector,\\neleven miles from Laggan. It rarely lives at altitudes", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0119.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "64 Gbe IRocMes of Canafca\\nbelow six thousand feet above sea-level. The ex-\\ntreme range of altitude of this tree might be safely\\nplaced between 5600 and 7600 feet. Lyall s larch is\\nvery beautiful, having a rough, grey bark, irregular\\nand heavy branches, and a foliage of soft needles\\narranged in tufts like green brushes. Its appearance\\namong the spruces as you ascend is a certain indica-\\ntion that you are approaching tree-line, where it\\nforms scattered groves on all the higher ridges and\\nmeadowy uplands. Its growth must be extremely\\nslow, as I have counted thirty rings in a branch only\\nthree-fourths of an inch in diameter. The wood is\\nhard and brittle, and after a heavy snowfall the\\nbranches often strew the ground in a painful ruin.\\nThus the tree has an irregular and gnarled appear-\\nance as a result of its ceaseless battle with snow-\\nstorms and gales. Probably no other tree in the\\nworld endures such stress of weather. Not till June\\nor July does the snow entirely disappear from the\\nground in its usual habitat, and if the winter has\\nbeen unusually severe the drifts may remain all sum-\\nmer. Its tender buds burst in June and the needles\\nare fully developed in early July, but they are fre-\\nquently covered with ice or snow during the summer,\\nand in fact I have seen them covered with light\\nsnow in a freezing atmosphere for nearly three suc-\\ncessive weeks in July and August. Then, no matter\\nhow hot the summer has been, the snow begins to\\nfly again in September at these high altitudes, so\\nthat the larch has an active growing period of only", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0120.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Zbe Igall a Xarcb 65\\ntwo or three months in the year. Nevertheless their\\ntrunks are frequently more than two feet in diameter,\\nwhich seems to indicate that they attain a very great\\nage in spite of the vicissitudes of climate. Those\\nlarches that grow at the highest altitudes have a\\ncurious development not found on trees a few hun-\\ndred feet lower. The tufts of needles spring from a\\nhollow woody sheath, which is sometimes more than\\nan inch long on the high-altitude trees, while else-\\nwhere this development is not present.\\nIn October the larch needles fade, and during\\nautumn mark a band of pale yellow on the mount-\\nains. The Lyall s larch is a constant source of de-\\nlight to the mountaineer, and adds much beauty to\\nthose higher valleys and slopes where the deep for-\\nests end and the perpetual snows first appear. Its\\nrough bark and crooked branches, adorned with a\\nscanty foliage, make a light shade and show the\\nblue sky beyond. In such places, contrasted with\\nthe cliffs and snow fields of the mountains, it lends a\\ncharm to their grandeur.\\nThe Douglas fir (JPseudotsuga Douglasii) is the\\nlargest conifer of the eastern or summit range, but is\\nonly found on the foothills east of the mountains or\\nin valleys which are less than five thousand feet\\nabove tide. Here it is found in company with the\\naspen poplar (Populus tremuloides), and the cotton-\\nwood (P. balsamifera), which when well seasoned\\nmakes the finest camp-fire possible and gives out no\\nsmoke or sparks whatsoever.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0121.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "66 Gbe IRocMes of Canada\\nThere was not much game around our camp in\\nParadise Valley, though we saw tracks of mountain\\ngoats while on our various excursions. There were,\\nhowever, numerous small animals, one of which, a\\nkind of rat with a bushy tail, tried to run off with\\nvarious metal articles and did considerable damage\\nduring our absence from camp by gnawing our cam-\\nera cases and leather straps. We frequently saw\\nand heard the great hoary marmot, or whistling\\nbadger, which always remains at a safe distance, but\\nstartles the solitary wanderer by its sudden and ex-\\nceedingly shrill whistle. Porcupines also lived in\\nthe open woods, one of which we killed and ate\\nwhen we were hard up for provisions. They are\\nhardly eatable, though the Indians regard them\\nhighly as an article of food. A most interesting\\nlittle rodent is one that, at first, we called the\\nseven-thousand-foot rat, because he invariably puts\\nin an appearance at this altitude. This is the pica, or\\ntailless hare, a squirrel-like animal, which infests dry\\nmeadows and the tumbled masses of rocks where\\nslides have come down from the mountains. They\\nhave sufficient curiosity to make them narrowly\\nwatch your approach, till at length, overcome by\\nfear, they dart away among the stones. The pica s\\nonly music is a dismal squeak, but they are so char-\\nacteristic of upland parks and lonely though beautiful\\nvalleys, that the mountain climber comes to associate\\nthem with some of his finest experiences and so to\\nlove them.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0122.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Gbe IDalles in BClinter 67\\nOur chief adventures in Paradise Valley were the\\nsuccessful ascent of two unclimbed peaks, Mt. Aber-\\ndeen and Mt. Temple, an account of which will be\\ngiven elsewhere. At the end of summer we had\\npretty well explored about fifty square miles around\\nLake Louise and were enabled to make a map of this\\nbeautiful region.\\nOne by one the members of our party were com-\\npelled to bid farewell to the glories of the Rockies.\\nI remained later to finish some details of survey\\nwork, and early in October made a final expedition\\nwith Mr. Astley to bring back our tent from Paradise\\nValley. A light snow covered the ground in pro-\\ntected places, and the large stream of Paradise Valley\\nhad fallen so much that its rocky bed proved the\\nsafest route for our pack-horse. On our way we saw\\na fine herd of mountain goats, a species of antelope\\nlike the chamois of Switzerland.\\nOur camp was buried in snow, the ridge-pole of\\nthe tent broken with the heavy burden, and every-\\nthing so much changed in appearance that we had\\ntrouble at first in finding the place. The murky air\\nwas filled with falling snow as we rolled up the\\nfrozen canvas and blankets, while the mountains,\\nhalf concealed by the approaching storm, showed\\nvague outlines, and from the thickening gloom came\\nthe indefinite roar of distant snow-slides.\\nWe reached the lower end of the valley by night-\\nfall, where in this altitude a fine rain was sifting\\nthrough the spruce needles, and here we made camp", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0123.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "68 Zbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nin a dense forest. A crackling camp-fire, built of\\ngreat logs, drove away the chill and dampness of a\\nrainy night. The tent, our clothes, and the mossy\\nground were soon steaming, while the glare of our\\nfire gave a cheerful light to the dark forest. Snow\\nwas falling in the morning, and squalls were sweep-\\ning through the valley and across the flanks of Mt.\\nTemple, but three hours travel through the cold\\nswamps and snow-covered underbrush brought us\\nto the chalet.\\nA few days later I climbed to Lake Agnes to hunt\\nthe mountain goats which frequent the place. The\\nlake was nearly covered with ice, while the snow\\nwas already two feet deep, and I was compelled to\\nseek shelter behind a cliff, for there was a driving\\nwind, bitterly cold, and full of hail.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0124.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nMT. ASSINIBOINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OUTFITTING FOR A CAMPING TRIP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANEC-\\nDOTES ABOUT THE EARLY SURVEYORS ROUTE TO ASSINI-\\nBOINE A RAINY CAMP DEEP SNOW ON THE SIMPSON PASS\\nWOODS OF THE SIMPSON VALLEY DEATH OF A PACK-\\nHORSE END OF AN EXHAUSTING MARCH FIRST VIEW OF\\nASSINIBOINE A BURNT TIMBER CAMP MUSIC OF THE WIL-\\nDERNESS IMPRESSIVE VIEW OF ASSINIBOINE ENVIRON-\\nMENT OF OUR CAMP A STRANGE LAKE UNDERGROUND\\nSTREAMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEASUREMENT OF THE MOUNTAIN WE COM-\\nMENCE A TOUR ROUND IT DISCOVER A DEEP VALLEY AND\\nTHREE NEW LAKES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A WASTE OF FALLEN TIMBER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OUR\\nFIRST BIVOUAC ASCENT OF AN UNKNOWN STREAM FOILED\\nBY A CUL-DE-SAC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOPE AND DESPAIR\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUCCESS AT LAST\\nDESCENT INTO THE NORTH FORK VALLEY AN EXHAUST-\\nING MARCH\\nONE of the highest mountains of southern\\nCanada is Mt. Assiniboine, which lies\\nabout twenty-five miles south of Banff.\\nThis remarkable peak attracted the surveyor s atten-\\ntion very early and its position was determined as a\\nprominent landmark long before it was visited. Dr.\\nDawson saw it from the White Man s Pass and\\nnamed it after a tribe of plains Indians. So far as 1\\nhave been able to discover, the first person to reach\\n6 9", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0125.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "yo Zhe IRockies of Canaba\\nthe base of the mountain was Mr. R. L. Barrett, who\\nvisited it with Tom Wilson in 1893.\\nThe reputed interest of the mountain, and the sur-\\nrounding region, which was said to be dotted with\\nnumerous lakes, made me decide to arrange for a\\nvisit during the summer of 1895. Fortunately it was\\nthe intention of Mr. Barrett, who was then at Banff,\\nto revisit Assiniboine with his friend Mr. J. F. Porter,\\nand upon comparing plans it was evident that mutual\\nadvantage would come from combining our forces.\\nThere were to be two separate parties, with men\\nfor each, travelling as one. Thus we were ready\\nat any time, in the event of disagreement as to\\nroutes or plans, to separate and take our several\\nways.\\nThe sixth of July was the date determined upon\\nfor our departure. In the meantime we made fre-\\nquent trips to the log house of our outfitter, Tom\\nWilson, who was to supply us with pack-horses,\\nguides, and our entire camping outfit. Many years\\npreviously Wilson had packed for the railroad sur-\\nveyors and was regarded one of the best packers in\\nthe North-west. He has a remarkable memory for\\nthe details of any country that he has ever seen and\\nis, moreover, peculiarly alive to special points of\\ninterest or attractive scenery in the mountains, a\\nquality that is conspicuously absent in the majority\\nof the people connected with the North-west.\\nJuly commenced rainy and cold, but our arrange-\\nments went forward without interruption. Wilson s", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0126.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Hnecbotes about JEarl? Surveyors 71\\nplace was a scene of busy preparation during the last\\ntwo or three days. Pack-saddles, piles of blankets,\\ntents, and ropes were to be seen here and there,\\nwhile bags of provisions and canned goods of all\\nkinds were ready for final assortment. Rashers of\\nbacon and bags of flour made the bulk of our pro-\\nvisions, while the smaller packages contained dried\\nfruits of several varieties, cereals, sugar, tea, and\\ncoffee. Pots and pails, knives, forks, and spoons\\nwere collected in other places, while our men, who\\nwere already engaged for the trip, were bringing\\norder from a chaos of articles, and making sure that\\nthe saddle-girths, head-ropes, and hobbles were in\\ngood condition, the axes sharp, and the rifles bright\\nand clean.\\nIt is all very well, said Wilson one night after\\nwe had been talking over the possibilities of our trip,\\nto travel with maps, or a guide, and you will have\\nno trouble, but I remember some strange things that\\nhave happened in these mountains. When the sur-\\nveyors were searching for the best route across the\\nRockies, Major Rogers sent a party to explore the\\nKananaskis Pass. The man in charge of this party\\nwas to find, if possible, a way to the Columbia, but\\nat the summit of the pass he came to a stream which\\nflowed in a direction east of south. He retreated\\nafter he had followed the stream a short distance, as\\nits course made him certain that he was still on the\\neastern slope of the range. But he was at the head\\nof the Elk River, which flows into the Columbia by", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0127.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "72 Zbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nway of the Kootenay, and so, without realising it,\\nhad crossed the divide.\\nMajor Rogers himself, Tom resumed, was\\nupon one occasion more completely turned round\\nthan that, trying to cross the Selkirk Range. He\\nstarted up the Beaver River from the Columbia and,\\nturning up Grizzly Creek, struck the headwaters of\\nthe Spilimichene, till at last he came out again on the\\nColumbia, seventy miles from where he started in,\\nand on the same side of the range.\\nOur route to Mt. Assiniboine lay through the\\nSimpson Pass, and thence down the Simpson River\\nto a certain place where an opening in the mountains\\nto the south would lead us to this giant of the\\nRockies. Our journey began on the sixth of July,\\nthough the day was wet and showery. Our four\\nmen with nine horses started before noon for our\\nfirst camp at Healy s Creek, about six miles from\\nBanff. Barrett, Porter, and I came later, on foot, and\\nafter a mile or so of good road, plunged into the\\ndifficulties of a bad trail in a burnt timber country,\\nand left the last sign of civilisation behind. In a\\ndrizzling rain we made our way over charred logs\\nand through wet brush, hunting for the trail most\\nof the time.\\nWe came at length to Healy s Creek, a large\\nstream that comes roaring out of the mountains from\\nthe west and drains the Simpson Pass to swell the\\nBow River. We shouted across and soon saw Peyto,\\none of our packers, coming at a gallop through the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0128.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "a IRain? Camp n\\nbrush. Chiniquay, an Indian cayuse which he rode,\\nhad to carry us one by one across the creek, which\\nwas rather deep and swift. The three tents of our\\ncamp had been prettily grouped under some spruces.\\nEverything was in order and the cooks were prepar-\\ning supper upon our arrival. We were labouring\\nunder many of those imaginary evils which by some\\nare supposed to make camp life intolerable, soaked\\nthrough by a long tramp in wet brush to reach\\na rainy camp. Nevertheless we were all happy, as\\nour clothes were soon drying around open camp-\\nfires, where a fine supper was served. Then we\\nrolled up in blankets laid on balsam boughs and\\nrealised that, at last, our journey to Assiniboine was\\nbegun.\\nBreakfast is ready, was the cheery shout that\\ninterrupted our dreams the next morning. The ris-\\ning sun was struggling through uncertain bands of\\nclouds and all the meadow flowers and grass were\\nsparkling with pendent diamonds of rain and dew in\\nthe early light. Peyto and Edwards had long since\\ndriven our horses into camp and in an hour the men\\nwere busy packing. Our march commenced at\\neight o clock, Peyto leading, the bay and Pinto our\\nbest pack-horses next, and then our several men\\ninterspersed among the animals in Indian file.\\nWe crossed a mile of flat country and, turning\\nsouthwards, commenced to ascend among the high\\nmountains.\\nThe interest of our march was much increased by", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0129.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "74 Zbc IRochiee of CanaDa\\nthe number of flowers that were to be seen as we\\nwent along. In damp, mossy woods we saw the\\nround-leafed orchis, a very pretty plant with a single\\ngreen leaf and a raceme of rose-purple flowers. It is\\nquite common throughout the mountains. A rarer\\nflower and one of exquisite beauty was also seen,\\nthe Calypso, a northern orchid named for the beauti-\\nful goddess who fell in love with Ulysses. The\\nsingle blossoms are shaped somewhat like those of\\nthe species called lady s -slipper, and combine a\\nshowy display of pink, purple, and yellow colours.\\nThere is a small patch of green timber half a mile\\neast of Laggan station where this flower may also\\nbe found, but it is very scarce elsewhere.\\nAfter a march of six hours we made camp in the\\ndeep valley of the north fork of Healy s Creek. While\\nthe men were putting things in order, it was dis-\\ncovered that Edwards s axe had been lost some time\\non the day s march. In view of the long journey\\nbefore us and the possibility of considerable trail cut-\\nting, this axe was indispensable to our progress. He\\nsaddled his horse and started back, saying that he\\nwould not return till it had been found. Contrary\\nto our expectations, he did not return that day nor\\nfor a period of nearly two weeks.\\nOur camp was only a few miles from the Simpson\\nPass, and the next day we reached it in an hour.\\nThe summit was covered with snow, and many of\\nthe drifts were fifteen or twenty feet deep. The alti-\\ntude of this pass is 6884 feet, and the entire summit", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0130.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "Beep Snow on tbe Simpson pass 75\\nand the mountains several hundred feet higher\\nare covered with trees. The unusual amount of\\nsnow in July was the result of a long and stormy\\nwinter followed by a backward spring. The day of\\nour visit was warm, and the snow was being fast\\nreduced to slush, under the influence of a mild south\\nwind. The pass has no decided slope for a mile or\\nmore, but is broken up by rocky ridges and inter-\\nspersed with small lakes. When our descent began,\\nthe first warm southward slopes were already free\\nof snow and covered with banks of beautiful Alpine\\nflowers. There were only two or three species in\\nthese snow-lined flower-gardens, but the multitude\\nof blossoms made up for the lack of variety. The\\ngreat white anemone and the yellow Alpine lily\\n{Erythronium grandiflorwri) were in all stages of\\nbud and blossom, revelling in the balmy breezes and\\na wealth of sunshine. Our heavy-footed horses\\ntrampled down myriads of blossoms in a ruthless\\ndestruction, regardless of the beauty round them,\\nbut glad to get into a place where there was hope\\nof grass. We had crossed the great divide and\\npassed from Alberta to British Columbia. An Indian\\ntrail led us down by a stream which, at first a mere\\nrivulet from melting snow, had now become a brawl-\\ning torrent. This stream ran into the Pacific Ocean.\\nThe woods became deep and dark with sombre\\ntrees of great height, among which the trail wound\\ndeep cut in the loamy soil, and led us at length\\naway from the noise of falling water into the forest", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0131.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "76 Zhc IRocfues of Cana a\\nsilence. The day s march ended at the Simpson\\nRiver, where we camped in a level place beside many\\nIndian teepee-poles.\\nJuly 9th. The entire Simpson valley in this part\\nis an unbroken forest. Several thousand feet higher,\\nbare limestone cliffs rise above the mass of green,\\nmaking a picturesque contrast, but there is little per-\\npetual snow in sight from the depths of the valley\\nbottom. Our line of march lay near the Simpson\\nRiver, which is a very rapid stream, and we followed\\nits banks for several hours. During one of several\\nriver crossings one of my pack-horses was lamed in\\na mysterious manner, but no attention was at first\\npaid to what seemed a trivial accident. However, in\\na few minutes we made a final crossing before we\\nshould ascend the opposite mountain side to a dis-\\ntant valley opening. Barrett said this was the route\\nhe had followed with Wilson in 1893. The stream\\nhad been safely crossed, and we were trying a short\\ncut to the trail which Peyto had located just previ-\\nously on a trip of reconnaissance, and while flounder-\\ning through a soft, mossy wood, the horse recently\\nlamed fell in a rough place. The poor beast could\\nnot get up till his packs were removed, and then it\\nwas seen that his leg was broken. It required but a\\nfew minutes to remove his saddle, and then, after the\\nother horses were led away a short distance, Peyto\\nended the unfortunate animal s life with a rifle\\nbullet.\\nBarrett said it was not far to a pretty lake where", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0132.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "j\u00c2\u00a3nfc of an JEybausting fIDarcb 77\\nthere was an excellent camping place and good feed\\nfor the horses. Leaving the river at an altitude of\\nabout forty-five hundred feet, the trail ascended by\\na succession of steep pitches through a green forest\\nof pine and spruce. After we had been on the\\nmarch for six hours we found ourselves entering a\\nhigh valley much encumbered by rock-slides which,\\nthough easy enough for us to walk over, were very\\ntrying and dangerous to the horses. It was impos-\\nsible to camp in this vicinity, and after an exhaust-\\ning march of three hours more and an ascent of fully\\ntwo thousand feet from the Simpson River, we made\\ncamp in a delightful place near a stream. Some\\nbushy meadows promised fine feed for our horses\\nand the adjacent woods gave us fire-wood. Even\\nour weary pack animals when their saddles were re-\\nmoved rolled on the ground in delight and scratched\\ntheir backs before running off to the meadow. Axes\\nwere at work cutting fire-wood and poles, so that in\\nthe hour while our cooks were preparing dinner the\\nthree tents were placed in position and camp put in\\norder for the night.\\nOur valley was hemmed in by mountains which\\npresented a continuous barrier on either side for\\nmany miles. The scenery resembled that of the\\nSierra Nevadas smooth cliffs dotted here and there\\nwith trees or clumps of bushes, and ornamented by\\nwaterfalls so high, and so distant from us, that they\\nresembled silver threads waving from side to side in\\nthe changing breezes. Sometimes a stronger wind", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0133.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "78 Zbc TCocfciea of Cana a\\nheld them suspended for a time in mid-air, or swept\\nthem away altogether in a cloud of spray.\\nOpposite our camp, and at a considerable height\\nabove it, there was a formation upon the mountain\\nlike a rock fortress, where nature had built a nearly\\nperfect representation of a mediaeval castle. One\\nmight easily imagine that these sharp pinnacles and\\nrocky clefts were ramparts, embrasures, and turreted\\nfortifications. But the wild goats, marmots, and\\npicas were the sole owners of this castle.\\nJuly ioth. From a small lake near our camp we\\ncaught a dozen trout in the morning while our men\\nwere coming up the valley. It appeared that a few\\nmiles would bring us to the valley s end, where a high\\npass seemed to terminate the ascent. Filled with\\nhope of getting our first view of Mt. Assiniboine\\nduring the day, we were on the march at an early\\nhour. Lyall s larch and scattered snow-drifts indi-\\ncated our increasing altitude. The snow soon became\\nso deep that only with the greatest difficulty could\\nwe make any progress whatsoever. On several\\noccasions our horses had to struggle through long\\nstretches of snow, five or six feet deep, and in such\\nplaces we all went ahead and trampled out a pathway\\nfor them. Finally a long bare ridge, well exposed\\nto wind and sun, offered us a fine route through\\nthe unbroken snow fields and led us to the summit.\\nAs the slope began to fall away in the opposite\\ndirection a new world lay before us. It was a deso-\\nlate valley of burnt timber, beyond which appeared", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0134.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "a Burnt timber Camp 79\\na richly coloured lake, girt by green forest and over-\\nhung by a barrier of snowy peaks. Above this\\nrough range, the sharp crest of Mt. Assiniboine was\\nfaintly seen through the smoky atmosphere, for\\nforest fires were raging somewhere in spite of the\\nrainy season. We descended into the valley and\\ncamped in burnt timber near a small stream.\\nThat our men and horses might rest after the\\nlong marches of the last four days it was decided\\nto spend an entire day at this place. There was\\nlittle of the picturesque in our environment of burnt\\ntimber. However, this camp has for some reason\\nmade one of the pleasantest impressions upon my\\nmemory.\\nOur tents were placed among some trees killed by\\nfire. The ground was made comparatively smooth\\nby rolling away the charred logs, cutting the bushes\\nthat had grown up in recent years, and strewing\\nupon the ground branches from trees of the new\\ngeneration. In a swamp near us a number of birds\\nwere nesting and calling their mates. The camp\\nwas upon the edge of a bluff overlooking a bare\\nravine, where a stream ran swiftly in a timber-\\nchoked channel, and gave the encroaching bushes\\nendless rhythmic movements, as the splashing water\\ntouched them. A gentle south wind coming up the\\nvalley soothed us to dreamy slumbers. The stronger\\ngusts awakened shrill vibrations in the dead and\\nsplintered trees, or carried away the torrent s roar in\\nfrequent alternation of sound volume. The smoke", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0135.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "80 Gbe IRockies of Cana a\\nbathed the mountains in hazy blue, and once, com-\\ning in greater thickness, nearly concealed them alto-\\ngether and softened the sunlight to a mellow glow.\\nThe thunder of repeated ice avalanches, or the\\nloud reports of stones falling upon the mountains,\\nwhere summer was loosening the frost, several times\\ndisturbed my siesta. The dreamy rustle of wind-\\nblown grass and the varying sound of the torrent\\nwere, however, like an endless slumber song. From\\na bushy copse in the swamp near our camp two\\nwhite-crested sparrows sang the entire day and part\\nof the night a plaintive little air of five notes\\n(C, D, E, E, C, of which the two E s are eighth notes,\\nwhile the rest are quarters) repeated six or seven\\ntimes a minute. The last note is somewhat faint\\nand flat. This feeble and pathetic outpouring of\\nmusic from happy creatures seemed to accord with\\nthe barren forest ruin. It is difficult to understand\\nthe exquisite pleasure that often comes from such\\nchance associations. There is something wonderfully\\nbeautiful in the idea of a pretty melody repeated\\nthroughout the long summer in the heart of a wilder-\\nness where, in the waste of charred trees and waving\\nfireweed, the music of one little bird stirs the heart-\\nbeats of but one other creature, its mate.\\nJuly 1 2th. We marched east for two hours, find-\\ning a route among the fallen timber as well as we\\ncould. At length a steep ascent brought us by a\\nwaterfall to a grove of larches beyond which a beau-\\ntiful lake appeared. The transformation from the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0136.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "1Impres$it e IPiew of assiniboine 81\\nwaste of burnt timber was immediate and complete.\\nA well-marked trail led around the winding shore on\\nour left, the other side of the narrow lake being\\nhemmed in by rock-slides and cliffs. The last ice of\\nwinter was drifting before the wind, and the water\\nwas covered in several places with a kind of slush,\\nmade of innumerable slender ice-needles. These\\ngave a faint sound like the rustle of silk as they\\nrubbed one against another in the ripples. The\\ntrail led us by the lake for half a mile and then, leav-\\ning it, ascended a rocky ridge through a grass-lined\\nopening. Another lake was immediately disclosed,\\nand beyond it mighty Assiniboine.\\nThe majestic mountain, which is a noble pyramid\\nof rock towering above snow fields, was clearly re-\\nflected in the water surface. Such a picture so sud-\\ndenly revealed aroused the utmost enthusiasm of\\nall our party, and unconsciously everyone paused in\\nadmiration while our horses strayed from the trail\\nto graze. Continuing once more, we traversed some\\nopen places among low ridges covered with beautiful\\nlarches. We passed through a delightful region\\nwhich descended gently for half a mile to a treeless\\nmoor, where we pitched camp. Behind us was a\\nclump of trees, before us Mt. Assiniboine, and on our\\nleft a lake of considerable size, which washed the\\nvery base of the mountain and extended northwards\\nin the bottom of a broad valley.\\nWe remained here for a period of two weeks.\\nThe altitude of this place is seventy-four hundred feet.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0137.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "82 Gbe -Rockies of Cana a\\nThis is considerably above the usual tree-line of these\\nmountains, though there were a considerable number\\nof spruces and larches not only at the level of our\\ncamp but several hundred feet higher. I attribute\\nthis to the open character of the valley, which receives\\na considerable amount of sunshine, and so collects\\nsufficient heat to raise the level of possible tree\\ngrowth above the normal. Mt. Assiniboine was al-\\nmost due south from our camp. The distance in a\\nstraight line was more than a mile to its base and\\nnearly three to its summit. Two diverging spurs\\nfrom Assiniboine enclose this valley. To the north\\nit expands into open places, interrupted in part by-\\nscattered tree clumps, but covered generally with a\\nlow, bushy growth. The smaller trees which grow\\nin the open are dwarfed and distorted by their cease-\\nless struggle with cold. Even at the borders of thick\\ngroves the spruces often show a regular line of\\nbranches, like a trimmed hedge, as though no single\\nbranchlet would venture into the cold air beyond its\\ncompany.\\nThe higher dry ground is uneven and hummocky\\nfrom the burrowings of innumerable picas and mar-\\nmots. These are a variety of Parry s marmot, some-\\ntimes called the red-bellied ground squirrel, which is\\nconsiderably smaller than the siffleur, or great hoary\\nmarmot, so common in these mountains. The wolve-\\nrenes have dug into their burrows and by throwing\\nout piles of dirt and great pieces of turf have added\\nto the roughness of the region. In the meadowy", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0138.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0141.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0142.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "H Strange Hake 83\\nand swampy places where our horses pastured, two\\nmiles north of camp, some curious action of frost has\\nconverted the ground into a mass of low grass-\\ncrowned hummocks with bare soil between. Alto-\\ngether I have never seen a region which is more\\ntiring to the pedestrian than this, because of these\\nendless inequalities of the ground, which are half\\nconcealed by dwarfed trees and a tough underbrush.\\nThe large lake near the position of our camp has\\nsome peculiar features. At the time of our arrival a\\nstrong wind was driving cakes of ice down the lake\\namid whitecaps. The lake seems to rest against a\\nsmall glacier at the foot of Mt. Assiniboine where it\\ngets a large part of its water-supply. A large stream\\nenters it at the opposite or north end, and several\\nothers come in at various points, but we were sur-\\nprised to find no outlet. This, however, explained\\nthe rapid change in water level which we had no-\\nticed. The lake was rising at the rate of several\\ninches every twenty-four hours. There were indi-\\ncations on the shore that the water had at some\\ncomparatively recent period been ten or twelve feet\\nhigher. Where do the subterranean waters escape\\nPerhaps the curious nature of a valley north of our\\ncamp may throw some light upon this subject.\\nPeyto had put our horses in a meadow two\\nmiles from camp. He made frequent visits to the\\nplace while looking after the horses, and upon one\\noccasion made a trip of six or seven miles down the\\nvalley. The streams from these meadows run north-", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0143.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "84 Gbe IRocMes of Canada\\nwards, disappear into the ground, reappear several\\ntimes, and finally vanish altogether. In this valley\\na mile or so farther on is a curious lake set in a lime-\\nstone basin. One or two small streams enter it, and\\na number of air bubbles rising through its clear wa-\\nter in several places indicate subterranean springs,\\nbut there is no outlet. Then for three miles no\\nstream or sign of water is visible in this weird valley\\nof curious limestone hills covered with a few trees.\\nAt the base of a great hill, however, where the\\nvalley bottom drops suddenly six or seven hundred\\nfeet, a number of springs gush out, and this we dis-\\ncovered later was the source of the Simpson River.\\nEverything seems to show that the waters of the\\nlast lake, the meadows beyond, and perhaps also the\\nlarge lake at the base of Mt. Assiniboine are carried\\nin underground passages to make these springs.\\nThe whole region is a limestone formation and\\nabounds in caves and sink-holes.\\nIt has been mentioned that on the second day s\\nmarch one of our packers, Edwards, had gone back\\nto find a lost axe. At every subsequent camp, there-\\nfore, we had left a supply of provisions and infor-\\nmation about the route we were going to pursue.\\nMore than ten days had now elapsed and nothing\\nhad been heard from him. Peyto s fertile imagina-\\ntion conjured up visions of his having been drowned\\nin Healy s Creek, and I must confess that we were\\nall somewhat worried. It seemed best to send Peyto\\nback on a fast saddle-horse, to make inquiries at", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0144.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "measurement of tbe fIDountain 85\\nBanff, and improve the opportunity of bringing out\\nanother horse to replace the one that had been shot.\\nMeanwhile, as Mt. Assiniboine seemed a serious\\nproblem for even a well-equipped Alpine party, we\\nmade no attempt to climb the mountain. We con-\\ntented ourselves with a number of lesser mountain\\nascents, and from several points between eight thou-\\nsand and nine thousand feet high obtained splendid\\nviews of the giant of the Rockies.\\nThere were, unfortunately, no surveying instru-\\nments in our outfit, but I determined to get a rough\\napproximation on the height of Assiniboine. I used\\nmy camera tripod for a plane table and made a\\nlittle alidade by adjusting two upright sticks to an-\\nother with a straight edge. The upright sticks were\\nthreaded with horse-hairs. Taking a piece of linen\\nthread about fifteen yards long 1 set up stakes and\\nlaid out a base line. This thread was carefully meas-\\nured when 1 reached Banff. With these crude in-\\nstruments I plotted out and found the horizontal\\ndistance to the top of the mountain, and repeated\\nthe operation several times. For the vertical angles\\nI set up a table and a basin of water. I had a large\\npiece of celluloid as a substitute ground glass for my\\ncamera, and on this a straight line was ruled and\\nmade to coincide with the water surface. Then two\\nneedles were used as sights, and the vertical angle\\nto the mountain top was indelibly scratched on the\\ncelluloid and measured later. By adding the result\\nthus determined to the altitude of our camp, 1 got", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0145.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "86 \u00c2\u00a3be TRocftiee of Cana a\\n1 1, 680 feet for the total height of Mt. Assiniboine.\\nThe result obtained by the Topographical Survey\\nof Canada from angles taken at a distance is 11,830\\nfeet. This, no doubt, is very nearly the exact height,\\nand the comparative agreement of my result is\\nprobably due to several errors cancelling themselves\\nout and so giving a better result than the instru-\\nments deserved.\\nOne day, about a week after leaving us, Peyto\\ngalloped into camp with another horse, some addi-\\ntional provisions, and our guide Edwards. The lat-\\nter said he had followed us for four days march,\\nwhen he lost our trail and returned to Banff.\\nShortly after Peyto s arrival, Barrett and I pro-\\njected a plan to see the south side of Mt. Assini-\\nboine. As the country was very rough, it was\\nimpossible to make the trip with horses, so we pre-\\npared to try it on foot. We were going into a coun-\\ntry that in all probability had never been visited by\\nany white man. We each carried a single blanket\\nand food enough to last three days. These burdens\\nwere made as light as possible, for the success of our\\nexpedition would depend in a large measure on the\\nrapidity of our movements. My camera, several\\ncups and knives, a small hand-axe, and a few other\\narticles which seemed absolutely necessary were\\ndistributed among our packs.\\nOn the 26th of July, Barrett, Peyto, and I started\\non this expedition, which, though attended by con-\\nsiderable hardship, eventually proved most valuable", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0146.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "a Deep IDalle? 87\\nand interesting. At eight o clock we bade farewell\\nto those at the main camp and said we should return\\non the third or fourth day. We walked three miles\\nto the north-east, through open country, which rises\\ngradually to a pass eight thousand feet above sea-\\nlevel. On the summit of this a deep valley lay before\\nus, very heavily wooded and nearly filled by three\\nlakes, one of which is three or four miles long, while\\nthe two upper ones are smaller. The water of each\\nis differently coloured, one yellowish green, another\\nblue-green, and the other blue. All are fed by a\\nstream coming from a glacier on Mt. Assiniboine\\nwhich presently appeared on our right.\\nWe descended two thousand feet into the valley\\nand took a short rest by the blue waters of the mid-\\ndle lake. The air was oppressively hot and we\\nstruggled amid the pitfalls of very large timber, mak-\\ning slow progress and tormented by myriads of mos-\\nquitoes. We crossed this narrow valley between\\nthe two upper lakes and found a fallen tree that\\nserved for a bridge over the stream. Then ensued a\\ndifficult scramble up the opposite side of the valley,\\nwhich made us climb again nearly the entire two\\nthousand feet of our first descent. This hard work\\nended suddenly when we found ourselves in a com-\\nparatively level valley, beautified by meandering\\nstreams, open meadows, and a few small lakes. On\\nthe summit of a pass where the water turned in the\\nopposite direction we ate lunch and took an hour of\\nrest beside a rock-girt pool.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0147.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "88 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocFues of Canaba\\nThis was the end both of the green timber and of\\nour pleasant surroundings, for shortly after resuming\\nour journey we came to a burnt forest. It seemed\\nthat the entire valley had been utterly devastated by\\nafire which had swept through this region apparently\\nnot many years before. Many of the trees had been\\ncompletely destroyed, while the youngest had been\\ncharred and warped into arched poles with their tops\\ntouching the ground. Ledges of sandstone and\\nquartz had been splintered by the intense heat into\\nsharp-edged fragments which covered the ground.\\nThe direction of this desolate valley soon changed\\nsharply to our right and we felt that a corner of Assini-\\nboine had been turned. There was no sign of any\\ntrail and it is very doubtful if the Indians ever used\\nthis route among the mountains. The fallen timber\\nbecame denser as we progressed. The monotony of\\nour travel was interrupted by our coming to a sudden\\npitch or descent of the entire valley where there was\\nan abrupt fall of about five hundred feet. Arrived\\nat the bottom of this, we had not walked far before\\nanother appeared, similar to the first, only far deeper.\\nThe mountains, which were very high on either side,\\nseemed to rise above us to far greater altitudes as, in\\nrapid descent, we reached lower levels.\\nThe burnt timber continued without interruption.\\nOur passage became mere log walking, as the extra\\nexertion of jumping over the trees was worse than\\nfollowing a crooked course on top of the prostrate\\ntrunks. This laborious and exceedingly tiresome", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0148.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "MT. ASSINIBOINE FROM THE EAST", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0149.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0150.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "a Waste ot fallen timber 8 9\\nwork lasted for three hours, and at length the charred\\ntrunks, uprooted or burnt off near the ground, and\\ncrossed in every direction, were piled so high that we\\nwere often ten or twelve feet above the ground, and\\nhad to work out our puzzling passage with consider-\\nable forethought. At five o clock our labours ended.\\nWe made camp by a stream which seemed to take its\\nsource near Mt. Assiniboine. The only good thing\\nabout this place was the abundance of fire-wood,\\nwhich was well seasoned, required but little chop-\\nping, and was already half converted into charcoal.\\nUnder the shelter of an overhanging limestone ledge\\nwe made three lean-tos by supporting our blankets\\non upright stakes. Black as coal-heavers from our\\nlong walk in the burnt timber, seeking a refuge in\\nthe rocky ledges of the mountains, and clad in un-\\ncouth garments torn and discoloured, we must have\\nresembled the aboriginal savages of this wild region.\\nSome thick masses of sphagnum moss, long since\\ndried up, gave us a soft covering, to place on the\\nrough, rocky ground. Our supper consisted of bacon,\\nhardtack, and tea. Large flat stones placed on a\\ngentle charcoal fire served to broil our bacon quite\\nsuccessfully, though the heat soon cracked the stones\\nin pieces.\\nWe were now on the Pacific slope and, as we be-\\nlieved, on one of the tributaries of the north fork of the\\nCross River, which flows into the Kootenay. The\\naneroid indicated that our altitude was only forty-\\nseven hundred feet above the sea, and showed that", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0151.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "9Q ftbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nwe were nearly three thousand feet below the level\\nof the camp we had left nine hours before. At eight\\no clock, though it was still light, we retired to the\\nrough protection of our shelter with a fire burning\\nnear us. Overhead the starless sky threatened rain,\\nwhich fortunately did not come, while the clouds\\nand our lower altitude made the night comfortably\\nwarm.\\nOn the following day everyone was ready to pro-\\nceed at an early hour. Hitherto in our journey around\\nAssiniboine we had turned to the right wherever any\\nvalley or pass gave us the opportunity. Thus we\\nwere making a circuit of its several spurs and keeping\\nas near the great mountain as possible. However,\\nno view had been obtained of the main peak after\\nleaving the valley of the three lakes, where we\\nlooked upon its north-east face. This first bivouac\\nwas beside a stream of moderate size, coming out\\nof a valley at right angles to the one we had re-\\ncently followed. It seemed altogether better to\\nexplore this, that we might keep as near as possible\\nto Assiniboine and not find our view cut off by any\\nintervening mountain range. With practice a very\\nfair idea of the length of these mountain valleys may\\nbe had by observing the size of streams and the\\namount of water they carry. This one seemed to\\nindicate a valley between eight and ten miles in\\nlength.\\nWe were on the march about seven o clock and\\nbegan to ascend the stream. Our plan was to follow", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0152.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Ifoileb t s a Cul*t e*Sac 91\\nthe valley as far as practicable and see what would\\ndevelop, but beyond that everything was indefinite.\\nClouds covered the entire sky and touched the\\nmountain tops, but the worst sign of bad weather\\nwas that they constantly settled to lower levels.\\nWe had this one day, however, to see the south side\\nof Assiniboine, and were resolved to take our chances,\\nthough they seemed much against us.\\nWe traversed the unending burnt timber by first\\nscaling far up to avoid a canyon and then coming\\ndown to the stream, where at length there was\\nbetter walking. About ten o clock we sat down on\\nthe bank to rest a few moments and to eat a lunch\\nof hardtack and cold bacon. In the fresh mountain\\nair even this rough fare was most appetising after\\nour tramp of three hours amongst fallen trees.\\nA most encouraging change of weather now took\\nplace, for a sudden gleam of sunlight called our at-\\ntention upwards, where to our great relief blue sky\\nappeared and the clouds seemed to be dissolving\\naway.\\nOnce more taking up our various packs, we pushed\\non with renewed energy. On the left or south, was\\na long and lofty ridge of nearly uniform height, on\\nthe right a stupendous mountain wall of great height,\\nthe top of which was concealed by the clouds. This\\nimpassable barrier seemed to curve around at the\\nhead of the valley, and, turning to the south, join\\nthe ridge on the opposite side. This then was a\\ncul-de-sac, or blind 1 valley without an outlet,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0153.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "92 Gbe IRochiea of Canaba\\nThere were two courses open to us. The first was\\nto wait a few hours, hoping to see Mt. Assiniboine,\\nand return to camp the way we came. The second\\nwas to force a passage, if possible, over the mount-\\nain ridge to the south and so descend into the North\\nFork valley, which we were certain lay on the other\\nside. The latter plan was preferable, as we would\\nhave a better chance to see Mt. Assiniboine, and the\\npossibility of returning to camp by a new route.\\nAfter a short discussion, we selected a favourable slope\\nand began to ascend the mountain ridge. In memory\\na great number of obstacles loomed behind us two\\nhigh passes, dense forests, and that endless valley of\\ndead timber where the trees were crossed in be-\\nwildering confusion. Hope built a pleasing air-castle\\nin striking contrast to this picture. We were now\\nclimbing to its outworks and, should we succeed in\\ncapturing the place, a new and probably interesting\\nroute would lead us back to camp so extravagant\\nis hope perhaps by nightfall. Thus with a repel-\\nlent force behind us and eager desire to complete our\\ncircuit of the mountain, we were resolved not to\\nretrace our steps.\\nThe slope we were now ascending was at first\\ncomparatively gentle. We passed several red-col-\\noured ledges containing deposits of iron ore, while\\ncalcite and carbonate of iron were visible everywhere\\nand made a brilliant surface of sparkling crystals\\nover the dull limestones. In the valley below, two\\nlakes appeared as we ascended, one of which was", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0154.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1bope an despair 93\\nliterally covered with floating trees, the result, no\\ndoubt, of a winter snow-slide.\\nIn an hour we had come to the apparent top of\\nour ridge, though hope hardly dared suggest that it\\nwas the true summit. As one after another we\\nreached a commanding spot, a blank look of despair\\nstole over the face of each. No word was spoken,\\nbut that silent gaze meant our defeat. To our dis-\\nmay, a vertical wall of rock appeared and rose five\\nhundred feet above us. Thus all our fond hopes\\nwere suddenly defeated and we turned perforce, in\\nimagination, to a weary retreat over the many miles\\nof prostrate tree trunks that intervened between us\\nand our camp.\\nThe main object of our long journey was, how-\\never, at this time attained, for the clouds lifted and\\nrevealed the south side of Mt. Assiniboine, a sight\\nthat probably no other white men have ever seen.\\nI took my camera and descended on a rocky ridge\\nfor some distance in order to get a photograph. Re-\\nturning to where my friends were resting, I felt the\\nfirst sensation of dizziness and weakness, resulting\\nfrom unusual physical exertion and a meagre diet.\\nI joined the others in another repast of raisins and\\nhardtack, taken from our rapidly diminishing store\\nof provisions.\\nSome more propitious divinity must have been\\nguiding our affairs at this time, for while we were\\ndespondent at our defeat, and engaged in discussing\\nthe most extravagant routes up an inaccessible cliff,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0155.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "94 Gbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\nour eyes fell on a well-defined goat trail leading\\nalong the mountain side on our left. It offered a\\nchance which we accepted. Peyto set off ahead while\\nwe were packing up our burdens. Having already\\npassed several places that appeared very dangerous,\\nwhat was our surprise to see him now begin to\\nmove slowly up a slope of snow that appeared nearly\\nvertical. We argued that if he could go up such a\\nplace as that, he could go anywhere, and that where\\nhe went we could follow. We hurried after him\\nand found the goat trail wide and the worst places\\nnot so bad as they seemed from below. The snow\\nascent was very steep but safe enough, and after\\nreaching the top, the goat trail led us on, like a faith-\\nful guide, showing us the way. We could see only\\na short distance ahead because of numerous ridges\\nand gullies. Below us was a steep slope roughened\\nby projecting crags, while, as we passed along,\\nshowers of loose stones rolled down the mountain\\nside and made an infernal clatter, ever reminding us\\nnot to slip. At one o clock we stood on the top of\\nthe ridge nine thousand feet above sea-level, having\\nascended forty-three hundred feet from our last camp.\\nThe valley of the north fork of the Cross River\\nlay far below, covered with green forests, which\\ngave a pleasant invitation for us to descend. Gallop-\\ning down a long slope of loose scree, with a shower\\nof rocks following us, we came to rough limestone\\ngullies where unstable footholds suggested caution.\\nThen ensued several hundred feet of bare rock-slides,", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0156.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "SOUTH SIDE OF MT. ASSINIBOINE", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0157.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0158.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Descent into IRortb Jforft Dalle? 95\\nwhere among the lichen-covered stones the highest\\nAlpine flowers appeared, and then very soon tufts of\\ngrass and green slopes, with a few dwarfed trees.\\nTheir increasing size, the warm air, and at length a\\ndeep forest indicated our rapid descent. A final\\nslope, where copses of birch and a few small maples\\nshowed that we were on the Pacific side of the\\nrange, led us through a garden of bluebells, asters,\\nand painted-cup to a meadow by the river. Here\\nwe paused to admire our surroundings and feast on\\nwild strawberries. In this place we were four thou-\\nsand feet below the ridge from which we had re-\\ncently gazed on Mt. Assiniboine.\\nThis was the north fork of the Cross River, no\\ndoubt the same stream by which we had camped on\\nour journey to Assiniboine, and the same that takes\\nits source in small lakes near our camp.\\nNear the river we found a trail, the first we had\\nseen so far on our way around Assiniboine. After\\nan hour of walking we came to a number of horses,\\nand soon saw on the other side of the river a camp\\nof another party of gentlemen, Messrs. Allen and\\nSmith, who were exploring this region, and had been\\nout from Banff twenty-four days. We forded the\\nriver, and found it a little over our knees, but very\\nswift.\\nA pleasant half-hour was spent at this place while\\nwe enjoyed their hospitality and related our adven-\\ntures. Then, hitting the trail once more, we\\nwalked rapidly in a supreme effort to reach camp", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0159.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "96 \u00c2\u00a3be IRockies of Canada\\nthat night. The valley held a straight course for\\nabout six miles and then swung round to the north.\\nWe had turned three corners of Assiniboine. Burnt\\ntimber now came again in evidence. As we had\\nbeen walking almost continuously for the past fifteen\\nhours, we were so fatigued that a very slight obstruc-\\ntion was sufficient to cause a fall, and every few min-\\nutes some one of the party would tumble headlong\\ninto the burnt timber. We were too tired to lift\\nour feet over roots and sticks, but there were barely\\nenough provisions to last another meal and we were\\nanxious to get as near headquarters as possible. At\\nten o clock the light in the northern sky failed us,\\nand further progress being impossible, we selected a\\nfairly level place among the charred logs for a biv-\\nouac. After a last meal of bacon and hardtack, we lay\\non the ground round a large fire. Thanks to a mild\\nnight and extreme weariness, we slept soundly during\\nthe few hours of darkness, but were again on foot at\\nfour o clock. We marched into camp at half-past\\nsix and found the cooks building the morning fires\\nand ready to prepare breakfast.\\nThis was without doubt the first circuit of Mt.\\nAssiniboine. By pedometer, which, however, meas-\\nured every one of the countless logs we had jumped\\nand a thousand devious turns, the distance was fifty-\\none miles, and this we had done in less than forty-\\neight hours.\\nAfter a day of needed rest, our winding train of\\nhorses left the beautiful site of Mt. Assiniboine to", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0160.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "an jEybausting flDarcb 97\\ncommence our homeward journey, and there were\\nmany unexpressed feelings of regret at saying fare-\\nwell to these scenes of beauty and grandeur. We\\nfollowed the Simpson to the Vermilion River and\\nthe latter to the Vermilion Pass, and after seven days\\nreached the Bow River at Castle Mountain.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0161.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nANOTHER ROUTE TO ASSINIBOINE MEADOWS ON THE\\nCONTINENTAL DIVIDE A MIDSUMMER SNOW-STORM A\\nMARCH THROUGH FOG AND SNOW A VISION OF STRANGE\\nMOUNTAINS A PERILOUS DESCENT VALLEY OF THE\\nGNOMES A TREMENDOUS LANDSLIDE SECOND CAMP\\nAT ASSINIBOINE A PARTIAL ASCENT GENERAL FORM\\nOF THE MOUNTAIN FOUR DIFFERENT ROUTES TO THIS\\nREGION\\nIN the summer of 1899 I made another visit to\\nAssiniboine. Messrs. Henry G. Bryant and\\nLouis J. Steele were anxious to see this noble\\npeak, and for my own part, the exploration of new\\nroutes to and from the mountain was a sufficient\\nincentive to make the trip. It was first proposed to\\ntake a Swiss guide and make some attempt to climb\\nAssiniboine, but we were unable to obtain the serv-\\nices of one for such a length of time as our jour-\\nney would require. Nevertheless, we carried in our\\noutfit some rope and three ice-axes, with the idea\\nof making at least a reconnaissance of its lower\\nslopes under our own guidance. Wilson suggested\\na shorter route than by the Simpson Pass, one that\\nshould follow a branch of Healy s Creek and lead to\\n98", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0162.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "flDeafcows on tbe Continental Divnfce 99\\nthe summit of the continental divide, where there\\nis a level and open expanse above tree-line. On\\nthese elevated meadows, it is possible for horses to\\ntravel with ease in any direction.\\nOn July 23rd, about noon of the second day out\\nfrom Banff, our party might have been seen on an\\nIndian trail that runs through a dark forest, over-\\nlooking a narrow valley, and commands, through\\nthe trees, inspiring views of the height and depth\\nof mountain grandeur. The trail led persistently\\nupward, sometimes in pitches so steep as to worry\\nour heavily burdened horses, till at length the\\nlarches began to appear, and gave a sure sign that\\nopen country was near. Presently the slope be-\\ncame gentle. Marching through open meadows and\\nbetween larch-crowned ridges, we soon entered a\\ndelightful upland. We could see the peaks of dis-\\ntant mountains rising above the open country, while\\nall the low regions were hidden from view. An ex-\\ncellent trail (as is always the case when there is no\\nurgent need for one) led us gradually above the re-\\ngion of larches till we were surrounded by banks\\nof Alpine flowers, and snow-drifts lingering from a\\nstormy winter. Far to the south a sharp mountain\\nof striking outline rose above the meadowy expanse.\\nIt was Mt. Assiniboine.\\nWe made camp by a small lake which was dot-\\nted with several rocky islands and enclosed by stern\\ncliffs where a few half-dead larches were standing,\\nor their ancient hulks, bare of bark and bleached\\nl.tfc.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0163.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "ioo Gbe IRocMes of Canaba\\nby the exposure of centuries, covered the ground.\\nBryant, who was familiar with the interior of La-\\nbrador and Greenland, said the place recalled those\\nbarren regions. The day of our arrival was one of\\nbrilliant sunshine, while great cumulus clouds were\\nsuspended in the blue vault above. The green\\nmeadows and rolling hills from which we seemed to\\ncommand a view of the entire world were veritable\\ngardens of wild-flowers growing near drifts which\\nnearly gave us snow-blindness. Summer was just\\ncoming to this upper world, and all nature was alive.\\nSprings and streams were carrying away the snow-\\ndrifts and turning to snow-white foam again, as they\\nfell over ledges to lower levels and other meadows.\\nButterflies floated across our paths, flies and bees\\nwere gathering honey from the flowers to scatter un-\\nconsciously the pollen of the anemones and the\\nheaths, while even a few birds visited this high re-\\ngion to prey upon the innumerable insects which\\nwere enjoying their brief summer.\\nBrief indeed it was, or at least interrupted for a\\ntime. Clouds gathered in the night, and the next\\nmorning a cold rain was falling and soon turned to\\nsnow. The upper hills began to whiten, and pres-\\nently, the snow remained upon the ground near our\\nupland camp. The storm increased and shrouded\\nthe nearer hills in gloom, shutting out our land-\\nmarks, for we were to travel that day in spite of the\\nweather. It was cold and cheerless work for our\\nmen and us to roll up our wet and slushy tents and", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0164.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0165.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0166.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "H fHM summer Snow-storm 101\\nkeep our blankets dry while the shivering horses\\nwere packed. Some were refractory and wild, so\\nthat an hour was wasted in patient and artful\\neffort in the wet brush to catch two of them. A\\nlarge fire was kept blazing to bring back life and\\nwarmth to our half-frozen fingers. We should never\\nhave undertaken a march through a country un-\\nknown to every one of the party, had we not carried\\nan excellent contour map of the Topographical Sur-\\nvey, besides a compass and an aneroid. We were\\nlike a mariner with an excellent chart, steering his\\nstorm-beaten ship through unknown dangers.\\nAt the very commencement of our march, all\\nspread out and tried to locate the trail, but the snow\\nwas now deep enough to conceal every evidence of\\nthis valuable guide. Regardless of this setback,\\nour horses were assembled and a plan made to pur-\\nsue our way, relying on the compass and aneroid. It\\nfell upon me to take the responsibility of leadership,\\nso with map in hand, 1 preceded at some distance\\nand on foot, so that whenever a mistake was made\\nI could run back and direct the men and horses else-\\nwhere. Our route, according to the map, lay for\\nseveral miles through an undulating country, which\\nwas, in fact, the very backbone of the continent.\\nOn one side was the deep valley of the Simpson,\\nthree thousand feet below, and on the other side,\\nthe streams which unite into Healy s Creek. It soon\\nappeared that with every mountain concealed from\\nview, and every high hill, even to the narrow circle", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0167.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "102 Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nof snow-covered ground near us, shrouded in mist\\nand flying snow, the task of keeping a certain direc-\\ntion through the maze of ridges and impassable\\nsnow-drifts was not easy. Several times we found\\nourselves on the crest of a precipice, overlooking\\nthe blackness of unknown depths, or, still more dis-\\nheartening, near a lake or a stream that looked\\nremarkably like what we had passed long before.\\nCrossing many ridges of moderate height, we were\\noften caught between deep snow-drifts, when a re-\\ntreat was necessary, or sometimes a perilous passage\\nover the snow was tried, but fortunately these great\\nsnow-banks were hard in the middle and bore our\\nhorses up, though they usually broke through at the\\nedges where the snow was only three or four feet\\nin depth. Thus we marched, closely surrounded on\\nevery side by a thick and impenetrable gloom, in\\nwhich various forms of strange hills and cliffs contin-\\nuously loomed before us, passed by, and disappeared.\\nAt length, according to our map, we should come\\nto a ridge or pass about 7800 feet in height, where\\ncertain landmarks, one of which was a small lake,\\nwould appear if we were right in our calculations.\\nHitherto the rolling nature of the country gave\\nno certain clue, nor offered determinate landmarks,\\nwhile our altitude was nearly uniform. Owing to\\ncountless reverses and delays, we might have been\\nnow quite turned round. It was therefore with the\\ngreatest interest that we found ourselves ascending\\nto the crest of a ridge, seemingly like one shown on", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0168.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "H IDieion of Strange flDountaine 103\\nthe map, for the whole question would be settled\\nupon looking into the basin beyond.\\nWhatever interest there may have been to learn\\nour whereabouts was absorbed upon reaching the\\nridge crest by a revelation of wild and gloomy grand-\\neur that I have never seen equalled. Our little\\nband of men and horses were standing upon a\\ncraggy ledge, where splintered rocks, frost-rent and\\nrough, rose through perpetual snows, making a\\ntower of observation, whence we looked out on a\\nmountain wilderness. Shifting winds were sweep-\\ning fog-banks and clouds far above the highest\\ntrees of a forest-clad valley, now faintly discernible\\nthrough the storm. Yet they were below the crest\\nof our lofty pinnacle, where our storm-beaten band\\nof horses, steaming in moisture, stood darkly out-\\nlined against the pale mists. No gleam of light\\nbroke through the lurid sky. The monotonous grey\\nof falling snow had given place to heaving bands of\\nclouds, for the storm was breaking. Then slowly\\nand mysteriously beyond a dark abyss rose a beauti-\\nful vision of mountains clad in new snow. Their\\nbases rested on unsubstantial fog, their tops were\\npartially concealed by clinging mists, and they were\\napparently so far away as to seem like the highest\\nmountains in the world.\\nOverawed by these wonders of the breaking\\nstorm, the nature of the immediate country was, for\\na moment, forgotten. Then we formed a group\\naround the map, its folds now broken, and the paper", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0169.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "104 Zbe IRocMes of Canada\\na mass of pulp from melted snow, and with com-\\npass upon it, we hoped to prove that so far no mis-\\ntake had been made. Some of the ridges appeared\\nas they should, according to the map, but a certain\\nlake was missing. We knew about where it should\\nbe, but unfortunately no lake appeared. Descend-\\ning a short distance to command a better view, I\\nsaw a lake and shouted back the glad tidings. Bry-\\nant and Steele said it was a lake too, but they did it\\nso as not to hurt my feelings. 1 had been working\\npretty hard for the success of the day s march, and\\nthey wished to encourage me. What a lake that\\nwas, to be sure It seemed about ten feet across.\\nTwo hot days might dry it away, or a bunch of\\nponies could easily drink it up. So we had made a\\nhuge blunder, and it was best to go down to the\\nwoods and strike camp till another day. A last de-\\nspairing effort led me to reconnoitre several hundred\\nfeet below, when 1 came to an overhanging ledge,\\nand with wild joy beheld a fine little lake, nestling\\ndark and blue on the whitened mountain side.\\nRapidly descending, our route lay along the shore\\nof the coveted lake, which was located at the level\\nof tree-line and was surrounded by the highest skir-\\nmishers of the forest. Thence we marched through\\nlong, rolling meadows, in gentle descent to places\\nquite free of snow. Here the trail appeared, and led\\nus for miles along the very crest of the continent, by\\nother lakes and streams, some flowing to our right\\ninto the Pacific, others, to our left, into the Atlantic.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0170.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "H perilous descent 105\\nHere each swamp and ridge marked the sinuous\\nborder line between East and West between two\\noceans between British Columbia and the North-\\nwest Territory.\\nThe storm was rapidly breaking. Distant mount-\\nains were disclosed, and their snow-clad slopes were\\nflashed with beams of sunlight through dark clouds.\\nA sharp-crested mountain arose on our right, and at\\nits base was a fine lake three-quarters of a mile long.\\nLeaving this behind, we came to a desolate pass,\\nfilled with great stones, snow-covered and barren.\\nThis was the highest point of the day, and then\\nensued a continuous descent into the Simpson valley.\\nHere we got beyond the limits of our map and like-\\nwise of the visible trail. After long and tedious\\ndelay, we took our horses down a slope, not at all\\nto their liking. Our route lay through a gulch filled\\nwith burnt timber, where the poor animals slipped\\nand rolled their packs over their heads in a desperate\\ndescent of two thousand feet, until at length we\\nfairly tumbled into the Simpson valley. However,\\nan abundance of succulent grass for our horses, and\\nhot Scotch for us, soon mended things. We were\\nabsolutely soaked through from our long march in\\nthe storm and made a late camp in burnt timber.\\nThe next day, which was sunshiny and warm,\\nfound us at noon near the great ascent in the Simp-\\nson valley. At the base of this the river gushes out\\nin springs. At the top there is no water. Ascend-\\ning the steep slopes of this abrupt hill, we entered", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0171.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "106 Gbe IRocMes of Cana a\\na valley that is almost unique in these mountains.\\nThe whole place for three or four miles is a succes-\\nsion of weird hillocks of grey and whitish limestone\\nof fantastic form and outline. No springs or streams\\nwater this valley of the gnomes, as we called it,\\nthough a struggling growth of small spruces adorns the\\nplace and takes away its barren aspect. Our spread-\\ning line of horses appeared very picturesque as they\\nfollowed the winding trail, which makes many little\\nturns, or sudden pitches and ascents, among these\\nextraordinary mounds and copses. The termination\\nis at a small limestone-girt lake, which is about four\\nmiles from our old camp at Mt. Assiniboine.\\nIt seems to me that this strange valley has been\\nmade by a tremendous catastrophe of nature. Op-\\nposite the great pitch where the whole level of the\\nvalley suddenly rises nearly a thousand feet, and\\nalso opposite the little limestone lake, where the\\ncharacter of the country changes again, are notches\\nin the mountain ridge to the north, and it appears as\\nthough a massive fragment of the mountain, three\\nmiles long and from three hundred to five hundred\\nfeet thick, had scaled off and fallen into the valley.\\nAbove this lake the valley is lined with meadows\\nwhere deep streams flow over beds of black gravel\\nand then sink away and disappear. These waters\\nprobably pass under the broken masses of limestone\\nonly to reappear where the landslide ends.\\nMt. Assiniboine suddenly appeared as we reached\\nthe lake. The distant peak was reflected in placid", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0172.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Seconfc Camp at Bssiniboine 107\\nwaters, which our thirsty horses disturbed as they\\ndrank. It was now late afternoon and there would\\nhave been suggestions of making camp were we not\\nso near Assiniboine. So we plodded on through\\nweary miles of beautiful meadow land upheaved in\\ncountless hummocks, very tiring to ourselves and\\nhorses. I kept far ahead of our party, and at night-\\nfall lit a fire on the site of our old camp, shouting\\nback to their answering cries as they drove our horses\\nat a gallop through the woods.\\nThe period of four days which we spent here\\nwas full of interest to every one of our party, though\\ncertain minor accidents had changed our plans. One\\nof our ice-axes had been broken by a horse falling\\nagainst a tree, and moreover, my knapsack, contain-\\ning all my personal effects and various scientific\\ninstruments, had totally disappeared. Campbell,\\nour packer, went back eight miles the next day, but\\nfailed to find it. Did you search carefully the long,\\nsteep pitch, 1 inquired. That is the only place I\\ndid not go over, said he, because I found the\\ntrail on the other side and thought 1 would take the\\nchance on this one place. So he and I spent\\nthe next day in further search and found my roll\\nupon the long slope, with a small burnt tree caught\\nin the straps, showing how it had been torn from the\\npack.\\nWhile Bryant and Steele were climbing the neigh-\\nbouring mountains, which were familiar to me, I spent\\nthe day in photographic work near the two summit", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0173.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "Civ KocMes of (Uuiaba\\nlakes, ch, Lake Aline. 1 was particu-\\nlarly anxious to succeed This pretty sheet of al\\ns typical f nanj n itain lakes. They are fou\\naur tree-line in a setting of larch trees and snow-\\nc latter remain until July. Fed by melting\\nand cold sp igs their waters are remark-\\nten shallow, and usually not so highly\\nas akes of lower altitudes. Their chief\\nes in their mountain surroundings, their\\nle banks li ith heather and larch trees.\\nrt st c sh res Only on the\\nstormier s they without calms and reflec-\\nThe ripples on such lakes of small extent\\naire but a brief respite from wind to settle hn\\npei I that more delightful stage, when\\nwater, still tremulous yet generally smooth, gives\\nsoft reflc ct of tree- and d\\nT! return for the lost knapsack\\nnt by E i Steele in an interesting manner.\\nThe ascc I of Mt. Assiniboine. reach-\\nght of I md fee: expl ring the\\ns w fields I se I le steep cliffs of the\\nTurning southward from our camp.\\n_ y walked thi _ c untry to the base o\\\\ the\\nare, with rope and the two remaining\\nce-; ces, they commence ias ascent of the snow\\n3 from the upper glacier\\nand rests n the lower. This I of seven or\\nt ght hundred fee; ace nplished and rt but\\ne over a water-worn cliff, led them to", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0174.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0177.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0178.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "H (Partial Hecent 109\\na wide expanse of unbroken snow, which they\\ntraversed southward for two miles to the very base\\nof Assiniboine s highest pinnacle. A projecting spur\\non an arete to the west offered an opportunity to\\nreach easily a considerable altitude and command a\\nview to the south. This they accomplished after\\nseveral hours work and attained a height of ten\\nthousand feet. The forenoon of that day was nearly\\nperfect. There were clouds and signs of thunder\\ntoward midday, and in the early afternoon they saw\\na storm in the south, and another in the north-west,\\nwhich seemed to approach the mountain rapidly.\\nDescending in haste, they had just come to the top\\nof the last ice slope, when Steele s foothold gave\\nway, and he fell, dragging Bryant after him. There\\nwas but one possible escape from a terrible fall. A\\nprojecting rock of considerable size appeared not far\\nbelow, and Steele, with a skilful lunge of his ice-\\naxe, swung round to it and anchored himself in a\\nnarrow crevice, where the snow had melted away.\\nNo sooner had he come to a stop than Bryant shot\\nover him from above and likewise found safety.\\nOtherwise, they would have fallen about six hundred\\nfeet, with serious, if not fatal, results.\\nThe storms which were promised gathered in the\\nlate afternoon and were followed by a night of rain\\nand wind. Next morning was one of foul and fickle\\nweather. Showers of hail and snow and gusts of\\nwind swept wildly through the valley and shrouded\\nthe mountains from view. Mt. Assiniboine seems", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0179.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "no Gbe IRocftfes of CanaDa\\nto be a gathering place for storms. During our visit\\nin 1894, we had a week of bad weather at this place,\\nin the middle of July, and now again, at the same\\nperiod of the year, fresh snow covered the ground.\\nBefore saying farewell to Assiniboine, some gen-\\neral remarks on this great peak would be in order.\\nMt. Assiniboine is the culminating point of a part of\\nthe mountains on the continental watershed. Five\\nspurs reach out from the central peak and cover an\\narea of about thirty square miles. Fourteen or fif-\\nteen lakes, small and large, nestle around its imme-\\ndiate base and supply the waters of three rivers, the\\nSimpson, the Cross, and the Spray. Above two of\\nthe valleys the mountain rises abruptly six thousand\\nfeet, but above the one on the north the total ascent\\nis only five thousand feet. Every side of this mount-\\nain is exceedingly steep, the east face being an abso-\\nlute precipice, and the other two having slopes that\\naverage fifty degrees. The rock strata are nearly\\nhorizontal, and are eroded into many precipitous\\nbands which girdle the mountain, and these, together\\nwith the disintegrated limestone and frequent fresh\\nsnow, will make it a difficult prize for the climber.\\nIn my opinion, the south face offers the best chance,\\nbut it will require heroic effort to bring horses into\\nthat waste of burnt timber, where in 1894 Barrett,\\nPeyto, and I made our foot journey. The north side,\\nwhere the mountain has the most striking appear-\\nance and has a remarkable resemblance to the Mat-\\nterhorn, will no doubt be the point of attack. This", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0180.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Ifour Different Routes m\\nside, moreover, offers the pleasantest position and\\nsurroundings for a camping-ground.\\nOf the four routes to Assiniboine which are fa-\\nmiliar to me, the one by which we returned to Banff\\nin 1899 is the easiest, and at the same time most\\nuninteresting. A gap in the mountains north-east of\\nMt. Assiniboine leads to the headwaters of the Spray\\nRiver, and a rapid descent from the elevated plain\\nwhere our camp was to the bottom of the deep val-\\nley is the most attractive part of the journey. On\\nthe right, one of the most stupendous cliffs in the\\nmountains towered above us as we followed the\\ntrail through the forest. Then after a few miles we\\ncame to burnt timber, which we traversed uninter-\\nruptedly for two days. Part of our route was through\\nthe White Man s Pass, and the white men have\\nburnt up all the woods. However, the timber is all\\nstanding between Assiniboine and the Spray lakes,\\nso that the travelling is excellent.\\nFrom the Spray lakes to Canmore the miners\\nhave kept the trail in excellent condition for the sake\\nof the fishing, and in proof of this we marched\\ntwenty miles on the last day of our journey.\\nThe route over the Simpson Pass and down the\\nriver is by far the longest and hardest way and re-\\nquires five or six days travel. By the Simpson and\\nup the river, through the weird and waterless Gnome\\nValley, is shorter, but not advisable. Our route\\nalong the high plateau region on the summit of the\\nRockies is the most varied and interesting way to", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0181.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "H2 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocMea of Cana a\\nAssiniboine, but there is a very difficult descent of\\ntwo thousand feet into the Simpson valley.\\nThere is another possible way to reach Mt. Assin-\\niboine from Banff, by following the south fork of\\nHealy s Creek. 1 saw a gap in the mountains as we\\nwere descending the Spray, near its source, which\\nappears to offer a low pass into the region where\\nHealy s Creek rises. No trail is known to go up this\\nfork of Healy s Creek and 1 have never been able to\\nget any information from the Indians about a pass.\\nTheoretically this should be the shortest possible\\nroute to Mt. Assiniboine, and the problem is a tempt-\\ning one to some enterprising explorer with a week\\nto spare.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0182.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nEFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON CAMP LIFE PASSING OF OLD\\nCUSTOMS HOW TO COMMENCE A CAMPING TRIP THE\\nCAMPER HIS OWN GUIDE PITCHING CAMP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE WESTERN\\nPACKER BILL PEYTO A CHARACTER SKETCH A DAY OF\\nCAMP LIFE DRIVING IN THE HORSES BREAKFAST ON THE\\nFROSTY GRASS SADDLING UP AND PACKING GLORIES OF\\nEARLY MORNING ON THE MARCH FOREST DEPTHS OPEN\\nMEADOWS AND BURNT TIMBER FORDING TORRENTS\\nSILENCE OF HIGH ALTITUDES ORIGIN AND DEGENERATION\\nOF INDIAN TRAILS AGILITY OF PACK-HORSES CHOOSING\\nA CAMP SITE THE INDIAN CAYUSE SOME UNUSUAL PACK-\\nHORSES EVENINGS ROUND THE CAMP-FIRE PEYTO S EX-\\nPERIENCE ON THE PIPESTONE PASS ADVENTURE OF TWO\\nPROSPECTORS STARVATION IN THE WILDERNESS WON-\\nDERFUL INDIAN TRAILING\\nCAMP life in every part of the world is affected\\nby environment. The kind of animals used\\nto carry the provisions and equipment de-\\npends on the country. In the Rockies of Canada the\\nonly animal suitable to convey the explorer and his\\noutfit through the mountain forests and over the\\nswelling rivers that oppose his progress is the Indian\\npony. Mules cannot be used in these mountains as\\nthey are farther south because they lack courage in\\nwater, and their small feet allow them to sink deeply\\n8\\n113", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0183.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "n4 Zbc IRockies of Cana a\\nin those swamps that the larger hoofed horse can\\nbarely pass over.\\nMany customs of camp life in the North-west are\\nderived from the fur traders. The earliest explorers\\nand railroad builders have handed them down to the\\nsportsmen and mountain climbers of to-day. But a\\nnew element is being introduced with the rapid in-\\ncrease of camping parties in the Rockies of Canada.\\nWhile bacon and beans continue to be the main-\\nstay of camp fare, as of right they should, campers\\nare getting into the habit of carrying preserved fruits\\nand vegetables, and such other luxuries as make the\\nold-timers wonder at the change of customs. The\\nrugged simplicity and semi-starvation of old days are\\npassing. A guide once told me that upon a certain\\noccasion he called at a wayside house for a meal.\\nSeeing no pepper and salt to season the coarse fare,\\nhe ventured the polite suggestion that they would be\\nappreciated, but was considerably startled when the\\nold woman held up her hands in surprise. What\\nluxuries she cried pepper and salt luxuries,\\nand all for two bits An instance of a similar na-\\nture concerns a hungry traveller who was invited to\\nshare a simple meal with a lone prospector. Nothing\\nappeared on the festive board but a generous supply\\nof bacon and mustard. The unfortunate guest, being\\nunused to the ways of the country, declared that he\\ndid not eat bacon. Ah, well, said his host, 1\\nam very sorry. Help yourself to the mustard.\\nCamp life in the Canadian Rockies now affords a", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0184.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "fhovo to Commence a Camping Grip 115\\nmuch greater refinement of comfort and variety of\\neatables than ten years ago, just as camping out in\\nthe Adirondacks and eastern Canada suggests steak\\nfor breakfast, and even a newspaper not more than\\nthree days old.\\nThe number of camping parties that travel among\\nthe Canadian Rockies every year is rapidly increas-\\ning. This manner of spending a vacation will soon\\nbecome more popular as the great pleasure-grounds\\nbecome better known. About one-half the number\\nof campers are sportsmen, and the rest are either\\nmountain climbers or explorers. Many, of course,\\nwander among these wilds for the mere love of na-\\nture, and for the simple and healthful life in the\\nevergreen woods, surrounded by mountains, running\\nstreams, or placid lakes.\\nImagine, then, that you intend to make a trip into\\nthe mountains. You must first engage your packer\\nand cook, and procure saddle-horses and a full out-\\nfit of blankets, tents, and general camp necessaries.\\nThere are agents at Banff, the general starting-place\\nfor all expeditions in the eastern range, who will fur-\\nnish you with horses, men, and everything needed\\nfor trips of whatever length or nature, and thus re-\\nlieve you of all responsibility. One of the most ex-\\nperienced outfitters is Tom Wilson, who packed for\\nthe railroad surveyors many years ago. During the\\nsummer season Wilson s is frequently the scene\\nof no little excitement when some party is getting\\nready to leave. Then you may see ten or fifteen", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0185.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "n6 Gbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nwicked-eyed ponies, some in a corral and the rest\\ntied to trees ready for packing. If the horses are\\nmaking their first trip for the season there will be\\nconsiderable bucking and kicking before all is ready.\\nSeveral men are seen bustling about, assorting and\\nweighing the packs, and making order out of the pile\\nof blankets, tents, and bags of flour or bacon. The\\ncayuses are saddled and cinched up one by one, with\\nmany a protesting bite and kick. The celebrated\\ndiamond hitch is used in fastening the packs, and\\nthe struggling men look picturesque in their old\\nclothes and sombreros as they tighten the ropes,\\nbravely on the gentle horses, but rather gingerly\\nwhen it comes to a bucking bronco.\\nA crowd of the business men of Banff, who usually\\ntake about 36s holidays every year, stands around to\\noffer advice and watch the sport. Then the pict-\\nuresque train of horses with their wild-looking drivers\\nfiles out through the village streets under a fusillade\\nof snap-shot cameras and the wondering gaze of new\\narrivals from the east. But these evidences of civili-\\nsation are soon left behind and after a few miles the\\nprimitive wilderness is entered. Some parts of the\\nmountains are more easily reached from other points\\nthan Banff. Thus you leave the railroad at Castle\\nMountain for the Vermilion Pass, at Laggan for the\\nPipestone and sources of the Bow, and at Field for\\nthe Ottertail and Kicking Horse rivers. In such cases\\nit is easier to meet guides and horses at these stations\\nand commence camp life there. The maps of this", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0186.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Gbe Camper bis \u00c2\u00aewn (Buibe 117\\npart of Canada give only a rough idea of the country\\nat best, while many parts of the mountains are even\\nyet a geographical blank. Then, too, the maps are\\non a scale which does not permit of much detail, so\\nthat what seems a short and easy journey on the\\nmap often proves a struggle amongst bewildering\\nranges of mountains when the trip is commenced.\\nMoreover, there are as yet no guides for these mount-\\nains, and the explorer must depend in general on his\\nown judgment in finding a way. This is done by\\nfollowing the great rivers which, by their relative\\nposition and direction, are always a certain clue.\\nThe several ranges of the Rockies have an almost con-\\nstant trend north north-west, and south south-east.\\nThis fact, along with a general knowledge of the\\nstreams and lakes, or information picked up from the\\nIndians, is the main reliance of the camper. Every\\nyear the packers who go on such trips gain know-\\nledge of the passes and trails, so that the day is\\nnot distant when there will be efficient guides for\\nmany of the most interesting excursions. However,\\nthe necessity for self-reliance and the use of one s\\nown judgment in picking a way through the count-\\nless obstacles of these mountains are great sources\\nof pleasure.\\nThe camper inexperienced in the methods of the\\nNorth-west, has much to learn. It is quite possible\\nthat until the first camp is made he is quite ignorant\\nof what all those mysterious bags and boxes contain\\nwhich have been transported at great expenditure of", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0187.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "n8 Zbe IRocfties of Cana a\\nhorse-flesh and bad language a day s journey into the\\nwoods. The pitching of the first camp is a revela-\\ntion to the inexperienced. After a suitable site\\nhas been chosen, with fire-wood and water con-\\nveniently near, and a meadow not far away where\\nthe horses may find pasture, the men cut tent-poles\\nand the cook spreads his pots and pails round a\\ncrackling fire. The pack-saddles and blankets are\\nusually piled beneath some large tree and covered\\nwith a canvas sheet, while another sheet covers\\nthe bags of provisions. The cook soon has several\\npots on the fire, stewing apples or apricots, making\\nhot water for tea or cocoa, or perhaps cooking the\\nomnipresent bean. Two boxes, called cook boxes,\\nstand near at hand, and they contain cans of con-\\ndensed milk, all the spices and condiments, the small\\ntins of preserves and pickles that have been opened\\nor are in constant use, as well as the table dishes,\\nplates, knives, forks, and spoons, which are no less\\nnecessary. It may be a week or more before the\\nnumerous small bags tucked away in larger ones\\nhave been sampled.\\nWhile dinner is preparing and the delicious odour\\nof frying bacon blends with the pungent smoke of\\nthe spruce-wood fire, there is time for a little study\\nof our packers and cook. Who are they and whence\\ndid they come Perhaps no more interesting char-\\nacter has ever appeared in this region than my old\\npacker, Bill Peyto. I made my first excursion to\\nAssiniboine with him and have travelled several", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0188.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0191.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0192.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "BUI fl e$to 119\\nhundred miles under his guidance. Bill is very quiet in\\ncivilisation, but becomes more communicative around\\nan evening camp-fire, when he delights to tell his\\nadventures. His has been a roving life. The story of\\nhis battle with the world, his escapades and suffer-\\nings of hunger and exposure, not to mention the\\ndreams and ambitions of a keen imagination with\\ntheir consequent disappointments, has served to\\nentertain many an evening hour. Peyto assumes a\\nwild and picturesque though somewhat tattered at-\\ntire. A sombrero, with a rakish tilt to one side, a\\nblue shirt set off by a white kerchief (which may\\nhave served civilisation for a napkin), and a buck-\\nskin coat with fringed border, add to his cowboy\\nappearance. A heavy belt containing a row of cart-\\nridges, hunting-knife and six-shooter, as well as the\\nrestless activity of his wicked blue eyes, give him an\\nair of bravado. He usually wears two pairs of trou-\\nsers, one over the other, the outer pair about six\\nmonths older. This was shown by their dilapidated\\nand faded state, hanging, after a week of rough\\nwork in burnt timber, in a tattered fringe knee-high.\\nEvery once in a while Peyto would give one or two\\nnervous yanks at the fringe and tear off the longer\\npieces, so that his outer trousers disappeared day by\\nday from below upwards. Part of this was affecta-\\ntion, to impress the tenderfoot, or the dude, as\\nhe calls everyone who wears a collar. But in spite\\nof this Peyto is one of the most conscientious and\\nexperienced men with horses that I have ever known.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0193.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "l2 o Gbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\nIn camp, Peyto always goes down to see his\\nhorses once or twice a day even if they are several\\nmiles distant, and 1 have even known him to look\\nafter them in the depths of night when he thought\\nthey might be in trouble. When the order to march\\nhas been given the night before, our horses are\\nin camp at dawn. Quick and cool in time of real\\ndanger, he has too much anxiety about trouble ahead,\\nand worries himself terribly about imaginary evils.\\nHe sleeps with a loaded rifle and a hunting-knife by\\nhis side. Bill, said I, one night, upon noticing a\\nrow of formidable instruments of death near me,\\nwhy in the mischief do you have all of those\\nshooting-irons and things here I tell you, said\\nhe, with an anxious look, 1 believe this country is\\nfull of grizzlies I heard a terrible noise in the woods\\nthis afternoon, and besides that, they say the Koot-\\nenay Indians have risen. They may come into the\\nvalley any night.\\nA picture of a train of horses crossing an angry\\nstream comes to my memory, and one animal has\\nput his forefoot through the head-rope and fallen\\nhelpless as he is swept away by the torrent. Sud-\\ndenly a man leaps from his saddle, and with a sharp\\nknife in hand, rushes out into a foaming swirl of\\nwaters whence it seems impossible for anyone to\\nreturn alive. A flash of steel in the sunlight shows\\nthe rope has been cut, and after a struggle the horse\\nregains the shore, dragging the man after. It was\\nPeyto On another occasion a fast freight, coming", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0194.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "H 2 as of Camp Xife\\n121\\nsuddenly around a curve, surprised two pack-horses\\nat a few yards distance, but Peyto struck one on\\nthe head, and seizing the rope of the other, pulled\\nthe beast from the rails as the engine rushed by,\\nwhile everyone else stood immovable in a paraly-\\nsis of fear.\\nThe best idea of Rocky Mountain camp life might\\nbe had by following in imagination the events of an\\nordinary day. The first sound that usually awakens\\nyou is the tramping of horses, the approaching shouts\\nand curses of the packer, and the tinkle of the bell\\nmare s bell as the ponies are driven to camp. The\\npacker s first duty is to get up at dawn and go after\\nthe horses. They may be miles away or they may\\nhave crossed a deep stream. After one of the tamest\\nanimals has been caught, the packer rides bareback\\nand drives the others in at a gallop.\\nBy this time the imperturbable early riser has\\nbegun to make life miserable for his companions,\\nthough it may be an hour before breakfast. There\\nis often found in camping parties one of those cranks\\nwith an old saw as false as was ever written\\nabout, Early to bed, etc., to back him in his evil\\nways. He is up at the crack of dawn, even in these\\nnorthern mountains where the sun shines eighteen\\nhours a day. The evening camp-fire, the hot punch,\\nand the good stories of adventure are all lost on him\\nthat he may prowl around alone in the darkness and\\nfrost of early morning, to the worriment of his\\nfriends.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0195.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "122 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocfues of Canaba\\nAt length, however, the cook shouts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Break-\\nfast is ready an announcement that was heralded\\nby the sound of the axe, the crackling of fire-wood\\nand the sizzling of bacon. A cold wash in a neigh-\\nbouring stream or lake is a good awakener. Presently\\neveryone gathers around the table, a piece of\\ncanvas spread on the frosty grass and flowers. Por-\\nridge and milk, bacon and beans, hot coffee and\\nbannock or camp bread, with possibly some kind of\\nstewed fruit, compose the ordinary fare. The hour\\nimmediately after is busy for all. While the packer\\nis saddling up the cook washes the dishes and\\npacks the small articles in his cook boxes. Open\\ntins are provided with rough-and-ready covers and\\nplaced so their contents will not spill while on the\\nhorse s back. The large bags are tied up and every-\\nthing gradually becomes ready for packing. Mean-\\nwhile, you roll up your personal effects, toilet articles,\\nchanges of clothes, and make ready your camera\\nand such scientific instruments as you carry. The\\ntents, which have been standing so that the morning\\nsun and wind may dry the dew or rain, come down\\nlast of all, and are rolled up as side packs. Then\\ncommences the real work of packing, which after\\nthe first day or so becomes easier. The particular\\npack for each horse is known, and everything is\\nsystematised. However, the constant change in the\\nweight of bags, as provisions are used, requires\\nsome little attention on the part of the packer, be-\\ncause one of the most important essentials of good", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0196.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0197.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0198.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "(Stories of i\u00c2\u00a3arl\\\\ flDorniitQ 123\\npacking is to have the two side packs of equal\\nweight.\\nWhile the men are at work there is an opportu-\\nnity to write up notes of the previous day. Fre-\\nquently the frost or dew remains on the grass in\\nthese deep valleys till marching time, though the sun\\nmay have been shining for hours on the bare rocks\\nand snow fields of the mountain tops. The slowly\\napproaching rays creep over the forest, and at length\\nthe sun appears above some mountain ridge and\\npours a sudden flood of light upon the camp. 1\\nonce saw the morning sun thus suddenly strike\\nupon an upland flower-garden. A moment before\\nthe white anemones were hanging their blossoms\\nand shrivelled leaves under the death-like touch of\\nfrost. A sudden splendour of illumination poured\\nover the field as the sun rose above a mountain, and\\nin a moment, as if by magic, the frost crystals melted\\naway into pendant drops of heaven s own distillation.\\nBeads of clear water dripping from leaves and tinted\\npetals, made tremulous light flashings like the sparkle\\nof diamonds and rubies. The calm of night still\\nrested upon the field, and there was not the slightest\\nair motion. But the sunlight was at work, and in a\\nmoment a leaf quivered, then another, and a droop-\\ning blossom made a scarcely sensible movement.\\nThis was the commencement of a marvellous change,\\nfor the hanging leaves began to straighten, the closed\\npetals of numberless blossoms expanded in the sun-\\nlight, and in a short time the whole field of nature s", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0199.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "124 Ztoc IRocfcies of Canafca\\nwild flowers was full of motion, and every plant\\nwas quivering and leaping toward the life-giving\\nwarmth. What an illustration of the power of sun-\\nlight And what vitality these Alpine plants must\\nhave to survive several hours of frost in their mid-\\nsummer nights\\nThe day s journey means many new experiences.\\nAs the horses file along the narrow trail, the mount-\\nains seem to move majestically, changing their out-\\nline at every new point of observation, and showing\\nnew glimpses of snow fields and rugged cliffs.\\nWith every great bend in the valley, or upon each\\npass ascended, there comes a long vista of strange\\nmountains into view. During the five or six hours\\nof the average day s travel, many incidents occur to\\nadd interest to the marvels of scenery. Except\\nwhere the trail is very good the train of horses is not\\ndriven without the exercise of patience. In bad\\nplaces their efforts are accelerated by torrents of pro-\\nfanity that shock the tenderfoot. The men claim\\nthat pack-horses will not travel well unless roundly\\ncursed, because it is the only language they under-\\nstand.\\nThe monotony of riding an Indian pony during\\nthe slow march of five or six hours as the poor beast\\nstruggles over logs and through swampy places,\\nfighting bull-dog flies and grey gnats, is broken by\\nthat endless variety and change of surroundings,\\nthat are a source of delight in every part of these\\nmountains. Sometimes the trail leads for a time", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0200.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9n tbe flDarcb 125\\nthrough deep forests where the mountains are lost\\nto view. In the cool depths of forest shade the\\nrhododendron grows, and the moist and mossy\\nground is often dotted with the wax-like blossoms\\nof the one-flowered pyrola, or the pretty violet-like\\nbutterwort, with its cluster of root leaves smeared\\nwith a viscid secretion. Some stupid fool-hen, a\\nspecies of grouse, is more than likely to be seen in a\\ntree near the trail, and proves that her name is de-\\nserved, when the bullets fly. She merely cranes\\nher neck in stupid wonderment, till at last her head\\ngoes off, and then there is a great flapping of wings,\\nbut it is too late. The bird will, however, make a\\nfine dinner to-night.\\nFrom silent forest depths the trail no doubt leads\\nalongside a noisy stream, boulder-strewn, and\\nhemmed by willows and birch, or across some\\nmeadow, gay with scarlet painted-cups, tiger lilies,\\nor forget-me-nots. Here the horses take hasty\\nmouthfuls of the rich grass, as they are hurried along\\nto the other side. Perhaps the border of a lake is\\ntraversed, and while the splashing horses move will-\\ningly, there is time for glimpses of new beauty in\\nwater colouring and reflected mountains and trees.\\nStretches of burnt timber break the monotony of\\nthe unending panorama at more or less frequent\\nintervals. Burnt forests, where the trees still remain\\nstanding, are easy to travel, but usually the fallen\\ntrunks are crossed three or four deep, and every\\nyear adds to the number. The procession comes", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0201.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "126 Gbe IRocfciee of Cana a\\nto a halt after a few yards of progress in such places,\\nand you often wonder what is going forward, but\\nhear only the sound of the axe for answer. We\\nwere surrounded, says one writer, by muskegs,\\nburnt timber, and bad language, in speaking of\\nsuch a place, and it is impossible to travel far in the\\nRockies without finding a similar environment.\\nThe excitement of fording deep streams or noisy\\ntorrents of the lower valleys is in greatest contrast\\nto quiet travel through some mountain pass where\\nan eternal silence reigns. Here, perhaps, there are\\nbare limestone cliffs, guarding a turf-lined pass, far\\nabove the limits of trees. Scattered pools are col-\\nlected in the inequalities of rocks. No sound of\\nbird or insect, of running water or woodland breezes,\\nbreaks the oppressive quiet. The tinkling of the\\nbell and the tramp of horses give the only sign of\\nyour passing through these desolate high valleys.\\nBut when trails either good or bad, penetrate it,\\nhow can a country be unmapped or unknown\\nPerhaps in the same way that the natives have made\\nfoot-paths through the deserts of Australia and the\\njungles of Africa, the Indians of the North-west have\\nmade trails through all the larger valleys of the\\nRockies. These trails which, for aught we know,\\nmay date from the era of primitive man, and so\\nrepresent some of the oldest of human foot-paths,\\nare used by the Indians on their hunting expeditions.\\nBefore the coming of white men, they were used as\\na means of communication between the Kootenay", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0202.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "flnMan Grails 127\\nIndians and the tribes that inhabit the plains, for the\\nbartering of fur, game, and horses. So all the im-\\nportant valleys and passes have well-marked trails\\nand the side valleys inferior ones, though it is not\\nalways easy to find them or stay on them when\\nfound. A trail is subject to constant degeneration,\\nfor several reasons. Avalanches and snow-slides\\nsweep over it, and sometimes cover a long stretch\\nwith broken trees and great masses of rock. New\\nareas of timber are burned over every year, and the\\ncharred trees, after standing a few years, begin to\\nyield to the wind and storms and fall across the trail.\\nRapid mountain streams often change their courses,\\ncutting away new banks and undermining many\\nplaces where trails were made. Even in the prime-\\nval forest the underbrush has a constant tendency\\nto choke these pathways, and aged monarchs of the\\nforest die and fall across them. No one ever cuts a\\ntree, if there is a way around, because every one\\nassumes, very selfishly, that he may never come that\\nway again. Thus the Indian trail is a narrow path-\\nway, worn by the hoofs of horses, clearly marked in\\nopen meadows or deep, mossy forests, but ever\\nwinding and retreating to avoid a multitude of\\nobstacles and usually disappearing altogether when\\nmost needed, and some steep cliff or avalanche track\\nor burnt timber seems to block the way.\\nA day s march is often attended by incidents\\nthat give zest to the work of making progress.\\nBucking ponies try to rid themselves of their packs", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0203.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "128 Gbe IRochies of Canada\\nor riders. Packs come loose and must be adjusted,\\nand sometimes a panic is caused among the horses\\nwhen a hornet s nest is disturbed. Horses some-\\ntimes get beyond their depth in crossing rivers, fall\\ninto muskegs up to their ears, or break a leg in fallen\\ntimber. Familiarity breeds no contempt for these\\nagile Indian ponies, and new difficulties only cause\\nrenewed admiration of their wonderful skill, in jump-\\ning logs with heavy packs on their backs, threading\\nthe obscure trails and pitfalls of burnt timber, or\\nfording the icy rapids of mountain streams.\\nThe length of the march necessarily depends on\\nvarious circumstances, though camp rules say\\nthat six hours of trail work is all that should be done\\nin one day. There must be a swamp or meadow\\nnot far distant, where the horses may pasture, with\\nfire-wood and water near the camp site. Happily\\nthe two latter requisites are almost invariably pres-\\nent in the Rockies of Canada. First the horses are\\ntied to trees, quickly unpacked, and sent off to their\\nwell-earned liberty. While they are rolling on the\\ngrass, joyful that another day s work is ended, the\\ncook builds a fire, and soon has hot water for tea\\nand other refreshments, of which the details are\\nunimportant, if things are served quickly, and many\\ntimes. What is the use of putting a man in a glass\\ncage, and taking his temperature and weight to find\\nthe heat- and energy-value of various foods Let\\nhim come to the mountains, walking and climbing\\nten or twelve hours a day, and observe for himself.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0204.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "i 9 ii\\nfe\u00c2\u00abStv\\nHilBWff", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0207.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0208.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "(tbooeing a Camp Site 129\\nAfter a hearty breakfast of oatmeal (a splendid food\\nfor the sedentary) he will be ravenously hungry in\\ntwo hours, of cornmeal, after three hours, of bacon\\nand bread, in four or five hours, while pork and\\nbeans will sustain him from six to ten hours and\\ngive the utmost physical buoyancy and strength.\\nTea has the greatest stimulating effect on utterly\\nweary muscles and nerves. Coffee, however, is\\nbetter in cold weather, and cocoa for an evening\\ndrink around the camp-fire. In my opinion alco-\\nholic stimulants should be used in camp life only for\\ntheir reviving effect after exposure to cold and\\nexertion, and never before or during any physical\\nundertaking.\\nOne of the chief essentials of a camp, after the\\nquestion of wood and water has been settled, is a\\npiece of level ground. In certain meadows and\\nopen places, the rich grass will afford sufficient bed-\\nding on which to spread the blankets, but usually\\nsome bushes or stones must be cleared away, and\\nbalsam boughs laid on the ground, to give the re-\\nquired comfort. The cook boxes, extra blankets,\\ncameras, scientific instruments, and small articles are\\ntucked away in the tents, where rain cannot injure\\nthem, but most of the provisions are piled under\\nsome tree and protected by a large canvas cover,\\nalong with the pack-saddles, cinch ropes, and other\\ncamp necessaries.\\nNo one can travel far on a camping expedition\\nwithout feeling an interest in the Indian pony, upon", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0209.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "130 Zbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\nwhich so much depends. The Indian pony, or\\ncayuse, probably owes its origin to a cross between\\nthe mustang and the horses introduced by the\\nSpaniards in the conquest of Mexico. They are\\nsmall horses with very great endurance and ability,\\ncombined with sufficient strength for all needful\\npurposes. Some of them have glass eyes, or a\\ncolourless condition of the retina, supposed to be\\nthe result of too much in-breeding. They are raised\\non the plains chiefly by the Indians, and their only\\nfood throughout their days is grass. In winter, most\\nof the horses are driven from the mountains and pas-\\ntured among the foothills, where they paw away the\\nsnow and find abundant nourishment in the bunch\\ngrass. The hardest time comes at the end of win-\\nter, when the snow melts and freezes alternately.\\nThen the ponies must starve unless they are driven\\nin and fed by their owners.\\nThere is as much diversity of temperament among\\nhorses as among men. Some are nervous and intelli-\\ngent, while others are stupid and obstinate. Horses\\ndo not seem to do as much independent thinking as\\nmules, and are slower in many feats of intellect. A\\nmule may be taught to travel miles alone over a beaten\\nroute, but a horse will stop and eat grass at the first\\nmeadow. They say a mule will walk over a trestle\\nbridge like a dog, while a horse will invariably fall\\nthrough before he has gone ten yards. But in swamps\\nand deep water, the horse is far superior. Almost\\nall cayuses are liable to buck and kick after a long", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0210.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "Some ^Unusual pacMborses 131\\nperiod of rest. These bad habits may have de-\\nscended from their primitive ancestors, in efforts to\\nthrow off wolves or panthers, but are now used\\nwith effect on riders and packs. I have seen a horse\\nstand up and fight with his forefeet, and an old\\nbronco-buster once told me that he had had horses\\nrush upon him and try to kill him by Siting and y\\nstriking.\\nTwo of the most interesting pack-horses that I\\nhave ever known are the Pinto and the Bay.\\nThe Pinto is a well-formed, graceful pony, with a\\nlight chestnut coat and irregular white patches on his\\nflanks and chest. He has a long, beautiful tail and\\nwell-formed head, but he is so quick and nervous\\nthat I have never yet succeeded in getting a good pho-\\ntograph of him. This Pinto is tame and affectionate,\\nbut afraid of any sudden movement, because, no\\ndoubt, some former owner had abused him. The\\nPinto is wonderfully intelligent, and as Peyto says,\\nknows more than anyone else about the trails.\\nSometimes we placed Pinto ahead and let him lead\\nthe procession for hours. Anyone seeing such a feat\\nfor the first time would find it quite incomprehensible.\\nOnce Pinto, when thus leading, took a small branch\\ntrail and left the well-defined open path. You are\\nwrong for once, Pinto, and have been caught napping\\nat last, said I to myself. While the procession\\nmoved on, I followed the main trail, and soon came\\nto a tree that had fallen across the trail and had caught\\nabout four feet from the ground. While I was", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0211.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "132 Gbe IRockiee of Canafca\\nexamining this Pinto was about a quarter of a mile\\nahead, once more on the main trail, having gone\\nround this unseen obstacle, unknown to any of us,\\nbut probably remembered by him from some previ-\\nous year. The Bay is Pinto s inseparable companion\\nand friend. The two horses are always at the head\\nof the line, and rarely allow any others to precede.\\nThe Bay defers only to Pinto s unusual intelligence\\nand gives first place to him. Each of these horses\\ncarries two hundred and fifty or three hundred pounds\\non his back, while the smaller animals struggle with\\nless by an hundredweight. 1 once saw the Bay\\nclear a log three feet and ten inches from the ground,\\nof his own will, under a heavy pack. These intelli-\\ngent animals know all the obstacles of the trail, what\\ntwo trees their pack will go between, what low\\nbranches they cannot pass under, and at a gentle\\nword they hurry along, where an ordinary cayuse\\nwill stop to feed, or when shouted at, will run off\\ninto the bush. The Bay is the tamest animal 1 have\\never known, and often loiters about the camp and\\npokes his head over one s shoulder as a gentle hint\\nfor a taste of salt or sugar. His feet are never insulted\\nwith hobbles, nor his head with a rope, for you may\\nwalk up to him any time in the pasture and place\\nyour arm round his great neck.\\nOld Denny is a horse of another colour, a shaggy,\\nthick-set cayuse, with a long coat and trailing fet-\\nlocks. No ambition ever stirs him to be in front, but\\non the contrary, Denny never allows any animal to", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0212.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9lb 2)ennt 133\\nbe behind him, except the saddle-horse of some\\nswearing packer who is hunting him along. Denny\\nwas born with an unconquerable tendency to be\\nslow, and though you shout till you are hoarse, old\\nDenny pursues his dignified way regardless. The\\nresult is that this singular animal always gets behind\\nthe procession, which he follows at his own sweet\\nwill. I have seen old Denny come strolling into camp\\nhalf an hour after the other horses were unpacked.\\nHowever, he is a conscientious old fellow, and never\\nkicks or bucks or crushes his pack against trees. So\\nhe was selected to carry the most perishable packs,\\nand has safely transported my valuable cameras hun-\\ndreds of miles through the mountains. Peyto told\\nme that Denny once had a brute for a master, who\\nused to beat him terribly with a stick, till the poor\\nanimal would fall to the ground. After that he was\\ntaken to the coal mines at Anthracite, near Banff. In\\nthe perpetual darkness, however, Denny refused to\\nwork, in spite of the beatings and horrible cruelty\\nthat the miners practice on their horses. He next\\nappeared as a pack-horse, and under the influence of\\nkind treatment, became one of the tamest of the\\nhorses. Besides salt and sugar, which nearly all\\nhorses like after a few tastes, he would eat bread,\\nflour, and even corn-meal, which, strange to say,\\nthese Western ponies do not consider proper food for\\nhorses.\\nNo matter how wild your horses may be at the\\ncommencement of the journey, they will become", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0213.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "134 Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\ngentle and tame with kind treatment. A little salt\\nevery morning for a week will gain their confidence,\\nand will save, in many ways, far more than the\\noutlay.\\nThe afternoon after a day s march may be occu-\\npied in short excursions to adjacent valleys or points\\nof interest in the neighbourhood, so that the period\\nafter dinner, when the long day ends and the camp-\\nfire lights up the forest, is the best time for stories of\\nadventure and for sociability. The best camp-fire is,\\nin my opinion, a big one, with great dry logs that\\ncrack and blaze brightly and make but little smoke.\\nThe Indians laugh at us and say, White man make\\nbig fire sit far off. Indian make little fire, sit close\\nright over it, in fact, with a few sticks, like a pile of\\njack-straws for a fire. The advantages are that there\\nis but little smoke and not much of a wood-pile to\\ncut. Of course there is a limit to size, and I have\\nseen fires where you had to make toast or broil a\\ngrouse on a twenty-foot pole. A camp-fire on a dark\\nnight always seems most cheerful in a deep forest,\\nwhen the cheery sparks soar away to meet the stars\\nand a ruddy glow illuminates the sombre trees and\\npicturesque figures grouped before the tents.\\nAs the chill of night came on, we often had a\\nlight supper, or in any event made a pot of hot cocoa,\\nand under the cheering influence of this, Peyto used\\nto harangue us on his adventures. With a jerk,\\nsailor-fashion, at his trousers, and a playful kick at\\nthe fire, 1 can imagine him, standing in picturesque", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0214.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "JP\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2**fii\\n3S\\nOUR CAMP AT MORAINE LAKE", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0215.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0216.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "peso s JEyperience 135\\nattitude to warm himself. Well, says he, c did I\\never tell you about my journey up the Pipestone\\nTo our negative replies, he gives the story. Some\\nyears ago a fellow by the name of S., and I, thought\\nwe would put in the winter on the Saskatchewan\\nand trap marten. I had got three hundred dollars\\nahead, the only luck 1 ever had, and blew it all in on\\nan outfit. You see we had a pretty big grub-pile\\nbesides a lot of traps, and it took a good many horses\\nto tote it all. 1 thought we would make a pretty\\ngood haul by the way we sized up the country when\\nI was there two years before. So we started from\\nLaggan and struck for the head of the Pipestone. It\\nwas late in October, and there was some snow in\\nthe valley, but we could n t savey any such snow-\\ndrifts as we ran into near the summit. You know\\nthey say the Pipestone Pass is the highest in the\\nmountains, and we were a long way above timber,\\nwhen it came on to snow and blow worse than any-\\nthing 1 ever saw before. The snow was five feet\\ndeep, and as it was our first time through, we did\\nnot know that we could ever reach the pass. I got\\nout the shovel and cut a path for the horses, but I\\ngive you my word, before we had gone a hundred\\nyards, the whole thing was blown full of snow again.\\nI threw down the shovel and we started for Laggan,\\nbut by this time you could not see anything for the\\nsnow and wind. Neither of us could tell where the\\ntrail was. 1 was riding Pinto, and says I to myself,\\nI guess the cayuse knows where we are better than I", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0217.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "136 Zbe IRocMes of Canada\\ndo, so I let him have his head and never said a\\nword, and you may not believe it, but that horse\\ntook us right back to Laggan in two days.\\nSome fellows did n t have such luck as you did,\\nBill, said one of our men, for an old prospector told\\nme he was coming down the Canoe River, and was\\nsomewhere near the Big Bend of the Columbia, I\\nthink it was, when he ran across an old camp, with\\neverything lying around loose, and three skeletons\\non the ground.\\nThis recalled the story of an expedition that went\\nout into the mountains and was never heard of again,\\nmen and horses having apparently perished together.\\nNothing less than a great snow-slide could so com-\\npletely have annihilated an entire party.\\nOne of the most exciting incidents of adventure\\nin these mountains occurred in the summer of 1896.\\nTwo prospectors, named Temple and Smith, started\\nfrom Canmore by way of the White Man s Pass to\\nreach the Kootenay country. Having come to the\\ngorge of the Vermilion River, their two pack-horses,\\noverloaded and exhausted by long marches, could\\nproceed no farther. As a last effort, they built a\\nraft, and with their entire outfit commenced a voyage\\ndown the river, after abandoning the poor horses to\\ntheir fate. It was not long before the raft came to\\nvery rough water and was wrecked in the rapids of\\nthe treacherous stream. The men reached the shore\\nafter the greatest effort, but, unfortunately, each\\non opposite sides of the river. After considerable", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0218.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "H venture of Zvoo prospectors 137\\nshouting, one to the other, neither would consent to\\nattempt to cross it, and the two separated in the heart\\nof the wilderness, having saved neither food nor\\nblankets from the wreck, nor firearms to procure\\ngame. Leaving Temple to proceed west, Smith en-\\ndeavoured to retrace his steps and find the horses,\\nbut he soon lost all idea of locality and direction.\\nHe wandered ceaselessly through the forests, slowly\\ndying of starvation, though after several days he\\nmanaged to kill a single grouse, which he ate raw.\\nAt length after eleven days, overcome with weak-\\nness, his courage failed, and he lay down to die.\\nJust then he was startled by the loud whistle of a\\nrailroad engine, a sound that restored for a time his\\nhope and strength. He came to a large river, which\\nwas in fact the Bow, and on the farther side saw\\nsome section men at work on the railroad. They\\ncame over in a boat in answer to his shouts and res-\\ncued him from death.\\nAt Banff, where he was taken to recover his\\nstrength, he related the story of his sufferings and of\\nhis lost companion, about whom nothing had been\\nheard. A relief party was hastily organised, consist-\\ning of the Rev. William Black of Banff, and a Stony\\nIndian (our old friend) William Twin. William, with\\nthat wonderful power that the Indians alone seem to\\npossess, of observing the faintest signs, followed the\\ntrack of the rescued prospector up Healy s Creek,\\nover the Simpson Pass to the Vermilion River, and\\nthence to the place where the fatal raft had been", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0219.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "138 Zbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nwrecked. One of the horses was found here, and\\nthen, crossing the river, he took up the trail of the\\nother prospector. With marvellous skill he led the\\nway, even where the hard ground or solid rock pre-\\nserved no apparent footmarks. In one place he\\ncrossed a river on a log-jam, saying, as he pointed to\\nthe smooth logs Me see him trail he go here\\nhe go here, and in fact footprints appeared in the\\nsand on the other side. The trail led them in two days\\nmore to the stage road on the Columbia, and they sur-\\nmised that Temple had reached safety, as indeed\\nwas the case. Strangely enough, he had not men-\\ntioned their adventure or told about leaving his com-\\npanion, who came so near perishing, and only escaped\\ndeath by the merest chance.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0220.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nTHE WAPUTEHK RANGE BURNT TIMBER OF THE BOW\\nVALLEY RELICS OF OLD TIMES THE LOWER BOW\\nLAKE MUSKEGS THE COLD WATER LAKE DESCRIP-\\nTION OF ITS SHORES THE GREAT BOW GLACIER\\nAPPROACH TO THE LITTLE FORK PASS INSPIRING\\nMOUNTAIN SCENERY A SURVEYOR S MISTAKE\\nTHE Summit Range of the Rocky Mountains as\\nit extends north from the deep and narrow\\nvalley of the Kicking Horse Pass, has a spe-\\ncial name, the Waputehk Range, derived from a\\nword which, in the language of the Stony Indians,\\nmeans the White Goat. From the top of a mount-\\nain in this range the climber has on every side a vast\\nextent of ridges. In some places they rise into\\npeaks of great height, and in others they subdivide\\ninto numerous spurs of lesser altitude. As usual\\nthroughout the Rockies, each ridge has a precipitous\\nescarpment on the east, and a more gentle slope on\\nthe west. No passes cross the range between the\\nKicking Horse Pass, used by the railroad, and the\\nHowse Pass, thirty miles to the north. Then an-\\nother long interval northwards to the Athabasca\\nPass is said by the Indians to offer no route avail-\\nable for horses. The ridges and peaks of these\\n139", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0221.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "140 Zbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nmountains reach a height of between ten and twelve\\nthousand feet.\\nAmong them there are many large snow fields,\\nsome of which are continuous for ten or fifteen miles\\nor more. This results from a very heavy snowfall,\\nas the westerly storms sweep over the lofty and con-\\ntinuous range, and also from the existence of exten-\\nsive level benches and elevated regions. From these\\nsnow fields glaciers descend into the valleys and\\ncarry away the surplus precipitation from the higher\\naltitudes. The Bow River or south branch of the\\ngreat Saskatchewan takes its source in two lakes\\nwhich lie among the valleys of the eastern side of\\nthis interesting range. I had learned about the won-\\nders of this region from Tom Wilson, and my inter-\\nest to see them was further increased by the fact\\nthat few, if any, tourists had as yet been to the\\nBow lakes.\\n1 left Laggan on the fourteenth of August, 1895,\\nwith Bill Peyto, Harry Lang, and five horses in our\\noutfit. The less said about the first eleven or twelve\\nmiles the better. It is nothing but a continuous\\nburnt forest where much of the timber has fallen\\nand become inextricably crossed, and where the trail,\\nwhen most needed, invariably disappears under a\\npile of logs. Though 1 had had two men cutting\\nout the trail for several days, it required two days\\nmarch to reach the first Bow Lake, only a little more\\nthan ten miles in a straight line from Laggan.\\nThe trail leaves Laggan and winds through burnt", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0222.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0225.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0226.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "IRelics of \u00c2\u00a9R Zxmce 141\\nwoods on the east side of the Bow. This valley\\nwas once a proposed route for the railroad which\\nshould cross the range by the Howse Pass. I be-\\nlieve the work progressed so far as the making of a\\ngeneral survey to that pass, and building a tote-road\\nabout twenty miles up the Bow. The trail, which\\nis the worst in the mountains, follows the old road\\npart of the time, and then wanders off into a track-\\nless waste of burnt timber, for among other things,\\nthe railroad men, no doubt, set the woods on fire.\\nThe date of the fire can be pretty accurately de-\\ntermined by the age of the growing trees which\\nhave since sprung up. There is very little left of\\nthe old tote-road, and it is only evident in corduroy\\nplaces and old tumbled-down bridges over streams,\\nor the relics of former camps where wooden boxes,\\ntin cans, and rusty iron stoves have outlived storms\\nand weather to bear silent witness to the glories of\\nthe past.\\nWe had an excellent camp by the river, where\\nwe caught all the trout that we could eat. The\\nriver there is less than one-half its size at Laggan.\\nThe next day Peyto and I visited the lake. We\\ncaught the Bay, and made the intelligent old horse\\ncarry us both at once across the river without saddle\\nor bridle. We then scrambled through the woods,\\nand over the gullies of former stream channels to\\nthe lake. One branch of the Bow flows into the\\nlake and comes out a quarter of a mile below, while\\nthe other continues straight on at some distance.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0227.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "142 Zbc IRocfties of Canaba\\nWe followed the west shore of the lake, which is\\nabout four miles long, and after a hard walk, came\\nto the other end about noon. At the upper end,\\nthere is a flat gravel delta, sparsely adorned with\\npurple fireweed and scattered bushes, the seeds of\\nwhich must have come down in former floods.\\nThe delta has a straight edge across the lake.\\nThe muddy stream from the upper part of the val-\\nley apparently changes its course from time to time,\\nand so preserves a level gravel wash. We traversed\\nthe delta and continued up the valley to a fine glacier,\\nwhere we made hot coffee and ate lunch. From\\nthis point we could see Mt. Balfour, one of the high\\nmountains on the backbone of the continent, which\\nwas literally covered with perpetual snow and glac-\\niers. It was difficult to realise, as we looked up the\\nlong and gentle slope of this mountain, that it rose\\nfive thousand feet above us. The glaciers showed\\nthe lines of flow very clearly. Six converging\\nstreams of ice united to form the part on our right,\\nwhile that on the left descended steeply and made a\\nfine ice cascade. A waterfall poured gracefully over\\na dark precipice on the opposite side of the valley,\\nand added a little life and motion to the dazzling\\nexpanse of snow.\\nOn the next two days we continued our journey\\nup the Bow. A feature of the Bow valley, in this\\npart, is the presence of swamps of a peculiar nature,\\ncalled muskegs. The boggy ground, where the\\npeat-moss reeks with moisture, trembles under the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0228.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "flCmafcegs 143\\nfootsteps of men and horses. Some of these mus-\\nkegs are half a mile across and from a distance\\nappear to be flat meadows, where coarse grass and\\nreeds grow luxuriantly, and the monotony of the\\nlevel expanse is interrupted by clumps of scrub birch\\nand willow bushes. Men can traverse these in com-\\nparative safety, but horses have the greatest fear of\\nthem, and with justice, because wherever the upper\\nsurface of vegetation is broken through, there is no\\nfoothold in the soft mud and water underneath.\\nSometimes it is impossible to get the poor animals\\nout, though with encouragement and urging they\\nwill struggle indefinitely, and in this respect they\\nare far superior to mules. The latter is a dry mount-\\nain animal, unfit for swamps and rivers. We had\\nconsiderable trouble in crossing parts of such mus-\\nkegs, and in some places were compelled to cut\\nbranches and corduroy a path for our horses.\\nAbove the first Bow Lake the river sweeps around\\nthe base of a long and partially isolated mountain,\\ncalled, on Dawson s map, Goat Mountain, which is\\none of many others of the same name. The endless\\nrepetition of such names as Castle, Cathedral, and\\nGoat mountains on the maps of this part of the\\nworld, shows among other things the form or na-\\nture of the mountains and the lack of imagination in\\nthose who gave the names. The altitude of the\\nfirst lake is about fifty-five hundred feet. From this\\nthe valley ascends constantly, and the second lake\\nis probably eight hundred feet higher. The green", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0229.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "144 Gbe ItocMes of Cana a\\ntimber commences near the lower lake and con-\\ntinues beyond the source of the Bow, which is about\\nfifteen miles distant.\\nThe approach to the Cold Water or Upper Bow\\nLake is full of interest. The trail leads out of a\\nstunted wood into open moors, diversified by rock\\nridges and dry meadows in alternation. Above this\\ncomparatively level place a precipitous mountain\\nstands on the west and shows a very fine escarp-\\nment which rises over three thousand feet from the\\nvalley. One of those glaciers, characteristic of this\\nrange, clings to the less precipitous parts of the cliff\\nand descends in a three-pronged mass, resembling in\\noutline the claws of an eagle. Soon after the open\\ncountry is reached, the Cold Water Lake appears in\\nthe distance. In shape, size, and situation, it bears a\\nstriking resemblance to the Lower Bow Lake, but\\nwhile the latter is comparatively uninteresting, the\\nupper lake is one of the noblest and most beautiful\\nof all those so far discovered in these Canadian\\nRockies.\\nWe crossed a wide meadow which led by a gen-\\ntle slope to the shore. The beauty of water, trees,\\nand rugged mountains is here combined to make\\none of the most charming situations. Our camp\\nwas pitched on the border of a small lake, less\\nthan half a mile in length, which proved later to be\\na landlocked cove of the main body of water, and\\nseparated from it by a narrow channel. In the dis-\\ntance, through this connecting waterway, a glimpse", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0230.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0233.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0234.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "Gbe Colfc Mater Xafce 145\\nof the larger lake appeared. Toward the east, the\\nsmall lake, upon which our camp was placed, con-\\ntracts into a shallow stream, which falls a few feet\\nby a succession of gentle rapids and enters another\\nlake about three-quarters of a mile long. This rests\\nagainst the very base of the glacier-bearing mount-\\nain west of our camp. The shores of these smaller\\nlakes are very beautiful and varied. In some places\\nthey are wooded rock banks, which rise a few feet\\nabove the water, and are partially covered with the\\ndrier kinds of mosses, huckleberry bushes, and vari-\\nous heaths. In such places the water is very deep,\\nand though quite clear, has a dark appearance.\\nThen, in other parts, the meadow lands come down\\nto the water by gentle inclination and terminate in a\\nlow and sandy beach. Reeds and water sedges\\ngrow in the shallows opposite such shores, and their\\ncoarse leaves almost conceal the water by their lux-\\nuriant growth. The wind-swept grass of these\\nswampy shores flashing in the sunlight adds another\\nelement of beauty to this interesting place.\\nFor the purpose of fishing, we visited the nar-\\nrows, where a deep channel connects with the main\\nlake. The winding and irregular shores present a\\ncombination of swamp land, wooded banks and\\nstretches of water, which wonderfully enhance the\\neffect of the surrounding mountains. Opposite the\\nnarrow channel lies a long point of land partly\\ndotted with small spruces and underbrush. It ex-\\ntends some distance into the lake and dissolves in a", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0235.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "146 Zbe 1?ocfcies of Cana a\\nchain of small rocky islands, some of which have\\nonly two or three trees upon them.\\nThis lake is between three and four miles in\\nlength. The trail traverses the woods at some dis-\\ntance from the water to avoid a number of muskegs,\\nwhich make the bank very unpleasant for travelling\\nupon. The streams and springs spread over the\\nmossy ground and, following no definite channel,\\nconvert the place into a muddy slough, which is\\nvery tiring to horses. We did better by walking\\nalong the narrow beach, sometimes, with our\\nhorses in the shallow water for half a mile or\\nmore at a time. The bottom is a fine, smooth\\ngravel, however, and gave the horses an excellent\\nfooting.\\nWe made camp about a mile from the upper end\\nof the lake. Peyto came back to camp that evening\\nwith a five-pound trout which he had caught from\\nthe shore. A stream which may be considered the\\nsource of the Bow comes from a pass to the north-\\nwest, and enters the lake near the place where our\\ncamp was situated. Here we caught a number of\\nbull-head or lake trout, but the largest weighed only\\ntwo pounds. There are probably fish of very large\\nsize in this lake, and excellent sport could be enjoyed\\nwith a raft or a boat. During the last fifteen years\\nthis region has been almost unvisited. A large glacier\\nis seen to the west. It sends a muddy stream into\\nthe lake, over a delta very similar to that of the lower\\nBow Lake. Peyto and I spent an entire day exploring", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0236.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "Gbe Xittle fforfc pass 147\\nthe glacier and its immediate vicinity. Not far\\nfrom the glacier the stream flows in rapids, through a\\nlimestone canyon which is bridged in one place by a\\ngreat block of stone about twenty-five feet long.\\nThe glacier has no terminal moraine, but comes down\\nto a thin knife-edge on level gravel. The lower part is\\nabout half a mile in width, but it is a mile or two in\\nbreadth higher up, where it descends, from more or\\nless continuous and extensive ice-fields, thirty or\\nforty square miles in area.\\nOpen, treeless moors, abounding in irregular\\nmounds and depressions, covered with a scant growth\\nof grass, stunted willows, and a dwarfed underbrush,\\nextend in a gradually rising valley to a pass about\\nthree miles north-west of the lake. Woods border\\nthe valley on either side, but the lower parts, possibly\\nbecause they are too wet, are bare of forest, and a\\nbroad and meadowy lane leads nearly to the pass.\\nThe pass itself is a delightful region sixty-seven hun-\\ndred feet above sea-level. The broad valley slopes\\nupwards in grand sweeps to the mountains east and\\nwest, and insensibly downward to the valleys north\\nand south. Some very old spruces grow in scattered\\nclumps or singly throughout pleasant meadows where\\nmyriads of mountain flowers make a bright colouring.\\nRivulets come from melting snows on the higher\\nslopes or else burst from the ground in sparkling pools.\\nOne of these springs poured forth a constant stream\\nof air bubbles, like a mineral spring. The trees are\\nsymmetrical, especially those that grow in the open,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0237.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "148 Zbe IRockies of CanaDa\\nand the place resembles a carefully tended park rather\\nthan a bit of the wilderness.\\nThe view on the other side of the pass is one of\\nthe most inspiring in the mountains. The slope\\ndrops suddenly a thousand feet and discloses the\\nentire length of Bear Creek valley, or the Little Fork\\nof the Saskatchewan. This river takes its source in a\\nfine glacier, enclosed by high and rough mountains,\\namong which there are immense snow fields. From\\ntwo arched caverns in the ice at the end of the\\nglacier, a milky torrent issues, and after crossing a\\ngravelly flat, enters a large lake which lies below\\nyour feet as you stand on the pass. This is Peyto\\nLake. Its blue waters are closely girt by a very\\ndensely wooded shore on every side. To the north-\\nwest a narrow valley stretches away in a straight line\\nnearly sixty miles, which leads the North Fork and\\nthe Little Fork in opposite directions into the great\\nSaskatchewan. The course of the Little Fork or Bear\\nCreek is marked by a chain of ponds or lakes, which\\ncarry the eye away in a grand perspective.\\nDuring the times of railroad building, or more\\nexactly, in the fall of 1884, James Ross, the chief of\\nconstruction, sent a surveyor up the Bow River to\\nascertain if the Howse Pass would not be better\\nthan the Kicking Horse Pass, which seemed rather\\nrough. About one week later, the surveyor sent\\nback word that he had struck the Columbia River,\\nthirty-five miles from the head of the Bow, with\\neasy gradients and everything favourable for the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0238.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "3^^ ~SJs\\n^p\\n~j!H\\njf\\nf\\nE\\nE, 1\\ni\\nv. i\\nJ|;\\nf *1\\nX\\n\\\\j\\n1 v 5\\nV s^i 111 ii\\\\ *y V\\n1\\nTO*", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0241.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0242.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "a Surveyor s fllMstafte 149\\nrailroad. The enthusiastic surveyor, however, had\\nreached the main Saskatchewan River, which is fully\\nfifty miles from the Columbia and on the eastern\\nside of the range.\\n1", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0243.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nTHE ATHABASCA PASS DAVID DOUGLAS NAMES MT. BROWN\\nAND MT. HOOKER COLEMAN AND STUART S EXPEDITION\\nANEW ROUTE PLANNED OUR HORSES FALL IN A MUS-\\nKEG DISCOVERY OF FIRE IN THE FOREST TAMENESS OF\\nA WILD BIRD SURROUNDED BY BURNING TREES CAUSES\\nAND NATURE OF FIRES EVIDENCES OF PREHISTORIC FIRES\\nWE REACH THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER INDIAN SUPER-\\nSTITION ABOUT THE NORTH FORK THE STREAM DIVIDES\\nDIFFICULTIES OF FORDING RIVERS SPLENDID WATER-\\nFALLS EXPLORATION FOR A ROUTE DISCOVERY OF A\\nPASS INTO THE ATHABASCA COUNTRY\\nABOUT one hundred miles north of the railroad\\nlies the Athabasca Pass, famous in the early\\ndays of the enterprising North-west Fur\\nCompany. Alexander Mackenzie discovered in 1793\\na pass across the Rockies by following the Peace\\nRiver farther north, but the Athabasca and Yellow\\nHead passes were apparently more popular, as they\\nwere in the line of general travel, and offered a route\\nbetween the headwaters of the Athabasca and Col-\\numbia Rivers. In fact, no other passes were known\\nacross the Rockies in those early times. For many\\nyears two very high peaks, Mt. Brown and Mt.\\nHooker, were supposed to stand on either side of\\n150", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0244.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "flDt Brown an flDt. Iboofter 151\\nthe Athabasca Pass, and were believed to be the\\nhighest mountains in North America. Even to-day\\nour best atlases place their height at about sixteen\\nthousand feet. When Ross Cox, in 1817, was beat-\\ning a retreat through this region, from the little col-\\nony of Astoria near the mouth of the Columbia, his\\nmotley crew, embracing many strange nationalities\\nand characters, found themselves surrounded by all\\nthe grandeur of the Athabasca Pass. One of the\\nvoyageurs, after a long period of silent wonder and\\nadmiration, exclaimed: I ll take my oath, my\\ndear friends, that God Almighty never made such a\\nplace.\\nThe botanist, David Douglas, travelled through\\nthe Athabasca Pass in 1827 and gave the names and\\nthe estimates of height to Mt. Brown and Mt. Hooker.\\nOf this region he writes as follows: Being well\\nrested by one o clock (May 1, 1827), 1 set out with\\nthe view of ascending what seemed to be the highest\\npeak on the north. Its height does not appear to be\\nless than 16,000 or 17,000 feet above the level of the\\nsea. The view from the summit is of too awful a\\ncast to afford pleasure. Nothing can be seen, in\\nevery direction far as the eye can reach, except mount-\\nains, towering above each other, rugged beyond\\ndescription. The majestic but terrible avalanches\\nhurling themselves from the more exposed southerly\\nrocks produced a crash, and groaned through the\\ndistant valleys with a sound only equalled by that\\nof an earthquake. This peak, the highest yet known", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0245.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "152 Zbe IRockies of Cana a\\nin the northern continent of America, I feel a sincere\\npleasure in naming Mt. Brown.\\nThe investigation of the true height of such mount-\\nains in a region of which there are only vague re-\\nports, has a fascination to the explorer, and in 1893\\nMessrs. Stuart and Coleman made a journey from\\nEdmonton, by way of the Brazeau to the Athabasca,\\nin an effort to solve the problem. They encountered\\ngreat obstacles in the way of fallen timber, but suc-\\nceeded, after heroic efforts, in reaching the pass.\\nThere they ascended one of the two mountains which\\nwere assumed to have such an unusual altitude, to\\nwithin a short distance of the summit, and found\\nthat its height was only about 9000 feet\\nThe subject seemed worthy of further investiga-\\ntion, and in July, 1896, I started with Mr. R. L. Bar-\\nrett with the purpose of visiting and measuring those\\nmountains. In order to add interest to our explora-\\ntion, the route chosen was by way of the Bow, the\\nLittle and North Forks of the Saskatchewan, which\\nwas practically a new country, and thence, if possible,\\nby some pass available for horses to the Whirlpool\\nRiver, which flows into the Athabasca. The success\\nof our expedition depended on finding such a pass.\\nWe could get no information about the region, as no\\nwhite man had been up there, and the Indians are\\nvery indefinite in geographical matters. Moreover,\\nthey have a superstition concerning the North Fork\\nof the Saskatchewan, and never hunt in that country.\\nWe made preparations for a trip of at least sixty days,", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0246.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9ur Iborses Jfall in a fIDusfceg 153\\nand took five saddle-horses and ten pack-horses to\\ncarry our tents, blankets, and provisions. Our men\\nwere Tom Lusk, a Texan and an excellent packer,\\nFred Stephens, a Michigan wood-cutter, who acted\\nas second packer, and Arthur Arnold, our cook.\\nWe carried in our outfit, besides thermometers\\nand aneroids, a steel tape for base lines, and a tele-\\nscopic gradienter to measure vertical and horizontal\\nangles, and an excellent camera.\\nWe left Laggan on the twelfth of July, and in\\nseven hours traversed all the burnt-timber country,\\nwhich makes a ruin of this part of the Bow valley.\\nFred Stephens had been telling us of the terrors of\\nmuskegs among the foothills east of the mountains,\\nwhere, he said, a forty-foot pole would not reach\\nbottom, but on the second day of our journey the\\nmuskegs of the Bow proved nearly as bad, if not\\nworse. We had been trying to cross one of these\\nin vain, and were beating a retreat. Barrett found a\\nshort cut acrtiss a narrow swamp, and said it was\\nsafe. Our horses followed, and before they had gone\\nfifty yards, four of them were down in the bottomless\\nswamp, with their heads and ears alone visible. We\\nheaded off the rest in time, and then rushed to the\\nrescue of these poor beasts. They were all safely\\nrecovered after half an hour s work, but we had to\\nmake camp almost immediately in order to dry out\\nthe various packs that had gone under water. The\\naccident, which seemed trivial at first, proved more\\nserious when the amount of damage was fully", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0247.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "154 Gbe IRocfties of Cana a\\nunderstood. More than half our entire supply of sugar\\nhad been dissolved, our tea and coffee soaked so as to\\nlose their flavour, and most of our baking powder,\\nwhich was to make bread of three hundred pounds\\nof flour, was absolutely ruined. The next day we\\nreached the Cold Water Lake, and from this camp, in\\norder to sketch out this region, Barrett and I climbed\\nGoat Mountain between the two lakes. We saw\\na column of smoke in Bear Creek and were ap-\\nprehensive that a serious forest fire had started in\\nthat heavily timbered valley. To learn more of the\\nstate of affairs, we only advanced our camp to the\\nsummit of the Little Fork Pass, five or six miles dis-\\ntant. There it was plainly evident that a very ex-\\ntensive forest fire had started, and was sweeping up\\nthe mountains under the influence of a strong wind.\\nThere was no doubt in our minds that two prospect-\\nors, whom we had met a few days before, were re-\\nsponsible for the fire.\\nThe apparent distance to the fire was about five\\nmiles. The next day Barrett and Stephens took sad-\\ndle-horses and went down the valley to investigate.\\nThey returned late in the evening, much exhausted\\nfrom the long trip, but reported that the fire was\\nmuch farther away than it appeared, and that they\\nhad not reached it. This valley of the Little Fork is\\nso straight, and is seen from such a height, that its\\nlength is very deceptive. There was a line of retreat\\npossible to us by following a trail behind Mt. Hector\\ninto the Pipestone and then down the Siffleur to the", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0248.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "t\\nI A\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ft\\n^ll l\\ni\\nvii\\nI II\\nA\\n4 1\\n4\\n1 1\\nr\\nV\\nr\\nf\\n1\\n-^l*\\n1\\nf", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0251.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0252.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Sameness of a Wilt) Birfc 155\\nSaskatchewan but this would involve a loss of nearly\\na week s time. It seemed better, if possible, to force\\na passage through the fire. So we descended into\\nthe Little Fork valley and made camp near the stream.\\nWhile we were making this march an interesting in-\\ncident occurred, which I will quote from my article on\\nu The Sources of the Saskatchewan, which appeared\\nin April, 1899, in the Journal of the Royal Geograph-\\nical Society, and also in the National Geographic\\nMagazine of the same month.\\nAs our horses were winding through a deep\\nforest, a bird appeared which resembled a pine bull-\\nfinch, flitting from tree to tree and following us\\nclosely. Somewhat later, it gave the most remarka-\\nble instance of tameness that 1 have ever seen. Hav-\\ning followed us for about two miles, it waited in a\\ntree during the bustle and confusion of making camp,\\nbut in the afternoon, when all was quiet, and some\\nof our men were asleep, the bird became exceedingly\\nfamiliar, walking on the ground near us and finally\\nperching on our extended hands. It was soon evi-\\ndent that the object of our visitor was to catch mos-\\nquitoes, which were hovering in swarms around our\\nheads. It pecked at a ring on my hand, at our needles,\\nand in fact any metal article but the climax was\\nreached when by accident the bird saw its own image\\nin a small looking-glass which lay on the ground.\\nThen, with extended wings and open bill, it uttered\\ncries of rage and pecked madly at the glass in which an\\nenemy appeared. Among the solitudes of mountain", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0253.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "156 Gbe IRockies of Canaba\\nforests, squirrels, finches, and whiskey-jacks often\\nshow unusual confidence in man, but this particular\\ninstance was remarkable, because the bird would\\nalight on our persons even after it had been\\nmomentarily though gently detained several times\\nas a prisoner in my hand.\\n1 Further investigation showed that it was possible\\nto get our horses through the fire, which had spent\\nits energy on a large extent of green timber so after\\nthree hours travel from camp we came to the burn-\\ning trees, where the fire was advancing slowly, as\\nthere was a calm. Then came several miles of the\\nrecently burned area, now changed to a forest of\\nblackened sticks, some of which were already fallen,\\nwith here and there a column of smoke rising from\\nsmouldering moss, and everything half concealed in\\na snowy covering of ashes. At the other edge of the\\nfire there was more danger, and frequently some tree\\nwould flash up and send a scorching heat toward us.\\nWe were chiefly anxious that the packs should not\\ntake fire and cause a stampede among the horses so\\nfor a considerable distance we drove our animals\\nalong the edge of a lake and frequently waded deep\\nin the water to avoid the heat of blazing trees.\\nAfter an exhausting march of six hours we made\\nour camp in a muskeg, or swamp, about half a mile\\nfrom the fire. The wind, however, which had been\\nincreasing for a time, began to carry the fire toward\\nus, and our situation soon became alarming when\\nsome heavy timber began to blaze and the columns", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0254.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Surrounbefc b\\\\ Burning Zvccb 157\\nof flame, shooting hundreds of feet into the air, made\\na terrifying roar, which caused our horses to stop\\nfeeding. At one time a funnel-shaped whirlwind\\nabout two hundred feet high formed over the heated\\narea and remained there a few moments.\\nAt the rate of progress the fire was making, we\\nshould soon have been surrounded had we not packed\\nup and moved a mile farther down the valley. The\\nsecond camp was made by the side of a considerable\\nstream, wide enough to stop the fire but toward\\nevening cloud banners began to form at the peaks of\\nthe mountains, and next day, after many weeks of\\ndrought, rain fell steadily for ten hours and fortunately\\nextinguished for a time the fires that were destroying\\nthis beautiful valley.\\nForest fires have consumed about one-quarter of\\nall the timber land in the Canadian Rockies. Such\\nfires have of course been more frequent since white\\nmen have visited the country, many of whom have\\nbeen indifferent about putting out their camp-fires,\\nor have, as is often charged to prospectors, criminally\\nset fire to these beautiful virgin forests for their own\\nprivate advantage. Such indifference to the incalcul-\\nable loss in the destruction of magnificent forests,\\nand conversion of them into barren wastes of charred\\ntimber, is incomprehensible to the lover of nature.\\nDuring the dry summer months, from the first week\\nin July to the end of September, the woods burn easily,\\nand the utmost care should be taken with camp-fires.\\nMost of the forests are very dense, and consist entirely", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0255.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "158 Gbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nof coniferous trees, their lower branches dead and\\nseasoned, hung with grey moss and bristling with a\\nmultitude of dry needles. The rough tree trunks\\ndrip with balsam, and their scars are coated with\\naccumulations of resin.\\nForest fires usually progress slowly, the moss and\\nunderbrush carrying the fire along from one tree to\\nanother. As the fire catches among the dry branches\\nof a fresh tree it sweeps rapidly upward with a loud\\nroar and sends a sheet of flames one hundred\\nand fifty or two hundred feet into the air for\\ntwo or three minutes. After the branches and\\nfoliage have been consumed the fire smoulders\\nfor a long time. In light forests and a calm atmos-\\nphere such fires are not very dangerous, but where\\nthe trees are close and a high wind prevails, the\\nflames leap from tree to tree in great tongues of\\nflame. Sparks and brands carried heavenward by\\na furious draught, created in great part by the fire\\nitself, start the flames in a thousand new places in\\nadvance of the main column and accelerate its terrible\\nspeed. Clouds of dense smoke and blasts of air,\\nlike the breath of a furnace, precede the flame and\\nwither up the green vegetation in preparation for its\\nburning. Fires sometimes travel forty or fifty miles\\nan hour, and from them there is no escape for any\\nliving thing man, the wild animals, and even birds\\nall perishing together. Though the forests have been\\nmore frequently burned since the arrival of white\\nmen, there are abundant proofs that fires occurred", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0256.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "j\u00c2\u00a3t tt ence$ of prehistoric ifiree 159\\neven before primitive man came among them. Traces\\nof charcoal often appear where old trees have been\\nuprooted by storm in a virgin forest. Charcoal may\\nbe found under the roots of trees near Lake Louise,\\nsome of which by actual count of their rings are three\\nor four centuries old. I discovered a gravel bank\\nnear the station of Cascade, a few miles from Banff,\\nwhich gave evidence of prehistoric forest fires. The\\nriver has cut under the bank and left a vertical face\\nof clay and gravel, in which there are several thin\\nlayers of charcoal fragments, and under each a band\\nof clay turned red by heat. These ancient fires were\\nno doubt, as is often the case nowadays, started by\\nlightning. After the forests have been burned over,\\nthe trees begin to fall and soon make hopeless ob-\\nstacles to travel. A crop of purple fireweed, rasp-\\nberries, willows, and other deciduous bushes springs\\nup in a year or two in the dead timber. Young trees\\nalso appear very soon, sometimes growing spon-\\ntaneously throughout the burnt tract, or else en-\\ncroaching from the borders of the green forests.\\nPines replace spruce, and spruce replace pines almost\\ninvariably, and make a rotation of species. How-\\never, in some regions the altitude is too great for pine,\\nand when the spruce forests are burned they neces-\\nsarily replace themselves.\\nI will quote again from my article on the Sas-\\nkatchewan as follows\\nWe were now two days journey down the\\nLittle Fork valley, a distance of about eighteen miles", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0257.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "160 Zbe T?ocMe0 of Cana a\\nin a straight line. We remained in camp the next day\\nto do a little survey work from a mountain to the east.\\nFrom this point, at an altitude of eight thousand feet,\\nthe Little Fork valley appears straight, deep, and\\ncomparatively narrow, with a number of lateral\\nvalleys coming in from the west side and cutting the\\nmountain masses into projecting spurs. The strata\\nof the mountains are for the most part nearly hori-\\nzontal, and the cliffs are frequently almost vertical.\\nThere were six lakes in view from our survey point,\\nof which two, each about a mile long, were merely\\nexpansions of the river, three were in lateral valleys,\\nand one lay far up the valley where the river takes its\\nsource. The lateral valleys head in the summit range\\nto the west and probably have never been visited.\\nThe scenery is very grand near the lakes. A\\nstriking peak about ten thousand feet in height, with\\na precipitous rock face and wedge-shaped summit,\\nstands guardian over these lakes and, together with\\nthe jagged mountains near it, helps to give a gloomy,\\nfiord-like appearance to the region.\\nOn July 22 we marched six hours, and reached\\nthe Saskatchewan River. The trail is very good,\\nand runs for many miles through forests of splendid\\ntimber, especially in the great valley of the Saskatche-\\nwan. At the forks or junction the Saskatchewan is a\\nrapid stream about 150 yards wide and apparently\\nquite deep, and the pure blue waters of the Little\\nFork are soon lost to view in the muddy volume of\\nthe main river. The Saskatchewan valley is about", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0258.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "We IReacb tbe Saskatchewan IRiver 161\\nfour miles wide at this point, the river itself flowing\\nbetween bluffs of glacial drift, and while the massive\\nmountains on every side are between ten thousand\\nand twelve thousand feet high, they are less imposing\\nthan usual because of their distance. The main river\\nruns about north-east, cutting through the mountain\\nranges, and taking its source to the south-west among\\nthe highest glacier-bearing peaks of the summit\\nrange.\\nA very large tributary, which we called the\\nNorth Fork, comes in from the north-west and\\njoins the main river about one mile above the\\nLittle Fork. This river is not correctly placed on\\nPalliser s map, nor was there any available informa-\\ntion about the region whence it comes. Even the\\nStony Indians who travel through these mountains\\nknow little of this river, because, it is said, many\\nyears ago one of their tribe was lost while hunting\\nin that region, and they think he was destroyed by\\nan evil spirit dwelling there. At all events, they will\\ntake no chances in visiting that part of the country\\nnow.\\nOur route to the Athabasca, however, lay up\\nthis river, and our first duty was to find a ford\\nacross the Saskatchewan. A day was spent in find-\\ning a safe place, as the river was in summer flood,\\nthough not at its highest stage. Mr. Barrett, with\\ncharacteristic energy, discovered a ford about one\\nmile upstream, where the river spreads out among\\nlow sand islands to the width of nearly half a mile.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0259.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "1 62 \u00c2\u00a3be iRocfties of Canaba\\nA sense of relief came when, the next day,\\nafter fording the turbulent Little Fork, we had\\ncrossed the main river, which is of great size at this\\npoint, only thirty miles from its most distant source,\\nand were safely on its north side. Turning north-\\nward along a high bluff, we came in a short time to\\nthe North Fork, which appears to equal the so-\\ncalled Middle Fork, or main river. About one mile\\nabove its mouth the North Fork flows between\\nrocky banks, and there is a foil or rapid in a con-\\nstricted channel blocked by immense masses of\\nfallen cliff, where the water surges in foaming\\nbreakers and dark whirlpools. For a mile or so\\nabove this fall there is a fine trail through a light\\npine forest, and then comes a burnt area with trees\\ncrossed in such confusion that it required two hours\\nto make half a mile, and we were so much delayed\\nhere that our progress for the day could not have\\nbeen more than three miles in nearly six hours.\\nOn the following two days we advanced about\\nten miles up the valley, having a trail wherever\\nthere were green forests, but suffering much delay\\nfrom burnt timber and muskegs. On one occasion,\\nwhen marching along a steep bank of the river, a\\npack-horse stumbled among loose logs and rolled\\nover into a deep pool. The horse was carrying over\\ntwo hundred pounds of flour, a burden that kept it\\nfor a short time at the bottom of the river, but after\\nsome violent struggles it came right side up and\\nclimbed out. No damage was done, however, as", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0260.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Gbe Stream Bivibes 163\\nflour absorbs water only to a slight depth, and very\\nsoon makes an impervious layer on the outside.\\nTen miles up the river a stream from the west\\nunites with the North Fork. As the two streams\\nare about equal in size, we were at a loss which one\\nto follow in order to reach the Athabasca. In order\\nto get a more extended view of the country, an\\nascent was made of a mountain which lies between\\nthe two rivers. On the summit, at an altitude of\\neighty-four hundred feet, it was seen that the west-\\nern stream takes its source in a large glacier about\\ntwelve miles distant. A fair idea of the branch\\nstreams was given by the valley openings, but it\\nmust be confessed that less is known about this river\\nthan of any other source of the Saskatchewan under\\ndiscussion. As a result of this ascent, we were firm\\nin the belief that our route did not lie up the west-\\nern branch. The other valley, however, seemed\\nexceedingly deep, and canyon-like, in the very short\\ndistance that it was visible at all. Though the air\\nwas smoky from forest fires, in spite of considerable\\nrainy weather of late, I tried some photographic\\nwork, and during a brief but fatal moment, when I\\nwas reaching for a plate-holder, the strong wind\\nblew my camera over and broke it badly on the\\nrough limestone rocks. The most fragile parts, the\\nground glass and lens, fortunately escaped, while\\nthe wood and brass work were in pieces. With a\\ntool box carried for such emergencies, the camera\\nwas reconstructed after a few hours labour, and did", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0261.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "1 64 Gbe Rockies of CanaDa\\nexcellent work later in the trip. Our men returned\\nin the evening, and reported that there was a trail in\\nthe deep valley to the north-west.\\nThe next two days we advanced only about ten\\nmiles because of the uncertainty of the trails, the\\nrough nature of the forests, and repeated crossings of\\nthe river. Our progress was slow, in spite of our\\ncustom of having one or two men explore and cut\\nout the trail for the next day as far as possible each\\nafternoon. In this place, the river is at the bottom of\\na narrow valley, the sides of which are smooth prec-\\nipices, adorned here and there by clumps of trees\\nclinging to the ledges. Streams and springs from far\\nabove came down in delicate curtains of spray or\\ngraceful waterfalls wafted from side to side by every\\nbreeze. The flood of glacial waters sweeps over a\\ngravel-wash in a network of channels, with the main\\nbody of water swinging from one side to another of\\nthe valley and washing against steep or inaccessible\\nbanks. This condition of things caused us to cross\\nand recross the stream almost constantly, and, though\\nthe fords were in general not more than three feet\\ndeep, the icy waters ran with such force that our\\ncrossings were not without excitement. In spite of\\nthe best judgment and care of the packers, our horses\\ngot beyond their depth several times and had to swim\\nacross. As the saddle-horses are guided by riders,\\nthey rarely lose their footing, but the pack-animals,\\ncoming along in a bunch, confused by the shouting\\nof the men and the roar of the rapids, hesitate and", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0262.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Difficulties of for ing IRivers 165\\noften enter the river a little above or below the best\\nford, and so get into deep water. Dangerous rapids\\nor a logjam below make such occasions critical, not\\nalone for the safety of the horses, but even for the\\nsuccess of an expedition in case a large quantity of\\nprovisions is lost. Pack-horses cannot swim very\\nfar with their tight cinches and moreover the icy\\nwaters of these mountain streams paralyse their\\nmuscles very quickly.\\nThe trail at length leaves the river, and makes a\\nrapid ascent through forests on the east side of the\\nvalley, so that in an hour we had gained a thousand\\nfeet. Through the trees we caught glimpses of mag-\\nnificent scenery the uniting streams in the canyon\\nbottom, the mountain sides heavily timbered or rising\\ninto snow summits, and to the west an immense\\nglacier, which was the source of the largest stream.\\nThe North Fork was rapidly dividing into its ultimate\\ntributaries. The sound of mountain streams falling in\\ncascades, the picturesque train of horses, each animal\\ncautiously picking a safe passage along the rocky\\npathway the splendid trees around us, our great\\nheight, and the tremendous grandeur of the mountain\\nscenery, all helped to make our surroundings most\\nenjoyable. Above the sound of wind in the forest,\\nthere was presently heard the roar of a waterfall, and\\nhalf a mile beyond we saw a large stream apparently\\nbursting from the top of a fine precipice and falling in\\none magnificent leap down a great height. Through\\na notch in the mountains, there was another fall visible", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0263.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "1 66 Zbc IRocfcies of Cana a\\nsome miles distant fully twice as high as the one\\nnear us. It was learned later that every stream de-\\nscended into the canyon by a fall and succession of\\ncascades.\\nu We camped in a beautiful wooded valley with\\nmuch open country at an altitude of sixty-three hun-\\ndred feet above the sea. Near our tents was the\\nriver, which at this place is a comparatively small\\nstream of crystal clear water. In the afternoon 1 as-\\ncended, with one of the men, a small mountain\\nwhich lay to the west of our camp. From this sum-\\nmit two passes were visible, one five miles to the\\nnorth and the other more distant and toward the\\nnorth-west. The view to the west was more ex-\\ntended. There was a large straight glacier directly\\nbefore us, the one we had seen earlier in the day,\\nwhich supplies the greater part of the water of the\\nNorth Fork. At least six or seven miles of this\\nglacier is visible, and it may extend much farther be-\\nhind the intervening mountains. The glacier has no\\nterminal moraine, and slopes by a very even grade\\nto a thin knife-like edge, in which it terminates.\\nThe next day Mr. Barrett went off to climb, if\\npossible, a mountain over eleven thousand feet in al-\\ntitude, north of our camp, while one of the packers\\nand 1 started to explore the pass to the north-west.\\nThe other packer spent part of the day investigating\\nthe other pass. This division of labour was a great\\nsaving of time. At our conference that evening,\\nwhich did not occur till midnight, when the last", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0264.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "H fl a$0 into tbe Htbabasca Country 167\\nmember came into camp, it was decided that the pass\\nto the north seemed unfavourable as a route to the\\nAthabasca. Mr. Barrett failed in his ascent because\\nthe mountain was more distant than it appeared.\\nThe pass to the north-west was more favourable, and\\non the next day we moved our camp so as to be al-\\nmost on the summit. The last and longest branch\\nof the North Fork comes from a small glacial lake on\\none side of a meadow-like summit and at the base of\\na splendid mountain, a complex mass of rocky aretes\\nand hanging glaciers.\\nUpon further inquiry we learned that the valley\\nas it descended to the north-west was blocked by a\\nglacier that came into it, and beyond that a canyon,\\nwhich made this route altogether out of the question.\\nA high valley on the right, however, offered the last\\nand only escape for us, and after reaching an altitude\\nof eight thousand feet our descent began into a valley\\nthat we knew must be either the Athabasca or the\\nWhirlpool River, which flows into the Athabasca.\\nThus the most critical part of our expedition, the dis-\\ncovery of a pass from the Saskatchewan to the Atha-\\nbasca, was safely accomplished.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0265.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nWE ENTER THE ATHABASCA COUNTRY SLOW JOURNEY\\nDOWN THE WHIRLPOOL REACH THE MAIN RIVER GREAT\\nVOLUME OF WATER IN THE ATHABASCA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TURN SOUTH AND\\nREACH FORTRESS LAKE SITUATION OF OUR CAMP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VIEW\\nFROM A HIGH MOUNTAIN BUILDING A RAFT MEASURING\\nMT. HOOKER AN INTERESTING VOYAGE DOWN THE LAKE\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094MEASURING A HIGH MOUNTAIN TO THE WEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A FOOT\\nJOURNEY TO BASE OF THE GREAT PEAKS FORCED MARCHES\\nAND SHORT RATIONS\\nTO the south-west of the pass we had dis-\\ncovered was a group of very high mountains.\\nThey were dome shaped and covered with\\nimmense snow fields. We were now so far north\\nthat a hope was entertained that Mt. Brown and Mt.\\nHooker might be among them, but a rough measure-\\nment of one of the highest peaks gave an altitude of\\nonly i i,soo feet. A rugged valley lies among them\\nand discharges a stream into the Whirlpool River.\\nIt is surrounded by cliffs on every side, and at the top\\nthere is an unbroken wall of glacier ice several miles\\nin length in the form of a horseshoe.\\nWe had now been travelling nearly a month, and\\non August 9th made our entry into the Athabasca\\ncountry. On this date, sending our men and horses\\n168", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0266.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Slow 3ourne? 2 own tbe THHbirlpooi 169\\nahead, Barrett and I remained behind in the hope ot\\nclimbing a mountain to the north about ten thousand\\nfeet high. The weather, however, was squally, with\\nfrequent snow showers, while the higher mountains\\nwere concealed by clouds. At noon we gave it up\\nand followed after our men, making a very steep\\ndescent of two thousand feet into the Whirlpool\\nvalley. Violent gusts of wind made the forests roar,\\nand carried clouds of dust over the gravelly valley\\nbottom. The scenery in this region is magnificent.\\nOn the 10th we marched down the valley in a\\nnorth-westerly direction. On one occasion, while\\ndebating the best route, some of our horses com-\\nmenced to drink at the river edge, while the others\\ncrowded them into the water, whereupon they all\\nswam across. They then began to graze uncon-\\ncernedly on the other side. It was some time before\\nwe could find a ford, and then we travelled a long dis-\\ntance on that side, for the country was as open as on\\nthe other. I ascended to the top of a mountain about\\nthree thousand feet above the valley in the afternoon.\\nFrom this I saw that the Whirlpool valley turned\\nslightly to the west between two long and monoton-\\nous ridges, and was much disappointed to learn that\\nit was at least twenty miles farther to the main\\nAthabasca.\\nAugust nth. We marched five hours down the\\nvalley through a desolate region of gravel washes\\nwhere the river flows in many channels. The burnt\\ntimber is mostly standing and easy to travel, but", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0267.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "1 70 Zhe IRocfttes of Cana a\\nuniform and unbroken ridges on either side of the\\nvalley made our progress seem painfully slow. We\\nfound great numbers of wild strawberries and saw\\nmany bear and moose tracks. The cold weather of\\nthe last ten days had lowered the rivers suddenly.\\nAugust 12th. The weather is clear and fine.\\nMarched five hours and made good headway, as the\\nIndian trail is well defined and the country pretty open.\\nWe saw a bear and two cubs across the river, and\\nBarrett killed one of the cubs at long range. The old\\nbear got away, however. After camp was made I\\nascended a mountain to the north, and got a fine view,\\nseeing the main Athabasca at last to the north-west.\\nAugust 13th. We were now on Coleman and\\nStuart s trail, as they had come into this valley by\\nfollowing a stream which enters from the east. They\\nhad done an immense amount of cutting in the fallen\\ntimber, and must have been greatly delayed. Many\\ntrees have fallen since, and we had two men chopping\\nall the time. We got on the wrong trail after a two\\nhours march, and made a vain attempt to cross the\\nriver, but were finally compelled to pitch camp so as\\nto spend the afternoon in a reconnaissance. The\\nWhirlpool River has gained an immense volume of\\nwater within the last ten miles, though no streams\\nof large size have entered it. The river is a roaring\\nrapid, fifty yards across and three feet deep. The\\nbottom is made of large quartzite boulders, a yard or\\nmore in diameter and smooth as glass. No horse can\\nstand among them or even walk along the shore.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0268.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "IReacb tbe flDatn IRwer 171\\nWe found it impossible to cross, because in event of\\na horse falling in midstream there would be no pos-\\nsible escape for the rider. In the afternoon our men\\nfound a ford near the junction of the Whirlpool with\\nthe main Athabasca.\\nAugust 14th. After exasperating delay and\\ntrouble in fallen timber we were compelled to give\\nup Stuart and Coleman s trail. In six hours we\\nreached the Athabasca River. The heat was very\\ngreat and myriads of grasshoppers rose in clouds as\\nour horses tramped along through the burnt timber.\\nThe country is overrun by a small growth of pines\\nwhich have been repeatedly killed by fire. The\\nslender, pointed poles lie crossed in every direction\\nand are very trying to the horses, as one end often\\nflies up and prods the horse, thereby making the\\nanimal jump and run in terror.\\nWe got our first view of the great muddy Atha-\\nbasca from the top of a level terrace, of which there\\nare three in this valley. We descended a steep bank\\nnear the junction of the Whirlpool and Athabasca.\\nAs we approached the ford a large raven circled over\\nour heads, croaking dismally. We got across safely\\nin spite of the ill omen, and made camp in a small\\npatch of green timber. Our altitude here, according\\nto the aneroid, was only thirty-eight hundred feet.\\nThough it is difficult to estimate relative volumes of\\nwater by the eye alone, it was evident that the\\nWhirlpool River is probably only one-fourth the size\\nof the Athabasca.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0269.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "172 Gbe IRocfues of Canaba\\nOn August 15th and 16th we turned due south\\nand followed the main river, marching six hours each\\nday. There was no trail, and we made our way as\\nrapidly as possible through burnt timber, where,\\nhowever, most of the trees were standing. Barrett\\nand 1 went ahead and quickly selected a route while\\nthe men urged our horses along at a fast pace. Thus\\nwe plunged along through ravines, up and down\\nsteep banks, and around impassable wind-falls, but\\nwere frequently brought to a halt and compelled to\\ncut through heavy timber.\\nOn the second day we crossed a large stream\\nwhich comes from the south-east and runs about\\nparallel to the Whirlpool River, from which it is sep-\\narated by a single ridge of mountains. The water\\nwas three and one-half feet deep and the stream was\\nseventy-five or one hundred yards across. This river\\nis nearly or quite as large as the main river, which\\nwe continued to follow. Short pieces of an old In-\\ndian trail now appeared along the bank. In about\\nthree hours after crossing the large branch from the\\nsouth, we came to a large lake, called by Coleman\\nand Stuart, Fortress Lake. The Athabasca is not\\nmore than half a mile distant. This lake lies in a\\nvalley running east and west, or nearly at right\\nangles to the Athabasca.\\nThis was the termination of our journey with\\nhorses, which had required twenty-six days marching\\nto accomplish. Ten days besides had been consumed\\nin various delays, incidental to forest fires, finding", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0270.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0271.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0272.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "^fortress lake 173\\nfords, and exploring valleys and passes through the\\nwilderness, parts of which were absolutely unmapped\\nand untravelled before our expedition. At Fortress\\nLake we were so near the Athabasca Pass that any\\nmountains, such as Brown or Hooker, could be\\nseen and measured from the neighbouring heights.\\nIt remained now to lay out a base line and commence\\ntriangulation of the surrounding region, but before\\nreferring to this work, a brief description of the\\nneighbourhood is in order.\\nOur camp was in a grove of spruces near the lake.\\nThe shore is flat and rather swampy, while the water\\nis shallow for some distance and very much crowded\\nwith a mass of water-worn tree trunks. Some had\\nbeen stranded on the shore at a time when the lake\\nlevel was considerably higher, and others, having\\nbecome water-logged, were sunk in deeper water,\\nwhere they fairly covered the bottom and projected\\ntheir bare branches and grotesquely shaped roots\\nabove the surface. The lake is about one mile wide\\nand apparently very long. 1 calculated the distance\\nto a sand-bank down the lake to be five and one-\\nquarter miles. A very imposing mountain lies on\\nthe south side of the lake, and another on the north\\nrises more than five thousand feet above the water.\\nBut where were Brown and Hooker Straight be-\\nfore us to the west, a massive glacier-bearing peak\\nseemed at first as though it might answer for one of\\nthem. It was in the right place to be very near the\\nAthabasca Pass, and though its height did not seem", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0273.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "174 Gbe IRocJues of Canada\\ngreat, the amount of ice which covered its entire\\neast face and its distance may have deceived us.\\nOn August 17th Barrett and I set out to climb the\\npeak north of the lake in order to discover the loca-\\ntion of the highest mountains. We had a long and\\ntiresome walk, through a heavy forest, and dis-\\ncovered a very old trail, so much blocked, however,\\nby fallen trees as to be almost useless. After reach-\\ning a point about forty-five hundred feet above the\\nvalley, the weather became threatening, and I set\\nup my camera at once and took a set of views\\naround the horizon. The clouds formed constantly\\na few yards above my head, but 1 got the distant\\nmountains, though the smoke and gloom made the\\nresults very poor. Barrett continued up the mount-\\nain, though the climb involved some rather perilous\\nwork among rotten limestone cliffs. He reached the\\nsummit, which is about ninety-six hundred feet high,\\nwhere the clouds shut out everything from view.\\nFrom my point, I could see an immense glacier, the\\nsource of the Athabasca, ten or twelve miles to\\nthe south. The clouds opened a moment and dis-\\nclosed what appeared to be by far the highest and\\nfinest peak that 1 had seen on the entire journey, ten\\nmiles to the south-west. It was a wedge-shaped\\npeak, rising from a very long and precipitous wall of\\nrock, which seemed to be over ten thousand feet\\nhigh.\\nThe next two days Barrett and Stephens were\\noccupied in building a raft, on which we hoped to", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0274.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "(Treasuring flDt Iboofter 175\\nreach the other end of the lake. The sound of their\\naxes was continually heard among some well-seasoned\\ndead trees, about a quarter of a mile down the shore.\\nWhile this work was going forward, I measured a\\nbase line. The only level place of any length proved\\nto be in the lake itself. I laid out a line of stakes in\\neighteen inches of water and set up my gradienter at\\neither end. It was bitterly cold work in ice-cold\\nwater. From my first short base line I calculated a\\nlonger one, and then found the distance of the high\\nmountain, which we supposed might be Mt. Hooker,\\nto be a little more than seventeen miles. The work-\\ning out of the final logarithms to get the height was\\nvery exciting, and everyone waited impatiently, as\\nI added up the final figures. Well, the mountain\\nis over twelve thousand eight hundred feet high,\\nanyway, said I, much pleased at the result, which\\nwould make this the highest measured mountain in\\nsouthern Canada. The excitement of the calculation\\nmust have been too great for accuracy, however, as\\nI found a moment later. In wandering around among\\ntangents and sines, I had gotten in the wrong column\\nsomewhere, and after a hasty revision, Mt. Hooker\\nfell twenty-three hundred feet and came down to\\nten thousand five hundred feet never to rise again,\\nand our enthusiasm fell with it.\\nMeanwhile Stephens and Barrett had built a fine\\nand seaworthy raft. Leaving Tom Lusk in charge of\\nour main camp, on August 19th we piled our luggage\\non the raft and commenced a voyage to the other end", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0275.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "1 76 Zhe TRoctAce of Canada\\nof the lake. The raft was built of about ten large\\nlogs, fifteen feet long, firmly bound together with\\nropes, which, shrinking in the water, became very\\ntight after a short time. Branches were laid cross-\\nwise to keep our blankets and provisions above the\\nwater, and this pile of stuff made a place for two of\\nus to sit upon. The other two sat on boxes forward.\\nEach of these managed an oar which had been\\nroughly hewn by Fred Stephens. Some crosspieces\\nnailed together and to the side of the raft with steel\\nspikes, which we had brought for the purpose, made\\noar-locks. Our raft, with four of us, carried a burden\\nof more than a thousand pounds. Many speculations\\nwere made as to the time that would be required to\\nreach the other end of the lake, and these ranged all\\nthe way from six hours to three days. After saying\\nfarewell to Tom Lusk we sailed at 6.40 a.m. Our plan\\nwas for two men to row in alternate turns of ex-\\nactly thirty minutes. The heavy raft moved with\\nsurprising and pleasing speed, as the logs were\\npointed at both ends. We made a straight course\\nand kept near the south shore as a protection against\\nthe wind. The water of this lake is very clear, but\\nthere were a number of small cray-fish to be seen as\\nwe went along, and I have observed that this is\\nusually a sign of the absence of fish. It is indeed a\\nsurprising fact that this splendid body of water has\\nno fish. It is only forty-two hundred feet above\\nsea-level and abounds in food, for we saw thousands\\nof moths and grasshoppers floating on the water.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0276.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "an Interesting Dosage Wovon tbe lake 177\\nThe scenery is very fine, and those of us who\\nwere not engaged in rowing had an opportunity to\\nstudy the forests and mountains on either side of the\\nblue lake. In about three hours we passed the\\nmouth of a large stream, which comes from a glacier\\nseveral miles south of the lake. A wind sprang up\\nabout ten o clock and roughened the lake, but we\\nwere well protected by staying close to the shore,\\nwhile on the opposite side, we could see the white-\\ncaps running. Sometimes our course led us very\\nclose to the rocky shores, which were covered with\\na growth of immense spruces, or in places, where\\nsnow-slides had swept the forest away, there was an\\nimpassable jungle of spreading alder, willow, and\\nbirch bushes. Our steady progress was a constant\\nsource of delight, when we thought of the infinite\\nobstacles an overland scramble on such a shore\\nwould have presented.\\nAfter the fourth hour of rowing we approached\\na small island having a single tree upon it. We\\npassed through a narrow channel between it and the\\nshore. Here the lake makes a turn to the left, and\\nso brought us against the full sweep of the wind,\\nwhich was driving a heavy surf through the narrow\\nchannel between the island and the rocky shore. It\\nso happened that Arnold and I had just finished our\\nhalf-hour of rowing and should have changed, but\\nthe wind and sea had become suddenly so rough\\nthat it seemed perilous to move around. In fact, for\\na time, we were a little doubtful how the old raft", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0277.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "178 Gbe IRochies of Cana a\\nwould behave. The waves swept over her decks,\\nbut, fortunately, could not reach our luggage, which\\nwas on an elevated platform. The end of the lake\\nnow appeared not more than a mile and a half dis-\\ntant, and as we approached, the water became\\nquieter. After five and a quarter hours of rowing\\nour trusty craft began to glide through a growth of\\nwater-weeds and rough equisetums, and finally\\nscraped upon the sandy shore of the western end of\\nFortress Lake. We were delighted with the place,\\nwhich was a hard, level bank of gravel, covered with\\nan open growth of evergreens.\\nCircles of Dryas, a rosaceous plant, which spreads\\nover the ground from a common centre, and puts\\nforth a margin of leaves and blossoms at the outer\\nedge of the circle, covered the gravelly ground. We\\ncaught a number of small frogs and fried their legs\\nfor luncheon. In the afternoon, I laid out another\\nbase line in the lake as at the other end, and con-\\ntinued survey work on the nearer mountains.\\nIt rained hard in the night, and though we had\\nno tent, and were sleeping on the ground, we man-\\naged to keep dry by covering ourselves with rubber\\nand canvas sheets. The weather was so thick with\\nsmoke and clouds that nothing could be done in sur-\\nvey work the next day, and it looked as though we\\nshould be defeated in this purpose, as our time was\\nlimited by our provisions, both here and at our main\\ncamp.\\nFriday, the 21st, fortunately broke clear and calm.", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0278.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0279.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0280.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "fIDeaeuring a Ibigb flDountain 179\\nArnold and I took the raft and rowed to a point on\\nthe north shore of the lake, and then ascended a\\nmountain 8450 feet high. I carried my camera and\\nsurveying instruments. On the summit of this\\nmountain, which is a long ridge, I built two cairns\\nabout half a mile apart and took angles on the high\\ntriangular peak to the south and also on Mt. Hooker.\\nThe amount of work necessary in signalling, build-\\ning cairns, which should be visible from the valley,\\ntaking notes of angles and photographing, delayed\\nus, so we did not commence our descent of four\\nthousand feet until half-past six. We narrowly es-\\ncaped being overtaken in the woods by darkness,\\nbut reached the raft just at nightfall.\\nI spent the next day triangulating the two cairns\\non the summit of the mountain we had climbed.\\nMy final results gave me 1 1,450 feet as the height of\\nthis peak, which is higher than all others within a\\nradius of many miles. The other high mountain,\\nwhich we supposed to be Mt. Hooker, proved to be\\n10,505 feet. The results from the two short base\\nlines at a distance of nine and seventeen miles showed\\na difference of less than two hundred feet between\\nthem. The results were based on a height of 4175\\nfeet for Fortress Lake, which depended on compari-\\nsons of my two aneroids, with simultaneous observa-\\ntions of a mercurial barometer at Lake Louise, one\\nhundred miles distant.\\nOn the 23rd, Barrett and I left camp in a final at-\\ntempt to see and photograph these mountains from", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0281.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "180 Zhe IRocfcies of Canaba\\na nearer point, and for this purpose we set out down\\nthe Wood River valley. We crossed the Wood\\nRiver, a swift, clear stream, which comes from Fort-\\nress Lake, and we had all we could do to keep our\\nfooting. A larger, muddy stream comes down a side\\nvalley, less than a mile from the lake, and joins the\\nWood River. After that it was impossible to cross\\nand we remained on the south bank. We walked\\nabout eight miles down the valley, and encountered\\nin some places a jungle, very similar to those of the\\nSelkirks. The Oregon grape and mountain ash,\\nwhich are characteristic of the western slope of\\nthe Summit Range, were abundant, and even the\\nprickly Devil s Club appeared, much to our regret.\\nThere was no path except one about six inches\\nwide, and no blaze marks on the trees, so that this\\nis, in all probability, nothing but a game trail. We\\nreached a place at length where the Wood River be-\\ngins to descend into a canyon. Through a valley to\\nthe south, the great triangular peak rose, dimly out-\\nlined in the smoky air, but making one of the grand-\\nest mountain views that I have ever seen. Because\\nof our low altitude, this peak rose nearly eight thou-\\nsand feet above us. May not this be the secret of\\nDouglas s false estimates on Brown and Hooker\\nWe reached camp at one o clock, and made lunch-\\neon of corn-meal, bacon, and stewed apples, which\\nwere the last provisions we had. Our men had\\nrigged up two poles on the raft, and were prepared\\nto stretch a large canvas sheet between them. In a", "height": "4566", "width": "2890", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0282.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "jforceb fRarcbes an Sbort IRations 181\\nstiff wind we set sail and made wonderfully rapid\\ntime down the lake, which is about eight miles long,\\nso that we reached the lower end in three and three-\\nquarters hours without the use of oars.\\nWe had now been out forty-four days, or three-\\nfourths of the time for which our provisions had been\\ncalculated. Moreover, in the accident to our horses\\nin the muskegs of the Bow, much of our food had\\nbeen destroyed. An anxious calculation was made\\nof every article of food left, and though we had re-\\nquired five weeks to reach this place, we found pro-\\nvisions enough to last us only fourteen days. Two\\nmeals a day, and light ones at that, were the regula-\\ntions put into effect at once. We marched from four\\nto seven hours every day for the next thirteen days,\\nand reached the Upper Bow Lake, where, to our\\ngreat joy, we met a party of friends, from whom we\\nprocured a number of luxuries, of which we were in\\ngreat need. Barrett here left me to join the other\\nparty in a trip behind Mt. Hector to Banff through\\nthe headwaters of all the streams entering the Bow\\nfrom the north, an interesting journey of about sev-\\nenty-five miles, which I had made some years before.\\nAfter having been two months in the wilderness, I\\nreached Laggan on the 8th of September while the\\nfirst autumn snows were falling.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0283.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI\\nA WINTER TRIP TO THE SASKATCHEWAN GLACIER LAKE\\nAN EXHAUSTING SNOW CLIMB VIEW OF MT. FORBES\\nULTIMATE SOURCES OF THE GREAT RIVER THE HOWSE\\nPASS DESCENT OF THE BLAEBERRY AN ANECDOTE OF\\nTHE PIONEERS DESPERATION CAMP PITIFUL CONDITION\\nOF OUR HORSES HEAVY SNOWFALL AND A WINTRY CAMP\\nOF the headwaters of the Saskatchewan there\\nremained but one tributary to be explored.\\nOwing to an attack of typhoid, my plans\\nto visit this region in the summer of 1898 were post-\\nponed till late autumn, in fact when winter had virtu-\\nally commenced. For this trip I had nine horses and\\nengaged Bill Peyto and Roy Douglas.\\nIt seemed almost foolhardy, to quote again\\nfrom my article on the Saskatchewan, when on\\nOctober 12th, against driving snow showers and a\\ncold wind, we set out from Laggan and once more\\nresumed our toilsome march through the many miles\\nof burnt timber northward, as it were, into the very\\nteeth of winter. Through constant snow-storms\\nfor the headwaters of the Bow are a breeding-place\\nfor bad weather we passed the Upper Bow Lake,\\nthe divide beyond, and got six miles down the Little\\nFork on the third day, as a result of forced marches.\\n182", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0284.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0287.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0288.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "(Blacier Xafte 183\\nDuring the following night there was a curious\\ncreaking sound of the tent rope and a sagging of the\\ncanvas, and in the morning our prospects for a suc-\\ncessful trip were very gloomy indeed, with ten inches\\nof new snow on the ground. Not wishing under these\\ncircumstances to get farther away from civilisation, we\\nremained in camp all day. By afternoon the snow\\nceased, and the next day we were again on the march.\\nThe snow was fifteen inches deep in the Little Fork\\nvalley, but only half that depth near the Saskatche-\\nwan, which we reached on the sixth day.\\nOn October 18th we crossed the Little Fork and\\nturned westward into a region that promised to be\\nfull of interest. The weather, which had been cloudy\\nand threatening for some days, now gave signs of\\nimprovement by the appearance of blue sky in the\\nwest, and soon after the high mountains up the\\nMiddle Fork were bathed in sunlight, the dazzling\\nlight on the snow-covered landscape being very\\ncheering after the days of gloom and storm. The\\ntrail penetrates a forest on the south bank and, fre-\\nquently coming out on the river, allows views of the\\nwide, log-strewn gravel-wash, the work of summer\\nfloods.\\nAbout five miles up the river a valley comes in\\nfrom Glacier Lake, and our camp was placed on a\\npoint of land between the confluent streams. The\\nSaskatchewan at this cold season is clear as a mount-\\nain spring and shallow enough to be fordable on\\nfoot. In summer, however, it is a raging flood that", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0289.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "1 84 Zbc TRocMes of Canaba\\nmakes the region of Glacier Lake very difficult to\\nreach. From our camp I set out in the afternoon to\\nsee the lake, and found it in an hour, though not\\nwithout a hard scramble through deep snow and\\nfallen timber. The view was well worth the labour\\nexpended. The lake, which is three or four miles\\nlong, is beautifully set among high peaks, and at the\\nfarther end a snow mountain sends down a glacier\\nnearly to its level. The setting sun, sinking into a\\nnotch of the distant mountains, poured shafts of light\\nthrough grey, misty clouds and tinged their edges\\nwith a pale-golden illumination. The lake was nearly\\ncalm and reflected the beautiful picture of mountain\\nand sky from a tremulously moving surface. The\\nwater, by retreating from its summer level, had ex-\\nposed a wide margin of mud-covered boulders and\\nslippery logs the trunks of trees carried into the\\nlake by snow-slides,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but in the distance the forested\\nbanks seemed to press close upon the water. There\\nwas something wonderfully impressive in the awful\\nsolitude of such a scene under the spell of evening\\ncalm.\\nFrom what had been seen of the country 1 de-\\ncided that it was important to reach, if possible, the\\nsummit of a high mountain that lay to the east of\\nthe lake, which from its position would command a\\ncomprehensive view of the whole region and also\\nsurely reveal Mt. Forbes, which was somewhere\\nwest of the lake, according to Palliser s map.\\nAccordingly I was afoot the next morning at nine", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0290.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "an jEybausting Snow Climb 185\\no clock, with a camera on my shoulders, ready for\\nthe ascent. The mountain appeared to be about\\nseventy-eight hundred feet in altitude, or in round\\nnumbers three thousand feet above our camp. The\\nweather was bright and cold, nor was there a cloud\\nin the sky, and it proved by far the best day of the\\ntrip. It appeared that the walking would be better\\non the other side of the Glacier Lake stream, and\\nafter some ineffectual attempts to bridge the river by\\nfelling trees, Peyto carried me across on his back in a\\nshallow place, and so the climb was commenced\\nwith dry boots. In less than five minutes a fine\\ntrail appeared, which saved a great deal of labour\\nand considerable time in getting to the lake The\\ntrail at length diverged to the east toward the mount-\\nain and went in the right direction until the altitude\\nwas six hundred feet above the lake, effecting a great\\nsaving of energy in forcing my way through the\\nunderbrush. The sunlight was painfully brilliant on\\nthe snow, which was fully a foot in depth at seven\\nthousand feet. At this altitude, in a last clump of\\nspruce trees, I hung my camera to a branch and took\\na short rest, as the climb so far had been very\\nexhausting.\\nAfter a pause often minutes the sharp air urged a\\nrecommencement of the ascent. The brilliant glare\\nof an hour previous had given place to a somewhat\\ncloudy sky, as a belt of heavy cirrus was drifting\\nalong over the mountains in a great line running\\nnorth and south. The sun shone through it feebly,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0291.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "1 86 z\\\\k IRocMes of CanaDa\\nand was surrounded by a halo. I soon began to\\nhave doubts of my ability to succeed in the ascent,\\nas my strength began to fail under so much exertion\\nin the deep snow. The bushes, rocks, and other\\ninequalities of the ground were buried, so that I\\nfrequently stumbled and fell. Moreover, it now\\nbecame apparent that the size of the mountain had\\nbeen much underestimated, for the heights on the right\\nrose tremendously even after an altitude of seventy-\\nfive hundred feet had been reached. The inclina-\\ntion was very steep, and the glare of the now returned\\nsun on the vast expanse of snow, and the absence of\\nanything to fasten the eyes upon for relief, produced\\na curious sensation of dizziness, due perhaps in part\\nto exhaustion. I felt, however, the importance of\\nreaching the summit, as it meant practically the\\nsuccess of the entire trip. Moreover, the extraordin-\\narily fine weather on this critical day of the trip\\nseemed too providential to be lost from any lack of\\nexertion or ambition.\\nSummoning, then, all my resolution, 1 made reas-\\nonable progress for a time, but soon, in spite of\\nevery eager desire for success and ambition to reach\\nthe summit, the contest between will-power and\\ntired muscles became doubtful, as the snow grew\\ndeeper with higher altitude, the slope steeper, and\\nthe far-off summit seemed no nearer. Every few\\nyards of progress was invariably terminated by a fall in\\nthe snow, and it seemed better to rest for a moment in\\nwhatever position chance had it than to get up at once.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0292.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "IDiew of flDL fforbes 187\\nA little later a view appeared that in itself well\\nrepaid the labour of the climb. On the right was an\\nexpanse of spotless snow, exceedingly steep, vast in\\nextent, and dazzling in brilliancy. Its rounded con-\\ntours were sharply outlined against the sky, but\\nthere was no interruption of stone or cliff in the\\nmonotonous covering of snow, nor any scale by which\\nto judge of size or distance. The chief object of\\ninterest in the view was a snowy, triangular peak\\ncovered with ice, which now began to appear in the\\nwest. The colours of rocks and cliffs in the distant\\npeaks and precipices seemed absolutely black in\\ncontrast with the remarkable whiteness of the snow\\nsurface on all sides. Overhead the sky was intensely\\nblue, but marked by distinct wisps of white cirrus\\ncloud, spun out like tufts of cotton into shreds and\\ncurving lines.\\nAt an altitude of eighty-eight hundred feet, or\\nmore than four thousand feet above our camp, I at\\nlength reached the summit of the mountain crest.\\nIt was necessary to walk along the crest a quarter of a\\nmile to reach a somewhat higher point, which was the\\ntrue summit. The snow along this mountain ridge\\nwas in many places three or four feet deep, and, mind-\\nful of the terrible Alpine accidents caused by cornices, I\\nkept well away from the edge, below which it seemed\\nto drop sheer several thousand feet. From intense\\nfrost my gloves were frozen so stiff that notes and\\nsketches had to be done with bare hands.\\nThe most conspicuous and interesting part of the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0293.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "188 {\u00c2\u00a3be TRochies of Canada\\nwhole vast panorama was the lofty summit of Mt.\\nForbes, beyond the valley of Glacier Lake. This\\nmountain and another about ten miles to the west\\nwere the two highest peaks in sight, and each is\\nprobably between thirteen thousand and fourteen\\nthousand feet in altitude. Glaciers of very large size\\ncome from these mountains and terminate a few miles\\nabove the lake. The whole valley of the Saskat-\\nchewan to its upper end and in the opposite direc-\\ntion for many miles below the mouths of the North\\nand Little Forks was clearly visible. There was a very\\nhigh rocky peak in a group of mountains east of the\\nLittle Fork that occupies the position of Hector s Mt.\\nMurchison, which he calculated to be 13,600 feet\\nhigh. This mountain is hidden away in a group\\nthat must be seventy-five miles in circumference,\\nand so it is rarely seen. There was a fine view to\\nthe north, where a wild and desolate valley, thou-\\nsands of feet below, was dominated by a castle-\\nlike mountain over eleven thousand feet high, cut\\nin ruins like ancient towers and battlements. Of\\nfour plates exposed on this mountain only one was\\nsuccessful, so I had a narrow escape from failing\\naltogether in getting a view of Mt. Forbes, which,\\nbecause of its great height, is veiled from view\\nby clouds and is frequently invisible for weeks at\\na time.\\nOn Thursday, October 20th, the day broke grey\\nand unsettled, with the highest mountains touched\\nby clouds. We continued our march up the", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0294.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0295.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0296.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "^Ultimate Sources of tbe (Sreat IRiver 189\\nSaskatchewan valley, and urged the horses rapidly\\nover a level gravel plain at such speed as to make in\\nall ten miles. On the west side of the valley there is\\na stupendous wall of rock between eleven thousand\\nand twelve thousand feet high, which terminates in\\nthe giant peak of Mt. Forbes, a little to the north.\\nAbout four miles from our camping place there is a\\ngroup of curious rounded hills rising like forested\\nislands from the sea of gravel.\\nThere was a strong raw wind against us, and\\nbecause of our water-soaked boots, half frozen by\\ncontact with snow, it was altogether too cold to\\nkeep in the saddle long, and everyone walked most\\nof the time. We made camp in a miserable place\\nof stunted timber half killed by gravel which had\\nbeen washed over the place by some change of the\\nriver s course not many years before. The river\\nhere divides into three streams. The smallest, near\\nour camp, comes from the Howse Pass, less than\\nthree miles distant the other two come from a\\nvalley to the south-east, each, curiously enough,\\nflowing on opposite sides of a flat valley. In the\\nafternoon I walked some three miles up the valley to\\nwhere the lesser stream comes in from the west,\\nand as it heads at the base of Mt. Forbes, 1 followed\\nit a mile or so farther, till presently the current be-\\ncame rapid, the valley narrow, and the water closely\\nhemmed in by rocky banks, so that walking was\\nvery difficult. The snow was a foot deep in this\\nlittle valley, where the sun and wind could not exert", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0297.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "190 Zhc IRocMes of Cana a\\ntheir influence as in the open. The stream on the\\nother side of the valley is larger and comes from a\\nglacier several miles distant. This whole region was\\nvery thoroughly examined last summer by Messrs.\\nBaker, Collie, and Stutfield, who not only explored\\nthe large glacier, which is supposed to be ten or fif-\\nteen miles long, but went up the other stream several\\nmiles to the base of Mt. Forbes, in the hope of\\nascending it. The flood of waters that sweeps down\\nhere in summer from the long glacier has cut chan-\\nnels three or four feet deep, lined with immense\\nboulders, across the whole bottom of the valley.\\nThis is the chief stream or source of the Saskatchewan.\\nDuring the night the wind came up in fitful\\ngusts the stars were no longer bright points, but\\nfoggy spots seen through a thin mist bands of\\ncloud swept along the mountain sides almost as low\\nas our camp, and at length the whole sky was over-\\ncast. The barometer was much lower at midnight.\\nBy i a.m. snow began to fall, which was a cause for\\nno little apprehension, as we were far from the\\nrailroad.\\nOn Friday, October 2 1 st, the sky was still threat-\\nening, though very little snow had fallen. We were\\non the march soon after ten o clock, and reached the\\nsummit of the Howse Pass in an hour. This pass\\nwas made known to the traders of the North-west\\nFur Company about 18 10 by a man of the name of\\nHowse or Hawes, and was at onetime much used by\\nthe Kootenay Indians, who came over the mountains", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0298.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "descent of tbe Blaeberr? 191\\nand bartered with the fur traders at a place\\nabout three days journey down the Saskatchewan,\\nnow known from this circumstance as the Kootenay\\nPlain. This route is now impassable, as fire has run\\nthrough the forests in the lower part of the Blaeberry\\nvalley, and the timber has fallen for many miles.\\nThe pass itself is about eighteen miles from the\\nLittle Fork and fifty-three hundred feet in altitude.\\nAt this ooint we were seven days journey from\\nthe railroad by either of two routes, the one by\\nwhich we had come, or another, which, by going\\ndown the Blaeberry one day s march and then over\\na pass to the south-east, would bring us to the Kick-\\ning Horse River, and so to Field, in British Columbia.\\nThe latter route seemed preferable, as it would be\\nthrough a new region.\\nThe descent into the Blaeberry is one of the\\nmost trying exploits that the mountains offer. We\\ncommenced to descend rapidly the channel of a\\nbrawling mountain torrent, crossing from side to\\nside constantly, so that our horses were compelled\\nto climb up and down steep banks, to scramble over\\nimmense logs, or sometimes to force a way down\\nthe boulder-strewn bed of the stream. As there\\nwas no trail, Peyto had to lead the way by what-\\never route appeared best, and in several places our\\nhorses had to slide on their haunches down steep\\nbanks forty or fifty feet high, jump into the torrent,\\ncross it, and then ascend a similar bank on the other\\nside at the greatest risk of accident and to the no", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0299.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "192 Zbe IRoclues of Canafca\\nlittle trial of our own nerves. A trail appeared after\\nthree hours of such labour, and we camped about\\nten miles down the valley. It rained hard all night,\\nturning to snow in the morning.\\nThis Blaeberry River flows west to the Columbia,\\nand was formerly much used as a route across the\\nmountains. In 1882, when parties were still explor-\\ning for a good railroad pass across the range, Tom\\nWilson was sent on foot up the Bow to the Sas-\\nkatchewan and thence by the Howse Pass down the\\nBlaeberry. This trying feat was only accomplished\\nafter the last morsel of food was eaten on the road\\nand his clothes torn in the burnt timber. Again in\\n1887 Wilson took two gentlemen on a hunting trip\\ninto the same region and tells the following story of\\ntheir adventures\\nli We lost our axe and got caught in heavy wind-\\nfall, where we had a very rough time, as no other\\nparty had been over the trail for years. On one\\noccasion, to get around some bad timber, we had to\\ncross along a steep slope at the top of a cut bank,\\nwhere, if a man or horse rolled into the river he was\\ngone, as we were only a few feet above a narrow\\ncanyon. 1 unsaddled the horses and led them over\\none at a time. After the horses were safe, the two\\nhunters followed. The last was almost across when\\nhis feet slipped from under him. He gave a yell and\\ngrabbed a root that was sticking out of the bank.\\nHe was stretched at full length and his arm was ex-\\ntended so that he had no chance to pull himself up.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0300.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Hn Hnec ote of tbe pioneers 193\\nThe rough gravel would have held him even if he\\nhad lost his grip on the root. So at first we laughed\\nat him, but seeing the look of terror in his face I\\nshouted You are all right. You can t slide down\\nthere. Who is trying to slide said he. Bring a\\nrope.\\nA few weeks before my own trip, Messrs. Collie\\nand Baker had discovered a pass out of this Blaeberry\\nvalley. It was our purpose to follow it, and under\\nPeyto s guidance we turned up a small stream which\\nenters from the south. A rough scramble over\\nboulders and gravel was followed by an exceedingly\\nsteep ascent of a wooded slope. Snow lay on the\\nground in shaded places, and as we ascended it be-\\ncame deeper. It was fifteen inches deep after we\\nhad climbed twelve hundred feet. Our bearings\\nwere by compass, as storms during the day shut out\\nany view of the mountains. By nightfall we were\\nnearly at tree-line and found ourselves surrounded\\nby unbroken forests. No suitable place for a camp\\ncould be found on the mountain side, and in despera-\\ntion we unpacked our horses in thick woods. Our\\npoor horses were turned loose in deep snow where\\nthere was nothing to eat. Avalanches of snow fell\\nfrom the trees at every stroke of the axe and several\\ntimes put out our struggling fire.\\nIn the morning eighteen inches of snow covered\\nthe ground. Peyto had a hard tramp up the mount-\\nain for our horses, which had fasted the long wintry\\nnight. Packing up was trying work, as it was", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0301.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "i94 Zbe TRocMee of Cana a\\nimpossible to get thoroughly warm, and even our\\ngloves were frozen. Every rope and canvas cover was\\nstiff with granular ice, making them weigh twice as\\nmuch as usual. While being packed, our famished\\nhorses bit off bark and twigs from the neighbouring\\nbushes.\\nOur camp had been high on a mountain whence\\nwe could see the deep Blaeberry valley to the west,\\nwhile more to the south lay the pass which we were\\ntrying to reach. We continued to make a traverse\\nof the mountain side, which was heavily wooded and\\nintersected by several ravines. We were just started\\non our march when a thick snow-storm commenced\\nand shut out every landmark. The general slope of\\nthe mountain and the compass were our only guides.\\nThe steep-banked gullies gave us several exasperat-\\ning climbs or forced us to descend long distances to\\nfind a safe way across, and eventually one of them\\ncompelled us to descend to the bottom of the valley,\\nrunning, fortunately, in the same direction that we\\nwished to go. It led no doubt to the pass, though\\nPeyto could not recognise any familiar landmarks in\\nthe heavy storm. Another twenty-four hours of\\nstorm would have made our position rather serious.\\nThe snow was now over two feet deep and increased\\nas we approached the pass. Peyto and I went ahead\\nand broke a path for the horses, but even then some\\nof them lay down in the snow and groaned pitifully,\\nfor they had had very poor feed throughout the en-\\ntire trip and none during the past night. Urging", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0302.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0303.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0304.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "1beat Snowfall anb a XKIlintr^ Camp 195\\nthem on, we continued marching and were glad to\\nfind the slope becoming more and more gentle, till\\nat length a level space with the clouds beyond\\nshowed that the pass summit had been reached.\\nWe made camp in three feet of snow and turned our\\nhorses out in a meadow, where they got some grass\\nby pawing away the snow. Tall spruces surrounded\\nthe meadow, which was a uniform white expanse\\nunbroken by any projecting branch or bush. Clouds\\nand occasional snow-storms made a wintry sky and\\ntowards evening the sun broke through and cast a\\ncheerful light over a massive mountain to the west.\\nOur camp at this point was at the head of the\\nnorth branch of the Kicking Horse River, and every\\nstep would now lead us nearer civilisation and to\\nlower altitudes. In three days, after having been ex-\\nposed for more than two weeks to nearly constant\\nstorms, we reached Field, where there was no snow\\nand even a few autumn flowers were in blossom.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0305.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII\\nPLAN TO EXPLORE AN INTERESTING REGION DESOLATION\\nVALLEY UNUSUAL AUGUST SNOW-STORMS FIRST VIEW\\nOF MORAINE LAKE ITS MARVELLOUS BEAUTY WE IN-\\nVESTIGATE A NEIGHBOURING STREAM ALPINE LAKES\\nSLOW PROGRESS THROUGH THE PATHLESS WOODS A\\nDESERTED MINING CAMP FIND SOME USEFUL PROVIS-\\nIONS OUR HORSES DISAPPEAR ALONE IN THE WILDER-\\nNESS RELIEF AT LAST MAGNIFICENT VIEW OF THE\\nVERMILION PASS ANOTHER LARGE LAKE DISCOVERED\\nCURIOUS IMPURITIES IN THE WATER EXPLORE TWO VAL-\\nLEYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA A PROSPECTOR S CAMP\\nPEYTO S HORSES LEAVE HIM A TREACHEROUS RAFT\\nBAFFLED BY MINERS TRAILS REAL SOURCE OF THE\\nVERMILION AN ENCHANTED MOUNTAIN THE RIVER\\nDIVIDES INTO MANY SMALL STREAMS TRYING DESCENT\\nOF THE OTTERTAIL RIVER A PAINFUL ACCIDENT A\\nTEN-HOUR MARCH BEAUTY OF o HARA LAKE\\nA REGION that is sure to be popular in the\\nnear future lies south of Lake Louise. For\\nmany years it had been an object of my\\nambition to explore this part of the Rockies, which,\\nthough skirted on two sides by the railroad, was not\\nmapped in its interior. My plan to enter this region\\nwas at length, in 1899, perfected. More precisely it\\nmight be described as the Summit Range of the\\n196", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0306.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Go fiyplore an Interesting IRegion 197\\nRockies between the Bow River on the east, the\\nVermilion and Ottertail rivers on the west, the Kick-\\ning Horse Pass on the north, and the Vermilion Pass\\non the south. It was my idea to skirt round the\\nouter edge of this nearly rectangular block of mount-\\nains, whose area was about three hundred square\\nmiles, and to ascend every stream and valley which\\noffered a route into the interior.\\nTo facilitate our progress through an unmapped\\nand trailless region, where good nature and patience\\nwould, no doubt, be put to the final test in over-\\ncoming countless unforeseen obstacles, I reduced my\\noutfit to the minimum size. It consisted of one man,\\nRoss Peecock, upon whose good nature I justly\\nplaced great reliance, and four horses, two of which\\nwe rode.\\nWe left the chalet at Lake Louise on the 1 3th of\\nAugust, and crossing the bridge which had recently\\nbeen made over the stream from the lake, left the\\ntrail and entered the woods. Following a nearly\\nlevel traverse, we reached the mouth of Paradise\\nValley in two hours. Our journey for the next two\\nor three hours was through swampy meadows or\\nheavy forests, till at length the slopes falling away\\nto the south, and glimpses of new mountains appear-\\ning through the trees, showed that Desolation Val-\\nley had been reached. The woods were open and\\neasy to travel. As we descended some gently slop-\\ning meadows, the grand range of jagged peaks on\\nthe south of Desolation Valley came into view. A", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0307.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "198 Zbc IRocMes of Cana a\\nfew minutes later we were at the border of the\\nvalley stream, which flows in shallow rapids over a\\nbed of rusty-coloured stones. We made camp higher\\nup the valley, where the stream expands to a width\\nof one hundred yards and makes a chain of pools\\ndecorated with low islands. A strong south wind\\nand threatening sky caused us to put our tent up\\nquickly, as a storm could be seen coming over the\\nmountains, and in a short time a warm summer rain\\nwas falling.\\nShowers fell during the night and developed into\\na continuous downpour all the following day. It\\ngrew cooler, and in the early evening a slight whit-\\nening of snow appeared on the flanks of Mt. Temple,\\nopposite us. About ten o clock at night the rain\\nsuddenly changed to snow.\\nA foot of snow lay on the ground in the morn-\\ning and the storm continuing all day, added another\\nsix inches by evening. This August snow-storm,\\nat an altitude of less than six thousand feet, is the\\nmost remarkable freak of weather that 1 have ever\\nexperienced.\\nThe snow-storm ceased in the night and by morn-\\ning there were signs of clearing. The snow settled\\nrapidly, though there was but little sun. Overcome\\nby our enforced idleness of two days, I set out in\\nthe afternoon for a tramp up the valley. Some years\\nbefore, Allen and I had seen a fine lake in this valley\\nfrom the sides of Mt. Temple, and I hoped now to\\nfind it. I walked about a mile and a half and came", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0308.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "flDoraine Xafte 199\\nto a ravine, where a roaring cascade, encumbered\\nwith logs and great boulders, comes out of the valley\\nto the south-east. I got across on a slippery log, and\\nafter another mile, came to a massive pile of stones,\\nwhere the water gurgles as it rushes along in sub-\\nterranean channels. Ascending a ridge about fifty\\nfeet high, there lay before me one of the most beauti-\\nful lakes that I have ever seen.\\nThis lake, which 1 called Moraine Lake, from\\nthe ridge of glacial formation at its lower end, is\\nabout a mile and a half long. A green forest covers\\nthe north shore, while the opposite side is overhung\\nby a high precipice. Two large piles of debris\\nfrom the mountains dip into the lake and encroach\\nupon its surface in semicircular lines. An imposing\\ncliff, like a Tower of Babel, makes a grand terminus\\nto the range of mountains on this side of the valley.\\nBeyond the water is a succession of high peaks ris-\\ning five or six thousand feet above it, with a few\\nshort glaciers among them. The water is very clear\\nand of the characteristic blue-green colour. A num-\\nber of logs were floating on it in various places,\\nwhile others crowded the shore and raised the water\\nlevel by damming up the outlet stream. Part of the\\nwater escapes by subterranean channels among the\\nquartzite and shale ledges of the moraine, and the rest\\nflows out at the north-west end through an im-\\nmense mass of logs. I think these trees have been\\nstripped down by snow-slides and hurled into the\\nlake during some recent winter.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0309.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "200 Zbe IRocfcies of Canada\\nAt the time of my arrival the lake was partly\\ncalm and reflected the rough escarpments and cliffs\\nfrom its surface. No scene has ever given me an\\nequal impression of inspiring solitude and rugged\\ngrandeur. I stood on a great stone of the moraine\\nwhere, from a slight elevation, a magnificent view\\nof the lake lay before me, and while studying the\\ndetails of this unknown and unvisited spot, spent\\nthe happiest half-hour of my life.\\nElated with this beautiful discovery, I followed\\nthe ridge, and after crossing the outlet stream, went\\nback to camp by a different route, firmly decided\\nthat no time should be lost in moving our camp to\\nthe shores of Moraine Lake. 1 related my trip to\\nRoss while we ate supper and picked the bones of a\\ngrouse we had killed.\\nWe were up at five o clock the next morning.\\nThe weather was beautifully clear and only six\\ninches of snow were left. A potentilla, a bushy\\nplant covered with bright yellow flowers, which\\ngrew inside our tent, had cheered us for several\\nstormy days. Out of the thousands of flowers in\\nthis valley, it alone had escaped the snow by the\\nchance of our tent s protection. However, one of\\nour hungry horses noticed the plant as the only\\ngreen thing in sight and quickly consumed it.\\nWe reached the lake in an hour and made camp\\na short distance down the left bank. The snow\\nwas completely gone near its shore, because, for\\nsome reason, much less had fallen here than farther", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0310.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0313.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0314.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Its flDarvellous Beaut? 201\\ndown the valley. We spread our blankets on the\\nground in the bright sun, to dry. While Ross was\\nputting things in order I hurried over to the moraine\\nridge with my large camera and photographed the\\nlake. The effects were fine, and some misty clouds\\nwere rolling over the high mountain peaks. While\\nI was at this Ross caught a fine trout, which we ate\\nfor lunch. In the afternoon we walked to the other\\nend of the lake and, though the country was open,\\nwere surprised to find that it required forty minutes.\\nFrom this end a narrow gorge may be seen across\\nthe lake, above which is a hanging glacier and an\\nimposing snow mountain of great height. The\\nwoods in this part of the valley had been burnt over\\na long time ago. The new trees are about fifty\\nyears old, so that the general appearance is that of a\\ngreen forest. Some of the trees destroyed by the\\nold fire were very large, as is shown by logs three\\nor four feet in diameter.\\nThe mountains roared all day. Repeated ava-\\nlanches of snow came from Mt. Temple, and the\\nlong winding streams could be seen moving among\\nthe cliffs, attended by a noise like thunder. In the\\nevening a considerable rock-slide fell on a slope\\nacross the lake. Several great masses of stone came\\noff the mountain and descended in tremendous leaps,\\nmaking a ripping sound like that of a cannon-ball.\\nOne of these struck a large stone and burst into\\npieces with a loud report and a cloud of dust.\\nThe site of our camp was delightful. The ground", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0315.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "202 \u00c2\u00a3be IRoctaes of Canaba\\nwas smooth and hard and had a slight slope towards\\nthe water. The seasoned driftwood along the shore\\nmade the best kind of camp-fire and the balsam trees\\nbehind our tent gave us fine flat boughs for our beds.\\nFrom a large log in the lake, just in front of our tent,\\nwe caught ten trout in the evening. We got a long\\npole and attached two hooks to the smaller end. To\\nthe other, we tied a line, and then giving the pole a\\nshove, it carried the hooks far out into the lake. In\\na moment the pole could be seen to move and then\\nto swim away, this way and that, showing a fish\\nhad taken the bait. We soon had all we wanted\\nand a great swarm of hungry fish appeared in the\\nclear water under our floating dock. They are a\\nkind of speckled trout, and the largest was seventeen\\nand one-half inches long, though none were less than\\nfourteen inches. We had fresh fish from the lake at\\nfive minutes notice for every meal thereafter.\\nA stream enters the valley about one mile below\\nthe lake. It comes from the south-east beyond the\\ncurious and impressive rock cliff, which we called\\nthe Tower of Babel. On the 19th we started to\\nexplore the valley whence it came. I carried my\\ncamera, and Ross our luncheon and a pail in which\\nto make hot coffee. Just as we were off, the sun\\ncame over the mountain and illumined our pretty\\ntent with a flood of light, while the dark lake and\\ncliff beyond seemed almost gloomy by contrast. We\\nscrambled over the log dam and the massive ledges\\nof the moraine, to the other side. The woods were", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0316.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "a IReiQbbouring Stream 203\\nmoist with night dew and a myriad drops of water,\\nlike rounded diamonds, were delicately poised on the\\ntender leaves of the white-flowered rhododendron.\\nNo other bush holds so much rain or dew on its\\nfoliage, and to avoid the showers we used long sticks\\nto shake them as we advanced. We climbed to the\\nbase of the Tower of Babel in half an hour, and looked\\ndown into a new valley. It was not far to the\\nstream, and in a short time we stood upon its bank.\\nOpen woods made our way easy through this new\\nand pleasing region. Suddenly a long stretch of water\\nopened before us and disclosed a beautiful scene.\\nBeyond the pretty banks of the stream, lined with\\nbirch and willow bushes, appeared in the distance\\nan Alpine peak, fringed with a narrow border of ice\\nnear its tooth-like crest. In the middle distance on\\nthe left stood a forest, while on the right, there was\\nan open grassy meadow. The shallow stream flowed\\ngently in an extended channel, where the quiet\\nsurface, interrupted by stones or the ripples of slow\\nmoving water, reflected the distant peak. Every-\\nthing in these surroundings helped to make one of\\nthe most beautiful pictures that I have ever seen in\\nthe Rockies. I was very anxious for a photograph\\nof this spot, so while Ross lay on a mossy bank,\\nI searched for a good position and endeavoured\\nto group the bushy banks and mountains in har-\\nmonious lines. We were very much pleased with\\nthe place, and Ross suggested that, since the other\\nwas called Desolation Valley, we might call this", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0317.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "204 Zhe IRocMes of Canada\\nConsolation Valley, a name that seemed quite\\nappropriate.\\nOn the south side of this valley is a rock pre-\\ncipice, commencing with the Tower of Babel, and\\nthen gradually increasing in height eastward, till it\\nterminates in the Alpine peak just described. The\\nface of the wall is more nearly perpendicular than any\\n1 have seen. Some of the cliffs, for nearly a thousand\\nfeet, must have an angle of between eighty-five and\\neighty-eight degrees, while the extreme height is\\nabout four thousand feet from the valley.\\nWe followed the stream for some distance and\\ncame to a small lake. Beyond this was another, of\\nsimilar size, separated from it only by a narrow ridge\\nof stones. Leaving Ross at the first and telling him\\nto expect me back in two hours, I continued to ex-\\nplore the valley. The second lake rests against a\\nglacier which discharges pieces of ice and solid snow\\ninto the water. Some of these were floating about\\nlike small icebergs, and others were stranded on\\nrough stones of the shore. The ripples were flash-\\ning in sunlight, and some ducks were swimming\\nover the water. Among the massive ledges of this\\nold moraine a few birds were flitting about, and I\\nwas delighted to hear again the plaintive song of the\\nwhite-crested sparrow. This was a characteristic\\nupland lake of the Rockies, where glaciers, moraine,\\nand forest made a perfect picture of Alpine beauty. I\\nwalked round the lake to the music of rivulets and\\nthe frightened squeak of picas through meadows of", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0318.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0319.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0320.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "Hlpine Xaftes 205\\nflowers, recently covered by snow and beaten down\\nby storms, but as fresh and bright in colour as ever.\\nThe blue sky above was flecked by snowy clouds,\\nand the sun s heat made frequent avalanches of ice on\\nthe opposite mountain.\\nI climbed more than one thousand feet on the\\nridge north-east of the lake, and saw two passes, one\\nopening to the east, and the other on the left, proba-\\nbly into the Bow valley. Later explorations would\\nsolve these problems. As 1 was climbing, the sky\\nsuddenly thickened and became threatening. The\\nair grew colder and seemed to be ready for snow, so\\nthat as a sufficient height had been reached to com-\\nmand a view of the entire valley, I returned to the\\nlake where Ross was waiting. Here I had a delicious\\nlunch of bread, marmalade, and coffee.\\nWe followed the stream bank and had an easy\\ntrip back to our camp. In the evening we caught a\\ndozen trout to take with us on the next day s march,\\nfor it was now necessary to continue our journey\\ntowards the Vermilion Pass.\\nAugust 20th. The weather was threatening in\\nthe morning. Bands of mist swept above the lake\\nand against the mountains, driven by strong winds\\nin opposite directions, making grand cloud effects.\\nWe bade farewell to Moraine Lake about 10.30, and\\nfollowed the left bank of the stream, past our first\\ncamp, to where this valley opens into that of the\\nBow. Here we turned south, crossed the stream,\\nand commenced to ascend the ridge which faces the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0321.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "206 Zhc IRocfties of Canaba\\nBow valley. We soon got into a dense forest on a\\nsteep slope, where very slow progress was made in\\nspite of much chopping of wood and urging of horses.\\nThinking it best to get above the tree-line, we as-\\ncended, and for a time, had easy travel, but presently\\ncame to a long rock-slide, which it was impossible\\nto get above or to cross. Nothing was left but to\\ndescend and lose all our hard-earned climb. These\\nrock-slides are barren piles of broken, lichen-covered\\nstones of considerable size, easy for a man to scram-\\nble over, but impossible for horses. Several hundred\\nfeet below we found a way for the pack animals, and\\nabout evening, made camp in the woods on the\\nmountain side, 6600 feet above sea-level. On this\\nshady north slope some snow from the great storm\\nwas still left. As we unpacked it commenced to\\nrain, and a drizzle continued until morning.\\nI had learned from Wilson that about opposite the\\nstation of Eldon, there is an old copper mine and\\nseveral log shacks built by the miners, but abandoned\\nlong since. As it was in an upland park of great\\nbeauty, it seemed well to make it a camping place\\non our trip. So the following day we ascended\\nwherever any obstacle appeared and gradually in-\\ncreased our altitude. Heavy timber and swampy\\nplaces with moss-covered rock-slides gave us great\\ndifficulty. Ross and I led alternately, for it appeared\\nthat the responsibility of finding a way through the\\nunending obstacles and of cutting trees entailed too\\nmuch labour for either one constantly. Two hours of", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0322.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Slow progress 207\\nsuch work were enough to exhaust all of one s good\\ntemper and patience. It was surprising with what a\\nwill and dash either of us would commence to lead\\nthe procession, and how, after a time, this gave way\\nto hopeless despair. Then from the front something\\nlike this would be heard. It is absolutely impossi-\\nble to get through here. There is a rock-slide on\\none side and the timber is piled five feet high on the\\nother. Then why don t you go ahead? came\\nfrom the rear. Because I am standing on the edge\\nof a cliff twenty feet high. About such times we\\nsimply changed leadership, and while one rested his\\nnerves, the other used his in making a slow advance.\\nAbout mid-afternoon we came to an old trail\\nwhich descended the slope and soon led us to groves\\nof Lyall s larch and upland meadows. The miners\\ncabins appeared above us, and in half an hour we\\nwere unsaddling our horses in this miniature deserted\\nvillage. Some immense larches covered the ridge\\nand the place was delightfully open and beautiful.\\nThese Alpine meadows have a wealth of colouring\\nimpossible to describe. In the short grass a multi-\\ntude of antennarias grow their leaves covered with\\na whitish down, which makes a silver sheen when\\nwet with rain and turns the drops to pearls. The\\nsquare-stemmed white and purple bryanthus revels\\nin these meadows, and above them the heads of ane-\\nmones and the varied-coloured painted-cup, with pur-\\nple, scarlet, yellow, white, or greenish flowers, make\\na gay display of colour. These are the commonest", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0323.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "208 Zbe IRocfciea of Canaba\\nplants, but you will see bluebells, larkspur, vale-\\nrian, forget-me-nots, and many others among them.\\nAfter the horses were turned loose and our tent\\nset up, Ross and I investigated the old shacks. They\\nwere low houses about twelve feet square and built\\nof logs. Inside one of them were some rough\\nsleeping places, strewn with boughs. There were\\ntwo bags of flour and several others containing\\ncoffee, beans, or sugar. In a rough cupboard, made\\nof a box nailed to the wall, were several dozen tins\\nof tomatoes, condensed milk, and various condi-\\nments. An iron stove was rusting under the leaky\\nroof, and the porcupines had played havoc with the\\nflour and other accessible food, much of which was\\nvalueless. We took a supply of condensed milk,\\nsugar, corn-starch, and tomatoes, to eke out our pile\\nof provisions, and used some golden syrup, which\\nwe discovered, to flavour our flap-jacks. Ross knew\\nhow to make them remarkably light and wholesome.\\nThe other shack was dry and in far better condi-\\ntion, but offered nothing to our purpose. Suspended\\nby a cotton string to a rusty nail in the roof, was a\\ncase labelled Five Hundred Detonating Caps, and\\na few feet away on the floor was a heavy box labelled\\nPowder, which probably contained enough ex-\\nplosive to tear a hole in the mountain and arouse\\nthe natives from Banff to Laggan.\\nDuring the afternoon it rained, but in the night it\\ngrew much colder and began to snow. The weather\\nwas still dubious in the morning, though the sun", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0324.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "H 2 e$erte fIDining Camp 209\\nbroke through the clouds by noon. I ascended a\\nridge beyond the copper mine, which was not far\\ndistant, to a height of eight thousand feet, and got\\na fine view of the Bow valley from beyond the\\nVermilion Pass to the river s source, a sweep of\\nabout forty-five miles. In the afternoon I went into\\na beautiful open vale, west of our camp, and after\\nclimbing the ridge beyond, looked down on a fine\\nlake nearly a mile in length. It lay several hundred\\nfeet below, and after a rapid descent through a thick\\nwoods, I found myself by the shore. A small glac-\\nier and a barren pile of moraine debris were seen\\nbeyond the lake, while the slopes on either side were\\nmore cheerful sweeps of forests and green slides.\\nThe shore is flat and mossy, and some purple asters\\nand bright castilleias made a pretty colouring among\\nthe rough quartzite stones and broken timber lining\\nthe water s edge. Two young ducks were playing\\non the blue water.\\nThe lake sends a considerable stream towards the\\nBow and is joined not far from the lake by another\\nwhich comes from the open vale near our camp. I\\ncrossed the outlet stream on floating logs, which had\\ndrifted from the lake, and climbed a high ridge on the\\nother side. The top of this was a mass of tottering\\ncliffs, so much disintegrated by frost and weather\\nthat they seemed dangerous to approach. From\\nthis I saw another short valley, with several small\\nlakes, the lowest of which is crescent-shaped. Af-\\nter sketching the streams and mountains I descended", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0325.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "210 Gbe TRockies of Cana a\\ninto the valley and then made my way back to\\ncamp through the woods, trying to find a good\\nroute for our horses. The last mile to camp was\\nup a beautiful torrent with grassy banks and noble\\ntrees on either side. One spruce was more than\\nfour feet in diameter. This whole region, for a mile\\nor more, is a veritable park of Lyall s larch, and\\nabounds in picas, marmots, and porcupines, one of\\nwhich I came upon as I approached camp.\\nTowards evening the weather thickened, and\\nshowers of sleet and snow fell. The moon was a\\nlittle past full, and during the cold night, it broke\\nthrough the clouds and mists that were sweeping\\nover the mountains. The cliffs loomed dark through\\nghostly and fleeting shrouds of fog, and the sharp-\\nlined shadows of the larches above us were thrown\\nin bright moonlight upon our ice-covered tent.\\nRain in the morning made the fourteenth day of\\nalmost consecutive stormy weather, which is past\\nall precedent for the month of August. Much de-\\nlayed already by storms, it was necessary to make\\nrapid and long marches henceforth. However, a\\nnew contingency had arisen, our horses had dis-\\nappeared Ross searched for them all the morning,\\nand returned about two p.m., saying he had been\\nnearly to Eldon, in the Bow valley, east of our\\ncamp. Again in the evening we both set out, I up\\nthe ridge, and Ross towards the muskegs and\\nmeadows below our camp to the north. No sign\\nof our animals was discovered. A curious effect", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0326.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9ur Iborses IDisappear 211\\non our imagination was made by our trying to hear\\nthe bell. Both of us fancied we could hear it, ring-\\ning constantly, in one direction or another, though\\nwe could not agree upon the locality.\\nIt was useless to waste more time hunting over\\nthe vast extent of open country that surrounded our\\ncamp, so I decided to send Ross back to Laggan, and\\nthen by rail to Banff, for more horses, or another man\\nto find our own. Owing to the cold weather I had\\nno doubt we would be able to cross the streams\\nwhich come out of Desolation and Paradise valleys.\\nIn the morning at eight o clock Ross started for Laggan.\\nLeft absolutely alone in the wilderness for the first time,\\nI spent the entire morning gathering fire-wood which\\nthe miners had cut, and making camp comfortable and\\nneat. At night I banked the camp-fire, and in the\\nmorning, after eleven hours, it was still burning.\\nAugust 25th. Fog and snow showers were the\\ncurtain raiser this morning. The continuous per-\\nformance began at ten o clock with a heavy snow-\\nstorm, accompanied by a rapidly falling barometer.\\nThe best weather so far at this camp has been merely\\na temporary cessation of either rain, wind, or snow.\\nMy two pairs of boots and a pair of slippers are\\nalternately drying before the fire. When all are\\nsoaked, I go to bed. This performance repeated\\nabout ten times makes up a full day.\\nRoss has now been gone for two days, and I had\\nalmost hoped he would return to-night. The baro-\\nmeter is rising steadily at last, and the highest peaks", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0327.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "212 Zbc IRocfties of Cana a\\nare disclosed through clinging clouds. The sun at\\nevening shed a pale golden glow through the larches,\\nwhile to the east the mountains and clouds were\\nbathed in a rich purple light. From near our tent\\nthe valley can be seen as it sweeps down in magni-\\nficent forest slopes, making a descent of about three\\nthousand feet to the Bow River, three or four miles\\ndistant. The railroad can be seen nearly from Banff\\nto Laggan, and the Imperial Flyer is in view for\\nforty-five minutes, creeping apparently like a snail\\nthrough the valley. It is getting colder, and at\\nseven o clock the tent is stiff as parchment with ice.\\nAugust 26th. The sun shone and the barometer\\nwas rising. I could still hear that bell ringing, but\\npaid no attention to my fancies. However, it con-\\ntinued, and at length I imagined 1 could hear the\\ntramping of horses. Then the bell sounded louder\\nthan ever. 1 got up, dressed hastily, and came out\\nof the tent just in time to see all our horses come\\ngalloping into camp Ross would arrive in a few\\nminutes, no doubt, and 1 gave the horses salt, so\\nthey would stay near camp. After a little, I tied\\none to a tree and made breakfast. It began to snow\\nagain and the barometer was falling. Why did Ross\\nnot come, and where had the horses been all this\\ntime\\n1 climbed the ridge in the hope of getting a shot\\nat a sheep I had seen on a previous trip, or at least\\nof getting some ptarmigans for supper. I got neither\\nthe sheep nor the ptarmigans, but thought I heard far", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0328.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Falls\\nRoutes\\nv i$$ Glac/ers\\nSKETCH OF A PART OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS BETWEEN THE KICKING-HORSE AND VERMILlON PASSES.\\nFROM A ROUGH SURVEY BY THE AUTHOR.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0329.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0330.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Hlone In tbe THRU ernese 213\\nin the distance the sound of wood-chopping. Relief\\nat last Ross and someone else were coming up\\nfrom Eldon and had horses with them, because they\\nwere cutting trees fallen across the trail. 1 descended\\ninto the meadow, where a coyote was hunting the\\npicas and marmots, and soon reached camp. All\\nwas as I left it, so there was no relief after all. Ross\\nhad been gone nearly three days, and it occurred to\\nme that he may not have reached Laggan at all.\\nWhat if he had sprained his ankle, or met with some\\nmishap in the timber and rock-slides of the pathless\\nwilderness between here and Laggan\\nI spent the afternoon writing notes, while snow\\nfell outside. About five o clock 1 heard a shout, but\\nmy imagination of late had been playing strange\\npranks. A moment later I felt sure 1 heard more\\nshouting. 1 answered with vigour, and putting on\\nfire-wood, fanned it into a blaze. Presently shouts\\nagain came out of the storm from the ridge above\\nour camp. I replied repeatedly, for it was snowing\\nhard, and a dense fog through which only the near-\\nest trees were visible, and those but little beyond,\\nappeared like ghostly forms, enveloped everything.\\nTwo riders emerged from the gloom, and I recog-\\nnised Tom Lusk and Ross Peecock. I served the\\nmen at once with an excellent camp dinner of bean\\nsoup, broiled ham, tea, bannocks, and apple sauce.\\nFor dessert I proudly set forth a newly discovered\\ndish made of cornstarch blanc mange and marma-\\nlade, flavoured with Scotch whiskey. The dinner", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0331.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "214 Gbe IRocMes of Canaba\\nwas pronounced a great success, and the orange\\npudding, especially, was praised by Tom, who\\nsmacked the flavour of Scotch with gusto.\\nI told about the horses coming into camp, and\\nlearned how Ross had reached Laggan in five hours\\nand gone to Banff by rail that day. Here he saw\\nWilson, and returned with Tom Lusk, camping the\\nfirst night at Hillsdale. On Saturday they reached\\nEldon and forded the Bow in four feet of water, as\\nthe river is very high. The Saskatchewan at Ed-\\nmonton is in great flood and carrying down houses\\nas a result of this abnormal weather in the mount-\\nains. It snowed so hard all night that the poles\\nbent and nearly let down the tent. In the morning\\nthere were six inches of new snow on the ground\\nthough the sun was struggling through the clouds.\\nThe brilliant mountains and the larch trees, bending\\ntheir branches in submission to the burden of snow,\\nmade a marvellous but chilly picture for midsummer.\\nTom Lusk packed up and left us in the morning\\nas our horses had discovered themselves. The\\nnewly arrived ponies and our own bit and kicked\\none another, for cayuses recognise friends or ene-\\nmies in every strange outfit. Tom left us with pro-\\ntestations of his unwillingness to go. It would\\nhave been dangerous to our horses to travel through\\nthe woods while there was so much snow, so we\\nremained in camp an entire day, and on the 28th set\\nout towards the Vermilion Pass, by traversing the\\nflanks of the mountains, as we had done hitherto.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0332.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "flDagnificent Diew of tbe IDermilion Jpaes 215\\nWe followed the Eldon trail for a mile and a half, till\\nwe were one thousand feet below the level of our\\ncamp and struck into the woods. Then ensued the\\nmost miserable day s travel yet experienced. Slushy\\nsnow lay deep in the heavy forest, which, though\\ngreen, was blocked by many fallen trees and moss-\\ncovered rocks, very trying to our struggling horses.\\nThe bush was wet, and our water-soaked boots\\nwere very painful from cold. Being forced by the\\nnature of the slopes to ascend constantly, after five\\nhours travel, we came to the crest of a ridge nearly\\nat tree-line. From this a magnificent view of the\\nVermilion Pass was disclosed. Storm Mountain\\nand Mt. Ball stood in massive grandeur under a\\ncloudy sky on the further side of this great rent in\\nthe continental watershed. A continuous green\\nforest covered the pass for a breadth of four or five\\nmiles, sweeping up the mountains and into a fine\\nvalley which appeared on our right. Into this we\\nplanned to descend, and after a brief survey of the\\nmountains, I found a shallow gully apparently suit-\\nable for our purpose. Following the fresh tracks of\\na bear, we urged our horses forward, and got safely\\ndown to the valley bottom, making a drop of nine\\nhundred feet. Here, beside a fine stream, we paused\\nfor a short rest. This is God s country, said Ross,\\nas he looked around on the open meadow and green\\nforest which made such pleasant contrast with the\\nsnowy region we had recently left. Our horses\\nwere no less pleased than we, as was evident by", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0333.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "216 ztbe TRocfcies of Canaba\\ntheir looks and actions. We ascended the valley\\nthrough a succession of flat muskegs and woods,\\nand in less than an hour, came to a fine lake, where\\nwe made camp. There was no trail, but a few blaze\\nmarks on the trees showed that some trapper had\\nvisited the place. After a hearty dinner and four-\\nteen hours of work, we slept soundly through a\\nrainy night.\\nThe weather was better in the morning, and\\nleaving Ross at camp I started to explore the upper\\nend of the lake and valley. This lake runs about\\nnorth-west and south-east and sends a stream into\\nthe Vermilion Pass. It is half a mile wide and prob-\\nably three miles in length. One of its most curious\\nfeatures is a crescent-shaped dam of logs and tree\\nroots about one mile from the lower end. This ex-\\ntends from shore to shore, and probably marks the\\nshallow water made by some old glacier moraine. I\\nthought at first of naming the lake from this circum-\\nstance, but was unable to make anything euphonious\\nout of log-dammed lake, while some of the possi-\\nbilities seemed rather breezy and western. The\\nwater, though otherwise pure and clear, is full of\\nblack spots about the size of a pin head. Looking\\nmore closely I saw that they were apparently the\\nlarvae of some insect, armed with two propelling\\nflippers with which they move through the water.\\nTheir general appearance was like the small grey\\ngnats which swarm in August and September.\\nAmong them a few fiery red, spider-like creatures", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0334.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Hnotber large Xafce Diecovereb 217\\nwere seen less frequently. From this unpleasant and\\nextraordinary circumstance, we could not use the\\nlake water, but found a fine spring near our camp.\\nThe lake is full offish, of which Ross caught a num-\\nber while I was on my tramp. They are speckled\\ntrout, not so large as those in Moraine Lake. Their\\ngills are uncommonly red, possibly from irritation of\\nthe larvae in the water. This lake at its lower end is\\nless impressive than others. Some high glacier-cov-\\nered mountains appeared down the lake, but distance\\ndetracts from their grandeur. A long ridge with an\\neven slope banded with light green where snow-\\nslides had swept through the forests extends along\\nthe north side of the valley for several miles. A very\\nhigh and precipitous ridge guards the other side of\\nthe valley and comes down close to the lake in some\\nplaces.\\nI reached the other end of the lake in an hour\\nwithout difficulty. In one place a vertical cliff rises\\nout of it, but I found a narrow ledge, where, in water\\nup to my knees, I walked round its base. The cliff\\ncontinues to descend vertically below the water s\\nsurface to unknown depths. A short distance beyond\\nthe lake is a precipice with a glacier at the top, where\\na stream makes a fall and then crossing a flat enters\\nthe lake. Fording this stream I skirted around the\\nlake through a grove of magnificent spruces and\\nclimbed a grassy slope on the north. This was cov-\\nered by turf and mountain flowers. Thousands of\\nbluebells, yellow composites, and several unfamiliar", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0335.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "218 Zbc IRocfcies of Cana a\\nblossoms made this warm south-facing slope a lovely\\ngarden. 1 came upon a porcupine and its young off-\\nspring browsing on the succulent herbs. The mother\\ngave me a nervous look and ran off, basely deserting\\nits little one. I was surprised at the spirit of the\\nlittle baby porcupine, which came at me and raised\\nits spines and tail in self-defence. I ascended rapidly\\non an easy incline and soon began to get splendid\\nviews of high mountains at the valley head. What\\nwere these strange peaks The broadening view\\ntempted me to climb ever higher. I now saw the\\nlake in perfect outline, and began to get better ideas\\nof the streams and mountains.\\nAt nine thousand feet I stood on the crest of a\\nridge overlooking the Bow, but a higher peak rose to\\nthe north. The rough limestones and the depth of\\nrecently fallen snow made further progress rather\\nhazardous and difficult. A beetling precipice faced\\nthe Bow, and a horrid chasm led down to one of\\nthose short valleys near our camp at the mine.\\nClouds were rolling over the mountains, momentarily\\nrevealing new features. Suddenly Mt. Temple ap-\\npeared to the north-west. The pass below me then\\nconnects Consolation Valley with this one, and a\\nlong ridge separates the two valleys from that of the\\nBow. A gap breaks through the ridge at the head of\\nConsolation Valley and leads to the little lake near\\nour old camp at the copper mine. I could see the\\nsouth side of some of the jagged peaks, which stand\\nguardian over Moraine Lake, and among them lay an", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0336.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "jEypIore Zvoo IPalle^e 219\\nice-field, two or three miles long which terminates\\non a shelf above the long lake.\\nMy sketching of streams, lakes, and mountains,\\nfinished, I made a rapid descent to the valley. The\\ndeep snow rolled up in balls, gathered speed and\\nburst below and around me as I glissaded down the\\nupper slopes. Then the iron nails of my boots made\\na gritty sound on the sharp limestone of the bare\\nmountain sides till I came to the herbs and dwarfed\\ntrees of lower level. An Alpine meadow, a rock-\\nslide, and the upper belt of larches led to the deep\\nspruce woods. The paths of winter snow-slides in-\\ntersected these, where the spruces are swept away,\\nthe bushes downbent and gnarled, and the broken\\ntrunks of trees and great rocks hurled together in\\nchaotic ruin. Here grow the mountain ash, willow,\\nand great cow-parsnip. I was soon by the water of\\nthe lake, rippling against its mossy log-strewn shore.\\nI reached camp by skirting the north shore and\\ncrossed the outlet stream on a long dam of floating\\ntrees, similar to the crescent-shaped one a mile from\\nthe lake s end.\\nAugust 30th. We left the lake and descended\\nthe valley for two miles. Leaving the stream we\\nturned to our right through the woods, in a direction\\nparallel to the Vermilion Pass, so that we might\\nenter the next valley to the west. We got very\\nhigh on the mountain and found ourselves in a\\ncritical place among cliffs, where, by the most anx-\\nious manoeuvring, we finally led our horses to a", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0337.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "220 Zhc IRocfcies of Canaba\\nsteep slope which we descended to the new valley.\\nI was nearly hit twice by large stones, which, set in\\nmotion by the horses feet, came rolling down through\\nthe trees. After a march of four hours we camped\\nby a stream among some spruces more than one\\nhundred feet high.\\nIt rained in the night and all the next day, turning\\nto snow later. On the following morning there\\nwere twelve inches of snow on the ground, though\\nour altitude was only fifty-eight hundred feet. The\\nsun came out in the morning and made a great stir\\namong the trees. The silence of mid-winter was in-\\nterrupted by the dripping of water, and the splash of\\nsnow falling from the boughs. In the afternoon the\\nsnow had settled so much that I set out to explore\\nthe valley, in which there might be a lake. An hour\\nof walking proved there was no lake but only a flat\\nmuskeg at the valley end. Among the crags and\\nboulders of the higher mountains a number of glaciers\\nappeared, though the clouds concealed them partially.\\nThree splendid buttresses project from the cliff on\\nthe west side of this narrow cleft in the mountains,\\nwhich is a valley, five or six miles long, and of nobler\\nappearance than the other, but less interesting from\\nthe absence of any lake.\\nOn the 2nd of September we left this place\\nwhich we named Rainy Valley from the per-\\npetual storms during our visit, and pursued our way\\nto the Vermilion Pass. I was surprised to see that\\nthe stream from Rainy Valley turns to the west and", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0338.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "a prospector s Camp 221\\nand flows into the Vermilion River. We had been\\nthen for several days in British Columbia without\\nknowing it. Near the pass summit, we took the\\ntrail, practically the first one we had been on for\\neighteen days, and followed the Vermilion River for\\ntwo and a half hours. The weather was warm and\\nfine and proved the first day without rain since\\nleaving Moraine Lake. A broad valley presently\\nopened to the north-west, so we crossed the Vermil-\\nion River and climbed through the woods for a mile\\nor so, when Ross shouted out that he had found a\\nblazed trail. Rejoiced at this discovery we followed\\nit in a short descent to a swift, clear stream about\\ntwenty-five yards wide. Some high and jagged\\npeaks, ten or twelve miles distant, reared their sharp\\nsummits toward the blue sky and purple clouds of\\nevening. They were no doubt Hungabee and Delta-\\nform, the triangular giants at the head of Paradise\\nand Desolation valleys. The great volume of water\\nin this stream proved that the new valley was much\\nlonger than any we had explored. We were delighted\\nat our entrance into this unmapped country, which\\nseemed full of promise in the way of discovery.\\nBy the river we came to an old camp, where at\\nfirst a gruesome discovery seemed probable. Cook-\\ning utensils and articles of clothing were strewn\\neverywhere, while decayed provisions and rotten\\nskins of some animals gave every evidence of a hasty\\ndeparture, or possibly death by starvation. Piles of\\ncopper, lead, and iron ore showed the nature of the", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0339.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "222 Zbc IRocfcies of Canada\\nformer campers. Half expecting to find a skeleton,\\nor some other evidence of disaster, as we poked\\namong these relics, there suddenly came to memory\\na vague report of how, upon one occasion, Peyto and\\nanother man were deserted by their horses some-\\nwhere in the mountains, though the exact locality\\nwas surrounded by mystery. This then was no\\ndoubt the spot. They had to walk back to the rail-\\nroad and cross the Bow on a hastily constructed raft.\\nIn midstream the raft began to dissolve away, and\\nthe passengers, who were paddling for the opposite\\nshore with all their might, sank down into the icy\\nwaters of the swelling river. With head and shoulders\\nabove the water as the last sticks floated away, they\\nreached the shore in safety.\\nWe camped on a hard gravelly meadow farther\\nup the river. A heavy dew fell in the cold shadows\\nas we set up the tent at five o clock. The weather\\nwas again dull in the morning as we marched up the\\nvalley. Some teepee poles at various places showed\\nthat the Indians hunt here for wild goats. Their\\nwhite wool appeared on the bushes, and near some\\nof the Indian camps we saw a great number of bones\\nand wool which the squaws scrape off the hides be-\\nfore dressing them into leather.\\nLeaving Ross to make camp, after we had gone\\nabout six miles up the valley, I set out after lunch to\\nexplore it further. The trail is very poor in the upper\\npart of this valley. After walking about five miles I\\nfelt that it would be impossible to reach the end", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0340.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "PASS BETWEEN O HARA AND PROSPECTOR S VALLEYS", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0341.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0342.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "jEn of tbe IDallep 223\\nbefore dark and decided to change my plan. If I could\\ncross the stream, which was here much reduced in\\nsize, I could climb a long way on the opposite slope\\nand possibly see the entire valley well enough to\\nsketch it accurately. A log projected half-way across\\nthe stream, from which I jumped into the water, and\\nwith two or three running steps was on the other\\nside. I climbed the half-barren slopes rapidly where\\ngrew some flowers recently uncovered by snows of\\na winter avalanche. The yellow Alpine lily one\\nof the earliest of spring flowers was in blossom,\\ntogether with the white anemone, whose stamens\\nwere all eaten off by insects, as a summing up of ad-\\nversity. From a height of seventy-two hundred feet\\nat five o clock, I saw the pass which leads into the\\nvalley at Lake O Hara. I recognised its curious out-\\nline from a trip made some years before. On the\\nnorth were the high mountains of the Desolation\\nRange near Moraine Lake, with Mt. Deltaform tow-\\nering over all. A small lake lies part way up its\\nheavily wooded flanks, but its upper precipices of ice\\nand rock seemed very difficult of ascent. There are\\nabout ten of these sharp peaks, between nine and\\neleven thousand feet high, and as they are precipit-\\nous on the other side, and apparently very thor-\\noughly guarded on the south and east, they will\\nmake fine problems for future climbs. I reached\\ncamp at dark, after thirteen hours of walking and\\nclimbing.\\nIn the morning, we packed up and moved out of", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0343.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "224 Gbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nthis, which we called Prospector s Valley, from the\\nfact of our finding the old camp near its entrance. It\\nis about fifteen miles long, nearly straight, and covered\\nwith green forests throughout. About one mile from\\nthe Vermilion, the stream becomes narrow as it flows\\nbetween rocky walls. Then it plunges by a fearful\\nfall of about fifty feet into a dark canyon. The rocks\\nare white or yellow, but stained in places red or\\nblack by iron. The clear blue water flows swiftly\\nover its white bed into a deep pool and then makes a\\nleap into the dark canyon with a roar that may be\\nheard for miles. After the junction of this stream and\\nthe other that comes from the pass, the Vermilion\\nbecomes a considerable river and made us choose\\nour fording-places more carefully. The stream that\\ncomes from Prospector s Valley is larger than the\\nother. After marching two hours more we placed\\nour camp by an iron spring, which gives the name to\\nthe Vermilion River, and lies between the two great\\nforks of the river. The river bubbles up in several\\ngreen pools, and flows over the ground, which is\\nstained yellow. The Indians burn this soil and turn\\nit to a bright red, when it is used as a wai paint or a\\nsimple rouge in times of peace.\\nSeptember 5th. This proved the most unsatisfac-\\ntory day of the entire trip. It had rained all night,\\nand the morning gave no promise of improvement.\\nCrossing the swamp made by the iron spring, we\\nfollowed certain blazes and a faint trail up the mount-\\nain side. The trail became fainter and finally ended", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0344.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Real Source of tbe IDermilion 225\\nin as thick a bush as I have ever seen. Leaving\\nRoss to cut his way through, I followed the blaze\\nmark to a prospector s claim. It was our purpose\\nto cross over a point of land to the main Vermilion\\nRiver, which comes in from the north-west out of a\\nbroad valley. This was not the trail, and after two\\nhours hard work we turned back through the wet\\nbrush. It seemed best to follow the river and hope\\nto find the trail from a point near the confluent\\nstreams. We did so, but could find no evidence of\\nthe desired trail, and we camped in despair by the\\nriver. Soaked through by a cold rain, our fingers\\nwere so numb that we could hardly untie the pack\\nropes or set up the tents. In an hour, however, our\\ncamp was in order, on a bench near the water, and a\\nlarge fire was burning briskly. For the first time, I\\nwas farther away from my object after making a\\nday s march.\\nWe were near the two streams of the Vermilion,\\none of which comes from the pass to the south-east,\\nwhile the other heads to the north-west. On Daw-\\nson s map, the latter is not sketched out, and is\\ncalled the Main Stream. One result of our in-\\nvestigations was our knowledge that the stream\\nfrom the pass is considerably larger and longer.\\nThe stream in Prospector s Valley, then, is the real\\nVermilion River, as this is the longest and most\\nvoluminous tributary and heads near the base of\\nMt. Hungabee. The exploration and sketching out\\nof these two streams was probably the most valuable", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0345.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "226 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocfues of Cana a\\ngeographical work of our trip. The altitude at this\\nplace is about forty-five hundred feet.\\nA cold rain fell all night, and snow lay on the\\nmountains less than one thousand feet above us in\\nthe morning. 1 rode my saddle horse across the\\nriver, for we were on the south side of it, and leav-\\ning Ross to pack up things, started to find the trail\\nwhich leads up the north-west fork of the river. 1\\nsoon found myself on a high clay bluff, overlooking\\nthe north-west fork, which is a muddy stream. A\\ntrail seemed to appear on the other side of the river,\\nbut a scramble down the clay bank revealed no-\\nthing. Entering the woods I beat a way through the\\nwet brush, parallel with the stream, but was cha-\\ngrined to find myself in a half hour by the other\\nriver. Turning back, I resolved to keep a straighter\\ncourse, and frequently glanced at a distant peak for\\nmy bearings. What was my surprise to find my-\\nself after a time again on the river bank. A second\\nlook, however, added to my perplexity, for this river\\nwas muddy and flowed to my left instead of right.\\nIt was the north-west fork again, and in the clay\\nwere my recent footprints. 1 had walked for an\\nhour in a circle, in spite of my earnest resolve to\\nkeep a straight course. Many a time I have trav-\\nersed the pathless woods for hours, and come out\\nwithin a hundred yards of camp without a com-\\npass, but the pride of past exploits was here utterly\\nfallen. The mountain towards which I was walk-\\ning seemed enchanted and as far away as ever. I", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0346.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "1?iver Bitn es into HDan? Small Streams 227\\ncan offer no excuse for such poor woodcraft, except\\nthat there was no sun, nor uniform slope of ground,\\nand the wet brush which had to be beaten before\\nme, distracted attention.\\nFollowing the bluff with jealous care, I came\\nupon the trail in a quarter of a mile. This I took\\nback till it led me to the iron spring, not two hun-\\ndred yards from our first camp. No blazes on the\\ntrees, and a heavy underbrush, concealed it from\\nview and cost us a day and a half of valuable time.\\nAfter three hours of work 1 returned to camp, cold,\\ntired, and disgusted, but happy that the trail was\\nfound. We marched five hours and camped at 6.30\\np.m., many miles up the north-west branch of the\\nVermilion, in a poor place.\\nAbout one mile from camp we passed a fine\\nmeadow the next day, where we gave our horses\\nthirty minutes to feed, because they had had a poor\\npasture the previous night. Shortly afterwards a\\nlarge stream came in from our right and the trail\\ntotally disappeared. While hunting around for it,\\nanother stream was discovered, entering a hundred\\nyards beyond from the opposite side of the valley.\\nThe river was rapidly dividing into small streams.\\nWe discovered the trail at length up the stream to\\nour right. It took us away from the water and into\\nthe woods, where a steep ascent of nearly one\\nthousand feet led us to a commanding spot.\\nThe great valley of the Vermilion was visible for\\nmore than thirty miles, an unbroken sweep of dark", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0347.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "228 Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\ngreen forest. From the ridge on the west, which\\nintervened between us and Prospector s Valley,\\nseveral confluent streams made the one where we\\nhad found the trail. One of these falls down a cliff\\nfor some distance into a rock basin whence it spouts\\nupwards like a boiling spring or geyser about ten feet\\ninto the air, then arching over falls one hundred feet\\nbefore striking the precipice. On the other side of\\nthe narrow ridge, up which we urged our horses by\\nthe steepest kind of a trail, was another cascade of\\nfar greater height in the dark valley beyond. At its\\nhead there lay the lofty mountains of volcanic rock,\\nVaux and Goodsir.\\nAn upland park of meadows and interspersed\\ngroves made easy travel for several miles, till we\\ncamped at sixty-two hundred feet on the summit of\\nthe pass between the Vermilion and Ottertail. The\\nnight was clear and frosty. In bright sunshine the\\nnext morning we descended a thousand feet into\\nthe Ottertail valley, and hoped to reach O Hara Lake,\\nwest of Mt. Victoria, by evening. However, we did\\nnot allow for the countless vexatious delays of losing\\nthe trail, which, in this narrow ravine-like valley, is\\nalmost the worst 1 have ever seen. Much of the\\ntime we beat a way through the timber without a\\ntrail, but the many cut banks guarded by trees,\\nundermined by the water, and sweeping its rapids\\nwith their branches, made us climb, and chop, and\\nford constantly. After an exceedingly hard day, we\\ncamped on a rough slide, where our horses had", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0348.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "O HARA LAKE AND WIWAXY PEAK", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0349.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0350.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Zvy\\\\t\\\\Q Descent of tbe \u00c2\u00a9ttertail IRwer 229\\nscanty feed, and we, only so much room as was\\nnecessary to place our tent upon. The snow of a\\nwinter slide near us had but recently melted, and the\\nuncovered bushes were putting forth buds and tender\\nleaves. Delicate flowers were in brilliant blossom,\\nwhile hard by were the evidences of the end of\\nsummer, making a strange contrast of springtime\\nfragrance and autumnal colours.\\nOn the previous day we were disappointed not\\nto have arrived at O Hara Lake, but now felt confi-\\ndent that on this day we should reach that charming\\nspot. I thought the next valley, opening to our\\nright, would be the one to follow, but the trail made\\nan aggravating turn, and landed us far up the valley\\nto the west, whence we could see Mts. Vaux and\\nGoodsir. The trail disappeared in the stream, and it\\nwas half an hour before Ross found it, or another in\\nthe woods. We followed it for a long distance, but\\nbands of meadow cut through the woods every\\nquarter mile or so, and in such places the grass,\\nwillows, and alders grow rank, and a man on horse-\\nback is lost in the underbrush. The trail also dis-\\nappears and must be found on the opposite side at\\ngreat loss of time. At length, in some uncertainty\\nof our trail, which was leading us too far north, we\\ncamped in a rich meadow. Our horses revelled here\\nin the fine grass, which was waving in warm and\\nbalmy breezes.\\nOn the afternoon of September 9th, two roughly\\nclad men, one on horseback, and the other on foot,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0351.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "230 Zbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nmight have been seen on opposite sides of a wide and\\nroaring mountain stream, pursuing their way through\\nthe woods. Wherever an open space disclosed one\\nto another, curious signals were made by their hold-\\ning up one or both arms. The river was the Otter-\\ntail, and the men were Ross Peecock and myself,\\ntrying to find a trail and signalling whether any had\\nyet been found or no. In the evening one had been\\ndiscovered, and the prospects of to-morrow s march\\nwere thereby improved.\\nThe trail enters a valley of large size which opens\\ninto the Ottertail at this point from the north-east.\\nFrom its position and direction, 1 hoped that it would\\ngive us a route to the region of O Hara Lake, the\\nsource of the Kicking Horse River, where one day s\\nmarch would bring us to the railroad. A trip through\\nthis delightful region seemed better than to continue\\ndown the Ottertail to Leanchoil, especially as the\\nlower Ottertail valley has been burned over.\\nSeptember 10th. The weather was still warm and\\nbeautiful, and in an hour after starting we were on\\nthe trail which takes up the new valley. Our horses\\nfelt so good from their recent fine pasture that they\\nwere nervous and excitable. It was hard to drive\\nthem, and on one occasion two of them started back.\\nRunning through the woods to head them off, I\\nstumbled on a log, and gave my right knee a terri-\\nble blow against a sharp stone. The pain made it\\nimpossible at first to even shout to Ross, who was\\nfollowing the trail. When he came to my assistance,", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0352.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "H lPainful Hccibent 231\\nit was some time before I could move, but I finally\\ngot on my horse. As the inflammation got worse by\\nriding, I had to get off and walk. It was impossible\\nfor me to drive the refractory horses, so while Ross\\nwent behind I led. To make matters worse, the\\ntrail disappeared, and Ross had to come forward to\\nlocate it, which he finally did, some way up the mount-\\nain. After this Ross climbed down to the stream,\\nand brought up a hat full of its ice-cold water, nar-\\nrowly escaping losing it all after a long climb by\\nslipping from a log. The cold allayed the pain some-\\nwhat, though my leg was so stiff at first, that I lay\\ndown frequently for rest, and the next one hundred\\nyards were the slowest and most excruciating it has\\never been my lot to travel. However, the circulation\\nstarted up with exercise, and in a short time I began\\nto walk well.\\nThe trail, after climbing some way, descends into\\na fine open valley, where we made very rapid time,\\nby driving our horses up the clear stream, and cross-\\ning from side to side. In five miles we came to a\\nside valley on our right, which I had long held in\\nview as the one we should take. After countless\\ndelays in beating the trail, we found ourselves, as the\\ndaylight failed, at the top of a pass, where, on a sin-\\ngle ridge of green, we were surrounded by apparently\\nimpassable rock-slides. Westward, the wan green\\nsky was hung with ominous clouds, brooding over\\na mountain, which, like a massive pyramid, filled all\\nthe gap between west and north. The trail was", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0353.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "232 Ebe iRocfues of Canaba\\nfinally discovered over the rock-slide. Here the In-\\ndians had filled all the crevices between the stones\\nwith smaller ones, and paved a safe but narrow path\\namong rough ledges. The south side of Mt. Victoria\\nlay in plain view before us, and at 7.30 p.m., after\\nten hours of marching, we pitched our camp in the\\ndarkness beside O Hara Lake. Our tent was on\\nthe identical spot where Wilson and I had slept on\\nbare ground in the fall of 1896.\\nIn the morning the chickadees were singing and\\ncalling to one another very sweetly among the\\nspruces. The mosquitoes were as numerous as in\\nsummer, though the air was springlike. It was to be\\na day of rest after our long and tiresome marches, for\\nwe were now within six hours of the railroad.\\nO Hara Lake was a favourite resort of a gentleman\\nof that name, who came here frequently some years\\nago, and was probably the first tourist to visit the\\nplace. If the six most beautiful lakes in the mount-\\nains were selected, this would certainly be among\\nthem. Personally, I regard Lake Louise, Moraine\\nLake, and O Hara Lake as the three finest 1 have\\never seen. Each is between one and two miles long\\nand each has certain individual charms.\\nO Hara Lake is surrounded by a noble amphi-\\ntheatre, the cul-de-sac made by Mts. Victoria, Lefroy,\\nand Hungabee. The water and even the bottom it-\\nself are coloured a vivid, clear green. Not far from the\\noutlet, a pretty bay is made by a narrow point which\\nprojects a line of trees into the water. Then it dissolves", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0354.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "O HARA LAKE", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0355.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0356.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "ffieaut? of Ibara Xafce 233\\nin a chain of rocky islets, covered in part with\\nmoss, willows, a few dwarf spruces, and beds of pur-\\nple-rayed asters. Beyond this miniature cape, the\\nshore sweeps out into the broader reaches of the\\nlake, and carries the eye to the cliffs of the farthest\\nshore, where the inlet stream makes a curtain of\\nwater as it falls in cascades over dark rocks. At\\nnight and sometimes by day, you may hear the\\nsound of the water distinctly, a mile or more distant,\\nas it is carried over the lake. 1 have never discovered\\nwhether there are any fish in this lake or not, though\\nevery condition is favourable to them.\\nThe next day we marched six hours down the\\nvalley, over a bad trail, and reached the railroad at\\nHector. Here we traversed burnt timber for the first\\nand only time, of our thirty-one days trip. When\\nnear the valley end, a thunder-storm came up from\\nthe west, and swept a curtain of hail and rain over\\nthe mountains. A high waterfall on the side of Mt.\\nVictoria was stopped and blown back against the\\ncliffs by the strong winds. We left the wilderness\\nand passed out of the mountains while the raging of\\nstorm and the roar of thunder bade us farewell.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0357.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII\\nMOUNTAIN CLIMBING IN THE ROCKIES NATURE OF THE\\nROCK FORMATIONS THE MOUNTAINS EASILY ACCES-\\nSIBLE POSSIBILITIES OF THE WEATHER PIONEER WORK\\nOF THE SURVEYORS FIRST ATTEMPT ON MT. TEMPLE A\\nWILD NIGHT A SCENE OF RUGGED DESOLATION FINAL\\nSUCCESS FIRST CONQUESTS BY THE APPALACHIAN CLUB\\nFATAL ACCIDENT ON MT. LEFROY THE SUMMIT OF MT.\\nVICTORIA THE WAPUTEHK RANGE VIEW OF MT. FORBES\\nASCENT OF ATHABASCA PEAK MAGNIFICENT VIEW INTO\\nAN UNEXPLORED REGION FIRST CLIMBERS OF THE SEL-\\nKIRKS SPLENDID FUTURE OF THE ROCKIES FROM A MOUN-\\nTAINEERING STANDPOINT\\nTHE Rockies of Canada offer exceptional oppor-\\ntunities to the mountaineer. The time has\\nnot yet come when the climber must travel\\nfar into the wilderness to find peaks that have never\\nbeen attempted. There are hundreds of unclimbed\\nmountains within a few miles of the railroad, and it\\nmay safely be said that mountaineering in the Cana-\\ndian Rockies is now making its early history.\\nFew other easily accessible ranges in the world\\npossess the rare charm of the unexplored wilderness,\\nwhere each attempt is a reconnaissance for the best\\nroute and every view is looked upon for the first time\\nby human eyes. Perhaps because of this element\\n234", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0358.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "mature of tbe IRocfc formations 235\\nof novelty, no great mountain is ever climbed twice.\\nEveryone prefers to attempt a lesser peak, that is\\nabsolutely new, than to retrace some other party s\\nsteps on a higher mountain. Two exceptions to this\\nrule are Mt. Stephen, at Field, and Mt. Sir Donald, at\\nGlacier, each of which now has the distinction of\\nseveral ascents.\\nThe average height of the valleys is between four\\nand seven thousand feet above sea-level, and as the\\ngreatest peaks are between eleven and thirteen thou-\\nsand feet, the actual ascent of every mountain can\\nusually be made in one day, so that high-level camps\\nare unnecessary. It may be said that six thousand\\nfeet is about the upper limit of total ascent necessary\\nto reach mountain summits in the Canadian Rockies.\\nGlacier and snow work is not dissimilar to that in\\nother mountain systems, but rock climbing has\\nspecial features of its own. The rocks in the Selkirks\\nare hard schists and shales, which weather into great\\nblocks and offer comparatively safe foot- and hand-\\nholes.\\nIn the eastern or Summit Range, however, the\\ngeological formations are utterly different. The\\nlower parts of mountains near the axis of the range\\nare usually Cambrian quartz-sandstones, which are\\nstable when broken, while the cliffs, though often\\nnearly vertical, abound in ledges and steps, which\\nmake easy work. This formation, however, is only\\nfound up to a moderate altitude, usually less than eight\\nthousand feet, and then only in the sub-range which", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0359.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "236 Zhc IRocfciee of Canafca\\nmakes the continental watershed. The other paral-\\nlel sub-ranges, of which there are five or six, and the\\nupper parts of every range, are formed of blue and\\ngrey limestones and dolomites of the Carboniferous\\nand Devonian ages. Sometimes beds of shales and\\nclay-slates appear also in this formation. These lime-\\nstones weather into abrupt and often nearly per-\\npendicular cliffs on the eastern face of nearly every\\nmountain, while the western is usually a moderate\\nslope which offers a key to many otherwise difficult\\nascents. When the strata are nearly or quite hori-\\nzontal, however, the softer beds weather into vertical\\ncliffs, which make impassable zones round the\\nmountains. Such peaks assume a castellated appear-\\nance, and the cliffs are adorned with numerous sharp\\npinnacles and rounded pillars, which bear a striking\\nresemblance to mediaeval ruins. The disintegration\\nof the limestones is very rapid, as may be seen in\\nthe immense talus slopes, which have been piled\\nagainst the mountain bases since the Glacial Period.\\nFrequent rock-falls add daily to these great masses of\\ndebris. The gullies on the high parts of the mount-\\nains are filled with unstable rocks and lined with\\ntottering walls ready to fall at any time. The danger\\nof falling stones and unsafe ledges is the greatest\\nwhich the climber will encounter in the Canadian\\nRockies.\\nAt Lake Louise, Field, and Glacier, the climber is\\nnear the base of many fine peaks, and may use the\\nseveral inns as his starting-point, or at least consider", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0360.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "possibilities of tbe Weatber 237\\nthem his main camp. This is true of Banff, though\\nvery few climbers will be tempted to make the tedi-\\nous ascents of Twin Peaks and Cascade Mountain,\\nwhich do not offer sufficient compensation for the\\nlabour required. Many fine mountains raise their\\nsnowy summits at a distance from the railroad, and\\nto conquer them, a camping trip, with horses and\\ntents, should be planned. There are no huts as yet,\\nwhere the traveller may spend a night, except near\\nLake Louise, unless we consider the occasional log\\nshacks of prospectors and trappers. A tent or even a\\nbivouac is usually far preferable to these damp, por-\\ncupine-infested places.\\nAll the climber s work and the reward of his\\nlabour depend on weather. That of the Canadian\\nmountains is no worse nor better than elsewhere.\\nThe usual summer weather in June is cold and rainy,\\nand the rivers are in flood from melting snow, to be\\nfollowed in July by sunshiny warm days, interrupted\\nby brief thunder-storms. August is generally hot\\nand dry, but towards the end of the month, a week\\nor more of rain and snow frequently occurs, and this\\nstorm marks the breaking of summer heat. Sep-\\ntember is a fickle month, and is usually stormy\\nand cold for a long period. Cool October is the\\nbest month of all, though the days are short, and\\neven the midday sun casts long shadows in deep\\nvalleys. The nights are frosty, films of ice form on\\npools, and the mosquitoes and gnats no longer\\nworry the camper. The rivers are low and can be", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0361.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "238 Zbe IRocfties of CanaDa\\neasily forded, while the most distant mountains are\\ndistinctly seen through the crystal atmosphere. The\\nonly certain thing about the weather is its uncer-\\ntainty, though in general, fine weather is the rule\\nand rain the exception. During rainy periods, the\\nshort intervals of improvement, or the final clearing,\\nare the best of all, and the cloud effects are mag-\\nnificent beyond description. There can be no finer\\nrevelation of the sublimity of nature, especially\\nwhen seen from the craggy summit of some storm-\\nswept peak, than a view of rugged mountains partly\\nconcealed by rolling clouds.\\nNo doubt the earliest ascents of importance were\\nmade by the railroad and topographical surveyors.\\nBetween 1887 and 1892, Mr. J. J. McArthur climbed\\nnineteen mountains over nine thousand feet and\\nfour mountains over ten thousand feet high. Among\\nthe latter, the first ascended was Mt. Stephen, in\\n1887, and again in 1892. Wind Mountain, near\\nCanmore, and the fine peak called Storm Mountain,\\nnear the Vermilion Pass, were ascended by Mr. St.\\nCyr. All this work was for survey purposes and so\\ncannot be called mountaineering in the true meaning\\nof the term. Only such mountains were attempted\\nas could be climbed when encumbered by heavy\\nsurveying instruments, and this resulted in their de-\\nfeat on several peaks, one of which was Mt. Hector.\\nAlmost immediately after the surveyors finished\\ntheir work for the time being, some ascents were\\nmade by visitors to this new mountain world. In", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0362.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0365.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0366.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "H Milt IFUgbt 239\\nthe summer of 1893, Mr. S. S. Allen and I were\\ncamped at Lake Louise, with the purpose of making\\nsome mountain climbs in that beautiful region. Our\\ntwo weeks work resulted in capturing two mount-\\nains on either side of the lake, and being defeated by\\nMt. Victoria after reaching a height of ten thousand\\nfeet, and by Mt. Temple at ninety-eight hundred\\nfeet.\\nOn the latter attempt we started from Lake\\nLouise with one horse and a Stony Indian, named\\nEnoch Wildman. The horse carried a tent and\\nsome provisions, about ninety per cent, of which\\nwas canned duck, a wholesome though monoton-\\nous diet. We went to Laggan and followed a trail-\\nless course along the south bank of the Bow for five\\nor six miles towards the base of Mt. Temple and\\nthen struck up through the forest of pine and spruce,\\nclimbing ceaselessly till near nightfall, when we\\nreached the cliffs of the mountain, seventy-five hun-\\ndred feet above sea-level. A violent thunder-storm\\novertook us towards evening, and we sought shelter\\nat length near a lonely rock-girt pool, enclosed by\\nsteep banks, a home for picas and marmots. On its\\nwind-swept surface were fragments of snow from\\nan undermined drift. It was quite dark when we\\nturned out our forlorn pony to graze on bushy heaths\\nand birches, the only vegetation among the barren\\nstones. There was no level place for our tent, and a\\nstone wall had to be built to support our feet and\\nkeep us from sliding into the lake. It was a wild", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0367.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "240 Gbe IRockies of Canada\\nnight of storm and wind. Showers of hail and rain\\nswept over us continually, and some of the more\\nviolent squalls threatened to bring our flapping tent\\nto the ground. We had built a huge fire, for many\\ngreat logs cumbered the ground, and it roared like a\\nfurnace and sent great flames this way and that\\nin the fickle gusts, but towards the dawn, which\\nseemed never to come, it died away into inert ashes.\\nThe crackling of our fire gave place to the sound of\\nlapping ripples on the rocky shore. The light of\\nday revealed our wild surroundings. We were under\\nthe northern precipice of Temple. A beautiful fall\\ndescended in a series of cascades, a distance of about\\none thousand feet, to enter our little lake. Some-\\ntimes the strong wind, blowing against the cliff, or\\nsweeping upward, made the water pause and mo-\\nmentarily hang in mid-air, suspended as it were on\\nan invisible airy cushion, till, gathering greater vol-\\nume, it burst through the barrier in a curtain of spark-\\nling drops.\\nPoor Enoch had suffered terribly from cold during\\nthe night and begged our permission to return to Lag-\\ngan, promising to come back the next day, sun so\\nhigh, pointing to its place in the early afternoon.\\nHe said in his broken English, No grass for pony\\nhere, too cold me,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 no like it me. So we took\\npity on him and sent him back to more comfort-\\nable quarters, while we rested in comparative quiet,\\nit being Sunday and stormy.\\nWe were on foot Monday morning at four", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0368.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "a Qccnc of IRuggefc desolation 241\\no clock. The gloom of early dawn, the morning\\nchill, and a clouded sky had no cheering effect on\\nour anticipations. Our plan was to traverse the\\nmountain-side till we should come to the south-\\neast shoulder, where we had once observed the\\noutline of an apparently easy slope.\\nAt eleven o clock, we had reached a height of\\nnearly ten thousand feet and came to a vertical wall,\\nabout four hundred feet high, a barrier that com-\\npletely defeated us. At the base of this cliff there\\nwas a narrow slope of loose broken limestone, and\\nbelow this, another precipice. Utterly defeated in\\nour attempt by this impassable barrier, I walked\\nalong the cliff base into a semicircular recess in a\\nlast vain reconnaissance, while Allen took photo-\\ngraphs of the scenery.\\nHere I had a few moments of quiet contempla-\\ntion of a scene that in its awful solitude has left\\na deep impression on my memory. Some great\\nstones, dislodged as 1 moved, fell with a grinding\\nsound over the edge, towards a narrow chasm,\\nthree thousand feet below. A cold wintry wind\\nmade a subdued monotone amongst the inequali-\\nties of rough stone and the overhanging cliff, and\\nbrought up the dust and brimstone odour from the\\ncrushing stones. Opposite was a pinnacled mount-\\nain stained red and grey, rent into thousands of nar-\\nrow gullies or beetling turrets by the wear of ages.\\nIt was a vast ruin of nature, a barren mass of totter-\\ning walls and cliffs, raising two lofty summits far", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0369.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "242 XLbe IRocfcies of Canada\\nupwards. Between lay a narrow, secluded valley,\\nso thoroughly enclosed by precipices that a small\\nlake in it was still covered by the granular, half-\\nmelted ice of last winter. To the east and south a\\nwild and rugged group of mountains made a con-\\ntinuous range and rose into successive jagged peaks.\\nOver all the rough upheaval of mountains brooded\\na gloomy sky with long furrows of dark clouds\\nmoving majestically before the driving wind. Some\\nof the highest peaks were touched by clouds or\\nindistinct in snow showers, while the sun shot a\\nfew beams of light through the gloom and swept\\nthe ice and rocks with a weird illumination. Im-\\nmense piles of debris rested against the mountain\\nopposite, at the base of which was a desolate valley\\nhalf filled with glacier and confused moraines. No\\ntree or green vegetation of any kind appeared in\\nall this barren scene.\\nOvercome at length by cold winds and our\\nhopeless prospects of further advance, we turned\\nback and reached camp by the middle of the after-\\nnoon. Here we found that Enoch had returned,\\nfaithful to his word, and in a very short time we\\ncommenced our journey to Laggan.\\nNext year, August, 1894, we were camped again\\nat the base of Mt. Temple, this time in Paradise\\nValley. We were better prepared than before, as a\\nyear s study of photographs had thrown new light\\non a possible route up the grand mountain. On\\nthe 1 6th, by way of physical training, we ascended", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0370.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "3ftnal Success 243\\nMt. Aberdeen, which lies between this valley and\\nthat of Lake Louise. The ascent of this peak, 10,250\\nfeet high, was not difficult by the route we took.\\nSurrounded as it is by Mts. Lefroy, Victoria, Hunga-\\nbee, and Temple, which are among the greatest\\npeaks in southern Canada, the view is well worth\\nthe climb. On the following day Allen, Frissell, and\\nI commenced the ascent of Temple. We were up\\nat four a.m. There was no trace of dawn, and the\\nwaning moon, now in her last quarter, was low in\\nthe southern sky, near the triangular peak of Hunga-\\nbee. The cold air was full of woody odours and\\nthe smoke of forest fires. We crossed the frosty\\nmeadows and came to a secluded gorge, filled with\\nmassive boulders, looming dark in the early morning\\nlight. This place lay between Pinnacle Mountain\\nand the south side of Temple. A steep ascent of\\nscree, where the unstable stones were sliding con-\\nstantly, required the utmost caution. Sometimes\\nthe mass of rocks would creep and grind ten or\\nfifteen yards above us at each step. Not far from\\nus was a place where a rock slide had occurred, and\\nit seems most likely that this unstable slope will\\nsome day rush with a roar of thunder into the val-\\nley. The constant movement of the stones, and\\nthe thought that our presence might be the last\\nstraw, made us somewhat apprehensive.\\nAt nine o clock we reached the pass between\\nPinnacle and Temple, and from a height of nine\\nthousand feet looked eastward upon that wild valley", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0371.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "244 Gbe IRoclues of Cana a\\nof desolation which we had seen the year before.\\nThe slanting sun-rays poured a flood of yellowish\\nlight along the silent precipices on either side and\\ngently tempered the chill of morning. The air was\\nperfectly calm, and there was utter silence except\\nthe clink of our iron-nailed boots on the rough stones.\\nCliffs and broken stones were on our left, where we\\nhad to force a passage, if anywhere. The lot fell\\nupon me to lead the party, and when the rope was\\nadjusted, we commenced work. For the next two\\nthousand feet it was merely a careful selection of\\ngullies and scree slopes, with occasional rock climb-\\ning. Our greatest anxiety was the number of loose\\nstones, which in spite of every precaution were\\nsometimes dislodged and threatened those below.\\nAt a height of eleven thousand feet we had a discus-\\nsion as to the better route of two that appeared.\\nOne lay at our right and seemed easier, while the\\nother probably lay to our left, and though it was con-\\ncealed from view, the previous study of photographs\\nconvinced me that this would be the better route,\\nand it took some time for them to agree on that\\npoint. A short scramble among flat shales and very\\nrough cliffs led us suddenly to the great south slope\\nof the mountain, and we knew our prize was all but\\ntaken. At noon we reached the summit and stood\\nat the highest point then reached in Canada. The\\nair was calm and at about freezing point. The sum-\\nmit of Mt. Temple is a sloping mass of blue lime-\\nstone, comparatively free of snow. The south face", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0372.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "3first Conqueets b\\\\ tbe Hppalacbian Club 245\\nis an unbroken snow-field and glacier, while the east\\nis precipitous. Gullies and ridges of decayed lime-\\nstone descend from the summit nearly six thousand\\nfeet into Desolation Valley, where we saw a fine\\nlake at the base of a precipitous range. We were\\nencircled by a bluish haze through which only the\\nnearest mountains appeared, so that we lost the ad-\\nvantage of a view from the highest mountain in a\\ncircle of nearly one hundred miles diameter.\\nThe members of the Appalachian Mountain Club\\nmade their first high ascent and commenced serious\\nwork by conquering Mt. Hector in 1895. Those\\ncomposing that party were Professor Charles E. Fay,\\nPhilip S. Abbot, and Charles S. Thompson. They\\nhad the energy to ascend the Bow Valley without\\nhorses, under Tom Wilson s guidance, and with a\\nporter to carry a few provisions and blankets. Mr.\\nAbbot describes the view from Hector, which is\\nprobably a little over eleven thousand feet high, as\\none which cannot be matched in any other mount-\\nain system in the world except in Asia.\\nDuring the same summer, Mt. Stephen was\\nclimbed by members of the Appalachian Club,\\nthough two ascents had been made previously by\\nJ. J. McArthur, the government surveyor. Mr. Mc-\\nArthur said, in speaking of a gully near the summit,\\nthat to his surprise on the second ascent, fully two\\nhundred thousand cubic feet of rock which formed\\nthe western wall of this fissure had been displaced\\nand fallen into the amphitheatre below. So rapidly", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0373.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "246 Gbe IRockies of Canada\\nwas the upper part of the mountain falling away,\\nthat it seemed probable that in a few years it would\\nbecome inaccessible.\\nThe great snow peaks near Lake Louise now be-\\ngan to attract the attention of climbers. On August\\n3, 1895, Messrs. Abbot, Thompson, Little, and Pro-\\nfessor Fay left the Lake Louise chalet and set out for\\nan attempt to ascend Mt. Lefroy. At noon they had\\ntraversed the Victoria Glacier and ascended the nar-\\nrow snow gorge behind Mt. Lefroy known as the\\nDeath Trap. Quoting from Professor Fay s article\\nin Appalachia for November, 1896\\nAlmost before our eyes had taken in the won-\\nderful prospect that opened so magically the sud-\\nden plunge of the western gorge, snowless in its\\nupper half, its sloping sides and narrow bottom\\nlined with scree from the heights above the sea-\\ngreen lakelets at its foot, three thousand feet below\\nus the pinnacle of Mt. Biddle leaping up like a\\npetrified flame and pricking the clouds that levelled\\nwith the tops of Victoria and Lefroy themselves\\nthe remoter array of peaks unfamiliar in this new\\naspect Abbot had scanned the western side of\\nLefroy, now for the first time clearly revealed to us,\\nand joyfully exclaimed The peak is ours And\\nsurely his confidence seemed justified. From here\\nan unobstructed way was seen leading up to the\\nlong summit arete, which still frowned nearly two\\nthousand feet above the pass. The vast mountain\\nside rose in a sloping wall, ice-clad for the greater", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0374.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0377.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0378.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "fatal Hcct ent on fIDt. Xefrop 247\\npart, yet with here and there long upward leads of\\nrock that probably could be scaled, as the dip was\\nin the right direction.\\nPassing over the details of a long and labourious\\nclimb as the party cut steps and slowly worked their\\nway upwards for four and one half hours, the inter-\\nesting narrative goes on to say\\nBidding Thompson and me to unrope and keep\\nunder cover from falling stones, he [Abbot] clambered\\nsome thirty feet up the rift, secured a good anchor-\\nage, and called upon Professor Little to follow. This\\nthe latter proceeded to do, but while standing at the\\nbottom of the cleft preparing to climb, he received\\na tingling blow from a small stone dislodged by the\\nrope. A moment later a larger one falling upon the\\nrope half severed it, so as to require a knot. As\\ndanger from this source seemed likely to continue,\\nour leader had Little also free himself from the rope\\nand come up to where he stood. From here a shelf\\nled around to the left, along which Abbot now pro-\\nceeded a few yards and discovered a gully leading\\nupward, unseen from the point first attained, and\\nthis also he began to ascend. To Mr. Little s ques-\\ntion, whether it might not be better to try and turn\\nthe bastion on the shelf itself, he replied I think\\nnot. I have a good lead here.\\nThese were the last words he ever uttered. A\\nmoment later Little, whose attention was for the\\nmoment diverted to another portion of the crag, was\\nconscious that something had fallen swiftly past", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0379.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "248 Zhe IRoclues of Cana a\\nhim, and knew only too well what it must be.\\nThompson and I, standing at the base of the cliff,\\nsaw our dear friend falling backward and head-fore-\\nmost, saw him strike the upper margin of the ice\\nslope within fifteen feet of us, turn completely over,\\nand instantly begin rolling down its steep incline.\\nAfter him trailed our two lengths of English rope,\\nall we had brought with us, which we had spliced\\ntogether in our ascent over the last rock slope in\\norder to gain time by having less frequent anchor-\\nages than were necessitated by the short intervals\\nof one sixty-foot line. As the limp body rolled\\ndownward in a line curving slightly towards the\\nleft, the rope coiled upon it as on a spool, a happy\\ncircumstance amid so much of horror, for not only\\ndid this increase of friction sensibly affect the velo-\\ncity of the descent of nine hundred feet to the\\nnarrow plateau of scree above mentioned, but doubt-\\nless the rope by catching in the scree itself pre-\\nvented the unconscious form from crossing the\\nnarrow level and falling over the low cliff beyond.\\nHad it passed this, nothing, apparently, could have\\nstopped it short of the bottom of the gorge lead-\\ning up to the pass from the western side of the\\nDivide,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a far more fearful fall than that already\\nmade.\\nAbbot died a few moments after his friends\\nreached the place where his body in its terrible fall\\nhad been arrested. Two days later the party re-\\nturned, and with Tom Wilson and W. J. Astley", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0380.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "Zbe Summit of flDt Dictoria 249\\nrecovered Abbot s body, now partially covered by\\nrecent snows and the edge of a snow-slide.\\nAnother party was organised the following year,\\nand on the anniversary of Abbot s death Mt. Lefroy\\nwas successfully ascended.\\nTwo days later Dr. J. Norman Collie, Professor\\nArthur Michael, Professor Fay, and Peter Sarbach, a\\nSwiss guide, climbed Mt. Victoria. Following the\\nsame route as for the ascent of Lefroy they climbed\\nthe Death Trap, which is now called Abbot s Pass,\\nand at eight o clock reached the crest of this col.\\nProfessor Fay writes as follows\\nThe morning was exquisite, radiant with sun-\\nlight, and in this more exposed position the almost\\ntepid breeze of the canyon became the cool, brisk\\npromise of a gale. To our gratification it later sub-\\nsided, so that 1 may still report that I have never\\nexperienced a heavy wind during any ascent in the\\nCanadian Alps. The view to the south was su-\\npremely grand through the pure sunlit air but our\\neyes turned from the soaring lines of Goodsir, Bid-\\ndie, and Hungabee, to the bold wall never yet at-\\ntempted which rises sheer on the right of the pass.\\nIt was not the first time that its broken surface had\\nbeen questioned for a possible way of ascent.\\nFour hours later, after walking and climbing along\\nthe sharp crest which makes the very ridge-pole of\\nthe North American continent, they reached, under\\nCollie s leadership, the summit of Victoria, of which\\nProfessor Fay says", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0381.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "250 Zhc IRocfcies of Canaba\\nThe summit is an ideal one. Discounting the\\ncornice crowning over towards the lake, there was\\nhardly more than comfortable room for our party.\\nUnlike that of Lefroy, no rock pierced the virgin\\nwhiteness. To the north it fell away suddenly into a\\ndeep depression filled with gendarmes, separating it\\nfrom a bastion, from which it seems hardly probable\\nit will ever be approached. Immediately to the west\\na snow arete falls away less rapidly, rising again al-\\nmost to our level in the most pointed snow peak I\\nhave ever seen. The sides meet in the perfect apex\\nof an angle of less than eighty degrees. It seemed as\\nif its point would prick the palm that should be laid\\nupon it. But most majestic, even awesome, was the\\nportion of the view towards which our backs had\\nbeen turned during our ascent soaring Hungabee ;the\\nhardly less amazing pinnacle of Neptuak, from behind\\nwhich peered sullenly the other peaks of the Wenk-\\nchemna group and, nearer at hand, the grand snow-\\ncapped pyramidal summit of Mt. Temple, rising\\nbehind the ice-wall of Lefroy. While Dr. Collie set\\nup his mercurial barometer (it gave a reading of 1 1 ,400\\nfeet), I put in commission the pocket-level. Of all\\nthe visible peaks, excepting perhaps the distant As-\\nsiniboine and to the northward others still more re-\\nmote, Temple was the only one rising to a higher\\naltitude than our own summit. Hungabee and the\\n11 scalp on the right-hand tower of Goodsir appeared\\nto be exactly at our level. To Lefroy it was a slight\\nangle of depression.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0382.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Zbe Waputebfc IRange 251\\nFour of the greatest mountains near Lake Louise\\nhad now been conquered, to say nothing of several\\ninferior and easily ascended peaks like Mt. Fairview\\nand Mt. St. Piran. Probably for this reason no less\\nthan for their own attractiveness the attention of\\nclimbers was next given to some of the giants of the\\nWaputehk Range, north of the railroad. Several ex-\\npeditions were made over the extensive ice-fields at\\nthe head of Bath Creek and west of the Bow Lakes.\\nMt. Balfour, a snow-buried peak on the continental di-\\nvide, eleven thousand feet high, fell before the attack of\\nMessrs. Nichols, Noyes,Thompson, and Weed in 1 898.\\nThe most recent excursions in the way of mount-\\nain climbing were those taken by Dr. Norman Collie\\nand Mr. G. P. Baker to the Saskatchewan River in\\n1897 and 1898 in search of Mt. Brown and Mt.\\nHooker. The first trip, which was primarily for the\\npurpose of mountain climbing, was eventually made\\nto embrace exploratory and survey work.\\nOur party, writes Dr. Collie, consisted of\\nG. P. Baker and myself, P. Sarbach (a Swiss guide),\\nW. Peyto, L. Richardson, and C. Black, cook. The\\nweather was excessively hot and the mosquitoes\\nswarmed in countless thousands, making life misera-\\nble. Not an unusual condition of things in these\\nmountains. On the 24th of August they climbed Mt.\\nSarbach, eleven thousand feet high, the last of the\\nWaputehk Range, lying between the Little and Mid-\\ndle Forks of the Saskatchewan. Speaking of Mt.\\nForbes, Professor Collie writes", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0383.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "252 Zbe TRocfcies of Cana a\\nOn August 27th we arrived at the foot of the\\nvalley leading to the glaciers we had seen two days\\nbefore from Mt. Sarbach, towards the westward.\\nDirectly to the north of us was the peak we were in\\nsearch of. Later on, consulting Palliser s Journals,\\nwe found that this peak was not Mt. Murchison, as\\nwe had supposed, but Mt. Forbes, discovered by Dr.\\nHector, and estimated by him to be about 1 3,400 feet.\\nMt. Forbes is certainly one of the highest peaks in the\\nCanadian Rockies, and must be close on fourteen\\nthousand feet. I have seen it on every side except\\nthe north-west, and it always towers as a huge three-\\nsided pyramid at least three thousand feet above the\\nsurrounding peaks, which are from ten to eleven\\nthousand feet high. The precipice on its eastern face\\nis more sheer than the western face of the Matter-\\nhorn, and even after a heavy snowfall remains black\\nand forbidding. On its northern side the peak must\\nstand about seven thousand feet above the glacier at\\nits base.\\nThe following year Messrs. H. Woolley, H. E. M.\\nStutfield, and Dr. Collie commenced a more exten-\\nsive journey into the same region. The latter says\\nOn July 31st, we started from Laggan, with\\nW. Peyto as our head man Nigel Vavasour, Roy\\nDouglas, and M. Byers, as cook, also accompanied us.\\nWe started with thirteen riding and baggage ponies,\\nbut within an hour of starting reduced that unlucky\\nnumber to twelve, for we had to shoot one of the\\nworst of the pack after it had broken its shoulder", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0384.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0387.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0388.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "Diew of flDt Iforbes 253\\namongst the dead timber. Instead of following up\\nthe Bow Valley as we did in 1897, I determined to\\nreach the Saskatchewan River by way of the Pipe-\\nstone Pass and the Siffleur Valley, in order that we\\nmight investigate Mt. Murchison.\\nThis peak was estimated at not much over\\ntwelve thousand feet high, if as much. Their most\\ninteresting work was done much farther north,\\nbetween the sources of the North Fork of the Sas-\\nkatchewan and the Athabasca. From the summit\\nof Athabasca Peak, in that region, which they es-\\ntimated at about 11,900 feet, a magnificent view\\nwas obtained. Speaking of this in the Geographical\\nfpurnal, Dr. Collie says\\nMt. Lyell and Mt. Forbes could be seen far off in\\nthe haze. But it was towards the west and north\\nthat the chief interest lay. We were looking on\\ncountry probably never before seen by human eye.\\nA vast snow-field, feeding many glaciers, lay at our\\nfeet, rock-peaks and snow-covered mountains were\\nranged around it, whilst far away to the westward\\nwe could just see through the haze the valley of the\\nColumbia River. This great snow-field, from which\\nthe Saskatchewan glacier takes its rise, also supplies\\nthe ice for another glacier at the headwaters of the\\nAthabasca whilst to the west we saw the level\\nsnows bending over to flow down more than one\\nchannel, feeding, when melted, the rivers that\\nempty themselves into the Pacific Ocean.\\nA magnificent peak, that is probably near to", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0389.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "254 ftbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nfourteen thousand feet high, stood alone keeping\\nguard over these unknown western valleys. We\\nhave ventured to name it after the Right Hon.\\nJames Bryce, President of the Alpine Club. Some\\nfew miles to the north of this peak, and also on the\\nopposite side of the snow-field in a north-westerly\\ndirection, the biggest peak of all was seen. Chisel-\\nshaped at the head, covered with glaciers and ice, it\\nalso stood alone, and I at once recognised the great\\npeak I was in search of moreover, a short distance\\nto the north-east of this peak another, almost as\\nhigh, also flat-topped, but ringed round with sheer\\nblack precipices, reared its head above all its fellows\\ninto the sky. Here, then, we thought, were Brown\\nand Hooker. Rapidly 1 drew lines in all directions\\nto these new peaks on my plane-table, but hurry as\\nfast as 1 could, it was 6.30 p. m. before we started\\ndown from the summit of this mountain, which we\\nhave named Athabaska Peak. Its height by mer-\\ncurial barometer is 11,900 feet. It was 10.45 when\\nwe got back into camp, to find that Stutfield had\\nkilled three if not four sheep. The provision ques-\\ntion, therefore, was satisfactorily settled for some\\ntime to come.\\nThe glacier that fed the headwaters of the Atha-\\nbasca River we have called the Athabasca glacier.\\nTwo days later we all three camped with sleeping-\\nbags as far up its right bank as possible, and in the\\ndark at three o clock next morning started up the\\nglacier by lantern-light. This glacier descends from", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0390.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "Hecent of Htbabasca peak 255\\nthe snow-fields above in three successive ice-falls, the\\nlast one very much crevassed. It was not till past\\nseven o clock that we finally emerged on to the\\nsnow-fields above. The day was warm and sultry,\\nmaking us all feel tired. For several hours we\\nwalked across the snow towards the high chisel-\\nshaped peak to the westward Mt. Bryce sent its\\nthree peaks high above us into the air. A double-\\nheaded peak on the north hid the high rock-peak we\\nthought might be Brown (afterwards named Mt.\\nAlberta) when we were on the top of the Athabasca\\npeak. But the peak we were walking towards was\\nfarther off than we thought, and as it seemed very\\nunlikely that we should get to the top of it that day,\\nwe turned, after having looked down into a vast\\namphitheatre that lay between the chisel-shaped\\npeak (afterwards named Mt. Columbia) and the\\ndouble-headed peak, or the Twins. This amphi-\\ntheatre is the source of another branch of the Atha-\\nbasca. To the south-east of where we were, and\\nalmost on our way home, rose a great dome of snow.\\nAfter a hot and very tiring climb through soft snow\\nthat broke under our feet at every step, we finally\\ngot to the summit at 3.15 p.m. (i 1,650 feet). Although\\nwe did not know it at the time, we were standing\\non probably the only peak in North America the\\nsnows of which, when melted find their way into\\nthe Pacific, the Arctic, and the Atlantic oceans for\\nits glaciers feed the Columbia, the Athabasca, and\\nthe Saskatchewan rivers.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0391.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "25 Zbe IRocfeiea of Canaba\\nClimbing in the Selkirks began somewhat earlier\\nthan in the Rockies proper. The reason apparently\\nis that the railroad runs nearer to the mountains in\\nthe Selkirks and gives effects of height and grandeur\\nthat are only obtained in the eastern range while on\\ncamping excursions. Thus the Selkirks attracted the\\nfirst climbers, such as Green, Huber, and Sulzer, in\\n1887 or only one year after the railroad was in opera-\\ntion. The absence of trails through this grand but\\nrain-soaked range has, so far, confined the attacks of\\nmountaineers to peaks which are only a few miles\\nfrom the railroad. The remoter parts of this range\\nare less known than almost any part of the Rockies,\\nwhere from prehistoric times the Indians have kept\\ntrails open in order to hunt and barter their pos-\\nsessions with other tribes. What grand mount-\\nain-climbing possibilities the Selkirks may have to\\ndisclose can only be judged by the comparatively\\nnarrow strip already known.\\nThe summit range has, however, more to offer to\\nthe mountain climber. Some of the greatest peaks,\\nlike Mt. Forbes and Mt. Assiniboine, have not yet\\nbeen seriously attempted, and no high peak outside\\nof Mt. Stephen has been ascended twice. There is a\\ngroup of mountains east and south of Mt. Temple\\nwhich have never been attempted and should prove\\nfine problems in rock and glacier climbing. Among\\nthese are Mt. Hungabee and its higher neighbour\\nMt. Deltaform, each of which is wedge-shaped and\\nvery precipitous on every side that has been seen.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0392.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0395.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0396.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "future of flDountain^CUmbing 257\\nThe high peaks of volcanic rock, Mts. Vaux and\\nGoodsir, between the Ottertail and Beaverfoot rivers,\\nand some of the sharp summits in the Van Home\\nRange should soon attract attention. It would be\\ndifficult to cover the entire field of mountain-climb-\\ning possibilities and the time is not ripe to go much\\ninto details. Where each group of mountains has\\ncharms of its own there is room for much choice.\\nOne principle however seems universally true,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that\\nwhere the heart has been set on a particular region\\nno other has claims of equal importance.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0397.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV\\nKINDS OF GAME ANIMALS IN THE MOUNTAINS THE ROCKY\\nMOUNTAIN GOAT A SUCCESSFUL STALK A DIFFICULT\\nNIGHT ASCENT HOW GOAT MEAT SHOULD BE COOKED\\nAN EXPERIENCE ON THE SASKATCHEWAN \u00e2\u0080\u0094MANY GOATS\\nAROUND LAKE LOUISE INTERESTING ADVENTURE ON A\\nMOUNTAIN CLIMB THE MOUNTAIN SHEEP ITS HABITS\\nAND NATURE SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF A LARGE BAND\\nCURIOUS INSTANCE OF TAMENESS SEVERAL KINDS OF\\nGROUSE THE ALPINE PTARMIGAN FISHING IN LAKES AND\\nSTREAMS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WHERE FISH CANNOT BE FOUND\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SOME STORIES\\nABOUT THE UPPER BOW RIVER A REMARKABLE CATCH\\nVARIATION OF FISH IN DIFFERENT LAKES SPORT AT MO-\\nRAINE LAKE ON A RAFT AT THE SPRAY LAKES LARGE\\nFISH CAUGHT IN DEVIL S LAKE FUTURE OF THE ROCKIES\\nAS A RESORT FOR SPORTSMEN\\nGAME in the Canadian Rockies is moderately\\nabundant. The chief wild animals, besides\\nblack and grizzly bears, are moose, elk,\\ndeer, caribou, sheep or bighorn, and the Rocky\\nMountain goat. The several species belonging to the\\ndeer tribe are very scarce and hunters rarely bag any\\nof this game. This scarcity is probably due to the\\nrather limited feeding-grounds in the narrow valleys\\nand perhaps, also, to long and severe winters.\\nAbout 1840, according to a statement of the", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0398.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "(Same animate in tbe flDountains 259\\nmissionary De Smet, the Stony Indians came from the\\nnorth and settled on the plains near the Bow River.\\nThey always have been and are still inveterate\\nhunters, delighting in frequent expeditions into the\\nmountains, where they engage in wholesale slaughter\\nof big game. Fortunately, however, they have been\\nrecently compelled to submit to certain laws, which,\\nif enforced for a few years, will make game much\\nmore plentiful. The Indians believe in certain cycles\\nof about seven years when the various species of\\ngame animals become alternately scarce and more\\nabundant, whether from disease or some other cause\\nis not known.\\nAmong big game the animal most characteristic\\nof the Rockies of Canada and which, from its scarcity\\nin other parts of the country the sportsman is most\\nanxious to get, is the wild goat. This animal at a\\ndistance has the general appearance of a goat, though\\nit is a species of antelope and more closely related to\\nthe ibex or chamois of Switzerland. It is covered\\nwith a dense coat of soft white wool, through which\\na mingling of longer hair projects, especially on the\\nbelly and stout legs. Both sexes have round, black\\nhorns six to twelve inches long, slightly curved back-\\nwards and very sharply pointed. An adult animal,\\nwhen cornered, can put up a strong fight against ene-\\nmies of its own size, and I have heard of an Indian\\nnearly losing his life in a close encounter with an old\\nmale. A full-grown goat sometimes weighs more\\nthan two hundred pounds. The Indians kill a large", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0399.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "260 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocfcies of Canada\\nnumber of them every year for their flesh and hides,\\nwhich latter they tan into a soft leather. Neverthe-\\nless the mountain goat is very abundant and probably\\nactually increasing in numbers.\\nIts natural environment is among high and almost\\ninaccessible cliffs near the upper limit of vegetation, or\\nin the alps and meadows above tree-line. Rarely do\\nthese animals come far below tree-line during the\\nsummer. They are apparently slow and clumsy in\\ntheir movements and have a swinging gait like a bear,\\na resemblance that at a distance is increased by the\\nfact that they hold their heads very low. In spite of\\napparent slowness they run over the roughest rocks\\nat a rapid pace and climb with certainty cliffs that are\\ninaccessible to man. They run singly or in groups\\nof from three to seven during the summer months,\\nbrowsing upon the tender Alpine plants which grow\\nbetween seven and nine thousand feet above the sea.\\nIn some of the lower valleys there are clay banks\\ncontaining minerals which they travel miles to taste,\\nand the number of tracks leading in several directions\\nshow that such licks are much frequented.\\nMy first goat was killed near the base of Mt. Assini-\\nboine. West of our camp there was a long ridge of\\nnearly horizontal ledges for the first thousand feet or\\nso from the valley, while the rocks were more pre-\\ncipitous above. On our various excursions we had\\nnoticed fresh tracks of goats, while the low spruce\\nand underbrush were in many places covered with\\ntufts of white wool which had been torn from the", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0400.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "Gbe IRocfcs flDountain (Boat 261\\nanimals as they passed. However, no game had\\nbeen seen till one afternoon, when a goat was ob-\\nserved walking along the cliff a few hundred feet\\nabove our level and not half a mile distant. Two of\\nus made off in pursuit, and after climbing to a higher\\nledge, followed the innumerable gorges and rocky\\nspurs of the mountain-side in the hope of getting a\\nshot. But our game made better progress than we\\nand eventually eluded us altogether. After a three-\\nhours hunt we returned to camp much disappointed\\nbut while we were at dinner the goat appeared again,\\nthis time much higher on the mountain. My com-\\npanion had had enough, and though it was getting\\nlate I determined, after having been once baffled, to\\nhave that goat if it was necessary to stay out all\\nnight. The animal had scrambled down a number\\nof exceedingly steep places to a narrow shelf below\\nwhich was a vertical precipice that made him pause.\\nAt frequent intervals he would look down as though\\nhe wanted to descend the cliff, but there was not the\\nslightest foothold for even such a skilful mountaineer.\\nI watched the animal from the cover of some larches\\nwith the purpose of fixing in my mind the outline of\\na certain snow patch. 1 felt that the success of the\\nhunt would depend on knowing exactly where the\\ngame was when I should come down for a shot.\\nThe mountain goat must be stalked from above. Ex-\\nperience has taught them that their chief enemies,\\nbears and panthers, come from below. They pay\\nlittle attention to anything above them except to run", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0401.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "262 \u00c2\u00a3be TRocfcies of Cana a\\nto cover of some projecting cliff whenever stones\\nrattle down the mountain-side. After the exact out-\\nline of the snow patch that marked the position of\\nthe goat had been fixed in memory, I set out to\\nscramble up the grassy slope, concealed from possible\\nview of my game. I climbed nearly a thousand feet\\nand then had a difficult scramble among some tre-\\nmendous crags and rock fragments with dark caverns\\nand patches of treacherous snow between them.\\nDarkness was coming on rapidly under the shadow\\nof the mountain, and the north-western twilight was\\nfading, as it was nearly nine-thirty. The snow was\\nhardening under the frost, and some pools were freez-\\ning as I followed a gently descending ledge and saw\\nbefore me the well-marked snow patch, under which\\nthe goat had been standing when 1 left the valley.\\nPausing a brief moment to take breath after the rapid\\nclimb, I worked over to the cliff edge cautiously but\\nnot without disturbing some shaly stones, which\\npattered down and rattled over the precipice. Aroused\\nby these stones, no doubt, 1 then saw the goat not\\nfar below looking at me with a curiously sullen ex-\\npression. I aimed, but had sufficient presence of\\nmind not to fire because the foresight of my rifle was\\nmaking circles around my mark owing to a combina-\\ntion of buck fever and the rapid climbing which\\nI had just done. It seemed a long time before I\\ncould make proper aim, and then after a flash there\\nwas a dull thud far below. Leaning over the cliff I\\nsaw the goat at the bottom of the precipice rolling", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0402.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "HEAD OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0403.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0404.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "a Successful Stalft 263\\nover and over down the mountain-side. After a\\ncircuitous descent I reached the cliff bottom, and\\nfound a large hole in frozen snow, where the goat s\\nbody had struck after a fall of fully one hundred and\\ntwenty-five feet. The poor animal was some distance\\nbelow, still alive though mortally wounded. I de-\\nspatched the animal with another bullet, and at ten-\\nthirty started for camp.\\nIt was now dark and the trees and rocks were\\ndimly outlined under the starlight. A precipitous\\nledge below compelled a detour. Thinking that the\\nend of this had been reached I commenced to descend\\na rather steep place which at first seemed easy\\nenough. By a succession of groping movements,\\naided by projecting roots and stones, 1 lowered my-\\nself from one point to another till at length, with one\\nhand firmly grasping a young balsam, 1 found myself\\nhanging over a cliff supported by one arm. It was\\nimpossible to tell how high the cliff might be, which\\ngave little encouragement to jump into the darkness\\nand risk a fall. Just then the rifle began to slip, and\\na most tiresome struggle ensued to place it securely\\nwith one hand while the other supported the entire\\nweight of my body. Though everything seemed\\nfairly safe in going down, the bushes broke or came\\nout by the roots as I tried to climb up, and the smooth\\nstones offered no grip to my fingers. Sheer neces-\\nsity resulted in success at last after some desperate\\nefforts. Camp was reached toward midnight, and\\naround the blazing fire I told of my successful hunt.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0405.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "264 Gbe IRocfues of Canada\\nPeyto and Lang took a stout pole in the morning\\nand brought the goat down to camp, where the meat\\nwas carefully dressed and laid away in a neighbouring\\nsnow-bank. The meat of these animals is somewhat\\nlike venison, though it has a musky flavour which is\\ntoo strong for many palates. However, in my expe-\\nrience, when the meat is broiled, or fried with bacon,\\nand well seasoned with salt and pepper, it is quite\\nimpossible to say whether the cook has served goat\\nor the very best mutton. Goat meat should never be\\nboiled or stewed, as the musky flavour is then\\napparent.\\nIn 1896 Mr. Barrett and I were camped at the\\nforks of the Saskatchewan, a seven-days journey\\ninto the wilds. Our camp was in a small canyon\\nnear the turbulent Little Fork, and our tents were\\nplaced in an open grove of spruce on a flat gravel\\nbed. On the evening of our arrival Barrett and I,\\naccompanied by Fred Stephens, an experienced back-\\nwoodsman from Michigan, and a great hunter, walked\\ntowards the Saskatchewan River. Leaving the point\\nwhere the Little Fork pours its small contribution\\ninto the milky flood of glacial waters, we strolled\\ndown the valley for a considerable distance, when\\nsuddenly our attention was called to a large animal\\nupon the river-bank a mile or so distant. Stephens,\\nwho had killed many bears in Montana, declared it was\\na grizzly. A plan was made at once for Stephens and\\nBarrett, who had rifles, to follow the cover of woods\\nwhile I made signals as to the location of the animal.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0406.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "an Experience on tbe Saskatchewan 265\\nAfter twenty minutes I saw puffs of bluish smoke\\nand heards shots ring out from the forest, whereupon\\nour game reared up on his hind legs and ran towards\\nthe hunters. No more shots were heard, the animal\\ndisappeared among trees, and it seemed best to climb\\na tall spruce to get abetter view over the flat expanse\\nof the valley, and, if possible, have a look at the game\\nand hunters. Barrett and Stephens afterwards said,\\nhowever, that I was not up the tree for any other\\npurpose than to avoid the charge of a wounded grizzly\\nwhich was coming my way. It eventually proved,\\nhowever, that the supposed bear was nothing less\\nthan a very large goat, which must have weighed\\nthree hundred pounds.\\nThis region is frequented by mountain goats, and\\nfresh tracks were to be seen on the Indian trail near\\nour camp. One day a kid walked along the crest of a\\nlow cliff within a few yards of our camp. The little\\nanimal showed no fear of us, and browsed the grass\\nas it sauntered along. When one of our men fired a\\npistol several times it only looked startled for a\\nmoment. I thought the action of the beast showed\\nsupreme contempt for the shooting, which was in-\\ndeed very bad. The fact of our seeing two goats and\\nmany fresh tracks at this low altitude, which was\\nabout thirty-five hundred feet below the tree-line,\\nproves that mountain goats sometimes endure the\\nwarmth of the low valleys. On a hot summer day\\nthe temperature might easily rise to eighty degrees\\nin such a valley, and if the goats remain below at", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0407.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "266 Gbe TRocIues of Cana a\\nsuch times they must tolerate a much greater heat\\nthan is supposed.\\nThe abundance of goats in these mountains is\\nwell proved by the ease with which the Indians kill\\nlarge numbers of them, and the very good bags\\nmade by gentlemen who have made an earnest ef-\\nfort to hunt them. We killed three and saw, all\\ntold, about fifteen on this excursion, where hunting\\nwas only a side-issue and engaged in at rare inter-\\nvals. Two Englishmen, Col. Melleden and Capt.\\nChartris, killed six goats and five sheep on a three-\\nweeks hunting trip in this locality.\\nOne of the best places I know for the mountain\\ngoat is the group of mountains around Lake Louise.\\nI have seen many of these animals every year in the\\nvalley of Lake Louise or on the adjacent hillsides.\\nThe magnitude of the mountains and the distance\\nrequire very sharp eyes to see the animals, though\\nthe Indians can pick them out where the white man\\nrequires a field-glass. They are not much hunted,\\nand are increasing in numbers in that neighbour-\\nhood. In October, 1899, the telegraph operator at\\nLaggan saw a large herd on Fairview Mountain, and\\na few days later two Swiss guides saw fifteen or\\ntwenty on one side of the valley near Mt. Lefroy,\\nand a solitary animal several miles distant the same\\nday. One of the most interesting experiences with\\ngoats that has come to my experience occurred on\\nthe day following. I had made an ascent of Pope s\\nPeak, a high mountain above Lake Agnes, which", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0408.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "Hbpenture on a (fountain Climb 267\\nlatter the Indians used to call the Goats Looking-\\nGlass, and, coming down from the cliffs and danger-\\nous places of the peak to safer travelling, was\\nbeginning to experience that comfortable feeling\\nwhich every mountaineer enjoys after a successful\\nclimb when the last hard work is over. It was a per-\\nfect day of sunshine, with massive cumulus clouds\\nand the mountains distinctly outlined in clear air.\\nHaving reached an altitude of about eight thousand\\nfeet, I paused for a few moments to study the great\\namphitheatre of mountains and the vast sweep of\\nthe valley. My eye fell at once on three goats\\nbrowsing on Alpine herbs of a green slope. I was\\nin full view of them, and the nature of the mountain\\nwas such that no concealment was possible. How-\\never, by way of experiment, I continued the descent\\nwith ordinary caution, and, working over to the left,\\ncame down upon them from above. They were al-\\ntogether absorbed in their pasture, and unmindful of\\nthe pattering stones which I disturbed from time to\\ntime. Whenever all of them had their heads to\\nthe ground at the same time, I ran some distance,\\ncrouching under the cover of low bushes, and then\\nwaited for another opportunity. The unwary ani-\\nmals paid no heed till, in wonder at their stupidity,\\nI stood up in full view, not ten yards distant from\\nthe nearest goat Even then I received only a sul-\\nlen look from the old billy. He made a curious\\npicture as he flapped his ears constantly to drive\\naway the pestiferous grey gnats which swarm in", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0409.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "268 Zhe IRockies of Cana a\\nthe autumn and which were bothering me likewise.\\nI reached for a large stone, and shied it at him but\\nhe was so close that it went over his back. Then\\nthey commenced to run. It is said that mountain\\ngoats invariably run up-hill, even in the face of dan-\\nger, but 1 was determined not to let them do so.\\nThey wheeled to the left, and I likewise, running\\nover rough stones and through scrubby brush as\\nthough my life depended on the chase. I got a\\nglimpse of the goats heading up, but I was still di-\\nrectly above them. They saw me and turned back.\\nThen for an interval they were lost to view, and in a\\nfew moments they appeared in the valley bottom,\\nloping like wolves over the rough stones and up the\\nopposite slope, pausing to look around in terror be-\\nfore making a final dash for safety. It was not long\\nbefore they were at my level on the mountain op-\\nposite, and then they came to what appeared an\\nabrupt precipice. They seemed to spring into the\\nair and reach a foothold of some kind several feet\\nabove them, pause, and leap again. They were not\\ncontent till they had climbed more than a thousand\\nfeet to the summit of a rough crag called the\\nDevil s Thumb, when they disappeared through\\na little depression into the valley of Lake Louise\\non the other side.\\nThe Rocky Mountain sheep or bighorn has sim-\\nilar habits. This noble animal, though somewhat\\nscarce, seems to reach the best development of head\\nand horns in these Canadian Rockies. I have never", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0410.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "Gbe flDountain Sbeep 269\\nseen heads from Montana or the Sierras to compare\\nwith the beautiful sweep of horns that is common to\\nsheep killed in these mountains. In speaking of the\\nbighorn John Muir says\\nThe domestic sheep, in a general way, is ex-\\npressionless, like a dull bundle of something only\\nhalf alive, while the wild is as elegant and graceful\\nas a deer, and every movement tells the strength and\\ngrandeur of his character. The tame is timid, the\\nwild is bold. The tame is always more or less ruf-\\nfled and dirty while the wild is as smooth and\\nclean as the flowers of his mountain pastures.\\nWhereas the mountain goat is clothed in a coat\\nof white wool, the sheep has a thick pelt of stiff and\\nrather brittle hair which, in colouring, harmonizes\\nwith the grey and brownish cliffs where he roams.\\nThey are more wary than the goat, and require care-\\nful stalking. The mountain sheep is less abundant\\nthan formerly because the Indians seek them persist-\\nently. Fine heads always bring a good price for\\nmounting, and this, in addition to their excellent\\nmeat, makes them eagerly sought after.\\n1 have seen the wild sheep only in one part of\\nthe Canadian Rockies, though they live sparingly\\nthroughout the higher mountains and especially in\\nthe foot-hills and Coast range. One day, when we\\nwere journeying to the Athabasca Pass, we found\\nourselves far above timber on a lofty divide between\\nthe Saskatchewan and Athabasca. While spread out\\nin single file, our fifteen horses were marching", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0411.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "270 Gbe Kochies of Canafca\\nthrough a rolling upland pasture in silence. Sud-\\ndenly a bunch of wild sheep ran upon an eminence\\nnot fifty yards distant to look at us. This was a\\nmagnificent revelation of animal life. Twenty-seven\\nwild sheep proudly outlined against the sky Mo-\\ntionless they stood gazing at us in amazement while\\nwe studied their graceful forms and curved horns\\nraised high in air. Every rifle was tied to the saddle,\\nas luck would have it, and a long march through rain\\nand wet brush had made unyielding knots in the\\nleather straps. While we were getting at the fire-\\narms a miserable pet spaniel, which had hitherto\\nproved utterly unfit to find or recover game, ran for-\\nward barking. With a sudden turn the whole band\\nmade off, showing their white rumps as they bounded\\naway for miles over the hills.\\nWe hunted them from our camp later. Fred\\nStephens shot one at long range, but the animal\\nstruggled away and fell over some cliffs where it was\\nimpossible to follow. The next day two sheep ap-\\npeared on the mountain five hundred feet above the\\ncamp. They were looking at us intently, and no\\ndoubt wondering what manner of creatures we might\\nbe. Barrett and 1 made a long detour, and hunted\\ncarefully all that day, but were not able to locate\\nthem. We saw numbers of sheep on many occasions\\nin this particular place, which is never hunted by the\\nIndians because of a certain superstition about this\\npart of the mountain. A most interesting experience\\noccurred to Barrett one day when he was making a", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0412.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0415.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0416.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Curious Instance of Sameness 271\\nlone mountain climb. It was the first and only time\\nfor a month that he had failed to carry his rifle. De-\\nscending from the mountain he came upon a young\\nlamb, and presently saw the mother not far distant.\\nNeither appeared much disconcerted by his presence,\\nbut moved slowly ahead as he progressed. The\\nlamb actually indulging in various friskings and\\nyouthful evolutions at a few yards distance.\\nPrevious to our visit, which was probably the first\\nmade by white men to this place, these sheep had\\nbeen seldom or never hunted, as the Indians got their\\nsuperstitions about the region years before. They\\nwere accordingly in a state of primitive wildness,\\nwhich may account for these several instances of\\ntameness in one of the most wary of all wild animals.\\nSubsequently, however, several hunting parties have\\nreduced their numbers.\\nThe moose, elk, and deer are very scarce except\\nin such low and broad valleys as the Vermilion and\\nKootenay. Few, except Indians succeed in bagging\\nthese animals. However, most hunters are more\\neager to get sheep and goats, and little effort has been\\nmade hitherto in the way of killing these members\\nof the deer tribe.\\nBears, both black and grizzly, are fairly abundant,\\nespecially in the Selkirk range, where at Glacier three\\nor four have been seen on several occasions in one day.\\nAn immense grizzly was shot at Lake Louise several\\nyears ago within a few yards of the chalet, and a number\\nof animals are killed every season by the railroad men.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0417.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "272 Gbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nIn seven or eight seasons of marching through\\nthese mountain wildernesses, I have seen a bear but\\nonce. It is not uncommon to see their tracks, but a\\nbear has acute hearing, and quickly withdraws into\\nhiding upon the approach of a noisy pack-train. The\\nStony Indians attack them fearlessly. Though they\\nare inferior shots, two alone will open up on a\\ngrizzly, and it is often said that they will fight a black\\nbear armed only with hunting-knives. The Stonies,\\nhowever, are incomparable hunters, and it is their\\nboast that like, Attila, the scourge of God, be-\\nneath whose feet the grass died No game can live\\nwhere we hunt.\\nIn the way of small game, there are several species\\nof grouse and ducks, which are more likely to fill the\\nlarder of an ordinary camping expedition than big\\ngame. The Richardson and Franklin grouse, with\\nthe grey ruffed and Canadian ruffed grouse, are closely\\nrelated to the pinnated grouse or prairie chicken.\\nThey live in the forests everywhere, and are so\\nabundant that they make a large and important item\\nin the way of fresh meat. These birds are excellent\\neating, being juicy, tender, and well-flavoured. It is\\nhardly fair to call them game, for they are easily\\nkilled by shooting their heads off with a rifle as they\\nroost in the trees. I have taken six in half an hour,\\narmed with stones, though it requires practice to pick\\nthem off at first. Black ducks, mallards, and teal are\\nfound in such places as the Vermilion Lakes near\\nBanff, and on all rivers and lakes in the lower valleys.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0418.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "Zbe Hlpine ptarmigan 273\\nThey used to swarm in large numbers at Lake Louise\\nin September and October, but have been less nu-\\nmerous in the last two or three seasons. The ptar-\\nmigan is an Alpine bird, found among the bare rocks,\\neight or nine thousand feet above sea-level in the\\nsummer months. Their summer dress is a pepper-\\nand-salt colour with wings nearly white, but in\\nwinter is snowy white throughout, while their legs,\\nand even the bottom of their feet, are covered\\nwith feathers, possibly as a protection against cold.\\nThese birds are of the same size as the domestic\\npigeon, considerably smaller than the grouse, but\\nsimilar in flavour. They will remain quiet until one\\nshot is fired, and if this does not take effect, they fly\\naway out of danger, thereby showing superior dis-\\ncretion to their stupid cousins of the woods.\\nWith the exception of goat hunting, it may safely\\nbe said, that fishermen have better opportunities of\\nsport than the big-game hunters in the Rockies of\\nCanada. It may be broadly stated that every clear\\nstream abounds in trout if the waters are not too\\nswift. The distribution of fish in the numerous lakes\\ndepends on many circumstances, some of which are\\neasily understood as for instance the absence of\\nfish in lakes of very high altitude, or where a wa-\\nterfall has made the ascent of streams impossible.\\nBut in other rare cases, there are large clear lakes\\nat reasonable altitudes, having fine outlet streams,\\nwhere there are no fish. The most remarkable\\nplace of the kind that I have seen is Fortress Lake,", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0419.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "274 Gbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\nseven miles long, which empties into the Columbia\\nRiver.\\nSome of the rivers are glacial streams, carrying a\\nflood of muddy water from ice-fields of the high\\nmountains, and in these no fish can live. Many\\nstreams are rushing torrents or a succession of rapids,\\nswinging from right to left in rapid descent, for miles,\\nwith no pools or eddies where a trout might find\\nrest. The upper Simpson and Vermilion are such\\nstreams, though fine trout abound in their lower\\nparts. The Bow is an ideal river for mountain trout,\\nwith many reaches of deep pools and eddying coves,\\nas it descends through its broad and flat valley, and\\ntaking its source in two fine lakes, three or four\\nmiles long, both of which teem with large lake trout.\\nSome of the best records in trout fishing have been\\nmade in these waters near the source of the Bow.\\nThe lakes have only been tried from the shore, be-\\ncause the few parties that have visited them have\\nnot had time to build rafts and try the deepest\\nplaces. Many trout have been caught near the\\nshores of the Upper Bow Lake, which run between\\neight and twelve pounds. The lower lake also no\\ndoubt abounds in large fish, though the only one I\\never saw was a two-pound fish I got with a fly,\\nafter three minutes fishing from its rocky south\\nshore.\\nTo give some idea of the fishing in the upper\\npart of the Bow River, where it flows through the\\nmuskegs at the base of Mt. Hector, I will first tell my", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0420.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "3ftebing in Xafcee ant Streams 275\\nown experience, and then give some more remark-\\nable records made by others. One day our men\\nwere having trouble getting the horses through a\\nmuskeg, when, by way of experiment, I took a line in\\nhand with an artificial fly attached and dropped it\\nfrom an overhanging bank on the water of a deep\\npool. A three-pound trout rose to the fly and was\\nsoon landed. The next carried away my leader, and\\nI had to suspend operations, as our horses were well\\nahead by that time. In the afternoon I tried some\\npools above our camp, having no luck at all in some,\\nwhile others contained several trout. With a red\\nhackle I landed five trout averaging two pounds\\neach from one pool in less than three minutes.\\nOn September 13 to 15, 1898, General Fred Pear-\\nson and Captain Dickerson caught the following\\nmess of trout between the upper and lower Bow\\nlakes\\n1 fish at 4\\\\ pounds\\n1 at 8-J- pounds\\n2 6\\n1 8f\\n1 6f\\n3 91\\n1 8\\n1 9f\\nThere is no doubt that these Bow lakes abound\\nin lake trout of considerable size. Wilson says that\\nthe Indians used to get numbers of large fish when,\\nfor some reason, they came into a small stream which\\nenters the lake from the north-west. These fish were\\ndriven by shouts into shallow water, and so caught.\\nWhere the stream flows out into the lake is a fine", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0421.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "276 Gbe IRocfcies of Cana a\\nplace to fish, and when camped there we caught a\\ngreat number of two- and three-pound bullhead\\ntrout. A camping party, which had just left, caught\\nfewer fish in the same place, but they were all\\nbetween eight and ten pounds.\\nThe fish in each mountain lake have certain pe-\\nculiarities of size or colouring. In Lake Louise the\\ntrout are from one-half to one pound in weight, and\\nno large fish have ever been caught. They are brook\\ntrout, similar, except in lighter colouring, to those\\nin the brawling outlet stream. Moraine Lake, east\\nof Mt. Temple, abounds in very gamy trout, the size\\nof which was quite uniformly between fifteen and\\nseventeen inches in length. So far as I know, this\\nlake had never been visited before the summer of\\n1899, when Ross Peecock and I camped there several\\ndays. Here is a lake full offish, which we reached\\nin six hours travel from Lake Louise, and that, too,\\nby driving our pack-horses through the pathless\\nwoods. If a trail were cut through the timber,\\nsportsmen could no doubt reach this splendid lake\\nin three or four hours. This gives an instance of the\\ncomparative wildness of the mountains, and their\\nwonderful possibilities in the way of sport, which\\nhave not been developed hitherto. We found\\nanother larger lake some ten miles further south,\\nwhich drains into the Little Vermilion Creek, where\\nthe fish were numerous, but of smaller size, averaging\\na pound or more. They resemble rainbow trout, but\\nwere very highly coloured and their gills fiery red.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0422.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9n a IRaft at tbe Sprap Xafcea 277\\nThere is a lake about a day s journey from Banff,\\nin the valley of Forty Mile Creek, where sport is\\nimpossible because the fish are too numerous. I have\\nnever seen it, but old timers around Banff agree that\\nin this place several fish dash to the fly at one time,\\nso that after a few minutes, fishing seems more like\\nslaughter than legitimate sport.\\nOne of the best places for lake trout is in the\\nSpray Lakes, a day s march from Banff. This is on\\nthe route to Mt. Assiniboine, and on my second\\njourney to that region we camped by the largest\\nof them, called Trout Lake. Mr. Bryant and I got\\non a raft, which the miners from Canmore had built,\\nand after paddling out into the lake, tried the fly-\\nfishing. Fish of one to two pounds rose to the fly,\\nand we soon got a large number for lunch. In the\\nafternoon we anchored the raft where a large stream\\nenters, and while Bryant used the fly I rigged up a\\nlarge hook and strong line, and after baiting with\\na piece of fresh fish, dropped the hook over. The\\ncurrent carried out fifteen or twenty yards of line\\nand swept the hook along the bottom, until, in a\\nshort time, there came a violent tug, as though\\na log had caught the hook. But this was a very\\ndifferent pull, and I had to let out fathoms of line.\\nA big fish was on, and he was rushing madly in every\\ndirection, sometimes coming nearer, when some slack\\ncould be taken in, then away again, while the strain-\\ning line whipping through the water threatened to\\nbreak at any time. In fifteen minutes a lake trout", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0423.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "278 Zbe IRocfttes of Cana a\\nthat weighed fully nine pounds was landed on the\\nraft and killed. Three more were caught in the first\\nhour, one of which was a ten-pound fish. Bryant\\ngot one with his trout rod, deeming it better sport\\nthan a hand line, and so it proved. It was a twenty-\\nminute fight between a large fish, his line, and sup-\\nple rod, which was bent double, and never recovered\\nthe strain of that day. It was a glorious sight, as\\nthe declining sun was playing over the broad waters\\nof the lake in the majestic calm of evening, to\\nhear the whiz of the line and the sound of the reel,\\nwith our friends on the shore shouting Go it, old\\nman, hang on till at last another fine prize was\\ncaptured. We packed all our spare fish in a wooden\\nbox in cold moss and had enough to supply the\\nhundred or more guests at the Banff Springs Hotel.\\nRoughly speaking, the size of trout in the Upper\\nBow Lake, the largest of the Spray Lakes, and Lake\\nMinnewanka, near Banff, is proportional to the size\\nof the lakes themselves. Lake Minnewanka, or the\\nDevil s Lake, is eleven miles long, and the fish are\\nboth numerous and of great size. A trout weighing\\nthirty-three pounds held the record up to 1896, or\\nlater but all records were surpassed by a fish caught\\nin 1899 by Dr. Seward Webb, which tipped the\\nscales at forty-seven pounds The total weight of\\nfourteen fish caught in this lake one day by two\\nsportsmen was forty-three pounds. Sixteen caught\\nthe following day weighed forty-eight pounds, or an\\naverage of about three pounds to each fish. I have", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0424.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Gbe IRocMes as a IResort for Sportsmen 279\\nheard that the Indians sometimes bring in fish of\\nunusual size from the Kananaskis Lakes and other\\nbodies of water remote from the railroad but this\\ninformation is second-hand and like all such, es-\\npecially in regard to fish, somewhat influenced by\\nimagination.\\nGenerally speaking, the sportsman should expect\\nto kill in these Canadian Rockies no big game out-\\nside of the mountain goat and sheep. With a well\\ndirected effort in a proper region, especially if an\\nIndian hunter can be persuaded to assist him, he will\\nstand a very fair chance of securing sheep, and al-\\nmost a certainty of bagging several goats. The\\nhunter will have to rough it, and may find the vi-\\ncissitudes of mountain travel more trying than any-\\nthing to be encountered in the woods of Maine or\\neastern Canada. Moreover, the pursuit of these\\nmountain-loving animals requires steady nerves and\\nconsiderable practice in climbing. Such matters\\nadd zest to the chase and the reward is fairly\\ncertain.\\nFor the fisherman there is an unopened wilder-\\nness full of fine streams and clear lakes, in the great\\nmajority of which fish abound. Emerald Lake and\\nLake Minnewanka are easily accessible but most of\\nthem are as yet only to be reached by rough trails, or\\nby forcing a passage through the forests. The re-\\nmote bodies of water are, of course, not supplied with\\nboats, and some, which are only three or four hours\\njourney from the railroad, have never been fished", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0425.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "280 Zhe IRockies of CanaDa\\nso that the sportsman, to get the best results, must\\nresort to rafts of his own construction, or carry a\\ncollapsible boat. However, the waters of all these\\nmountain lakes are deep, and sometimes excellent\\nfly-fishing may be had from their rocky shores.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0426.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV\\nHOME OF THE STONY INDIANS INFLUENCE OF AN EARLY\\nMISSIONARY THE INDIAN VILLAGE TREATY WITH THE\\nGOVERNMENT POWER OF THE STONIES IN WAR THEIR\\nCHIEFS SCHOOLS AND EFFECTS OF EDUCATION RE-\\nLIGIOUS TEMPERAMENT QUAINT SUPERSTITIONS ANEC-\\nDOTE ABOUT EDWIN THE GOLD-SEEKER LOVE OF MUSIC\\nMORALITY OF INDIAN WOMEN ABSTINENCE FROM\\nALCOHOL INDIAN PONIES A BEAR STORY NEW\\nYEAR S DAY CELEBRATIONS WHERE THE STONIES GET\\nTHEIR COURAGE\\nTHE Stony Indians, a tribe unique in their man-\\nner of life and ideas, live on the borders of\\nthe great Canadian plains not far from the\\nbase of the Rockies. They have few traditions.\\nExcept that they are a branch of the Sioux, no one\\nknows whence they came but during the last half\\ncentury at least they have held the foothills of the\\nRockies for a home and have used the mountains as\\na hunting-ground. The Stonies have the reputation\\nof being the fiercest fighters among the north-west-\\nern tribes, and have cruelly punished their enemies,\\nthe Blackfeet, in many encounters on the plains.\\nAbout fifty years ago, when the first explorers\\ncame in search of a route across the continent, this\\n281", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0427.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "282 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocfcies of Canada\\nterritory was alive with savages. Each cloud of\\ndust in the distance, or band of horsemen scurrying\\nlike wind over the plains, was a cause for instant\\nalarm, and no traveller was assured of safety except\\nin arms or the good will of the Stonies for the\\nStonies then, as now, were friends of the white men.\\nWhatever may have been the cause of this friend-\\nship for the invading whites on the part of the most\\ninfluential Indians in the north-west, it is certain that\\nthey owe much of their religious education to a godly\\nman, Mr. Rundle, a Methodist missionary, who came\\namong them about sixty years ago. To this day the\\nolder members of the tribe cherish his name with\\nlove and feel a bond of sympathy for all white men\\nthrough this good man s influence for, Did he not\\ncome among us, they say, a poor man and go\\naway likewise, leaving us richer It is partly ow-\\ning to the impression of this early missionary s re-\\nmarkable personality, but certainly also to some\\nnative strength of character, that they have such un-\\nusually good traits. The Stonies are exceptionally\\nfaithful they cannot be tempted to steal, they are\\ntrue to their word, and, more incredible still, they\\nhave an abhorrence of alcohol.\\nTheir reserve is a beautiful place in the terraced\\nvalley of the Bow River, near the little railroad sta-\\ntion of Morley. The surrounding hills are covered\\nwith a scant turf, only green during May and June,\\nsoon to be parched by summer drought, and then\\nfrost-bitten for half the year. Clumps of rough", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0428.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0431.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0432.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "Gbe fln ian lOUIage 283\\nDouglas firs crown the rounded hilltops or grow on\\nthe sides of ravines, and every tree leans eastward\\nas a result of the unceasing west winds.\\nThe Indian village is on a small plain among\\nwooded hills, about a mile from Morley. It is a col-\\nlection of simple wooden houses which the Indians\\nhave built for themselves, though some still use the\\nprimitive teepee. During a recent visit I made my\\nfirst call on Tom Chiniquay, a chief s son, to take\\npictures of himself and his wife. In his house were\\ntanned skins, beadwork and embroidery, as well as\\nillustrations and cheap prints from our periodicals.\\nIn a cupboard were some iron tools and other evid-\\nences of civilisation. Chiniquay arrayed himself in\\na gorgeous costume of ermine and otter fur, and put\\non a magnificent head-piece of eagle feathers, with\\nthe sharp, black horns of the mountain goat on either\\nside. After the ordeal, Chiniquay charged me a dol-\\nlar for the privilege of photographing him, notwith-\\nstanding an old friendship between us. I have never\\nlearned whether this charge resulted from the fact\\nthat he is a chief s son, or because of a certain debt\\nat the store for which his costume had been\\nmortgaged.\\nThe relations between the Canadian Government\\nand the Stony Indians have been always happy. At\\na great council of the tribes, held many years ago, in\\nwhich the Blackfeet, Piegans, Sarcees, Bloods, and\\nStonies took part, a treaty was made with the Stonies\\nthat so long as the river flows they are to receive", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0433.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "284 Gbe IRocfcies of Canaba\\nrations of beef, flour, tobacco, clothing, and money,\\nin return for the lands of which they have been dis-\\npossessed. The Stonies have behaved themselves,\\nthe Government has kept its promises, and everyone\\nis satisfied.\\nThere are three Stony reserves in the north-west,\\nbut this one at Morley is the most important. At\\nthis place there were 581 Indians in 1898, and by\\nnatural increase 602 a year later. Though so few in\\nnumber, the Stonies have exercised strong influence on\\nthe other tribes, due perhaps to their prowess in war\\nand nearly every enterprise the Indians have under-\\ntaken, whether lawful or otherwise, has been a suc-\\ncess if the Stonies joined and a failure if they did not.\\nThus the Riel rebellion, in 1885, though serious for a\\ntime, lost considerable importance when it was known\\nthat the Stonies would not lend their assistance.\\nThe Stonies have some cousins on the plains, the\\nAssiniboines, who are arrant knaves, liars, and horse-\\nthieves, with none of the good traits of their relatives,\\nand nothing in common with them except a similar\\ntongue. All the Indian tribes of these western plains\\nhave become more or less united by a century of the\\nfur trade which brought them together in a peaceful\\nway. The Stonies, like the others, are scattered in\\nseparate bands, the purest blood being at the Morley\\nreserve, amalgamated, however, with the mountain\\nCrees, and are at best merely shattered remnants of\\na tribe that has been repeatedly decimated by war\\nand smallpox.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0434.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "Scbools anfc Effects of Eimcation 285\\nThere are three chiefs in this band, and upon the\\ndeath of any one, another is chosen by the Indians to\\nbe approved by the Government. Numerous petty\\nmarks of distinction a larger house, or a more gor-\\ngeous costume on festal occasions are the insignia\\nof their authority, which is not very great and is\\nlimited to such matters as the choice of camping-\\nplaces on their marches, a weightier influence in\\ncouncil, and leadership in time of war. One day of\\nmy visit, Chief Chiniquay came to the agency on a\\nmatter of business. There was nothing, however,\\nin his simple blanket costume and knife-belt to\\ndistinguish him from the others. But such was his\\ndignity and reserve that no suggestion was made\\nto take his picture, especially as this chief clings to\\nthe ancient superstition about the camera that it\\nshortens life, or at least takes away some portion of\\nhealth.\\nThe Indians on this reserve have very good edu-\\ncational advantages. There are two day-schools\\nnear the village and a boarding-school some six miles\\ndistant, which has accommodation for about forty\\nscholars and is supported by the Methodist Church.\\nAt each school the children are taught simple arith-\\nmetic, geography, and the English language. There\\nare also opportunities for special studies, such as\\nhousework for the girls and farming for the boys.\\nThe Stonies are ambitious for their children, because\\neducation gives them standing among their fellows,\\nand they feel that ability to act as interpreters, read", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0435.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "286 \u00c2\u00a3be IRocWee of Canaba\\nthe papers, or write messages home when on their\\njourneys is no small distinction.\\nBut it cannot be said, in all fairness, that this\\nsimple education is always beneficial. No race can\\njump a thousand generations, or even a thousand\\nyears, and feel no shock. Education tends to the\\nIndian s betterment in many cases, but frequently also\\nto his downfall. The study of farming is all lost on\\nthe Stonies, because the climate of their country, sit-\\nuated two hundred miles north of Montana and four\\nthousand feet above the sea, is not favourable to the\\ncultivation of even hardy vegetables. Moreover,\\nthey have a strong prejudice against agriculture, and\\nfor them to dig in the ground is degradation. There\\nare, however, pleasing exceptions to this tendency to\\nrelapse from education. Some of the young Stonies\\nspeak English perfectly and show by their ideas that\\nthey are not only ambitious but progressive.\\nThe most surprising moral trait of the Stonies is\\ntheir sincere religious feeling, a result of early mis-\\nsionary work. They attend church voluntarily and\\nregularly, keep the Sabbath strictly, and even go to\\nthe length of private prayer-meetings at home. The\\nChristmas festivities begin with a church service, and\\neven their names, such as Job Beaver or Enoch\\nWildman, which are sometimes acquired from per-\\nsonal traits or circumstance, also prove their famil-\\niarity with the Bible.\\nThe Stonies show many of the paradoxes of a\\nsavage tribe in a transition stage. Striking contrasts", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0436.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "A TYPICAL STONY INDIAN", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0437.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0438.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a9uaint Superstitions 287\\nof ideas often occur in the same individual, which at\\ntimes almost cause a distrust in his sincerity. In-\\nherited superstitions take deep root in human nature,\\nand till we ourselves learn to disregard the new moon\\nover our right shoulder, thirteen at table, the bad\\nluck of Friday, and such petty self-delusions, whose\\ninfluence we feel for good or evil, we should not be\\ntoo severe in judging the Indian.\\nSome beliefs of the Stonies are, however, very in-\\nteresting, and none more so than certain supersti-\\ntions in regard to their hair, which, by the way, are\\nstrangely like those of the Hawaiians and South Sea\\nislanders. A lock of hair in the possession of an\\nenemy is a cause for great anxiety, because therein\\nis believed to lie the power of life and death over the\\nvictim. So strong is this feeling that even a good\\nIndian would shoot and kill, without a moment s hes-\\nitation, any one attempting to clip a lock of hair from\\nhis head. Many of their beliefs, however, are harm-\\nless such as the idea that each mouthful of salt takes\\na year from life, and that it is very bad luck for a man\\nto touch any article of a woman s clothing. The\\nyounger women are subject to strange cataleptic fits\\nand fainting spells, during which their bodies become\\napparently lifeless and rigid as iron. There is little\\ndoubt that the medicine men have a hypnotic influ-\\nence which is the cause of much that is incomprehen-\\nsible to the Indian mind. These sorcerers pretend\\nto drive away the evil spirits by charms, accompanied\\nby an unending beating of drums and mournful", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0439.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "2SS Zbe Rockies of Cana a\\nchants, continued day and night, till the patient\\neither recovers, owing to unusual vitality, or dies,\\nwhich is more often the case. Much of this gross\\nsuperstition is dying out and now exists only among\\nthe weaker individuals and women in the secrecy\\nand fear fostered by the medicine men, who, in any\\nevent, receive large payment for their services.\\nThe Indians have a superstition about minerals.\\nOne of the first white men to prospect along the\\nBow River was named Joe Healy. After much diffi-\\nculty and many promises of blankets, flour, and tea,\\nhe induced an Indian named Edwin, the Gold-Seeker,\\nto show him a place where there was copper ore.\\nThe other Indians shook their heads and said the\\nspirits would be angry and that something would\\nsurely happen to Edwin for disturbing the minerals.\\nBut when autumn came, and the snow began to fall,\\nEdwin and his family had new blankets and plenty\\nof flour in their teepee. Then the others talked it\\nover and said Perhaps the spirits will not be\\nangry. We know where there is money in the\\nrocks, and when the snow goes we will show it to\\nthe white man. Then he will give us horses, blankets,\\nand flour. But one calm night a few weeks later\\nsome of the old men were grouped round a camp-\\nfire on the flats by the river, and Edwin was stand-\\ning before them, telling about an exciting buffalo\\nchase. Suddenly he fell over almost into the fire.\\nThe others rushed to help him, but he was dead\\nHeart disease the Indian agent said it was. The", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0440.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "fB oralit\u00c2\u00a3 of Unbian Women 289\\nold men smiled sadly and said In the springtime\\nwhen the snow melts we will not show the white\\nman where there is money in the rocks.\\nThe Indians, though remarkably bad artists them-\\nselves, are very fond of music. They often come to\\nthe agency to hear the piano or the graphophone,\\nthe latter a marvellous invention of the white man\\nwhich they do not comprehend, and in admiration\\nsay/ We do not understand whether this is God or\\nthe devil speaking.\\nThe women are very strict in their ideas of moral-\\nity and rarely or never travel alone. Unless her hus-\\nband is present a woman will always leave a room\\nor teepee when a stranger enters. Though family\\nquarrels sometimes occur, the Stony women make\\nfaithful and loving wives. Their position is higher\\nthan among most Indians, as the family tie is not\\neasily broken, and labour is so divided that some of\\nthe work is done by the men. The women dress\\nand tan the skins of moose, sheep, and mountain\\ngoats, making them into the most beautifully pre-\\nserved leather to be found in the North-west. They\\nhave charge, too, of the family treasury, and no hus-\\nband will ever close a bargain without first consulting\\nhis wife. On hunting trips the women do the cooking\\nand set up the teepees, which require thirteen slender\\npoles stripped of their bark. To the men falls the\\nexcitement of hunting no less than the labour of the\\nchase, which, among the heights of the Rockies, is\\nexhausting and often dangerous.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0441.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "290 Zbc IRocMee of Canafca\\nStrict abstinence from alcohol and other vices\\nhas given the Stonies health and vitality that make\\ntheir numbers increase, while other tribes are dwind-\\nling away. But among all primitive peoples im-\\nported diseases find a virgin soil, and the Stonies\\nlikewise have suffered terribly from measles, small-\\npox, and consumption. An old Indian acquaintance\\nof mine, William Twin, once told me pathetically\\nthat he could sleep no more from thinking about the\\ndeath of his wife and children, and then added, Only\\none little boy left now if little boy die, no longer\\nwant to live, me/\\nThe Stonies welfare in peace and their lives in\\nwar depend on their horses, and it is little wonder\\nthat they take the greatest pride in them. For many\\nyears past they have obtained good horses from the\\nKootenay Indians in British Columbia, so that they\\nhave always had the best animals of the western\\ntribes. They have recently imported eastern stock\\nto improve their undersized ponies.\\nThey have few amusements, but are very sociable,\\nand nothing pleases them more than to recount their\\nadventures in a kind of gesture language which is\\ncomprehensible even to a stranger. It is not un-\\ncommon to see an Indian on his knees, before an at-\\ntentive group of listeners, carrying out in pantomime\\nevery detail of some exciting adventure, and with\\nwords half chanted and voice like one calling from\\nafar, relating the circumstances of hairbreadth es-\\ncapes or deeds of heroism.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0442.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "A STONY INDIAN MOTHER AND CHILDREN", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0443.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0444.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "H Bear Ston? 291\\nAmong many hunting stories, the following well\\nillustrates their courage A young brave named\\nSusie was encamped with his family in the Porcu-\\npine Hills east of the Rockies. After hunting sheep\\nand goats all day, he was returning to his teepee and\\nupon entering an open forest glade came unex-\\npectedly on a huge grizzly bear. He fired, though\\ntoo quickly for good aim, and only wounded the\\nbear in the fore foot. Walking backwards, and try-\\ning to get another cartridge in his rifle, he stumbled\\non a log and fell. The bear jumped upon him before\\nhe could recover. Then ensued a fight to the death.\\nThe Indian turned on his side and seized the bear s\\near with his left hand. In the other he held his\\nHudson Bay hunting-knife, a formidable weapon\\nlike a small sword, and with this kept striking the\\nbear on face and neck. Biting and clawing, the\\ninfuriated animal reared on his hind legs several\\ntimes in an effort to throw the Indian from him. At\\nlength both contestants, weakened from loss of\\nblood, fell to the ground, when Susie, with a des-\\nperate effort, drove the knife between the bear s\\nshoulders, but had no strength to pull the weapon\\nout. Maddened with pain, the bear gave his head a\\ngreat toss and threw the Indian several yards to\\none side.\\nOn the following morning Susie s people began\\nto search for him. Within a few yards of the dead\\nbear the Indian was found and carried back to camp.\\nThere they dressed his wounds and roasted the feet", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0445.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "292 Gbe IRockies of Cana a\\nof the grizzly, that he might eat them and become a\\nmighty hunter, for by eating the bear s feet the\\nspirit of the animal would enter and give him cour-\\nage. When asked what he thought about while\\nthe fight was going on he said I was thinking\\nwhy is a bear s ear not long like a deer s\\nThe great feast of the year is at New Year s. Every\\neffort is made by the hunting parties to get back\\nfrom the mountains before then, while those on the\\nreserves spend weeks in preparing magnificent cos-\\ntumes of fur and beadwork for this occasion. Upon\\nthe festal day all the Indians of the reserve assemble\\nin two bands, each led by a chief. After a volley\\nfrom firearms, the two bands come together and pass\\neach before the other, while during the performance\\nof this manoeuvre every Indian man, woman, or child\\nsalutes every other with a kiss. Thereupon they\\nrepair to the largest house and have a magnificent\\nbanquet, their white guests being first served with\\narticles of civilisation, while the Indians feast on\\npemmican made of the meat of bear, moose, or sheep\\nmixed with fat, sugar, and wild berries. Then fol-\\nlow horse-races and manoeuvres of various kinds,\\nwhich, together with the award of prizes to the\\nbest-looking squaws, and athletic contests, consume\\nthe day. In the evening there is a ball with primitive\\nmusic, where the dancers are urged on by shuffling\\nof feet and an unending Hi-i-i-i from the specta-\\ntors, while the excitement increases till at length, as\\nin a tarentelle, the participants are ready to faint from", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0446.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "Xtdberc tbe Stonies (Set tbeir Courage 293\\nexhaustion. Though there is much that is uncouth\\nand savage in these gatherings, there is no disorder,\\nand the stranger will be kindly and hospitably enter-\\ntained by his decorated hosts.\\nThe Stonies give an example of what has been true\\nthroughout the world s history,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that hill tribes and\\nmountain peoples have always been fierce, inde-\\npendent, and unconquerable. The Stonies get their\\ncourage among the perils of the Rockies, where on\\nhunting trips they have to ford rapid and dangerous\\nrivers, or climb the precipices of the highest peaks\\nand face the cold and storms of dizzy cliffs where\\nthe mountain goat and bighorn live. They have\\nphysical courage to attack the grizzly single-handed,\\nor engage twice their number in battle. These\\nadmirable qualities, with their honesty, sobriety, and\\nmuch that is best in civilisation, give a new hope for\\nall Indian tribes through their example.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0447.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0448.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nFACTS OF INTEREST ABOUT THE LAKE LOUISE REGION\\nTHE following information about trips to points of interest\\nnear Lake Louise will be useful to visitors.\\nTo those having but one day to spare, it would be\\nwell to take a boat and visit the south end of the lake.\\nIf this is done in the morning, the afternoon might be devoted\\nto an ascent of The Saddle, on foot, or with ponies. From this\\npoint a magnificent view of Paradise Valley and Mt. Temple\\nmay be had.\\nBy those having two or three days, the following additional\\ntrips should be made (i) To Lake Agnes, and possibly the\\nLesser Beehive or even an ascent of Mt. St. Piran. (2) To the\\nglacier, or beyond it to the end of valley and cliffs of Mt. Victoria.\\nA fair estimate of the time required by pedestrians, in good\\ntraining, to reach several points of interest will be given below.\\nWomen and those not accustomed to walking will require one-\\nhalf more time than the estimates given.\\nFrom the chalet to end of lake by boat, 20 minutes by\\ntrail, round lake, 25-30 minutes to bridge beyond lake by boat\\nand then by trail, 35-40 minutes to the end of glacier (follow\\nclose to north side of stream to avoid rock-slide beyond bridge),\\n50 minutes to walls of Mt. Victoria, 1 hour and 45 minutes.\\nFrom the chalet to Mirror Lake (8so feet ascent), 25-30\\nminutes. (The trail divides a short distance from the lake.\\nThe trail to the left leads to Mirror Lake and thence by the base\\nof the Beehive to Lake Agnes, the last twenty feet being too\\nsteep for ponies or heavy persons. The other trail does not\\npass Mirror Lake, but ascends sharply and comes down on Lake\\nAgnes from a higher slope. The scenery on this trail is better\\nthan the other, but the last part of the route is impracticable for\\nhorses.) To Lake Agnes, 40-50 minutes to summit of Beehive,\\n295", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0449.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "296 Zbc IRocfcies of Canada\\n1 J hours. (It is better to follow the north shore of the lake and\\nthen, skirting round the shore to the left, commence the ascent by\\nthe steep grassy slope.) To summit of St. Piran, if hours;\\nreturn, 40 minutes. To summit of Pope s Peak, 3I-4 hours.\\n(Ascend amphitheatre beyond Lake Agnes and climb slopes to\\nthe right till an altitude of seventy-nine hundred feet is reached,\\nwhere a diagonal gully is seen leading through first cliff. When\\nthe top of the cirque is reached, find a route among broken\\nlimestones on west side of peak to the top.)\\nFrom the chalet to The Saddle (i8so feet ascent), 50-60\\nminutes. (Walk from new hut in a straight line one hundred\\nyards to edge of cliffs for the best view.) To Saddle Mt., i{\\nhours. (From The Saddle this is a short scramble over great\\nledges and at the top a thrilling view may be had into Paradise\\nValley from a vertical precipice.) To summit of Fairview Mt.,\\n2 hours. (One hour from Saddle. Keep to the right.)\\nFrom the chalet, through woods to entrance of Paradise\\nValley, if hours; to upper end of valley, 5 hours. (From there\\nto summit of Mt. Aberdeen 3J hours, or of Mt. Temple 5 hours.)\\nThrough woods to entrance of Desolation or Wenkchemna\\nvalley, 4 hours. (The openings of these two valleys are on almost\\nthe same level as that of Lake Louise.) To Moraine Lake si, 6\\nhours. To lake in Consolation Valley, 6 hours.\\nFrom Hector to O Hara Lake with horses, first time 8 hours,\\nsecond 6 hours, on foot 5-6 hours. Returning with horses\\nhours, on foot 4 hours.\\nFrom the upper end of Paradise Valley you may enter\\nDesolation or the Wenkchemna valley by high passes on the\\nnorth and south of Pinnacle Mt. The pass to the south offers a\\nquick route to the valley end, whence by a pass between Hunga-\\nbee and Deltaform a descent may be made into Prospector s\\nValley or the head of the Vermilion. A snow pass leads from\\nthis into the valley of Lake O Hara. Such a trip would require a\\ncamp or bivouac in Paradise Valley, and again near O Hara Lake.\\nAll the passes are too rough for horses.\\nMoraine Lake and Consolation Valley may be visited from\\nParadise Valley over these passes, or else by a traverse through\\nthe woods from the chalet, north of Fairview and Temple. The\\nlatter journey may be made with pack-horses by beating a way\\nthrough the woods on a nearly level traverse. I think both", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0450.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "appenMy 297\\npasses at the head of Consolation Valley will be found possible\\nto cross on foot. The one to the south-east leads into a valley\\ncontaining a lake three miles long and full of fish. The other\\nleads into the Bow valley, and to a smaller lake near the miners\\nhuts opposite Eldon.\\nO Hara Valley may be visited from Hector station. Follow the\\nnorth side of stream in a sharp ascent to the top of the valley open-\\ning. Find a log shortly after to cross stream, and follow around\\nsouth shore of the two small lakes. The trail soon crosses to north\\nside, but is lost in open burnt timber country. After a mile or so\\nit comes back in green timber to south side on a ridge above the\\ncataract. The trail makes several crossings in the next mile, and\\nis very hard to locate, but after that it remains on the south side\\nall the time. The trail leads to within less than a quarter mile of\\nthe lake, but turns to the right to a pass into the Ottertail.\\nNOTES ON CAMP LIFE\\nEquipment A tent with walls at least thirty inches high,\\nseven by nine feet, is a convenient size for two or three. One\\nfour-point Hudson Bay blanket for each member of the party,\\nand a sleeping bag to go inside, made of some lighter blanketing.\\nA canvas sheet to lay bedding upon and keep out dampness or\\ncold. In setting up tent, select dry, smooth ground and face\\ntent so as to have probable wind sweep across the opening.\\nSmoke from fire will then be carried to one side. If ground\\nis rough or damp, cut balsam boughs, and make bed by com-\\nmencing at upper end of tent and lay a row of branches with all\\nthe stems pointing towards the open end. Commence second\\nrow about six inches below, and have the natural arch of branches\\nplaced convexly. If properly done, all the large branches will\\neventually be at the bottom and a springy bed will be obtained.\\nLet each man have his own place to sleep in, and do not walk\\non another s blankets at any time. In rainy weather, roll up\\nblankets to head of tent and use to sit upon. Sun and air\\nblankets whenever possible. A pillow may be improvised at\\nnight from the bag of extra clothing, sweaters, or coats not in\\nuse. Air pillows are very comfortable and portable. Have the\\nspace at lower end of tent on either side reserved for boots,\\ncameras, leggins, and other articles of this nature, but keep an", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0451.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "298 ZCbe IRocMes of Cana a\\nopen space for entrance and exit. If the tent leaks in wet\\nweather it is not properly put up. Have it tight and free from\\nwrinkles, and do not touch the canvas in rainy weather.\\nPersonal effects One serviceable suit of strong material.\\nA canvas coat for wet weather. At least two pairs of strong\\nboots that have been broken in before the trip is made, well\\nhobbed with steel or Swiss nails. A pair of slippers or easy\\nshoes for camp. In fall or wet summer weather some kind of\\nheavy rubber overshoes and woollen socks are the only sure pre-\\nventative of wet and cold feet. Army leggins or spat puttees\\nare almost indispensable. A light felt hat to shade eyes from\\nsun and snow-blindness. A heavy woollen sweater, with high\\nneck woven whole and long sleeves, is a most useful garment.\\nOne or two pairs of buckskin gloves. Two or more changes\\nof underclothing of rather warm material and one of lighter.\\nVaseline for boots and hands, lanoline for sunburn, shaving and\\ntoilet articles, and a small, round looking-glass. A small kit of\\ntools, containing a file, gimlet, nippers, sandpaper, fish-glue,\\nbrads and screws, is a handy thing if you carry cameras or\\nscientific instruments of any kind. Some kind of mosquito oil\\ncontaining tar and pennyroyal will be useful in calm weather,\\nor on fishing trips. Mosquito nets, or a yard of the material itself\\nto wind round the neck and face, will be needed in early summer.\\nInstruments: An aneroid and compass are indispensable\\nfor all exploratory work and mountain climbing. A prismatic\\ncompass or regular plane-table and steel tape are best for rough\\nsurvey work. A small pocket thermometer and field-glasses\\nmight be added to the outfit.\\nNotes on breaking camp Get up immediately on announce-\\nment that breakfast is ready, and do not delay your friends or\\nthe cook by taking an unusual time in dressing. After break-\\nfast, put all your dishes neatly in one place where the cook can\\nfind them without trouble. While the men are making ready,\\nroll up your blankets and tie them if they go as side packs,\\notherwise fold and lay on ground. Arrange next your gunni-\\nsack of personal effects. Take some kind of lunch to eat on the\\ntrail, no matter how short the march is to be, or how little you\\nmay feel like eating at the time. Prepare your lunch at break-\\nfast time, and do not ask the cook to open up his boxes and\\nbags the last minute. See that the cinches and bridle on your", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0452.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Hppen iy 299\\nsaddle-horse are all right a few minutes before all is ready to\\nmarch.\\nNotes on making marches: In midsummer, the outfit\\nshould be ready to march at eight o clock. This gives a long\\nday and the coolest part of it. Do not march more than six\\nhours except under unusual circumstances. In long, hot marches\\nit is sometimes best to break the journey by an hour s rest, dur-\\ning which time the packs are thrown off and the horses can\\nfeed a little. A fire can be made and tea served. Otherwise the\\nmen arrive in camp tired and hungry to find some of their hard-\\nest work before them. On the march, the saddle-horses should\\nbe mingled among the pack animals, and each one in the party\\nshould help drive one or two of them. Tie their heads up, if\\nthey feed persistently along the trail and delay the outfit. Do\\nnot frighten your horses if they run off into the brush, as they\\nget worse, each time. Remember that the packs are heaviest and\\nthe horses backs most tender at the beginning of any trip,\\nand that you can travel twice as fast coming home.\\nNotes on making camp Decide approximately about where\\nyou want to camp, and tell the head packer to look out for a\\ngood camping place within certain limits of time or distance.\\nWood, water, and dry ground with a pasture near, are prime\\nrequisites. When the horses have all been tied to trees, un-\\nsaddle your own animal and turn him loose unless he requires\\nto be hobbled. Treat your horse gently and kindly, and you\\nmay walk up to him at any time. Never make a sudden move-\\nment to catch the horse or the reins. Move slowly and uncon-\\ncernedly, so that your pony is unconscious of what is going on.\\nCamp should be made by two o clock. This allows time for\\nthe men to make a proper camp and do whatever cooking is\\nnecessary, and also gives an opportunity for short excursions in\\nthe region of your camp.\\nHISTORICAL FACTS OF INTEREST\\n1793. On the 22d of July, Alexander Mackenzie reached the\\nPacific coast in latitude 52 20 48 after having crossed the\\nRockies by way of the Peace River. This is the first recorded\\noverland journey across the continent of North America.\\n1809. Jules Quesnel, Simon Fraser, and John Stuart leave a", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0453.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "soo Zbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\nstation in New Caledonia (now British Columbia) and descend\\na river supposed to be the Columbia. The mouth of this large\\nstream proved to be three degrees north of that of the Columbia,\\nand was named the Fraser River.\\n1817. Ross Cox with a party of eighty-six persons, including\\nEuropeans, Indians, and Hawaiians, leave the colony of Astoria\\nat the mouth of the Columbia, and, ascending that river, cross the\\nmountains by the Athabasca Pass. Some of the party, too weak\\nto continue the journey, retreat down the Columbia. The last\\nsurvivor from death by starvation was reduced to cannibalism.\\n1827. The botanist, David Douglas, ascends the Columbia\\nand crosses the Rockies by the Athabasca Pass.\\n1 84 1 Sir George Simpson, on the first overland journey round\\nthe world from east to west, crosses the mountains by the\\nDevil s Lake, Simpson Pass, and Kootenay River, under the\\nguidance of an Indian named Peechee.\\n1858. Gold is discovered in the upper waters of the Fraser\\nRiver. This leads to a rapid increase of population in British\\nColumbia and the building of waggon roads.\\n1857. The Palliser expedition is set on foot by Her Majesty s\\nGovernment. The three objects of this expedition were to find\\na shorter route between eastern and western Canada, to explore\\nthe western plains, and to find one or more passes across the\\nRocky Mountains south of the Athabasca Pass, but still in British\\nterritory. Besides Captain Palliser, who was in charge, the\\nexpedition consisted of Dr. Hector, Lieutenant Blakiston, Mr.\\nSullivan, and M. Bourgeau. On this journey Dr. Hector crosses\\nthe Vermilion and Howse passes and discovers the Kicking\\nHorse Pass, so named by his men from the circumstances of a\\nsevere kick which he received from his horse at a point near the\\nmouth of the Beaverfoot River.\\n1862. Viscount Milton and Dr. Cheadle cross the mountains\\nand descend the north branch of the Thompson River.\\n1867. The colony of Canada unites with New Brunswick and\\nNova Scotia to make the Dominion of Canada. The Hudson\\nBay Company sells its rights to the central and north-western\\nparts of British North America.\\n1871. British Columbia enters the Dominion of Canada, and\\nthe first survey parties for a transcontinental railroad commence\\nwork.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0454.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Hppenbty 301\\n1880. The Government gives up its efforts to construct a\\nrailroad, and the enterprise is turned over to a corporation with\\nSir William Van Home in control.\\n1883. Captain Rogers discovers a pass which now bears his\\nname, through the Selkirk Range.\\n1886. The Canadian Pacific Road is completed, and the first\\nthrough trains begin to cross Canada.\\nLIST OF FIRST ASCENTS OF SOME MOUNTAINS OVER NINETY-FIVE\\nHUNDRED FEET HIGH\\n1887. Mt. Stephen, 10,428 feet, by J. J. McArthur.\\n1888. Cascade Mt., near Banff, 9796 feet, by J. J. McArthur.\\n1889. Three Sisters (highest peak), 9730 feet, by J. J.\\nMcArthur.\\n1890. Mt. Bourgeau, 9487 feet, by J. J. McArthur.\\nStorm Mt., 10,330, by St. Cyr.\\nFatigue Mt., near Simpson Pass, 9667, by J. J. McArthur.\\nWind Mt., near Canmore, 10,100, by St. Cyr.\\n1891. North end of Castle Mt. Ridge, 9546, by J. J.\\nMcArthur.\\nStation south of Mt. Hector, 9830, by J. J. McArthur.\\nStation north of Mt. Hector, 9885, by J. J. McArthur.\\nPanther Mt. (Lat. 51 31/ Long. ii5\u00c2\u00b04o W.), 9565, by\\nJ. J. McArthur.\\nPeak north of Cascade Mt. (Lat. 51 21 30 Long.\\n1 1 5 3i 9560, by J. J. McArthur.\\nBonnet Peak. At headwaters of Cascade River and\\nBaker Creek, 10,260, by J. J. McArthur.\\n1892. Peak south-east from Hector station, 9525, by J. J.\\nMcArthur.\\nStation 18 on North Branch Kicking Horse River, west\\nof Mt. Balfour, 10,400, by J. J. McArthur.\\nMt. Owen, in Ottertail Range, 10,000, by J. J. McArthur.\\n1894. Mt. Aberdeen, 10,450, by L. F. Frissell, S. E. S. Allen,\\nand W. D. Wilcox.\\nMt. Temple, 11,607, by L. F. Frissell, S. E. S. Allen,\\nand W. D. Wilcox.\\n1895. Peak north of Little Fork Pass, 10,150, by W. Peyto\\nand W. D. Wilcox.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0455.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "302 Gbe IRocfcies of Canafca\\n1896. Mt. Hector, 11,20s, by P. S. Abbot, C. E. Fay, and C.\\nS. Thompson.\\nPeak between the Saskatchewan and Athabasca rivers,\\n10,000, by R. L. Barrett and W. D. Wilcox.\\n1897. Mt. Lefroy, 11,115, by J. N. Collie, H. B. Dixon, A.\\nMichael, C. E. Fay, C. L. Noyes, C. S. Thompson,\\nH. C. Parker, J. R. Vanderlip, and Peter Sarbach.\\nMt. Victoria, 11,260, by J. N. Collie, A. Michael, C. E.\\nFay, and P. Sarbach.\\nMt. Gordon, 10,600, by J. N. Collie, H. B. Dixon, A.\\nMichael, C. E. Fay, C. L. Noyes, C. S. Thompson,\\nH. C. Parker, G. P. Baker, and P. Sarbach.\\nMt. Sarbach, 11,100, by J. N. Collie, G. P. Baker, and\\nP. Sarbach.\\nMt. Balfour, 10,84s, by C. S. Thompson, C. L. Noyes,\\nG. M. Weed.\\nMt. Niles, 9700, by C. E. Fay and C. Campbell.\\nAthabasca Peak, 1 1,900, by J. N. Collie and H. Woolley.\\nDiadem Peak, n,soo, 1 by J. N. Collie, H. Woolley,\\nThe Dome, 11,600, j and H. E. M. Stutfield.\\nThompson Peak, 11,000, by J. N. Collie, H. Woolley,\\nand H. E. M. Stutfield.\\n1899. Pope s Peak, 982s, by W. D. Wilcox.\\nLIST OF FIRST ASCENTS OF SOME MOUNTAINS OVER NINE THOUSAND\\nFEET HIGH IN THE SELKIRK RANGE PREPARED FOR THIS WORK\\nBY PROFESSOR CHARLES E. FAY\\n1888. Mt. Bonney, 10,625 eet by W. S. Green and H.\\nSwanzy.\\n11 Green s Peak, 9700 feet, by W. S. Green and H.\\nSwanzy.\\n1890. Mt. Sir Donald, 10,645 feet, by E. Huber, C. Sulzer,\\nand H. Cooper.\\nUto Peak, 9500 feet, by E. Huber, C. Sulzer.\\nMt. Purity, 10,100 feet, by E. Huber, H. W. Topham,\\nand Mr. Foster.\\nSwiss Peak, 10,600 feet, by C. Sulzer and a porter.\\nMt. Fox, 10,000 feet, by H. W. Topham and two\\nMt. Donkin, 9700 feet, j porters.", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0456.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "Hppen iy 303\\n1890. Mt. Sugar Loaf, 10,250 feet, by E. Huber, H. W. Top-\\nham, and Mr. Forster.\\n1893. Eagle Peak, 9200 feet, by S. E. S. Allen and\\nMt. Cheops, about 9000 feet, j W. D. Wilcox.\\n1895. Mt. Castor, 9200 feet, by P. S.Abbot, C. S.Thompson,\\nand C. E. Fay.\\n1896. Mt. Rogers, 10,630 feet, by P. S. Abbot, G. T. Little,\\nand C. S. Thompson.\\nw n r by H. B. Dixon, A. Michael,\\n1897. Mt. Pollux, 9250 feet, I R Vanderlip, C. L. Noyes,\\nThe Dome, 9100 feet, j Q E Fay? and p Sarbach\\n1899. Mt. Dawson, 10,800 feet, by H. C. Parker, C. E. Fay,\\nChr. Hasler, and E. Feuz.", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0457.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0458.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAbbot, P. S., 245\\nAbbot s Pass, 249\\nAccident, a remarkable, 59\\nAllen, S. S., 95, 239\\nAlpine lakes, 108, 204\\nAlpine lily, 75\\nAppalachian Mountain Club, first ascents\\nof, 245\\nAspen, poplar, 65\\nAssiniboines, a tribe of Indians, 284\\nAstley, W. J., 42, 248\\nAthabasca country, entrance of, 168\\nAthabasca Pass, the, 150\\nAthabasca Peak, view from, 253\\nAthabasca River, 171\\nsource of, 1 74\\nAugust snow-storm, an, 198\\nBadger, whistling, 66\\nBaker, G. P., 251\\nBalsam, spruce, 62\\nBanff, 5\\nBanff, distance to Laggan, 43\\nBanff Springs Hotel, 7\\nBarrett, R. L., 70, 152, 264\\nBath Creek, 251\\nBay, the, 131, 132\\nBears, occurrence of, 271\\nBear story, an Indian, 291\\nBighorn, 268\\nBirch, scrub, 16\\nBlaeberry valley, the, 191\\nBlind valley, 91\\nBlue-bells, 217\\nBow River, fine fishing in, 274\\nBrett, Dr., 43\\nBryant, Henry G., 98\\nBryanthus, 36\\nBull-dog fly, 21\\nBurnt timber of the Bow valley, 140\\nCalypso, 74\\nCambrian formations, 235\\nCamp, a burnt timber, 79\\na deserted prospector s, 221\\nbreakfasts, 122\\nderivation of customs, 1 14\\nearly morning in, 121\\nfires, best kind of, 1 34\\nfires, the Indian s, 134\\nin deep snow, 193\\nin Paradise Valley, 57\\nlife, increasing popularity of, 115\\nmaking after a day s march, 118.\\n128\\nCamping trips, preparations for, 1 15\\nwhere to commence, 1 16\\nCanadian National Park, 5\\nCanadian Pacific Road, its commence-\\nment, 5\\nCanyon on the Upper Vermilion, 224\\nCarboniferous formations, 236\\nCascade Mt., 237\\nChickadees, 232\\nChiefs of the Stonies, 285\\nChiniquay, chief, 285\\nChiniquay, Tom, 42, 285\\nZo\\\\d Water Lake, the, 144\\nColeman and Stuart s journey to Mt.\\nBrown, 152\\ntrail, 170\\nCollie, Dr. J. Norman, 249, 251\\nColour effects at Lake Louise, 25\\nColours of sunrise, 28\\nColumbine, the yellow, 15\\nConsolation Valley, 204\\n305", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0459.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "306\\nflnbey\\nContinental divide, 99\\nCopper mine, near Eldon, 206\\nCordillera, Pacific, its extent, 2\\nCottonwood, 65\\nCourage, effect of cold on, 46\\nCow-parsnip, 219\\nCox, Ross, crosses the mountains, 151\\nCoyote, seen in high mountains, 213\\nCross River, north fork of, 94\\nCycles, in abundance of game, 259\\nDeath Trap, the, 246, 249\\nDelta of Lake Louise, 18\\nDenny, a pack-horse, 152, 133\\nDeSmet, a missionary, 259\\nDesolation Range, 223\\nDesolation Valley, 197\\nview of, from Mt. Temple, 245\\nDevil s Club, the, 180\\nDevil s Gap, 8\\nDevil s Lake, 8\\nDevonian formations, 236\\nDiscovery of a pass between the Sas-\\nkatchewan and Athabasca, 167\\nDolomites, 236\\nDouglas, David, the botanist, 151\\nDouglas fir, 2, 1 1, os, 283\\nDryas, a rosaceous plant, 178\\nDucks, species of, 272\\nEdwards, Ralph, 84, 86\\nEdwin, the Gold Seeker, 13, 288\\nEffect of cold on courage, 46\\nEnvironment of Lake Louise, 33\\nEpilobium (fireweed), several species of,\\n60\\nExtent of the Canadian Rockies, 4\\nFairview Mt., 54\\nheight above Lake Louise, 19\\nFay, Prof. Charles E., 24^\\nFireweed, several species of, 60\\nFish, in Upper Bow Lake, 146\\nFishing in Canadian mountains, 273\\nopportunities for, 270\\nFlowers near Lake Lou se, 15\\nFool-hen, 125\\nForest fire in Bear Creek valley, 1 54\\nForest fires, cause of, 157\\nextent of, 157\\nprehistoric, 159\\nrate of progress of, 158\\nForests of the Canadian Rockies, 61\\nFortress Lake, 172\\neast end of, 1 73\\nno fish in, 273\\nwest end of, 1 78\\nForty-mile Creek, remarkable lake in, 1 79\\nFrissell, Lewis, 34, 41, 243\\nGame in the Canadian mountains, 258\\nGhost River, 8\\nGlacial mud from Lake Louise, 19\\nGlacial period, 230\\nGlacier Lake, 184\\nGlissade, a strange, =;o\\nGnats, grey, 216\\nGoat meat, how to serve it, 264\\nGoat, Rocky Mountain, 259\\nabundance near Lake Louise, 266\\ncurious experience with, 278\\nincident with a young, 265\\nGreen, Dr. W. S., 256\\nGrouse, various species of, 272\\nGuides, absence of, 117\\nHealy, Joe, 288\\nHealy s Creek, 72\\nHector station, 2;;\\nHeights, comparative, of mountain sys-\\ntems, 3\\nHenderson, Yandell, 34\\nHorses, pitiful state of, 194-\\nHowse Pass, the, 148\\norigin of name, 190\\nHuts of trappers, 237\\nIndian pony, 290\\nnature of, 1 30\\norigin of, 130\\nIndian, sarcasm, 53\\ntrailing, remarkable, 138\\nvillage at Morley, 283\\nIndians, Stony, 28 1\\ngreat hunters, 272\\nIron spring on the Vermilion, 224\\nKananaskis lakes, 279", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0460.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "flnfcej:\\n307\\nLabrador tea, 1 5\\nLake Agnes, 37\\nLake Aline, 80, 108\\nLake Louise, colour of water, cause of, 19\\ndaily rise and fall of wind at, 23\\nfirst visitors to, 13\\ngeneral description of, 14\\nice melts from, 23\\nlocation, 12\\norigin of name, 1 3\\ntemperature of water, 20\\nLandslide, a tremendous, 106\\nLarch, LyalFs, 63\\nLarvae of insects in water, 216\\nLily, Alpine, late blossoming of, 223\\nLittle Beehive, view from, 38\\nLittle Fork Pass, the, 147\\nLittle Fork valley, description of, 1 60\\nLittle, Prof. G. T.,246\\nLoon, 29\\nLower Bow Lake, 142\\nLusk, Tom, 153, 213\\nLyall s larch, 63\\nlimits of growth of, 63, 64\\nMcArthur, 238, 245\\nMackenzie, Alexander, 150\\nMaps of the mountains, 1 1 7\\nMarching through the mountains, 124,\\n125\\nMarmot, hoary, 66\\nParry s, 82\\nwhistle of, 37\\nMichael, Prof. Arthur, 249\\nMiddle fork of the Saskatchewan, 183\\nMinnewanka Lake, 8\\nlargest fish caught in, 278\\nMitre, a mountain, 45\\nMitre col, view from, 47, 48\\nMoraine Lake, description of, 199\\nfishing in, 202, 276\\nname given to, 199\\nMorley station, 282\\nMosquitoes, varieties of, 20\\nMount Aberdeen, first ascent of, 243\\nAlberta, 255\\nAssiniboine, a gathering-place for\\nstorms, 109\\ndistance round its base, 96\\nfirst journey round, 86\\nfirst view of, 8 1\\ngeneral description of, no\\nlocation of, 69\\nmeasurement of, 85\\nnamed by Dr. Dawson, 69\\nnature of surrounding valleys, 82\\npartial ascent of, 108\\nsecond visit to, 98\\nsouth side of, 93\\nvarious routes to, 1 1 1 112\\nBalfour, 142\\nfirst ascended, 251\\nBall, 215\\nBrown, 150\\nBryce, named by Collie, 254\\nColumbia, 255\\nDeltaform, 221, 256\\nsouth side of, 223\\nFairview, 251\\nForbes, description of, 252\\nfine view of, 188\\nGoodsir, 228, 257\\nheight of, 250\\nHector, first attempt on, by survey-\\nors, 238\\nview from, 245\\nHooker, 150\\nmeasurements of, 175\\nHungabee, 60, 221, 225\\nnature of, 256\\nLefroy, avalanche from, 29\\nfatal accident on, 248\\nfirst ascent of, 249\\nfirst attempt on, 246\\nLyell, 253\\nMurchison, 188\\nheight of, 253\\nSt. Piran, 251\\nSarbach, first ascent of, 251\\nSir Donald, two ascents of, 235\\nStephen, first ascent of, 238\\ntwo ascents of, 235\\nTemple, 51, 55\\nan impassable barrier of, 241\\nnorth face of, 240\\nsummit of, 244", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0461.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "3o8\\nflnfcey\\nMount Vaux, 228, 257\\nVictoria, 14\\nheight of, by barometer, 250\\npartial ascent of, 239\\nsouth side of, 232\\nsummit of, 250\\nMountain ash, 219\\nMountain climbing in the Rockies, 234\\nMountains, height of, in Canada, 2;;\\nMuir, John, description of wild sheep, 200\\nMules, intelligence of, 130\\nnot used in Canadian Rockies, 1 1 3\\nMuskegs, 142\\naccident in, 153\\nNorth fork of the Saskatchewan, 161\\nNorth-west Mounted Police, 5\\nOctober at Lake Louise, 27\\nO Hara Lake, colour of water, 232\\ngeneral description of, 233\\norigin of name, 212\\nOrchis, the round-leafed, 74\\nOregon grape, the, 180\\nOttertail River, 228\\nPacking up, in camp, 122\\nParadise Valley, 54\\nPeechee, an Indian guide, 9\\nPeecock, Ross, 197\\nPeyto, Bill, 72, 222, 251, 2^2\\na character sketch, 1 19\\nexperience on the Pipestone, 135\\nPica, 66\\nPilot Mountain, 38\\nPine, 63\\nPine bullfinch, remarkable tameness of,\\n55\\nPinnacle Mountain, 241\\nPinto, a pack-horse, 131, 135\\nPipestone Pass, 253\\nPlains of Canada, 1\\nPorcupine, 66\\ntraits of, 218\\nPorter, J. F., 70\\nPotentilla, 200\\nProspectors, terrible experience of, 1 36\\nProspector s Valley, 224\\nPtarmigan, 273\\nRafting, on Fortress Lake, 176\\non the Bow, 222\\nRainy Valley, 220\\nRat, mountain, 66\\nRaven, 171\\nRed-bellied ground squirrel, 82\\nRhododendron, 16, 203\\nRiel rebellion, 284\\nRock-falls near Moraine Lake, 201\\nRogers s explorations, 72\\nRundle, a Methodist missionary, 282\\nSaddle, the, 54\\nSt. Cyr ascends Storm Mountain and\\nWind Mountain, 238\\nSarbach, Peter, a Swiss guide, 249, 251\\nSaskatchewan River, in flood, 214\\nsize of, 160\\nSelkirk Range, first climbing in, 256\\nrock formations, 235\\nSheep, Rocky Mountain, 268\\nrare experience with, 271\\nwhere found, 269\\nSiffleur Valley, 256\\nSimpson, Pass, altitude of, 74\\nRiver, source of, 84\\nSir George, 9\\nvalley, nature of, 76\\nrapid descent into, 105\\nupper part of, 106\\nSnow-slides, effects of, 219, 229\\nnear Moraine Lake, 201\\nSnow-storm in August, 198\\nin summer, 100\\nSpray lakes, large fish of the, 277\\nSpruce, balsam, 62\\nwhite, 62\\nSteele, Louis J., 98\\nStephens, Fred, 153, 264\\nStony Indians, 281\\ncourage of, 293\\neducation of, 285\\nmoral traits of, 286\\nNew Year s celebrations of, 292\\norigin of, 259\\nsuperstitions among, 287\\ntreaty with, 283\\nStony Indian women, 289", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0462.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "fln ey\\n309\\nStorm Mountain, 215\\nStorms in the mountains, 24\\nStuart and Coleman s journey to Mt.\\nBrown, 152\\nStutfield, H. E. M., 252\\nSunlight, marvellous influence of, 123\\nTameness of a wild bird, 155\\nThompson, C. S., 245, 251\\nTopographical surveyors, 238\\nTower of Babel, 199, 202\\nTrails, degeneration of, 127\\norigin of, 126\\nTree-line, 61\\nTrout in Lake Louise, 20\\nTwin, William, 42, 53, 290\\nhis remarkable trail work, 138\\nUpper Bow Lake, 144\\nVan Home Range, 257\\nVermilion, lakes, 10\\nRiver, north-west branch, 226\\norigin of name, 224\\nreal source of, 225\\nVictoria glacier, 39\\nWaputehk Range, 139, 251\\nWarrington, George, 34\\nWasps, fights with bull-dogs, 2 1\\nWeather in Canadian mountains, 237\\nWhirlpool River, its nature, 170\\nWhirlwind from forest fire, 157\\nWhite-crested sparrow, 80, 204\\nWildman, Enoch, 239\\nWilson, Tom, 70, 115, 248\\ndescends the Blaeberry, 192\\nfirst visit to Lake Louise, 12\\nWind Mountain, 238\\nWolverenes, 82\\nWood River, 180\\nWoolley, H., 252", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0463.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0464.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0465.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "T\\\\", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0466.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "I 4", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0467.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0468.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0469.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": ":7 1", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0470.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4489", "width": "2975", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0471.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0472.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3520", "width": "3902", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0473.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "of the LAKE LOUISE region showing part of\\nthe Summit Range of the Canadian Rocky Mountains\\nSURVEYED AND DRAWN\\nWALTER D .WILCOX\\n-J INCH I MILE\\nTRAILS\\nCONTINENTAL WATERSHED\\nCOPYRIGHT BY a P. PUTNAM S SONS.", "height": "3458", "width": "3817", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0474.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "", "height": "1744", "width": "1106", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0475.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4664", "width": "3003", "jp2-path": "rockiesofcanada00wilc_0476.jp2"}}