{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1976", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Library of Congress.\\n1 Ch/*p.._X^ LL5L\\nJ^U\\nX Shelf J..\\n1 1\\n^2?^UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nV -3 9\u00e2\u0080\u0094167", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "yfS\\njf ii ira\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nM\\nE5L I J_E E\\nCommodore Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay.\\nFrontispiece.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "The\\nRescue of Cuba\\nA71 Episode in the Growth\\nof Free Government\\nBy\\nAndrew S. Draper, LL.D.\\nPresident of University of Illinois\\nSilver, Burdett and Company\\nBoston New York Chicago\\nMDCCCXCIX", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0007.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Copyright, i8qq\\nBy\\nSilver, Burdett and Company\\n6596\\nTtbc Iftnkhcrbocfter press, Tew iporls", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0008.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "TO THE HEROIC YOUTH\\nOF OUR COUNTRY\\nWHO AT THE CALL OF DUTY DO NOT HESITATE TO\\nOFFER THEIR LIVES FOR FREEDOM AND THE FLAG.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0009.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0010.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Preface\\nTHIS book lias been written for young Americans. Its\\npurpose is twofold it aims, first, to exhibit the war\\nof 189S as one more step, and an important step, in\\nthe steady progress of the world towards universal liberty\\nit also aims to offer such a faithful picture of the heroism and\\nmanly quality of the American soldiers and sailors who gave\\ntheir lives for the rescue of their oppressed neighbors, as\\nmay help my young countrymen to realize what it costs to\\nextend free institutions, and to appreciate what it means to\\nbe an American citizen.\\nThe story of the slow movement of the human race out\\nfrom the dark ages of universal tyranny into the modern\\nage of freedom, enlightenment, and equality has never yet\\nbeen clearly taught in our schools below the universities.\\nFor the last six or seven centuries the world has been mov-\\ning from densest ignorance towards the era of the common\\nschool for everybody from continuous disorder, warfare,\\nand robbery, to peaceful commerce and safe industry from\\nthe unbridled power of kings and nobles, to the security of\\na free, law-abiding state from intolerance and persecution,\\nto freedom of thought and liberty of speech.\\nIn this steady progress the topics of our special histories\\nare only episodes, and they can be fully understood only\\nwhen the student is able to give them their proper setting\\nas parts of the grand human movement towards liberty.\\nThis progress of the world towards emancipation has met\\nterrible antagonism. Kings and nobles have been against\\nit. Ignorance, intolerance, and selfishness have always\\nbeen in opposition to it. It has occasioned the greatest\\nbattles of history and has brought out the most conspicuous\\nheroes of the race. Every free land has been made free by\\nthe richest human blood shed for liberty.\\nThe battles for freedom have done more than mark the\\npeople s advance towards liberty these struggles have also\\nquickened their wits, strengthened their manhood, and thus", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6 PREFACE\\nfurther qualified them to hold and enjoy the civil liberty\\nthey have gained.\\nThe expulsion of Spain from Cuba by the United States\\nwas only an episode in this world-wide contest for self-\\ngovernment. In the unselfish, neighborly, and resolute\\nspirit which prompted it, in the magnificent heroisms which\\nit revealed, and in the uplift which it gave to the good\\ncause of popular liberty in all parts of the world, it was a\\nremarkable part of the long, continuous, and not yet ended\\ncontest.\\nThe quickness and completeness with which the thing\\nwas done has been a surprise to ourselves as well as to\\nthe watching world. The explanation of this my young\\nreaders will doubtless find, to their own satisfaction, in the\\nstrangely different characters of the two races that fought.\\nThere was great bravery on both sides. The weapons\\nand the fleets were, all things considered, not unequally\\nmatched if our ships were better equipped, they were no\\nmore numerous or formidable, while the Spanish army was\\ncertainly better provided and larger in numbers than ours.\\nOur real superiority was in the traits and training of our\\npeople. On our side were hardy manhood, self-reliance,\\nclear and accurate calculation, mechanical skill, and willing-\\nness to do any kind of work that necessity demanded. On\\nthe other side there was a great deal of bombast, conceit,\\nand vanity there was a signal absence of good forecast\\nand of shrewd, exact planning there was a sense of helpless\\ndependence on somebody else there was a lack of manual\\nskillfulness there was a love of ease at the wrong time,\\nand a foolish pride that made certain kinds of labor seem\\nunworthy.\\nA nation s ideal of sport is closely related to its physical\\nstrength and its fighting power. On the American side the\\nnotion of sport has been the baseball diamond and the foot-\\nball gridiron, with their tests of physical endurance, their\\ndangers, their honest hurts, and their manly spirit on the\\nSpanish side it has been the bull-ring, with its frilled pro-\\nfessionals, its butchery, and its depraved tastes.\\nThe contest was that of highly trained and intelligent\\nmanliness on the one hand, against uneducated pertinacity\\nand too much vainglory on the other the methods of the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE 7\\nmodern expert matched against the belated habits of the\\nmailed knights and men-at-arms of another age. The result\\nof such a match was speedy and overwhelming.\\nSome of the later developments of the war and some of\\nits results are not entirely relevant to the purpose of this\\nbook. Hence, while the movement towards expansion\\nis not avoided, it has purposely been given a subordinate\\nplace. I have treated the war from the point of view of\\nits true cause, not from the point of view of all its effects.\\nMuch of what has come afterward has been an afterthought.\\nThe case is somewhat similar to that of our Civil War\\nthere, the wiping out of slavery was one enormous result,\\nbut the question whether the Union should be retained or\\ndissolved was what roused the people to arms, and on that\\nfact all judgments of that war must rest.\\nIn our war with Spain it was not national expansion that\\ncaused the clash of arms. The action of the United States\\nwas forced by the people, and the people had not the remotest\\nconsciousness of a desire for more territory. They were\\ndisinterested. It is doubtful if they would have consented\\nto the war, even on the destruction of the Maine, if there\\nhad not been, long before, a deep and right-hearted sym-\\npathy with their neighbors who, in fearful distress, were\\nreaching for American freedom.\\nIt was to rescue Cuba, not to gain Puerto Rico or the\\nPhilippines, that bound all sections and parties of our people\\ntogether in a sublime demand for a resort to arms. The\\nresults are much greater than we thought, but they may be\\naccepted in good conscience and with entire confidence.\\nIn all this there is a wealth of inspiration for our Ameri-\\nyouth. A country that will fight, not for some commer-\\ncial interest, but because, like the good Samaritan, it feels\\nit has a duty to its suffering neighbor who has fallen among\\nthieves, is a country worthy of our highest pride, our lasting\\nfaith, our utmost devotion. We may confidently follow the\\nhumane impulses of such a country to their logical conclu-\\nsions, even though the road leads through fire and blood.\\nIn the hope of making the most of these things for the good\\nof our common citizenship, this little book is presented.\\nUniversity ok Illinois, 1899.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Contents\\nCHAPTER I\\nHistoric Misgovernment by Spain\\nPAGE\\nSpain s part in the world s contest for freedom Characteristics of\\nthe Spaniards Bravery and courtesy Corruption and cruelty\\nSpain s original territorial importance Greatness of her em-\\npire Vastness of her dreams Her self-destructive methods\\nResults of her methods upon her own people Loss of the\\nNetherlands Loss of other European possessions Losses in\\nAmerica and the East Indies A (ew details of Spanish in-\\nhumanity Final effect of Spanish misgovernment 15-27\\nCHAPTER II\\nSpanish Misrule in Cuba\\nBeauty of Cuba Size, population, climate, and resources of Cuba\\nCuba s early histor y and SpanVsj short-sightednessj Spanish\\nhojinnnui\u00c2\u00ab-\u00c2\u00a3duca^on; Series~oF~Cuban revolts English and\\njparush colonial policies compared Exh aus ting Cuba Tax-\\nation wi tho f rppresfLnintirm and without benefits Official\\ncorruption Absence of personal liberty The Ten Years\\nWar- Rebellion of 1S95 Weyler s barbarity and war upon\\nthe helpless Famine and death Making a desert and calling\\nit peace Cuban intrepidity Voicg_ of the Un ited-States^ 28-39\\nCHAPTER III\\nRescue by the United States\\nAmerican foreign policy Washington s Farewell Address Monroe\\nDoctrine Change of policy towards Cuba forced by the\\nmasses Case of the Virginius American commercial inter-\\nests Growth of popular feeling De^truciion_of the Maine\\nPatriotic excitement The lights turned o7iYXea?rr |ug__tlj g\\ntruth Investigations and statements by Senators Proctor and\\n9", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nThurston Popular demand for war The President s pacific\\nyet energetic course $50,000,000 voted for defense by Con-\\ngress Official report on the destruction of the Maine The\\nPresident s message The declaration of war A war for\\nhumanity The noble pledge Lofty national ideal 40-52\\nCHAPTER IV\\nThe Preparation\\nAmerican confidence in American ability Unprepared for war\\nFolly of unreadiness Size of o ur regular_airny Fyrfll^iT^\\nof our trained_sol diers iS e glecf ^f_th\u00c2\u00a3^army by Co ngress;\\nDependejfceTorrvoluntee fsT i he^Presi d enFscall Idr^voTun^\\nteers Character and organization of the jrolunte\u00c2\u00a3fsj~Trie\\nKrag-j6rgeliseTrTMe^alTcI^ioOTeiF powder Hasty prepara-\\ntions The navy better prepared Buying vessels The re-\\nserves Naval guns Accurate gunnery Training the navy\\nThe hospital ship Lack of dry-docks Making smokeless\\npowder Secretary Long s foresight A critical situation Un-\\nhesitating courage 53-66\\nCHAPTER V\\nDewey s Battle in Manila Bay\\nThe first blow on the other side of the world The Philippine\\nIslands and their importance Defenses of Manila The\\nPacific fleet starting for Manila A daring venture Confidence\\nof victory Entering the harbor The first gun and the answer\\nWaiting for closer range The assault at daybreak Gallantry\\nof the American flagship Destruction of the Spanish flagship\\nSpanish ships burning Withdrawing to examine the maga-\\nzines and serve breakfast A council Renewal of the as-\\nsault The white flag Complete victory The amazement\\nof the world 67-S0\\nCHAPTER VI\\nThe Attack on Santiago\\nSailing of our Atlantic fleet The blockade First actions The\\nnew army The first army movement Admiral Cervera s\\nformidable fleet arrives Locating Cervera at Santiago\\nLieutenant Blue s daring reconnoissance Lieutenant Hob-\\nson s exploit; A bottled fleet Heroism of marines at Gu-\\nantanamo Welcoming General Shafter Landing of troops\\nOld Glory on Cuban soil; The advance; Spirit under\\ngreat difficulties Boundless courage and steady progress Si-93", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS 11\\nCHAPTER VII\\nThe Attack on Santiago I Continued AGE\\nRapid movement of events Sharp fight of the Rough Riders\\nand colored regulars at Guasimas; Pushing forward toward.\\nSantiago Formidable obstacles Problem of General Shaf-\\nter; Fortifications at F.l Taney and San Juan; Opening of\\nthe l attle at El Caney Rapid lire on both sides Steadii\\nof American troops The creeping advance under deadly fin\\nA desperate charge Capture of El Caney Spanish tribute to\\nAmerican gallantry Losses at El Caney Opening of battle\\nat San Juan Derangement of original plans March through\\nnarrow trail Sharpshooters in trees The war balloon The\\ncharge without orders The irresistible rush The private\\nsoldier Terrible cost of victory Holding the ridge De-\\nmand for surrender of Spanish army Escape of Spanish\\nfleet 94-113\\nCHAPTER VIII\\nDestruction of Cervera s Fleet\\nThe fateful Sunday, 3rd of July The waiting American fleet The\\nabsent Admiral The alarm, The enemy s ships are coming\\nout The instant rally; Opening fire; The Gloucester\\nremembers the Maine Destruction of torpedo boats;\\nHelping the enemies Three Spanish warships destroyed\\nCaptain Philip s chivalry The great chase of the Colon by\\nthe Brooklyn and the Oregon Heroes under the decks\\nThe five-mile shot and the Colon s surrender Spanish losses\\nThe victory of skill and discipline Spirit of thanksgiving for\\nthe extraordinary triumph 1 14-123\\nCHAPTER IX\\nThe Winning of Cuba and Puerto Rico\\nFourth of July with the army; Anxiety followed by confidence;\\nSufferings of the American troops Depression of the Span-\\niards Parleys about surrender Hardship and exhaustion\\nReinforcements Reverence for the flag The generous\\nterms offered to the enemy Spanish politeness and curiosity\\nThe capitulation of 23,000 Spaniards; Scenes on enteri\\nSantiago The star-spangled banner over the palace Cheers\\nfrom the trenches General Miles s expedition to Puerto Rico\\nSurprise and strategy Welcome in Ponce Friendly greet-\\ning everywhere; Genera] Miles s proclamation; Releasing\\nprisoners; A joyous campaign; Advance on San Juan; A\\nbattle stopped The end of fighting in the West Indies \\\\z", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER X\\nThe Fall of Manila and the Suit for Peace PAGE\\nNeed of troops for Manila Admiral Dewey s long waiting Care-\\nful preparation of General Merritt s expedition Peculiar in-\\nterest in this expedition The arrival at Manila The delicate\\nproblem Aguinaldo and the Philippine insurgents Trouble-\\nsome friends General Merritt s wisdom The demand for\\nsurrender The parley Arrangements for attack The as-\\nsault The surrender General Merritt s tribute to his\\nsoldiers A real foothold gained in the East Spain s suit for\\npeace The protocol of peace 136-146\\nCHAPTER XI\\nThe Spirit of American Soldiers and Sailors\\nAmerican compassion for the oppressed The people s war Men\\nof the army and navy worthy representatives of their country\\nSpanish surprise at humane ways of Americans General and\\nspecial heroisms of Americans Admiral Dewey s gallantry\\nand wisdom Lieutenant Rowan in the enemy s country\\nLieutenant Hobson and the Merrimac General Wheeler and\\nColonel Roosevelt Patient and generous sufferers Lieu-\\ntenant Ord and the two boy privates Young heroes on the\\nBrooklyn A clever Cuban and his beast The daring and\\ndutiful newspaper men The heroic women The President s\\nmoral courage and wise statesmanship The fury of a just\\nindignation 147-169\\nCHAPTER XII\\nThe Results\\nThe Peace Commission New methods in diplomacy The treaty\\nJustice of American demands Review of reasons for the war\\nIts enormous cost Wiser views about preparedness for war\\nEuropean surprise as to our fighting qualities Our surprise at\\nsmallness of aid from Cubans New spirit of union among the\\nAmerican people Better relations with Great Britain Our\\nentrance into wider relationsand responsibilities Our present\\nproblem and duty for Cuba The acquirement of Puerto Rico\\nThe Philippine question Conflicting views The predomi-\\nnant opinion Our future policy with the Philippines Addi-\\ntions of territory and people not unusual Question of\\ncitizenship not immediate Duty to educate and develop the\\nnew peoples under our flag Safety in accepting national\\nduties; Destiny of the English-speaking race; Its ability to\\ngovern The war an episode in the growth of freedom Its\\nends will be completely accomplished 170-186", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "List of Illustrations\\nPAGB\\nCommodore Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay,\\nFrontispiece\\n22\\nRulers and Leaders of Spain\\nA Map of the Seat of War in the West Indies\\nA Cuban Farmer s Family before Weyler s Edict o\\nConcentration\\nSpaniards Driving in the Reconcentrados\\nPresident McKinley and Famous Officials\\nA Group of American Major-Generals\\nDrilling the Recruits in the Volunteer Army\\nFour Fighting Admirals\\nA Map of the Philippine Islands\\nThe Battle of Manila Bay, May r, 1898\\nA Bird s-Eye View of Santiago and Vicinity\\nA War-Map of the Santiago Campaign\\nCharge at El Caney, July 1, 1898\\nWinning the Crest of San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898\\nOn the Deck of the Gloucester, July 3, 1S98\\nCharge of the Brooklyn and the Oregon in the Sea-Figh\\nof July 3, 1898\\nRaising the Flag in Santiago, July 17, 1898\\nThe Messenger of Peace, Puerto Rico, August 13\\n1898\\nAmerican Volunteers Entering Manila, August 13\\n1898\\nThe Merrimac Entering Santiago Harbor, June 3\\n1898\\nColonel Roosevelt and Lieutenant Hobson\\nFour Captains Who Fought Cervera s Fleet\\n13\\n28\\n34\\n38\\n44\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\n56\\n62\\n68\\n74\\n82\\n90\\n102\\n108\\n116\\n120\\n128\\n*34\\n142\\n*54\\n160\\n172", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nCHAPTER I\\nHistoric Misgovern merit by Spain\\nIN the world s contest for freedom Spain has played\\na large part but her part, as this chapter and the\\nnext will show, has been unhappily upon the wrong\\nside. No other people ever had greater opportunities\\nto attain first rank among the nations, and no other\\npeople was ever overwhelmed with greater humilia-\\ntions or more dismal failure.\\nThe Spanish people have many admirable character-\\nistics. They are distinguished for their grave and care-\\nful courtesy to strangers and for their hospitality to\\nvisitors. They preserve a marked dignity of bearing;\\nthey are intensely patriotic; they are brave to the ex-\\ntremity of desperation. They have been in the past\\nenergetic and aggressive.\\nBut along with these qualities are others which are\\nthe opposite of admirable. A proper pride is always\\nto be respected, but Spanish pride is so excessive that,\\nfrom an Anglo-Saxon point of view, it seems to turn\\neasily into foolish vanity it certainly leads the Spanish\\n15", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nCourteous Manners Corruption and Cruelty\\npeople frequently to deceive themselves rather than to\\nadmit that they have been wrong; and no people can\\nmake any progress unless they are willing to acknowl-\\nedge their failings so that they can mend them. The\\nchivalry and courtesy, which are so highly prized by\\nthe Spaniards, seem too often to be a thin crust of\\noutward behavior, while below these pleasant manners\\nmay be selfishness and cruel feelings. Their dignified\\npoliteness is beautiful to experience, but underneath\\nthis sweetness of temper the world has discovered\\nsad degrees of duplicity, intrigue, vindictiveness, and\\ninhumanity. Moreover, the Spanish character has\\nseemed to be almost hopelessly rapacious; the poor,\\nignorant peasants of course have to work, but most\\nSpaniards of the more intelligent classes consider labor\\nto be beneath them, and too many of them have been\\naccustomed, even to the present, to follow the custom of\\nthe old dark ages and depend for their riches upon what\\nthey could wrench from those who were weaker than\\nthemselves, or else purloin from their own Government.\\nThere are certainly many exceptions to this there\\nare good people in Spain, as everywhere; but corrup-\\ntion seems to prevail among Spaniards more widely\\nand persistently than in any other European nation it\\nis the trait that has most undermined the Spanish\\ncharacter, and has been more effective than any other\\nin retarding Spanish progress, while other European\\nnations have grown more honest and humane with the\\nprogress of civilization. Corruption and cruelty have\\nheld backward a nation of splendid possibilities, and", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "historic mi.s(io\\\\-i:i:.\\\\mi:.\\\\t BY SPAIN L7\\nTerritorial Importance Loss of Territory\\nhave led Spain to commit acts almost as unwise and\\natrocious as those of Turkey.\\nThe situation of the Spanish peninsula is exceedingly\\nimportant. Washed by the Atlantic on one side and\\nthe Mediterranean on another, commanding the gate\\nof Gibraltar on the great highway of the nations, and\\nseparated from the body of Europe by a mountain range\\nwhich is practically impassable against spirited defense,\\nher territorial position has been one of strong and world-\\nwide significance.\\nOutside of her home peninsula she has come into the\\npossession of more territory and lost more territory than\\nany other modern nation. Her arms and her diplomacy\\nhave, at one time or another, given her claim to do-\\nminion over those parts of Europe now held by Austria,\\nHolland, Belgium, Alsace and Lorraine in Germany,\\nItaly, and Portugal; while her discoveries and con-\\nquests gave her the greater and the richer part of\\nNorth America, nearly all of South America, the West\\nIndies, the Philippines, and other groups of rich islands\\nin both hemispheres, as well as a large slice of Africa.\\nBut her avarice, her illiberality, her intolerance of\\nnew opinions, her antagonism to liberty, her duplicity\\nin dealing with other nations, her repeated attempts\\nto repress manhood through cruelties, have caused\\nnearly all these outside lands to be taken from her by\\nmore progressive powers, or else to leave her through\\ntheir own revolutions.\\nSpain has not been without a civilization which was\\nrelatively high. She was the Tarshish of Scripture.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWasted Opportunities Lack of Human Sympathy\\nHer soil is rich in vegetable and mineral wealth. The\\ntime was when she had prosperous and famous cities,\\nwhen the arts and sciences were cultivated, when\\nshe was at the front and gave promise of remaining\\nat the front of the intellectual progress of the world.\\nBut her national policy of deceitfulness and cruelty\\narrested the intellectual and moral development of her\\npeople.\\nThe discovery of America by Columbus, under\\nSpain s auspices, gave her the chance to become a great\\nempire. Her monarchs had just conquered the Moors,\\nand had consolidated the various little Spanish king-\\ndoms into one nation. Now the limitless quantities of\\ngold which began to be sent to her in treasure-ships\\nfrom America enabled her to enter a career of Euro-\\npean conquest and successful enlargement which lasted\\nfor a good part of a century, until the dominions of\\nPhilip II. included, not only the entire Spanish penin-\\nsula, but Sicily and Sardinia, a large part of Italy, and\\na splendid kingdom around the Rhine, besides most of\\nthe Western Hemisphere and innumerable islands in\\nthe Pacific and Indian Oceans. He was said to be the\\nmonarch of one hundred million subjects.\\nNo wonder Spain dreamed of extending her empire\\ntill it embraced the whole world. Her soldiers were\\nthe most numerous and daring, her fleets were the\\nlargest, her treasury was the richest, her opportunity\\nwas the best. Her dream of universal empire might\\npossibly have been realized if her rule had been tinged\\nwith human sympathy or had paid respect to human", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC MISGO\\\\ Ki:\\\\UENT BY SPAIN L9\\nSpanish Inquisition Confiscation of Property\\nrights. But it was so cruel that even the ignorant and\\ndowntrodden peoples of those earlier days revolted.\\nShe had an ingenious method for keeping her people\\nin humble submission to her throne and for bringing\\nother nations under the same subjection it was the\\nSpanish Inquisition, a system of torture and death for\\nopinion s sake which was well calculated to strike\\nterror to the strongest souls.\\nThis was a scheme for secretly inquiring into the\\nthoughts of the individual, and murdering him if his\\nthoughts were not satisfactory to the crown. Under\\nthe penalty of torture and death anyone might be re-\\nquired to inform against his neighbor, or even against\\nmembers of his own household. The inquisitors con-\\ndemned without open trial. A suspect was put upon\\nthe rack at midnight, in a dimly lighted dungeon, and\\nhis sinews stretched and his bones broken until life\\nalmost went out of the poor aching body., for the pur-\\npose of eliciting a confession of guilt or a charge against\\nothers. This torture might be continued at frequent\\nintervals, sometimes for years, only to let the wretched\\nvictim perish by burning at the stake at last.\\nThe property of the condemned went to the king,\\nand of course the possessors of wealth were early vic-\\ntims. No man was safe. Women and children were\\nby no means exempt. To refuse information or sup-\\nposed information was to defy the merciless inquisitors,\\nand to reveal any secret or alleged secret of the bloody\\ntribunal was certain death. The deceits which were\\nused to entrap the unwary can scarcely be believed.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nPersistent Cruelties Results in the Netherlands\\nDeath, in its most horrid form of lingering torture,\\nclaimed hundreds of thousands. The executions took\\nplace at stated times in the public squares and were\\nattended by the officials of state and by the wretched\\npeople in vast crowds. Death was ordinarily by fire.\\nConfession before the multitude purchased the poor\\nprivilege of being strangled by the garrote before the\\nbody was thrown into the flames.\\nSuch a system must necessarily accomplish one of\\ntwo ends, and that very completely. It must either\\ndrive a people to revolt, or it must utterly destroy their\\nsense of manhood. In different parts of the empire it\\ndid both. The results turned upon the character of\\nthe people.\\nThus, in the Spanish peninsula it stopped the wheels\\nof progress. It drove out a million of Moors, Protes-\\ntants, and Jews. The two former classes included the\\nbest mechanics and the cleverest artificers Spain ever\\nhad, and the Jews were her ablest bankers. To expel\\nall these was to cut off the internal resources of national\\nstrength. The inquisitorial system also hurt those\\nwho remained in Spain by putting a premium on the\\narrogance of some and the subserviency of others, and\\nthus robbed the people of much of their moral sense.\\nBut when Spain undertook to put this system in\\noperation among her subjects in the Netherlands, it\\nthere produced a revolution, the success of which gave\\na wonderful energy to the life of the liberty-loving\\nDutch, and, through them, opened the way for the\\nadvance of civilization throughout the world.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC MISGOVERNMENT BY SPAIN 21\\nDutch Revolt Our Debt t i the I utch\\nIn 156S the Spanish Inquisition condemned the\\nthree millions of people in the Netherlands to death\\nbecause of their religious and political opinions, and a\\nproclamation of the Spanish king at once confirmed\\nthe act. William the Silent led the Dutch revolt\\nagainst the oppressor. It was the world s first great\\nbattle for the liberty of the individual. It continued\\nfor forty years. In it a hundred thousand Nether-\\nlanders laid down their lives for the rights of intellect\\nand conscience. Words would fail to tell of the ad-\\nventurous daring, of the intrigue and deceit, or of the\\natrocious cruelties of the Spanish. But the desperate\\nheroism of the Dutch finally beat them back, gained\\nrecognition for their little Republic of seven states in\\n1609, and established the fullest liberty of thought and\\nfreedom of worship. They celebrated their victories by\\nsetting up schools and universities, and entered upon a\\ncareer of intellectual and industrial progress. They\\nhad stood during most of the war utterly alone against\\nthe most powerful nation of Europe; their energy, in-\\ndustry, and virtue were so great that when their inde-\\npendence was gained they were as powerful as the\\nEnglish, and even more progressive; their ships were\\nseen in every port there was scarcely any beggary and\\nnearly every citizen could read and write.\\nAgainst this spirit in the Netherlands Spain proved\\npowerless. We Americans are debtors to these Dutch\\npatriots and defenders of freedom who delivered their\\ncountry from the Spaniards; for it was from the Dutch\\nRepublic, quite as much as from England, that our", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Amtada Spanish Defeats in Europe\\nforefathers got their ideas of liberty and popular\\ngovernment.\\nBut before Spain was driven out of the Netherlands\\nthe British had given her a staggering blow by defeat-\\ning her Invincible Armada, which the arrogant\\nPhilip II. sent in 1588 to subjugate England. This\\nwas one of the most disastrous defeats in history it\\nbroke the power of Spain on the sea and gave it to\\nEngland, and opened the way for colonial settlements\\nby both the Dutch and English in America.\\nA little later, in 1639, Spain was again humiliated\\nby the loss of Portugal and its foreign colonies. Dur-\\ning the latter part of the same century Spain was\\nbeaten by France and suffered a loss of eight million\\nmore in her population. Another war (1701-1714)\\npared away what was left of the great Spanish Empire\\non every side; Gibraltar and the island of Minorca\\nwere ceded to England; Milan, Naples, Sardinia, and\\nBelgium were given to Austria. From the mightiest\\nnation in Europe, Spain thus sank in a little over a\\nhundred years to a third-rate power. But she still\\nheld a lordly empire over the seas in the Western\\nHemisphere.\\nFrom that opulent American empire she had drawn\\nher treasure for her extravagant and foolish wars at\\nhome. She had made the American natives slaves,\\nand had, by harsh treatment, exterminated whole races\\nof them. She might have learned some valuable les-\\nsons from her own terrible reverses in Europe and in-\\nstituted a milder and juster sway in America. But her", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Kuler and Leaders of Spain.\\nKing Alfonso XIII. and liis Mother, tlic Oueen-Regi-m.\\nCaptain-General Weyler. Prime Minister Sagasta", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC MISGOVERNMENT BY SPAIN 23\\nMistakes in America Losses in America and East Indies\\nmisrule and extortion grew heavier in her colonies, and\\nthey steadily slipped away from her.\\nAccordingly, by the time another century had passed,\\nSpain began to lose her vast American empire. Stimu-\\nlated by the success of the United States in its winning\\nof independence, the Spanish colonies followed one\\nanother in rebellion. The Argentine Republic, in-\\ncluding Bolivia, established its independence in 1810.\\nChili, Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada achieved\\ntheirs during the next ten years. Peru won freedom\\nin 1824. Mexico and the states of Central America\\nbroke the Spanish yoke through bloody revolutions\\nabout the same time. Florida was bought from Spain\\nby the United States; and the Louisiana territory, in-\\ncluding the enormous region west of the Mississippi\\nand north as far as the British possessions, after having\\nbeen ceded by Spain to France, came to us soon after-\\nwards through diplomacy and purchase from France.\\nBrazil had gone when Portugal was lost. Santo Do-\\nmingo and Hayti, which had been gradually conquered\\nby the French, won their independence. Jamaica and\\nthe Bahama Islands were taken by the British.\\nIn the West Indies, accordingly, Cuba and Puerto\\nRico were the only islands of importance left under\\nthe Spanish rule at the beginning of the late war.\\nThe great and rich islands of the East India group\\nin the Pacific were properly claimed by Spain through\\nthe discoveries by Magellan; but all save the Philip-\\npines, the Carolines, the Ladrones, and a few other\\nvery small islands were taken from her by the English,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "2 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nBad Methods and Cruelties Massacre of French Colonists\\nFrench, and Dutch in the wars she had waged against\\nthose countries in the vain hope of broadening her\\nempire.\\nIt would have been no dishonor to lose all of these\\nvast possessions, had not most of the losses been occa-\\nsioned by dishonest dealings, signal violations of human\\nrights, and merciless cruelty. An habitual disregard\\nof the customs of civilized administration and of the\\nlaws of civilized warfare has persistently formed the\\nsubstance of Spanish policy. It was so in the home\\ncountry and it has invariably been so in the territories.\\nThe details of the persecution of the men and women\\nwho thought for themselves, the narrative of the ex-\\npulsion of the Jews and the Moors from Spain, and the\\ntale of the atrocities of the war in the Netherlands,\\nare too long and too horrible to be described. We\\nshould willingly pass them by without mention if simi-\\nlar practices had not been brought to the New World\\nand continued into the present century.\\nDuring the religious wars of France in the latter half\\nof the 16th century, several hundred Huguenots, aided\\nby Admiral Coligny, started a colony in Florida. It\\nwas the first attempt in America to establish a free\\ngovernment, where men could enjoy liberty of opinion.\\nThe famous English Admiral Hawkins visited this\\ncolony in 1565, became deeply interested in it, and\\nhas left a description of its broad and humane policy,\\nwhich was extraordinary for that day. Shortly after\\nHawkins left, the terrible Menendez, with his Spanish\\nsoldiers, arrived, and butchered the whole company of", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC MISGOVERNMENT BY SPAIN 25\\nMassacres in Mexico At Soto la Marina\\nmen, women, and children, seven hundred in all, ex-\\ncept six who escaped to an English ship.\\nSpanish official documents show that when Vene-\\nzuela, Ecuador, and New Granada battled for freedom,\\neighty thousand of their people, taken prisoners of\\nwar, were hanged, shot, or otherwise murdered in\\ncold blood by Spanish soldiers. Frequently these\\nmassacres were in spite of express agreements before\\ncapitulation that their lives and property should be\\nsecure. These crimes were not due merely to the\\nexcesses of half-savage troops, but had the specific\\napproval of the Government of Spain.\\nSpecial hostility was shown against people who could\\nread and write, and particularly against all who were\\naccomplished as scholars, on the ground that they\\nwere more dangerous than insurgents in arms.\\nIn the city of Guanaxuato, in Mexico, men and\\nwomen who pass a certain point in the public square\\nstill stop and cross themselves. It is where a Spanish\\ngeneral slaughtered thousands of defenseless men and\\nwomen because they were asking for freedom and he\\nwas rewarded for doing it by promotion to the highest\\noffice in the territory.\\nIn the Mexican Revolution, in June, 1816, the little\\nfort of Soto la Marina, after being bravely defended,\\nwas obliged to surrender to Spanish arms. Written\\narticles of capitulation were agreed upon, and they were\\nso similar to the terms granted by General Shafter to\\nthe Spanish garrison at Santiago that they are worth\\nquoting: I. All parties composing the garrison of", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nAt Los Remedios Four Centuries of Inhumanity\\nthe fort of Soto la Marina, as well as those that are or\\nmay have been at the bar or on the river, shall be\\nincluded in the present capitulation. They shall sur-\\nrender themselves prisoners of war, everyone receiv-\\ning a treatment corresponding with his rank; and the\\nofficers shall be paroled. II. All private property\\nshall be respected. III. The foreigners shall be sent\\nto the United States, by the first opportunity. The\\nnatives of the country shall be sent to their respective\\nhomes, and their past conduct shall remain wholly un-\\nnoticed. IV. The garrison shall march out with the\\nhonors of war, and stack their arms. Notwithstand-\\ning this solemn agreement, most of the garrison were\\nmurdered, and such as were not shot were sent to end\\ntheir lives in dungeons, a few in Mexico and the rest\\nin Spain. The property of all was confiscated.\\nIn the same revolution, in January, 1818, the Mexi-\\ncans surrendered the fort of Los Remedios. Here,\\ntoo, the garrison was slaughtered, and the captors were\\nnot content with shooting such as were well, but they\\nfired the hospital, which was filled with sick and\\nwounded, and as the poor unfortunates crawled out\\nthey were thrust back into the flames or put to death\\nwith bayonets.\\nThere seems to be no end to the story of these brutali-\\nties. They have occurred for more than four hundred\\nyears at times when the Spanish soldiers have won the\\nvictory in battle. Four centuries ago all nations were\\nshockingly cruel as compared with the present stand-\\nards, but the Spaniards at that time exceeded all other", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC MISQOVERXMK.vr BY SPAIN 27\\nWar on the Helpless Effect on Spain\\npeoples in mcrcilessncss; and while other nations have\\ngrown humane and gentle with the advance of better\\ncivilization, the Spaniards have lagged behind, and\\nhave continued to hold sentiments so savage as often to\\nimpel them to war against helpless prisoners, women,\\nand children with the same ferocity with which they\\nfight against soldiers in arms. Consequently terrible\\nassassinations and massacres have usually followed\\nSpanish conquest. They have not been repressed, but\\nrather encouraged and approved, by the Spanish Gov-\\nernment.\\nIt is not pleasant to tell this story, but it is a part of\\nthe world s history, it bears upon the course of the\\nUnited States concerning the Spaniards, and it has at\\nlast settled the fate of Spain.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nBeautiful Cuba Size and Population\\nCHAPTER II\\nSpanish Misrule in Cuba\\nTHE island of Cuba was the chief discovery made\\nby Columbus upon his first voyage. Passing by\\nseveral smaller islands, he came to this one and supposed\\nhe had reached the main coast of China, the far-famed\\nIndie of that day. He wrote in his diary, This\\nis the most beautiful land ever beheld by human eyes.\\nThe Spaniards have called it, at different times, Juana,\\nFernandino, Santiago, and Ave Maria, but Cuba,\\nthe name by which the original inhabitants called it,\\nhas survived all others.\\nThe length of Cuba is about 700 miles; it has an\\nirregular width which varies from 21 to in miles;\\nwith several small islands along the coast, it contains\\nabout 47,000 square miles. What this means is sug-\\ngested by a comparison. Cuba is nearly one fourth\\nlarger than Ireland, and nearly one seventh smaller\\nthan England. It is a trifle larger than Virginia or\\nOhio, and a trifle smaller than Pennsylvania. It has\\n2200 miles of coast-line. Its population in recent\\nyears has probably been about 1,600,000, of whom\\n950,000 were white Cubans, 500,000 colored, and the\\nrest Spaniards.\\nPerhaps no other place on earth has a more genial", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "SPANISH MISKCLE IN CUBA 29\\nCuba s Climate ami Resources Cuba s Early History\\nclimate, vegetation more thriving and beautiful, or fruit\\nmore delicious and abundant. The temperature ranges\\nfrom 50 to 88\u00c2\u00b0. Thirteen million acres of uncleared\\nand virgin forest contain the finest cedar and mahogany\\nin the world. Two million acres of the island s thirty-\\nfour millions are under cultivation, and nine millions\\nare natural pasture-land. The most important products\\nof the soil are sugar, tobacco, Indian corn, coffee,\\ncocoa, bananas, pineapples, and cocoanuts, besides the\\nrich woods of the forest and the copper and iron from\\nthe mines.\\nEven in the war year of 1896 the total exports\\namounted to over $94,000,000. Until laid waste by\\nwar Cuba was thus a treasure-house for Spain, and it\\nis no wonder that she was unwilling to give up so rich\\na spot of earth.\\nFrom the beginning the history of the island has\\nbeen that of bloodshed and oppression. The poor\\nnatives at first believed that their discoverers had de-\\nscended from heaven, but they were soon disabused of\\nthis idea. Though discovered by Columbus in 1492,\\nthe conquest of the island was not undertaken seriously\\nby the Spaniards until 151 1. The island was divided\\namong the conquerors and the Indians were made\\nslaves to till the land. But so ruthless were their\\ntaskmasters that in a few centuries almost the whole\\nnative population of the island had disappeared. Then\\nnegroes were imported from Africa to take their places.\\nFor the next three centuries Cuba was left by her\\noppressors to isolation and neglect. Her people lived", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSpain s Shortsightedness Hostility to Education\\nin poverty and squalor. With extraordinary short-\\nsightedness the Government of Spain took no steps\\ntowards the development of the country or the well-\\nbeing of the people.\\nHer centralized and inefficient administration, influ-\\nenced by an unprogressive spirit of routine, has always\\nlooked upon proposed reforms as dangerous experi-\\nments. Whenever a new industry was started through\\nprivate enterprise, the Government demanded a new\\ntax, which was made heavier as the industry developed.\\nThe first important industry was tobacco: Spain im-\\nmediately so taxed and monopolized its culture, sale,\\nand manufacture that the planters in desperation several\\ntimes rose in arms and destroyed their fields, rather\\nthan to submit to exactions which more than deprived\\nthem of their profits.\\nThe English captured Havana in 1762. During the\\nBritish occupation the port was thrown open to foreign\\ntrade for the first time, and the inhabitants had the\\nexperience of its advantages. A desire for education\\nbegan to be felt* and, there being no institutions in the\\ncountry which could satisfy it, a few young men were\\nsent to the United States for schooling. But Spain\\ndid not approve of education. A royal decree was\\nissued in Madrid in 1799 that Cuban parents should be\\ndissuaded from continuing a practice from which they\\nwere told only evil consequences could be expected\\nAll Cuban youths in school in the United States were\\nordered back to Cuba, while those who had received an\\neducation were placed under the watch of the police.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "SPANISH MISRULE IX CUBA 31\\nCuban Revolts England Learned by Experience\\nRevolts against these injustices at last began; the\\nfirst was in 1823, and was followed by others in 1826,\\n[828, 1830, 1848, 1850, 1 85 1. and 1855; then came the\\ngreat ten years war of 1868-78, after which there\\nwas an apparent peace until the last revolution, which\\nbegan in 1895.\\nIn the earlier times all the European nations were\\naccustomed to look upon their colonial dependencies\\nas sources of support for the home Government, and\\noften as the legitimate objects of plunder for the home\\npeople. England learned a most useful lesson as to\\nthis kind of dealing when one of her political adminis-\\ntrations, under a king who was either crazy or simple,\\npursued a course which forced the Americans into their\\nRevolution, and thus she lost her best possessions\\nacross the Atlantic. It was a course which ever since\\nhas been deeply regretted by the British statesmen\\nand the body of the English people. Great Britain\\nhas learned to administer her colonies for their benefit\\nrather than her own, and has found that by so doing\\nshe added to the greatness of her empire.\\nSpain, on the other hand, has suffered a more bitter\\nexperience in the loss of colonies than any other\\nnation, but she has seemed incapable of profiting by\\nexperience. One by one, her vast American posses-\\nsions, from Mexico to Patagonia, revolted against her;\\nbut as these dependencies slipped away her dealings\\nwith those that remained grew but little less severe\\nand reckless. Her colonial policy continued to be\\nwholly for the home country, with but scanty regard", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSpain Learns not from Experience The Cuban Deb\\nfor the rights and interests of the colonists. She per-\\nmitted them no government of their own, nor even\\neffective representation in the Madrid Government,\\nalthough she promised it more than once. She held\\nthem down by military force. She sent to them gov-\\nernors whose dishonest rule was unbearable. She taxed\\nthem beyond endurance, while her officials grew rich\\nthrough unarrested corruption. Puerto Rico and the\\nPhilippines suffered similarly with Cuba; yet it seemed\\nas if poor Cuba, because of her frequent revolts against\\nthe tyranny, as well as because of her superior wealth,\\nwas singled out for a special rigor.\\nThe ten years war cost nearly a billion of dol-\\nlars, and Cuba was required to pay it. That war\\nwas concluded by the promises of the Spanish Govern-\\nment, on its word of honor, to accord various important\\nreforms; most of these Spain never granted. Before\\nthe outbreak of the last revolution, in 1895, the debt\\nwhich Spain had put upon the unhappy island was\\n$295,707,264. This debt meant $185 to each inhabit-\\nant. The United States debt before 1898 meant only\\n$24 to each person. Even the gigantic debt of France,\\nwhich she incurred herself, means only $154 to each\\nperson. Before her last revolution began, Cuba s debt\\nsignified more to each inhabitant than any other debt\\nin the world. Yet this debt was not only imposed by\\nSpain without a word of consent from Cuba the money\\nhad all been spent for Spain. It was declared by the\\nrevolutionary Cubans that this enormous sum had\\nnot contributed to build a single kilometer of highway,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "SPANISH MISRULE IN CUBA 33\\nDebts without Benefits Official Corruption\\nnor had it built one asylum or opened one public\\nschool. What had not been embezzled, had gone\\nchiefly to pay Spain s expense in keeping Cuba under\\nher inflexible rule.\\nThe interest on this prodigious debt was $12,000,-\\n000, which Spain required Cuba to pay. She also im-\\nposed upon the island an annual payment of \u00c2\u00a77,000,000\\nto support the army and navy kept there for Cuba s\\nown repression and $8,000,000 more for the salaries\\nand expenses of the civil, judicial, and other officers\\nof Spain and to all this we must add a sum of from\\n$12,000,000 to $20,OOO,00O, which the best informed\\nmen say was lost to the Cuban revenue through the\\npurloining of officials, and had to be made good by the\\nsuffering people.\\nIn the general yearly expenditure of about $34,000,-\\n000, the accounts showed that only $500,000 were\\ndevoted to works of public utility, and $182,000 to\\neducation. Yet the people who endured this monstrous\\nwrong were less in number than in many American\\nStates. They were mostly poor, and of course they\\nwere illiterate, for the trifle which was spent upon\\neducation did not apply to any except the privileged\\nclasses. They were without voice or vote concerning\\nthe taxes that were exacted, and saw no return for\\nthem in the way of public improvements. How would\\nthe people of an American State regard official misrule\\nand exaction to this extent\\nAs to personal rights, there was even less of consti-\\ntutional freedom in the island than in Spain herself.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nNo Freedom in Cuba The Rebellion of 1895\\nThe Governor-General ruled with unlimited powers;\\nhe had the general authority of an autocratic sovereign.\\nAt his caprice, and without trial, he could imprison\\npersons, deport them to penal colonies, or order them\\nto be shot; he could then confiscate their estates and\\nreduce their families to want. It has been said that\\nthere is hardly a Cuban family in which one of the\\nmembers has not suffered persecution during the last\\nseventy years. If one ventured from home without a\\nGovernment license, costing from twenty-five cents to\\nfifty dollars, according to his means, he could be ar-\\nrested. There was no real liberty of thought or action.\\nPublic meetings could not be held without the permis-\\nsion of the Spanish authorities, and when they were\\nallowed an officer was present to stop them if anything\\nwas said which he did not like. It was the policy of the\\nGovernment to break the spirit of the whole Cuban\\npeople, and so to strip them of their means that they\\ncould not successfully revolt.\\nBut under these conditions they could do nothing\\nless than revolt. The last Cuban rebellion broke out\\nin 1895. It bore evidence of being more intelligently\\nand effectually organized than any which had preceded\\nit. Strong and experienced men planned and led it.\\nGomez, the two Maceos, Garcia, and others were noted\\npatriots as well as men of high ability.\\nThe system of raising money for the Army of Lib-\\neration extended to all who naturally would sympathize\\nwith it. Every patriotic Cuban, rich and poor, gave\\nas he was able, and those who could give nothing else", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "oc\\nv\\ns\\nr", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Spanish m is ui ix cm a\\nThe Patriot Army Weyler s Barbarity\\ngave themselves to the patriot army, which fought with-\\nout pay and often without food. When the army was\\nwithout arms and ammunition, as often happened, it\\neluded the Spanish columns, and the men scattered, to\\nreturn later to an appointed rendezvous. Whenever\\nable, it made sudden attacks on Spanish garrisons or\\nupon the marching Spanish columns. The Cuban\\narmy could not fight great battles, because there never\\nwere enough arms to equip a large force at one time\\nbut the harassing attacks of the small bodies of patriots\\nwere so audacious and frequent that the Spanish offi-\\ncers despaired of reducing the rebellion by any other\\nmeans than starvation.\\nConsequently, in her extremity Spain resorted to\\nbarbarous measures for the suppression of the rebellion.\\nIt was believed in Madrid that Governor-General Cam-\\npos was too mild for the emergency so General Wey-\\nler was sent to take his place. Weyler already had a\\nrecord for unexceeded mercilessness, and was popularly\\nknown as the butcher. He straightway instituted\\nnew methods, which were based upon the deliberate\\npurpose of making Cuba such a desert that the Cuban\\narmy could not obtain the least subsistence.\\nIn pursuance of this plan he ordered his soldiers to\\nburn the buildings and the ripening crops on all the\\nestates. All the farming population throughout the\\nisland were driven from their homes by his guerrillas,\\nand were gathered in the heavily garrisoned cities,\\nwhere they were huddled within great pens called\\ntrochas. These expulsions, and the long marches", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWar upon the Homes Spanish Peace\\nof the weary and fainting people from their homes to\\nthe distant garrisons, were so pitiful as to stir the\\nhearts of all except the most incorrigible.\\nIt became a war not only upon men, but also upon\\nwomen and children. Its horrors seemed to bring\\nback the days of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in\\nPeru. The Spanish soldiers, exasperated by the lack\\nof success in the field against the armed patriots, at-\\ntacked hospitals and murdered the wounded and sick,\\njust as in July, 1898, their sharpshooters around Santi-\\nago shot the wounded American soldiers.\\nWhen residents of Cuba, loyal to Spain, protested\\nagainst these outrages they were considered to be\\ntraitors and were also shot.\\nThese things are not from the history of the Duke\\nof Alva in the Netherlands; they occurred in 1896 and\\n1897, almost within sight of the United States.\\nWhile the Spanish soldiers were perpetrating these\\ndeeds, General Weyler was declaring to his Government\\nthat Cuba was almost pacified he was making it a\\ndesert and calling it peace.\\nOf course the Spanish denied many of the reports\\nof personal outrages which were sent from Cuba by\\nAmerican and English observers. But there was no\\nattempt to deny the sufferings of hundreds of thou-\\nsands of the poor reconcentrados, as the people\\ndriven from their homes to the cities by the soldiers\\nwere called their beggary, and their starving to death\\nin the streets of the cities, where they had been driven\\nas into prison-pens, were too evident.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "SPAMs 1 1 MISRULE /.V CUBA\\nSenator l roctor s Observations of the Reconcentrados\\nSenator Proctor of Vermont, who went to Cuba early\\nin [898, to satisfy himself of what was being clone, ad-\\ndressed the Senate of the United States upon the sub-\\nject. The character of the man and the deliberation\\nwith which he spoke carried conviction to the count ry.\\nA few sentences from this address must suffice, but\\nthey are full of meaning.\\nHe said: I saw no house or hut for four hundred\\nmiles of railroad. They had lived in cabins\\nmade of palms, or in wooden houses. Some of them\\nhad houses of stone, the blackened walls of which are\\nall that remain to show that the country was ever in-\\nhabited. In the trochas they were allowed to\\nbuild huts of palm-leaves. They have no floor but the\\nground, no furniture, and but little clothing.\\nThe commonest sanitary provisions are impossible.\\nConditions are unmentionable in this respect. With\\nfoul earth, foul air, foul water, and foul food or none,\\nit is not strange that one half have died and that one\\nquarter of the living are now so diseased that they\\ncannot be saved.\\nLittle children are walking about with arms and\\nchests terribly emaciated, eyes swollen, and abdomen\\nbloated to three times the natural size. The physicians\\nsay their cases are hopeless. Deaths in the\\nstreet have not been uncommon. They have\\nbeen found dead about the markets in the morning,\\nwhere they have crawled in the hope of getting some\\nstray bits of food.\\nThese people were independent and self-support-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nFamine and Death Cubans at Disadvantage\\ning before. They have not learned the art of\\nbegging. Rarely is a hand held out to you for alms\\nwhen going among their huts, but the sight of them\\nmakes an appeal stronger than words.\\nI saw a hospital in Havana where four hundred\\nwomen and children were lying on stone floors in an\\nindescribable state of emaciation and disease, many\\nwith the scantiest covering of rags, and such rags!\\nAnd the conditions in other cities were even\\nworse. Two hundred thousand have died within\\nthese Spanish prison walls within a few months.\\nIt is unnecessary to extend the details of the distress-\\ning narrative: it is the story of men but half clothed\\nand half fed, ignorant and simple, fighting in the\\nbushes for freedom their wives and children dead or\\ndying of starvation and abuse their fields untilled and\\ntheir homes in ruins; the whole of their beautiful\\nisland laid desolate; the future as dark as an eternal\\nnight yet refusing all overtures, and pressing on\\nwithout hesitation either to victory or else to utter\\nextermination.\\nMuch has been said against the Cubans to show that\\nthey are incapable of self-government. Many of these\\ncharges are true. They are poor; they are ignorant,\\nnot more than one tenth having received any education\\nat all they are not accustomed to manage their own\\naffairs they have had no chance they have been\\nwithout schools no high ideals have been held up to\\nthem they have been robbed of their property and\\ntheir freedom and their self-respect by a blind Govern-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "SPANISH MISRULE IS (TltA 39\\nCuban Intrepidity Voice of the United States\\nmerit and a brutal soldiery. But there is abundant\\nproof of their devotion, their ability, and their bravery\\nin the fact that for three years they fought more than\\n200,000 Spanish troops so successfully as to prove to\\nthe world that they could not be subjugated. This\\nwas while their homes were laid in ashes and their\\nwives and children were starving.\\nSuch was the situation in Cuba when the Republic\\nof the United States lifted up its voice among the\\nnations and declared that the oppressed island at its\\ndoors should go free.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nAmerica s Foreign Policy Non-interference\\nCHAPTER III\\nRescue by the United States\\nTWO declarations by two presidents of the United\\nStates, in regard to the foreign policy which our\\nGovernment ought to follow, have been so generally ac-\\ncepted by the people as to gain about as much force as\\na provision in the Constitution. One of these is against\\nour meddling in the affairs of foreign nations, and the\\nother is against allowing them to meddle in our affairs.\\nIn the most important suggestion of his Farewell\\nAddress and the only one which is commonly re-\\nmembered President Washington impressively recom-\\nmended that we entirely abstain from interfering in\\nEuropean affairs. This advice has been uniformly\\nfollowed. Even under severe temptation we have\\nnever gone further into any foreign issue than to pro-\\ntect our own independence and to insure the develop-\\nment of free institutions upon this Western Continent.\\nWhile, on several occasions in the past, our navy\\nhas been sent into foreign waters to enforce certain\\ndemands of the United States, those demands have\\nalways been made necessary by some menace to our\\ninterests or by some defiance of the legitimate author-\\nity of the United States. Until Commodore Dewey\\nsailed from Hong Kong for Manila, no vessel of the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "RESCUE BY THE UNITED STATES I I\\nWashington s Advice Monroe Doctrine\\nUnited States ever went over seas upon a warlike\\nerrand which was not inseparably associated with\\nAmerican rights. The doctrine that we should mind\\nour own business, and that our business was all within\\nthe bounds of the Western Continent, has been thor-\\noughly fixed in the thought of the people, and as\\nfirmly established in the diplomatic policy of the Gov-\\nernment. The last words of Washington to this effect\\nhave always been regarded as very wise and entirely\\nsacred.\\nPresident Monroe, in 1823, connected his name with\\nthe converse of this doctrine, that we should not per-\\nmit European nations to interfere in our affairs, or to\\nextend monarchical rule, or to offer any menace to\\ndemocratic government upon this hemisphere.\\nIt may be interesting to recall how this Monroe\\nDoctrine came to be announced. It must be re-\\nmembered that it was the efforts of Spain to reclaim\\nher South American colonies that called it forth,\\nlowing the Napoleonic wars there was formed\\namong the leading European nations an alliance for\\nself-protection. It was called the Holy Alliance,\\nthough it was anything but holy. It was not so\\nmuch for resistance against other powers as to protect\\nits members against internal rebellions. It consisted\\nof a joining of forces by the kings to prevent the prog-\\nress of the people towards the management of their\\nown affairs. England at first approved, but soon re-\\npudiated the whole arrangement.\\nIt was the attempts of Spain to bring the guns of", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nMonroe s Warning to Europe Change of Policy\\nthese allied powers to bear upon her revolted colonies\\nin South America that led President Monroe to de-\\nclare that while the United States would not interfere\\nwith any existing dependencies of any European state,\\nyet the United States would consider it an unfriendly\\nact, and treat it as such, for any European power to\\ninterfere with any American Government which had de-\\nclared and maintained its independence and had been\\nso recognized by the United States. In words full of\\nmeaning and bristling with spirit he said It is due to\\ncandor that we should declare to the Allied Powers\\nthat we should consider any attempt on their part to\\nextend their system to any portion of this hemisphere\\nas dangerous to our peace and safety.\\nSo it had become a traditional and fundamental\\ndoctrine in this country that we should avoid all foreign\\nentanglements; that we should not meddle with the\\naffairs of foreign nations, even with the affairs of their\\nAmerican colonies; and that, on the other hand, we\\nshould not allow them to extend their monarchical\\nsystems on this side of the Atlantic.\\nThe decision of our Government to intervene in be-\\nhalf of Cuba was, accordingly, a complete departure\\nfrom traditional understandings. Some of the fore-\\nmost constitutional lawyers were opposed to it. The\\nstep was disapproved by a large proportion of the pro-\\nfessional and business people of the country it was\\nforced by the masses. It was the impulses of human\\nsympathy and righteous indignation setting aside the\\nlong-standing principles of national policy.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "RESCUE BY THE UNITED STATES 43\\nCase of the Virginias Gradual Growth of Anti-Spanish Feeling\\nVarious things had contributed to arouse American\\nsentiment against Spain. Her whole history was not\\nonly opposed to our manner of living and our common\\nthought, but she had done some things which bore\\ndirectly against American citizens and gave a serious\\nwound to American feelings.\\nIn i $73, the steamer Virginius, flying the American\\nflag and suspected of carrying supplies to the Cubans,\\nthen engaged in revolt against Spain, was captured by\\na Spanish cruiser and taken into the harbor of Santiago.\\nHer officers and crew, to the number of fifty-three, were\\ntaken hurriedly into the public square and shot. The\\ndiplomatists smoothed matters out so as to avoid war,\\nbut twenty-five years were by no means long enough\\nto cause the outrage to be forgotten.\\nFurthermore, the recent revolutionary condition of\\nthe island had affected some American commercial in-\\nterests this, however, did not have wide influence upon\\nthe people, and Spain was careful to refrain from further\\noutrages upon citizens of the United States, in order\\nto afford no ground, recognized by the law of nations,\\nwhich would be sufficient to justify our interference.\\nMore wide-reaching was the work of the Cuban\\nJunta, an organization which the Cubans main-\\ntained in the United States for the purpose of dis-\\ntributing information concerning the revolution and\\narousing sympathy with their cause.\\nMore effective still was the diligent labor of many\\nAmerican newspapers in constantly presenting the\\nhard facts of Spanish savagery to their readers.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSinking of the Maine The Friendly Visit\\nThrough these means the people were increasingly\\nagitated yet a good many often questioned whether\\nthe Junta was not composed of professional agi-\\ntators working for selfish ends, and whether the news-\\npapers were not printing exaggerated stories to promote\\nnewspaper circulation.\\nBut on the evening of the 15th of February, 1898,\\nan incident occurred in the harbor of Havana which\\nsuddenly wrought our people to madness, which neces-\\nsarily turned on the search-lights of official investiga-\\ntion, and led directly to a new and momentous step in\\nthe international relations of the world. It was the\\nexplosion which destroyed the battleship Maine.\\nOur consuls in Cuba had presented to the Govern-\\nment the advisability of sending an American battle-\\nship to Havana, in a friendly spirit, on the ground that\\nthe presence of our flag would restrain the combatants\\nso far as American interests were concerned, and might\\naid in relaxing the strained relations which were con-\\ntinually increasing between our Government and that\\nof Spain. Accordingly, after consultation with the\\nSpanish Minister at Washington, and notice to the\\nGovernment at Madrid, on the 24th of January, 1898,\\nthe Maine was ordered to pay a friendly and official\\nvisit to the harbor of Havana. She arrived on the\\n25th, was received with the usual naval courtesies and\\nconducted to a place in the harbor by the Spanish\\npilot. She lay there without special incident for three\\nweeks. At eight o clock on the evening of the 15th\\nof February all was reported secure to Captain Sigsbee,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "President McKinley and Famous Officials.\\nSecretary of the Navy, John D. Long. Secretary of War, Russell A. Alger.\\nMinister to Spain, Stewart L. Woodford. Consul-General in Cuba.Fitzhugh Lee.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "KESCUE BY THE UNITED STATES t5\\nSuspended Judgment Patriotic Excitement\\nher commander. At forty minutes after nine the vessel\\nwas lifted from the water by two terrific explosions and\\nquickly sank, carrying to watery graves two of her\\nofficers and two hundred and sixty-four members of\\nher crew.\\nThe cause of the disaster was a mystery, but Ameri-\\ncan sentiment was not slow in attributing it to Spanish\\ntreachery. The Captain-General and other officials at\\nHavana disavowed all knowledge and tendered their\\nsympathy, and the Government at Madrid hastened to\\nexpress its regrets, but the people of the United States\\nrecalled the interminable line of Spanish intrigue, and\\nwere impatient of the various specious theories which\\nexcused the Spaniards from responsibility. If the ex-\\nplosion was not caused directly by Spanish authority,\\nour people were convinced it had been caused at least\\nby Spanish officers who had access to the mines and\\ntorpedoes, and who were protected and hidden by their\\nmilitary superiors.\\nNevertheless, self-restraint prevailed. Captain Sigs-\\nbee, in announcing the explosion, had said, Suspend\\njudgment and the temper of the people and of Con-\\ngress was in accord with this very sensible advice during\\nthe long weeks while our Naval Board of Inquiry,\\nwhich had been appointed immediately after the dis-\\naster, were investigating, with the greatest care, the\\ncause of the explosion.\\nBut though judgment was suspended the country\\nwas seething with excitement. The flag suddenly be-\\ngan to float from nearly every building. The schools", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nLights Turned on Learning the Truth\\nand churches seemed to throb with patriotism. Night\\nafter night the wildest cheering greeted the playing of\\nthe patriotic airs in the theaters and cafes. Audiences\\neverywhere arose to their feet while The Star-\\nSpangled Banner was played. There had been\\nnothing like this universal stirring of the spirit of\\nthe country since 1861.\\nMeanwhile the lights were being turned, full force, on\\nall the doings of Spain in Cuba, and the conviction grew\\nthat the former newspaper reports of Spanish inhuman-\\nity, which many people had considered exaggerated,\\nhad not depicted things as bad as they really were.\\nFor one thing, it was discovered that there were,\\nlocked up in the files of the State Department, facts\\nof the most startling nature regarding the Cuban con-\\nflict which had been reported by our consuls to the pre-\\nceding Administration, and which, in the interests of\\npeace, it had been deemed advisable to withhold from\\nthe public. These earlier reports, and the later ones\\nreceived from Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee, showed\\nthe condition of the poor Cubans who had been driven\\nfrom their farms and concentrated in the fortified cities\\nwithout means of subsistence, to have grown steadily\\nmore horrible. Here is a sample report concerning\\nthe reconcentrados in Santa Clara:\\nIt was there shown that while there were 5,489\\ndeaths in that town in the seven years previous to\\n1897, which included 1,417 in one year from an epi-\\ndemic of yellow fever, there were, owing to the con-\\ncentration order, 6,981 deaths out of a total population", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "RESCUE BY THE UNITED STATES ti\\nSenators Proctor and Thurston The Demand for War\\nof 14,000 in the year 1897 alone. The death-rate\\nincreased monthly from ;S in January, the month\\nbefore the concentration order went into effect, until\\nDecember, when there were 1,011 deaths.\\nSeveral congressmen visited Cuba to see for them-\\nselves. The speeches in Congress of Senators Proctor,\\nof Vermont, and Thurston, of Nebraska, during this\\nperiod of suspense, were perhaps almost as influential\\nas the destruction of the Maine in deepening the public\\ndemand that Spain be driven from this hemisphere.\\nSenator Proctor s speech, already referred to, was very\\njudicial, but the horrors that he described in his ex-\\ntremely guarded way seemed the more terrible for his\\nself-restraint. Senator Thurston s wife had accom-\\npanied him to Cuba, and the shock caused by the un-\\nspeakable sufferings of the reconcentrados had\\nkilled her. When the Senator, upon his return to the\\nSenate, arose to speak of Spanish inhumanity, he\\npoured forth a flood of anguished invective which\\nmoved the heart of the public not less than Senator\\nProctor s measured statements.\\nWhen the appalling facts thus became known to a\\ncertainty the hard fighting, the intense suffering, the\\nabuse of prisoners; particularly, when it was known\\nthat hundreds of thousands of women and children\\nfrom the rural districts had already starved through\\nthe ruthless course of the Spanish Captain-General,\\nand all because of a desire for liberty, the public sym-\\npathy and indignation in the United States, so long\\nrestrained, were ready to break all bonds.\\n3", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe President for Peace Preparing for W s\\nBut while Congress and perhaps most of the people\\nwere calling for war, the President and his advisers\\nwere engaged in the twofold effort of diligently pre-\\nparing for war and earnestly working for peace.\\nPresident McKinley, who had himself been through\\nthe horrors of one war, did everything in his power to\\navert the coming conflict. In his inaugural message he\\nhad said We have cherished the policy of non-inter-\\nference with the affairs of foreign Governments wisely\\ninaugurated by Washington, keeping ourselves from\\nentanglements either as allies or foes. We want no\\nwars of conquest. We must avoid the temptation of\\nterritorial aggression. War should never be entered\\nupon until every agency of peace has failed.\\nThe resources of diplomacy were pressed by the\\nPresident until they were exhausted, in endeavors to\\ninduce Spain to cease hostilities and withdraw from\\nCuba.\\nMembers of Congress who were most eager for war\\nwere urged by the President to aid him in holding\\nback the rush into armed conflict. It was believed by\\nmany of the wisest of our statesmen that through\\ndiplomacy Spain might be induced to acknowledge\\nherself defeated in Cuba, and to leave the island to\\nitself. As the Great Powers of Europe saw the con-\\nflict approaching, their diplomatists at Washington and\\nMadrid were instructed to use their best offices to avert\\nthe final clash.\\nWith no less diligence, however, was the President\\npreparing the national forces for the struggle if it must", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "RESCUE BY THE UNITED STATES 49\\n$50,000,000 for Defense Official Report on the Maine\\ncome. Our defenses were in a deplorable state of\\nneglect; coast fortifications were notoriously unpre-\\npared to resist an attack. Our navy, though well\\nequipped, and in a high state of discipline, was never-\\ntheless, in fighting ships, considered to be somewhat\\nweaker than that of Spain.\\nThe President, therefore, on the 8th of March, re-\\nquested from Congress an appropriation of fifty\\nmillion dollars for the national defense. This was\\nimmediately voted without a dissenting voice. It was\\nhoped that this spectacle of unanimous support given\\nto the President in the demands he was making upon\\nSpain, and the suggestion it contained of the unlimited\\nwealth of the nation, might convince Spain of the\\nhopelessness of war with the United States. The\\nPresident at once made use of this most needed money\\nto strengthen our coast fortifications, to buy military\\nequipments of all kinds, and to enlarge the navy as\\nrapidly as possible by the purchase of more ships.\\nThe whole world was searched by our agents to find\\nwarships belonging to other nations which might be\\nfor sale. The Spanish were doing the same thing; yet\\nwe were able to buy a few warships. By leasing and\\nby purchase an immense auxiliary fleet of cruisers,\\ntransports, yachts, and tugs was pressed into the ser-\\nvice of the Government, and a patrol of picket vessels\\nwas established the entire length of our Atlantic coast.\\nMeantime, the Naval Board of Inquiry sent its re-\\nport from Havana. It was received by the President\\non the 25th of March, and was given to Congress on", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nPresident s Message to Congress Declaration of War\\nthe 28th of March. It found that the Maine had been\\nsunk by an explosion from the outside. Though it\\nwould not attribute this explosion to the hostile act of\\nthe Government of Spain, the fact was palpable that a\\nSpanish torpedo had wrought the disaster, and that the\\nSpaniards had made no efforts to discover the culprits.\\nEven yet, however, the President did not despair of\\npeace, and was unwilling as yet to make the destruction\\nof the Maine a cause of war. More efforts were made\\nto induce the Spanish Government to withdraw from\\nCuba. But finally President McKinley sent a message\\nto Congress on the nth of April, in which he recited\\nthe inhuman practices of the Spanish authorities in\\nCuba, and mentioned the destruction of the Maine as\\nan instance of Spanish inability to restrain misrule; in\\nview of all the facts the President stated to Congress\\nhis belief that forcible interference between Cuba and\\nSpain was now justified. Congress immediately re-\\nsponded, and on the 19th of April the anniversary of\\nthe battles of Lexington and Concord passed a decla-\\nration of war which, when finally concurred in, was in\\nthe following words:\\nFirst. That the people of the island of Cuba are,\\nand of right ought to be, free and independent.\\nSecond. That it is the duty of the United States\\nto demand, and the Government of the United States\\ndoes hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at\\nonce relinquish its authority and government in the\\nisland of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces\\nfrom Cuba and Cuban waters.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Group of American Major-Generals.\\nWilliam K. Shatter.\\nJ..hn K. Brooke.\\nA. Miles.\\nWesley Merritt.\\nJoseph Wheeler.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "RESCUE BY THE D SITED STATES 51\\nDeclaration of War A War for Humanity\\nThird. That the President of the United States\\nbe, and he is hereby, directed and empowered to use\\nthe entire land and naval forces of the United States,\\nand to call into the actual service of the United States\\nthe militia of the several States, to such extent as may\\nbe necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.\\nFourth. The United States hereby disclaims any\\ndisposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, juris-\\ndiction, or control over said island except for the paci-\\nfication thereof, and asserts its determination when that\\nis accomplished to leave the government and control\\nof the island to its people.\\nThis declaration of war, in its purpose, its form, and\\nits spirit, touches the high-water mark of government\\nby the people for the good of mankind.\\nIt is true that in other times strong nations have\\naided the weak in their battles for freedom. Queen\\nElizabeth of England aided the heroic Dutch to throw\\noff the yoke of the cruel King of Spain yet her battle\\nagainst the Spaniards was more for the strengthening\\nof her own throne and for the defense of English\\nliberty against the danger of Spanish aggression than\\nit was to help the Dutch.\\nKing Louis XVI. of France sent his soldiers and\\nhis ships across the sea to aid Washington in our own\\nAmerican struggle for independence; but it was the\\ndesire to humble England for former defeat which\\nmoved the King of France more than his love of\\nhuman liberty. The French Revolutionary Republic,\\na few years later, marched into Italy and liberated the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "52 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Generous Pledge Lofty National Ideal\\noppressed nationalities there; but each battle fought\\nby France in Italy was a blow for the defense of the\\nyoung French Republic itself against the foreign des-\\npotisms which threatened it.\\nSurely never before has a people, aroused by the\\ncontemplation of appalling tyranny in a neighboring\\ncountry and with an entire disinterestedness of spirit,\\ndeclared war against the foreign oppressors and bound\\nitself beforehand to give to the liberated people a free\\ngovernment of their own.\\nIt marks a gratifying advance in the ideals of good\\ngovernment when a great self-governing nation, in one\\nof the most solemn of national acts, carries, with her\\ngreat heart and strong arm, the blessings of civil liberty,\\nreligious toleration, and popular education to the strug-\\ngling subjects of a rapacious empire. Such an act helps\\nthe world to realize that states do not exist for the\\nbenefit of their Governments, nor even for security\\nalone, but for the intellectual and moral progress of\\nthe people. It presents before all nations a loftier\\nideal, and it gives to the flag of our Republic a brighter\\nand more glorious meaning.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE PREPARATION\\nAmerican Confidence Unprepared for War\\nCHAPTER IV\\nThe Preparation\\nTHE ordinary American never has any doubts of\\nthe power of his country to accomplish whatever\\nit undertakes. If it will attempt something new and\\ndifficult he has the greater relish for it. The experi-\\nenced ones may see the difficulties and plead for de-\\nliberation the crowd will take counsel of their own\\nenthusiasm rather than of their fears. Entire confi-\\ndence that the nation will spring to any mighty effort\\nwith a bound is an American trait.\\nThe impulses of the public, generous and soul-felt,\\ncarried the United States into the war with Spain\\nin disregard of the national traditions, without much\\nthought on the part of the people as to prepared-\\nness, but with the usual American confidence as to the\\nresult.\\nThe nation was not at all prepared for war. It never\\nhas been prepared for war except in the midst of war.\\nIt has never even prepared for defense until in the im-\\nmediate presence of attack. Such preparedness as it\\nhas had hitherto has been in its spirit, in its unbounded\\nconfidence that it can do anything it undertakes and do\\nit quickly. It is not too much to say that it has had\\nlittle interest in doing things as other countries do", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nFolly of Unreadiness Modern Warfare\\nthem. It would have been comparatively small satis-\\nfaction to the American heart to drive Spain out of\\nCuba after long preparation and by slow advances. It\\nwas a delight to the American people to do it with\\nquick preparation, to do it almost upon the instant,\\nand to do it so completely that none could be so stupid\\nas not to understand.\\nThis popular spirit is of course both childish and\\nunwise. It does not accord with our real seriousness\\nas a nation. We do not conduct our ordinary business\\non such a haphazard principle. It is terribly unsafe\\nto trust to the luck of emergency preparation in the\\nevent of war.\\nFor wars to-day are very different from those of the\\npast. They are now far more of an exact science and\\nare fought with weapons and tools and enginery that\\nrequire years in making, and they call for men on sea\\nand land who are trained specialists. Even in our\\ngreat Civil War it took about a year after war began\\nfor both sides to get ready to fight but neither side\\ngot any advantage, for both were equally unready.\\nNowadays every powerful nation, except ours, has\\ngreat numbers of expert soldiers and vast quantities of\\nall the materials of war ready at hand, to be used in-\\nstantly. If we had been obliged to fight Great Britain\\nor Russia or Germany or France, instead of Spain, our\\nlack of readiness might have cost us very dear.\\nThere are no braver men for battle in the world than\\nAmericans; but mere bravery is no match for equal\\nbravery with better weapons, ampler supplies, and", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "tin: rm-:i Mi.\\\\TiON\\nSize of our Army Excellence of our Soldiers\\nsuperior organization. It is the duty of our Congress\\nand our legislati\\npoorly prepared.\\nand our legislatures to see that we arc never again so\\nAt the time of the declaration of war the regular\\narmy of the United States numbered 27,532 men.\\nThe regular army of Great Britain in time of peace\\nconsists of about 220,000 men, of France 2,043,000, of\\nGermany 1,969,000, of Russia 1,145,000, of Spain\\n352,000.\\nOur little army of regular troops has much improved\\nin character and efficiency in recent years. The offi-\\ncers, nearly all of them graduates of the Military\\nAcademy at West Point, are liberally educated both\\nas professional soldiers and as men of affairs. It is\\ndoubtful if any army in the world has more com-\\npetent commanders. With remarkably rare excep-\\ntions, the officers are men of character themselves,\\nand are able to see that the character of the enlisted\\nman has a great deal to do with his worth as a soldier.\\nMuch more care than formerly, therefore, is given to\\nthe standing of the enlisted men. They must not only\\nbe within the limits of age, eighteen to thirty, and\\nin perfect health, but their habits of life and moral\\ncharacter must also give promise of the willing and\\nefficient soldier.\\nEverything which good leadership among the officers\\ncan suggest is being done in our regular army to make\\nfor the highest efficiency. The uniform has been\\nadapted to afford comfort rather than to make a show.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nHigh State of Training Congress and the Army\\nThe old-time elaborate manual of arms has given way\\nin considerable measure to physical exercises which are\\ncalculated to develop supple, sinewy, and hardy men\\nwho can endure hardships and perform difficult deeds\\nrequiring strength and athletic skill. Much also has\\nbeen done at the army posts to give to the private sol-\\ndier a substantial education, in the confidence that the\\nmore intelligent a man is, the better soldier he will make.\\nThe regulars were consequently reasonably well\\nready for service when war was declared. They were\\nwell drilled and somewhat inured to camp life and\\nfield service. They had a fair field equipment. They\\nwere armed with a modern weapon called the Krag-\\nJorgensen rifle, and they were supplied, while in the\\nmidst of the Cuban campaign, with cartridges of\\nsmokeless powder.\\nBut the regular troops were only a handful of men,\\nand the points in which they excelled were only those\\nwhich were within the power of the professional officers\\nof the army to develop and direct. Congress had for\\nyears refused not only to grant any enlargement of the\\narmy, but also to authorize such reorganization as\\nmilitary experience had shown to be necessary and as\\nhad been adopted in all modern European armies.\\nSuch matters relating to the army as depended either\\nupon legislation by Congress or upon administration\\nby civilian officers were either seriously lacking or de-\\nplorably confused. In the Santiago campaign the\\ntransportation and supply departments almost entirely\\nbroke down under their responsibilities.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "V\\nV\\np\\n-c\\nIs\\nbe s\\ns\\nP I", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE PREPARATION\\nReasons for Small Army The Voluii!\\nOne reason why the regular army had been kept\\nsmall was because there seemed to be so little for it to\\ndo. Its only active service was in suppressing Indian\\noutbreaks, which have been growing more infrequent.\\nIt also served the purpose of enabling the officers to\\nmaintain the standard of military efficiency. In case\\nof war it was intended to serve as a nucleus for the\\nvolunteer army, upon which it has hitherto been the\\ncustom of our Government to depend. What we\\nshould do in case of sudden war with a powerful for-\\neign power, Congress had not thought out.\\nConsequently, when war was declared, the Govern-\\nment was obliged to depend on volunteers to fill up\\nthe army. The President issued calls for 200,000\\nvolunteer soldiers. Five men stood ready for every\\nplace that was to be filled. Many of the best young\\nmen in the land struggled with each other for oppor-\\ntunity to go. In many States entire regiments of the\\nNational Guard volunteered. In some States whole\\nregiments were enlisted, organized, and drilled, without\\nany authority whatever, in the hope that further calls\\nwould be made, and, being organized, they would have\\nthe next chance.\\nIn addition to the 200,000 volunteers called for by\\nthe President, Congress authorized an enlargement\\nof the regular army from 27,000 to 62,000 men, and\\nalso the enlistment as United States Volunteers of\\n10,000 immunes (or men who were proof against\\nyellow fever), 3,500 engineers, and 3,000 cavalry-\\nmen.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "58 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Rough Riders Organizing the Volunteers\\nThe famous Rough Riders, led by Colonel Theo-\\ndore Roosevelt, were part of the volunteer cavalry.\\nThe regiment of Rough Riders was one of the most\\nnotable bodies of troops ever enlisted in the United\\nStates service. Every man was an expert and pictur-\\nesque horseman. Side by side in the ranks of this\\nvery democratic regiment were cowboys from the prai-\\nries, football men from the colleges, and hardy athletes\\nfrom the wealthy clubs of the great cities.\\nThe volunteer troops could not in the nature of\\nthings be prepared for service in a brief time as\\ncompletely as the regulars. Congress had made no\\nprovision for equipping a volunteer army, and the\\nequipment furnished by the States was very inadequate.\\nMuch of the equipment which the States provided was\\neither out of date or made for show rather than service.\\nWith all the riches of the country at the time of the\\ndeclaration of war, there was almost an entire absence\\nof clothing, shoes, tents, camp utensils, horses and\\nwagons, arms and ammunition available for the active\\nservice of an army of 250,000 men anywhere, least of\\nall in a campaign in a foreign and tropical country,\\nmountainous and without roads, and in midsummer.\\nThe American volunteer soldier is of course not in-\\nured to field service. He is a man of wits and re-\\nsources, capable of adapting himself to new conditions\\nand rising to occasions; but he can hardly be expected,\\nin three months, to carry himself like a professional,\\nor to fight as effectually with antiquated arms as the\\nveteran with rifles of the highest power. But notwith-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE PREPARATION\\nKrag-Jorgensen Ritlo Smokeless Powder\\nstanding the disadvantages under which most of the\\nvolunteer troops worked, they pressed forward with\\nalacrity, supported the regulars with unfailing courage,\\nfought bravely when opportunity offered, and if the\\nwar had lasted would soon have been professional sol-\\ndiers themselves.\\nThe modern Krag-Jorgensen gun has far greater\\nvelocity, carries much farther, and is more accurate\\nthan the old Springfield rifle. Not a regiment of the\\nState troops, which formed the bulk of the army, was\\nequipped with this new gun, however, and the factory\\nwhich made them could not turn out more than one\\nhundred and fifty per day; at this rate it took nearly\\ntwo weeks to fit out a single regiment. Many States\\nsent arms of different types and calibers, so that they\\ncould not be served with the same ammunition.\\nThere was also a scarcity of ammunition at the time\\nof the declaration of war. This lack was so great that\\ntarget practice had to be limited. But under the\\nemergency appropriation of fifty million dollars, con-\\ntracts were let for large quantities of ammunition, and\\nthe factories were worked night and day, making one\\nkind for the regulars and other kinds for the volunteers,\\nuntil they were fairly supplied.\\nThe sequel proved that smokeless powder played a\\nnew and a large part in the efficiency and comparative\\nsafety of the troops. If the volunteer soldiers who\\nfought at Santiago had been supplied with the Krag-\\nJorgensen rifle and smokeless powder, they would have\\nbeen more destructive to the enemy; offering a less", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "60 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWrong Done by Congress The Navy s Preparation\\nconspicuous target by their clouds of smoke, they\\nwould have suffered less slaughter themselves.\\nEach passing month saw more deficiencies remedied,\\nhowever, and by the time we were through with the\\nwar the army was nearly prepared for a war. But it\\nis an unpardonable wrong that brave American youth\\nmust lay down their lives in battle needlessly, or waste\\naway with disease in camp, because of the parsimony\\nof successive Congresses, or the inaction of State legis-\\nlatures, or because ambitious politicians insist upon\\ntrying to do things which none but professional soldiers\\nare capable of doing well.\\nThe navy, fortunately, was better prepared for battle\\nthan the army, and the navy had to strike the first\\nblows. The changes from a peace to a war footing\\nin the navy are not so marked as in the army. The\\nnecessary additions to the force of men are smaller and\\nless conspicuous. Moreover, the naval service has\\nbeen saved from the political officer. Men who are\\ncertain they can lead troops on land have more hesi-\\ntation about managing battleships at sea, and so the\\ndirection of the navy is in hands that are properly and\\nthoroughly trained.\\nFor nearly a score of years Congress had been\\nmaking considerable appropriations for naval vessels.\\nMany of these were ready for service, and they were\\nthe best upon the seas, commanded by the most thor-\\noughly educated naval officers in the world. The\\nscience of naval architecture had been developed by", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE PREPARATION 61\\nBuying New Vessels The Naval Reserves\\nAmerican naval officers to an extent unequaled by\\nany other Government.\\nThe first and largest expenditures from the special\\nfifty million dollar appropriation, made by Congress\\njust before the war, were in the purchase of additional\\nvessels. Everything available, at home and abroad,\\nwhich would be likely to prove effective was taken.\\nOcean greyhounds, ferryboats,tugs, millionaires yachts,\\nwere brought into service. They were all put under\\nthe command of trained naval officers. Mechanical\\nexperts were brought from the technical schools, the\\nLand-Grant colleges, and the State universities to\\nstrengthen the force of naval workers. The cadets\\nfrom the Naval Academy at Annapolis were ordered\\nto the vessels.\\nThe militia of the Naval Reserve volunteered for\\nservice, and most of them were assigned to the auxiliary\\nfleet. The sterling patriotism of this body of men de-\\nserves particular mention. The majority of them were\\namateur yachtsmen; some of them were men who\\nowned large yachts themselves. When they volun-\\nteered, their former organization was broken up and\\nthey accepted duty on the same level with all the other\\njack-tars of the service. There is a much greater dis-\\ntance socially between the officers and men in the navy\\nthan in the army; yet these yachtsmen, when they\\nenlisted aboard the national cruisers, accepted coal-\\nheaving and every other humble duty without a\\nthought of complaint, showing how deeply ingrained in\\nthe American mind is the essentially democratic feeling.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "62 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nNaval Guns Accurate Gunnery\\nA gun factory had been established in Washington\\nduring the last years of President Cleveland s first ad-\\nministration. There enormous guns were turned out\\nfaster than the ships to carry them could be built.\\nTheir quality and mechanism have seemed to be per-\\nfect. Never has an explosion occurred with one of\\nthem through flaws in steel or faulty workmanship.\\nThe American sailor has always been preeminent as\\na marksman. It was fine gunnery as well as seaman-\\nship that had won our brilliant victories in the War of\\n1812. As soon as our modern sailors found themselves\\nbehind the wonderful guns of recent manufacture,\\nthey set themselves to master all their possibilities.\\nOf no use is the highly developed gun unless it hits\\nthe mark, and it is the American spirit to make every\\nmachine do its best consequently target practice has\\nbeen a constant habit of our officers and men. Ships\\nhave vied with one another in accuracy of marksman-\\nship. Since each cartridge for the heavier guns cost\\nmore than five hundred dollars, our men invented\\nthe process of using the intricate machinery of the\\nbig gun with a common hand-rifle, making due allow-\\nance in placing the target for the difference in carrying\\npower.\\nBy constant application to all kinds of gun practice\\nthe intelligent American sailor developed a coolness of\\ncalculation and a fertility of device which made him\\nthe most skilled and unfailing gunner in the world.\\nNotwithstanding this preeminent efficiency, as soon\\nas war began to seem probable our officers immediately", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Four I- iglitin^ Admiral-.\\ni reorge I )ev\\nWinfield S. Schley.\\nWilliam T. Simpson.\\nPascual de Cervera.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE PHI PA IL\\\\TI 63\\nTraining the Navy The Hospital Ship\\nincreased the amount of gun-shooting, as if they had\\nno other object in life than proficiency as gunners.\\nShips assembled in fleets in both oceans and prac-\\nticed in day and night drills. Target practice, search-\\nlight drills, attacks by torpedo boats, and their repulse\\nby the ships catching them in their search-light meshes\\nin time to blow them out of the water with the rapid-\\nfire guns before they could reach the vessel, were kept\\nup hourly until the war with Spain was declared.\\nConsequently, when the wire flashed the news of war\\nto the impatient ships, and our fleets swept out to sea,\\nthe navy was in a splendid state of efficiency, both in\\nspirit and in intelligent discipline.\\nThe purchase and equipment of the hospital ship\\nSolace gave the American navy the first ambulance\\nvessel in the world. Fitted with wards and operating\\nrooms and all other modern hospital conveniences,\\nand flying the flag of the Red Cross, she was prepared\\nto go from vessel to vessel, take off the sick and\\nwounded, give them adequate care, and return with\\nthem to the United States. The fortunes of war\\nhappily made her service in the Spanish war very in-\\nconsiderable to American sailors, but it is a gratifica-\\ntion that she was able to render her service of mercy\\nto so many sailors of Spain, turning former enemies\\ninto friends and admirers of the United States.\\nOf course there were some deficiencies in the navy,\\nbut fortunately they were of a kind which the exigen-\\ncies of the service did not happen to make conspicuous.\\nThe worst one was the lack of dry-dock facilities.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "64 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nLack of Dry- Docks Making Smokeless Powder\\nWith an extensive fleet upon the Atlantic coast, the\\nnavy has been until very recently without a dry-dock\\ncapable of accommodating the larger battleships. A\\nyear before the destruction of Cervera s fleet, the\\nbattleship Indiana had to be sent to the British dry-\\ndock in Halifax for repairs because there was no\\nAmerican dock large enough to take her in. The\\ntrouble, which arose from lack of foresight and from\\nundue economy, is being remedied now. Indeed, a\\nmonth after the cessation of hostilities with Spain, a\\ndry-dock was completed at New York capable of re-\\nceiving the greatest war vessels of the world at any\\nstage of the tide.\\nThe matter of smokeless powder has come to be as\\nimportant in the navy as in the army. Our ships were\\nnot supplied with it at Manila or Santiago. We have\\nbeen behind all the first-class and even the second-\\nclass powers in putting it in use. The New Orleans, a\\nship bought from Brazil just before the war, had it on\\nboard when she was delivered. Our naval leaders at-\\ntribute this slowness of ours to an indisposition to pur-\\nchase it abroad. There are good brands of this powder\\nin Europe, but we preferred to make it ourselves. We\\ncould manufacture smokeless powder equal to the for-\\neign article, but it was the wish of our Government to\\nwait until we could make a better grade than had yet\\nbeen produced. The subject was very complicated\\nand it required the highest scientific knowledge. Ex-\\nperiments had been going on for six years. There is\\nno incentive like that arising from necessity and pride.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE PREPARATION 65\\nSecretary Long s Foresight Our Critical Condition\\nAnd in thirty days after the need was known to be\\nimperative, the Government factory at Newport was\\nturning out thousands of pounds daily, and of a quality\\ngiving greater velocity than had ever before been pro-\\nduced in the world.\\nA large degree of the readiness of the navy when war\\nwas declared, was due to the foresight and energy of\\nthe patriotic Secretary of the Navy and his able First\\nAssistant. Secretary John D. Long, a former Gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts, and Assistant Secretary Theo-\\ndore Roosevelt, had, since the beginning of President\\nMcKinley s administration, been working with stead-\\nfast diligence to put the naval forces of the Govern-\\nment in the best state of preparation which their\\nopportunities and funds would allow. Politics had\\nbeen sedulously kept out of the navy administration\\nthe best men had been assigned for all critical positions\\nthe ships were where they were needed, and all the\\nwar material available had been placed in easy reach.\\nAs if the war had been foreseen, this department had\\ndone its best to prepare for it.\\nTaking all things together we were not more than\\nhalf prepared for war when the executive officers of\\nthe Government were forced to begin hostilities by the\\nAct of Congress. The navy was more than half pre-\\npared but the army was hardly prepared at all. In\\na few days 225, 000 American citizens who had scarcely\\nbeen in a camp and never seen a battle had to be\\norganized, clothed, armed, and sent into the field.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "66 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nMisgivings of Many Unhesitating Courage\\nThe men, it is true, were at hand; but there was not\\nmuch more of the outfit of an army ready. There\\nwere many who had misgivings. No doubt of the\\nultimate result was felt. No one questioned the power\\nof the United States to conquer Spain eventually, in\\nboth the New World and the Old; but many, who\\nknew the traditional pride of the Spanish people and\\nthe fighting qualities of the Spanish soldier, feared that\\nit would be done only after serious reverses and at\\ngreat cost.\\nYet the people would not hesitate. They trusted\\nthat great resources in the hands of Anglo-Saxon in-\\ntelligence and energy, and in a good cause, would give\\nus the victory; and that each day of zealous prepara-\\ntion, under the pressure of the demands of battles not\\nfar off, would hasten the end and make it more over-\\nwhelming. They did not know just how the end\\nwould come, nor to what it, in turn, would lead but,\\nguided by sound impulses and having confidence in\\nthemselves, they were willing to wait for time to make\\nit clear.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "DEWKV S BATTLE IN MANILA HAY 67\\nThe First Blow Philippine Islands\\nCHAPTER V\\nDewey s Battle in Manila Bay\\nTHE first blow delivered by the United States in\\nbehalf of Cuba was struck on the other side of\\nthe globe, in Asiatic waters; but it was so hard that it\\nstartled the nations of Europe and was heard with\\ngreat satisfaction in every part of the United States.\\nThe chief colonial possessions remaining to Spain,\\nbefore this war, aside from Cuba and Puerto Rico,\\nwere the Philippine Islands. This is a group of some\\ntwelve hundred islands, about four hundred of which\\nare inhabited, lying off the southeast coast of China.\\nThe largest one, Luzon, is about the size of the State\\nof Kentucky. The Philippines have a population of\\nperhaps seven million people, chiefly Malays, though\\nmany of the inhabitants have Spanish blood. The\\noffice-holders and tax-gatherers were, of course, Span-\\niards.\\nMuch of the territory is fertile. The chief products\\nare rice, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and hemp. The value\\nof the commerce of the Philippines is estimated at\\nmore than fifty million dollars annually. The mineral\\ndeposits and lumber are considered to be exceedingly\\nvaluable, but have never been developed with modern\\nbusiness methods and energy.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "68 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nImportance of the Philippines Defenses of Manila\\nThe islands are upon the natural highways of Oriental\\ncommerce and are of enormous commercial and military\\nimportance, not only because of the value of their prod-\\nucts, but also because of their safe harbors, their sup-\\nplies of coal, and the relation in which they stand to\\nthe world s trade with the unknown resources of the\\nvast regions embraced in the eastern countries of\\nAsia.\\nSpanish oppression, extortion, and cruelty in the\\nPhilippines finally produced there an insurrection\\nscarcely less formidable than that in Cuba. Under\\nthe leadership of Aguinaldo, a young native somewhat\\neducated, thousands of the people were engaged in a\\nbloody warfare against the authority of Spain. This\\nhad led the Spaniards heavily to fortify and arm the\\ncapital, Manila, a city with its suburbs of three hundred\\nthousand inhabitants, situated thirty-five miles from\\nthe open ocean, on Manila Bay. Forts were erected\\nat the entrance to the bay and an efficient army was\\nestablished in the city. The Government arsenal and\\nnaval station is at Cavite, on the right-hand side of the\\nbay as we enter, and about three quarters of the way\\nfrom the entrance to the city.\\nAt the prospect of war with the United States, the\\nfortifications and the army at Manila were strengthened\\nand a considerable Spanish fleet gathered there.\\nBefore the end of February, 1898, Commodore\\nGeorge Dewey of the United States Navy, under in-\\nstructions from the Government at Washington, began\\nto assemble the greater part of the American warships,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "A Map f the Philippine I-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "DEWEY S BATTLE IN MANILA BAY 69\\nOur Fleet in the Pacific The Start for Manila\\nwhich were in the Pacific Ocean, at the British port of\\nHong-Kong, about six hundred miles from Manila.\\nBy the 19th of April, the day that Congress passed\\nits resolutions of war, the fleet consisted of the Olym-\\npia, the Boston, the Concord, the Raleigh, and the\\nPetrel. On that day they began to be painted a slate\\ncolor, thus putting on their fighting uniform. On the\\n22nd the Baltimore arrived from Yokohama, out of re-\\npair. But she had no thought of losing her part in com-\\ning events, and by the end of forty-eight hours, with\\nthe characteristic energy of our officers, she had been\\nput in dry-dock, scraped, repaired, painted, coaled,\\nprovisioned, and otherwise made ready for her business.\\nUpon the declaration of war it became at once neces-\\nsary for these vessels to leave Hong-Kong, for under\\nthe neutrality laws, observed by all nations, when two\\npowers are at war the ships of either cannot harbor\\nwith any other nation with which they are at peace.\\nIt is said that the first notice Commodore Dewey had\\nthat war had actually been declared came in the form\\nof a request from the British Foreign Office, on the\\n24th of April, that the fleet should leave Hong-Kong\\non that account. He replied that he would depart\\nfrom the harbor immediately.\\nThe squadron at once got under way for Manila. It\\nleft Hong-Kong with bands playing and amid the\\ncheers of the American and English residents. It was\\naccompanied by the revenue cutter Hugh McCulloch\\nas a dispatch boat, and two merchant vessels carrying\\nten thousand tons of coal. There were in the fleet", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "70 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Daring Venture Confident of Victory\\nseventeen hundred as strong-hearted American boys\\nas ever sailed any sea upon a dangerous and heroic\\nventure.\\nThat their errand was daring in the extreme, no one\\ncan doubt. The number of Spanish vessels at Manila\\nexceeded the number of American vessels, although in\\narmament and equipment there was not much differ-\\nence. The American vessels were cruisers, not battle-\\nships, as the more formidable ships of our navy are\\ncalled. In ships of the same class we were to meet\\nabout an equal number, and of smaller craft a larger\\nnumber; but the obvious advantage was against the\\nAmerican fleet because of the forts at the mouth of\\nthe harbor, the batteries and arsenal at Cavite, the\\nsubmerged torpedoes, and the fortifications and troops\\nat the city.\\nIt was daring for another reason. The officers of\\nthe American fleet had never been in that harbor be-\\nfore. The result was not only much in doubt, but\\nevery man believed he had reason to expect that, if\\nthe battle were lost, the Spanish would do by any\\nAmerican prisoners as they had done very com-\\nmonly by prisoners of war, either massacre them in-\\nstantly, or else, with more ceremony, take them into\\nthe public square of the city and shoot them there.\\nBut hearts were strong and buoyant, and eyes fol-\\nlowed the flag as every man thought of the far-away\\nhome and moved on to duty and to fame.\\nThe voyage to Manila was uneventful, but each\\nday preparations for battle went steadily forward.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "i i:wi:ys HATTLE IX MANILA BAY\\nThe Voyage to Manila Entering the Harbor\\nGun drills were maintained, and once or twice in the\\nmiddle of the night the blare of the bugles and the\\nflashing of red and white signal lights called quickly\\nupon the fleet to clear for action. Each crew sprang\\nto quarters and the entire fleet was put in readiness\\nfor battle. The captains reported to the Commodore\\nthat every man was at his place and every gun ready\\nfor action inside of seven minutes from the time when\\nthe crews were soundly sleeping. At evening time\\nthe bands played patriotic airs, and as they came to\\nYankee Doodle and The Star-Spangled Banner,\\nthe men sang the words with a feeling which gave con-\\nfidence in approaching victory.\\nOn Saturday morning, the 30th of April, they were\\nin sight of the island of Luzon. Everyone was astir,\\nthe decks were sanded, and all unnecessary material\\nwhich might take fire in battle was tossed to the waves.\\nNo sight of the enemy s ships was caught that day, but\\nit was made certain that they were harboring in the\\ncalm waters, behind the forts, the arsenal, and the sub-\\nmarine mines of Manila Bay. At five o clock in the\\nafternoon the commanders were called on board the\\nflagship, the Olympia, for consultation with the com-\\nmander-in-chief and for final orders.\\nThe hour of twelve, midnight, was fixed for passing\\nthe forts at the entrance to the harbor in order to be\\nready for an engagement at daylight. The problem\\nwas to find the enemy just at daybreak and not before.\\nThe early part of the night was cloudy and dark. No\\nlights were allowed save one at the stern of each ves-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "72 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe First Gun The Answer\\nsel, covered at the front and two sides, for the guidance\\nof the ship which was following, and no word was\\nto be spoken or movement made unless by the orders\\nof the commanders. At eleven o clock the crews were\\ncalled to quarters to be ready for any emergency, and\\nat midnight the ships, in single column, the flagship\\nleading, commenced the perilous passage.\\nThe forts at the entrance to the bay are upon Cor-\\nregidor Island, six hundred feet above the water level,\\nand at El Fraile on the opposite side. The channel\\non one side is one mile and that on the other side five\\nmiles wide. The entrance was made by the wider\\nchannel and between the forts.\\nAs the fleet passed the island a rocket flashed from\\nthe fort on the hill and was answered apparently by\\nlights on the shore. It was supposed that this would\\nbe followed by an immediate attack from the Krupp\\nguns in the shore batteries, but it was not. The ships\\nmoved forward until opposite the second fort, on a\\nsmall island near the shore, when there was a bright\\nflash, the boom of a gun, and the scream of a shell\\noverhead and this was followed by a second and a third.\\nThe Raleigh, which was third in the line, replied\\nwith a five-inch shell, and the Concord and the Boston,\\ncoming next, each in turn opened fire. The shells\\nfrom the shore batteries fell wide of the mark, but with\\nthe second flash the Yankee gunners had the spot from\\nwhich they came and placed a six-inch shell so effectu-\\nally that it killed an officer and forty-one men and\\nsilenced the battery completely.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "DEWEY S BATTLE IN MANILA BAY 73\\nFinal Preparations for Battle The Attack at Dawn\\nThen the fleet passed on toward the city. The\\nnight wore away quietly and slowly. Towards morn-\\ning the moon broke through the clouds. Some of the\\nsailors lay down at their stations and dozed. The\\nfinishing touches were put on for the great battle which\\nwas at hand. The men were once more instructed as\\nto first aid for the injured; the decks were sanded\\nagain the boats were covered with canvas to prevent\\ntheir being splintered by flying shell the ammunition\\nhoists were wound with cable-chains; wood partitions\\nwere torn out and thrown overboard all impediments\\nwere put out of the way; everything that American\\nwit and industry could do to get in the best possible\\ncondition for action was done.\\nThe lights of Manila came in sight early and were\\nkept directly in the line of progress. At dawn the\\nfleet was about four miles from the city. At four\\no clock coffee and hard-tack were served. It was Sun-\\nday morning and it was May-day. At a quarter\\npast five the forts on the Manila shore and on the shore\\nopposite, at Cavite, fired some shots, but their shells fell\\na full mile from the fleet. No reply was made. The\\nman on the bridge of the flagship had his plan and was\\nnot to be diverted from it. The dispatch boat McCul-\\nloch and the transports stopped in the middle of the\\nbay. The cruisers passed on in single file even beyond\\nthe city, and then swung around to the right, and,\\nunder full steam, made straight for the arsenal at\\nCavite and for the Spanish fleet which was anchored\\nthere.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "74 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Flagship Opens Turning the Circle\\nBy this time the fire from the forts and the Spanish\\nvessels, each with great battle-flags of red and gold\\naloft, was continuous; but the shells fell short. The\\nAmerican gunners stood at their pieces with smiling\\nbut tense faces. The American squadron pressed on\\nrapidly in a line as straight as a fleet of boats in tow.\\nA signal from the flagship said, Fire as convenient,\\nbut they all reserved their fire for closer range. When\\nthe range-finder showed two miles, Dewey said in a\\nquiet voice to the captain of his ship, the historic\\nwords\\nWhen you are ready, you may fire, Mr. Gridley.\\nThe message instantly reached the eager men at the\\neight-inch guns in the forward turret, and at just 5.35\\nthe first projectiles were hurled with a flash and a roar\\nat the fated ships of Spain. Like an echo came the boom\\nof the opening fire from all the other American ships,\\nas they discharged their port batteries. The air was\\nfull of shells and smoke, and the water was splashed\\nabout our ships with the Spanish shot. To give our\\ngunners a better sight the speed was slowed down.\\nAfter all had passed the anchored Spanish fleet, our\\nline swung around and returned over the same course,\\nfiring the starboard batteries. Suddenly, about a\\nthousand yards ahead of the Olympia, a waterspout\\narose; a submarine mine had been exploded, but with\\ninaccurate calculation.\\nWhen the Spanish flagship, the Reina Cristina, saw\\nthat the mine had failed, she slipped her mooring and\\ncharged direct at the Olympia, like a maddened pan-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "c\u00c2\u00a9\\nco", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "DEWEY S BATTLE IN MANILA BAT V.\\nReina Christina s Charge Fate of the Torpedo Boats\\nthcr. Rut the guns of all the fleet were upon her,\\nand the marksmanship of the cool-headed American\\ngunners did not fail. No vessel could stand under\\nthat gunnery. In a few moments the white ship was-in\\nflames, with great holes torn in her sides, and she turned\\nto flee. But even as she headed to seek safety, the\\ntrained eye of a gunner in the Olympia s forward\\nturret sent a terrible projectile after her, which struck\\nher stern and plunged clear through her bow, sweep-\\ning down her captain and sixty men. Then it was\\nsave who can.\\nAdmiral Montojo had his boat lowered from the\\nwrecked ship and changed his flag to the Isla de Cuba.\\nThis vessel immediately became the target of the re-\\nsistless American batteries, and soon in her turn she\\nwas burning and going down. But before she sank\\nthe Admiral signaled to his two torpedo boats to go\\nout and do for the Olympia what he had been unable\\nto accomplish.\\nAcross the bay came charging these little demons of\\nwar. The Olympia s big guns first greeted them, but\\nmissed their mark, the speed of the boats being so great\\nand the targets so small. They arrived within eight\\nhundred yards and in a moment more would have dis-\\ncharged their torpedoes. But they came no farther.\\nThe secondary battery and the rapid-fire guns were\\nnow raining their shells and solid shot upon them.\\nFrom one of them there arose a white explosion, and\\nshe dropped under the waves forever. The other,\\nsorely wounded, and dazed by the fate of her consort,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "76 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nTwo More Ships Burning Stopping for Breakfast\\nturned like the flagship and sought the beach, where\\nshe was found later, pierced, shattered, and bloody.\\nHaving once more passed the enemy, our vessels\\nturned around again and steamed back to fire upon the\\nother side. This time it was the Don Antonio de\\nUlloa and the Castillo that were overwhelmed. Our\\ngunners were worn, but they seemed to gain in pre-\\ncision and fired with the coolness of target practice.\\nThe wonderful victory they were gaining lifted them\\nabove exhaustion. The Spanish captains had nailed\\ntheir flags to the masts, and their men were fighting\\nwith the desperate bravery of those for whom there is\\nnothing but death.\\nThen the Olympia drew out of the line, to the sur-\\nprise of the whole fleet. Some feared that she was in\\ndistress, but as she came within hearing of the other\\nships their men cheered and her men cheered back\\nwith such spirit that no further assurance of her con-\\ndition was needed. Commodore Dewey signaled the\\nfleet to withdraw and serve breakfast.\\nIt was now half-past seven o clock and the battle\\nhad raged more than two hours. Several Spanish ves-\\nsels were burning and there was also a fire at the\\narsenal. Yet their guns were still at work with no\\nsign of surrender. Our men were displeased at the\\norder to cease firing and to eat, because the victory had\\nnot yet been completely won. They wanted no re-\\nfreshment while there was a Spanish warship afloat.\\nBut the Commodore knew best. He desired to know\\nthe condition of his ships and the state of the ammuni-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DEWEY S BATTLE I.X MANILA BAY 77\\nA Council The Battle Renewed\\ntion. The captains were summoned to the flagship,\\nand soon returned to their vessels with the good news\\nthat not a man had been killed in the fleet, and only\\nhalf a dozen slightly wounded and they also gave\\nthe assurance that the assault would soon be renewed\\nand the battle fought to a finish.\\nSo the fleet drew off to the middle of the bay and\\nwaited while the men took breath and had their break-\\nfast the guns grew cool, the ammunition was rein-\\nforced, the machinery was examined, and everything\\nput in fresh order for a finishing onset.\\nAt twenty minutes before eleven the signal came to\\nrecommence the attack. The plan of battle had been\\nchanged. The Spanish ships had been so much dam-\\naged as to be practically out of the fight. Now, in-\\nstead of the American fleet moving up and down in\\nfront of the forts and the Spanish ships, and firing as\\nthey went, the orders were to go directly towards\\nthem, stop, get the range, then choose a mark and hit\\nit with accuracy. The Baltimore went in first, at full\\nspeed, almost disappearing in her own smoke. She\\nnot only used her larger guns, but approached so close\\nthat she could use the rapid-fire guns in her smaller\\nbattery. In twenty minutes the Olympia followed\\nher. Then in turn the Boston, the Raleigh, and\\nthe Concord followed. The little Petrel, which drew\\nless water than the rest, ran in and out firing inces-\\nsantly at the ships and the forts until the sailors\\nnamed her the baby battleship. By one o clock\\nall the larger Spanish vessels were sunk or on fire,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "78 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe White Flag No Americans Killed\\nand out of action, and the forts were disabled and\\nburning.\\nFive minutes later the baby battleship signaled\\nto the Commodore that the enemy had struck his colors\\nand that a white flag was flying over the fort at Cavite.\\nThe battle had now been completely won. The firing\\nceased and the crews climbed the rigging to cheer and\\ncheer again at the marvelous, triumphant battle seven\\nthousand miles from any American soil. To them it\\nbrought enduring fame, and to the officers it brought\\nthe thanks of their countrymen and promotion. For\\na time all rules were suspended if it should be said\\nthat the captains danced with old jack-tars, and the\\nCommodore gave vent to his feelings by hugging the\\ncabin-boy, we could readily believe it.\\nThere had been many false rumors through the fleet\\nabout the killed and wounded upon the different ves-\\nsels. When it was announced that there were none\\nkilled and but half a dozen slightly wounded, it seemed\\nimpossible. For four hours they had been under the\\nincessant fire of heavy guns. The Olympia had been\\nhit thirteen times, and none of the others had escaped.\\nThe intensity of feeling, when it was known that the\\ncrews were all safe, made many of the strongest men\\nburst into tears of joy.\\nIt was a battle in which scientific skill had decided\\nthe result. The Spaniards had apparently poured their\\nmetal into the bay at random. The American com-\\nmander had maneuvered his fleet with a calm and\\ntrained judgment which minimized the effect of the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "DEWEY S BATTLE IN MANILA BAT 79\\nThe Triumph of Skill The World s Amazement\\nenemy s shuts, and the American gunners had used\\ntheir guns with as much deliberation and precision as\\nthough engaged in target practice. It was the triumph\\nof skill and accurate marksmanship over mere daring\\nwithout training, the victory of manly courage working\\nthrough science over desperate valor without scientific\\ndirection.\\nThe world heard the news of this extraordinary\\nbattle with absolute amazement. No battle like it\\nhad ever been fought. Destruction as great had be-\\nfallen the vanquished in other battles, but never before-\\nhad such annihilation been wrought without the cost\\nof a single life to the victors. Europe instantly com-\\nprehended that the United States, notwithstanding\\nthe comparative smallness of her navy, was one of the\\nmost formidable naval powers in the world. The\\npeople in America were in a tumult of joy and pride.\\nWhile victory had been expected, none could have\\nfancied it to be so complete. It was the most wonder-\\nful triumph of American arms in our history. Com-\\nmodore Dewey, with his officers and men, received the\\nthanks of the President and Congress; he was named\\nActing Admiral, and soon after was made Rear-\\nAdmiral. If the war lacked any popularity before, it\\nwas wanting no longer. It was a victory with deeper\\nresults in the United States than in Manila.\\nFollowing the battle the Petrel steamed out from\\nbehind the forts at Cavite with a half-dozen captured\\nvessels in her tow. One of these, the Manila, hail six\\nhundred tons of coal and many beef-cattle on board,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "80 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Forts Silenced Waiting for the Army\\nboth of which were needed. On the next day a detail\\nwas sent on shore to bury the Spanish dead and relieve\\ntheir wounded. Occasion was taken to advise the\\nCaptain-General of the Philippines and the people of\\nManila that if one shot was fired at the fleet from the\\nfortifications at Manila the city would be laid in ashes.\\nIn a day or two the forts at the mouth of the bay were\\nreduced.\\nThen the fleet settled down to wait nearly three\\nmonths for an American army to come from over the\\nseas to occupy the city.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK OX SANTIAGO 81\\nNew Names in our History Sailing of Fleel\\nCHAPTER VI\\nThe Attack on Santiago\\nGUANTANAMO, Daiquiri, Guasimas, El Caney,\\nSan Juan, and Santiago, these names mark\\nthe landing of the American army in Cuba, and the\\nroute of progress to a splendid triumph of American\\narms on that island. But they stand for much more,\\nfor heroism and aggressiveness, for patience, endur-\\nance, and persistence, for hardship and death, for the\\nexpulsion of the Spaniard, and the final termination of\\nSpanish rule in America.\\nThe first armed movement towards the expulsion\\nfrom Cuba of the Spanish army of nearly 200, OCX) men,\\nwas to establish a blockade of naval vessels along the\\ncoast in order to cut off from that army all information\\nand supplies.\\nWar actually began on the 21st of April, when the\\ntelegraph operator at the White House sent out the\\nPresident s order to the waiting fleet at Key West to\\nsail instantly to Cuba. For days these warships under\\nRear-Admiral Sampson had been awaiting that order,\\nready like racers to spring at the signal. The captains\\nwere in the Admiral s cabin on board the New York late\\nin the evening of the 21st when the dispatch arrived.\\nWithin an hour the search-lights had begun feeling", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "82 THE RESCUE 01 CUBA\\nThe Blockade First Actions\\ntheir way out of the harbor, and before daylight of the\\n22nd the whole fleet was in the open sea sweeping\\ntowards Havana.\\nThere was, as yet, however, no army for invasion.\\nThe President had not even called for volunteers when\\nour sailors arrived before Morro Castle. Until an ade-\\nquate invading force could be gathered and equipped\\nit would have been useless to attempt to batter down\\nthe powerful fortifications of Havana. While the new\\ntroops were assembling in their various camps, it was\\nthe navy s business only to look out for the enemy s\\nfleet, and to isolate the enemy s army from supplies\\nand communication.\\nReinforced from day to day with the newly obtained\\nvessels of all sorts, the American Admiral stretched a\\ncordon of blockaders well around the island. The first\\naction of the war was the bombardment of the fortifi-\\ncations of Matanzas, not far eastward from Havana, on\\nthe 28th of April. At Cardenas Bay, on the nth of\\nMay, there was a sharp engagement with Spanish bat-\\nteries and gunboats, in which Ensign Bagley and four\\nmen on the torpedo boat Winslow were killed. On\\nthe same day several men from the Marblehead were\\nkilled while cutting a cable at Cienfuegos. The Span-\\nish Admiral, Cervera, with a formidable fleet, had sailed\\nfrom Spain, and Sampson cruised eastward to San\\nJuan, Puerto Rico, in the hope of meeting him. Fail-\\ning to find the Spanish fleet, he bombarded the forts\\nof San Juan for a few hours on the 12th of May, and\\nthen returned to Cuba.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "I\\nv J\\n3\\nrt\\nf.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE A TT. VCR A 8 I A TIAQO 83\\nThe New Army First Army Movement\\nBut meanwhile our new army of over 250,000 men\\nwas being mobilized as rapidly as possible. To the\\nimpatient people the mustering in, the equipping, and\\nthe drilling of these troops seemed to be very slow,\\nand we were shown for the first time how impossible it\\nwould have been to meet on even terms an invading\\narmy of a first-class European power, like Great Britain,\\nif promptly thrown upon our territory.\\nFrom State camps the regiments were transferred to\\nnational rendezvous, the most famous of which were\\nCamp Thomas at Chattanooga and Camp Alger near\\nWashington. Thence, as the troops became ready for\\nservice, they could be transported to the ports most\\nconvenient for embarkation. Tampa, on the west\\ncoast of Florida, the same Tampa where, nearly four\\ncenturies before, the Spanish cavalier, De Soto, started\\non his adventurous march through the unknown lands\\nwhich now are part of the United States, was selected\\nas the best point of departure for the expedition to\\nCuba.\\nThe Fifth Army Corps was encamped here under\\nMajor-General Wm. R. Shafter. This body of troops,\\nmost of whom were regulars, had the honor of consti-\\ntuting the first expedition of land forces for the rescue\\nof Cuba.\\nThere were several reasons, however, why it seemed\\nwise to delay the expedition. A fleet of transport\\nships conveying an army over hostile waters is at the\\nmercy of even a very inferior enemy. A single well-\\ndirected shell or torpedo could sink a ship carrying a", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "84 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nDangers to Transports False Rumors\\nthousand defenseless soldiers. Although the warships\\nwhich would convoy a fleet of transports might quickly\\nannihilate the enemy s squadron, nevertheless the\\nchance of sinking a number of our crowded transports\\nwould warrant any Spanish commander in making the\\ndesperate attack. Consequently it would seem like a\\ntempting of fate for a vast expedition of soldiers to\\nventure out until the sea was reasonably safe from the\\nenemy s cruisers and torpedo boats.\\nSpain proved formidable in her power of sending out\\nmisleading rumors. Such contradictory reports were\\nreceived from various quarters of Europe, as well as\\nfrom numbers of ports in the neighborhood of the\\nWest Indies, that it became impossible to tell where\\nthe powerful fleets of Admiral Cervera and Admiral\\nCamara were to be found. They might be in the ports\\nof Spain they might be at the Canary or Cape Verde\\nIslands they might be hovering near the New Eng-\\nland coast; they might be dodging among the islands\\nof the Caribbean Sea. Certainly, until they were either\\nlocated or destroyed, the open sea was no place for\\n16,000 soldiers gathered on the frail transports.\\nConsequently, from week to week the impetuous\\narmy waited on the burning sand at Tampa while the\\nnavy seemed to have all the opportunities for service.\\nThe first attempt of the American army to land on\\nthe shore of Cuba was made on the 12th of May by\\nthe officers and men of the First United States In-\\nfantry, who had been sent on the steamer Gussie to\\ncarry supplies to the Cubans. The Spaniards, how-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK 0.\\\\ SANTIAGO\\nA Repulse Admiral Cervera s Fleet\\never, had intercepted the Cuban party, and appeared\\nin such force and resisted the attempts to land with\\nsuch spirit that the Americans withdrew without mak-\\ning connection with their Cuban allies. Though our\\ntroops suffered no loss, but inflicted considerable dam-\\nage upon the Spanish, we were obliged to admit that\\nthe first advantage rested with the enemy.\\nDuring the next fortnight the fleet of Admiral Cer-\\nvera arrived on this side of the ocean and was finally\\ndiscovered in Santiago harbor. The voyage of this\\nhostile force from Cadiz to Santiago was romantic with\\ninterest to the world.\\nWhen the war broke out, this fleet was at the Cape\\nVerde Islands. These islands belong to Portugal.\\nOur Government protested against the fleet being\\nharbored in a neutral port, in violation of international\\nlaw. After much delay Portugal informed the Gov-\\nernment at Washington, the 26th of April, that the\\nSpanish ships would be given forty-eight hours in\\nwhich to leave the Cape Verde Islands. On the\\n28th of April, however, they were still there. But\\nPortugal now definitely declared her neutrality, and\\nCervera, having had ample time to provision and coal\\nhis fleet, steamed leisurely away. Where he had gone\\nwas a mystery. He was reported to be at the Canary\\nIslands. He was reported to have arrived in Spain.\\nHe was said to have been seen crossing the Atlantic.\\nHis fleet, though not large in number, was powerful\\nbecause of its homogeneity. It had no slow transports\\nto retard its progress. It consisted of the five armored", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "86 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nFormidable Spanish Cruisers Cervera Arrives\\ncruisers, the Cristobal Colon, the Infanta Maria Teresa,\\nthe Almirante Oquendo, the Vizcaya, the Reina Mer-\\ncedes, and three swift torpedo-boat destroyers.\\nA fleet like this, properly officered and worked, could\\nbe used like a single machine. Its power of damage\\nto the United States was enormous. It might appear\\nsuddenly off Boston harbor and lay that wealthy and\\npoorly defended city in ashes if it refused the tribute\\nof millions which would naturally be demanded. Or\\nit might appear before New York and, though in the\\nface of greater danger to itself, might still inflict incon-\\nceivable disaster; again, it might proceed more to the\\nsouthward and intercept our battleship, the Oregon,\\nthen steaming northward on its long voyage from\\nPuget Sound around Cape Horn. It might throw\\nitself into the harbor of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and\\nuse that haven as a basis for mischievous operations\\nagainst the Americans.\\nFrom each of these quarters came reports of strange\\nwarships having been seen, and our commanders con-\\ntinued, in painful uncertainty, the necessary policy of\\nwaiting.\\nFinally the uncertainty lifted. About the nth of\\nMay the Spanish flotilla was definitely reported at the\\nFrench island of Martinique, and shortly after, at the\\nisland of Curacao, just north of Venezuela.\\nWhile Sampson was returning from his hunt for\\nCervera at Puerto Rico, the Spaniard was sailing due\\nnorthwest for Santiago de Cuba, which he reached on\\nthe 19th of May. His arrival at Santiago was not", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 87\\nLocating Cervera Lieut. Victor Blue s Reconnoissaiice\\nknown by the Americans with certainty for several\\ndays. While Sampson kept guard near Key West,\\nCommodore Schley with the flying squadron was\\nwatching the harbor of Cienfuegos on the southern\\ncoast of Cuba, where Cervera was reported to be hid-\\nden. At last his hiding-place at Santiago was dis-\\ncovered, and on the 28th of May, Schley, with his\\nflagship the Brooklyn, accompanied by the Massa-\\nchusetts, the Texas, the Iowa, the Marblehead, the\\nMinneapolis, the Castinc, the torpedo boat Dupont,\\nand the auxiliary cruiser St. Paul, the coaling ship\\nMerrimac, and others, arrived off Santiago; and the\\nnext day they were able to look through the nar-\\nrow neck of the bottle-shaped harbor and to see the\\nenemy s ships lying safely at anchor behind the frown-\\ning- fortifications and the network of submarine tor-\\npedoes.\\nTo verify fully the assurance that all of the Spanish\\nvessels were there, Lieutenant Victor Blue, of the navy,\\nmade a daring and famous reconnoissance. He landed\\nand, at the greatest risk, climbed the hills, counted\\none by one the enemy s ships, and returned with the\\nreport that the five cruisers and two torpedo boats\\nwere actually imprisoned in the bay.\\nIn a few days Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the flag-\\nship New York and the battleship Oregon, the cruiser\\nNew Orleans, and several auxiliary vessels and torpedo\\nboats, reinforced Commodore Schley and took com-\\nmand of the fleet that was keeping Cervera bottled\\nin Santiago.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "88 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nLieutenant Hobson s Exploit A Bottled Fleet\\nThen in a few days followed an exploit which awoke\\nthe admiration of the world and lifted a hitherto ob-\\nscure young officer to the summit of fame. Lieuten-\\nant Hobson took the coaling ship Merrimac by night\\nbeneath the guns of the forts, and while under the most\\nterrible fire from both shores, endeavored to anchor\\nhis ship in the narrow channel, to sink her by his own\\nhand, in order thus to leave her wreck to block the\\nSpanish ships if they should attempt to escape. That\\nthe Merrimac was not sunk at the precise spot in-\\ntended was due to the rudder being shot away.\\nWhen morning came he and his six companions who\\nhad volunteered for the enterprise were, as by a miracle,\\nalive and unhurt, clinging to a raft. The story of that\\nunrivaled exploit is fully told in a later chapter. The\\nfact that the attempt to close the harbor was not fully\\nsuccessful does not detract from the sublime heroism\\nof the men.\\nThe situation now was this: The Spanish fleet was\\nindeed besieged it might dash for liberty, but, in the\\nface of such a superior and vigilant force, it would have\\nbut little chance. On the other hand, the besiegers\\nwere unable to reach it so long as it chose to remain in\\nits haven the narrow channel was a network of sub-\\nmarine mines which would sink the first vessel that\\nentered and the lofty forts on the cliffs above could\\nat such close range pour down an annihilating torrent\\nof shells upon the thin decks of the attacking ships,\\nwhich, at that nearness, could not lift their guns suffi-\\nciently to silence the batteries. Their elevation was", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 89\\nA Land Attack Neetlol Heroism of Marines\\nso groat that successive bombardments, though they\\ndamaged, did not destroy the batteries.\\nNevertheless, until they were destroyed or captured\\nit was evident that the ships could not advance into\\nthe channel to clear it of its sunken torpedoes. The\\naid of the army was therefore necessary. A force by\\nland was required to capture the harbor forts, so that\\nthe battleships might countermine the channel, steam\\nin. and engage the Spanish fleet.\\nAccordingly, General Shaftcr was ordered to take\\nhis troops, land near Santiago, and capture the forts.\\nBefore he started, however, the navy, on the ioth\\nof June, made a landing. It was the first permanent\\nfoothold gained by Americans on Cuba. Under the\\nprotection of the guns of the Oregon, the Marblehead,\\nand the Yosemite, six hundred marines landed at\\nGuantanamo Bay, in command of Lieutenant-Colonel\\nR. W. Huntington. Their landing was stoutly resisted\\nby the Spaniards. All day and all night the fighting\\ncontinued, as the little band desperately defended their\\ncamp from the continuous and encircling volleys.\\nHere were the first American lives lost on Cuban soil.\\nBut. in spite of their severe losses, the marines held the\\nflag where they had planted it.\\nGeneral Shafter s expedition started on the 14th of\\nJune. Thirty-five transports carried sixteen thousand\\nmen. They went under the protection of fourteen\\narmed vessels of the navy. The battleship Indiana\\nled the way. Six days later they came in sight of\\nMorro Castle at the entrance to the bay of Santiago,", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "90 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWelcome to General Shafter Rapid Landing of Troops\\nand directly they heard the cheers of the crews of the\\nbattleships on duty there.\\nVery soon Rear-Admiral Sampson came aboard to\\nconfer with General Shafter, and then both were rowed\\nashore at Acerraderos, under the protection of the fleet,\\nto confer with the Cuban General, Garcia, and arrange\\nfor the landing of the army. As the boat neared the\\nshore the Cuban soldiers plunged into the water and\\nsurrounded it, welcoming and cheering the American\\nofficers.\\nOn the second morning thereafter, the battleships\\nshelled the shore at four different points along the\\nforty miles of coast in order to mislead the Spaniards;\\nand then at nine o clock the signal was given for all the\\ntroops to go ashore as quickly as possible at Daiquiri,\\nsixteen miles east of the entrance to Santiago harbor\\nand twenty-four miles west of Guantanamo, where\\nthe marines were still maintaining the flag they had\\nplanted.\\nIn a moment the water was covered with small boats.\\nMen jumped overboard and swam to shore in their\\nanxiety to be first upon the land. Soon the beach\\nwas black with American soldiers. The Spaniards had\\nfled in haste, leaving their camp equipment, and in\\nsome cases their breakfasts, behind them. Then the\\nunloading of the transports began. Men with little\\nor no clothing upon them went back and forth from\\nthe ships to the shore carrying the arms and supplies.\\nThe artillery was landed at the one little dock of an\\niron company. The horses and mules were pushed", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 91\\nOld Glory on Cuban Soil Advance Begun\\noverboard and left to swim ashore though some\\nof them swam out to the open ocean and forgot to\\ncome back.\\nIn a short time four men were seen climbing the\\nmountain side hundreds of feet above the level of the\\nsea. Soon the tiny figures were attracting the atten-\\ntion of the crowd. They were making for the block-\\nhouse at the highest peak. They could be seen to\\nstop and look into the fort for a moment then to reach\\nthe house. Directly Old Glory appeared waving\\nagainst the sky. In an instant every steam whistle In\\nthe great fleet, for miles around, was shrieking, and\\nevery man on the decks and in the rigging of the ships,\\nin the water and on the shore, was shouting for the\\nflag of freedom and for what it represented and pro-\\nclaimed.\\nThe little army was stretched out upon the shore,\\nand that night its camp-fires sparkled for miles against\\nthe black background of the hills.\\nThe advance upon Santiago was begun immediately.\\nGeneral Shafter understood clearly that he had more\\nto fear from climatic sickness than from the enemy s\\nbullets, and determined to finish the fight with the\\ngreatest rapidity possible. Consequently he did not\\nw.iit for the unloading of all his supplies, but pushed\\nhis men forward over the mountain paths with only\\nsuch outfit as they could carry on their backs, intend-\\ning to follow them closely with the heavy artillery and\\nthe baggage-train^.\\nBut he was not aware of the true condition of the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "92 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Trying March Lightening the Loads\\nroads. There were no roads. What were called such\\non the maps were at best but bridle-paths, and more\\noften mere mountain trails. These trails passed over\\nrocks, fallen timber, through swamps, and over bridge-\\nless streams. The soldiers, as soon as they began to\\nmarch, found themselves an army of mountain climbers.\\nThe sun burned in the breathless glades like a furnace.\\nIt was the rainy season, and each day showers of icy\\ncoldness would pour down for hours; and when the\\nrain ceased the sun would beat down more fiercely\\nthan before, while the humidity was insupportable.\\nSun-baked paths suddenly became mountain torrents;\\nat one hour the men were suffocated with the fine\\ndust, the next hour they were wading in mud above\\ntheir gaiters. Strange and unheard-of insects buzzed\\nabout them, and they were followed by an army of\\ndisagreeable attendants with which they soon became\\nvery familiar clattering land-crabs, the scavengers of\\nthe country.\\nThe progress of the troops was a crawling rather than\\na march. Under the excessive heat thousands of the\\nsoldiers threw away blankets, ponchos, haversacks,\\ncoats, and even underclothing. The bumping cans of\\npreserved meat which they carried were cast into the\\nbush, and many preferred to trust to luck for their\\nnext meal rather than be burdened with even the sim-\\nplest food. But guns and cartridge-belts no one threw\\naway.\\nThen at night the cool of the evening was quickly\\nsucceeded by a chill which penetrated the wet clothing", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK SAXTIAGO 93\\nSpirit under Difficulties Boundless Courage\\nand to the very bone. Yet there was less grumbling\\namong these soldierly men than would be heard at a\\npicnic spoiled by a shower. They had one desire, and\\nth.it was to get over the ground and reach the enemy.\\nThe Spaniards withdrew as our soldiers advanced.\\nMost of our men had never heard a gun fired in battle,\\nbut they expected the conflict now to begin at any\\ntime. There was, however, no trepidation they made\\nlittle noise lest they might not get near to the enemy;\\nthey thought how much more fortunate they were\\nthan their fellows in the home camps, because to\\nthem had been given the perilous duty of making the\\nattack.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "94 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Rough Riders Their Two Colonels\\nCHAPTER VII\\nThe Attack on Santiago\\n(Continued)\\nGuasimas\\nBUT if the army moved slowly, events moved\\nrapidly. On the second day, even before the\\nwhole army was ashore, the first battle with loss of\\nlife occurred. The troops were advancing by different\\npaths to take position on the line of battle which was\\nto surround the city. Near the center was the First\\nRegiment of United States Volunteer Cavalry, popu-\\nlarly called the Rough Riders.\\nThis regiment of cowboys and ranchmen, with a\\nsprinkling of college men and young fellows of wealth\\nand social position, was commanded by Colonel Leon-\\nard Wood and Lieut. -Colonel Theodore Roosevelt.\\nThe former had been a surgeon in the regular army\\nwith military training in Western campaigns on the\\nplains. The latter was one of the best known young\\nmen in the Republic famous for his courageous hon-\\nesty in politics and for his patriotic energy in civil\\nadministration. He had resigned the position of\\nAssistant Secretary of the Navy to organize this", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "Tin-: Tl\\\\ 1 A )N s. 1 Ml ago 95\\nThe Battle at Guasimas Intrepid Fighting\\nunique regiment under the command of his friend\\nColonel Wood.\\nThe Rough Riders had left their horses in Florida\\nbecause of the difficulty of transportation and the lack\\nof open ground in Cuba. As they were threading\\ntheir way on foot over the hills, their trail joined that\\nof the regulars at the place called Guasimas. There\\nthey received a sudden volley from the enemy con-\\ncealed in the thick glades, but they held their ground\\nand returned the fire. They were unable to see their\\nfoes, whose smokeless powder gave no trace of their\\nlocation but through the tall grass and brush they\\nsteadily pushed on in the face of the dropping death,\\nfiring with calm precision. One after another of the\\nRiders dropped dead or grievously wounded, but these\\nyoung men, who had never been under fire, no more\\nthought of turning back than a college team at a foot-\\nball game. Their colonels handled carbines like the\\nmen and were at every point in the line which they\\nhad deployed through the brush.\\nSoon they were joined by the colored regulars, and\\nthen they fought on together. Between the Rough\\nRiders and the regulars engaged there were about one\\nthousand men, and they were fighting four thousand\\nSpaniards.\\nThe wounded that could walk were urged to go to\\nthe rear, but most of them refused and, sitting at the\\nfoot of the trees, continued their deadly marksman-\\nship at any sign of the Spanish. When there was an\\nopening in the glades the men crouched and crawled\\n6", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "96 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nStrangeness of the Battle Pushing Still Forward\\ntoward the enemy when there was a little protection\\nof trees, they dashed forward, firing as they went.\\nThe Spaniards did not understand this kind of fight-\\ning. According to their rules, after such murderous\\nvolleys as they had poured into the Americans, their\\nenemy should have fallen back. Instead of this, as\\none of the Spanish prisoners said: They kept push-\\ning forward as if they were going to take us with their\\nhands.\\nAfter two hours of this fighting, under the unfalter-\\ning advance and accurate fire of the Americans, the\\nSpanish volleys became less frequent and effective.\\nThen the Spaniards broke and ran. When the battle\\nwas over, the American soldiers had lost sixteen killed\\nand fifty-two wounded, but they were two miles nearer\\nSantiago than when they met their first fire.\\nIt had been a strange battle, and one that appealed\\npeculiarly to the patriotic pride of the American peo-\\nple. On that day, college men and the bronzed men\\nof the plains, millionaires and negroes, all were stand-\\ning upon the common level of American citizenship,\\ntrue brothers in devotion to duty and there were no\\ndifferences in courage or manliness.\\nEl Caney\\nThe Spaniards seemed to have a curious notion of\\nthe Americans as fighters they thought that after a\\nsharp resistance they would draw back, and that on the\\nnext morning they would be gone. Instead, the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 97\\nFormidable Obstacles Problem of General Shatter\\nAmericans were nearer to Santiago on each succeeding\\nday of their exhausting climbing. Slowly and surely\\nthe lines drew up around the city. The Spanish gar-\\nrison numbered some thirteen thousand men, amply\\nsupplied with ammunition, behind trenches and barbed-\\nwire fences which were so well arranged as to excite\\nthe admiration of our engineers.\\nThe country around was filled with Spanish soldiers.\\nEveryone knew that the heaviest work was yet to be\\ndone. The American troops, however, had a more\\ndreaded enemy than the Spaniards. The intolerable\\nheat, the soaking rains, the piercing night chills, the\\nlack of proper food, and, above all, the miasma of the\\nground were daily preying upon the vitality of the sol-\\ndiers who had come so robust and hardy from their\\nAmerican camps.\\nIt was feared that an epidemic of yellow fever or\\ntyphoid fever was at hand. It certainly was. What\\nwas to be done must evidently be done quickly.\\nMoreover, the whole army had a natural ambition to\\nsee the Stars and Stripes floating over Santiago by the\\nFourth of July.\\nAround and above Santiago was an open plateau.\\nHere the dense and tangled thickets and the mountain\\ntrails ended. The problem before General Shafter\\nwas to close around Santiago and capture it before\\nGeneral Linares with his thirteen thousand soldiers\\ncould escape, and before General Pando, marching from\\nthe north, could throw in his reinforcement of eight\\nthousand men.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "98 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nTopography of Santiago El Caney and San Juan\\nThe city of Santiago is so located, at the head of its\\nlong harbor, that a complete line of investiture would\\nstretch from the seacoast on the east to a point near\\nthe head of the harbor on the west of the city a line\\nwhich resembled a huge fishhook. At the northern\\nend of this line, where the shank of the hook begins to\\nturn into the curve, and about four miles northeast\\nfrom Santiago, is the suburb of El Caney; one mile\\neast is San Juan.\\nThe hills of El Caney and San Juan each slope rather\\nsharply to the eastward, the direction from which our\\ntroops were coming. Between the foot of these ridges\\nand the woods is open country. To march across this\\nopen is difficult because of gulleys, winding streams,\\nthick grass, and low bush.\\nThe suburb of El Caney nestles on the hillsides,\\nand here the rich Santiagoans had built country resi-\\ndences. On the top of San Juan were farmhouses.\\nThe Spanish engineers had perceived how ugly these\\nbluffs might be made to an invading army, and had\\ntransformed the farmhouses and country seats into\\nforts, with ramparts of broken stone and bags of sand,\\nand with loopholes made in the walls.\\nEach hill was also crowned by a blockhouse fort.\\nIndeed, a score of these little forts, which had pre-\\nviously proved so effectual against the Indian-like\\nattacks of the Cubans, stretched along the command-\\ning ridges outside of Santiago.\\nIn addition, on the face of the eastern ridge there\\nwere admirably constructed lines of rifle-pits, and be-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 99\\nof Fortificati Siege-Guns or Fever?\\nlow these were interminable barbed-wire fences, which\\nwere the clever invention of General Weyler for re-\\ntarding any daring enemy who might have the temerity\\nto charge across the deadly open and up the hills.\\nIf the reader has been able to make a mental picture\\nfrom this brief description he will comprehend the\\ngrave problem before the American generals. In the\\nlines on lines of trenches and inside the little forts\\nwere desperate defenders, with terrible rapid-firing\\nMauser rifles, which, if scientifically used, might sweep\\nfrom the earth any body of troops advancing across\\nthe mile or more of clear country. In view of this\\nkind of advantage, common military prudence would\\nseem to dictate that no charge be made against these\\ndefenses until they had been pulverized by artillery.\\nBut, on the other hand, because of the impossible\\nroads, General Shafter could not bring up his si\\nguns; indeed, these powerful pieces were never landed\\nfrom the transports. It had taken days to get even\\nthe light batteries of Captains Capron and Grimes over\\nthe dozen miles from the landing-place to a position in\\nfront of the bluffs of El Caney and San Juan. General\\nShafter reasoned that the risk of attacking these posi-\\ntions with infantry only partially supported by artillery\\nwas less than the danger of fever under the exhausting\\nconditions of the climate. The result seemed to justify\\nthis reasonir,\\nA general advance along the whole length of the\\nAmerican line was begun in the afternoon of the 30th\\nof Ju|e^^General Lawton s division was to attack El", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "100 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nPlan for the Assault First Gun at El Caney\\nCaney. General Kent s division, with General Wheel-\\ner s division of dismounted cavalry, was to move against\\nSan Juan. General Duffield s brigade was to proceed\\nagainst Aguadores, which was on the seacoast south\\nof San Juan and a little east of Morro Castle.\\nWith General Lawton, for the attack on El Caney,\\nwas Captain Capron s battery; and for the attack on\\nSan Juan, Captain Grimes s battery had been assigned.\\nOn the morning of the 1st of July, General Lawton s\\ndivision was in the shape of a half-circle around El\\nCaney. At five o clock in the morning the advance\\non the town was commenced. It was said by some\\nthat there would be little resistance and that the town\\nwould be taken before breakfast. As the troops got\\nnearer to the enemy s trenches the knowing ones en-\\njoined silence lest the Spaniards should hear them and\\nrun away. Before the day was out there were many\\ntimes when these same knowing ones wished that the\\nSpaniards would run away.\\nBefore the sun had appeared above the high moun-\\ntain peaks behind them, the cannoneers had taken\\ntheir places and trained their four pieces on the stone\\nfort which was perched on the apex of the hill of El\\nCaney. At sunrise the Spanish flag was run up its\\nstaff, and immediately the American guns opened fire.\\nAt first our shells brought no answer, but soon the\\nSpanish artillery began to drop their shells into our\\nlines with an unexpected accuracy, while from the\\ntrenches and the loopholes of the stone fort and of\\nthe fortified houses the infantry poured at our position", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE I TV. -K ON SA .V 77. i GO 101\\nMurderous Fire on Both Sides Steadiness of the Ameriean Troops\\na sweeping and effective fire. The rifle bullets seemed\\nto come in sheets, like horizontal rain and upon our\\nsoldiers lying on the ground the grass-tops clipped by\\nthe bullets fell like leaves.\\nBut from the American lines the incessant stream of\\nKrag-Jorgensen bullets, as well as the artillery, was\\ndoing terrible destruction. The Spaniards had the\\nbetter position and stronger defenses; but the Ameri-\\ncans had the coolness and a vastly superior accuracy of\\naim. Our soldiers fired as deliberately as at a marks-\\nmanship contest; wherever a Spanish straw hat was\\nseen above the trenches, or an officer exposed himself,\\nthere was a target for a dozen rifles; before that scien-\\ntific aiming each loophole in the blockhouse became a\\npoint of fatal exposure.\\nBut instead of ending before breakfast the battle\\nlasted all day. Our men were dying on every side.\\nOne journalist who was with the command counted\\ntwenty-five dead in an hour. The officers advised and\\nsteadied the men, who were no less heroic than them-\\nselves; yet many officers disdained to crouch as they\\ncompelled their men to do, and, as conspicuous targets,\\nwere dropping in large numbers.\\nFor most of these soldiers it was their first battle;\\nyet there was no evidence of panic, nor was there a\\nsingle act of cowardice observed. The foreign military\\nattaches who were present were astounded at the steadi-\\nness of these soldiers, who were receiving their first\\nbaptism of fire. Among the wounded there was no\\ncomplaint at the necessary delay of attention; under", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "102 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Creeping Advance Under Deadly Fire\\nthe broiling sun they waited patiently and almost with-\\nout a groan until they could be removed.\\nAll the morning and long into the afternoon the\\ncreeping advance continued. The smokeless powder of\\nthe Spaniards often made their fire bewildering. The\\nstorm of bullets came from new directions, and when\\nit was discovered that the bodies of the men were be-\\ning hit on a different side, the masked batteries and\\ntrenches had to be first coolly located and then silenced.\\nThe Spanish sharpshooters penetrated between our\\nregiments, hid themselves among the trees, and fired\\nupon the wounded as they were staggering to the rear.\\nWhen this was discovered our men were beside them-\\nselves with rage. But the regulars only moved forward\\na few feet farther and aimed their Krag-Jorgensens\\nwith more dogged determination.\\nThus, until the middle of the afternoon, the very slow\\nadvance went on the dark blue shirts writhed forward\\nfrom bush to bush, and yard by yard shortened the\\ndistance sometimes little dashes were made from one\\npoor protection to another, but every one of these short\\nrushes was a deadly adventure. It was a battle under\\nnew conditions. The long distance and rapid fire of\\nthe new rifle would have annihilated one of those old-\\nfashioned line-of-battle charges which were made in\\nthe Civil War.\\nFinally, at half-past three, the town which was to\\nhave been taken before breakfast seemed to be as\\nbristling and unsubdued as ever. The time had at last\\ncome for a desperate charge. The broken and bushy", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "The Charge at 11 Caney, July i. i-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE TT. K ON I Ml AGO L08\\nFinal and Desperate Charge Heroism of the Soldiers\\nground had been crossed, and our men were facing the\\nvery trenches. The order was passed down the line\\nfor a general rush. With a roaring cheer the regiments\\nleaped to their feet and dashed at the hill. They did\\nnot go in ranks scarcely in companies. It was a race\\nto reach the trenches and to swarm around the fort.\\nCaptain Haskell, of the Twelfth Infantry, was con-\\nspicuous in the rush; his long white beard streaming\\nback like the plume of Henry of Navarre. Officers\\nand men dropped down in appalling numbers in the\\ngusts of death. But no force was able to check that\\ncharge. Trying down the barbed-wire fences, cheering\\nwith that thunderous yell which only Americans can\\ngive, they closed over the trenches, which were found\\nfilled with dead men. In a moment more the blue\\nuniforms were seen around the fortifications on the\\nhilltop the barricaded doors were broken in and holes\\nwere made in the roofs.\\nBut the Spaniards had finished their fight. The\\nbarricaded streets of El Caney offered little resistance.\\nA few shots more, and the town was in the hands of\\nthe exhausted but jubilant Americans.\\nSuperb in this charge were the colored soldiers of the\\nTwenty-fourth Regiment. At Guasimas colored troops\\nhad saved the Rough Riders; at El Caney they fought\\nwith no less heroism. The officers of our regular army\\nsay that no better soldiers ever wore a uniform, and\\nprisoners taken from the fort at El Caney insisted that\\nthe colored troops were nine feet tall and could strangle\\nthem with their fists.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "104 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nCapture of El Caney Spanish Tribute to American Gallantry\\nAt half-past four the American troops had posses-\\nsion of the town. They found the Spanish dead lying\\nin lines in the blockhouse behind the loopholes from\\nwhich they had fired. The dead were in the streets\\nand in the houses. The trenches were open graves.\\nWhen the little fort was broken into, only one Spanish\\nofficer and four men were alive out of the entire\\ngarrison.\\nThe forces on the opposing sides had been about\\nequal. Had the Spaniards been as skillful with their\\narms as the Americans, the result might have been\\nlonger delayed, and perhaps there might have been\\nanother result altogether. But the Spanish were\\nproud and daring men, and they made the most stub-\\nborn resistance that Americans have ever met from a\\nforeign foe.\\nIf the Americans appreciated the dogged courage of\\nthe Spaniards, the enemy was amazed at the invincible\\ngallantry of the invaders. One of the surviving Span-\\nish officers has told the story of the battle, and in it\\nhe said\\nThe enemy s fire was incessant, and we answered\\nwith equal rapidity. I have never seen anything to\\nequal the courage and dash of those Americans, who,\\nstripped to the waist, offering their naked breasts to\\nour murderous fire, literally threw themselves on our\\ntrenches, on the very muzzles of our guns.\\nOur execution must have been terrible. We had\\nthe advantage of our position and mowed them down\\nby hundreds, but they never retreated or fell back an", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 1\\nThe I esal El Caney Battle at San Juan Begun\\ninch. As one man fell, shot through the heart, an-\\nother would take his place with grim determination\\nand unflinching devotion to duty in every line of his\\nface.\\nTheir gallantry was heroic. We wondered at\\nthese men, who fought like lions and fell like men\\ncourting a wholesale massacre, which could well have\\nbeen avoided had they only kept up their firing with-\\nout storming our trenches.\\nThe number of Spanish dead is unknown. But\\nthree hundred and seventy-seven American soldiers\\nwere killed and wounded. They were martyrs in the\\ncause of humanity; they fell, not for the mere purpose\\nof capturing an insignificant Spanish village, but to\\nmake a people who were their neighbors free.\\nAfter taking El Caney the American outposts were\\nat once pushed forward beyond the town and also\\nwithin rifle-shot of the intrenchments of San Juan.\\nSan Juan\\nWhile the battle of El Caney was going on, the\\ntroops there engaged could hear the roar of the guns\\nof El Poso, which had opened on San Juan on their\\nleft, about three miles south.\\nEl Poso is a hill about a mile and a half from the\\nhill of San Juan. The plan of the commander-in-chief\\nwas that General Lawton, who took El Caney on the\\n1st of July, should finish that work early in the morn-\\ning; that then his troops should push south to San", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "106 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nDisarrangement of Plans Situation of San Juan\\nJuan, join with the troops of Generals Sumner and\\nKent, and spend the night in front of San Juan. The\\nnext morning the entire force was to attack San Juan\\non both sides.\\nThis plan was never carried out. General Lawton\\ndid not finish capturing El Caney until the end of the\\nafternoon. But meantime the American forces in\\nfront of San Juan could not endure being shot to\\npieces by the Spaniards, and so went forward to cap-\\nture San Juan without the aid of the troops from El\\nCaney.\\nThe hill of San Juan is just outside of the city of\\nSantiago directly to the east. Looked at on its eastern\\nside it seems like a sharp bluff. On top of the hill was\\na low farmhouse with broad eaves. This had been\\nturned into a fortification by the Spanish, as had also\\na long shed near by. East of this farmhouse, near the\\nedge of the hill, were long rows of Spanish trenches;\\nback of the farmhouse, towards Santiago, was a slight\\ndip in the ground, and on the rise towards the city were\\nmore trenches. Barbed-wire fences were everywhere.\\nLooking eastward from the bluff of San Juan hill is\\na meadow one third of a mile in width, before you get\\nto the brush and trees of the forest. This meadow, in\\nthe main, is a tangle of high grass, broken by scattered\\ntrees and barbed-wire fences. A little way to the\\nnortheast from San Juan is a shallow duck-pond, and\\njust beyond this water is a low hill which, from its\\ngreat sugar kettles on top, our men called Kettle Hill.\\nBeyond the rolling meadow are the woods, broken by", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO L07\\nMarch through Narrow Trail Sharps! in Trees\\nswift winding streams through this timber come the\\nirregular, mountainous trails from Siboney, along which\\nthe troops had toiled, and on either side of which they\\nhad bivouacked for several days.\\nGeneral Shafter, from his headquarters two or three\\nmiles distant from the edge of the forest, had ordered\\nthe troops of the First Division, under General Kent,\\nwhich was to attack San Juan, to march forward\\nall at once through this narrow trail and form in line\\nof battle as they emerged at the edge of the woods.\\nThe road in some places was a hundred feet broad, in\\nothers it was not more than ten practically it was\\nno wider anywhere than at its narrowest part, and as\\nthe troops entered the road from their bivouacs there\\nwas an almost instant jam. While thus crowded\\nthey found themselves under fire without knowing\\nwhence the bullets came. It was at last discovered\\nthat the tree-tops concealed large numbers of Spanish\\nsharpshooters. Several companies of colored troops\\nwere at once ordered into a thicket to bring down\\nthese sharpshooters without quarter. After a time\\nthe marching crowd was thus partially relieved of its\\nhidden enemies; but the troops, as they neared the\\nedge of the woods, came within the fire of both the\\nSpanish artillery and rifles, and men began to fall\\nrapidly. The confusion of the narrow road was be-\\nwildering; two brigades were marching side by side\\nand became hopelessly intermingled. Orders were\\nissued and countermanded and sometimes the rever-\\nsal of an order reached an officer before the order itself.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "108 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe War Balloon Troops Placed in Deadly Position\\nThe war balloon, which had been at the head of the\\ntroops, had served the Spanish as a fatal index of our\\nlocation, and was the cause of much of the early\\nslaughter of the day. Before it came down, however,\\nit had discovered a fork in the road to the left, which\\nled to the open meadow. Through this fork a portion\\nof the troops was at once hurried.\\nBut the Spaniards well knew the points where the\\ntwo roads emerged into the open meadow, and those\\nspots were pens of death.\\nThus the morning hours wore on, seemingly without\\nend. From the high hill of El Poso, Captain Grimes s\\nbattery began firing early in the morning at the trenches\\nand the fortified farmhouse. But its old-fashioned\\npowder enveloped it in smoke after each discharge,\\nand it was at least a minute before a second aim could\\nbe taken, while its cloud of smoke made it a conspicu-\\nous target for the Spaniards therefore it soon ceased\\nfiring and took a new position nearer the enemy.\\nThere was a steady march of wounded men towards\\nthe rear; motionless dead were everywhere. Fainting\\nunder the heat of the sun and in the suffocation of\\nthe tall grass on the sides of the road, men were at the\\nextremity of their endurance, with lolling tongues and\\nstaring eyes.\\nAt last endurance was no longer possible. There\\nwere no general orders to advance, for the brigade\\ncommanders knew that they had been ordered into\\nthis position, and they had received no orders from\\nheadquarters to get out of it.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 109\\nThe Charge without Orders The Irresistible Rush\\nThen the colonels and captains took the matter into\\ntheir own hands. Somehow, about noon a forward\\nmovement began. Conspicuous among the leaders\\nwere General Hawkins and Colonel Roosevelt. Sol-\\ndiers fell in behind any officers who would lead.\\nLieutenant Ord, who fell dead at the top of the hill,\\nshouted as he started, All who are brave, follow\\nme. Each officer rallied all the men he could reach.\\nThere was little regard for regimental formation,\\nbut in groups the heroes plunged forward. They did\\nnot run fast, for the grass was too thick and the ob-\\nstacles too sharp yet they panted forward through the\\ntall grass, through the morass, and up the steep hill,\\naiding one another and pulling themselves up by the\\nbushes.\\nThose who beheld from the hill of El Poso believed\\nthe desperate soldiers would be destroyed to a man.\\nThat they were not swept out of existence in the face\\nof that torrent of incessant fire seems a miracle. But\\nthey reserved their own fire until they were so close\\nto the trenches that they could see the whites of their\\nenemies eyes, and then they aimed with such accu-\\nracy that in a few moments there was not a living\\nSpaniard in the intrenchments.\\nThen they rushed against the blockhouse; presently\\nthat fortification ceased to spit its fire, its garrison was\\ndead, and the Stars and Stripes were waving over its\\nspreading roof.\\nThe Spanish commander-in-chief, General Linares,\\nhad fallen wounded, and the few surviving defenders", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "110 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nNo Such Battle Before The Individual Soldier\\nof San Juan were running towards Santiago. It was\\nestimated that seventy per cent, of the Spanish in the\\ntrenches and the blockhouse had fallen.\\nNo such battle had American troops ever fought be-\\nfore. The positions they had taken were, from a mili-\\ntary point of view, invincible; yet they had taken\\nthem almost with bare hands. It was not a battle\\nwhere strategy had won generalship had seemed to\\nfall to pieces; it was the unconquerable nerve of the\\nindividual soldier which had triumphed.\\nWhen the hilltop was carried, and the flag waved\\nover the blockhouse, the afternoon was half gone.\\nSince daylight the troops had been exposed to the\\nmost terrible fire ever experienced on this hemisphere.\\nThey were fainting under a tropical sun; they were\\nweak from hunger and thirst; they knew that their\\ngenerals were practically helpless.\\nThen, when they found that they were left to them-\\nselves, because they were Americans they did not\\nstampede to the rear, but made that immortal charge.\\nThis was the battle of San Juan.\\nWhile the battles of El Caney and San Juan were\\nbeing fought, on that same 1st of July the Third\\nDivision of General Shafter s army was attacking the\\nbase of Morro Castle near Aguadores. The fleet was\\nexpected to cooperate in this attack. The Spaniards,\\nhowever, dynamited the long trestle-bridge across\\nwhich General Duffield s troops were expected to\\nmarch and under the sweeping fire of the enemy it\\nproved impossible to make the attack.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO 1 1\\nThe Terrible Cost of Victory H ilding the Position\\nWhen night fell on the 1st of July the American\\narmy had won two victories. But the cost had been\\nterrible. Two hundred and thirty men had been\\nkilled, and twelve hundred and eighty-four were\\nwounded. Many were missing. In other words, out\\nof the attacking forces at El Caney and San Juan,\\nevery sixth man had fallen. The remainder had been\\nstrained to the utmost, and their commanders realized\\nthat the next worst thing to a crushing defeat was a\\ncostly victory.\\nThe next day, when General Shafter gathered in the\\nreports, he was deeply depressed, and considered the\\nadvisability of falling back. Other counsels prevailed,\\nhowever. Officers and men who heard of it resented\\nthe suggestion, and the thin line held its own.\\nAll night long, after the battles, the tired men worked\\nindustriously in building intrenchments on the other\\nside of San Juan, anticipating that the Spaniards would\\nattempt to retake it. Now and then there was some\\nfighting through the night, but at no time was there\\nany serious danger of losing the ridge.\\nThe next morning the Spaniards began firing at day-\\nlight and the battle raged all day with more or less\\nfur)-. The losses were considerable, and the sufferin\\nof the troops was great, but the advantage gained was\\nsecurely held. The day was occupied by our artillery\\nin securing good positions to shell the city. At ten\\no clock the next night a serious attack was made upon\\nthe American line with the purpose of breaking\\nthrough, but it was effectually repulsed. The third\\n7", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "112 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nDemand for Surrender Hope of Capturing Spanish Fleet\\nday (Sunday) there was some firing, but not with much\\nspirit. On the morning of that day General Shafter\\ndemanded the surrender of Santiago. The demand\\nwas not complied with, but the American army was\\ncontent to rest a little, recover from the shock of\\nbattle, and gather up its strength.\\nAs a fact, this gallant army was so seriously crippled\\nby its losses as to make the task of taking the city of\\nSantiago, against fortifications and intrenchments, and\\nwith a great fleet of Spanish cruisers lying in the bay,\\nan exceedingly difficult and dangerous one, indeed,\\nalmost an impossible one. Our fleet guarding the\\nmouth of the bay was restrained from entering because\\nof the submarine mines with which the bay was filled.\\nThere was not a man on the ships who would not have\\ncheered the order to do so, but the Government was\\nunwilling to risk the loss of our battleships.\\nThat was not all. The Government did not want to\\ndestroy the Spanish vessels so much as to capture\\nthem. The objective point of the campaign was to\\ntake Santiago with its garrison, and with it the Spanish\\nfleet. From the beginning the orders had been to\\ncapture rather than destroy the fleet. This made the\\ntask of the army indeed grave. The most experienced\\nofficers say that it would have cost at least five thou-\\nsand men to force the inner fortifications and take the\\ncity. On that fateful Sunday morning, the little army\\nof Americans, with this great work before them, with\\nenemies on every side, two thirds of them mere boys\\nof the college age, did not number ten thousand effect-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE ATTACK ON SANTIAGO US\\nHolding on in the Trenches News of the Escaping Meet\\nive men. The only thing to be clone was to keep\\nwhat they had gained, get rest, and hold on for rein-\\nforcements. Their weakened state was of course not\\nknown by the enemy, and when they so boldly de-\\nmanded the surrender of the city, the Spanish were\\ntoo concerned over their own losses to build hopes on\\nthe weakness of the American army.\\nThat Sunday afternoon General Chaffee, riding along\\nthe front of his brigade, said to Col. O Brien and\\nMajor Brush of the Seventeenth Infantry: Gentle-\\nmen, we have lost all we came for; the game has\\nflown; the Spanish fleet is forty miles away on the\\nhigh seas.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "114 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nA Fateful Hour The Waiting Fleet\\nCHAPTER VIII\\nDestruction of Cervera s Fleet\\nINDEED, that Sunday morning (the 3rd of July, 1898)\\nwas a fateful hour in the history of the world s con-\\ntest for freedom. While the army behind the city of\\nSantiago held the ground they had gained at such cost,\\nand waited for the next onset knowing how serious it\\nmust be, the battleships and cruisers in Admiral Samp-\\nson s squadron were riding at the mouth of Santiago\\nBay, waiting, waiting, and hoping for the moment\\nwhen the trying routine of watching would be dropped\\nfor the roar and dash of a great naval engagement.\\nThere was the armored cruiser Brooklyn, capable of\\ntwenty-one knots an hour, with Commodore Schley,\\nthe second officer in the squadron, on board the same\\nSchley who years before took out of the Arctic snows\\nthe dying survivors of the Greely Expedition and\\nbrought them home. There was the first-class battle-\\nship Oregon, fresh from her long journey of fifteen\\nthousand miles from Puget Sound, around Cape Horn,\\nand her sister ship the Indiana, both with their\\neighteen-inch walls of steel and thirteen-inch guns\\nwhich throw a projectile five miles. Every charge in\\nthese guns requires more than five hundred pounds of\\npowder every shell weighs more than half a ton and", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HFSTIil t TIU.X OF ERVERA S FLEET 1 L5\\nThe Commander Absent Sunday Inspection\\nevery discharge, at the pressure of an electric button,\\ncosts five hundred and sixty dollars. There was the\\nbattleship Texas, called a hoodoo because of her\\nmany misfortunes, but now to become famous for her\\nbrilliant work. There was also the battleship Iowa\\nwith Fighting Bob Evans in command. In the\\nneighborhood was the battleship Massachusetts, as\\nwell as other cruisers, torpedo boats, and ocean-liners\\nand pleasure yachts converted into ships of war.\\nThe commander of the fleet, Rear-Admiral Samp-\\nson, was absent for the first time in many weeks.\\nUnder the orders of President McKinley and knowing\\nthe extremity in which the army was placed he had\\nsteamed a few miles east with the flagship New York\\nto confer with General Shafter, and if possible afford\\nrelief. He had repeatedly said, If I go away some-\\nthing will happen.\\nThis morning was not unlike most of the others\\nduring the five weeks of waiting. The sun was hot\\nand the water calm. The ships drifted about in the\\ndeep waters and occasionally steamed up to keep their\\npositions. As it was Sunday, at nine o clock the men\\nwere rigged in clean white suits ready for inspection\\nand for religious service. Everyone looked forward to\\nanother day of tedious watching.\\nAt about half-past nine, just as the bugle sounded\\nfor service upon the Texas, the navigator on the for-\\nward bridge of the Brooklyn called out through his\\nmegaphone: After bridge there! Report to the\\nCommodore and the captain that the enemy s ships are", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "116 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Alarm The Rally\\ncoming out. At the same instant the boom of a gun\\non the Iowa attracted attention and a string of little\\nflags up her rigging signaled: The enemy s ships\\nare escaping to the westward.\\nIn an instant, on every vessel, all was commotion\\nwhere a moment before there had been perfect order.\\nBut even the excitement showed absolute system, for\\nwith a rush every man in all the crews was in his place\\nfor battle, every vessel was moving up, and every gun\\nwas ready for action. From the first warning of the\\nlookout to the boom of the guns it was less than three\\nminutes.\\nThe New York was just ready to land Rear-Admiral\\nSampson at a point seven miles east of Morro Castle.\\nIn twenty minutes he would have been riding over the\\nhills to the headquarters of the army. But the leap of\\nthe ships was seen and the flagship was instantly put\\nabout and started under highest steam for the fray,\\nwhile all on board wondered at the cruel fate which\\nhad made it necessary for her and the commander to\\nbe away on that particular morning.\\nThe increasing clouds of black smoke in the bay\\nshowed beyond doubt that at last the enemy s fleet had\\nstarted upon a grand and desperate dash for liberty.\\nDirectly, the Spanish flagship, the Maria Teresa,\\nthrust her nose out of the opening and was followed\\nby the other armored cruisers, the Vizcaya, Cristobal\\nColon, and Almirante Oquendo, and the torpedo-boat\\ndestroyers, Pluton and Furor. The vessels were from\\neight hundred to twelve hundred yards apart and oc-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "s^\\nn the I tei k f ilic Gloucester, July 3, 1S98.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA S FLEET 11\\nThe Spaniards I lash Out The Opening Fire\\ncupied from twelve to fifteen minutes in passing the\\ncape at the mouth of the harbor. As they did so they\\nturned to the west, most of the American ships being\\njust then a little to the east of the entrance.\\nAs the Spanish cruisers came in range they opened\\ntheir batteries upon the Americans, but continued to\\nfly to the westward with all the speed they could make.\\nThe two torpedo craft made directly for the Brooklyn,\\nintending to score a point in the chase by destroying\\nthe American vessel having the greatest speed. As the\\nAmerican ships closed up, the shore batteries on both\\nsides of the opening began a heavy fire upon them.\\nThe guns of the American fleet opened with terrific\\neffect at the first moment of opportunity. The Brook-\\nlyn realized in an instant that it was to be a chase and\\nthat she was to lead it. She steamed at the Spanish\\nflagship and at the Vizcaya at full speed. She had\\nbeen a rival of the Vizcaya at Queen Victoria s Jubilee\\nthe year before. She turned a complete circle so as to\\nuse all of her batteries to advantage. The Iowa and\\nthe Texas rained their great shells upon the enemy with\\nfearful effect.\\nThe little converted yacht Gloucester, under Lieuten-\\nant Commander Richard Wainwright, a former officer\\nof the Maine, comprehended that it was her business to\\ntake care of the torpedo boats, and appeared to imagine\\nthat she was a battleship instead of an unprotected pleas-\\nure yacht. She ran in at close range, sometimes being\\ncompletely hidden by smoke, and worked her small,\\nrapid-firing guns accurately and with deadly results.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "118 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWainwright Remembers the Maine Torpedo Boats Destroyed\\nThe Gloucester received orders by signal to get out\\nof danger, but Wainwright said the signal seemed to\\nhim to order him to close in. This commander had a\\nterrible score to settle because of the Maine. From\\nthe night of her destruction he had been grimly await-\\ning his opportunity. Now that his chance had come,\\nhe fought his little yacht with a fury that bewildered\\nthe Spaniards and amazed the American fleet.\\nHe explained that he was afraid he might strain his\\nguns if he used them at long range so he got as close\\nto the enemy as he could, firing at the big ships as well\\nas the torpedo craft. His fire was so rapid and exact\\nthat the enemy were not able even to launch their\\ntorpedoes; one torpedo squad after another being\\nswept away before they could load their tubes.\\nHardly had the battle opened before one of the\\nlargest guns sent a shell through the Pluton which\\npractically broke her in two. The Furor tried to seek\\nrefuge behind the cruisers, but the Gloucester ran in\\nand out and riddled her with an unerring fire which\\nreached her vitals and sent her plunging towards the\\nshore, to break upon a reef and go down under the\\nrolling surf. Some of her crew were helped upon\\nthe gallant little vessel which had destroyed her. Out\\nof one hundred and forty men on the two vessels but\\ntwenty-four survived.\\nIn fifteen minutes the Maria Teresa and the Oquendo\\nwere on fire. At a quarter-past ten the former of these\\nwas completely disabled, gave up the fight, and ran\\non the shore at a point about six and a half miles from", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "DESTIil t TIOX OF CKRVERA S FLEET 119\\nThree Great Warships n l- ire ami Aground Gentleness to Prisoners\\nthe harbor, ami in another quarter of an hour the other\\ndid the same thing a half-mile farther on. One had\\nbeen hit thirty-three and the other sixty-six times.\\nThe Vizcaya, in three-quarters of an hour more,\\nstruck her colors and turned to the shore fifteen miles\\nfrom the harbor.\\nThese vessels were pierced by our shells in many\\nplaces; they were burning, and their guns and ammu-\\nnition bursting, with the likelihood that their maga-\\nzines would explode at any moment. As the only\\nresort in the last extremity, they were run on the beach,\\nwhere they sank and careened over on their sides.\\nHundreds of their crews were dead and wounded and\\nmany more jumped into the heavy sea to save them-\\nselves.\\nThe American. boats went quickly to their rescue.\\nAs the Texas passed one of the stranded vessels her\\nmen started a cheer, but Captain Philip, with line\\nchivalry, told them not to cheer when other brave\\nmen were dying. The Iowa and the Ericsson took off\\nthe crew of the Vizcaya, and the Gloucester and the\\nHarvard those of the Maria Teresa and the Oquendo.\\nLieutenant-Commander Wainwright received Admiral\\nCervera at his gangway and made the defeated Spanish\\nofficer as comfortable as possible. The men helped\\nthe Spaniards from the water and at great risk went\\naboard their vessels to carry off the wounded. No\\ntrouble or danger was too great to stand in the way of\\ngiving help and comfort to the men who had been\\nconquered.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "120 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Colon s Race for Life The Chase by the Brooklyn and Oregon\\nIn the meantime, while her sister ships were being\\ndestroyed, the Cristobal Colon had pushed on out of\\nthe thickest of the fire, and was hoping to escape. She\\nwas their best and fastest vessel. When the Vizcaya\\nwent ashore, fifteen miles from the start, the fleetness\\nof the Colon had put her ahead of the rest about six\\nmiles. As soon as the fate of the Vizcaya was as-\\nsured, the Iowa and the Indiana were directed to\\nreturn to the blockading station, and the Brooklyn, the\\nOregon, the Texas, and the Vixen started on the great\\nrace for the Colon.\\nIt was a wonderful race. The high speed of the\\nBrooklyn enabled her to lead the way. But the Oregon\\nshowed that she had speed as well as great guns. Her\\nchief engineer had for weeks saved some choice Cardiff\\ncoal for just such an emergency, and now it was piled\\nupon the fires with signal effect. The grimy heroes\\nunder the decks won the race that day. In the boiler-\\nrooms the heat was almost insufferable, ranging from\\none hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty de-\\ngrees, Fahrenheit. The men fainted often and had to\\nbe lifted to the deck where the fresh air could revive\\nthem. But there was no flinching or complaint. Fre-\\nquently the stokers insisted upon working overtime.\\nNo one of them in the pit was less intense or less a\\nhero than the captain on the bridge. Once, during the\\nchase, when some of the firemen had fainted, the en-\\ngineer called to the captain, If my men can hear a\\nfew guns they will revive.\\nThe Colon hugged the coast for the purpose of land-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "m\\nf.\\nC\\no\\nM\\nc\\n0)\\nM\\nrt\\nu", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "DESTRUCTION OF ER I ERA S FLEET 1\\nGaining on the colon The Colon Sinks\\ning if she could not escape. The pursuers struck a line\\nfor a projecting headland. There was no firing for a long\\ndistance and the crews watched the great race from the\\ndecks. The Brooklyn and the Oregon gradually drew\\naway from the others and gained upon the Spaniard.\\nTheir smoke almost hid them from view at times, but\\nwhen in sight the onrushing cruiser and battleship\\nmade a spectacle more magnificent than most of us\\nwill ever see.\\nThe Colon fired a shot at her pursuers now and then,\\nbut each fell wide of the mark. When Commodore\\nSchley was told by the navigator that the distance be-\\ntween the Colon and the Oregon was but eight thou-\\nsand five hundred yards, or five miles, he signaled to\\nthe battleship to try a thirteen-inch shell upon her.\\nInstantly it whistled over the head of the Brooklyn\\nand fell but little short of the Colon. A second one\\nstruck beyond her. A few shots were then fired by\\nboth of the American vessels. At twenty minutes\\nafter one o clock the Colon struck her colors and ran\\nashore forty-two miles from the entrance to Santiago\\nharbor. The Spanish crew scuttled and left her sink-\\ning. The Brooklyn and the Oregon soon came up and\\nCaptain Cook of the former went aboard and received\\nher surrender. Soon the noble vessel sank in deep\\nwater, but was pushed upon the beach by the New\\nYork, which had arrived. The next clay only a small\\npart of the stern of the ship remained above the water.\\nAll the living men upon the stranded fleet, about\\nsixteen hundred of them, were taken prisoners. The", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "122 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Losses of Life Victory of Skill and Discipline\\nSpanish Admiral and most of the prominent officers\\nwere among the number. All were treated with the\\nutmost kindness, and the wounded received every pos-\\nsible aid, far more than they would have had if they\\nhad not been captured.\\nThe Spaniards had four hundred killed. The charred\\nremains found upon their burning ships told too plainly\\nhow dreadfully they had suffered. The Americans lost\\nbut one man. George H. Ellis, a yeoman, assisting on\\nthe bridge of the Brooklyn, was asked by Captain Cook\\nto give him the distance to the Vizcaya. He stepped\\ninto the open, took the observation, answered,\\nTwenty-two hundred yards, sir, and fell at the\\ncaptain s feet, for a shell had taken off his head.\\nThe naval battle at Santiago, even more completely\\nthan that at Manila, showed the decisive superiority of\\nscientific training over haphazard methods of warfare.\\nThe Spanish vessels and their armament at Santiago\\nwere superior to those at Manila, but the hardy, trained\\nmen who worked the American ships and the expert\\ngunners who sighted the American guns gave their ad-\\nversaries no chance in either battle.\\nThe great victory opened the gates of Santiago and\\nsaved thousands of lives in the thinned little army\\nwhich in its three days fighting had almost gained ad-\\nmission. Aside from the spell it cast upon the world as\\nan unsurpassed and perfect feat of warfare, this sea-\\nfight was understood at once to be a most significant\\nevent in the history of the United States and in the\\nprogress of republican institutions.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "DESTRUi JS OF ER I ERA S FLEET 123\\nThanksgiving Triumph f Justice\\nThere were but few who were so thoughtless as not\\nto be stirred with the feeling which possessed the heart\\nof Captain Philip and the crew of the battleship Texas\\nwhen, as they stood on the deck with uncovered heads\\nand reverent souls on the afternoon of the engagement,\\nthe knightly old sailor said: I want to make public\\nacknowledgment here that I believe in God, the Father\\nAlmighty. I want all you officers and men to lift your\\nhats and from your hearts offer silent thanks to the\\nAlmighty for the victory he has given us. That was\\nthe spirit which pervaded all the crews. Captain Evans\\nwrote: Every drop of blood in my body was giving\\nthanks.\\nBut it was not the mere victory over a foe that\\ncaused this general and thoughtful lifting of heart; it\\nwas exultation at the triumph of justice and the prog-\\nress of freedom.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "124 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Army s Anxiety News on the Fourth of July\\nCHAPTER IX\\nThe Winning of Cuba and\\nPuerto Rico\\nThe Surrender of Santiago\\nTHE army did not know until the next day after\\nthe occurrence that the Spanish fleet, which their\\nadvance had forced out of the harbor, had been utterly\\ndestroyed. The momentous news was carried by dis-\\npatch boat and telegraph to all parts of the world and\\nwas being celebrated throughout the United States,\\nand indeed by Americans in nearly all of the capitals\\nof Europe, before the gallant army upon the hills\\naround Santiago could know about it.\\nThe report received on Sunday that the enemy s\\nfleet had successfully escaped was naturally a hard dis-\\nappointment to the army of American boys in the wet\\ntrenches: one in six of them had been either killed or\\nwounded many more were already stricken with the\\ndreaded fevers; and for a time it seemed as if with all\\ntheir sacrifices and victories the chief object of the\\ncampaign had been lost. But the following day, the\\n4th of July, the true story passed along the lines, and\\nthe national anniversary was celebrated on the Santiago", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUBA AND PUERTO RICO 125\\nChanged Feelings in Both Armies Parleying about Surrender\\nhills with such cheers and with such loving appreciation\\nof The Star-Spangled Banner as these boys had\\nnever imagined before.\\nThe destruction of the fleet changed the feeling in\\nthe Spanish as well as in the American army. It not\\nonly took away a great force which had been relied\\nupon for protection, but made it clear that before many\\ndays the American battleships, mines or no mines,\\nwould enter the harbor, and that, between the assault-\\ning army and the navy, the garrison and the city would,\\nif necessary, be destroyed together.\\nIn both camps there was now a new meaning to the\\ndemand for surrender. On the one side it was no\\nlonger made as a pretense to divert the soldiers\\nthoughts and to hide the crippled condition of the\\narmy, but it was pressed with the confidence that it\\nmust quickly be complied with and on the other side\\nit was now faced as inescapable.\\nThe Spanish commander-in-chief, General Linares,\\nwas too seriously wounded to remain in command,\\nbut the next officer, General Toral, refused to yield\\nto the demand for surrender. The truce, however,\\nwas maintained, at the earnest request of the foreign\\nconsuls in the city, in order to give the women and\\nchildren time to escape before the assault should be\\nrenewed.\\nIn the meantime the parleying about the surrender\\nwas continued, and the general officers of both armies\\nheld meetings under a tree between the lines. On our\\nside there was a strong desire to avoid further blood-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "126 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSufferings of the Troops American Reinforcements\\nshed, and this desire seemed to be reciprocated by the\\nSpanish.\\nBut the army at large was not in possession of the\\nsecrets of the Commanders, and the passing days were\\nfilled with suffering among the wounded and sick as\\nwell as anxiety among all. The hardships were in-\\ncreasing the daily rains made the trenches where the\\nmen were lying rivers of water; under the strain, the\\nunbearable heat and the rains by day and the chill of\\nthe nights, the men s vitality grew low and disease\\nwas disabling more than half the army. To make it\\nworse, the supply departments had apparently broken\\ndown food was scarce and poor, medical supplies were\\nexhausted. There was deep concern among the sol-\\ndiers; it seemed only a matter of days before there\\nwould be no army except in the hospitals; and yet\\nthere was constant expectation of orders for a new\\nassault.\\nAs the days of parley after parley between the gen-\\nerals passed, the troops continued to intrench upon the\\nridge, although the ordinary tools for digging trenches\\nwere sadly lacking, and bayonets and tin cans had to\\ndo duty for picks and shovels. Artillery was brought\\nup and put in the best positions. Finally, several\\nregiments of new troops, fresh from home, arrived.\\nGeneral Nelson A. Miles, the commanding general of\\nthe army, came, and his presence gave new confid-\\nence. Each night the regimental bands along the line\\nplayed The Star-Spangled Banner, and then every\\nman stood, facing the flag in silence, with uncovered", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUBA AM PUERTO RICO 127\\nGenerous Terms OfTered Capitulation at Hand\\nhead. These were noble moments; the most unthink-\\ning became reverent and thoughtful as all realized the\\nenormous responsibility to their homes and country\\nwhich this strange situation had put upon those\\nthinning ranks; they knew that they were there for\\nthe extension of the free institutions which the flag\\nrepresented.\\nOn the 9th and 10th of July, as the demand for sur-\\nrender was still not complied with, there was some\\nartillery fire upon the city, but it was not very severe;\\nthe city could not run away; its fate was settled.\\nThere was a strong desire to make the capture without\\ndestroying it or sacrificing more lives. Generous terms\\nwere offered to the Spanish. They were told they\\nmight retain their personal property and march out\\nwith honors. Finally it was agreed to send them to\\nSpain. It was cheaper to do that than to guard and\\nfeed them here. It hastened the end, for the Spanish\\ntroops had suffered bitterly and were longing to go\\nhome.\\nOn the 14th of July, General Wheeler, who was\\nconducting the negotiations on the American side, on\\nbehalf of General Shaftcr, gave the soldiers definite\\nintimations that a surrender was close at hand. Then\\nGeneral Miles, with his staff, left for Puerto Rico, that\\nhe might not seem to rob General Shatter of his due\\nor take to himself any honors which his own fighting\\nhad not won. On the morning of the 17th, aides rode\\nalong the lines and invited the commanders of divisions\\nand brigades, with their staffs, to repair to the head-\\n8", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "128 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Ceremony of Capitulation Appearance of Both Armies\\nquarters of the commanding general and witness the\\nsurrender of the Spanish forces.\\nSoon, from the general headquarters, a company of\\ngenerals with their staffs and orderlies, numbering per-\\nhaps two hundred in all, and a couple of troops of\\ncavalry swung into the main road leading to Santiago.\\nThey appeared as they had appeared from the day of\\nthe landing, except that the tropical sun had deepened\\ntheir tan, and the experiences of battle had marked\\ndeep lines upon their faces. Their rough uniforms bore\\nthe stains of service and of conflict. There was no\\neffort at display in this American cavalcade. They\\nwere plain, hardy, earnest men, bent upon results, who\\ncared nothing for show until the results were made\\nsecure. There was little exultation, for they were\\nsoldiers who were able to respect the desperate valor\\nof the defense they had overcome.\\nComing upon the field where the formal ceremony\\nof surrender was to occur, General Toral, with his\\nstaff, rode forward to greet them, saluted, shook hands\\nwith courtesy, introduced strangers to each other, and\\nthen escorted the American officers down the Spanish\\nlines. Polite, complimentary, even congratulatory\\nwords were spoken on both sides. The Spanish offi-\\ncers appeared in uniforms that were bright with gold\\nbraid, and they wore across their breasts the medals\\nand decorations they had won. The Spanish soldiers\\nwere at their best. Even in the hour of defeat there\\nwere smiles and salutations. At this most trying time\\nthe Spaniards did not fail to show both the pride and", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Raising the Flag in Santiago, July 17.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUBA AND JTERTO RICO 129\\n23,000 Lay Down Arms Entering the City\\nthe fine air of politeness which are so characteristic of\\nthe Latin races.\\nThen the mixed group of general officers took posi-\\ntion, and the Spanish regiments began marching past\\nwith their arms and equipments, deposited them at a\\ndesignated place, and marched back again without\\nthem. The number doing this, with those who soon\\nafter came In from the surrounding country to sur-\\nrender, was about twenty-three thousand. After a\\nsmall portion of the enemy had laid down their arms,\\nthe American officers, accompanied by the Ninth In-\\nfantry and a squadron of the Second Cavalry, rode\\non into the city to take possession and to raise the\\nflag.\\nAlong the way there were the evidences of hasty\\nretreat and of the horrors of war. Quickly made and\\nshallow graves were numerous. Dead horses with\\nsaddles and bridles yet upon them were frequent.\\nDestruction and wretchedness were visible on every\\nside.\\nThe company entered the city between long lines of\\ntroops still bearing arms, and multitudes of people.\\nThey were not unkindly, and appeared to enjoy a sur-\\nrender better than an assault. Doubtless the appear-\\nance was an honest representation of the general feeling,\\nfor the citizens were glad to see the power of Spain\\nvanish the Spanish officials must have been convinced\\nthat subjugation of Cuba was impossible and that re-\\nsisting the United States was hopeless; and the Span-\\nish soldiers were more than willing to get out of a", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "130 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nRaising the Flag over the Palace The Cheers from the Trenches\\nconflict in which they never had much heart, and to\\nsee the prospect of getting home once more.\\nTo the people, the coming of the American army\\nmeant food and security. A strong curiosity was\\nclearly evident on each side to see what sort of people\\nwere on the other side, and this grew as the armies\\nafterward mingled with each other.\\nReaching the Plaza, or public square, the general\\nofficers were shown into the audience hall of the\\npalace and received ceremoniously by the Spanish\\ncommander.\\nAt noon the officers returned to the square, the\\ntroops presented arms, and as the clock pointed the\\nhour of twelve, Captain McKittrick, of General Shatter s\\nstaff, raised Old Glory over the palace. The regi-\\nmental band played The Star-Spangled Banner,\\nand a national salute of twenty-one guns announced\\nto the army in the trenches on the hilltops, two miles\\naway, and to the navy at the watery gateway of the\\ncity, that the flag was floating over Santiago in sign of\\nthe victory which they had together won. Those\\nguns boomed a solemn declaration that henceforth\\ngovernment by the people must supplant the cupid-\\nity and the cruelty of Spanish rule in the Western\\nHemisphere.\\nThe Capture of Puerto Rico\\nNo sooner was the surrender of Santiago assured,\\nthan General Nelson A. Miles, the commanding officer", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUBA AND PUERTO RICO 131\\nExpedition to Puerto Rico Surprise by General Miles\\nof the Army of the United States, departed from Cuba\\nwith a few regiments of regulars and volunteers to\\ntake possession of the island of Puerto Rico.\\nThis expedition had been long deferred in order that\\nall danger from the Spanish warships, now destroyed,\\nmight be avoided. It was generally felt in the United\\nStates that, since Cuba was to have independence,\\nPuerto Rico must be seized as partial indemnity for our\\nenormous expenditures of money in prosecuting the\\nwar. Rear- Admiral Sampson, on the I2th of May,\\nhad spent a few hours in bombarding San Juan, the\\ncapital of the island, with a view of ascertaining the\\nstrength of its defenses, but had withdrawn his fleet\\nto Cuba, since the military expedition for Puerto Rico\\nwas not at that time ready, and also because Admiral\\nCervera s fleet, for which he was searching, was yet on\\nthe seas and must be destroyed.\\nWhen General Miles s expedition started it was ex-\\npected by the public, the newspapers, and even by the\\nGovernment, that he would land on the north coa^t\\nand make a short march to San Juan along the line of\\na well equipped railroad. But General Miles kept his\\ncounsels secret, and, to the surprise of everyone, even\\nof the keen-scented newspaper dispatch boats, he sud-\\ndenly, on the 28th of July, landed at Ponce, on the\\nsouthern coast. He found some vessels of the Ameri-\\ncan navy already there. They had, a few days before,\\ncaptured Guanica at the southeastern end of the island,\\nand had then sidled eastward a short distance to the\\ncity of Ponce, which was now in their power. The", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "132 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nWelcome in Puerto Rico Proclamation by General Miles\\nformal surrender, however, was made to General Miles\\nwhen he entered at the head of his troops.\\nThe people of Puerto Rico received the Americans\\nwith open-armed hospitality. The Spanish rule had\\nbeen as deeply hated in Puerto Rico as in Cuba, but\\nas the people were of a less revolutionary temper, the\\nfire of insurrection had not swept the island. They\\nhad, however, been expecting the American forces,\\nand were prepared to greet them with warm friendli-\\nness and to give hearty allegiance to the flag of the\\ngreat Republic of freedom.\\nUpon taking possession of the city, General Miles\\nissued a proclamation in which he said\\nIn the prosecution of the war against the kingdom\\nof Spain by the people of the United States, for the\\nsake of liberty, justice, and humanity, its military\\nforces have come to occupy the island of Puerto Rico.\\nThey come bearing the banners of freedom, inspired\\nby noble purposes, to seek the enemies of our Govern-\\nment, and yours, and to destroy or capture all in\\narmed resistance.\\nThe chief object of the American military forces\\nwill be to overthrow the armed authority of Spain and\\ngive the people of your beautiful island the largest\\nmeasure of liberty consistent with this military occu-\\npation.\\nThey have not come to make war upon the people\\nof the country, who for centuries have been oppressed,\\nbut on the contrary to bring protection to yourselves\\nand your property, to promote your prosperity, and to", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUHA AND PUERTO RICO 133\\nRelease of Prisoners A Joyous Campaign\\nbestow the immunities and blessings of our enlightened\\ninstitutions and liberal government. This is not a\\n\\\\v;ir of devastation, but one to give all within the con-\\ntrol of the military and naval forces of the United\\nStates the advantages and blessings of enlightened\\ncivilization.\\nThe prisoners held by the Spaniards for political\\noffenses were released. One who had cut the telegraph\\nleading to the capital on the preceding night, in order\\nto prevent the Spaniards from sending for reinforce-\\nments, was being led out by them to be shot just as the\\nAmerican ships entered the harbor. His captors de-\\nparted with haste and left him a free man under a new\\nflag. Then the regiments from Massachusetts, Penn-\\nsylvania, Illinois, and Wisconsin soon began patrolling\\nthe city and scouting through hiding-places in quest of\\nlurking Spaniards.\\nThe city of Ponce had enjoyed considerable pros-\\nperity, and many of the people were intelligent and\\nwell-to-do. They extended their hospitality to the\\nAmerican officers, and the troops found themselves\\ngreeted with smiles and cheers at every turn.\\nHomes were opened and Puerto Rican dainties were\\npressed upon the soldiers in the streets. At the first\\nconcert given by an American band in the Plaza the\\nenthusiasm of the people at the new music resembled\\nthe enthusiasm with which, at home, the playing of\\npatriotic music had been received when the soldiers\\nwere going to the front. It seemed as though the\\ncampaign was destined to be a huge picnic; certainly", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "134 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nStrategy of General Miles News of Peace\\nnever before had a people manifested such joy and\\ngood-will at being conquered.\\nGeneral Miles, however, did not relax his careful\\nstrategy and discipline. Though the Spanish troops\\nhad retired from Ponce, he knew they were massing\\ntoward San Juan, and were preparing for stubborn re-\\nsistance. There were excellent roads from Ponce to\\nSan Juan, and along them were a number of strongly\\ngarrisoned towns. Notwithstanding the fact that the\\nusual conditions seemed to be reversed, and the de-\\nfenders instead of the invaders seemed to be in the\\nenemy s country, General Miles arranged his advance\\non San Juan with the most painstaking skill. The\\narmy was to advance in three divisions along three\\ndifferent roads careful reconnoissances were con-\\ntinually made, and no chances were taken.\\nBut as the troops advanced, the Spanish withdrew\\nafter some desultory fighting in which they met with\\nsome losses, and a few were killed and wounded on\\nthe American side. A sharp little battle was fought\\nat Coamo, where a detachment of the enemy surren-\\ndered after a desperate struggle in which most of their\\nofficers were killed. The Spanish army made a de-\\ncisive stand on the 13th of August. General Brooke\\ndrew up his troops for an overwhelming attack. But\\njust as the American General was about to give the\\norder to the artillerymen to open fire upon the Spanish\\nlines, Lieutenant Maclaughlin dashed up on a foaming\\nhorse with a dispatch from headquarters that the pre-\\nliminaries of peace had been made and that no more", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE WINNING OF CUBA AND 1TERT0 RICO L35\\nFeelings of the Soldiers End of the Fighting\\nfighting was to be done. This order, at the beginning\\nof what seemed to be an exceptionally brilliant and\\nskillful campaign, was received with varying emotions\\nby our soldiers. Some were disappointed that they\\nwould not have the opportunity to emulate the valor\\nof their comrades in Cuba; but more shared in the\\ngratification of the American people that bloodshed\\nwas at an end. When the news of the truce reached\\nthe Spanish lines their soldiers were seen to dance for\\njoy.\\nThis was the end of the fighting with Spain in the\\nWest Indies. Our troops settled down in their camps\\namong the friendly Puerto Ricans to await orders\\nwhich should call them home, while the Commis-\\nsioners appointed by the two contending Governments\\nsoon arranged for the evacuation of the island by the\\nSpanish, whose robberies and cruel oppression had for\\nso many centuries made the Spanish flag and uniform\\nabhorrent.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "136 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nNeed of Troops for Manila Dewey s Long Waiting\\nCHAPTER X\\nFall of Manila and the Suit for\\nPeace\\nWHILE the gallant troops of the East under Gen-\\neral Miles were capturing Puerto Rico, and\\nwhile the veterans of the Santiago battles were recover-\\ning from the terrible rigors of that campaign, another\\narmy, composed chiefly of Western regiments, together\\nwith some seasoned regiments of the regular army, was\\npreparing to take possession of the Philippine Islands.\\nIt was on the 1st of May that Commodore Dewey\\nhad fought his battle and destroyed the Spanish naval\\npower in the Pacific. But though he remained master\\nof Manila Bay, the city and suburbs of Manila, with\\ntheir three hundred thousand inhabitants, the great\\nisland of Luzon in which it was situated, and the\\nother islands of the Philippine group, were still occu-\\npied by the Spaniards. Dewey had no trouble in\\nmaintaining his position in the harbor, and could at\\nany time have captured the city of Manila if he had\\ndeemed it expedient. He preferred to postpone the\\ncapture of the city until the arrival of the American\\narmy of occupation. So he cut the cable from the\\nisland to Hong-Kong and made his sailors as comfort-\\nable as possible while waiting for reinforcements.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "FALL OF MANILA AND THE SUIT FOB PEACE L37\\nPreparing the Philippine Expedition Soldiers of an Empire?\\nHe was, however, recognized by the warships of\\nthe great powers which visited the bay as having full\\ncontrol, and the Spaniards in the city knew that they\\nwere at his mercy.\\nDuring the month of May a military expedition for\\nthe Philippines began to gather at San Francisco.\\nMajor-General Wesley Merritt, one of the most dis-\\ntinguished and able officers of the army, was put in\\ncommand. While there was every reason for haste in\\nstarting the expedition on its thirty days voyage\\nacross the seven thousand miles of the Pacific Ocean,\\nGeneral Merritt was too sensible an officer to send off\\nhis troops without a fully adequate equipment. Sup-\\nplies of every kind, horses, mules, rations, fodder,\\nclothing and blankets, medical supplies, in addition\\nto arms and munitions of all kinds, had to be gathered\\nat the Golden Gate. Many of these supplies came\\nfrom the far East. Weeks were consumed in getting\\ntogether the needful equipment. But as fast as a de-\\ntachment was ready it was started on its adventurous\\nvoyage.\\nIt was the first time in our history as a nation that\\nour soldiers were sent over such an enormous distance.\\nIt began to seem to some people that these departing\\nsoldiers of the Republic might possibly be the first\\nsoldiers of an American empire, which, like Great\\nBritain, would reach its arms to the other side of the\\nworld. Peculiar interest, therefore, attached to every\\ndeparting ship as it pushed its way over the western\\nhorizon. The friends of the troops, moreover, real-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "138 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nVoyage of the Expedition The Native Insurgents\\nized that their soldier boys were to be separated from\\nhome by an entirely different kind of gulf from that\\nwhich lay between the United States and Cuba and\\nPuerto Rico. Unknown perils, as well as a new kind\\nof struggle in an unknown empire, were known to be\\nlying ahead.\\nThe voyage of the several detachments of the Philip-\\npine expedition was accomplished without accident.\\nHawaii was in the course of the transports bearing\\nthe troops, and the inhabitants of those islands, which\\nhad just been annexed by act of Congress, as they\\nextended their welcome to our soldiers, were impressed\\nwith the power of the nation under whose flag the\\nHawaiian Islands had just come.\\nDuring July some eight thousand American soldiers\\narrived in Manila Bay, and General Merritt determined\\nthat these would be sufficient for the assault upon the\\nSpanish fortifications and the capture of the city\\nbehind them.\\nThe Spanish troops outnumbered the Americans,\\nand, to add to the difficulty of the situation, there was\\nencamped outside of Manila a large army of native in-\\nsurgents under the command of General Aguinaldo.\\nThese insurgent troops had been fighting the Span-\\niards ever since Dewey s victory and had driven them\\ninto their fortifications around the city. Aguinaldo s\\nsoldiers were not our allies, though fighting a com-\\nmon foe; and what their attitude would be was an\\nopen and perplexing question both to General Merritt\\nand to the Government at Washington. The people", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "TALL OF MANILA AND THE SUIT FttU PEACE L39\\nAguinaldo The Delicate Problem\\nof the Philippines had suffered as cruelly at the hands\\nof the Spaniards as had the people of Cuba, and had\\nbeen engaged in a desperate revolution against their\\noppressors. This revolution had been suppressed\\nabout a year before the breaking out of our war with\\nSpain. But at the signal of Dewey s expedition\\nagainst the Spanish fleet at Manila, Aguinaldo, a\\nyoung, shrewd, and ambitious chief, assisted by Dewey,\\nhad organized the revolt anew and now with a large\\narmy of natives, flushed with the fall of their enemy\\nbefore American arms, he was a factor not to be\\nforgotten.\\nThe United States Government, however, did not\\nfeel itself warranted in undertaking the liberation of\\nthe Philippines and giving the control to the native\\npopulation, who were ignorant, undisciplined, and\\nas yet altogether unfit for self-government. Indeed a\\ngovernment of the islands by the Filipinos would be\\nalmost certain to be more oppressive and mistaken\\nthan by the Spaniards themselves. Consequently our\\ncommanders were debarred from making common\\ncause with Aguinaldo. Yet, since he had with him\\nat that time the sympathies of many of the natives,\\nit was necessary to avoid, as much as possible, com-\\nplications which might result in a conflict between his\\nforces and the Americans.\\nUnder these conditions, to conquer the Spanish\\narmy and to shoulder aside or ignore the insurgent\\narm\\\\- without engaging it in battle, constituted a prob-\\nlem which required diplomacy as well as generalship.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "140 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nGeneral Merritt s Diplomacy Attack on Manila Arranged\\nBut difficult as the task was, General Merritt and his\\nofficers were equal to its solution.\\nGeneral Merritt treated Aguinaldo not as an enemy,\\nyet with unmistakable firmness. The American General\\ndid not seek the help of the insurgent leader, for he\\nwas unwilling to be under obligations to men who\\nwould naturally demand the right to sack the city and\\nwho would more than likely be jealous of the army\\nwhich should take possession of it.\\nSome embarrassment was experienced by reason of\\nthe fact that Aguinaldo s forces, numbering several\\nthousand men, occupied the ground between the land-\\ning-place of the American troops and Manila; but\\nwhen General Merritt sent a request that they should\\nget out of the way, they thought it well to do so, and\\nthus gave the Americans open roads to the city.\\nWithout waiting for the balance of the twenty thou-\\nsand troops which were still on their way from San\\nFrancisco, General Merritt, by the end of July, began\\npreparations to advance upon the city. On the night\\nof the 31st of July the brigade of General F. V. Greene\\nwas thrown forward. It met with a sharp resistance\\nfrom both the Spanish infantry and artillery, but held\\nits ground valiantly.\\nOn the 6th of August General Merritt and Rear-\\nAdmiral Dewey joined in a letter to the Spanish Cap-\\ntain-General notifying him to remove the women and\\nchildren and the sick from the city within forty-eight\\nhours, and that an attack was liable to be made at any\\nmoment after that time. Three days later a formal", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "FALL OF MANILA AND THE SUIT FOB PEACE 141\\nInfantry to Attack Order for Assault\\ndemand was made for the surrender of the city, which\\nwas met with a request for time and permission to send\\na boat to Hong-Kong, six hundred and forty miles dis-\\ntant, to cable the Spanish Government. This was\\nrefused, and it was decided to take the city four days\\nlater.\\nThe seacoast batteries of the Spaniards were so\\nsituated as to make it impossible for our navy to en-\\ngage them without firing into the city, and as the non-\\ncombatants had not been removed, it was desired, in\\nthe interest of humanity, to avoid this. So the duty\\nof the assault fell largely upon the infantry of the\\narmy. It was necessarily delayed a day or two longer\\nthan intended, but was made according to programme\\non the 13th of August.\\nAfter days of inaction, during which the troops were\\nencamped upon swampy ground under pouring rains,\\nand had begun to think they would never sec the in-\\nside of Manila, there came, on the 12th of August, the\\ngeneral order of advance. The troops were to move\\nup into the trenches at half-past six the next morning,\\nthe First Brigade, under General McArthur, on the\\nright, and the Second Brigade, under General Greene,\\non the left and down the beach; the combined attack\\nby sea and land was to take place on Saturday the 13th\\nof August, at ten a.m.\\nThe troops received the order with rejoicing. But\\nas the}- eagerly pulled themselves out of the marshes,\\nto fall in for the assault, there was no excitement; the\\nvolunteers were as cool as the regulars.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "142 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Gallant Charge The White Flag\\nAs the troops floundered on through the marsh and\\nthe rain, the Utah Battery opened fire from its em-\\nbrasures on the fort, San Antonio. At the same time\\nthe fleet commenced firing with its big shells, and\\nits barking rapid-fire guns from the military tops, with\\nupon the Spanish fortifications. At a given signal, a\\nlittle later, the batteries and the fleet ceased firing, for\\nthe infantry to make an assault. A company of Colo-\\nrado volunteers had the honor of making the first ad-\\nvance at the fort. When they arrived, before it was\\ndestroyed, Lieutenant McCoy pulled down the flag of\\nSpain and sent up the Stars and Stripes.\\nBack of the fort lay the town of Malate, protected\\nby breastworks and sand-bags. Our soldiers pushed\\non over the second line of intrenchments. Here they\\nmet a sharp fire and a number fell. During the ad-\\nvance there were many deeds of splendid gallantry.\\nOne of these was when, in response to a call for volun-\\nteers to dislodge the enemy from a stubborn stand, the\\nmen of the Astor Battery of New York volunteered\\ntheir services, and charged upon the Mauser rifles,\\narmed only with revolvers. It was an unequal and\\ndesperate chance, but they were supported by rein-\\nforcements and the Spanish fled.\\nThe walled city of Manila was now in sight and a\\nwhite flag was seen. Two officers, representing the\\narmy and the navy, were sent in to negotiate the terms\\nof surrender. There was the usual Spanish bickering,\\nbut finally General Greene rode in and received the\\nsurrender of the Captain-General, while our volunteers", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "J15neL\\\\*/ Lt\u00c2\u00a3-\\nAmeri Entering Manila, August 13, [898.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "FALL OF MANILA AND THE SUIT FOI: PEAi E 1 t3\\nInsurgents Shouldered Back General Merritt s Tribute to his Troops\\nmarched triumphant through the streets and raised\\nthe new colors above the ancient Spanish city.\\nMeantime the insurgents, who had been running\\nalong by a parallel road with our advance, began to\\njostle their way into the city with the idea of loot.\\nThey were, however, sternly held back, and, though\\nthey had forced their way into our lines, were driven\\nout, to their bitter disappointment.\\nThe capital of the Philippines was now in the hands\\nof the United States. The resistance, though sharp,\\nhad been but feeble in comparison with what it might\\nhave been. The Spanish were glad to surrender, but\\ntiny did not dare to return home without making at\\nleast a show of resistance. They recognized the hope-\\nlessness of further struggle against the North American\\nrace, and, though amply provided with ammunition\\nand provisions, they were glad to have the struggle\\nover.\\nWell might General Merritt, a splendid and modest\\nsoldier, close his report of the movement by saying:\\nI submit that for troops to enter under fire a town\\ncovering a wide area, to rapidly deploy and guard all\\nprincipal points in the extensive suburbs, to keep out\\nthe insurgent forces pressing for admission, to quietly\\ndisarm an army of Spaniards, more than equal in\\nnumbers to the American troops, and, finally, by all this\\nto prevent entirely all rapine, pillage, and disorder, and\\ngain entire and complete possession of a city of three\\nhundred thousand people, filled with natives hostile to\\nAmerican interests and stirred up by the knowledge", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "144 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nA Foothold Gained Spain Sues for Peace\\nthat their own people were fighting in the outside\\ntrenches, was an act which only the law-abiding, tem-\\nperate, resolute American soldier, well and skillfully\\nhandled by his regimental and brigade commanders,\\ncould accomplish.\\nThe taking of the capital of the Philippines was ac-\\ncomplished after the preliminary terms of peace had\\nbeen accepted by the contending Governments, but\\nbefore the instructions to cease hostilities could reach\\nthe American officers. Fortunately it was done with-\\nout much bloodshed, but it would have been done at\\nthe appointed time no matter whether the loss was\\nlittle or much. It gave the United States a real foot-\\nhold on the other side of the world, and imposed upon\\nthe Republic unprecedented responsibilities, for it\\nopened a door through which the American nation\\nwas constrained to pass, and to attempt to carry its\\npower, its spirit, and its institutions into the affairs of\\nthe Oriental peoples.\\nBefore the end of July (on the 25th) the French\\nAmbassador at Washington called at the White House\\nand stated to President McKinley and the Secretary\\nof State that he was requested by the Government of\\nSpain to say that Spain has been worsted and that\\nher sufferings, as a result, are very great, and, there-\\nfore, she asks to be furnished with a statement of the\\nterms upon which the United States would be willing\\nto make peace.\\nThis was all that could be desired. It meant peace", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "FALL OF MANILA AND THE SUIT FOR PEACE 1 1\\nDiplomacy Protocol of Peace\\nand it sent a thrill of jubilant satisfaction throughout\\nthe country.\\nSome days were necessarily consumed in discussing\\ndetails. There were exchanges of notes and of visits\\nbetween the diplomats, and the European cables con-\\nveyed new questions and instructions daily. By the\\n1 2th of August the demands of the United States had\\nbeen formulated and accepted by Spain in the follow-\\ning language\\nI. That Spain shall relinquish all claim of sover-\\neignty over and title to Cuba.\\n2. That Puerto Rico and other Spanish islands in\\nthe West Indies, and an island in the Ladrones, to be\\nselected by the United States, shall be ceded to the\\nlatter.\\n3. That the United States shall occupy and hold\\nthe city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the\\nconclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall deter-\\nmine the control, disposition, and government of the\\nPhilippines.\\n4. That Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the other Spanish\\nislands in the West Indies shall be immediately evacu-\\nated, and that Commissioners, to be appointed within\\nten days, shall, within thirty days from the signing\\nof the Protocol, meet at Havana and San Juan, re-\\nspectively, to arrange and execute the details of the\\nevacuation.\\n5. That the United States and Spain shall each\\nappoint not more than five Commissioners to negotiate\\nand conclude a treaty of peace. The Commissioners", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "M6 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nProclaiming Hostilities at an End Commission of Peace\\nare to meet at Paris not later than the first day of\\nOctober.\\n6. On the signing of the Protocol hostilities shall\\nbe suspended and notice to that effect shall be given as\\nsoon as possible by each Government to the command-\\ners of its military and naval forces.\\nOn the same day President McKinley issued a proc-\\nlamation declaring hostilities at an end. Upon the\\ninstant messages were sent by wire, and then by dis-\\npatch boats over the seas, to the navy, and by military\\ncouriers over the mountains to the army, that they\\nshould stay the iron hand of war. Directly Commis-\\nsioners were appointed to adjust the details of the\\nevacuation of Cuba and Puerto Rico by the Spanish\\narmies, and other Commissioners to meet the Spanish\\nrepresentatives in Paris in order to negotiate and agree\\nupon the terms of a general and permanent peace.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 1 17\\nImpulse of the People Popular Support of the War\\nCHAPTER XI\\nThe Spirit of American Soldiers\\nand Sailors\\nIT was love of freedom and compassion for the op-\\npressed which impelled the United States to make\\nwar upon Spain for the liberation of the Cubans. The\\nAmerican people were in advance of their Government\\nin this impulse. It was but right that the Government\\nshould hesitate and wait for the clear manifestation of\\nthe will of the people before taking a step so momen-\\ntous and so unprecedented. But history will accord\\nto the people the just credit for moving to such a\\ngenerous and true-hearted undertaking by a common\\nimpulse.\\nThe response to the call of the Government for men\\nand money for the prosecution of the war was as prompt\\nas the popular impulse was enthusiastic. The Presi-\\ndent called for two hundred thousand men, and nearly\\na million offered themselves. A popular loan of two\\nhundred millions of dollars was asked for, and more\\nthan fourteen hundred millions were offered.\\nWhat is of no less account, wherever the soldiers and\\nsailors of the United States went, they carried the\\nspirit and the self-control of their people with them.\\nThey were worth}- representatives of a republic where", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "148 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nInsurgents Desire to Pillage Americans Protect their Defeated Foes\\nthe people govern themselves, and they exemplified the\\nvirtue and the heroism of the Anglo-Saxon race.\\nIn all their history the Spaniards have followed their\\nconquests with pillage and outrages. Their soldiers\\nhave had license to plunder houses and rob and mal-\\ntreat their prisoners. Even in later times the Spanish\\nsoldier has calculated upon this permission, which has\\nbeen accorded as a spur to greater daring in battle.\\nThe Cubans and the Filipinos who were fighting\\nSpain expected a somewhat similar license for them-\\nselves if they gained the victory in their wars for inde-\\npendence. It is not strange, for they are for the most\\npart an uneducated and almost an uncivilized people;\\nthey are but Spaniards themselves by origin, and have\\nbeen trained in the thought, traditions, and practices\\nof the Spanish nation. So when Santiago and Manila\\nwere taken, the army of the United States was obliged\\nto use strategy and force to protect their own enemies,\\nthe Spaniards, and their property from such terrible\\noutrages as they themselves have many times inflicted\\nupon conquered cities.\\nGeneral Shafter and General Merritt, in order to\\nmake certain that no wrong should be done, refused\\nto permit the native soldiers to enter the cities which\\nthe Americans had taken. The insurgents were very\\nangry at this; there were some fears that their dis-\\nappointment and rage might even lead them to resist\\nby force, and that before we were through we might\\nhave both sides to fight but they were told to see in\\nthe firmness of the Americans the beginnings of justice", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT 01 AMERIi AN SOLDIER* AND SAILORS L 19\\nAmericans Establish Order and Cleanliness\\nas well as power. The United States was in their\\nislands in the name of human liberty, and her troops\\nwere abundantly able to afford security and protection\\nin the territory they had conquered.\\nIn Cuba, affairs began to move in the usual ways, or\\nindeed in much better than the usual ways, very soon.\\nCivil government was reestablished, business was re-\\nsumed, the mails and the newspapers were started\\nagain; better still, the officers of the United States\\nlooked to the care of the sick, to the cleaning of the\\ntowns, and to the opening of schools. When Santiago\\nwas captured it was unspeakably filthy; it always had\\nbeen notorious for its extreme dirtiness. General\\nWood immediately organized hundreds of hungry\\nCubans into a cleansing army and in a few weeks\\nSantiago passed to the other extreme of being, for a\\ntime at least, the cleanest city in the world. In\\nManila, it is said, the street cars were running and\\nladies were down street shopping in an hour after the\\nAmerican troops were in possession of the city. Some\\nof the nations of Europe might wonder at this quick\\nrestoration of order; but to an American it was only\\nnatural to see American boys affording protection to\\nthe weak and representing the orderliness of their\\npeople, as well as the blessings of liberty, at their\\nentrance upon foreign soil.\\nThe treatment of prisoners was only what we knew\\nit would be, yet the kindness and the generosity of\\nit appeal to the pride and warm the heart of every\\nAmerican.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "150 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSuccor to Wounded Foes at Cavite and El Caney\\nWhen Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish\\nfleet in Manila Bay, the telegraph cable to Hong-Kong\\nwas cut before the reports of the battle were finished,\\nso that the world was left for several days in some\\ndoubt as to the result. What information did come\\nby wire was through Spanish officials. The last word\\nreceived was that the Americans had landed at Cavite\\nto bury their dead. This led to the fear that the\\nAmerican vessels had met with a heavy loss. In fact\\nthey had met with no loss. They did land to bury\\nthe dead, but it was the Spanish dead. They also\\nlanded to give succor to the Spanish sick and wounded.\\nThe Spaniards seemed powerless to do what was neces-\\nsary and were doubtless in fear of the insurgents.\\nWhile our men were thus engaged there was a very\\nsingular occurrence.\\nWhen the party landed from the American fleet they\\nwere met by a procession of priests who came to pre-\\nsent a humble prayer. It was that the Americans\\nwould spare the sick and wounded. It was sup-\\nposed that the sailors who were so heroic in battle had\\ncome to slay their fallen adversaries and pillage their\\npossessions, when they had really come on an errand\\nof mercy. How little they understood the American\\npeople, their feelings, and their ways!\\nWhen the desperate assault of the American troops\\nat El Caney had finally triumphed, three young Span-\\niards were found in the blockhouse which through the\\nlong and terrible day had been one of the main targets\\nof the American fire. Wounded, and exhausted by", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF A MERIi 1 .V SOLDIERS 1 ND TLORS 1 5 1\\nChivalry to Prisoners I lesire for I dangerous Service\\nthe intense heat and the want of food and drink, they\\nwere taken in pity to the quarters of General Chaffee\\nfor refreshment. When a lieutenant of the Seventeenth\\nInfantry asked them if they would not have a drink of\\nwater he was amazed at the answer. The Spanish\\ncorporal said No, why should we drink when we are\\nabout to die? They had misconstrued the kind-\\nness, and expected to receive the treatment they would\\nhave been ready to give to the Americans if the cir-\\ncumstances had been reversed and if there had been\\nanything to gain by it. The American lieutenant had\\nno need to wait for instructions as to the reply he\\nshould make. He knew that every citizen of the\\nUnited States would say as he did: You are not to\\ndie; we are civilized men and you are brave ones; we\\nhave beaten you in a just cause, now we will help you.\\nThe heroic bravery of American soldiers in the face\\nof danger has come to be known all over the world.\\nIt shines through every page of the history of our war-\\nfare. Upon the sea and upon the land, in the Colonial\\nwars, in the Revolution, in the Second War with Great\\nBritain, in the Mexican War, and particularly in the\\nCivil War, Americans demonstrated that they were\\nwilling to take any chances and would fight to the\\ndeath. In the war against Spain, the sterling heroism,\\nthe brilliant intrepidity of the Americans seemed more\\nmarked than ever before the deep desire for an op-\\nportunity to risk his life in the cause seemed to have\\ntaken possession of nearly every man in the service.\\nThe place of greatest danger was the place earnestly", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "152 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nInspiration in Intrepid Example Dewey as an Instance\\npleaded for by almost every man in the army and\\nthe navy. Where such was the common spirit, when\\nall were alike eager, it seems unjust to make distinc-\\ntion by naming individual heroes. Yet there were\\ncertain great deeds which deserve to be recounted, not\\nso much to praise those who performed them, as\\nbecause they were typical and to inspire other Ameri-\\ncans to offer no less for their country and for humanity.\\nAdmiral George Dewey, a Vermont boy, grew up\\nin the navy. Though recognized as an efficient naval\\nofficer there seemed nothing very unusual about him.\\nBut the opportunity came to him to perform a great\\nact of world-wide importance, and he had the fiber\\nin him to seize it and make the most of it. In\\ntaking an American fleet, at night, into the close\\nharbor of a city of three hundred thousand people,\\non the other side of the world, a harbor which he had\\nnever seen before and which was protected by sub-\\nmarine mines and shore batteries, and in which there\\nwas a fleet of enemy s vessels outnumbering his own,\\nhe performed an act of the highest personal gallantry.\\nIn utterly destroying that fleet and bringing that city\\nto subjection he brought a distinguishing glory to the\\nAmerican navy, for it was a deed unprecedented in\\nwarfare upon the seas, and one which will live as long\\nas history is written.\\nAfter the war broke out the War Department found\\nit necessary to communicate with the leaders of the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERIt S( ILDIERS AND SAILORS I\\nA MisMon to Gomez Lieutenant Rowan Assigned\\nCuban insurrection. It was imperative to arrange for\\nmilitary cooperation. They were in the heart of Cuba,\\ngoing from place to place in the mountains and in the\\nforest, and could only be reached by a special messen-\\nger traveling hundreds of miles through an enemy s\\ncountry. Such a mission called for rare judgment, in-\\nvolving immense hardship, and the capture of such a\\nmessenger would result in his certain death.\\nLieutenant Andrew S. Rowan of the War Depart-\\nment was made happy beyond measure by being per-\\nmitted to undertake the dangerous work. He went\\nfrom New York by steamer to Kingston on the south\\nshore of the island of Jamaica and there awaited in-\\nstructions by cable from Washington. These he got\\non the 23rd of April, and started immediately across\\ncountry to carry the news to the Cuban leaders and\\nfulfill his even more important mission. He traveled\\nseventy-five miles across this island in a northwesterly\\ndirection to the sea; crossed over to the Cuban shore,\\na distance of a hundred miles, in a small sailboat,\\navoiding all manner of Spanish craft; thence threaded\\nhis way another hundred miles through the thickets,\\nguided by Cuban officers, sleeping in the brush, living\\non sweet potatoes and water from the green cocoanuts,\\nuntil in the very midst of the jungle he reached the\\nheadquarters of the Cuban commander-in-chief.\\nIt was the same day upon which Dewey destroyed\\nthe fleet at Manila. It was noon, and first he was\\ngiven breakfast. Then the two men worked together\\nuntil dark. In the meantime Lieutenant Rowan had", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "154 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nRowan s Danger Commended for Cool Daring\\ngiven what information he had and secured what\\nthere was to get. He left upon his return an hour\\nafter nightfall. He carried papers upon his person,\\nboth in going and in returning. He had not been\\nengaged in corrupting an officer of the enemy or in\\nfurthering the designs of a traitor, but aside from this\\nwas in precisely the same situation that Major Andre\\nwas when arrested by American soldiers in the Revolu-\\ntion. If taken he would have met the same fate, prob-\\nably without trial and with less deliberation. He had\\nto travel more than another hundred miles before reach-\\ning the northern coast of Cuba. Here he secured a row-\\nboat from Cuban sympathizers. A sail was made from\\nhammock canopies, and food was gathered from the\\nforests.\\nIn this frail craft he started at night, with five\\nCubans, over the treacherous southern seas, for Nassau\\nin the Bahamas, a distance of two hundred miles or\\nmore. In time he gained his port, soon got a steamer\\nfor Key West, and hastened by the first train to\\nWashington to deliver his report and papers to the\\ncommanding general of the army. General Miles im-\\nmediately wrote a letter to the Secretary of War\\nsaying: Lieutenant Rowan performed an act of\\nheroism and cool daring that has rarely been excelled\\nin the annals of warfare, and recommended that he\\nbe promoted to the position of lieutenant-colonel.\\nWhen the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera was\\nblockaded in Santiago Bay, Admiral Sampson con-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "The Merrimac Entering Santiago Harbor, June 3. [8", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF A MERICAJS SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 155\\nPlan to Sink the Merrimac 1 ieutenant Hobson Assigned\\nceived the idea of making the blockade doubly sure by\\nplacing an obstruction in the mouth of the narrow en-\\ntrance so that no ship could pass. The channel was\\nbut about three hundred and fifty feet wide and such\\nan obstruction, rightly placed, would close it altogether.\\nDuring the run of the flagship from Key West to\\njoin the blockaders at Santiago, the Admiral, with\\nyoung Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson,\\nperfected a plan for doing this. It was to take the\\ncollier Merrimac, loaded with coal, into the mouth of\\nthe harbor, drop her anchors, shatter her hull with\\nsmall torpedoes, and sink her lengthwise across the\\nopening. The collier was nearly as long as the width\\nof the channel. If this could be done it would relieve\\nin some measure the vigilance of the blockading squad-\\nron and perhaps allow some of the vessels to be with-\\ndrawn for needed service elsewhere. But if it was to\\nbe undertaken it would have to be by cool-headed and\\nheroic men taking their lives in their hands. The old\\nvessel would require to be taken into the fire of the\\nshore batteries and of the Spanish fleet, and then the\\nmen, if any still lived, would have to leave her. De-\\ntection was certain and the possibility of escape with\\nlife was exceedingly remote.\\nThe bright naval constructor was given the coveted\\nhonor of carrying out the plan which he had largely\\ndeveloped. He was a young man from Alabama,\\ntwenty-seven years of age. He graduated at the\\nNaval Academy in the class of 89, being the young-\\nest member and standing at the head of his class.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "156 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nIlobson s Seven Comrades The First Start too Late\\nAfter some sea service he gave his closest attention to\\nconstruction of vessels. He was sent to Europe to\\nstudy, and afterwards proposed and conducted a post-\\ngraduate course in naval architecture at the Academy\\nat Annapolis. He had already shown himself to be a\\ngentleman, a student, and an adept at practical affairs.\\nNow he was to prove that he was a hero.\\nSix men were wanted to assist him in his perilous\\nundertaking, and volunteers were called for. On the\\nflagship New York alone, three hundred men asked\\nfor leave to go and give their lives, if it should be so,\\nto their country s service; a proportionate number re-\\nsponded upon each of the other vessels; indeed nearly\\nevery man in the fleet was ready. The six men selected\\nwere Daniel Montague,George Charette, J. C. Murphy,\\nOscar Diegnan, John P. Phillips, and John Kelly. Ru-\\ndolph Clausen from the New York also remained on\\nboard of the Merrimac, longing to be one of the party,\\nand was finally allowed to go.\\nIt was arranged that they should enter the harbor at\\nabout half-past three on the morning of the 2nd of\\nJune. At that hour the tide would be running in, the\\nmoon would have set, and there would be an hour and\\na half of darkness before daylight. But after working\\nwell through the night, they could not get the collier\\nready in time and started a little late; consequently\\nAdmiral Sampson called them back and directed them,\\nmuch to their disappointment, to wait until the next\\nmorning.\\nOn the following morning, accordingly, all being", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERU AN SOLDIEl^ AND SAILORS 157\\nThe Merrimac Enters the Harbor Attempt at Rescue\\nrr.ul)-, thc\\\\ started in just after moonset, and half an\\nhour before dawn. The gallant little crew were dressed\\nin nothing but their underclothes and life-preservers;\\neach had a revolver strapped to his waist. Every\\nvessel in the American fleet was on the alert every\\nman s nerves were at the highest tension over the suc-\\ncess of the project and the fate of his comrades. Thou-\\nsands of eyes peered through the gloom to watch the\\nold collier approach the mouth of the harbor and dis-\\nappear. The scene was quickly lighted by the sheets\\nof fire from Morro Castle and the other batteries upon\\nthe shores. It seemed impossible for human life to\\nexist at all in that deadly and concentrated fire. The\\nwatching crews dared hope no more than that the Mer-\\nrimac was in position across the channel before she\\nsank. The steam-launch of the New York, which had\\nfollowed the Merrimac to pick up the crew if possible,\\nwas seen to attract the fire of the big guns; in time she\\nsteamed back to the flagship without any of the eight\\nmen. Her young commander, Cadet Joseph W. Pow-\\nell, of Oswego, New York, a pupil and friend of Lieu-\\ntenant Hobson, reported to the Admiral that he had\\nbeen unable to find any of them. He had gone close\\nunder the batteries and waited until all hope of rescue\\nhad to be abandoned.\\nBut as by miracle the men of the expedition had not\\nperished. Having steered the ship to the appointed\\nspot, Hobson gave the orders which should result in\\nher being swung across the channel and sunk. But in\\nthe downpour of shot and shell the Merrimac s rudder", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "158 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Merrimac Sinks under Fire Every Man Alive\\nhad been shot away and also her stern anchor; more-\\nover the electric batteries were so damaged that only\\npart of the torpedoes attached around the hull could\\nbe exploded. Consequently, instead of sinking where\\nintended, the vessel drifted rudderless with the tide\\nfar past the narrow neck. But she was sinking steadily\\nher own torpedoes and the enemy s shells had opened\\nher sides, and the water was rushing in.\\nAccording to the carefully arranged plans, the\\ncrew were to leap into the water as the vessel sank,\\nand swim to the rowboat in tow if the boat was dam-\\naged there was the life-raft on deck. But the fire was\\nso incessant and sweeping, and so lighted was the scene\\nby the continuous flash, that it would have been mad-\\nness at that close range for the crew to show them-\\nselves for an instant. So Hobson made his men lie flat\\non deck and wait for the ship to sink, or for the fire\\nfinally to cease and for Spanish officers to whom they\\ncould surrender to approach. It was a terrible waiting\\nwhile every great gun and the Mauser rifles of the\\nsoldiers were pouring their fire upon the ship, and the\\ndecks around the devoted band were being torn by\\nthe plunging shell. At last the end came. With a lift\\nand a fall the ship went under the waves. Through\\nthe whirlpool of rushing waters the men rose to the\\nsurface and gathered around the life-raft, which was\\nfloating, anchored still to the sunken ship.\\nEvery man was there. The existence of that un-\\nbroken company was the greatest marvel of the entire\\n,var. But there was no time for wondering then. The", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 159\\nII bson Surrenders to Cervera Cervera s Courtesy\\nSpanish boats were now prowling about, and had one-\\nman been seen, all would have been shot. So they\\nclung to the raft, only their faces out of the water, and\\nwaited for daylight.\\nWhen day finally broke, a steam-launch approached,\\nbearing, as could be seen, an officer of high grade. To\\nthe men on this boat Hobson shouted: Is there any\\nofficer on that boat to receive the surrender of prisoners\\nof war? The sailors aimed their rifles, but they\\nwere dropped at a command and an elderly man raised\\nhis hand to Hobson.\\nIt was Admiral Cervera. The Americans were taken\\nto the Spanish flagship, and in the afternoon Admiral\\nCervera sent an officer under flag of truce to Admiral\\nSampson, telling him that they were safe, and add-\\ning-: Daring like theirs makes the bitterest enemy\\nproud that his fellow-men can be such heroes. In a\\nday or two the newspapers in both hemispheres were\\nfilled with the wonderful details of their exploit, and\\ntheir countrymen throughout the United States were\\ncongratulating each other that American heroism had\\nadded such a new and extraordinary instance to its\\nannals.\\nTwo volunteers peculiarly interesting to the people,\\nbecause of their previous eminence and well-known\\ncharacter, were General Joseph Wheeler and Colonel\\nTheodore Roosevelt.\\nGeneral Wheeler was over seventy years of age and\\nin delicate health. In his youth he had been one of", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "160 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nGeneral Wheeler Colonel Roosevelt\\nthe most dashing and successful cavalry generals in the\\nConfederate army, and during his later years he had\\nbeen an honored congressman from Alabama. At the\\noutbreak of the war with Spain, the venerable Souther-\\nner offered his sword to the President, who made him\\na major-general; and, under General Shafter in the\\nSantiago campaign, he went from a sick-bed to the\\nfiring line, and displayed such activity, intrepid will,\\nand wise generalship as to win the loving admiration\\nof the entire country.\\nColonel Roosevelt enlisted against the decided wish\\nof the President and many of the people, who felt that\\nin his place as Assistant-Secretary of the Navy he\\nwould be of far more value to the nation than on the\\nfield. But Roosevelt had long foreseen the war and\\nhad openly favored it. Moreover, he had long urged\\nupon young Americans the duty of offering their lives\\nto the country in time of danger. Consequently, when\\nwar was declared no dissuasion could restrain him, and,\\nunder his friend Colonel Wood, he was made lieuten-\\nant-colonel of the First Regiment of the National\\nVolunteer Cavalry. This position was given him in\\nrecognition of his personal experience among the rough\\nriders of the plains. It was his good fortune to win\\nfor himself and his gallant followers brilliant credit first\\nat Guasimas and then at San Juan where, on horse-\\nback, revolver in hand, he led in the historic charge up\\nthat fire-swept slope.\\nThose two men one aged and frail, the other young\\nand robust, and both nobly distinguished in civil life", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "V.\\nf\\n_\\na\\nU\\ny.\\na", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND SAILORS L61\\nFatience of the Wounded Stephen Bonsai s Story\\nillustrated in themselves the patriotic devotedness of\\nthe highest type of the American citizen.\\nThe general testimony is that in the Santiago cam-\\npaign there was comparatively little swearing and\\nscarcely any grumbling. When men were on the\\nfiring line, marching or intrenching by night and fight-\\ning by day, and were without food, there was no\\ncomplaining. The worst sufferers would say, The\\nGovernment is doing the best it can. The wounded\\nhad no fault to find at the delay of the surgeons and\\nusually proposed that they should help the other\\nfellow first. Captain Arthur Lee of the British army,\\nwho was present for military study, tells of coming\\nupon two men severely wounded, one of whom had\\nbeen shot through the stomach. This man, when\\nasked how he felt, answered with difficulty, Oh, I\\nam doing pretty well, sir. His companion suggested\\nthat the captain might find a doctor to help his friend,\\nand the dying hero said: That s all right, Nick; I\\nguess the doctors have more than they can do looking\\nafter them as are badly hurt, and they will be along\\nsoon.\\nMr. Stephen Bonsai, the correspondent, has narrated\\na tale of the stirring and characteristic heroism of young\\nLieutenant Ord and two boy privates who were with\\nhim in the charge upon San Juan. This is his story\\nJust after the top of the hill had been triumphantly\\nreached, and while it was still being swept by the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "162 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nLieutenant Ord s Chivalry The Boy Private\\nSpaniards fire from a distance, Lieutenant Ord saw a\\nwounded Spanish soldier on the very ridge and exposed\\nto the bullets of his own comrades. Turning to two\\nof his men, he said, Take that Spaniard and carry\\nhim behind the blockhouse, out of the fire. The\\nwounded man raised himself up, drew his revolver, and\\nfired it full in Ord s face, killing instantly the gentle-\\nman who was trying to save his stricken enemy and\\nshowing a rarer grace of thoughtfulness than even that\\nof Sir Philip Sidney, who, when wounded, gave his\\nown cup of water to a wounded comrade.\\nWhen Lieutenant Ord, at the head of his men,\\nstarted on the rush up the hill, there was by his side a\\nboy private from Ohio, who had joined the regiment\\njust before it had left for the front. He ran close to\\nOrd until he fell, mortally wounded, a few yards from\\nthe summit. Ord heard him give a faint cry, and\\npaused in his rush to say kindly as he saw the dying\\npallor on the boy s face, My poor fellow, I can do\\nnothing for you.\\nI did n t call you back for anything like that, Lieu-\\ntenant I am done for, but I thought you had better\\ntake my steel nippers. There may be still another\\nwire fence beyond that hill and I won t be there to\\ncut it for you.\\nThe boy private was a worthy comrade for his chiv-\\nalrous officer, and he did not die until he heard the\\nshout of victory; but he never knew that his gallant\\nleader, to whom he had given such unselfish devotion,\\nwas lying dead not many yards away.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND SAILORS L63\\nThe Little Flute-Player His Story of Ord\\nThe third of that trio was even younger, and he,\\nhappily, did not have to die. He was a little flute-\\nplayer, and was found sitting by the body of Lieu-\\ntenant Ord, whom he had followed that day with\\nmanly daring and devotedness. Another officer came\\nby and scolded him for sitting at a spot which was\\nno place for children, and ordered him back to the\\nhospital.\\nI was going back, said the little boy. I wanted\\nto go back to the hospital and look after Colonel\\nEgbert when he fell wounded, and I was doing no\\ngood at the front, for my flute is ruined with the mud\\nand the rain. But just as I started back I heard Mr.\\nOrd say, Now, all the boys who s brave will follow\\nme; all the boys who s brave, follow me! and then\\nhe rushed ahead and kept that up for about half an\\nhour, resting a little while and then rushing ahead.\\nAnd every time he started up, he would shout back,\\nNow, all the boys who s brave will follow me So\\nall the boys followed him, and as I was lighter I got\\nfarther ahead than most.\\nA cavalry colonel, who had just seen his own son\\ndie, listened to the little fellow s narrative, and, patting\\nhis shoulder, said with a smile of pleasure, Ah, yes,\\nthere are many brave boys left, and you will make a\\ngood soldier some day.\\nOne of the correspondents on the Brooklyn, Mr.\\nGeorge E. Graham, who is himself a highly courageous\\nboy well known to the writer, said that, during the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "164 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Wedged Shell on the Brooklyn Replacing the Flag\\nheat of the fight with Cervera s fleet, a shell got\\nwedged into one of the guns on the side of the ship\\nengaged with the enemy. Instantly Corporal Robert\\nGray of the Marine Corps crawled out on the gun s\\nmuzzle, rammer in hand, to drive the shell out. The\\ngun was so hot he could not retain his hold and\\ndropped down to the sea ladder. There with the\\nwater beneath him and the frightful blast of the great\\nguns above him, and with the shot of the enemy plung-\\ning around him, he renewed the attempt, but could\\nnot dislodge the shell. Gunner Smith then tried it,\\nbut he too failed. Then Private MacNeal of the gun\\nsquad asked and received permission to try it. Cling-\\ning to the hot gun, with death by water assured if he\\ndropped or was knocked off by concussion, and with\\nthe enemy firing at him, he got the rammer in the\\nmuzzle and rammed out the shell. The men cheered\\nand the gun continued to do its duty. None of these\\nmen thought they had done anything unusual. When,\\na few minutes later, a shell crashed into the compart-\\nment just below them they laughed at the Spanish\\ngunner s aim.\\nMr. Graham photographed a man in the act of re-\\nplacing the flag at the masthead of the Brooklyn after\\nit had been shot away. The fire of the enemy was\\ndeadly all about him. He did his work completely\\namid the cheers of the crew and came down the mast.\\nAs he landed on the deck the correspondent asked his\\nname. He declined to give it and disappeared in the\\ncrowd.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMEltlCAX SOUUEIIS AM) SAILORS 165\\nA Clever luban The Daring Correspondents\\nLess assistance than expected was obtained from the\\nCubans; but many were daring and at least one of\\nthem showed that he had his wits with him as well.\\nShorty Gonzales was a Cuban scout carrying dis-\\npatches over the hills, through the enemy s country, on\\nmule-back, for American officers. Finding that he was\\ncertain to be captured by the Spaniards, he took from\\nhis pocket his rubber tobacco-pouch, put his dispatches\\nin it, and forced the whole thing down the mule s\\nthroat. The Spaniards searched him, found nothing,\\nconcluded that he was only an ordinary Cuban country-\\nman, and let him go. Shorty went on to his des-\\ntination, killed the mule, and delivered his papers. He\\ngot great credit for his heroism and his wit perhaps\\nthe mule ought to have some commendation too.\\nThe daring and endurance of the newspaper men\\nwere no less marked than those of the soldiers.\\nThe leading newspapers and magazines sent their\\ncorrespondents to the battle front. They were allowed\\nupon the war vessels, and they rented dispatch boats\\nand went everywhere in quest of news. No expense\\nwas spared. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were ex-\\npended in taking photographs and getting the latest\\nnews. Main- newspapers issued a dozen editions a\\nday and a few of them many more than that. The\\nyoung men who gathered the news at the scenes of con-\\nflict were not only accomplished writers but they were\\nheroic characters. They took their lives in their hands\\nto discharge their duty to their newspapers and the", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "166 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nClara Barton and the Red Cross\\npeople, no less than the sailors and the troops did.\\nThey freely assumed all the hazards of the dangerous\\nservice. They were frequently under fire and several\\nof them were severely wounded. Without rest, with-\\nout comforts, without fear, they reported the dreadful\\nscenes of war more thoroughly and quickly than the\\nwork was ever done before.\\nThere were heroic women as well as heroic men in\\nthe service.\\nThe nurses of the Red Cross under the able lead of\\nMiss Clara Barton carried food, medicines, and deli-\\ncacies where the carnage was worst. In any event they\\nwould have been angels of mercy in perilous work;\\nbut, because of the weakness and demoralization in the\\nregular medical department, and on account of the rapid\\nadvance of fevers among the troops in Cuba, they were\\nalmost imperative to the saving of the army. Their\\npresence brightened the scenes of indescribable misery\\nwhich followed the fighting, and their aid to the sick\\nand wounded saved hundreds of lives. Opposed and\\nnot wanted at first by the medical department of the\\narmy, very soon, by their helpfulness and simple, direct\\nway of giving relief, they turned opposition into wel-\\ncome, and criticism into the most cordial cooperation.\\nThey came at the nick of time, and the military sur-\\ngeons admit the enormous value of their labor of love\\nfor the sick and wounded. It was a patriotic and\\nheroic service which the troops and the people will\\nalways hold in grateful memory.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "SriRIT OF AM ER R 1 N SOLDIERS AND SA ILORS 1 H7\\nThe President s Moral Courage and Wise Statesmanship\\nWhile it was the intention to point out in this\\nchapter only a few typical cases of great heroism in\\nthe face of personal danger, it is impossible to omit\\nthe name of President McKinley. Without encounter-\\ning the dancer of the battlefield, he exhibited moral\\nheroism which required even higher courage. A vet-\\neran of the Civil War, he knew and dreaded the hor-\\nrors of war. Of a kindly nature, he sympathized\\ndeeply with the Cubans. He hoped to avert war and\\nto remove the oppression through diplomacy. Yet if\\nwar were to come, he felt that it must be because the\\nsympathies and the conscience of the nation demanded\\nit. If we were to take the unprecedented step of com-\\nmencing a foreign war for the purpose of helping\\nothers, it must be the act of a united people. Diplo-\\nmacy failed, and then the sentiment of the country\\nunmistakably demanded that the Government should\\nuse force.\\nWhile he was holding back from the final act, he was\\naccused by the unthinking and radical newspapers as\\nlacking in decision. But all men afterwards compre-\\nhended that his seeming hesitation was the bravest and\\nwisest statesmanship, for he knew the need of delay.\\nEach day f waiting the people grew more united in\\nsupporting the war; every day of postponement made\\nthe army and navy more ready. Vet it required a\\nsupreme moral courage to withstand the reckless and\\noften insolent urgency of those who loudly demanded\\nan instant movement.\\nWhen the time for action came, the President was", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "168 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe President a Hero The People s War\\nthe center of control, and the invigorating force of all\\nacts of warfare. Events proved that while striving for\\npeace he was preparing for war. Throughout the\\nstruggle he was steady, patient, kindly, vigorous, and\\nunyielding, a truthful exemplification both of the\\nAmerican character and of the American feeling re-\\ngarding the war. Intensely patriotic, without an ill-\\ntimed partisanship, sorrowing with the distressed,\\nbelieving in the justice and appreciating the dignity of\\nour course, seeing the instant need of great energy\\nand of overwhelming force in action, he gave power to\\nthe arm of the nation and then tempered its blows with\\nmercy. He not only represented the best thought of\\nthe people of the United States, but he did it so wisely\\nand so effectively as to be entitled without dispute\\nto lead among the heroes.\\nIn a word, the war of the United States against\\nSpain was the war of the American citizen, breathing\\nthe spirit of his country, against a nation which once\\ndreamed of ruling the world, but which has held back\\nwith arrested progress for three hundred years, while\\nthe neighboring nations have been advancing. It was\\nmade by a people filled with human sympathy and the\\nspirit of progress, against a people characterized by an\\nincorrigible hardness of heart and a persistent rapacity\\nwhich have proved their ruin. The war would not have\\nbeen made if Spain s atrocities had not been perpetrated\\nupon a weak people at our very doors. The crimes\\nat last became intolerable to a nation of freemen.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "SPIRIT OF AMERli .l.V SOLDIERS AND SAILORS 169\\nThe Fury of a Just Indignation not Understood l.y Spain\\nWhen the indignation of the people forced the Gov-\\nernment of the United States into a foreign war, the\\npeople were ready to fight it out, regardless of cost in\\ntreasure or blood, to the bitter end. They offered\\nthemselves for service in the army and navy in hun-\\ndreds of thousands. When they went into battle it\\nwas with a fury that was terrible.\\nRighteous indignation, in a just cause, has made the\\nhardest fighters and the most sympathetic conquerors\\nin all history. Spain was incapable of understanding\\neither the force with which we gave her battle or the\\nkindness with which we treated her defeated armies.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "170 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Peace Commission The Meeting in Paris\\nCHAPTER XII\\nThe Results\\nTHE Peace Commission met in Paris at the begin-\\nning of October. The American Commissioners\\nwere the Hon. William O. Day, of Ohio, who had just\\nresigned the office of Secretary of State Senator Cush-\\nman K. Davis, of Minnesota, Chairman of the Com-\\nmittee on Foreign Affairs in the Senate; Senator\\nWilliam P. Frye, of Maine; Senator George Gray, of\\nDelaware; and the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, of New\\nYork.\\nSpain was represented by an equal number of emi-\\nnent statesmen. The proceedings of this Commission\\nwere marked with a distinguished dignity and courtesy.\\nThe basis of the deliberations was the protocol of\\npeace, which was given on pages 145, 146. The Span-\\niards, however, prolonged the discussions from day to\\nday by raising objections, and by trying to prove by\\nancient precedents that the American demands were\\nunusual; they also sought to induce other powers to\\nexert diplomatic influence upon the Americans to\\nswerve them from their purpose. But our Commission-\\ners had definite instructions and they followed them\\nwithout deviation they were courteous but firm.\\nThis straightforward American diplomacy was a sur-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Tin: RESULTS 171\\nird American Diplom Substance of the Tn\\nprise both to the Spaniards and to other European\\ndiplomatists, who were not accustomed to the simple\\nand direct methods of the Americans in saying pre-\\ncisely what they meant and holding to it. Finally,\\nafter many weeks of discussion, a treaty of peace was\\narranged, which received the signatures of all the Com-\\nmissioners.\\nThis treaty, which was then carried back to the two\\nrespective Governments for ratification, was in brief as\\nfollows\\nSpain relinquished all title and sovereignty to Cuba.\\nSpain ceded to the United States Puerto Rico and\\nother Spanish possessions in the West Indies, except-\\ning Cuba, together with the island of Guam in the\\nLadrones.\\nSpain ceded the Philippines to the United States on\\nthe payment of $20,000,000 by our Government, as in-\\ndemnity for actual improvements.\\nSpain agreed to release prisoners held for political\\noffenses in Cuba and in the Philippines.\\nSpain agreed to guarantee religious freedom in the\\nCaroline Islands, assuring the rights of American mis-\\nsionaries there.\\nThe United States agreed to send the Spanish\\ntroops, who were evacuating the Philippines, back to\\nSpain.\\nThe United States pledged to preserve order in the\\nPhilippines pending the ratification of the treaty.\\nBoth Governments agreed to release all military\\nprisoners and to relinquish indemnity claims.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "172 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSpanish Disappointment Justice of American Demands\\nCertain proposals by the United States as to the\\nacquisition of territory in the Caroline Islands were\\nleft for future negotiations, after friendly relations\\nhad been resumed.\\nThe United States agreed to inaugurate in the Phil-\\nippines a generous commercial policy towards Spain.\\nThese were the chief provisions. There were no\\ndemands made by the Americans which were not\\nclearly defined or involved in the protocol, to which\\nboth Governments had previously agreed yet the\\nSpaniards had allowed themselves to hope that easier\\nterms might be obtained through personal influence\\nand arguments, and were accordingly disappointed at\\nthe firmness of the Americans.\\nBut when the cause and purpose of the war and its\\naccomplishment are fully held in mind, the demands\\nof the United States seem neither large nor unjust.\\nThe United States commenced war to liberate Cuba.\\nThe serious and unprecedented step was taken because\\nof the natural sympathy of a free people with neighbors\\nstruggling for liberty. That sympathy was stronger\\nbecause of the character Spain had borne among the\\nnations. Yet no nation before had ever gone to war for\\nthe sole purpose of helping another people so there\\nwere both deliberation and hesitation. The destruc-\\ntion of an American battleship, on a visit of peace,\\ncausing the death of more than two hundred and fifty\\nAmerican sailors, in the harbor of a people believed to\\nbe capable of treachery, was a definite summons to the\\nnation to investigate seriously the whole situation at", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Four Commanders Who Fought Cervera s Fleet.\\nCaptain Philip, of the Texas.\\nCap he low. i.\\nCaptain Clark, f the tregon.\\nLieut.-Com. Wainwright, of the Gloucester.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "THE RESULTS 173\\nReview f the Reasons foi War Effects of a United Sentiment\\nonce, to learn all the facts, and to demand that what\\nwas right should be done.\\nOn investigation it was learned that proceedings\\nhardly less merciless than those practiced by the Duke\\nof Alva in the Netherlands in the sixteenth century\\nwere in truth going on at our very doors. They were\\nbeing perpetrated by the same nation and for the same\\npurpose now as then. A self-respecting people could\\nnot permit these things in its presence, any more than\\na man of honor can see a ruffian strike a woman with-\\nout interposing. Protests were made, but without\\navail. Indignation finally outran diplomacy. The\\nimpulse to war was so general that, notwithstanding\\nthe fact that it was deplored by all and opposed by\\nmany, it was really a national feeling, and once aroused\\nit could not be stemmed the declaration of war was\\ndeliberate; the solemn act of war rested upon a sense\\nof duty and of righteousness. The amazing results\\nof the war surprise none more than ourselves, and are\\ncertain to be very far-reaching.\\nNo one doubted our power to drive Spain out of\\nCuba; but the rapidity and the completeness with\\nwhich it was done astonished the world. If there was\\nsome halting of sentiment in the country about com-\\nmencing the war, there was none about prosecuting it.\\nThe spirit of the whole nation was united, without re-\\ngard to party, and in three months we had broken the\\npower of Spain in the West Indies and had island\\nempires in both oc upon our hands, with claims\\nupon our generosity and our sense of right.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "174 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe Enormous Cost of War Some Items of Expense\\nWealth and resources are prodigious elements in\\nmodern warfare. There was no uncertainty about\\ngetting money the only question was about spending\\nit to the best advantage, and soon enough to satisfy the\\npeople. On the day of the declaration of war, the cash\\nbalance in the Treasury of the United States was $224,\\n541,637. The States were ready with their treasuries.\\nThe people were anxious to loan the Government\\nthousands of millions at a low rate of interest. The\\nonly regret was that we had not expended more for the\\nequipment of the army and navy and done it earlier.\\nThe cost of warfare is enormous. A few items are\\nsuggestive. The cost of the battleship Oregon was\\n$3,791,777. The Secretary of the Navy has said that\\nthe cost of supplying our warships with one full equip-\\nment of ammunition was $6,500,000. The coal bill of\\nAdmiral Dewey for the month of April was $81,872.91,\\nand when he entered the harbor of Manila his vessels\\ncarried powder and shot and shell costing more than\\n$1,000,000. Every time his ships completed the circle\\nin the famous battle they fired ammunition costing\\nover $100,000. The cost of a thirteen-inch gun is over\\n$80,000. During the war the Government rented four\\ngreat ocean-liners at $10,000 per day. These amounts\\nare only random instances of the unusual expenses of\\nwar; the aggregate is startling. The Government\\nactually paid out an average of $861,000 on account of\\nthe war each day of its continuance, and resulting\\nclaims will continue to accrue for fifty years.\\nThe nations of Europe were impressed by the prompt-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "rilK i:i:sults 175\\nWiser Views about Preparedness Surprises as to our Fighting Quality\\nness of our financial support of the war. Americans,\\nhowever, had their eyes opened to the danger of un-\\nreadiness and were annoyed that so much of the\\npreparation had to be made after the outbreak. They\\nwere mortified at the inefficiency of the supply and\\nmedical departments of the army, and there was a wide\\ndemand that there should be a reorganization of the\\narmy; that it should not only be enlarged, but that\\nprofessional soldiers rather than politicians should ad-\\nminister its affairs, and that military and technical\\nschools should be more generously supported.\\nOne of the surprises of the war, to other nations, was\\nthe competency of our professional officers and the\\nspirit of our soldiers and sailors. The accuracy of our\\ngunners, and the tremendous effectiveness of our battle-\\nships were marvels to them, for they had no idea either\\nof the native ingenuity of our people or of the telling\\neffect which our technical schools are having upon\\nnational skill. The enthusiastic bravery of our soldiers\\nalso, which was no surprise to us, seems to have been\\nunexpected by those peoples who do not read history,\\nor else do not comprehend the qualities of the Anglo-\\nSaxon race, qualities which are stimulated further by\\nthe peculiar conditions of American life. It was known\\nto Americans that the Spaniards were fighters; but\\nthey did not seem to believe that we were. They were\\nsurprised that our battleships and even our converted\\npleasure yachts fought at close quarters with a fury they\\nhad never considered possible in battle, and that our sol-\\ndiers crawled nearer to them after every deadly volley.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "176 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nSmallness of Aid from Cubans We Expected too Much\\nAnother of the surprises of the conflict was that in\\nthe campaign in Cuba we had so little aid from the\\nCubans. It must be allowed that they made very\\nweak allies. But they were of another race and the\\ngreater part of them were unable to understand the\\nsteady nerve and the businesslike habits of their Ameri-\\ncan rescuers. The systematic way in which they have\\nbeen deceived and robbed, in which their homes have\\nbeen laid waste, and their wives and children starved\\nby the Spanish Government has had its unhappy in-\\nfluence upon their lives. They were not without\\ncourage, for they had defied a Spanish army of two\\nhundred thousand men for several years but they\\nwere not in the same class with the American soldiers.\\nThey could deliver a harassing blow and then get out\\nof the way, but they could not advance and continue\\nto advance upon intrenchments in the face of inevitable\\nslaughter.\\nBut we had expected too much. In stature, in\\nqualities which make for manhood, in military equip-\\nment, and in general effectiveness their unorganized\\nforces seemed mean in comparison with American regi-\\nments. But we are to remember also that if this had\\nnot been so, they would hardly have needed our help.\\nThat they were worthy of freedom there is no question,\\nfor they have suffered in fighting for it more than any\\nother modern people; and that they eventually will\\nprofit by it there is every reason to hope. But one of\\nthe results of the war is the insight we have gained as\\nto their real qualities, their still undeveloped capaci-", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Tin: i:i:sults 17\\nUnion .f North and South Better Relations with Great Britain\\ntics for self-government, and the kind of treatment\\nthey require.\\nOne of the happy consequences of the war is the ex-\\ntent to which it developed a new spirit of union among\\nthe American people, as nothing else has done since\\nthe commencement of the bitter sectional contest over\\nslavery. When the call came for a warlike patriotism\\nand an unbroken front against a foreign foe, the old\\ndifferences between the North and the South seemed\\nto disappear men who had waged deadly battle against\\neach other in the last generation fought side by side\\nwith enthusiastic, fraternal regard. In stopping op-\\npression and in helping others toward freedom, they\\ngained new attachments for each other and new devo-\\ntion to their common country.\\nOne of the most gratifying and unexpected effects\\nof the war has been an improved relation with Great\\nBritain. British statesmen were outspoken in their\\ncommendation of our course, and the British Govern-\\nment went as far as a neutral power could in giving us\\nevery practicable encouragement. More important\\nthan that was the fact that the people of the two\\ncountries evidently found a new liking for each other.\\nThe mother country rejoiced in our victories, for we\\nare of one blood, and she felt as if they were her own\\nshe also seemed delighted at our departure from the\\nold policy of isolation and our beginning to reach out\\nto bear a hand in the affairs of the whole world. We\\non our part, warmed by this earnest friendliness and\\nappreciation, began to see that our earlier enmities", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "178 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nAnglo-Saxon Unity of Spirit Our Entrance into Wider Relations\\ntoward her, though natural once, had been cherished\\ntoo long. Both nations came to perceive how much\\nmore there was in their common blood, language, tradi-\\ntions, tendencies, and beliefs to draw them together\\nthan there was in their old differences to divide them\\nboth appeared to have much pleasure in realizing how\\nmuch they might do, by acting together, to make the\\nfreedom, the justice, and the invigorating influences\\nof the Anglo-Saxon race dominant throughout the\\nwhole earth.\\nDoubtless the most notable result of the course of\\nthe United States was this entrance, unintentionally,\\ninto the affairs of the Old World, through the unex-\\npected acquisition of the Philippine Islands with their\\nseven millions of people. The effect of our presence\\nupon the resources and the development of those unde-\\nveloped islands must be very great, but it will be no\\nless marked upon the national life of the United States\\nand our relations with other nations and the common\\nlife of the world.\\nThe words of the declaration of war clearly asserted\\nthe purpose of the United States to drive the power of\\nSpain out of Cuba, to restore peace to the island, and\\nthen leave it to her people to establish a government\\nof their own. It was our compassion for their suffer-\\nings, more than our faith in their political capacities,\\nthat impelled us.\\nAt the time of the declaration of war, nothing\\nmore was thought of than to expel their oppressors and\\nthen to let them start for themselves. But later and", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE RESULTS 179\\nCuban Self- lovernment Our I )my t luba\\nbetter knowledge of the Cubans raises a very serious\\ndoubt about their being as yet properly qualified for\\nself-government, or being able to maintain a stable\\ngovernment among themselves. We have taken the\\nresponsibility of freeing them from Spain we are equal\\nto the responsibility of deciding whether they are ca-\\npable of governing themselves. If they can maintain\\ngovernment as we understand the term, that is, if\\nthey can give security to persons and property, assure\\nreligious toleration, and guarantee freedom of thought\\nand expression, our specific obligations to them are at\\nan end if not, then we shall have to continue to regard\\nourselves as their guardians. We are bound to accom-\\nplish what we undertook. We not only undertook to\\nexpel Spain, but also to see that a furl opportunity for\\nself-srovernment was assured. We are not to allow\\nSpain to return, or another power to set up monarchi-\\ncal rule at our door; nor can we permit anarchy.\\nNo question, however, about annexing Cuba or ab-\\nsorbing her people into our citizenship is yet to be met.\\nThat is not to be done except by the will of the Cuban\\npeople acting through a government of their own, or\\nthrough a general election by citizens who can vote\\nwith reasonable intelligence.\\nNor is it to be done even then, unless the Gov-\\nernment of the United States thinks it well. Until\\nCuba can set up a government of her own, we are\\nbound to protect her, and, so far as we can, to send to\\nher schools and missionaries, books and newspapers,\\nand the other instrumentalities of moral and intellectual", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "180 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nPuerto Rico The Philippine Question\\nprogress, so that her people may develop to the point\\nwhere they can manage their own affairs.\\nPuerto Rico and the islands of the Philippine Archi-\\npelago, with two or three others, have been acquired\\nby cession in the treaty of peace. The taking of Puerto\\nRico was expected and was settled by the protocol\\nagreed to by the two nations at the time of the ending\\nof hostilities in August. The holding of the Philip-\\npines was a later matter about which there was differ-\\nence of opinion in the United States, although it\\nseemed to be desired by the more general sentiment\\nof the country.\\nThe capital of the Philippine Islands fell into the\\nhands of the armed forces of the United States by an\\nact of war. The capture of a seat of government has\\nspecial significance in international law it is considered\\nto carry with it the territory of which it is the capital\\ncity. Military occupation of the capital is deemed to\\nbe military occupation of the whole country. In this\\ncase it was clearly evident that Spanish government in\\nthe whole archipelago of twelve hundred islands was at\\nan end unless restored by the act of the United States.\\nSuch an act would have been clearly unjust to the\\nheavily oppressed natives.\\nThere were not a few Americans who thought it un-\\nwise and improper to hold the islands, because, as they\\nsaid, they did not belong to us; their people were in-\\ncapable of self-government and could not assimilate\\nwith us; we could not govern them without great ex-\\npense and without bringing corrupt influences into our", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE RESULTS 181\\nA Proper Indemnity Commercial Importance of the I lands\\nown affairs; and also because their possession would be\\nin violation of the Constitution and plan of our govern-\\nment, and would inevitably involve us in turmoil with\\nthose European nations which are trying to increase\\ntheir territory by taking new lands in the far East.\\nThe reasons advanced by people of a different view,\\nwho insisted upon holding the islands, were as follows:\\ni. That they were but a proper indemnity for the\\ncost of the war, and that by universal usage the de-\\nfeated nation must make the expense good. At the\\nclose of the last war between France and Germany, the\\nformer was required to cede provinces and also to pay\\n$i, 000,000,000. After the war between China and\\nJapan, the former had to give up Formosa and pay an\\nindemnity of $i6S,00O,0O0. When the short but fierce\\nwar between Greece and Turkey had ended, the Turk-\\nish frontier was extended and Greece was made to pay\\n$20,000,000. But Spain had no money to pay. It\\nwas argued, accordingly, that the retention of the\\ngroup was but right, and that the giving of $20,000,-\\n000 to Spain for any permanent improvements she had\\nmade there was an act of unprecedented generosity.\\n2. That the islands were commercially important;\\nwere rich in undeveloped resources; that we would\\ndevelop them while Spain would not; that they were\\nupon the natural highways of trade from our Pacific\\nseaports to those of China and Japan, and thus would\\nbe a place of rendezvous for American merchants in\\nthe development of trade with those countries.\\n3. That they were necessary for military purposes:", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "182 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nBeneficent Results of American Control Destiny of our Race\\nthat we must enlarge our power upon the seas, and pos-\\nsession of them would aid us in doing it.\\n4. That it would open the way for the evangelisation\\nof their pagan people. Only one church was operating\\nthere, and the general missionaries had less opportu-\\nnities than in China or Japan or even in Africa. The\\nGospel should be preached by representatives of all\\nthe denominations, and religious liberty must be en-\\nforced. This could be assured only by the United\\nStates.\\n5. That unless the American occupancy was made\\npermanent, civil turmoil would continue. Spain could\\nnot govern them even if the United States withdrew.\\nConditions as bad as those which we commenced the\\nwar to relieve in Cuba would ensue.\\n6. That the Governments of Europe looked favorably\\nupon our holding them, and that the Government and\\npeople of Great Britain desired it that we could not\\ndo less without disappointing the expectations of the\\nforemost nations of the world.\\n7. That we were bound to establish free institutions\\nwhere American soldiers had, against armed resistance,\\ncarried the American flag that having the opportunity\\nwe must carry the means of intellectual and moral\\nprogress to the millions of Filipinos; that it is the\\nhabit and the business of the Anglo-Saxon race to ad-\\nvance and aggressively exert its mighty influence in\\naid of mankind and in shaping the destiny of the world.\\n8. That the time had come when our national in-\\nterests required that we should take our place among", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE RESULTS\\nThe Manly Course The Consent f the Governed\\nthe nations and assume our part in managing the affairs\\nof the whole world that by so doing the world s respect\\nfor us would be enlarged and the good influences of\\ndemocratic government be increased that we were\\nabundantly able to do all this, and should suffer if we\\nhesitated that the way would be made clear to us if we\\nadvanced, and that added strength would come to us\\nif we obeyed the impulses of our Saxon, Dutch, and\\nNorman blood and went manfully forward.\\nThese are- the considerations which led our Adminis-\\ntration, following the public wish, to demand the\\nPhilippine Islands, and which led the Senate to ratify\\nthe treaty.\\nThe consent of the governed is always a matter\\nof prime importance with Americans, and so, some\\nraised the question whether we had a moral right to\\nset up our own rule over the Philippines when the\\nnatives had not given their consent. If the great body\\nof these natives were capable of giving their consent\\nor their refusal they should assuredly have been asked\\nto express their wish. But the great mass of them are\\nmore ignorant than the Chinese and unlike the\\nChinese or the Siamese they have no national life\\nwhich binds them together. For hundreds of years\\nthey have had only the government of Spain, and\\nconsequently have no bond of nationality. Aguinaldo\\nand his army were the representatives of only a small\\nportion of the people. Of the more intelligent Fili-\\npinos there was a large party against him and his\\nassumptions. There were millions on the islands who", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "184 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nAguinaldo or the United States Sincerity of Purpose\\nhad never heard of him. He and his army therefore\\ncould not be taken as expressing the wish of the\\nnatives, or even of a considerable number of them.\\nThus Aguinaldo s claim did not rest on the consent of\\nthe governed.\\nOn the other hand, as between the Americans rule\\nand that of Aguinaldo, there could be no question\\nwhich would more surely and quickly lift the ignorant\\nnatives to a state of civilization where they could intel-\\nligently choose their form of government. Conse-\\nquently, for the sake of the greatest liberty to the\\nnatives themselves, it seemed our duty to undertake\\nthe government.\\nIn the Philippine Islands, as in Cuba, the question\\nof citizenship is a remote one. The immediate ques-\\ntion is how best to carry to them the uplifting influ-\\nences of our national life, the means of intellectual\\nand moral advancement, the opportunities of liberty,\\nthe security and the penalties of justice.\\nWe maintain our rule over them only as a duty\\nand for their good. We are to act at once upon\\nthe lesson which England learned so well at the time\\nshe lost the best of her American colonies, and which\\nshe has since followed so precisely and so advan-\\ntageously that is, we are to govern them with even\\njustice and to protect them with jealous care. The\\nsincere purpose to promote their good must not be in\\ndoubt either here or there, or anywhere else in the\\nworld. It is our duty to help them forward to a self-\\ngovernment which is constitutional and secure. If we", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE RESULTS\\nL85\\nMeaning of the Ratification Our Own National Character\\ncan carry them to such a point as that, their govern-\\nment when established is more than likely to be of a\\nkind like our own, and their people to be worthy of\\nour fraternity and to desire it.\\nThe action of the United States Government in\\nratifying the treaty of peace, and in thus accepting\\nisland empires on both sides of the world, made the\\nlast act in the war with Spain consistent with the first,\\nand with every intervening act. It proclaimed more\\nthan peace with Spain it declared for the enlighten-\\nment of the millions oppressed by Spain, and for liberty\\nafter enlightenment; it pointed to stability of govern-\\nment and, as soon as may be, for self-government in\\nthe islands; it meant the throwing of our national\\nprotection over peoples who desire to be educated and\\nto direct their own affairs, and a guaranty that their\\ndesires shall be gratified. In other words, the ratifica-\\ntion of the treaty of peace, illumined as it was by the\\nutterances of the President and by prevailing public\\nopinion, indicated that the United States accepted\\ncourageously the unforeseen obligations which the war\\nhad thrown upon us.\\nFor the first time in our history we have become re-\\nsponsible for the self-government of peoples other than\\nourselves.\\nWe need apprehend no evil. If our impulses, in-\\nspired by our history, lead us to help other peoples,\\nwe may feel sure that they are right; if they impel\\nus to undertake new enterprises, which are consist-\\nent with the character and traditions of our race, we", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "186 THE RESCUE OF CUBA\\nThe War was a Rescue Assurance of its Great Results\\nmay well believe ourselves equal to them and go for-\\nward. In no other way shall we show so completely\\nthe value we set upon the great charters of English\\nliberty, or prove ourselves so worthy of the old Pilgrim\\nat Plymouth, the ragged Continental soldier at Valley\\nForge, the hardy pioneer making new States for us in\\nthe unbroken West, the citizen soldier at Gettysburg,\\nand the heroic men who gave overwhelming battle for\\nthe liberty of others at Manila and at Santiago.\\nThe war waged by the United States for the rescue\\nof Cuba was but a part of the world-wide contest for\\nfreedom. It was by no means an unimportant part.\\nThere was conscience in it which could do nothing but\\ngo forward there were heroes in it whose acts will add\\nluster to the pages of human history. In that it was\\nwaged not for gain nor revenge, not even for the rights\\nof our own citizens, but for the rights of others and\\nfor the sake of decency in the world, it was upon a dis-\\ntinctly higher plane than any previous national act of\\nwarfare. In its spirit, its scientific methods, its tre-\\nmendous force, and its quick accomplishments, it gave\\nus a new place among the nations of the earth. Yet\\nthe great event will not accomplish all it should if it does\\nnot give to us a new appreciation of the cost of free\\ninstitutions and a new sense of our relations to human\\nand progress, together with new wisdom, new purposes,\\nnew courage whereby to fill our place completely.\\nBut the spirit of the Republic will not permit even\\na partial failure in accomplishing these great ends.", "height": "2620", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "First Steps in the History\\nof Our Country.\\nBy WILLIAM A. MOWRY and ARTHUR MAY MOWRY.\\nTew books are so fascinating and stirring to boys and girls, either\\nin school or under the evening lamp at home, as First Steps in the\\nHistory of Our Country.\\nThe book consists of the personal narratives of 39 of the most dis-\\ntinguished Americans, from Columbus to Edison. Through the\\nstories of these leading personages the history of our country is woven.\\nThe personal narratives are told with all the spirit and bright interest\\nof an accomplished story-teller, and abound in anecdote and conver-\\nsation, and are equally readable both to children and adults.\\nWhen a young person finishes this book, he has gained a very fair\\nidea of what AMERICA stands for, and he has also gained a proud\\nidea of what it is to be an American citizen.\\nIt is also a most fair book. It gives both sides of disputed ques-\\ntions. Thus, it recognizes what Lord Baltimore did for religious\\ntoleration in Maryland as distinctly as it describes what Roger\\nWilliams did for religious liberty in Rhode Island. In its portrayal\\nof alhoun, Clay and Lee, it gives to the South as fair a showing as\\nthe North receives in the stories of Webster, Lincoln and Grant.\\nThe book is up-to-date in its recognition of the Spanish war,\\nwhich is treated in the interesting narrative of the beautiful work\\nby Clara Barton and the Red Cross Society.\\nThere is not a dull page in it. Though a history, it reads more\\nlike a romance. The dullest child who once begins to read this book\\nwill not want to lay it down until it is finished.\\nAs a school text-book for elementary grades, or for supplementary\\nreading, or as a book for a child s library, it leads all others.\\nJ20 Pages. 21J Illustrations. Retail price, 75 cents.\\nintroductory price to Schools, send for Circular.)\\nIt starts out with the idea that the main thin,- that t nc child needs.\\nt aroused in detailed history, is to get l ir,t\\na succession of powerful impn t what the course ol American life\\nfor the last four ccntur it i, the lis which\\narc thrown up, and it is a 1 that\\nI the color and connects th I\\ninstitution is but the lengthened shadow of a m ac of\\nthe ini] :s delightful little 1\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers.\\nBoston. New Y. rk. Chic:u", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "Historic Pilgrimages in\\nNew England.\\nBy Edwin M. Bacon.\\nThis is the vivid story of early New England, told\\nwhile standing upon the very spots where the stirring\\nColonial drama was enacted. The famous places where\\nthe Puritans and Pilgrims planted their first homes, the\\nancient buildings, and the monuments to the wise and\\ndauntless founders of the great Commonwealth are\\nvisited, and, while in the atmosphere of the associations,\\nthe thrilling narrative of the past is recounted.\\nThe connecting thread is the summer pilgrimage which\\na thoughtful young fellow from a western college makes\\nto the country of his ancestors. He is accompanied by\\nhis father s friend, who talks entertainingly about the\\nmemorable facts which the hallowed soil suggests.\\nThe boy s earnest curiosity stands for the interest\\nwhich some millions of others feel in the same events\\nand personalities and shrines.\\nOf all the books which describe that country and set\\nforth the significance of the deeds done there, from the\\nlanding of the Pilgrims to the first blow of the Revolution,\\nthis new volume combines, perhaps, the most that is\\nof interest to lovers of Yankee-land. It is accurate. It\\nabounds in facts hitherto unpublished. It gives snatches\\nfrom early diaries and documents. Disputed stories are\\nsifted until the fabulous elements are cut out.\\nThe style is graphic from start to finish even statis-\\ntics are made picturesque.\\n4J5 Pages, iji Illustrations. Uncut edges. Retail Juice, $/.jo.\\n(For introductory price of School Edition send for Circular.)\\nFor School Libraries and Reading Circles, this book appeals to a deep\\nand constant taste. For Supplementary Reading in the higher grades\\nit is a mine of interest and delightful instructiveness.\\nHistoric Pilgrimages abundantly justifies its double purpose of\\nserving both the student s needs of a graphic summary of the history\\nof Massachusetts Bay, and the stranger-visitor s need of a preparation\\nfor, and a pleasant keepsake of, his journeyings. Boston Journal.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nBoston. New York. Chicago.", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "The Old Northwest,\\nor,\\nThe Beginnings of Our Colonial System.\\nBy B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D.,\\nUniversity of Michigan.\\nThe Old Northwest is almost as distinctive a term\\nin the history of our country as New England or\\nThe South. It is the title of the original public\\ndomain. Out of this first Territory recognized by Con-\\ngress, were carved the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,\\nMm higan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.\\nNo one can really understand the history of the\\nUnited States who has not carefully studied the growth\\nof this important section. Dr. Hinsdale portrays those\\nfeatures which make it a historical unit. By quotations\\nfrom original documents, by exhaustive investigation of\\ndata, he has uncovered the sources of the history of the\\nformative period of this most characteristic locality.\\nNo other single volume so covers it.\\nScholarly in method, luminous in style, illustrated\\nwith plates, this masterly book is a necessity to every\\nstudent of American history. Its narrative is also of\\npractical interest to the residents of the modern States\\nwhich have sprung, with similar traits, from the Old\\nNorthwest.\\nNew edition, revised, Sro, 420 pages, cloth.\\nR S -oo.\\nOne of the m^st valuable additii ns to American history that has\\nrecently been made. v Sun.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers.\\nBoston. w York. Chicago.", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "Songs of The Nation.\\nCompiled by Col. Charles W. Johnson.\\nThis is a book which is worthy of its title. No other\\nbook published meets so fully and with such fitness, the\\nobvious requirements of a volume of songs which can\\nproperly bear the broad title Songs of The Nation.\\nWith the new enthusiasm for country and flag, which\\nthe sweep of war has intensified, the desire for patriotic\\nsongs has deepened. Around the piano at home, in\\nsummer hotels, in societies and clubs, in students rooms,\\nand, most of all, in schools, there is wanted an adequate\\ncollection of general songs, broad and exalted in nature\\nand varied enough for many occasions.\\nPrecisely to meet this need is the aim of this volume.\\nIt is a superb collection which embodies the patriotic\\nsongs most in demand (25 of them), together with many\\nmore songs for anniversaries and occasions American\\nfolk-songs, a group of old religious favorites, the best\\ncollege songs, etc.\\nThe distinguished compiler, Col. Charles W. Johnson,\\nwho for ten years was chief clerk of the United States\\nSenate, has cast the book in conformity to a lofty ideal\\nand with regard to the versatility of public taste.\\nThe introductory chapter on music in public schools,\\nby Mr. Leonard B. Marshall, Superintendent of Musical\\nInstruction of the Boston schools, will be of large prac-\\ntical value to all teachers of music.\\nThe book is of noble appearance, with large type and\\nheavy paper.\\n4to, 160 pages. Retail price, 75 cents.\\n(For introductory price to Schools said for special circular.)\\nAbove all the swarm of small and unsatisfactory collections of\\npatriotic songs The Songs of The Nation stands as the highest in\\ndegree, the widest in scope, and the most attractive in appearance. It is a\\nschool and college song book no less than a handy book for every home\\npiano. The Illustrated American.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nBoston. New York. Chicago.", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "The World and Its People.\\nA Series of Eight Geographical Readers,\\nCharmingly Illustrated, for Supplementary\\nWork in Schools, and tor the Interest of\\nthe Family at Home\\nUnder the Editorial Supervision of Larkin Dunton,\\nI.L.I Head Master of Boston Normal School.\\nIntroductory prices to\\nBook I. First Lessons .36 cts.\\n1 k II. Glimpses of the World 36 cts.\\nBook III. Our Own Country 50 cts.\\nBook IV. Our American Neighbors 60 cts.\\n1 ikV. Modern Europe 60 cts.\\n1 ik VI. Life in Asia 60 cts.\\nI OK VII. Views in Africa 72 cts.\\nBook VIII. Australia and the Islands of\\nthe Sea 68 cts.\\nThis series of fascinating hooks makes geography a\\nstudy of ahsorbing interest. The maps, the boundaries,\\nthe spots called cities, begin to be alive as the pupil\\nreads these graphic and ample des riptions of the coun-\\ntries of the world, their individual characteristics, their\\npeople s ways, behind the map he sees a real world,\\ntangible and bright-hued as his own surroundings.\\nThis circling picture of the world conies, not as a task,\\nbut as a wise direction of the home reading, in which all\\nthe family are often impelled to join.\\nf peculiar and timely interest just now is B ok V 1 1 I\\nwhich vividly de mong the Eslands of the\\nnew possi over whi h our gallant sail-\\nors and soldiers have raised the Stars and Strip\\nAustralia .mil the Inland* of the Sea 1 is nnc of thel\\nhelpful aids to il itudy. It presents such a wealth\\nmaterial and arranges it i\\ncult to pul 1 r\u00c2\u00ab I I\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nB st- n. New York. Chica{", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "JUL 18 1900", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "lilHRililllHIilUII\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n013 903 228 7", "height": "2770", "width": "1732", "jp2-path": "rescueofcubaepis00drap_0246.jp2"}}