{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3534", "width": "2431", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook.___\\nCop 7ighTN?__\\nCQEZRIGKT DEPOSa:", "height": "3449", "width": "2404", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2396", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2232", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "GEORGE WASHINGTON.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A HISTORY\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nBY\\nALLEN C. THOMAS, A.M.\\nProfessor of History in Haverford College, Pennsylvania\\nBOSTON, U.S.A.\\nD. C. HEATH CO., PUBLISHERS\\n1900", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe aim of this work is to give the main facts of the\\nhistory of the United States clearly, accurately, and im-\\npartially. In the belief that the importance of the events\\nwhich have occurred since the adoption of the Constitution\\nis becoming more and more recognized, much the greater\\npart of the book is devotad to the era beginning with 1789.\\nThe period of discovery and colonization, however, is treated\\nwith sufficient fulness to show clearly the origins of the\\npeople and of their institutions.\\nThroughout, special attention is given to the political,\\nsocial, and economic development of the nation. While the\\ndetails of battles are omitted, the importance of war periods\\nis not underestimated, but the stress is laid upon causes and\\nresults.\\nThe portraits are taken from authentic sources, and the\\nother illustrations are nearly all reproductions from contem-\\nj)orary prints. The courtesy of F. D. Stone of the Penn-\\nsylvania Historical Society, of Henry T. Coates, and of The\\nMagazine of American History Company, has permitted the\\nreproduction of some of these. To the kindness of Townsend\\nMacCoun the author is indebted for two of the maps. In-", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Vi PREFACE.\\ndebtedness to Professor A. B. Hart s excellent series of\\nEpoch Maps, published by Longmans Company, should\\nalso be acknowledged.\\nThe author is under obligations for valuable assistance to\\na number of teachers and others, among them Watson W,\\nDewees of Westtown School, Pennsylvania, and Sidney S,\\nRider of Providence, Rhode Island. To L. H. Jones, Super-\\nintendent of Schools of Indianapolis, Indiana, and W. A.\\nMowr}^, Superintendent of Schools, Salem, Massachusetts,\\nwho read the work in manuscript, special acknowledgments\\nshould be made.\\nHaverford, Pennsylvania, December, 1893.\\nPREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.\\nThe chief feature of the present edition is a new chapter\\nbringing the narrative to the close of the year 1899. The\\nbook has been carefully revised, errors, so far as discovered,\\nhave been corrected, and some changes have been made in\\nthe text for the sake of greater clearness and fulness. The\\nbibliography in Appendix XII. has been thoroughly revised\\nand enlarged.\\nJanuary, 1900.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nI, Discovery 1\\nII. Colonization .11\\nIII. English, French, and Indians 40\\nIV. Struggle for Colonial Empire 69\\nV. The English Colonies 80\\nVI. The Revolution 100\\nVII. The Confederation The Constitution 132\\nVIII. Organization of the New Government 144\\nIX. Experiments in Foreign and Domestic Policy 160\\nX. War with Great Britain 171\\nXI. The Thirty Years Peace 182\\nXII. The Thirty Years Peace {continued) 201\\nXIII. The Mexican War, and Slavery 236\\nXIV. Increase of Sectional Feeling 262\\nXV. Civil War 276\\nXVI. Civil War {continued) 310\\nXVII. Reconstruction 331\\nXVIII. The New Nation 344\\nXIX. Growth and Development 360\\nXX. Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions 399\\nXXI. Social Affairs Politics Diplomacy 411\\nXXII. The War avith Spain, and Territorial Expansion 419\\nvii", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Vlll\\nCONTENTS.\\nAPPENDICES.\\n1.\\nii.\\niii.\\niv.\\nV.\\nVll.\\nviii.\\nix.\\nX,\\nxi.\\nxii.\\nEacl\\nand\\nMayflower Compact\\nDeclaration of Independence\\nConstitution of the United States\\nAbraham Lincohi s Second Inaugural\\nDate of the Admission of the States, Square Miles in\\nPopulation in 1890, etc\\nGrowth of United States Population at Each Census, also the\\nUrban Population\\nPopulation of the Free and Slave States, 1790-1860\\nRepresentation in Congress from 1790 to 1893\\nList of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents\\nChief Dates in American History\\nTopical Analysis\\nList of Books for Teachers and Readers\\nPAGE\\niii\\niv\\nviii\\nXXV\\nXXIX\\nXXX\\nxxxi\\nxxxii\\nxxxiii\\nxxxix\\nliii\\nINDEX lix", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "LIST OF MAPS.\\nOPPOSITE PAGE\\n1. European Colonies about 1G50 27\\n2. French Explorations and Posts (colored) 53\\n3. Central North America, 1755 (colored) 78\\n4. Central North America, 1763 (colored) 78\\n5. The Revolution, Northern and Middle States Ill\\n0. The Revolution, Southern States 127\\n7. Land Claims of the Thirteen Original States (colored) 133\\n8. Maps for the War of 1812 175\\n9. The United States in 1825 (double page, colored) 196\\n10. Mexican AVar (in text) 239\\n11. Civil War, 1861-1865 (double page, colored) 282\\n12. Campaigns in Virginia (in text) 308\\n13. Territorial Growth of the United States (double page, colored) 338\\n14. The United States, 1893 (double page, colored) .394", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nWashington, after the Athenaeum portrait by Gilbert Stuart Frontispiece\\nOPPOSITE PAGE\\nChristopher Columbus the Ministry of Marine Portrait 4\\nWilliam Penn, after the only authentic portrait, in the possession of\\nthe Pennsylvania Historical Society 41\\nBenjamin Franklin, after a portrait by J. A. Duplessis .116\\nAlexander Hamilton, after a portrait by Trumbull 148\\nJohn Marshall, after a portrait by H. Inman 158\\nThomas Jefferson, after a portrait by Gilbert Stuart .165\\nAndrew Jackson 202\\nJohn C. Calhoun 206\\nDaniel Webster 216\\nHenry Clay 248\\nRobert E. Lee, after a photograph from life 290\\nAbraham Lincoln, after a photograph from life by Brady in 1865 326\\nUlysses S. Grant, after a photograph from life 345\\nX", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.\\nPAGE\\n1. An Indian Village, after a drawing by John White, 1585 3.\\n2. Ship of 1492, after a drawing of 1494 5\\n3. Amerigo Vespucci, after a portrait in possession of the Massachu-\\nsetts Historical Society 7\\n4. Sir Walter Ralegh, after the portrait at Longleat 9\\n5. Captain John Smith, from the portrait on his map of New Eng-\\nland, 1614 .13\\n6. A Puritan Gentleman, 1G20, from an old print 15\\n7. A Citizen of 1620, from an old print 16\\n8. Myles Standish s Kettle and Platter, after a drawing from the\\noriginals 17\\n9. John Endicott, after a portrait painted in 1665 18\\n10. Ship, from Lucini s map of Nuoua Belgia, 1631 19\\n11. Countrywoman of 1620, from Speed s map of England 20\\n12. A Puritan Gentleman, 1646, from Jeffrey s Dresses 21\\n13. Cecilius Calvert, after an engraved portrait in possession of Mary-\\nland Historical Society 25\\n14. James Edward Oglethorpe in 1785, after a print of the sketch from\\nlife by Ireland 33\\n15. New Amsterdam, from Van Der Donck s map of the New Nether-\\nlands, 1656 35\\n16. Peter Stuyvesant 36\\n17. Jacob Leisler s House 37\\n18. Belt of Wampum given to William Penn, after the original in pos-\\nsession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society 45\\nxi", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "xii ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPAGE\\n19. An Indian Chief, after the drawing by John White, 1585, in\\nHariot s Narrative 48\\n20. An Indian Woman, after a drawing by John White, 1585, in\\nHariot s Narrative 49\\n21. Myles Standish House, built 1656 51\\n22. Wliipping at the Cart s Tail, after a contemporary print of 1650 58\\n23. The Pillory, after a contemporary print of 1685 59\\n24. A Drunkard 60\\n25. A Pine-Tree Shilling 61\\n26. Colonial Flax- Wheel 62\\n27. Boston, Massachusetts, about 1660, from an old print 64\\n28. Stage Coach of 1731, from a print of 1731 65\\n29. Stamp of 1765, after a print in Independence Hall by F. M.\\nEtting 84\\n30. John Hancock s House, from a print 92\\n31. Carpenter s Hall, 1774, after an old print 97\\n32. Colonial Flag 104\\n33. Liberty Bell 106\\n34. Independence Hall, 1776, from an old print .107\\n35. Charles Thomson 107\\n36. Continental Currency, face, from an original bill facing 122\\n37. Continental Currency (back of No. 36) facing 122\\n38. Robert Morris (The National Portrait Gallery) .124\\n39. Celebration of the Adoption of the Constitution in New York,\\nfrom a contemporary print .139\\n40. Federal Hall, 1789, from Massachusetts Magazine, May, 1789 145\\n41. Eli Whitney, after a portrait by King 150\\n42. John Jay, 1786, from a portrait by Joseph Wright 153\\n43. John Adams (The National Portrait Gallery) 155\\n44. Robert Fulton 169\\n45. The Clermont^ after a contemporary print 170\\n46. James Madison 171 ^i\\n47. James Monroe, after a portrait by J. Vanderlyn 183 Tj\\n48. John Quincy Adams 193", "height": "3454", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nXlll\\nPAGE\\n49.\\nLafayette\\n195\\n50.\\nThe Savannah\\n210\\n5L\\nCoiiestoga Wagon, and a Stage- Coach\\n211\\n52.\\nJohn Ericsson\\n214\\n53.\\nMartin Van Buren\\n220\\n54.\\nWilliam Henry Harrison\\n225\\n55.\\nJohn Tyler\\n226\\n56.\\nSamuel F. B. Morse\\n220\\n57.\\nJames K. Polk\\n234\\n58.\\nZachary Taylor\\n247\\n59.\\nVoting-place in Kansas, 1855, after a photograph\\n261\\n60.\\nJames Buchanan\\n266\\n6L\\nAbraham Lincoln in 1860\\n269\\n62.\\nJefferson Davis in 1860\\n271\\n63.\\nWilliam H. Seward\\n274\\n64.\\nConfederate Flag\\n279\\n65.\\nStonewall Jackson\\n292\\n66.\\nWilliam T. Sherman\\n311\\n67.\\nAndrew Johnson\\n332\\n68.\\nHorace Greeley\\n.349\\n69.\\nRutherford B. Hayes\\n361\\n70.\\nJames A. Garfield\\n.366\\n7L\\nGeorge Peabody\\n372\\n72.\\nGrover Cleveland\\n375\\n73.\\nBenjamin Harrison\\n382\\n74.\\nFlag of the United States\\n384\\n75.\\nCentre of Population, 1890\\n389\\n76.\\nEdgar A. Poe\\n408\\n77.\\nHenry W. Longfellow\\n409\\n78.\\nNathaniel Hawthorne\\n409\\n79.\\nJohn G. Whittier\\n410\\n80.\\nAn Indian Chief\\n000\\n81.\\nWilliam McKinley\\n000", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nCHAPTER L\\nDISCOVERY.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. George Bancroft, History of the United States, i. 7-83; Rich-\\nard Hildreth, History of the United States, i. 35-98; Bryant and Gay, A\\nPopular History of the United States, i. 1-267, well illustrated T. W. Hig-\\nginson, A Larger History of the United States, pp. 1-107, finely illustrated;\\nJohn Fiske, The Discovery of America, 2 vols,, graphic and clear in style\\nJ. A. Doyle, History of the United States, pp. 1-40 Epochs of American\\nHistory, R. G. Thwaits, The Colonies, pp. 1-44 American History Series,\\nG. P. Fisher, The Colonial Era, pp. 1-29.\\nSpecial. For Geography and Physiography N. S. Shaler, The Physiog-\\nraphy of North America, in Winsor s Narrative and Critical History of Amer-\\nica, iv., pp. i.-xxx.; N. S. Shaler, The United States, vol. i., or his Story of\\nour Continent; J. D. Whitney, The United States, pp. 1-128.\\nFor Prehistoric America: J. W.Powell, The Forum, viii. 489; Winsor,\\nNarrative and Critical History of America, i. 329-444 Nadaillac, Prehistoric\\nAmerica American History Leaflets, No. 3, Extracts from the Sagas Old\\nSouth Leaflets, No. 31, The Voyages to Vinland.\\nFor the Indians F. Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, pp. 1-45, also Intro-\\nduction to his Jesuits in North America N. S. Shaler, Story of our Continent,\\nChap. iv. Winsor, Narrative and Critical ^istory of America, i. 283-316\\nH. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 1-28 J. W. Powell,\\nThe Forum, xv. 343 G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 86-136.\\nFor Columbus and the Period of Discovery C. K. Adams, Columbus,\\n(Makers of America Series); P. L. Ford, Writings of Columbus, N.Y. 1892\\nW. Irving, Life of Columbus Century Magazine, May and October, 1892,\\nillustrated; Harper s Magazine, October, 1892; Magazine of American His-\\ntory, vols, for 1892 Where did Columbus Land? Nineteenth Century,\\nOctober, 1892 Amerigo Vespucci, Harper s Magazine, May, 1892 Amer-\\n1", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nican History Leaflets, No. 1, Letter of Columbus; No. 9, Voyages of John\\nCabot; Old South Leaflets, No. 17, Verrazzano s Voyage, 1524; No. 20, Cor-\\nonado s Letter to Mendoza, 1540 No. 29, The Discovery of America No. 33,\\nColumbus s Letter to Sanches; No. 34, Americus Vespucius s Account of\\nhis First Voyage No. 35, Cortez s Account of the City of Mexico No. 36,\\nThe Death of De Soto No. 37, The Voyage of the Cabots. F. Tarducci,\\nJohn and Sebastian Cabot (translated from the Italian).\\n1. North America its Inhabitants. (1492.) Four hundred\\nyears ago the territory now known as the United States was\\na vast wilderness, occupied rather than settled by numerous\\ntribes of red men, or Indians, as they have since been called.\\nRoving from place to place in search of game upon which\\nthey chiefly depended for food, they seem to have made little\\nprogress toward civilization during the centuries of their\\noccupation of the land. They tilled a little land, but in a\\nrude way, raising tobacco and a few vegetables, and also maize.\\nOccasionally they built rude timber houses of one story, but\\nfor the most part they lived in rude huts, or in wigwams, a\\nkind of tent made by setting poles in the ground and bend-\\ning them over or bringing them together at the top, and\\ncovering the whole with skins or with mats. In the south-\\nwest the tribes were more civilized and built more substantial\\ndwellings. As the Indian men disdained to work, nearly all\\nthe manual labor fell upon the women.\\nIt is possible that this condition of the hunter stage re-\\nmaining so long unchanged was due in a great degree to the\\nabsence of native animals which could be domesticated, as\\nwas remarkably the case in the Mississippi valley and on the\\nAtlantic slope. The turkey is the only domestic animal\\nNorth America has furnished for though the horse existed\\nat one time in America, it was not known to the Indian.\\nFarther to the south, on the borders of Mexico and within\\nits bounds, and also in Central America, there were men\\nshowing a considerable degree of civilization, but with them", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS. 3\\nthe Indian of the central portions of the continent seems to\\nhave had little if any intercourse.\\nIn Ohio and in some of the western states many remains\\nin the form of mounds and enclosures have been found, and\\nthe implements and ornaments discovered in these have led\\nAN INDIAN VILLAGE.\\nsome to believe that a race superior to the Indians inhabited\\nthis continent centuries before its discovery by Europeans\\nbut recent investigations show that the Mound Builders, as\\nthey have been called, were probably Indians.\\n2. The Indians. (1492.) At the time of the discovery of\\nthe continent, the present territory of the United States was", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\noccupied by a race which has been divided into four principal\\ngroups based upon language\\n(1) The Algonkins, the most numerous, who held the\\nlarger part of the country from South Carolina and Tennessee\\nto the Great Lakes, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mis-\\nsissippi River. They were very rude and warlike.\\n(2) The Iroquois, who were chiefly found in what is now\\ncentral and western New York and in North Carolina. Those\\nin New York were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayu-\\ngas, and Senecas, and were known by the name of the Five\\nNations. When those who lived in North Carolina the\\nTuscaroras joined them in 1713, they were called the Six\\nNations. The Hurons, who lived near the lake of the same\\nname, though Iroquois, were hostile to the Five Nations.\\n(3) The Southern Indians, sometimes called the Muskogee\\nfamily, occupied the country south of the Algonkins. The\\nmost important of this group were the Creeks, Chickasaws,\\nChoctaws, and Seminoles. They were less savage than the\\nother groups and more readil}^ adopted the habits and cus-\\ntoms of civilization.\\n(4) The Sioux or Dakotas occupied the country along and\\nbeyond the Mississippi River, and were the wildest of all.\\n3. The Northmen. (900-1000.) There is but little doubt\\nthat, somewhere about the year 1000, Norwegian sailors, often\\ncalled Northmen, had extended their voyages from Iceland to\\nGreenland, and thence to Labrador possibly they may have\\nsailed along the coast of North America as far as Rhode\\nIsland, which some think is the Vinland of the old Sagas.\\nSome even think that traces of their settlements can still be\\nseen within the bounds of the present United States. Doubt-\\nless the news of their discovery was carried home but Nor-\\nway was an out-of-the-way country whose inhabitants were", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "COLUMBUS; AMERICA. 5\\ndreaded by the rest of Europe as freebooters, and their stories\\nwould hardly have been believed, even if carried to other\\nEuropeans. If these stories were known, they were forgotten,\\nand even in Norway the knowledge of the existence of a\\nwestern continent had faded away. It is also by no means\\nimprobable that French fishermen from Brittany had visited\\nthe Banks of Newfoundland and the island of the same name\\nbefore 1492.\\n4. Columbus Discovery of America. (1485-1492.) For\\ncenturies Europe had been supplied with silks, spices, and\\nluxuries generally, from India and\\nthe East. These had been brought\\nthrough Constantinople but when \u00c2\u00aeCt^|UC^\\nthat city fell before the semi-bar-\\nbarous Turks in 1453, a new route\\nto India seemed a necessity, and\\nmen tried to reach that country by\\nsailing south from the sti^its of\\nGibraltar. But Christopher Colum-\\nbus, a skilled navigator, a native of\\nGenoa, after much study and with\\nmuch experience in the designing\\nof maps, had come to the conclu-\\nsion that in order to reach India,\\nall that was necessary was to sail\\nwest from Europe. Without means to fit out an expedition\\nhimself, he tried in turn to induce the governments of Genoa,\\nPortugal, England, and Spain to aid him. He was unsuc-\\ncessful for a long time. One after another refused to assist\\nhim. Isabella, queen of Spain, alone, moved possibly by the\\nthought of benefiting the heathen, inclined to aid him but\\nit was not until seven tedious years of waiting had passed,\\nSHIP OF 1492!", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthat he was furnished with money to fit out three small\\nvessels for an apparently foolhardy expedition. The little\\nfleet sailed from Palos, Spain, August 3, 1492, and on the\\nmorning of October 12 land was discovered, an island of\\nthe Bahama group. This island he named San Salvador, the\\n12th of October bearing that name in the Roman calendar.^\\nThe account of the trials, the eventful voyage, and the\\nultimate success of Christopher Columbus must ever remain\\none of the most thrilling stories of history.\\nThe news of the discover}^ by Columbus created a great\\nstir on his return, and at once preparations were made, not\\nonly in Spain, but elsewhere, to send expeditions to the new\\ncountry which, then and for a long time, was believed by\\nmany to be a part of India. Hence the name by which the\\ninhabitants were called.\\nColumbus made three other voyages but though he vis-\\nited Central America, he never saw the continental part of\\nNorth America.\\n5. The Cabots; the Name of America. (1493-1507.) The\\nmaritime nations of Europe in the sixteenth century were\\nSpain, Portugal, France, and England, and all the early dis-\\ncoveries were made under the auspices of some one of these\\ncountries. The Spanish discoveries were south of Virginia\\nPortugal, by agreement with Spain, confined her attention to\\nAfrica, the East Indies, and Brazil France devoted most\\nof her energies to lands lying along the St. Lawrence, and to\\nAcadie, now Nova Scotia; while England, through John\\nCabot and his son Sebastian, had discovered the continent\\nof North America in 1497 and in a subsequent voyage\\nSebastian Cabot sailed along the whole coast from Cape\\n1 This island was probably that now known as Watling s Island. October\\n12 old style, October 21 according to present reckoning.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE NAME OF AMERICA. 7\\nBreton to Albemarle Sound, claiming it for the English\\nking.i\\nAmerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, but residing in Spain,\\nbetween 1499 and 1503 made four voyages to South Amer-\\nica. In 1504 an account of\\nhis voyages was printed and\\nin 1507 Waldseemiiller, a Ger-\\nman, a teacher of geography in\\nFrance, who had been much\\ninterested in the accounts of\\nVespucci, printed a small book\\nin Latin, with the title, An\\nIntroduction to Geography, in\\nwhich occurs this sentence\\nAnd the fourth part of the\\nworld having been discovered\\nby Amerigo or Americus, we\\nmay call it Amerige or Amer-\\nica. This name, which at first\\nwas applied to South America onl}^, was soon extended to\\nboth continents but there is nothing to show that Vespucci\\ndid anything personally to gain this honor.\\n6. Further Discoveries the Pacific Balboa Magellan De\\nSoto. (1512-1542.) In 1513 Ponce de Leon sailed on a\\nvoyage of discovery from Porto Rico, and on Maich 27\\n(Easter Sunday) discovered the shore of a country which he\\ncalled Florida, from the Spanish name of the day, Paseua\\nFlorida (the feast of flowers). In 1513 Balboa, crossing the\\nIsthmus of Darien, was the first European to see the Pacific,\\nAMERIGO VESPUCCI.\\n1 The Cabots were natives of Venice, but lived at Bristol, England. John\\nCabot appears to have been the moving spirit, but his son has received the\\nglory. The accounts of the Cabots explorations are short and unsatisfactory.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwhich he called the South Sea. Descending from the\\nheight from which he first saw the ocean, he rushed into\\nthe water, with drawn sword, claiming it for his sovereign,\\nthe king of Spain. These adventurers were both Spaniards.\\nUnder the auspices of Spain, Magellan (in Portuguese Magal-\\nhaens) first discovered the true geographical character of the\\nnew world. Sailing from Spain in 1519, he coasted along\\nthe eastern shores of South America, and reaching the straits\\nwhich now bear his name, he sailed through them and con-\\ntinued his voyage some distance up the western coast, and then\\nboldly turned west across the ocean, which, from its peaceful\\ncharacter, he had alread}^ called the Pacific. Five vessels and\\ntwo hundred and fifty-four men started out on this voyage,\\nbut only one vessel and fifteen men reached Spain (1522)\\nMagellan was killed by the natives at the Philippine Islands.\\nThis Avas the first circumnavigation of the world.\\nCortez, in 1519, landed in Mexico, and within two years\\nconquered it for Spain. De Soto, a Spaniard, in 1539, sailed\\nfrom Cuba, and, landing at Tampa Bay on the west coast of\\nFlorida, set out on an overland expedition mainly in search\\nfor gold. The explorers wandered about for two years, and\\nat last, after many privations, in the spring of 1541 reached\\nthe Mississippi River, then for the first time seen by white\\nmen. In 1542 De Soto died, and through fear of the Ind-\\nians his body was buried at midnight in the waters of the\\ngreat stream which he discovered. His companions finally\\nreached the Spanish settlement in Mexico.\\n7. English Attempts at Colonization Sir Walter Ralegh.\\n(1576-1602.) The men of that day were so full of the idea\\nof getting to India, or were so much taken up with affairs\\nat liome, that it was long before definite plans of coloniza-\\ntion were tliought of. It was not until 1576 that Martin", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SIR WALTER RALEGH.\\nFrobisher, an Englishman, attempted to make a settlement on\\nthe coast of Labrador. This enterprise was a failure, as was\\nalso a similar expedition in 1578 under Sir Humphrey Gil-\\nbert, who was not disheartened, but made a second attempt,\\nin which he lost his life, in 1583. In 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh,\\na half-brother of Gilbert, sent out an exploring expedition,\\nthe vessels of which sailed\\nalong the coast of what is\\nnow North Carolina. Glow-\\ning accounts were brought\\nback; Ralegh called the\\ncountry Virginia in honor\\nof Elizabeth, his virgin\\nqueen, and made prepara-\\ntions to send out a colony,\\nwhich was sent in 1585.\\nNeither knowing how to\\nprepare themselves for\\nsuch a life nor how to\\nutilize the resources of the\\ncountry, these colonists\\nsettled on Roanoke Island,\\noff the coast of North Car-\\nolina, and almost suffered\\ndeath from want before a\\nship arrived to look after\\nthem. They all returned\\nto England but Ralegh, not discouraged, sent out another\\ncolony in 1587 to the same place. When an expedition\\nvisited the site three years afterward, all the colonists had\\ndisappeared, and with them Virginia Dare, the first child\\nborn in America of English parents. It has never been cer-\\ntainly discovered what became of them, though recent re-\\nSIR WALTER RALEGH.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nsearches indicate that the few survivors joined a neighboring\\ntribe of Indians, intermarrying with them. In 1602 Barthol-\\nomew Gosnold attempted to make a settlement on Cutty-\\nhunk, an island in Buzzards Bay, in Massachusetts, but it\\nwas unsuccessful. So, though more than a century had\\npassed since the discovery of America, there was not a\\nsingle English colony on the American coast.\\n8. French and Spanish Attempts at Colonization. (1540-\\n1605.) The English were not alone in their failures;\\nFrance had made various attempts at colonization also, at\\nwhat was afterwards Quebec (1540) at Port Royal, South\\nCarolina (15(32); and near St. Augustine, Florida (1564).\\nSpain had been more successful at St. Augustine (1565), and\\nat Santa F^ (1582), and also in Mexico. The French were\\nsuccessful after 1605, but their colonies were confined to\\nwhat is now Nova Scotia and to Canada. At first sight it\\nmay seem strange that there should have been so many fail-\\nures, but this feeling disappears when it is remembered that\\nthe main object of the colonists had been to get gold, of\\nwhich it was believed there was an abundance in the new\\nworld. Few men went out fully intending to be permanent\\nsettlers. The expeditions consisted mostly of those who\\ncould not get on at home, and thought they could escape\\nhard work by going to the country where they believed\\n^erything was to be had by merely picking it up. Then,\\nagain, the parties were few in number, unable to protect\\nthemselves against the hostile Indians, Avere cut off from\\nhelp or supplies from home, and were, moreover, totally\\nignorant of the country itself and its requirements in regard\\nto clothing, crops, and climate-", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCOLONIZATION.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. G. Bancroft, History of the United States, i. 84-613 ii. 3-85,\\n192-291; K. Hildretli, History of the United States, i. Chaps, iv.-xv.; ii.\\nChaps, xvi.-xvii., xix.-xxv. Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United\\nStates, vols, i., ii. T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States,\\npp. 75-168 J. A. Doyle, History of the United States, Chaps, ii.-xiv., also\\nhis larger work, The English Colonies in America (three volumes published)\\nH. C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in America; R. G.\\nThwaites, The Colonies (Epochs of American History), pp. 45-232 G. P.\\nFisher, The Colonial Era (American History Series), Chaps, iv.-xxi. John\\nFiske, The Beginnings of New England J. M. Ludlow, The War of Ameri-\\ncan Independence (Epoch Series), pp. 1-55.\\nBiographies. William Gammell, Roger Williams, Sparks\\\\s American\\nBiography, 2d Series O. S. Straus,* Roger Williams John Winthrop, Francis\\nHigginson, Thomas Hooker, George and Cecilius Calvert, Peter Stuyvesant,\\nand James Edward Oglethorpe, in the Makers of America Series.\\nSpecial. For the several colonies see Virginia, Maryland, New York,\\nand Connecticut, in the American Commonwealth Series (these must be used\\nwith care, some of them, Maryland and Connecticut in particular, needing\\ncorrection in matters of detail and inference) Winsor, Narrative and Criti-\\ncal History of America, vols, iii., iv., v., particularly the monographs on The\\nCarolinas, Maryland, New England, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania G. W.\\nGreene, History of Rhode Island C. F. Adams, Three Episodes in Massachu-\\nsetts History James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of New York\\nCity. For William Penn consult S. M. Janney, Life of William Penn, pp.\\n163-274, 394-563 J. Stoughton, Life of William Penn. For the Pilgrims\\nand Puritans see British Quarterly Review, January, 1883 Bancroft, His-\\ntory of the United States, i. 177-214 Bacon s Rebellion, Century Magazine,\\nxl. 418 Old South Leaflets, No. 7, Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629\\nNo. 8, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut; No. 21, Eliot s Brief Narrative.\\nConsult list of American History Leaflets, and of Old South Leaflets.\\n11", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n9. English Success Captain John Smith. (1606-1609.) It\\nwas in 1606 that the first successful English colony was\\nplanted. During this year James I. granted a charter to two\\ncompanies: one the London, the other the Plymouth com-\\npany. To the former was granted the coast between 34\u00c2\u00b0\\nand 38\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, and to the latter the coast between\\n41\u00c2\u00b0 and 45\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude. .The intervening country was to\\nbe common to both, but no settlements of the respective com-\\npanies were to be within one hundred miles of each other.\\nThe interior limit for both companies was to be one hundred\\nmiles from the coast. A plan of government for the colonies\\nwas provided, and the London Company began operations by\\nsending out a party of settlers to Virginia, and the first per-\\nmanent settlement was made in 1607 at Jamestown, on the\\nJames Kiver, not far from the present town of that name.\\nAmong the colonists who went to Virginia was Captain\\nJohn Smith. He had already seen many adventures on the\\ncontinent of Europe but in spite of his love for marvellous\\nstories, he appears to have been the ablest and clearest-\\nheaded of the motley party. He relates that at one time he\\nwas taken prisoner by the Indians, that his head was already\\non the block upon which his brains were to be beaten out,\\nwhen Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, the chief,\\nrushed up to her father and begged the life of the prisoner.\\nAs the Indian princess was only twelve years old when the\\nincident is said to have occurred, and the account did not\\nappear in the first edition of Smith s book, but was added\\nwhile the heroine was in England, many modern students\\ndisbelieve the whole story. Pocahontas, however, was a real\\ncharacter; she married John Rolfe, an Englishman, visited\\nEngland, and died there. Many Virginians are proud to trace\\nthen- descent from this Indian woman. Smith was chosen\\npresident of the council, and thus became the real governor", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "VIRGINIA COLONY; SLAVES.\\n13\\nof the settlement His rule was just, being based on the\\nprinciple that those who did not work should not eat but\\nthis style of government did not suit the colonists, and in\\n1609 Captain Smith returned to England, his departure being\\nmade necessary, as he said, on ac-\\ncount of a severe accident which\\nhad befallen him. Some modern\\ninvestigators are of the opinion\\nthat the accident was by no means\\nso severe as Smith reported, and\\nthat it was used by him as a pre-\\ntext to escape from a trying and\\nunprofitable position. While in\\nVirginia Captain Smith explored\\nChesapeake Bay and published a\\ncareful map of it. This map is\\nalmost too accurate a one to have been made with the rude\\ninstruments and inefficient means at Smith s command.\\nCAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.\\n10. Virginia Colony Slaves. (1609-1619.) The colony\\nsuffered much, and very nearl} came to a melancholy end.\\nIn 1609 the company received a new charter extending the\\nlimits north and south, and also from sea to sea, west and\\nnorthwest. In these charters was the provision that the\\ncolonists and their children shall have and enjoy all the\\nliberties, franchises, and immunities of free denizens and\\nnatural subjects within any of our other dominions, to all\\nintents and purposes as if they had been abiding and born\\nwithin this our realm of England, or in any other of our\\ndominions. It was largely upon this clause, and other\\nsimilar ones repeated in later charters, that the American\\ncolonists rightly based their complaints of unjust treatment\\nby the mother country.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nIn 1619 the Virginia colonists, who had been granted a\\npartly representative government, elected a House of Bur-\\ngesses, the first representative bod}^ that met in America.\\nThe same year in which this step towards free government\\nwas taken, a Dutch ship brought the first cargo of negro\\nslaves to the colony.\\n11. Dutch Colonies; New Netherland. (1609-1626.) Swedish\\nColonies. (1638.) Holland was at this time a strong naval\\npower, and in 1609 Henry Hudson, an Englishman in her\\nservice, discovered and sailed up the river wliich bears\\nhis name. He also explored the New Jersey coast to Dela-\\nware Bay. A small trading post was established in 1613 on\\nManhattan Island, and in 1614, at Fort Nassau, near where\\nAlbany now is. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company\\nwas organized, and under its auspices Fort Amsterdam, after-\\nwards the city of New York, was established in 1626, the\\nisland of Manhattan, upon whicli it stood, having been pur-\\nchased of the Indians the same year for about twenty-four\\ndollars. The Dutch bought the land from the natives, whom\\nthey generally treated well but owing to the obstinac}^ and\\nwant of tact of Governor Kieft, there was a terrible war with\\nthe Algonkin Indians (1648-1645). Fortunately for the\\nDutch, the Iroquois were not involved in this war. Anne\\nHutchinson (Sect. 19) was massacred in this war.\\nSweden, which had become a great power under Gustavus\\nAdolphus, determined also to send out colonists, and in\\n1638 established a settlement at Christina, near the site of\\nWilmington, Delaware, and later, other settlements along the\\nDelaware River, as far as the site of Philadelphia, where the\\nOld Swedes Church still tells of their former presence.\\nThrust in as they were between the Dutch and the English\\nsettlements, the Swedish colonies amounted to but little.\\nI", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "PLYMOUTH COMPANY.\\n15\\n12. Plymouth Company. (1607.) The Plymouth Company\\nhad attempted to place a colony near the mouth of the\\nKennebec River in 1607, but the colony, like so many other\\nsimilar attempts, was a failure. In 1620 a new company,\\nunder the name of The Council of Plymouth for the\\ngoverning of New England, was organized, and to this\\ncompany was granted the land between the parallels of 40\\nand 48\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, and westward to the south seas, but\\nit sent out no expedition on its own account.\\nCaptain John Smith (sect. 9), who had re-\\nmained quietly in England since his return\\nfrom Virginia, left England again in the\\nyear 1614, and sailed along the Atlantic\\ncoast from Penobscot to Cape Cod in search\\nof fish and furs, and in his account of the\\nvoyage, which he published on his return,\\nhe gave the name of New England to the\\ncountry. Previously it had been called\\nNorumbega.\\n13. The Pilgrims. (1620.) It is an inter-\\nesting and instructive circumstance that\\nmuch of the territory of the present United\\nStates was settled by men who sought in a\\nnew world that liberty to worship God in\\ntheir own way which was denied them at home. Outward\\nconformity to a state church was one of the cardinal doctrines\\nof the seventeenth century, and, to escape this, some men and\\nwomen who did not agree with the practices of the Church\\nof England, had emigrated to Holland to gain that liberty of\\nworship refused to them in their English home. First at\\nAmsterdam, and afterward at Leyden also, these refugees\\nfound safety. But not willing that their children should\\nA PURITAN GENTLE-\\nMAN, 1620.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "16\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ngrow up among strangers speaking a different language, and\\nfor other reasons, also, wishing to change their abode, they\\nmade application to the Virginia Company for land in Amer-\\nica on which to settle. All arrangements having been com-\\npleted, one hundred and two Pilgrims, as\\nthey are now called, set sail from Plymouth\\nin England on the Mayfloiver for the new\\nhome. The voyage was a stormy one, and\\ndriven from their course, they reached Cape\\nCod instead of the coast belonging to the\\nVirginia Company. They, however, de-\\ncided to remain where they were. It\\nseemed wise to provide for some govern-\\nment in the colony, and, before landing,\\nthere was drawn up in the cabin of their\\nlittle ship the celebrated -^Mayflower Com-\\npact, which was signed by all the men.\\nIn it they agreed to combine themselves\\ninto a body politic, and to submit to such just and equal\\nlaws as might be framed for the general good of the\\ncolony. Appendix I.\\n14. Landing of the Pilgrims Trials of the Colonists. (1620-\\n1627.) After examining the shore of Cape Cod, the Pilgrims\\nchose a spot for their future home, and landed on Plymouth\\nrock December 21, 1620.1\\nThe colonists had a desperate struggle with the keenness of\\na New England winter; they suffered from ill health, and\\nafterwards were at great disadvantage from the poverty of\\n1 Owing to a miscalculation, the 22d has been usually celebrated as the\\nanniversary of the landing, but it is clear that the day was December the 11th,\\nold style and as in the seventeenth century there was a difference of ten days\\nbetween the old and new mode of reckoning, the 21st is the correct date\\n9,ccording to the new style.\\nA CITIZEN, 1620.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE PILGRIMS.\\n17\\nthe soil, from fewness of number, and from the payment of an\\nexorbitant rate of interest (45 per cent) to the merchants who\\nhad provided the means for fitting out the expedition. Not-\\nwithstanding all these discouragements the band persevered.\\nUnlike the colonists in Virginia, these Pilgrims had come to\\nmake their home in the new world, and we hear of no disputes\\nlike those in the southern colony, while their privations were\\nborne with an heroic spirit. Among the company was\\nCaptain Myles Standish, not a member of their religious com-\\nmunion, and his presence illustrates the freedom which\\nprevailed. He proved himself\\nof the greatest assistance to\\nthe suffering little band, par-\\nticularly during the first try-\\ning winter, when half the little\\ncompany died from disease\\nand exposure. John Carver,\\nthe governor, was one of those\\nwho thus perished. William\\nBradford was chosen to suc-\\nceed him, and so accepta-\\nble was his administration that\\nhe was re-elected annually for\\nthirty years except when by\\nimportunity he got off. In\\n1627 the colonists bought out\\nthe merchants interest, and the colony became commercially,\\nas it was politically, free. From this time the colony con-\\ntinued to advance, though but slowly.\\nMYLES STANDISH S KETTLE AND PLATTER.\\n15. Massachusetts Bay Colony. (1629.) In 1629 a charter\\nwas given to the Governor and Company of the Massa-\\nchusetts Bay in New England, granting them land from", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "18\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthree miles south of the Charles River to three miles north\\nof the Merrimac River and extending east and west from\\nocean to ocean. Like the other colonies, Massachusetts had\\nmany disputes in regard to territory and boundaries. Some\\nJOHN ENDICOTT\\nof tliese differences were of long standing; that Avith New\\nYork was not finally adjusted until 1855.\\nJohn Endicott was the leader of the Massachusetts emi-\\ngrants, and in the year 1628 had come over to Naumkeag\\n(Salem) with about one hundred emigrants. John Endicott", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MASSACHUSETTS.\\n19\\nwas a typical Puritan, a fit instrument to begin this\\nwilderness-work, of courage bold, undaunted, yet sociable and\\nof a cheerful spirit, loving and austere, applying himself to\\neither as occasion served. Salem, as Naumkeag was now\\ncalled, in anticipation of the peace which the colonists hoped\\nto obtain, became the chief of the Massachusetts Bay settle-\\nments, and remained so for some time.\\nIn the same year, 1(329, the\\n16. Peculiarities of the Massachusetts Colony. (1629-1640.)\\nIn 1629 five vessels, among which was the Mayflower^\\nbrought a large reinforcement,\\nstep Avas taken of carrjdng the\\ncharter itself to the colony,\\nwhich was equivalent to trans-\\nferring the government to the\\ncolonists themselves. Hereto-\\nfore, at least the nominal power\\nover all the colonists remained\\nin the mother country. That\\nthe Plymouth colony was gov-\\nerned in accordance with the\\nMayfloive7 agreement is really\\nan exception, but it was so\\nsmall a colony as to attract\\nlittle attention. 1\\nThe number of colonists rapidly increased, and b}^ 1640\\ntwenty thousand had sought homes in the new colony of Massa-\\nchusetts Bay. There were important differences between this\\ncolony and others. (1) It was undertaken by men of position\\nand means, on their own account, and in their own person.\\n1 The legal right of the Massachusetts Bay Company to transfer the charter\\nhas often been questioned. It is evident that the grantors had not thought\\nof such transferrence.\\nSHIP OF 1630.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n(2) nominally a commercial enterprise it was really an attempt\\nto found a new political state. (3) Those who took part were\\nnot at first separatists from the Church of England, like the\\nPilgrims, but were Puritans who desired a reformation Avithin\\nthe church. (4) The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay perse-\\ncuted, which the Pilgrims did not do, at\\nleast during the earliest years of the\\ncolony.\\n17. Growth of Political Freedom in\\nMassachusetts. (1629-1670.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John Win-\\nthrop was chosen governor before the\\ncharter was taken to the colony, and he\\nheld the office for four years and was\\nseveral times re-elected. The colonists\\nhad almost entire control of their own\\naffairs. For some time the governor,\\nhis deputy, and his council (called the\\nAssistants met with the, freemen to\\nmake the laws, and decide upon all pub-\\nA COUNTRYWOMAN, 1620. t a .1 c r\\nlie matters. As the number oi freemen\\nincreased such an arrangement became very inconvenient,\\nand to meet this difficulty nearly all the power was given\\nto the governor and his council. It was not long, however,\\nbefore the people of one of the townships rebelled against\\nthe amount of a tax levied upon them, and the result of\\ntheir protest was that a House of Representatives was es-\\ntablished to meet with the governor and council. To this\\nbody each township sent two representatives. The colonists\\nthus early objected to taxation without representation.\\nGradually it came about that the representatives sat apart\\nfrom the governor and the council, and a legislature with\\ntwo houses grew up.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "ROGER WILLIAMS.\\n21\\nThe colony was carried on in many respects more after\\nthe Hebrew laws of the Old Testament than after English\\nlaws. Church and State were closely united indeed they\\nwere, in the early colonial days, considered as one. The\\nfreemen met in the church building or meeting-house\\nwhenever they had occasion to come together. The min-\\nisters were magistrates, and only church members were\\nallowed to have a voice in the government, and for forty\\nyears perhaps three-fourths of the men had no vote.\\n18. Puritans Roger Williams. (1635.) It has often been\\nsaid that the Puritans came to establish religious liberty\\nbut such was not the case. They had no idea of founding a\\ncolony where different forms of worship could\\nexist side by side they believed in uniform-\\nity. Like most men of the age in which they\\nlived they did not believe in religious tolera-\\ntion, and in this they differed from the Pil-\\ngrims. Very soon after the beginning of\\nthe settlement the question of toleration had\\nto be determined. In 1631 a young man\\nabout twenty-four years of age, a minister,\\nwhose name was Roger Williams, arrived in\\none of the vessels. At once he caused much\\ntrouble, for he did not hesitate to express his\\nviews, which were far too liberal for the\\nA PURITAN GENTLE-\\nMAN, 1646.\\nauthorities. He believed that the civil power\\nshould have no control over a man s conscience, and that\\nno one should be forced to support public worship. For\\nthese and other liberal opinions he was, in 1635, sentenced to\\nbe banished. Intending to settle on the shores of Narragan-\\nsett Bay, he was making preparation to go thither with\\nsome friends, when he heard of a plot to seize him and", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nsend him to England. At once he fled into the wilderness,\\nthough it was the depth of winter, to Massasoit, an Indian\\nchief, at Sowams (Warren, Rhode Island), near which place\\nhe remained for a number of weeks, not knoAving what\\nbread or bed did mean.\\n19. Founding of Providence and Rhode Island. (1636-1644.)\\nIn June, 1636, he chose a place which he called Providence,\\nat the head of Narragansett Bay, for a new settlement. A\\nlarge tract of land was given him by the Indians, or bought\\nfrom them, which in course of time he sold or gave away to\\nsettlers. He made his refuge a shelter for persons dis-\\ntressed for conscience, and it was not long before many such\\ncame to him, among them Anne Hutchinson, who, having\\nbeen banished from Massachusetts, came to Rhode Island in\\n1638. She was a yerj able woman and upheld the right of\\nwomen to preach and to take part in the church government\\nshe also taught other opinions much in opposition to Puritan\\ndoctrines. After a trial in which she defended herself ably,\\nshe was banished like Roger Williams. It must be said that\\nhowever excellent were the views of Roger Williams in regard\\nto religious toleration, on political matters they were such as\\nto strike at the very root of government as then understood,\\nand it was not unnatural that he should be looked upon as a\\ndangerous person. He was far in advance of his contem-\\nporaries in respect to political and religious matters. In\\n1638 Portsmouth, and in 1639 Newport, both on the island of\\nRhode Island, were settled by refugees from Massachusetts.\\nAt first these colonies were independent and governed them-\\nselves in a democratic way; but Roger Williams went to\\nEngland and succeeded in getting a patent from Parliament\\nin 1644, under whicli all the various colonies in what is now\\nthe state of Rhode Island were united under the name of", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "BOSTON; CONNECTICUT. 23\\nThe Incorporation of Providence Plantations in the Narra-\\ngansett Bay in New-England. On the restoration of Charles\\nII. to the English throne, it was found necessary to procure\\na new charter, Avhich was granted by the king in 1663.1 This\\ncharter was so liberal that it was continued in force until\\n1843 2 (sect. 251).\\nIn this colony alone was perfect religious liberty allowed,\\nand Papists, Protestants, Jews, or Turks were to be pro-\\ntected in their religion. This great liberty attracted many\\npersons who wished for license, and there was much trouble\\nin the colony from such.\\n20. Settlement of Boston and Connecticut. (1630-1638.)\\nSalem was not attractive to all, and as the number of colo-\\nnists was large, some moved to Watertown, some to Newtown\\n(Cambridge), and some to other jjlaces: Boston, at first Tri-\\nmountain from its three hills, was founded in 1630. In 1635\\nand 1636 parties left the old settlements and going out into\\nthe wilderness founded Wethersfield, Hartford, and Windsor,\\non the Connecticut River. These villages were far from\\nothers, and in 1637 they took the rule into their own hands,\\nand in 1638 (old style) formed a written constitution for\\nthemselves. This was the first written constitution in\\nAmerica, and one of the first in history. No higher power\\nthan the people themselves was recognized, and all men were\\nfreemen who, admitted as such by the freemen of the town,\\nshould take the oath of allegiance. No one except the\\ngovernor was required to be a church member. This agree-\\nment is known as The Fundamental Orders of Connecti-\\n1 In this charter the title Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is\\nused. Rhode Island alone of the states retains two capitals, one being New-\\nport, the other Providence, thus perpetuating the local pride of colonial days.\\nThe new constitution was ratified by popular vote in 1842, and went\\ninto operation May 1, 184o.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ncut. A charter was obtained from Charles II. in 1662, and\\nwas so liberal that it continued in force till 1818. Quinnipi-\\nack, afterwards New Haven, was founded in 1638, by Lon-\\ndoners, wiio distrusted Massachusetts. Other colonies were\\nelsewhere founded from time to time, until in 1664 all these\\nsettlements were united under the name of Connecticut.\\n21. Maine New Hampshire. (1627-1677.) Maine was\\npart of the territory of tlie Plymouth Company, and there had\\nbeen several attempts to colonize it, but all had resulted in\\nfailure except the Pemaquid colony at the mouth of the Ken-\\nnebec River in 1627. In 1635 the Plymouth Company re-\\nsigned its charter to the British crown, but previously the\\nmembers had divided the unsettled country between them-\\nselves. Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained most of what is now\\nMaine Captain John Mason received as his part the land west\\nof the Piscataqua River, which tract, he called, after his own\\ncounty in England, New Hampshire. Neither Gorges nor\\nMason had much to do with these lands, and the settlers were\\nthus allowed great liberty. New Hampshire, though several\\ntimes attached to Massachusetts, finally, in 1741, became in-\\ndependent of it. The settlers in Maine during 1652 and\\n1658 submitted themselves to Massachusetts, and in 1677\\nMassachusetts bought all Gorges rights in the province.\\nVermont was claimed both by New York and New Hampshire,\\nand the question Avas not settled until Vermont was admitted\\nto the Union in 1791.\\n22. Lord Baltimore Maryland. (1632.) The Plymouth\\nCompany surrendered its charter in 1635. The London Com-\\npany had already given up its charter in 1624, so all the\\nterritory, according to the belief of that day, was in the\\nhands of the king to do with it as he wished. Accordingly in", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MARYLAND.\\n25\\n1632 Charles I. granted to Sir George Calvert, Lord Balti-\\nmore, lands east of the Potomac River, including both sides\\nof the Chesapeake Bay. This tract, to which the name\\nMaryland was given, in memory of the English queen, Hen-\\nrietta Maria, was within the bounds of the original London\\nCompany, and Virginia had already taken some steps to col-\\nonize parts of it. Before the written agreement was per-\\nfected Lord Baltimore died, but the patent was given to his\\nson Cecilius Calvert. Both were Roman Catholics.^\\nCECILIUS CALVERT.\\nThe grant was a liberal one, nothing but allegiance to the\\ncrown, the yearly tribute of two Lidian arrows, and one\\nfifth part of all the gold and silver mined, being required.\\nBaltimore was given the powers of a Palatinate, which\\n1 The boundaries of the grant were remarkably precise for that day,\\nbeing, the Potomac from its source to its mouth, thence across the Chesa-\\npeake Bay to Watkins Point, thence to the ocean, which with the Delaware\\nBay was the eastern boundary. The northern boundary was the fortieth\\nparallel of north latitude to the meridian of the south fountain of the\\nPotomac. It will be seen that these boundaries included the state of Dela-\\nware and a considerable part of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwere almost regal.^ His title was Proprietaiy, and he was\\nreally a monarch, though subordinate to the king. At the\\nsame time the freemen were to take part in the making of\\nthe laws they were to have freedom of trade, and to possess\\nthe rights of native-born Englishmen. Religious toleration\\nwas proclaimed by Lord Baltimore. In this respect Mary-\\nland and Rhode Island stand alone in the early annals of the\\ncountry, though the latter was the more liberal, as Maryland\\nrequired a belief in Jesus Christ, while Rhode Island made\\nno stipulation. The character of the religious toleration\\ngranted in Maryland has been the subject of much contro-\\nversy. Little is said about toleration in the charter, and\\nthat very vaguely but there was probably a private under-\\nstanding between the king and Baltimore that Roman\\nCatholics and Protestants should be treated alike. Unless\\nthis had been so there is no probability that he could have\\nobtained the charter, or that any great number of emigrants\\nwould have gone out. Contrary to a very common impres-\\nsion, it seems that Roman Catholics were always in a\\nminority in the colony, even from the very first shipload.\\nIn 1676 the proprietary himself said that more than three\\nfourths of the inhabitants were Protestants.\\n23. Maryland continued; Toleration Act; Troubles. (1633-\\n1692.) In 1633 Leonard Calvert, a younger brother of the\\nproprietary, sailed with about two hundred emigrants, and\\nbuying from the Indians a small village near the mouth of\\nthe Potomac, founded, March, 1634, the town of St. Mary s.\\nBefore issuing the patent to Baltimore, the king had given a\\nlicense for trading, and also the ownership of the land on the\\nChesapeake Bay, to a settler, William Clayborne, who refused\\n1 The charter was modelled on the Palatinate system as then existing in\\nthe county of Durham, England, which liad been established by William\\nthe Conqueror.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "C kj\\nr J-\\nf\\nEUROPEAN COLOMES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ABOUT, 1650,", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MARYLAND. 27\\nto acknowledge the proprietary and gave the colonists much\\nannoyance. It was an instance of conflicting claims which\\nwere very common in the early history of America.\\nThe Maryland Assembly passed in 1649 the Toleration\\nAct, which was confirmed in the following year by the\\nproprietary. It is praiseworthy as being among the first\\nlegislative acts in favor of anything like toleration. It was\\nrestricted toleration, however, not religious freedom, for\\nsevere penalties were prescribed against all persons guilty\\nof blasphemy, or denying the divinity of Christ, or using re-\\nproachful words against the Virgin Mary or the Apostles but\\nit does not appear that these punishments were ever inflicted.\\nThis act simply changed what had been a custom into a law.\\nThe colony had little trouble from the Indians except\\nwhen they were stirred up by the white men, and Maryland\\nprospered greatly and increased rapidly in population. The\\nliberal policy of the proprietary attracted settlers, and he\\nhimself invited men from all quarters, even Puritans from\\nEngland. The new comers had not the spirit of toleration,\\nand as soon as they and their sympathizers were in the\\nmajority, they made Maryland an Episcopal colony, disfran-\\nchised the Roman Catholics, and the Friends or Quakers,\\nand taxed everyone to support the Church of England, which\\nwas made the established church in 1692. By the English\\nrevolution of 1688 Lord Baltimore lost his province, because\\nhe had sided with the fallen Stuarts, and Maryland became a\\nroyal colony, the king aj^pointing the governors but in\\n1715 the nominal proprietary having become Protestant, the\\ncolony was restored to the Baltimore family, with Avhom it\\nremained until the Revolution.\\n24. Virginia becomes a Royal Colony. (1624.) The adop-\\ntion of a House of Burgesses in Virginia (sect. 10) was", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES\\napproved by the company in England, and in 1621 a written\\nconstitution was sent out confirming the privileges. In 1624\\nthe charter of the company was annulled by the crown, and\\nVirginia became a royal province. The king now appointed\\nthe governor and Council, but the Assembly still made the\\nlaws subject to the veto of the governor. Tobacco was the\\nstaple crop of the province, and large quantities of it were\\nraised and exported. The number of navigable streams\\nadded greatly to the ease of export, for the vessels could\\ncome up to the plantations and load directly for England.\\nTobacco Avas also the principal article of trade, so much so\\nindeed that it was used in place of money both in keeping\\naccounts and in purchasing.\\nVirginia was always a Church of England, or Episcopal,\\ncolony this was the established church, and all persons were\\ntaxed for its support. It was also a very loyal colony, and\\nsided Avith the king in the civil war, but made no resistance\\nwhen Parliament was in control.\\n25. Virg^inia Bacon s Rebellion. (1676.) When Charles II.\\ncame to the throne, he rewarded the Virginians by allowing\\nthe governors to rule harshly. The English Navigation laws\\n(sect. 55^ operated greatly to the disadvantage of the colo-\\nnists. Troubles arose with the Indians; the colonists blamed\\nthe government for not protecting them, and in 1676 a num-\\nber under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon rebelled, and raised\\nforces to go against the Indians. Bacon was a member of\\nthe celebrated English family of that name, and w^as a rich,\\nbrave, patriotic, and popular man. Berkeley, the governor,\\nat first yielded so far as to give Bacon a commission against\\nthe Indians, then when he had gone, proclaimed him and his\\nassociates rebels. On Bacon s return, there was civil war\\nbetween tlie parties, in the course of which Berkeley was", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "VIRGINIA. 29\\ndriven out of Jamestown, the capital, and the place burnt.\\nJamestown was not rebuilt Williamsburg became the capital.\\nWorn out by the fatigues of his campaigns. Bacon died after\\na short illness, and the rebellion was at an end. The gov-\\nernor hanged twenty-three of the principal rebels. On hear-\\ning this, Charles II. is said to have remarked, The old fool has\\ntaken away more lives in that naked country than I did for\\nthe murder of my father. Though the rebellion had been a\\nfailure, it showed the character of the people and what might\\nbe expected if harsh measures were persisted in.\\n26. Virginia Growth and Prosperity of the Colony. (1676-\\n1715.) Soon after Bacon s rebellion, peace was made with\\nthe Indians, and there was no more trouble with them. Vir-\\nginia remained a royal colony until the Revolution. The\\nmanner of life was very different in Virginia from that in the\\nmore northern and eastern colonies. The land was fertile and\\nwas divided into large plantations; and while there was not\\nas much wealth altogether as in New England, there v/ere\\nmore rich men, and these had naturally got most of the\\npower into their own hands. There were fewer towns, as\\nthere was little need of protection from the Indians and, as\\nthe planters imported their own goods from England in re-\\nturn for their tobacco, there was no attempt at manufactui--\\ning. The planter also supplied his poorer neighbor, who was\\nthus almost continually in his debt and so in his power.\\nNotwithstanding harsh legislation, Virginia prospered greatly\\nand the population increased. In 1670 Berkeley estimated\\nthe population at 40,000, including 2000 negro slaves and\\n6000 indentured white servants. Indentured servants were\\nof at least four classes (1) Those who, for the sake of emi-\\ngrating to the new country, had bound themselves for a cer-\\ntain number of years to those who paid their passage money.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n(2) Those who when boys and girls had been bound to ser-\\nvice until they became of age. (3) Persons of all ages who\\nhad been kidnapped and brought over and sold to the\\nplanters. (4) Convicts who had been sent to the colonies to\\nrid England of their presence more convicts were sent to\\nVirginia than to any other colony, and not a few of these, re-\\nmoved from evil association, became excellent citizens. In\\n1715 the total population was thought to be about 95,000.\\n27. The Carolinas. (1663-1665.) In 1663, and again in\\n1665, Charles II. granted the territory now occupied by the\\nCarolinas and Georgia to eight proprietors, most of whom had\\naided him in regaining the crown of England. As usual,\\nlittle regard was paid to the boundaries, or to previous claims,\\nfor the gift included settlements which had been made by the\\nVirginians, and wliich by right belonged to that province.\\nWhen the French had attempted to plant a colony at Port\\nRoyal (sect. 8), they had called a fort Carolina in honor of\\nCharles IX. of France; the proprietors used this name, but\\nin honor of Charles of England. This grant extended to the\\nPacific Ocean and south into Florida, thus conflicting both\\nwith French and Spanish claims.\\n28. The Carolinas John Locke John Archdale. (1669-1696.)\\nIt was resolved to provide a model government for the\\nCarolinas, and an elaborate scheme for the new enterprise\\nwas drawn up. The philosopher John Locke was consulted,\\nbut his share in the document is not known his published\\nviews on government make it unlikely that he was respon-\\nsible for many of the political features. The scheme pro-\\nvided for a nobility having different ranks, proprietors,\\nlandgraves, caciques, and lords of manors. While the nobility\\nwere to own a certain amount of land in proportion to their", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE CAROLINAS. 31\\nrank, the people were not to own any, but were to be in a\\nposition like the old Russian serf, attached to the soil, and\\nwithout voice in the government. The plan was complex and\\nimpracticable the colonists could not have understood it,\\nand could not have carried it out if they had. The only\\nimmediate effect was almost to destroy what little govern-\\nment there was in the colony, particularly in the northern\\npart, with the result of making it the most turbulent,\\nlawless, and factious of all the American settlements. An\\nattempt was made to adapt the government to the model,\\nbut it was finally given up in 1693 without ever having gone\\ninto practical operation. In 1695 the proprietors sent out\\nJohn Archdale, a Friend, as governor. Under his wise\\nadministration order was restored. He lowered the quit-rents,\\npaid the proprietors, pursued a peaceful policy toward the\\nIndians and the Spaniards, appointed a council satisfactory\\nto the colonists, and allowed them to choose their represen-\\ntatives to the Assembly. The result was prosperity, and,\\nfor a time, peace to the colony. In 1696 the representatives\\nin South Carolina declared that Archdale, by his wisdom,\\npatience, and labor, had laid a firm foundation for a most\\nglorious superstruction. Such praise as this is perhaps\\nunique in American colonial history. After a short time\\nArchdale went back to England, and before long the old\\nstate of disorder returned.\\n29. Division of the Carolinas North Carolina. (1729.) It\\nwas found in a few years that Carolina was too large to be\\ngoverned as one colony, and so there were two Assemblies\\nchosen, and after having sometimes two governors and some-\\ntimes one, it was finally (1729) divided into two parts which\\nreceived the names by which they are now known. The first\\nsettlers of the colony of North Carolina were from Virginia", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nothers came from New England, and later, from the northern\\ncolonies, from Scotland, from the north of Ireland, and from\\nSwitzerland. The population was much more scattered than\\nelsewhere, schools were few, and the advance of the North\\nCarolinians was on lines of independence and sturdy courage\\nrather than of refinement and elegance.\\n30. South Carolina; the Carolinas become Royal Colonies.\\n(1629-1729.) In 1670 the proprietors sent out a colony to\\nsettle within the bounds of South Carolina. At first a position\\nsome distance from the sea was chosen, but after ten years\\ntrial the whole settlement was moved to the junction of the\\nAshley and Cooper rivers, where the city of Charleston now\\nis. These rivers were named after one of the proprietors, the\\nEarl of Shaftesbury, whose name was Anthony Ashley Cooper.\\nThe number of settlers was increased by emigrants from\\nNorth Carolina, by Dutch from New York, and by a large\\nnumber of French Protestants or Huguenots from France,\\nwho had left their homes on account of the persecution fol-\\nlowinof the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Huo-ue-\\nnots formed a most valuable part of tlie population, though\\nthey were not admitted for some time to all the rights of the\\nother colonists. The chief products of South Carolina were\\nrice and indigo the former was introduced from the East\\nIndies in 1696, and the latter in 1741. These two crops were\\nthe chief staple products until the invention of the cotton gin\\ngave cotton the first place. In North Carolina, tar, pitch,\\nturpentine, and lumber were the staple products. The pro-\\nprietors had gained little profit from their grant, but in\\n1719 there was a rebellion against them in South Carolina,\\nand the colonists, on appealing to the king, were given a\\nroyal governor. In 1729 the proprietors sold all their rights\\nto the crown, and the Carolinas became absolutely royal", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "GEORGIA OGLETHORPE.\\n33\\ncolonies, and were permanently divided into North and South\\nCarolina.\\n31. Settlement of Georgia Oglethorpe. (1733.) Though\\nthe latest of the colonies, it may be well to notice the settle-\\nment of Georgia in this connection. General James Ogle-\\nthorpe was an Englishman whose heart had been touched by\\nthe sight of the suffering of\\nthe poor in England, partic-\\nularly of those who had\\nbeen imprisoned for debt,\\nand he resolved to try to\\nbetter their condition by\\noffering them a refuge in\\nthe new world, where they\\ncould make a new start in\\nlife. Accordingly he obtain-\\ned a grant of the land lying\\nbetween the Savannah and\\nthe Altamaha rivers and ex-\\ntending westward to the\\nSouth Seas, to found such a\\ncolony. The charter (1732)\\nwas to last for twenty-one\\nyears. The powers invested\\nin a board of trustees were\\nalmost absolute, the settlers\\nthemselves having little voice there was to be religious free-\\ndom to all but Roman Catholics slavery was forbidden, and\\nalso the sale of rum. In the fall of 1732, the same year in\\nwhich the charter was granted, Oglethorpe himself sailed\\nwith an expedition, and made a settlement (1733) on the\\nsite of the city of Savannah. Notwithstanding the efforts\\nJAMES OGLETHORPE.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nof the founder, and of John and Charles Wesley and George\\nWhitefield, the great preachers, it was long before Georgia, as\\nthe colony was named, proved a success. The very restric-\\ntions which the trustees, who had no pecuniary interest in the\\nundertaking, had provided for the good of the colonists, were\\nnot only distasteful to them as in the case of slavery, but in\\nsome cases, as in the restrictions upon the sale of land, were\\nreally injurious to the prosperity of the colony. At the expi-\\nration of twenty years the trustees resigned their charter to\\nthe crown, and Georgia, like the Carolinas, became a ro^^al\\ncolony with its governor appointed by the crown.^\\n32. The Dutch and New Netherland Disputes with English\\nColonies. (1626-1664..) The Dutch West India Company\\ngoverned New Netherland (sect. 11) from 1626 to 1664, but\\nthe settlements were regarded by the Dutch in the light of\\ntrading posts rather than colonies, and they do not seem to\\nhave realized in the slightest degree the possibilities that were\\nbefore them in the possession of the Hudson River and New\\nYork Bay. The settlements were few and grew slowly.\\nMeanwhile the English colonies to the north and south,\\nincreasing rapidly in wealth and population, were divided by\\nthe Dutch possessions as by a wedge. This was both un-\\npleasant and dangerous. There were many disputes between\\nthe settlers of Connecticut and the Dutch regarding terri-\\ntory, not only on the mainland, but also on Long Island, on\\nwhich men from Connecticut had settled, but Avhich the\\nDutch claimed. The English always held that the whole\\ncoast from Maine to Florida belonged to them in virtue of\\nthe Cabots discovery (sect. 5), and so Charles II. in 1664\\ngranted the territory held by the Dutch, and also Pemaquid\\n1 Oglethorpe lived to see the colonies gain their independence. He died\\nm London in 1785.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "f ^^nr\\n35", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "36\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES\\n(nearly what is now the state of Maine), Nantucket, Martha s\\nVineyard, and all Long Island, to the Duke of York, his\\nbrother, afterwards James II., as an absolute dominion, the\\nonly proviso being that no laws should be made conflicting\\nwith those of England. The importance of this grant lay in\\nthe fact that the Duke of York was the heir to the throne\\nand at the death of Charles TI. all these would become crowai\\nproperty.\\n33. Capture of New Amsterdam by English New York.\\n(1664.) The duke sent out the same year a strong force,\\nwhich, appearing before New Amsterdam, found that town\\nwholly unprepared for defence, and so the governor, Peter\\nStuy vesant, was forced to submit. Richard Nicolls, who com-\\nmanded the fleet, immediately proclaimed the Duke of York\\nas ruler, and ordered that the\\ncity should henceforth be called\\nNew York. Fortunately most\\nof the Dutch, feeling that they\\nhad been neglected by their old\\nrulers, or perhaps not caring\\nvery much about the matter,\\nquietly accepted the situation,\\nand so the transfer of authority\\nwas accomplished without a drop\\nof blood being shed. Even Stuy-\\nvesant gave in his allegiance.\\nThe conquest of the remaining\\nposts soon followed, and the\\nwhole province was lost to the Dutch. Nicolls, whom the\\nduke had appointed governor, was a skilful, shrewd man,\\nand managed affairs well. Though the government was ab-\\nsolute, a despotism, it was mild; the Dutch laws and\\nPETER STUYVESANT.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "NEW YORK: LEISLER.\\n37\\ncustoms were not rudely overturned, and there was little at\\nfirst to complain of.\\n34. Recapture of New York by Dutch Restored to English.\\nLeisler. (1673-1691.) The Dutch at home did not regard\\nthe capture of New Netherland with equanimity, but it was\\nnot until 1673 that they saw an opportunity for revenge. In\\nthat year a powerful fleet appeared off New York and found\\nthe city as unprepared as NicoUs had found it nine years\\nbefore, and again it was conquered without a blow, and the\\nprovince was again under Dutch rule. Peace was made in\\n1674, and William of Orange, the stadtholder of Holland,\\nseeing the difficulty of retaining the settlement, readily con-\\nsented to return it to England. It then remained under the\\nEnglish rule until the Revolution. The later English gov-\\nernors were harsh, and the colonists had much less freedom\\nthan their neighbors, not having an Assembly until 1683,\\nand even this privilege was taken away for a short time,\\nthough afterwards restored.\\nThere were continual\\ntroubles with Connecticut\\nabout boundaries, with East\\nJersey about duties on prod-\\nuce, and also with the\\nIndians. In 1689 the people\\nwere so enraged with the\\ngovernor that they rose\\nagainst him under the lead-\\nership of a captain of the\\nguards, Jacob Leisler, whom they made governor in his\\nplace. William and Mary, who had succeeded to the English\\nthrone, sent out a new governor, Sloughter, who arrested\\nI^eisler on the charge of high treason on his conviction,\\nJACOB LEISLER S HOUSE.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nSloughter was persuaded to sign his death warrant, and he\\nwas executed. Leisler s true character has been the subject\\nof much dispute, some regarding him as a true patriot,\\nothers as an adventurer, whose chief object was to get power\\nfor himself, and whose rule was as bad as that of the English\\ngovernors, if not worse.\\n35. The Patroons in New York. (1629.) The Dutch had\\nencouraged emigration by making large grants of land to\\npatroons, a kind of nobility. These let out their lands at low\\nrents to settlers, who tlierefore were not owners as in the\\nother colonies. The English did not alter this arrangement,\\nand it was not until about 1844 that the last remnant of this\\nsystem disappeared (sect. 251).\\nIn the Dutch charter providing for the patroons (1629), it\\nwas stated that the Patroons and colonists were to support\\na minister and schoolmaster, that thus the service of God and\\nzeal for religion may not grow cold and neglected among\\nthem. This provision is among the very earliest in America\\nwhich recognize the importance of establishing the foundation\\nof religion and education.\\nNotwithstanding its unrivalled position. New York grew\\nslowly. When Stuyvesant surrendered to the English in\\n1664, the population of that city was about 1500 only, and\\nthe northern limit was a wall running from river to river,\\nwhere Wall Street now is.\\n36. New Jersey Charter. (1664.) The Swedes, who had\\nbegun a settlement on the Delaware River (sect. 11) in 1665,\\nwere conquered by the Dutch, and the whole of what is now\\nNew Jersey and also the west bank of the Delaware River\\n1 The influence of the Dutch upon American institutions has not been\\nsufficiently recognized.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE JERSEYS. 39\\nand Bay came under Dutch rule. When Charles II., in\\n1664, made his grant to the Duke of York, all the Dutch\\nand Swedish settlements were included. The same year\\nthe duke granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George\\nCarteret, as proprietors, what is now New Jersey. In the\\npatent the name was fixed as New Csesaria or New Jersey.\\nThis name was given in honor of Sir George Carteret, Avho\\nheld the island of Jersey in the English Channel during the\\ncivil war in England. The proprietors provided a system of\\ngovernment which was very liberal, and also sent out a rela-\\ntive of Carteret, Philip Carteret, as governor. The landing\\nAvas made at a settlement which the governor named Eliza-\\nbeth town, after the wife of Sir George Carteret. There Avas\\nmuch trouble experienced from former settlers, and politically\\nthe proprietors had no easy time. The Indians were, however,\\npaid for their lands when taken, and being fairly treated in\\nother respects, the colony was not harassed by Indians.\\n37. Growth of New Jersey Division of the Colony. (1674.)\\nThe liberal concessions of the proprietors attracted many\\nsettlers, and Newark was founded by Puritans from Con-\\nnecticut in 1666 many also came from Long Island. In\\n1674 Berkeley sold half of his province, which Avas the west-\\nern, to Edward Byllinge and John FeuAvick, both members\\nof the Society of Friends, or Quakers. The province Avas\\nthus di\\\\ ided into tAvo parts knoAvn as West and East Jersey.\\nThe boundary line was the subject of much dispute and Avas\\nchanged more than once. John FeuAvick went out Avith an\\nexpedition in 1675 and landed at a place Avhich he called\\nSalem. In 1677 William Penn and others of the same relig-\\nious body bought Byllinge s share, and founded Burlington\\nduring the same year.", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n38. Penn and Others buy East Jersey. (1681.) In 1681\\nWilliam Penn and eleven others, probably all Friends, bought\\nEast Jersey, which, after Sir George Carteret s death, was\\noffered at auction to the highest bidder. These twelve\\nowners soon sold out one-half of their interest to twelve\\nothers, thus increasing the owners to twenty-four. There\\nwas a strange mixture of religious and political beliefs repre-\\nsented, Papists, Dissenters, and Quakers, Royalists, and\\nPuritans. Notwithstanding this great diversity of opinion\\nthere seems to have been no discord among the owners, and\\none of their number, Robert Barclay, the well-known author\\nof the Apology or defence of Quaker doctrines, was\\nchosen governor. He did not, however, come to America,\\nbut sent a deputy whose administration was very satisfactory.\\n39. West Jersey; Presbyterian Influence; Becomes a Royal Col-\\nony. (1685-1702.) Meanwhile a separate government was\\nmaintained in West Jersey, Edward Byllinge being the first\\ngovernor, but, like Barclay, ruling by a deputy. Builington\\nwas the capital of West Jersey. The capital of East Jersey\\nwas first Elizabethtown and afterwards Perth Amboy.\\nThe Presbyterians were at this time suffering much from\\npersecution in Scotland, and that their attention was called\\nto East Jersey as a place of refuge, Avas probably because the\\nEarl of Perth, and others of the proprietors, were Scotch-\\nmen. In 1685 a large number of them emigrated to the new\\nprovince and so laid the foundation of the Presbyterian\\ninfluence in New Jersey. The influence of the Puritans in\\nEast Jersey is shown by the severity of the laws for the\\npunishment of crimes, as there were thirteen classes of\\noffences punishable by death in that province, while in West\\nJersey capital punishment was not allowed.\\nAndros, who was appointed by James II. governor of all", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM PENN.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM PENN; PENNSYLVANIA. 41\\nthe English settlements north of forty degrees of northern\\nlatitude except Pennsylvania and Delaware, though claim-\\ning authority over the Jerseys, was content with simpty\\nhaving his authority acknowledged. In 1702 the proprietors\\nresigned all rights to the crown, and the provinces were\\nunited. The united province had the same governors as New\\nYork, but a separate legislature, until 1738, when it was\\ngiven a governor of its own.\\n40. William Penn Pennsylvania; Dispute with Lord Baltimore.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2(1681.) William Penn, one of the owners of the Jerseys,\\nborn in 1644, was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn of\\nthe English navy, a successful officer. He had joined the\\nQuakers much to the grief of the admiral his father, who for\\nsome time refused to be reconciled. When the admiral died,\\nthere was due him a large sum of money which he had loaned\\nto the crown. In 1680 Penn proposed to Charles II. that in\\nsettlement of this debt of X 16,000 a tract of land should be\\ngiven him in America. The king was only too glad to pay\\nthe debt thus easily, and in 1681 a charter was given to Penn\\nconveying to him as proprietor the land bounded by the\\nfortieth and forty-third degrees of north latitude, and the\\nlands Avest of the Delaware River through five degrees of\\nlongitude, except a small portion which belonged to the\\ncolonies on the Delaware. The lines of the boundaries were\\nsupposed to be accurately named, but unfortunately the\\nposition of the fortieth degree of latitude was wrongly calcu-\\nlated, and there arose in consequence a long dispute between\\nLord Baltimore and Penn, and between their successors, as to\\nthe boundary, which was not settled until 1763, when two\\nsurveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were sent out\\nfrom England, and established the present line which sepa-\\nrates Maryland from Delaware and Pennsylvania. Until the\\nabolition of slavery this line was the dividing line between", "height": "3456", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe free and the slave states, and was regarded as separating\\nthe North and the South.^\\n41. Pennsylvania; the Holy Experiment. (1681.) The\\nname of Pennsylvania was given in honor of Admiral Penn\\nby Charles II., William Penn himself preferring that of New\\nWales. Penn also acquired from the Duke of York the\\npossessions which he had obtained on the Delaware Bay and\\nRiver by his grant of 1664. This colony was known after-\\nwards as the three lower counties on the Delaware.\\nPenn s chief purpose was to establish a colony where justice\\nshould rule, and where there might be liberty of conscience,\\nand, so far as practicable, political freedom and equality.\\nThe charter which Penn obtained was a liberal one. He\\nhad the right to govern, appoint officers, and with the consent\\nof the people make necessary laws, which were to be sub-\\nmitted within five years to the crown for approval. Penn\\nsoon sent out his relative, William Markham, to take charge\\nand make preparations for his own coming. A pamphlet\\nwas published giving a brief account of the country, of\\nthe terms of the charter, and the conditions upon which\\nland would be disposed of to the settlers. Penn was a\\nwell-known man, and many persons, not only in England\\nand Wales, but in Holland and Germany, prepared to\\ncome\\nPenn s views of government were broad, and in speaking\\n1 The disputes of Penn and Baltimore have been the basis of elaborate\\nattacks upon the former. A careful review seems to show that Penn was in\\nthe right if the spirit of the grant be taken, while according to the letter of the\\ngrant Baltimore had grounds for protesting. At the same time Baltimore\\nseems to have neglected to take the steps required in order to have an\\nindisputable claim to the lands in question. The northern and western\\nboundaries were afterwards fixed at their present places.\\n2 A translation of the pamphlet had been printed in Amsterdam.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "PENN S FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. 43\\nof his plans he said, I propose to leave myself and successors\\nno power of doing mischief, that the will of one man may\\nnot hinder the good of an whole country. Because I have\\nbeen exercised at times about the nature and end of govern-\\nment among men, it is reasonable to expect that I should\\nendeavor to establish a just and righteous one in this\\nprovince for the nations want a precedent. There\\nmay be room there, though not here, for such an holy\\nexperiment. With these principles before him, he set about\\ndrawing up a plan of government.\\n42. Penn s Frame of Government. (1682.) His experience\\nwith the affairs of the East and West Jerseys had made\\nhim acquainted with many of the difficulties in a practical\\nadministration, and though he consulted Henry Sidney, Sir\\nWilliam Jones and others, there is no reason to doubt that\\nthe groundwork of the plan was his own. In the introduction\\nto this Frame of Government are the following words:\\nI know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy,\\naristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule of one, of a few,\\nand of many. But any government is free to the people\\nunder it (whatever be the frame) where the laws rule and\\nthe people are a party to those laws; and more than this\\nis tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion. Liberty without\\nobedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is\\nslavery.\\nWhile the governor was appointed by the proprietor, the\\nAssembly was elected by the people, all men who believed\\nin Jesus Christ and had paid taxes or were freeholders\\nbeing allowed to vote. Liberty of conscience was allowed to\\nall, but looseness, irreligion, and atheism were to be dis-\\ncouraged, and reformation rather than retaliation was the\\nprinciple that was followed in dealing with criminals.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n43. Penn sails for America; Treaty. (1682.) In 1682\\nPenn sailed with about one hundred emigrants for his prov-\\nince, and landed October 29 (old style) at Uplandt, now\\nChester. He immediately set to work to arrange affairs. He\\nhad sent by his deputy, the previous year, a letter to the\\nIndians, assuring them of his good will and purpose of treat-\\ning them justly. With this object in view he met the prin-\\ncipal Indian chiefs at Shackamaxon, now in Philadelphia, and\\nthere held a very friendly conference, and made a treaty of\\npeace and good will with them, a treaty not sworn to and\\nnever broken. He allowed no land to be occupied until the\\ntitle had been acquired justly from the Indians, and he pro-\\nvided that all differences should be settled by tribunals in\\nwhich both races should be represented. The result of this\\njust policy was that the colonists gained the good will of the\\nnatives, and so long as the Friends were in control of the\\ncolony, peace and security reigned in the province.^\\n44. Founding of Philadelphia Penn returns to England Del-\\naware. (1683-1718.) In 1683 Penn laid out the city of\\nPhiladelphia (Brotlierly-love). The low price of lands, the\\nfree government, the fertility of the soil, and the absence of\\npersecution attracted many settlers, so that in a very few\\nyears Pennsylvania became one of the most important colo-\\nnies, growing more in five years than New York had grown\\nin fifty. Members- of the Society of Friends from Wales\\nsettled the territory north and west of the. new city, while\\nothers from Germany, under the lead of Francis Daniel Pas-\\ntorius, settled Germantown. Perhaps in no other colony\\nwas there a greater variety of nationalities and languages.\\n1 A belt of wampum said to have been given to Penn by the Indians at\\nShackamaxon is in the possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society of\\nPhiladelphia. The exact date and terms of this famous treaty are disputed.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "PENNSYLVANIA.\\n45\\nPenn returned to England in 1684, leaving everything in a\\nprosperous condition. In 1692 he was deprived of his prov-\\nince on account of suspected sympathy with the exiled\\nJames II., but it was soon restored to him. He visited it\\nagain in 1699. There w\\\\as much trouble in regard to the\\nrents of land and various other matters, and Penn had\\nalready made arrangements to sell his province to the crown\\nwhen he was stricken by paralysis and became incapable of\\ntransacting business. His sons inherited his province at his\\ndeath in 1718. During the war of the Revolution the state\\npurchased the interest of the proprietors for \u00c2\u00a3130,000, and\\nall quit-rents were abolished.\\nThere was much jealousy of Pennsylvania among the colo-\\nnists of the lower counties on the Delaware, or Terri-\\ntories (sect. 41), and, after many efforts to remove this,\\nPenn gave the counties a lieutenant-governor of their\\nown. During the brief royal rule they were reunited to\\nPennsylvania. Some years later, however, owing to fresh\\ndifficulties, Penn provided for separate legislatures, an\\narrangement which went into effect in 1703. From that\\ntime, though having the same governor, the colonies were\\nseparate. Delaware State was declared to be the official\\nname when a constitution was adopted in 1776.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 86-313; R.\\nHildretli, History of the United States, ii. Chaps, xviii., xx.-xxv. Bryant and\\nGay, Popular History of the United States, vols, i., ii., iii. T. ^Y. Higginson,\\nLarger History of the United States, pp. 169-215 J. A. Doyle, History of\\nthe United States, Chaps, vii.-xiv., xvi. also his larger work, The English\\nColonies in America H, C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in\\nAmerica; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vols, iv., v.;\\nFrancis Parkman, France and England in North America, 9 vols. John\\nFiske, The Beginnings of New England; R. G. Thwaits, The Colonies\\n(Epochs of American History), pp. 211-284; G. P. Fisher (American His-\\ntory series). The Colonial Era.\\nSpecial. For Indians, see Special References to Chap. i. For New\\nEngland League American History Leaflets No. 7, Articles and Ordinances\\nof the Confederation of New England, 1643-1684 R. Frothingham, Rise of\\nthe Republic, pp. 1-71. For the Quakers James Bowden, History of the\\nSociety of Friends in America R. P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of\\nMassachusetts, and The Pioneer Quakers Brooks Adams, The Emancipa-\\ntion of Massachusetts. For the Witchcraft Delusion G. Bancroft, History\\nof the United States, ii. 58-67 Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the\\nUnited States, ii. 450-471 R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 145-\\n167 J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series. Economic and Social\\nHistory W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England,\\n2 vols. J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series. New England two Cen-\\nturies Ago Edward Eggleston, a series of articles on the American Colonies,\\nfully illustrated, in the Century Magazine, vols, xxv.-xxx. For Education in\\nthe Colonies R. G. Boone, Education in the United States, pp. 9-60. For\\nSlavery R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 417-430 G. Bancroft,\\nii. 268-280; Henry Wilson, The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in\\nAmerica, 3 vols. John Woolman, Journal (Whittier s edition). Chaps.\\ni,-ix., and particularly the Introduction by J. G. Whittier J. F. Rhodes,\\n46", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. 47\\nHistory of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, i. 1-14 Horace\\nGreeley, The American Conflict, vol. i. G. F. Williams, History of the\\nNegro Race in America.\\n45. The Condition of the Colonists. (1700.) Cut off from\\nthe mother country by a wide expanse of ocean, communica-\\ntion witli the colonies was slow and hazardous. From the\\naccession of James I. to that of William and Mary, England\\nhad been the scene of religious and political revolutions so\\nabsorbing were the various questions at home, that little time\\nwas spent in considering the interest of far-away colonies, or\\neven for thinking about them. Those who were persecuted\\nat home, or who were weary of the strife in church and in\\nstate, looked upon America as a place of exile or of safety\\nfrom danger. In this way it came about that, except spas-\\nmodically, the colonies were left much to themselves. The re-\\nsult was self-development and the growth of self-dependence\\nthe colonies made their own laws, subject, it is true, to the\\nveto of the governor or of the crown, but this was not very\\noften exercised. The colonists spoke of themselves as Eng-\\nlishmen, and were loyal to the king they claimed the rights\\nof Englishmen, however, and resented any infringement of\\ntheir rights. At first the settlements were widely separated\\nfrom each other, but as population increased they began to\\nsee that in many things they had a common interest, and\\nwhile local jealousy was strong and continued long after the\\nRevolution, a bond of union also existed. The first tendency\\nto united action sprang from a common dread of the Indians.\\n46. Relations between the Colonists and the Indians. The\\nIndian was a savage, and with all the instincts of savage life\\nhe was suspicious and crafty, and he had by this time changed\\nsomewhat in his treatment of the colonists. He had learned\\nthe use of firearms and of various tools he had learned to", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "48\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ndrink spirits, and he had also been taught by experience\\nthat the white man generally tried to cheat him out of his\\nlands, or in other ways, and when an Indian suffered an in-\\njury at the hands of one settler he considered it perfectly\\nlegitimate to revenge himself on another. The example of\\nthe Dutch, of Baltimore, and of William Penn and others,^\\nshows that the fault\\nlay with the whites for\\nwhere the natives were\\ntreated well and with\\ncommon justice, there\\nwas little or no trouble,\\nbut new comer and na-\\ntive lived in harmony\\nwith each other. The\\nnumber of Indians in\\nthe country north of\\nthe Gulf of Mexico\\nat the time of the be-\\nginning of its settle-\\nment by the Europeans\\nhas been variously es-\\ntimated. Careful stu-\\ndents are inclined to\\nbelieve that they num-\\nbered about 500,000,\\nand east of the Mississippi River less than 250,000. They\\nhad suffered greatly from wars with each other, and still more\\nfrom disease, so that much of the land was really uninhabited\\n1 The Hudson Bay Company for exactly two centuries, from 1G70 to\\n1870, held a charter for the monopoly of trade with the Indians here over an\\nimmense extent of territory. During that whole period, allowing for rare\\ncasualties, not a single act of hostility occurred between the traders and the\\nnatives. Narrative and Critical History of America^ i. 207.\\nAN INDIAN CHIEF.\\n(From a drawing in Hariot s Narrative, 1585.)", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "JOHN ELIOT.\\n49\\nin the early part of the seventeenth century but accustomed\\nto roam from place to place in search of game, they consid-\\nered the hunting grounds their own, and naturally resisted\\nseizure of them by the whites.\\n47. John Eliot. (1661.) A few of the settlers wished to\\nconvert the Indian to Christianity and to better his condition.\\nAmong these was John\\nEliot, known as the\\nApostle to the Indi-\\nans, who translated the\\nBible for their benefit.\\nThis book, one of the\\nearliest literary works\\nin America, was pub-\\nlished at Cambridge,\\nMassachusetts, in 1663,\\nthe New Testament\\nhaving been published\\nin 1661. At Harvard\\nCollege, too, there was\\nprovision made for in-\\nstruction of the Indian\\nyouth, but these things\\nwere the exception, es-\\npecially in the earliest\\ndaj^s.\\nAN INDIAN WOMAN.\\n(From a drawing in Hariot s Narrative, 1585.)\\n48. Situation and Growth of the English Colonies. (1700.)\\nThe English had gained possession of the choicest parts of\\n1 When the great amount of land which is necessary to support man in the\\nhunter stage is considered, the above estimate does not seem out of the way.\\nContrary to a rather common notion, it is likely that the Indians are now\\nslowly increasing in numbers. According to the Census of 1890 there were,\\nexclusive of Alaska, 249,273 Indians in the United States.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe new world advantages of situation, climate, fertility of\\nsoil, abundance of navigable streams and safe harbors were\\ntheirs; in short, everything which might help the develop-\\nment of a hardy, industrious, and energetic race. There is\\nno area in either of the Americas, or for that matter in the\\nworld outside of Europe, where it would have been possible\\nto plant English colonies, that would have been found so\\nsuitable for the purpose.\\nMore than any other of the colonizing nations, the English\\ncame to seek homes in the new world, and in consequence\\nturned their attention to improving their surroundings and\\nbettering their condition in every way that seemed possible\\nto them. It was due to no one thing that they increased\\nfaster than others in numbers, in power, and in wealth, but to\\na combination of many things. Notwithstanding all their\\nadvantages, it wf^s long before they occupied more than a\\nnarrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast for the settlers\\nwere very few in number, they were poor, and many of them\\nignorant; the settlements were widely separated from each\\nother, and even in 1750 comparatively little was known of the\\ncountry west of the Alleghanies.\\nTheir competitors for the soil of the new country were the\\nFrench, who held Nova Scotia, Canada, the Great Lakes, and\\nthe Mississippi valley to the sea, and the Spaniards, who held\\nFlorida, Texas, and the valley of the Rio Grande. Such was\\nthe condition of affairs in 1700.\\n49. Pequot War. (1636.) As the settlements increased,\\nthe Avhites encroached upon the lands of the Indians, who\\nnaturally resented such action. The first serious war was\\nwith the Pequots, in 1636 this was waged almost exclusively\\nwithin the bounds of Connecticut. Massachusetts aided the\\nsettlers in Connecticut, and by the aid also of the Narragan-", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE PEQUOT WAR.\\n51\\nsetts the Pequots were almost exterminated. Roger Williams\\nhad prevented the Narragansetts from fighting on the side of\\ntheir brethren, and had also tried to persuade the Pequots to\\nkeep peace. One important result of the Pequot war was to\\nmake the colonists see the advantage to be gained from a union\\nfor the common defence. Accordingly, Rhode Island proposed\\nthat a union of the colonies should be formed for protection\\nagainst the Indians, also that the Indians should be treated\\n-sr.\\n^t\\n1\\n.j^^\\n^Jl\\nB^^^HJH\\nHBi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0c-\\n^6*1\\n^H\\n^^^B^\\ni|\\n^Tms\\nTHE MYLES STANDISH HOUSE. BUILT 1666.\\nwith justice. The colonies of New Haven and Connecticut,\\nbeing liable to attacks from both the Indians and the Dutch,\\nwere very willing to make such a league, but Massachusetts\\nwas still unwilling to join hands with those who had fled\\nfrom her borders and those whom for various reasons she had\\nexpelled from her limits.\\n50. The United Colonies of New England. (1643.) In 1643,\\nhowever, a league was formed under the title of The United\\nColonies of New England. By the terms of tlie agreement,\\nthe colonies, while retaining their individual independence,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwere each to appoint two commissioners to meet regularly at\\ndifferent towns to hear, examine, weigh, and determine all\\naffairs of our war or peace and things of common interest.\\nThe association was stated to be for offence and defence,\\nmutual advice and succor upon all just occasions its exist-\\nence was necessary because of the outrages of the\\nIndians, as well as distractions in England, which prevented\\nthe colonies from seeking the advice and getting the pi o-\\ntection which at other times they might well exj)ect.\\nMassachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut joined\\nin the league, which lasted until 1684. This union was not\\nof as much practical benefit as might have been expected, but\\nit was of great value in teaching the colonists that a union\\nwas possible, and as forming a plan for future modification.\\nIt did not accomplish more because the colonists, already\\naccustomed to self-government, did not like to give up any of\\ntheir privileges the settlements, moreover, were far apart,\\nand Massachusetts was overbearing and dictatorial.\\n51. King Philip s War. (1675 -1676.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094King Philip s war\\nwas the most severe conflict with the Indians. It was begun\\nby a chief of that name who lived at Mt. Hope, near where\\nBristol, Rhode Island, now stands. His father, ^Nlassasoit,\\nhad been a firm friend of the Pilgrims, and remained friendly\\nforty years. But Philip was jealous and suspicious of the\\nEnglish, and became their bitter enemy. He nursed his\\nrevengeful feelings twelve years, and then attacked S^vanzey,\\nburning the houses and murdering the inhabitants. Other\\ntribes joined him, and within a few weeks attacks were made\\nupon the settlements, in 1675, along a line of about two\\nhundred miles. The war lasted two years, during which\\ntime twelve or thirteen settlements Avere destroyed, several\\nhundred settlers lost their lives, and many families were sepa-\\nrated, different members being carried into captivity. The", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "FRENCH\\nEXPLORATIONS AND POSTS.\\nMarquette Joliet s Route, in 1673\\nLa Salle s Route to Ft. Crevecoeur\\nand return, 1679\\nLa Salle s Route from Ft. St. Louis\\nto the Gulf, 1682\\nHennepin s Route, 1680\\n89 liongitude West 85 frot Gree^iwich", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE DUTCH AND FRENCH. 53\\nIndians were treated with great barbarity. Philip s chikl\\nand other captives were sold to the Bermudas into slavery\\ndeath or slavery was the penalty for all known or suspected\\nto have been concerned in shedding English blood. King\\nPhilip was finally killed, and the war came to an end.\\n52. The Dutch the French. (1605-1682.) But the Indians\\nwere not the only enemies the English settlers had. The\\nDutch in New Netherland were a continual menace to the\\nConnecticut and New Haven colonies, while all the settle-\\nments had a common enemy in the French. The latter held\\npossession of the territory west of the English settlements,\\nthough the English claimed ownership of tiie lands westward\\nto the Pacific Ocean.\\nIn 1605 (sect. 8) the French succeeded in making a\\npermanent colony in Acadie (Nova Scotia) at Port Royal\\n(Annapolis) in 1608 Champlain founded Quebec, and later\\nexplored the beautiful lake which still bears his name.\\nWhile the English were making new homes for themselves,\\nand working out the problems of local self-government along\\nthe Atlantic coast, the French were pushing their way through\\nthe St. Lawrence valley, and along the Great Lakes and the\\nMississippi River. The great motives which impelled tlie\\nFrench Avere both commercial and missionary. Wherever\\nthe fur trader might go, or the soldier might be sent,\\nthere went also the Roman Catholic priest, trying to con-\\nvert the native to Christianity. No difficulties, no dangers,\\nwere too great to deter him from his pious mission. Of\\nthe explorers, the Jesuit Marquette and the fur trader Joliet\\nreached the INIississippi in 1673, and another explorer. La\\nSalle, after discovering the Ohio, pushed on to the Missis-\\nsippi and followed it to its mouth (1682), claiming for the\\nFrench monarch the vast territory which lie had traversed.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nand calling the land that stretched westward and northward\\nfrom the mouth of the great river, Louisiana in honor of his\\nking, Louis XIV. Hennepin, a Jesuit, one of La Salle s\\nparty, went north and explored the Mississippi River as far\\nas the Falls of St. Anthony. La Salle, while on a fruitless\\nexpedition in Texas, was killed, in 1687, by traitors among\\nhis followers.\\n53. French and Indians; Strength and Weakness of the\\nFrench. The policy of the French toward the Indians w as\\nquite different from that of the English. The latter regarded\\nthe Indians as enemies, to be distrusted and looked upon as\\ninferiors. The former, on the contrary, treated them as\\nequals, intermarried with them, tried to convert them, and\\nin every way endeavored to gain and to retain their friend-\\nship. The result was that the French had no trouble with\\nthe natives, except with those who took the side of the\\nEnglish. Thus a danger never absent from the minds of the\\nEnglish was almost unknown to the French, who were able\\nto accomplish far more than w^ould otherwise have been pos-\\nsible with the number of men at their command.\\nAs one piincipal object of the French Avas to control the\\nfur trade, part of their plan was to connect Canada with the\\nmouth of the Mississippi River by a line of forts and trading\\nposts. And they did in fact control the vast region west of\\nthe Alleghanies and east of the Mississippi in this way.\\nNew France, as they called this territory, was an immense\\nempire of itself, and, surrounding the English possessions on\\nthe land side, was a constant menace to their safety, espe-\\ncially as the two great water-ways, the St. Lawi ence and the\\nMississippi, were in the hands of the French. The weakness\\nof the French colonists consisted partly in the fact that tlieir\\nnumljers were so few, but chiefly that the settlers rep-", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. 55\\nresented a colonizing scheme based on trading posts while\\ntheir neighbors established and fought for homes in the\\nEnglish sense. The strength of the French consisted in\\ntheir policy towards the Indians, in their excellent generals\\nand soldiers, and in the fact that they were united; while\\nthe English were divided among themselves, were under\\ndifferent governments, and were full of local jealousies.\\n54. English Civil War Effect upon the Colonies. (1643-1660.)\\nThe difficulties in England already referred to (sect. 50)\\nculminated in the civil war. The New England colonies\\ntook the success of the Parliamentary party very quietly;\\nfor being Puritans, they naturally sympathized with their\\nbrethren in their old home but most of the colonies were\\ncareful not to commit themselves to either side, and in Mary-\\nland alone was there anything like a struggle. It was soon\\nfound that Parliament intended to assume all the powers\\nwhich had been claimed by the king. But the colonists had\\nno idea of yielding any fuller obedience to the new govern-\\nment than they had yielded to the old. In fact, through the\\nneglect with which they had been treated, they had learned\\nthat they could manage very well without a king or Parlia-\\nment, so far as making their own laws was concerned.\\nOliver Cromwell, the Protector, seems to have fully appreci-\\nated the value and importance of the colonies, for under his\\nrule no attempt Avas made to interfere with them.\\n55. The Restoration; Policy of the Government. (1660-\\n1684.) With the restoration of Charles II. in 1660 a new\\norder of things came in. The Navigation Acts regulating\\nthe trade of the colonies, which had been passed by Parlia-\\nment in 1651, but which had not been hitherto enforced,\\nwere now put into action. The English fleet which seized\\nthe Dutch colony of New Netherland (sect. 33) brought", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nover four commissioners whose business it was to examine\\ninto the state of the New England colonies. Rhode Island,\\nwhich had succeeded in getting very liberal charters from\\nthe king (sect. 19), acknowledged their authority, but Mas-\\nsachusetts hekl to her charter, and would have little to do\\nwith them and finally, in 1684, the charter was annulled by\\nthe English courts, and Massachusetts became a royal colony.\\nJust as this policy was made known to the people, the king\\ndied and was succeeded by James II., who was a strong\\nbeliever in the royal prerogative. By the forfeiture of the\\ncharter (so-called) the king claimed supreme power, and\\nhe determined to unite all the northern English colonies\\nunder one governor.\\n56. Rule of Andros. (1686-1689.) In 1686 the charters\\nof Connecticut and of Rhode Island were demanded, and the\\nlatter given up. In 1686 Sir Edmund Andros, already\\nknown to the colonists as an arbitrary man, was sent out as\\nthe governor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire,\\nand Maine. In 1687, it is said, Andros went to Hartford and\\ndemanded the charter of Connecticut; in the discussion\\nwhich followed, the candles were suddenly blown out, and\\nwhen they were relighted, the document was not to be\\nfound. In the confusion it had been seized and hidden in\\na hollow oak, which henceforth bore the name of the Charter\\nOak. After the revolution in England the charter Avas\\nbrought out in 1689 and went into force again. The oak\\ntree stood until 1856, when it was blown down. Like\\nmany other stories of the earlier days there are strong\\ngrounds for doubting the accuracy of the ti adition. In 1688\\nAndros was made governor of New York and New Jersey as\\nwell, and thus all the colonies north of the Delaware were\\nunited under one rule in accordance with the king s plan.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "INTOLERANCE IN THE COLONIES. 57\\nAs soon as the news of the succession of William and Mary\\nreached New England, the men of Boston imprisoned Andros,\\nwho, at command of King William, was sent to England.\\n57. Restoration of Charters Massachusetts. (1691.) Con-\\nnecticut and Rhode Island had their charters restored, but\\nMassachusetts did not regain hers. A new charter was, how-\\never, given in 1691, which united the colonies of Massachusetts\\nBay, Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia. By this charter the\\ngovernor, lieutenant-governor, and secretary were appointed\\nby the crown, while the people elected the representatives,\\nbut all laws were subject to an immediate veto by the gov-\\nernor, as well as one by the crown within three years. The\\ngovernor could also convene, adjourn, or dissolve the legis-\\nlature at his pleasure. These restrictions made Massachu-\\nsetts, though having a charter, really a royal colony.\\n58. Intolerance in the Colonies. One of the most difficult\\nthings to do is to so imagine one s self back in the past as to\\nunderstand the life, circumstances, and the modes of thought\\nof the men and women of an earlisr day. In no history is\\nthis more difficult than in the, history of the early settlers of\\nAmerica. In the sixteenth century one of the main objects\\nwhich the colonists set before them was to spread the Gospel,\\nand yet so intolerant were they, that with the single exception\\nof Rhode Island there was not a colony which did not provide\\npunishment, sometimes death, for persons who differed from\\nthose in power in regard to religious opinion. Even in\\nPennsylvania, belief in Christ was essential to the holding\\nof office. In fact, in the seventeenth century such a thing\\nas toleration was hardly thought of. The Puritans came in\\norder to find a place where they could worship God as they\\npleased, but they had no intention of letting others worship\\nas they pleased. We have, already seen how Roger Williams", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "58\\nHISTORY OF THP: UNITED STATES.\\nand Anne Hutchinson were compelled to leave Massachusetts,\\nbut that was not all it was not until 1680 that Baptists\\ncould Avorship with freedom in the colony.\\n59. The Quakers. (1656-1661.) But the special object of\\ndislike seems to have been the Friends, or Quakers. In\\nJuly, 1656, two Quaker women came to Boston. They\\nwere put in jail, their books burnt, and after having been\\nabout five weeks prisoners [the] master of a vessel was\\nbound in one hundred pound bond to carry them back. In\\nthe same year a law was passed forbidding any ship-master\\nfrom bringing any Quakers into the colony, under a penalty\\nof XlOO, and if any such were\\nbrought, the captain was com-\\npelled to take them away again.\\nThe Quakers themselves were\\nmeanwhile to be sent to the\\nhouse of correction to be se-\\nverely whipped, kept con-\\nstantly to work, and none\\nsuffered to converse or speak\\nwith them. But this did not\\nstop their coming, and so in\\n1658 a new law provided for the\\nbanishment of visiting and resi-\\ndent Quakers and imposed death as a penalty for returning\\nafter being banished. Under this law Mary Dyer and three\\nothers were hanged on Boston Common. During the perse-\\ncution, fines, imprisonment, whipping, keeping in irons, brand-\\ning with the letter H (heretic), boring through the tongue\\nwith a hot iron, whipping at the cart s tail from village\\nto village, and death were the punishments inflicted. At last\\norders came from the crown that such proceedings must be\\nstopped.\\nWHIPPING AT THE CART S TAIL.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "WITCHCRAFT DELUSION.\\n59\\n60. Witchcraft Delusion. (1648-1693.) The witchcraft\\ndelusion is something almost incomprehensible to educated\\npeople at the present day. Belief in witchcraft came down\\nfrom very early times, and nearly all the nations of Europe\\nhad laws against it. As late as 1665 the English Parliament\\npassed a law punishing witchcraft with death, under which\\nnot a few suffered. It was\\nnot strange that the delusion\\nhad its day in America.\\nAs early as 1648 a supposed\\nwitch was executed in Bos-\\nton, but the great excitement\\nrelative to the matter was at\\nSalem in 1692. More than\\nfifty persons were variously\\npersecuted, and twenty, in-\\ncluding a clergyman, had\\nbeen put to death before the\\nfrenzy spent itself. It was\\nalmost impossible for the\\naccused to defend himself,\\nand a charge was equivalent\\nto conviction. While the\\nexcitement lasted, the delu-\\nsion took hold of all ranks\\nand classes, even the most\\nhighly educated fortunately\\nsense of a\\nTHE PILLORY.\\nfew revolted aoainst the\\nthe time was short, the good\\ninjustice, and the indis-\\ncriminate accusations opened the eyes of others, so that in\\nabout six months (February, 1693), there was a general open-\\ning of the prison doors and a cessation of charges. One of the\\njudges who had condemned a number to death annually kept\\na day of fasting as a token of his repentance. The witchcraft", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "60\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ndelusion in America has attracted so much attention that it\\nis often overlooked that there were many more executions\\nfor witchcraft in England, where the delusion lasted much\\nlonger, five persons having been put to death on that account\\nas late as 1722.\\n61. Colonial Beliefs and Customs. It must not be forgotten\\nthat the colonists carried their customs and many of their laws\\nwith them from their old homes,\\nand that very different ideas of\\nthe duty of the state towards\\nits citizens were entertained in\\nthat day. Almost everybody be-\\nlieved that it was legitimate in\\nthe state to regulate the dress, the\\nliabits, the wages, and in short\\nalmost everything which related\\nto its citizens and their inter-\\nests. The laws regarding Sun-\\nday observance were very severe\\neverything except that which was\\nabsolutely necessary was posi-\\ntively forbidden, and infraction of the laAV was punishable by\\nfine or otherwise. Lying, scolding, swearing, getting drunk,\\nall Avere criminal, and each had its appointed punishment.\\nAmong the penalties was, for a common scold, the ducking-\\nstool. It was a chair fastened to a long plank, the middle\\nof the plank resting on a cross-piece of wood this was taken\\nto the water s edge, tlie woman was tied in the chair, and\\nthen she was dipped in the water as often as seemed neces-\\nsary to inflict an adequate punishment. Again, we hear of\\npersons being placed in the pillory, or in the stocks of mak-\\ning the culprit wear a letter on the breast indicative of the\\nA DRUNKARD.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "COMMERCE; PIRACY.\\n61\\ncrime, such as D, for drunkard of branding on the hand\\nof cropping the ears of boring the tongue of flogging on\\nthe bare back in public. Though the Puritans of New\\nEngland were the most rigid in these matters, they were\\nnot alone, for the other colonies have to bear their share of\\nany blame that may be given to the beliefs and practices of\\nthose days.^\\n62. Commerce Piracy. The weights and measures and\\nthe money used in the English colonies were naturally those\\nwith which the colonists had been familiar in their old homes.\\nPINE-TREE SHILLING.\\nAlmost all of the colonies after a time coined money of their\\nown of the coins the Massachusetts pine-tree shilling, as it\\nwas called from the pine-tree represented on one side of the\\ncoin, may be taken as an example. There was comparatively\\nlittle commerce in the colonies for some time, but gradually a\\nprofitable trade sprung up with the West Indies, with the\\nmother country, and among the colonists themselves. These\\ncommercial enterprises naturally fell for the most part to\\nNew England on account of the sterility of her soil, which\\ncompelled her citizens to turn to other employments than\\nagriculture. The New Englanders became great ship-build-\\n1 It is hardly necessary to say that many of the so-called Blue Laws of\\nConnecticut are an invention, and never existed except in the imagination.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "62\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ners, and among the most skilful fishermen and whalers that\\nthe world has ever known, and their vessels were seen on\\nevery sea. Piracy on the high seas was then no uncommon\\nthing, and the pirates committed great depredations upon\\ncommerce. One of the most notorious and most daring of\\nthe pirates was Captain William (or Robert) Kidd. He was\\nsupposed to have buried treasure at various places on the At-\\nlantic coast, and some,\\neven to the present\\ntime, have sought to\\nfind his hidden wealth.\\nBefore the middle of\\nthe eighteenth cent-\\nury piracy had largely\\npassed away.\\n63. Social Life in the\\nColonies Slavery. In\\nsocial life the colonists\\nunderwent many priva-\\ntions, but perhaps we of\\nthis day overestimate\\nthem. In all house-\\nhold conveniences the\\npeople of the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, even\\nin Europe, were sadly deficient according to our notions, and\\nexcept in the case of the earliest settlers there was not so\\nmuch difference between Europe and America. Roads were\\nbad, but so they were in England; tea and coffee were\\nscarce in the early days, but so they were in Europe. Man-\\nufactories were few, being discouraged by the home govern-\\nment, for fear of injuring the export trade from England in\\nevery family, therefore, there was a spinning-wheel, and the\\nA COLONIAL FLAX-WHEEL.", "height": "3444", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "COLLEGES FOUNDED; NEWSPAPERS. 63\\nhome-spun linen was long the pride of the housewives and\\nwoollen cloth was also woven for the fathers and sons. Corn-\\nhuskings and apple-bees were times of amusement as well as\\nof work but in New England amusements were few and holi-\\ndays seldom. In the southern colonies life was taken more\\neasily horse-racing and cock-fighting, especially in Virginia,\\nwere common diversions. In Virginia and Maryland the\\nplanters formed an upper class which rather looked down\\nupon those who had to labor with their hands, and in New\\nYork the old Dutch patroons held somewhat similar ideas.\\nSlavery existed in all the colonies, though in New Eng-\\nland and the middle colonies there were few slaves and the\\nnumber was decreasing. Already in Pennsylvania in 1688\\nPastorius and the Friends in Germantown had made a pub-\\nlic written protest against slavery, and in nearly all the\\ncolonies the system was regarded as an evil to be gotten rid\\nof as soon as practicable.\\n64. Colleges Founded; Newspapers. (1636-1704.) In the\\nearliest days, the clergymen were almost the only educated\\nmen, but the colonists had shown their estimation of the\\nvalue of education by founding, in 1636, at Cambridge (then\\nNewtown), a high school or college, to which John Harvard,\\na graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, England, left\\nhis library and about four thousand dollars, a large sum in\\nthose da3^s. The college was named in honor of the giver of\\nthis noble foundation. In Virginia, the College of William\\nand Mary, named after the reigning king and queen of Eng-\\nland, was established in 1692. In 1700 ten Congregational\\nministers met and each gave ten books toward the library of\\na new college to be established in Connecticut such was the\\n1 It is noteworthy as the first protest made by a religious body against\\nnegro slavery.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "y\\nf sf\\n1\\niV i\\ni i\\nAM\\\\\\nI i\\n!!l\\nii^,B. :-r\\n64", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "INDUSTRY; KING WILLIAM S WAR.\\n65\\nbeginning of Yale College. Books were few, and so were\\nnewspapers, the first newspaper being the Boston Neivs Letter,\\nestablished in 1704.\\n65. Industry of the Colonists Intercourse between the Colo-\\nnies. The people generally of the English colonies were\\nindustrious; everything that they could make for themselves\\nthey made, and made well. Probably in no part of the world\\nwas there greater industry seen, and nowhere were the results\\nmore satisfactory.\\nFor many years after the settlement of the various colo-\\nnies, communication between them was very difficult and\\nconsequently infrequent. It was much easier to go to\\nEngland from Boston, than to go from Boston to Vir-\\nginia by land. The stage coaches were lumbering vehicles\\nand were little improved\\nas time went on. As the\\ncolonies increased in popu-\\nlation, intercourse became\\neasier and more frequent.\\nBut it took years to show\\nthe colonists that they had\\ncommon interests. Among\\ntlie influences which tended\\nto bring the settlements together were the dangers from the\\nIndians, from the French on the north and west, and from\\nthe Spaniards ou the south and southwest. But even this\\nbond was a weak one, so distrustful were the colonists of\\neach other.\\nA STAGE COACH, 1731.\\n66. Intercolonial Wars King William s War First Cong^ress of\\nthe Colonies. (1689-1697.) The seventeenth and eighteenth\\ncenturies were in Europe a time of almost constant war, and", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nit Avas natural that the quarrels should be carried across the\\nAtlantic and fought out in the new world as well as in the\\nold. So when England and France went to war in 1689, their\\nrespective colonies did the same. This was the first inter-\\ncolonial war, and is known as King William s War from the\\nruling king of England, William III. The French with their\\nIndian allies attacked the settlements on the edge of the north-\\nern colonies and at Schenectady, New York, and at Salmon\\nFalls, New Hampshire, terrible massacres took place, and\\nalong the border of civilization midnight attacks, hairbreadth\\nescapes, wives and children taken into captivity, and whole\\nfamilies tomahaAvked, were the results of this cruel and bar-\\nbarous conflict. The common danger aroused the colonists,\\nand by invitation of Massachusetts, a congress of commis-\\nsioners met, April, 1690, at Ncav York, to discuss affairs, and\\nto try to arrange some plan of attack and defence. Only\\nMassachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York re-\\nsponded, but this meeting is interesting as the first attempt\\nat a congress of all the English colonies in America. It\\nwas determined to attack the French b}^ land and by sea.\\nThe land expedition was a total failure, never even reaching\\nCanada but the naval expedition took the fortified town of\\nPort Royal, and conquered the province of Acadie, in which\\nit was situated, tliough failing in the attempt against Quel^ec\\nand Montreal. At length, in 1697, by the peace of Ryswick,\\nhostilities came to an end, Avhile by the terms of the peace\\nterritories were restored as they Avere before the Avar, much\\nto the chagrin of those who had Avon Acadie.\\n67. Second Intercolonial War; QLueen Anne s War. (1702-\\n1713.) The second intercolonial war was known in Europe\\nas the Avar of the Spanish Succession, but in the colonies\\nas Queen Anne s War. This conflict Avas betAveen England,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 67\\nHolland, and Germany on- the one side, against Spain and\\nFrance on the other. The Five Nations (Indians) who lived\\nbetween the French and the English settlements, having\\nmade peace Avith the French, did not take part in this struggle,\\nso New England was the scene of the warfare, though the\\nmost southern colonies suffered somewhat from the Spaniards.\\nAgain was Port Royal taken from the French by the united\\nefforts of British and colonial troops, and its name was\\nchanged, in honor of the queen, to Annapolis. An expedition\\nagainst Quebec failed disastrously. After eleven years,\\npeace was made, by the terms of which England retained\\nmost of Acadie, which became henceforth Nova Scotia, the\\npossession of which gave England control of the fisheries.\\nDuring this Avar Massachusetts suffered greatly from the\\nIndians. Deerfield having been surprised, many persons\\nwere massacred, and over a hundred were carried into\\ncaptivity. Haverhill also was the scene of a terrible attack.\\nNotwithstanding the peace, there were for a long time Indian\\nAvars, Avhich Avere marked Avith the usual dreadful scenes.\\nDuring the conflict, the Tuscaroras, a tribe of North Carolina,\\nhaving suffered at the hands of the settlers whom they had\\nattempted to exterminate, migrated north Avard and joined the\\nFive Nations in northern and western Ncav York, Avhich noAv\\nbecame the Six Nations (sect. 2).\\n68. Third Intercolonial War; King George s War. (1744-\\n1748.) The third Avar, King George s War, was again a con-\\nflict betAveen England and France. This lasted about four\\nyears, and the only important incident Avas the capture of the\\nstrongly fortified town of Louisburg, on the island of Cape\\nBreton, by the combined force of colonial and British\\ntroops. This place Avas considered the Gibraltar of America,\\nand the daring, the bravery, and the perseverance of the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ncolonial troops gave the colonists a reliance upon their own\\nresources which they never forgot nor lost. To the disgust\\nof the colonies, Louisburg was returned to the French in\\n1748, on the making of peace.\\n69. Lessons of the Intercolonial Wars. In the three wars\\nwhich have been described. New England bore the brunt of\\nthe conflict and suffered the heaviest losses, though in the\\nexpedition against Louisburg several of the other colonies\\nhad taken part. The colonies had suffered heavy losses in\\nproperty and life, and gained but little, the conquest of Nova\\nScotia and the control of the Newfoundland fisheries by the\\nEnglish being the chief. They had, liowever, learned two\\nthings (1) That they would have to protect themselves,\\nEngland being ready to sacrifice their interests at any time\\nfor her own advantage and (2) that in efficiency, the colo-\\nnial, or, as they were often called, the provincial troops, were\\nquite equal to the British regulars, while the provincial\\nofficers were often superior to the British officers.\\n70. Slave Trade. (1713-1776.) A notable instance of the\\ndisregard paid to the wishes of the colonists by the mother\\ncountry was one of the provisions of the treaty of Utrecht,\\nat the end of Queen Anne s War, 1713. This was an agree-\\nment known as the Assiento, by whicli England secured\\nthe right to supply the Spanish-American colonies with\\nnegroes from Africa, and in doing this the company, in whicli\\nthe queen was a stockholder, also supplied the English colo-\\nnies with slaves. It is estimated that in this way about\\n300,000 negro slaves were brought to the British settlements\\nbefore 1776. Again and again had colonial legislatures\\npassed acts forbidding the slave trade, only to have them\\nvetoed by the royal governors or by the home government.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSTRUGGLE FOR COLONIAL EMPIRE.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneraL G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 319-565 R.\\nHildreth, History of the United States, ii. 433-513 Bryant and Gay, Popular\\nHistory of the United States, iii. 254-328; A. B. Hart, Formation of the\\nUnion (Epochs of American History), pp. 1-41 W. M. Sloane, French\\nWar and Revohition (American History Series), pp. 1-115; F. Parkman,\\nMontcahn and Wolfe, 2 vols., Conspiracy of Pontiac R. Frothingham,\\nRise of the Republic, 101-157 B. A. Hinsdale, The Old North West, pp.\\n21-69 J. R. Green, Short History of the English People, Chap, x., sect, ii.\\nF. W. Longman, Frederick the Great (Epoch Series), pp. 167-184 J. A.\\nDoyle, History of the United States, Chaps, xv., xvi. John Fiske, War of\\nIndependence, pp. 1-26, also his American Revolution J. R. Seeley, The\\nExpansion of England, Course 1, Lectures iv.-viii. J. M. Ludlow, The War\\nof American Independence (Epoch Series), pp. 58-64; Winsor, Narrative\\nand Critical History of America, vol. v.\\nBiographies. American Statesman Series, H. C. Lodge, George AVash-\\nington J. T. Morse, Jr., Benj. Franklin J. K. Hosmer, Samuel Adams\\nJohn Fiske, Irving s Washington John Bigelow, Benj. Franklin Franklin s\\nAutobiography,\\nSpecial. For Washington s Expedition W. Irving, Life of Washington\\nWashington s Writings (Sparks Edition, ii. 422-437), (W. C. Ford s Edition,\\ni. 1-124). For Albany Convention: Franklin s Works (Sparks Edition), i.\\n176-178, iii. 22-55; Old South Leaflets, No. 9. For Peace of 1763: Ameri-\\ncan History Leaflets, No. 5, Extracts from the Treaty of Paris, 1763, etc.\\nJ. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England, as above.\\n71. The French and the English Colonies. (1750.) By the\\nmiddle of the eighteenth century it became evident that\\nthere would be, before many years had gone by, a struggle\\nbetween the European settlers for the control of the North\\n69", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nAmerican continent, and that the great conflict would be\\nbetAveen the French and English. Up to this time the Eng-\\nlish settlers had hugged the Atlantic coast, only a few pene-\\ntrating beyond the Alleghanies. Beyond those mountains,\\nthe region from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico was\\nheld by the French, who, to secure it, had built about sixty\\nforts. The skill with which the position of these posts was\\nselected is shown by the fact that many of them liave since be-\\ncome cities or towns, as Fort Wayne, Detroit, Toledo, Natchez,\\nand NcAV Orleans. The French colonists had made great\\nefforts to establish settlements in the Mississippi valley, but,\\nwith the exception of New Orleans and Mobile, they had not\\nbeen very successful. The home government had neither\\nencouraged emigration, nor given much aid to the colonies\\nindeed nothing helpful could have been expected from the\\ncorrupt government of Louis XIV. After one hundred and\\nfifty years of occupation, the population of the French\\ncolonies did not exceed 125,000, while their English rivals\\nprobably numbered 1,250,000. The French possessions were\\nheld by a string of forts, through a country almost as wild as\\nwhen the continent was discovered by the Cabots. The bulk\\nof the population was in Canada, and with the exception of\\nNew Orleans and one or two otlier places, there was hardly\\nany other real settlement outside of Canada.\\n72. Ohio Company; Activity of the French; Washington.\\n(1753.) The English in their charter had claimed the con-\\ntinent westward to the South Seas, as the Pacific was then\\ncalled; the French claimed all the territory west of the\\nAlleglianies, by right of discovery and exploration while the\\nIndians claimed the whole, by right of occupation but\\nneither the French nor the English regarded any claims that\\nclashed with their personal interests. The conflicting claims", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S EXPEDITION. 71\\nto this vast tract had not caused trouble until 1748, when a\\nland company, known as the Ohio Company, was organized\\nby English and Virginian speculators, whose object was to\\ninduce emigrants to move to the lands in what was really a\\npart of Pennsylvania, but wdiich Virginia claimed under her\\ncharter. Explorers who visited the region brought back\\nglowing accounts of the country, and surveyors were sent\\nout to survey and open roads. As soon as the French heard\\nof this movement, they began to increase the number of their\\nforts and to open a second line nearer the English border.\\nThey built one at Presque Isle (Erie), also at Venango, and\\nat Franklin, Pennsylvania, and at many other points they\\nseized the company s surveyors, and destroyed an English\\npost on the Miami. Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia sent\\nGeorge Washington, then a land surveyor, and only twenty-\\none years of age,i to carry an official letter to the French,\\nprotesting against the occupation of lands belonging to Vir-\\nginia. Washington was also ordered to ascertain the dispo-\\nsition of the Indians towards the English, and, if possible,\\ngain their friendship.\\n73. Washington s Expedition Surrenders to French French\\nand Indian War. (1754.) The trip was one of great danger,\\nbut after having experienced more than one hairbreadth es-\\ncape, Washington returned in safety. The accounts which\\nhe brought back amounted to a declaration of war, for the\\nFrench flatly refused to give up their posts. This was in\\n1753. Early in 1754 the Virginia legislature voted men and\\nmoney to protect the posts which had been begun in the\\ndisputed territory. Washington Avas placed second in com-\\nmand, but soon after the expedition had started, he became\\n1 George Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, 22d\\nFebruary (11th, Old Style), 1732.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY Ol^ THE UNITED STATES.\\nchief, by the death of the superior officer. His aim was to\\nprotect a fort which the Ohio Company liad begun at the\\njunction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. The\\nFrench were as fully aware as the English of the value of the\\nposition, and pushing ahead, took the post and built a fort at\\nthe place themselves, naming it Fort Du Quesne. This was\\nwhere the city of Pittsburg noAv is. Advancing to meet the\\nVirginian forces, they were successful in compelling Wash-\\nington to surrender, July 4th, 1754, though on the honorable\\nterms that he and his men should be allowed to return home.\\nPreviously, in attacking a small body of French and Indians,\\nWashington had begun the active hostilities of a war full of\\nmore than the usual suffering, loss, and horror, and whose\\nresults have hardly ever been surpassed in their far-reaching\\ninfluence. This war, known in America as the French and\\nIndian War, and in Europe as the Seven Years War, differed\\nfrom previous colonial wars in the following particulars: that\\nactual hostilities were begun in America that the conflict\\nwas a struggle for supremacy between the Latin and English\\nraces that it decided the question which should be the\\ncolonizing nation of the world and that, before its conclusion,\\nmost of the nations of Europe were involved.\\n74. Albany Convention Franklin s Plan of Union. (1754.)\\nThe colonies realized as they never had done before that\\nthere was a common danger threatening them, and that upon\\nthe conflict, Avhich they saw was imminent, depended the\\nquestion of their expansion, perhaps of their freedom. The\\ncause of Virginia was felt to be a common one, and all the\\ncolonies voted to aid her. The other wars had been brought\\non mainly by the quarrels of England and France, about\\nmatters in which the colonies had little concern this affected\\ntheir most vital interests. The English government advised", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "FOURTH INTERCOLONIAL WAR. 73\\nthe colonies to unite in repelling the danger. In 1754\\ndelegates from New England, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and\\nNeAY York met at Albany to consider the state of affairs, and\\nmeet delegates from the Six Nations of the Iroquois, whom\\nthey hoped to gain over to tlie English side, or to induce to\\nremain neutral.\\nAt this convention of twenty-five men were some that\\nafterwards became well known, among them Benjamin Frank-\\nlin. Here, also, a plan of union, drawn up by Franklin,\\ncalled the Albany plan, Avas adopted, and forwarded to the\\ncolonial legislatures and to England. But the former unani-\\nmously rejected it on the ground that it gave too much power\\nto the crown, while the English government rejected it on the\\nground, that it gave too much power to the colonists. The\\nmeeting, however, did much good in bringing the colonies\\ncloser together.\\n75. Fourth Intercolonial War. (1754.) Though there had\\nbeen no formal declaration of war, both England and France\\nsent additional troops to be ready for the inevitable conflict.\\nBetween the English colonies and the French possessions\\nthere was a belt of forest and mountains which was almost\\nimpassable for troops, and even for small bodies of soldiers.\\nThe lines of attack were of course along the natural lines of\\ncommunication. These were (1) The River St. Lawrence\\n(2) Lakes George and Champlain; (3) Niagara River. On\\nthese lines, Louisburg protected the approach to the St.\\nLawrence, and threatened the fisheries, and was also the base\\nof the attack for the French against the English. Quebec,\\nthe most strongly fortified post in America, unless Louis-\\nburg be excepted, was the key to the St. Lawrence and\\nthe valley of the river Forts Crown Point and Ticonderoga\\ndefended the Lake Champlain route; while Fort Niagara", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ncontrolled the Upper Lakes and the northern part of the\\nMississippi valley. Fort Du Quesne controlled the middle\\nregion on the west, and so long as it was held by the French,\\nthe middle colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia were in\\ndanger of an attack from both French and Indians.\\n76. Braddock s Expedition his Defeat. (1755.) The Eng-\\nlish sent oat as commander-in-chief General Edward Braddock,\\nand it was determined to attack the French in Acadie, at\\nCrown Point, at Niagara, and at Fort Du Quesne. Braddock\\nled the expedition against the latter place himself. He had\\nalready been warned by Benjamin Franklin against ambushes\\nand Indian methods of warfare, and although Washington,\\nwho was one of his aids, as well as other provincial officers,\\nrepeated the warning, he obstinately persisted in the European\\nmethod of conducting a campaign, with the result of a most\\ndisastrous rout near Fort Du Quesne, in which he was mor-\\ntally wounded, the regular troops utterly defeated, and many\\nstores lost. Washington, upon whom the command devolved,\\nconducted the retreat skilfully, but besides the losses from\\nthe expedition, much of the western part of Virginia and\\nPennsylvania was ravaged by the French and Indians.\\n77. Expedition against Acadie War formally declared. (1756.)\\nThe same year, 1755, an expedition against the part of\\nAcadie still held by the Frencli, principally what is now New\\nBrunswick, was successful. During this campaign occurred\\nthe expulsion of the French peasants from Grand Pre, whicli\\nhas been made the basis of Longfellow s Evangeline. This\\naction of the British in expelling so many persons from their\\nhomes has been the cause of mnch denunciation. It was a\\ncruel thing to do, but it was not done until almost every\\nresource of patience and perseverance had been tried in vain.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "EXPEDITION AGAINST ACADIE. 75\\nIt seemed to be a military necessity. The Acadians were\\nsimple-minded, ignorant peasants, who conld not be made to\\nsee that, their country having passed under the rule of Eng-\\nland, they could no longer aid the French, but were bound to\\nact as subjects of the English king. The unfortunate exiles\\nweve distributed among the English colonies from Massa-\\nchusetts to Georgia, and eventually many found their way to\\nLouisiana, where their descendants still form a numerous\\nand distinct part of the population.\\nThe expedition against Crown Point, in which the English\\nwere aided by the Indian allies, was also, after some reverses,\\nsuccessful, but an expedition against Fort Niagara was given\\nup. In 1756 war was formally declared in Europe, and\\nhostilities spread to the continent and to the colonies of\\nFrance and England in India, so black men fought on the\\ncoast of Coromandel, and red men scalped each other on the\\nGreat Lakes of North America, alike ignorant of the real\\ncauses which set them at variance.\\n78. The French at first Successful William Pitt. (1757.)\\nThe Marquis of Montcalm was now appointed commander-in-\\nchief of the French, and he showed himself to be the bravest\\nand most skilful officer that had yet appeared in America.\\nIn a short time he had driven the English out of the disputed\\nterritory, gained the Indians for the French, and was prepar-\\ning a strong fleet at Louisburg to attack Nova Scotia and\\nNew England so, by the end of 1757, France seemed to have\\nthe advantage all along the disputed lines. Hitherto the\\nBritish had sent out inefficient officers, who disregarded\\nthe advice of the provincial officers and looked down upon the\\ncolonial troops and their methods, but in 1757 William Pitt\\nbecame Secretary of State, and practically Prime Minister.\\nAt once the influence of a strong man in the government was", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfelt over the whole world where the English had any interests.\\nHis clear head enabled him to see the important points to be\\ngained, his skill in the knowledge of men led him to appoint\\nthe right man in the right place, and liis judgment showed\\nhim what course was best to be pursued. No man, said\\na soldier of the time, ever entered Mr. Pitt s closet who did\\nnot feel himself braver when he came out than when he went\\nin. No part of his policy was more successful than his\\ntreatment of the American colonies. He saw that the struggle\\nbetween England and France was to be fought in the colonies,\\nand he acted accordingly. Far from ignoring the colonial\\nofficers and troops, he treated them with consideration and\\nfavor, and though the command was still to remain in the\\nhands of officers from England, abler men were sent out. The\\nresult of the policy was soon evident. Again, of necessity,\\nthe same lines of attack were chosen.\\n79. English Plans; General Wolfe. (1759.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In IToS an\\nexpedition against Louisburg captured that stronghold. Later\\nin the year Fort Du Quesne, deserted b}^ the French on the\\napproach of the British troops, was occupied, and renamed\\nFort Pitt, afterwards to become Pittsburg. In this expedi-\\ntion Washington took a most important part. But an attack\\non Ticonderoga failed after a heavy loss of life.\\nIn the year 1759 it was resolved to attack the French\\nby three routes the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, and\\nNiagara. General James Wolfe, who had shown conspicuous\\nbravery and skill at Louisburg, was entrusted with the com-\\nmand of an expedition against Quebec, and it was expected\\nthat the two other expeditioiis, if successful, would join liim in\\nthe attack upon that stronghold but they were not able to\\ndo so. Quebec being the most important place in Canada,\\nMontcalm was compelled to draw men for its defence from", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "QUEBEC; ENGLISH TRIUMPH. 77\\nother places, and thus weaken his lines. The small number\\nof the French now told heavily against them they had a\\nvery small population to draw upon for reinforcements, their\\ncolonies were poor and weak, and most of the men and sup-\\nplies for the army had to be brouglit from abroad an\\nuncertain source of supply, as the English almost controlled\\nthe mouth of the St. Lawrence.\\n80. auebec; English Triumph. (1759-1763.) The Eng-\\nlish, on the contrary, had a population more than ten times\\nas great as the French, and all their supplies could be obtained\\neasily and cheaply from their own homes their settlements,\\nmoreover, were compact and easily accessible. It was im-\\npossible not to foresee the result; only gross carelessness\\ncould prevent final English success. But the English had to\\nmeet a brave and skilful leader in Montcalm. More than\\nonce Wolfe was almost ready to give up the attempt to take\\nQuebec. Standing upon a high cliff, between the St. Lawrence\\nand the St. Charles, the town was protected on three sides\\nby water, and on the fourth rose precipitous rocks, which\\nseemed inaccessible to an attacking force but Wolfe deter-\\nmined to scale them and gain a position on the Heights of\\nAbraham nearly west of the city. This was accomplished one\\ndark night, and so he was able to meet the French on equal\\nground. In the battle which folloAved, both Wolfe and\\nMontcalm were mortally wounded, the former dying upon\\nthe field of battle. Quebec was surrendered; and though\\nthe French tried to recapture it, they were unsuccessful, and\\nMontreal, their last stronghold, was taken in 1760. The\\nforts of Crown Point and Ticonderoga and Niagara had\\nbeen previously captured, so the English were everywhere\\ntriumphant. The capture of Quebec was the great turning-\\npoint in American colonial history.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n81. Conditions of Peace; Results of the War. (1763.) In\\n1763 peace was made, by which France lost all her pos-\\nsessions in America, except two small islands near New-\\nfoundland, reserved for fishing purposes. To England were\\ngiven all the possessions east of the Mississippi River, except\\nNew Orleans, which, with the land immediately around it,\\nwas given to France, with all the claims west of the river.\\nSpain gave Florida to England in return for Havana, which\\na combined force of English and provincials had captured\\nduring the war. But France, by a secret treaty, gave New\\nOrleans, and all her claims west of the Mississippi River, to\\nher ally, Spain, in order to compensate her for the loss of\\nFlorida. England gave up all claims to lands beyond the\\nMississippi, Avhich thus became for nearly fifty years tlie\\nwestern boundary of English settlements. The North Amer-\\nican continent was now divided between England and Spain,\\nthe one a strong and the other a weak power, but as the set-\\ntlements of each were far distant from those of the other,\\nthey were not likely to interfere for some time. Thus the\\nEnglish could expand in all directions, and the north, south,\\nand west were without fear of any foe, except the scattered\\nIndian tribes, which were daily becoming less dreaded. The\\ncolonists had borne the greater part of the expenses of the\\nwar, and felt its horrors most. Most of the money to carry\\nit on had been voted by their own Assemblies, and their own\\nrepresentatives had laid the heavy taxes which were necessary\\nin order to raise the large sums needed. All the colonies\\nliad taken part in the struggl-e, and they had learned to look\\nupon the successes as largely their own. They had become\\nbetter acquainted with each other, and had also learned their\\nown strength. Through the absence of dangers, they were\\nled more and more to depend upon themselves, and to look\\nless and less for the aid of the mother country. Prominent", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA, 1755-AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH AND L\\\\DIAN WAR.\\nCENTRAL lORTH AMERICA, 17G3-AFTER THE FRENCH AND INDUN WAR.\\n(According to Peace of Paris)", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC. 79\\nFrenchmen and others saw this at the time, and said that, in\\ngiving up Canada, France was preparing the way for the\\nindependence of the English colonies. Benjamin Franklin,\\nthough one of the shrewdest of men, thought otherwise.\\n82. Conspiracy of Pontiac. (1763-1769.) Before the Eng-\\nlish were secui-e in their new possessions, there was a war\\nwith the Indians in 1763-64. This was the result of the\\nconspiracy of Pontiac, an Ottawa chief. He had been an\\nadherent of the French, and could not believe that they were\\ndefeated, but thought they would surely return. He suc-\\nceeded in inducing a number of tribes to make a grand effort\\nto drive out the Englisli. With this object in view, a num-\\nber of posts were surprised, and garrisons were put to death.\\nFor a time it seemed as though there would be a renewal\\nof the horrors of the old Indian wars. But the Indians did\\nnot agree among themselves, and peace was finally made in\\n1766. Pontiac was assassinated by another Indian in 1769.\\nI", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER Y.\\nTHE ENGLISH COLONIES.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. G. Bancroft, History of the United States, iii. 50-482 iv.\\n8-198 R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 514-579 iii. 25-70\\nBryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, iii. 329-376\\nR. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, pp. 158-401 J. M. Ludlow, The\\nWar of American Independence (Epoch Series), pp. 04-103; W. E. H.\\nLecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, iii. Chap. xii. (Amer-\\nican Edition) J. A, Doyle, History of the United States, Chaps, xvi.,\\nxvii. John Fiske, The War of Independence, pp. 39-87, and his The\\nAmerican Revolution W. M. Sloane, The French War and The Revolu-\\ntion (American History Series), pp. 110-187 A. B. Hart, The Formation\\nof the Union, pp. 42-08 Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America,\\nvi. Cliap. i.; E. Channing, The United States, Chaps, i., ii.\\nBiographies. American Statesmen Series J. K. Hosmer, Samuel\\nAdams J. T. Morse, Jr., John Adams M. C. Tyler, Patrick Henry H. C.\\nLodge, George Washington Woodrow Wilson, George Washington.\\nSpecial. For Navigation Acts: Benj. Rand, Economic History since\\n1703 (New Edition), pp. 1-30 For Stamp Act American History Leaflets,\\nNo. 21 F. M. Etting, Independence Hall (2d Edition), pp. 47-02, Phila-\\ndelphia, 1891, interesting illustrations; B. J. Lossing, Field-Book of the\\nRevolution, i. 400-474. For Tea Tax Old South Leaflets, No. 08 B. J.\\nLossing, Field-Book of the Revolution, i. 490-499.\\n83. English Policy. (1763-1765.) The colonists now entered\\nupon a new phase of their history, one which was to lead\\nthem into independence of the mother country. This was a\\nconclusion few living at the middle of the eighteenth century\\ncould have anticipated. But it is now seen that such a result\\n80", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ENGLISH POLICY; NAVIGATION ACTS. 81\\nwould inevitably follow the policy pursued by the English\\ngovernment. The first step was the claim which the crown\\nmade to the territory conquered from the French, particularly\\nthat west of the Atlantic settlements, which the colonists felt\\nhad been gained chiefly by their own efforts.\\nNotwithstanding the wars, the colonies had kept on in-\\ncreasing in population and wealth. There were now thirteen\\nof them, and their total population was about 2,000,000.\\nAgriculture and commerce were flourishing, and even manu-\\nfactures were springing up in various places. England was\\nencumbered with a large debt, the interest on which Avas a\\nheavy burden. When the British Parliament saw that the\\ncolonists had raised so much money to carry on the late war,\\nit naturally thought that the colonists should bear a part of\\nthe national burden. The Parliament laid the taxes upon the\\nBritish people, and it thought it would lay taxes upon\\nthe Americans. But there was a great difference between the\\ntwo cases. In England, law-makers were, or professed to be,\\nelected by the people to represent them, and so the people\\nhad a voice in laying their own taxes; but the colonists\\nwere not represented in the British Parliament, and so if\\nParliament laid taxes upon the colonists there would* be\\ntaxation without representation, which was contrary to\\nthe custom and principles of the colonists. It was only in\\nlate years that the matter had assumed any importance, for\\nthe colonies had hitherto been so insignificant as to be out\\nof practical consideration.\\n84. Economic Views of the Eighteenth Century; Navigation\\nActs. It is important to remember that in the eighteenth\\ncentury very different views from those now accepted were\\nheld by the most liberal-minded men. It was thought\\nessential to control and regulate trade in every way to close", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nports against all foreign shipping was deemed good policy\\nand that colonies existed for the good of the mother country\\nwas an axiom of most governments. It was acknowledged\\neven in the colonies that the king had power to veto bills of\\nthe colonial legislatures, and that Parliament had the right to\\nregulate all foreign trade.\\nAs long ago as 1651, when England was under the Com-\\nmonwealth, the Navigation Acts had been passed. These\\nlaws, and others passed in 1660, 1663, and 1672, forbade\\ntrade with any country but England, or an English cololry,\\nand required that all commerce should be carried on in\\neither English or colonial vessels, thus shutting out all com-\\npetition, and forcing all foreign goods to come through the\\nEnglish market and be subject to the English duties. But\\nby 1663 so many ships had been built by the colonists, that\\nto protect the British ship-builders, the colonists Avere for-\\nbidden to import any goods except in British-built ships, un-\\nless the ship had been built or bought before October, 1662.\\n85. Restrictions upon Manufactures. (1699-1761.) The\\ncolonial trade was also burdened with heavy restrictions. In\\nWilliam and Mary s reign there was still further interference\\nin regard to the colonial manufactures which were beginning\\nto be established. In this reign, or later, the exportation of\\nhats, paper, leather, iron, and other articles was absolutely\\nforbidden, and in some cases even their manufacture. It is\\ntrue that these laws were frequently not enforced, and for\\nmany years the government officers either did not attempt\\nto carr}^ them out, or were bribed to ignore them. But\\nin 1761 a serious attempt was made to carry out the Navi-\\ngation Acts, particularly in relation to illicit trade or smug-\\ngling. Under this policy the old acts were enforced, and\\nto do it the revenue officers were greatly increased in", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATION IN ENGLAND. 83\\nnumber. They found that a great amount of smuggling was\\ncarried on, and to stop this and gain evidence concerning it,\\nthey applied to the courts for writs of assistance to aid\\nthem in their search for smuggled goods. These writs were\\nwarrants permitting the revenue officers to search any house\\nfor goods, on suspicion only. They governed all men, were\\nreturnable nowhere, gave the officers absolute power, and\\nopened every man s house to their entrance. It was most\\nnatural that the colonists should look upon them as illegal.\\nJames Otis, a young, able, and eloquent lawyer, appeared\\nbefore the Superior Court of Massachusetts as the people s\\nadvocate, and in the course of his argument used the now\\nfamiliar phrase, Taxation without representation is tyranny.\\nThe judges reserved their decision until they could learn the\\npractice in England relative to the matter, and on finding\\nthat such writs were legal and were used in England, they\\nwere forced to affirm their legality in America. The question\\nof legality, however, made no difference in respect to the\\nfeeling with which they were regarded. It does not appear\\nthat the officers ever dared to make use of the writs.\\n86. Representation in England. (1761.) In considering\\nthe relations between England and the colonies, it must be\\nremembered that the English government at this time was\\nvery corrupt, and bribery was recognized, even by the officers\\nof state, as a regular means of securing legislation. The House\\nof Commons no longer represented the English people, for in\\na population of about 8,000,000, there were less than 175,000\\nvoters. The election districts had not been changed for a\\nvery long time, large cities had grown up without any repre-\\nsentation at all, and other districts represented a very small\\npopulation. In one place. Old Sarum, three voters elected\\ntwo members of Parliament. By this means many members of", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "84\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nParliament were chosen according to the wish of those of the\\nnobility who were large landlords, and controlled the votes\\nof their tenants. As a matter of fact, for a good part of the\\neighteenth century the House of Commons was ruled by the\\nHouse of Lords.i\\nNotwithstanding that the British Parliament was so little\\nof a representative body, it is likely that most of their measures\\nrelating to the colonies were fairly in accord with the com-\\nmon sentiments of the people, for neither the people nor the\\nParliament understood the real state of affairs.\\n87. Stamp Act. (1765.) Injurious as the navigation laws\\n(sect. 84) had been, the colonies did not dispute the right of\\nParliament to regulate foreign commerce, and in 1764, at the\\nsuggestion of George Grenville, then Prime Minister, an act\\nwas passed providing an additional taxation on commerce, in\\nthe way of increased duties and also in-\\ncreased restriction on trade. The news of\\nthis act was received with great disfavor\\nin Massachusetts, which was the centre of\\ntrade in America, a^id unavailing remon-\\nstrances against the act were sent to Eng-\\nland. In passing the celebrated Stamp Act\\nin 1765, Parliament went still further.\\nThis was a measure designed to raise a\\nrevenue in the colonies. The act, passed\\nearly in the year, was to go into effect in\\nthe fall. Under its provisions every legal\\ndocument, all marriage certificates, all news-\\npapers and almanacs, were to bear a stamp\\nbefore they could be issued, or, in the case of legal papers, be\\n1 The great William Pitt entered Parliament (1735) as a member for Old\\nSarum, owing his election to the influence of the noble landowner of that\\ndistrict.\\nA STAMP OF 1765.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SONS OF LIBERTY; PATRICK HENRY. 85\\nof any force. Such a law affected every one who wished to\\nbuy even a newspaper, for he was compelled to pay for the\\nstamp as well as the paper. The value of the stamp varied,\\naccording to the circumstances, from one-half penny to twelve\\npounds. The stamps were not like the modern adhesive ones,\\nbut were impressions on the paper lika a magistrate s seal.\\n88. Sons of Liberty Patrick Henry. (1765.) There was\\nlittle opposition to the passage of the act in Parliament,\\nColonel Isaac Barre making the only strong speech against it.\\nIn this speech he repudiated the idea that the colonists owed\\nanything to Englisli care, but claimed that her neglect had\\nrather stimulated them. This speech, as well as others, gained\\nhim the admiration of the Americans, and they adopted as\\ntheir own a phrase he used on another occasion, when he\\ncalled them Sons of Liberty. But if the act attracted\\nlittle opposition or notice in England, it was far other-\\nwise in America. Remonstrances were forwarded to Eng-\\nland, speeches were made against it, and all the colonial\\nassemblies denied the right of Parliament thus to tax the\\ncolonies without their consent. In May, 1765, Patrick Henry,\\nin the Virginia assembly, introduced a series of resolutions\\nagainst the act, and in his speech supporting them said:\\nTarquin and Caesar had each a Brutus; Charles I., his\\nCromwell and George the Third and he paused, when\\nthe Speaker shouted, Treason, and the word was echoed\\nfrom every part of the house, while Henry, with his eye fixed\\non the Speaker, closed the sentence, may profit by their\\nexample. If this be treason, make the most of it. The\\nresolutions were passed by a small majority. Associations\\ncalled Sons of Liberty were formed all over the country\\nto keep up the agitation when the stamped paper came over.\\nIt was seized and destroyed those who had accepted oftice", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nas stamp distributors were forced to resign. So, when the\\ntime came for the act to go into operation, there were neither\\nstamps nor officers. This strong resistance had not been anti-\\ncipated by friends of America, perhaps not by many Ameri-\\ncans. Though Benjamin Franklin had not approved of the\\nact, yet he counselled submission, and even asked for the\\nposition of distributor for a friend; and Richard Henry Lee\\napplied for such an office for himself.\\n89. Stamp Act Congress. (1765.) An important result\\nof the Stamp Act in America was the occasion it gave\\nfor the coming together of the Stamp Act Congress in\\nNew York in October, 1765. The idea seems to have been\\nsuggested in Massachusetts, Virginia, and South Carolina\\nabout the same time. To this congress, all the colonies\\nexcept New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia\\nsent delegates. Though not represented, these colonies were\\nin sympathy with the movement. This congress discussed\\nthe state of affairs, issued addresses to the king and Parlia-\\nment, and also a declaration of rights. The ability of these\\npapers is remarkable, and the language in which the posi-\\ntion of the colonists is set forth admits of no doubtful inter-\\npretation. But, while declaring that the Parliament had no\\nright to tax the colonies without their consent, there was no\\nsentiment of disloyalty to the crown expressed.\\n90. Repeal of the Stamp Act. (1766.) On receipt of the\\nnews of the failure of the Stamp Act in America, the English\\ngovernment was much surprised they were also petitioned by\\nEnglish merchants, who were suffering an alarming diminu-\\ntion in their trade, to repeal the law for the determina-\\ntion not to obey the act had been followed by an agreement\\nnot to use any English goods. Franklin, too, who had been", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "REAL OBJECT OF TAXATION. 87\\nsummoned before the House of Commons to give his opinion\\non the state of affairs in America, had told them that the\\nAmericans would never submit. William Pitt, in the House\\nof Commons, said, I rejoice that America has resisted but\\nhe also said, I assert the authority of this kingdom over ,the\\ncolonists to be sovereign and supreme in every circumstance\\nof government and legislation whatever. Taxation is no\\npart of the legislative or governing power. Taxes are a\\nvoluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone. Moved by\\nall these things, Parliament, in 1766, repealed the Stamp Act,\\nbut at the same time passed a Declaratory Act, setting forth\\nthat the crown, with the advice and consent of Parliament,\\nhad, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and\\nauthority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and\\nvalidity to bind the colonies and peoples of America, subjects\\nof the crown of Great Britain in all cases whatever.\\n91. Real Object of the Taxation. (1766.) In their joy at\\nthe repeal of the obnoxious measure, the colonists at first\\noverlooked the Declaratory Act. But besides this, England\\nhad no notion of letting them alone England was burdened\\nwith debt, she had spent much for the colonies, and was de-\\ntermined to make them bear their share of the expense. It is\\nimportant to remember that the object of this taxation was\\nnot to help pay the expenses of the government at home,\\nnor was it to help pay the interest on the debt, but all the\\nexpected revenue was to be spent in or for the colonies them-\\nselves. There were two main sources of expense in the\\ncolonies first, that for the defence of the frontier against the\\nIndians, including building of forts and maintaining them,\\nas well as some other matters secondly, the salaries of the\\ncolonial governors, and other necessary outlays of a similar\\ncharacter.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n92. Objections of the Colonists. (1766.) The need of these\\nexpenses could hardly be questioned by the colonists. The\\ngrounds of their objection were that the money was raised\\nAvithout their consent, and that the taxes were laid by a body\\nin which they had no representation. Such things, they\\nclaimed, were infringements upon their fundamental rights\\nas Englishmen. Besides, they feared that if they should give\\nup this point, there would be nothing to prevent tyrannical\\ngovernment, and that they would also soon have to contribute\\nto the general expenses of the empire.\\nIn 1765 an act had also been passed requiring the colonists\\nto support troops which might be quartered among them\\nthis was known as the Quartering Act. Massachusetts\\nrefused to obey this, and so did New York. Aside from the\\nvexed matter of taxation, this act aimed to make them pay\\nfor means used to enforce what they already deemed illegal\\nand tyrannous; it was therefore doubly repulsive.\\n93. Political Condition of the Colonies. (1765.) The thirteen\\ncolonies had much that was similar in their positions, but\\nwhile they had many common interests, there were striking\\ndifferences among them. In their political condition there\\nwere three forms of government (1) Royal Massachusetts\\n(sect. 57), New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vir-\\nginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. (2)\\nCharter Rhode Island and Connecticut. (3) Proprietary\\nPennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. In all of these there\\nwere assemblies or legislatures chosen by the people, which\\nmade their local laws and provided for raising the taxes. In\\nthe two charter governments the relation to England was\\nlittle more than nominal. In the proprietary, the proprietor\\ntook the place of the king, and the relation to him was also\\nlittle more than nominal. In the royal, the governor was", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC LIFE AND MANNERS. 89\\nappointed by the crown, and the colonists were subjected to\\nrather more restrictions than under the other two systems;\\nbut all the colonies were really more or less independent of\\nthe mother country in everything except foreign affairs,\\nwhich, by almost universal consent, up to 1765, belonged to\\nthe imperial government.\\n94. Domestic Life and Manners. (1765.) In domestic life\\nand manners there was really more difference than in political\\nmatters. The New England colonies still retained many\\nPuritan ideas and customs. There was but little distinction\\nof rank at that time, and wealth was more equally distributed\\nthan elsewhere in the colonies.\\nIn New York and New Jersey the Dutch influence was\\nstill to be seen. The patroons along the Hudson River kept\\nup a style in proportion to their large estates, while the city\\nof New York had already become a commercial centre, though\\ninferior to either Philadelphia or Boston in population. Penn-\\nsylvania was perhaps the thriftiest of the colonies, and was\\none of the most conservative. Philadelphia was the largest\\ncity in the colonies, and at this time the most handsomely\\nbuilt its regular streets, public squares, and well paved side-\\nwalks were the admiration of visitors and the pride of the\\ncitizens. Its population was the largest in the colonies, being\\n25,000, that of Boston being slightly less. The northern part\\nof Maryland resembled Pennsylvania and Delaware, but the\\nsouthern part was like Virginia and the Carolinas. Here\\nthere were few towns and villages the planter lived upon\\nhis plantation, frequently several miles away from his next\\nwhite neighbor. He was surrounded by his slaves, who per-\\nformed all the manual labor, for he considered manual labor\\nfit only for slaves. Tobacco was the chief crop, for cotton\\nhad not yet been made profitable by the invention of the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ncotton-gin. Not a few of the planters sent their sons abroad\\nto be educated, but all except the richer class were much\\nbehind the middle and northern colonies in education. But\\nAvhatever their condition, all were accustomed to local self-\\ngovernment, and were a unit on the question of taxation\\nwithout representation but the idea of independence of Great\\nBritain was hardly dreamed of, except by a few enthusiasts,\\nwho were considered as fanatics.\\n95. The Townshend Acts. (1767.) If Parliament had re-\\npealed the Stamp Act, it was only because its continuance, as\\nwas declared in the repealing act, would be attended with\\nmany inconveniences, and detrimental to the commercial in-\\nterests of the kingdom. The government was determined\\nto get a revenue out of the colonies and in its own way. An\\nact was passed, forbidding all trade with certain West India\\nislands. This had been very })rofitable, and the jJi ohibition\\nwas not only a cause of irritation, but also of heavy losses,\\nespecially in Massachusetts. Two acts known, from their\\nauthor, Charles Townshend, as the Townshend Acts, passed\\nin 1767, provided for the better carrying out of the laws of\\ntrade, and for laying duties on glass, paper, colors, teas, and\\nalso legalized writs of assistance. The revenue raised\\nwas to be used in defraying the expenses of colonial govern-\\nment and for the defences of the colonies. The New York\\nAssembly was ordered to be suspended until it should vote\\nsupplies for the troops which had been sent over, which it\\nhad refused to do. The question of submission or not was\\nnow clearly before the colonists there was no putting it off\\nnor evading it.\\n96. The Farmer s Letters. (1767.) The acts passed in\\nthe summer were not to ofo into force until the late fall.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "RESISTANCE IN THE COLONIES. 91\\nand so there was plenty of time to consider what should be\\ndone. As in the case of the Stamp Act, resolutions of non-\\nimportation were agreed upon, and the effort was made to\\nencourage home manufactures. This system of boycott\\nwas warmly upheld, even by conservative men. The action\\nof the colonists was greatly influenced by the publication and\\ncirculation of a series of Letters from a farmer of Penn-\\nsylvania, in which the whole situation was clearly, forcibly,\\nand calmly reviewed. This farmer was John Dickinson,\\nof Pennsylvania, a young man of wealth and education and\\nof unusual abilities. In these letters he expressed what the\\nmost thoughtful men of all classes believed, when he said\\nLet these truths be indelibly impressed upon the minds\\nthat we cannot be happy without being free that we cannot\\nbe free without being secure in our property that we cannot\\nbe secure in our property if, without our consent, others may,\\nas by right, take it away that taxes imposed upon us by\\nParliament do thus take it away that duties laid for the\\nsole purpose of raising money are taxes that attempts to lay\\nsuch duties should be instantly and firmly opposed that this\\nopposition can never be effectual unless it be the united\\neffort of these provinces. On these principles the sub-\\nsequent conduct of the colonies was largely based.\\n97. Continued Resistance in the Colonies. (1767-1770.)\\nThe resistance to the obnoxious acts was mostly the peacea-\\nble refusal to use imported goods, Avliich, notwithstanding\\nfailures here and there, was very generally observed so much\\nso that the exports from England between 1707 and 1769\\ndeclined of those sent to New England, more than one-half\\nwhile to New York, they were not more than one-sixth of\\ntheir former amount. But the presence of officers and troops\\nin America made it almost impossible that collisions should", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "92\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nnot occur, and in New York, North Carolina, and most of all\\nin Massachusetts, there were riots. In 1768 a sloop belonging\\nto John Hancock, a wealthy citizen of Boston, was seized for\\nviolation of the revenue laws, and the revenue commissioners\\nwere forced to take refuge on a ship of war in the harbor.\\nThis led to the quartering of troops in Boston itself, and in\\n1770 a collision between the troops and the citizens, known\\nas the Boston Massacre, took place. In this case the\\nJOHN HANCOCK S HOUSE.\\ntroops seemed to have fired only in self-defence and at the\\ntrial, in which Jolm Adams was one of their counsel, they\\nwere acquitted of the charge of murder. In 1772 a party of\\ncolonists seized and burnt the G-aspee^ a revenue vessel, in\\nNarragansett Bay. All these things showed the temper of\\nthe people, and should have been a warning to the Englisli\\ngovernment to proceed with caution in their treatment of\\nsuch independent subjects. But the ministry seem to have\\nbeen entirely ignorant of the real character of those with\\nwhom they had to deal. It is likely that they may have", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "REMOVAL OF TAXES. 93\\nbeen somewhat misled by the petitions of the colonists, which\\nexpressed loyalty to the king and an affection for his person,\\neven while refusing obedience to what they believed were\\nillegal exactions. They were misled also by letters from\\nroyal officers.\\n98. Removal of Taxes, except on Tea. (1770.) William\\nPitt, now become Earl of Chatham, was prevented by ill\\nhealth from taking any part in political matters Townshend,\\nthe author of the acts bearing his name, had died, and Lord\\nNorth, a young man, was now appointed Prime Minister.\\nMoved by the impossibility of enforcing the acts in America,\\nand also by the petitions of the British merchants whose\\ntrade was suffering so much, he resolved upon a partial\\nchange of policy. Accordingly, in 1770, all the taxes on im-\\nports, except upon tea, were removed. Owing to the refusal\\nof the Americans to use tea coming from England, the East\\nIndia Company, which iield the monopoly of the importation\\nof that commodity, had an enormous stock on hand in Eng-\\nland, and the affairs of the company were in confusion,\\npartly caused by the loss of the American trade. In order\\nto improve this state of affairs, it was provided (1773) that\\ntea might be exported to America by the company, dut}^ free,\\nin England. Thus, the American import duty being three\\npence per pound, the Americans, who had previously paid\\nfive pence duty, actually got their tea at a lower price than\\nbefore, or even than Englishmen. But with the colonists it\\nwas not a question of price, but of principle and so the non-\\nimportation agreement was continued in respect to tea, and\\nthe Americans smuggled the article from Holland. Not\\nreceiving orders for tea, the company resolved to send out\\ncargoes to different ports, hoping that when the invoices\\narrived they would be disposed of. But when the vessels", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\narrived at Boston, it was not allowed to be brought on shore,\\nand the ships were ordered back to England. But the\\nGovernor and British officials refused to allow the vessels to\\nsail. On this, a party of reputable citizens, disguised as\\nIndians, went on board the ships, took the chests out of the\\nhold of the vessels, and breaking them open, emptied the tea\\ninto the harbor. The Boston Tea Party took place\\nDecember 1(3, 1773. At Charleston, the tea was stored in\\ndamp cellars, where it soon spoiled. At Annapolis the tea\\nwas burned at Philadelphia and New York, as well as at other\\nplaces, the ships with the tea were ordered back to England.\\n99. The Five Intolerable Acts of Parliament. (1774.) When\\nthe news of these things reached England, the ministers Avere\\nnaturally very angry, and Parliament resolved to punish the\\nrebellious colonies and to do this they passed five acts aimed\\ndirectly against them. The first was the Boston Port Bill by\\nthis all commerce with the city was fq^ bidden, no ships being\\nallowed to come in or go out. This was of course to punish\\nthe Boston people for their resistance to Parliament. The\\nsecond was the Transportation Bill this allowed persons who\\nmight commit murder in resisting the law to be transported\\nto the other colonies or to Great Britain for trial. The\\nthird was the Massachusetts Bill this practically revoked\\nthe charter, in taking away from the Assembly all power of\\nappointment, and vesting it in the governor, in whom the\\npower of removal was also vested. No public meetings,\\nexcept for the election of representatives and petty officers,\\ncould be held, unless by permission of the governor. These\\nthree acts were specially directed against Massachusetts, and\\nshe suffered much from them but the effect on the other\\ncolonies was great, for they did not know when their turn\\nmight come, and they encouraged Massachusetts to continue", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "COMMITTEES OF CORRESFONDENCE. 95\\nsteadfast, sliowing tlieir sympathy by gifts of money and sup-\\nplies. The fourth act was the bill legalizing the quartering\\nof troops in America. The fifth act was the Quebec Act\\nthis, while professing to reorganize the government of Canada,\\nreall}^ injured the colonies, for it extended the limits of\\nCanada so as to include the territory west of the Alleghanies.\\nThis territory, the colonists felt, had been conquered from the\\nFrench largely by their efforts, and rightly belonged to them.\\nSo this also tended to make the colonies feel they had a com-\\nmon cause. Though Burke, Barre, and Chatham opposed\\nthese bills, they Avere passed by large majorities in Parlia-\\nment.^\\nRoyal instructions or special directions sent to the colonial\\ngovernors from the ministry, independent of Parliament, Avere\\nalso used, and helped to increase the feeling against the\\nBritish government.\\n100. Committees of Correspondence. (1772.) In 1772 Samuel\\nAdams, of Massachusetts, at a town meeting in Faneuil Hall,\\nBoston, moved that committees of correspondence should be\\nappointed in the different towns throughout the province, to\\nstate the rights of the colonies, and of this province in par-\\nticular to communicate and publish the same to the several\\ntowns in this province and to the world. This was done,\\nand in the next year Virginia proposed that committees of\\ncorrespondence should be appointed throughout all the\\ncolonies in order to produce unity of action. The proposition\\nwas accepted, and committees were soon appointed in six of\\nthe colonies, and later in the others.\\n101. Virginia proposes a General Congress. (1774.) In June,\\n1774, the Virginia House of Burgesses protested against the\\n1 It was during the debates on the American question that public reports of\\nParliamentary proceedings were first allowed.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBoston Bill, and a23pointed the day on which it was to go into\\neffect as a day of fasting; they also implored the Divine\\ninterposition to give them one heart and one mind firmly\\nto oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to Ameri-\\ncan rights. On this,, the governor immediately dissolved\\nthe house. But the members held a meeting, at which they\\nresolved that an attack on one of the colonies was an attack\\nupon all, and that the committee of correspondence should\\nconsult the other committees on the expediency of holding a\\ngeneral congress. This measure was approved by all the\\ncolonies, and, at the request of New York, Massachusetts\\nappointed Philadelphia as the place of meeting, and September\\n1, 1774, as the time. Delegates were appointed in all the\\ncolonies except Georgia, where the governor prevented the\\nassembly from choosing them. While the delegates were\\nbeing chosen, news was received of the passage of the acts\\nimmediately succeeding the passage of the Boston Port Bill,\\nwhich have already been described. It excited the liveliest\\napprehension, and resolutions stamping these measures as\\nunconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous to the American\\ncolonies were passed in Pennsylvania; in Virginia, at a\\nmeeting of citizens over which George Washington presided,\\nsimilar ones were passed also one stating that they would\\nreligiously maintain and inviolably adhere to such measures\\nas should be concerted by the general congress for the pres-\\nervation of their lives, liberties, and fortunes. Similar\\nmeetings were held all through the country, and it is a\\nnoticeable fact that there was a general agreement before-\\nhand to abide by tlie decisions of the congress.\\n102. The First Continental Congress. (1774.) The con-\\ngress known as the first Continental (general) Congress, met\\nSeptember 5, 1774, at Philadelphia, in Carpenter s Hall, a", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.\\n97\\nbuilding still (1893) in good preservation. There were fifty-\\nfive delegates present, and every colony except Georgia was\\nrepresented. It was a very able body, the colonies having\\nsent their best men George Washington, Patrick Henry, and\\nRichard Henry Lee, from Virginia, Samuel Adams and John\\nAdams, from Massachusetts, John Rutledge and Christopher\\nGadsden, from South Carolina, and John Jay, from New York,\\nwere among the number. These delegates were chosen in\\nvarious ways some by committees, some by the assemblies,\\nothers by conventions, but all claiming to represent the\\ncolonies. The congress acted cautiously, but, while pro-\\nfessing loyalty to the king,\\nissued an address to the\\npeople of the colonies; one\\nto the Canadians one to\\nthe people of Great Brit-\\nain and one to the king.\\nA declaration of rights was\\nalso drawn up, and an\\nagreement not to import,\\nexport, or use British\\ngoods. In the declaration\\nthe various objectionable\\nacts of the British govern-\\nment were specified, and\\nit declared that, if force\\nwere used to compel the\\npeople of Massachusetts to\\nobey, all America ought\\nto support them in their opposition. After providing for\\nanother congress to meet on the 10th of the following May,\\nthe congress adjourned, October 26.\\nCARPENTER S HALL, 1774.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n103. Whigs and Tories Resistance. (1775.) Before this\\ntime two distinct parties had arisen in the country, the one\\ncalled Tory, upholding the power of the British government,\\nor at least disapproving of resistance to its regulations the\\nother called Whig, approving of resistance by force, if need-\\nful. The names were used in America from 1764, and were\\ntaken from British politics, the. word Tory representing the\\npresent Conservatives, and Whig, the Liberals, in England.\\nDuring the time the congress was in session, the people of\\nthe colonies Avere collecting arms for use in case of necessity,\\nand this was done most of all in Massachusetts. Her charter\\ngovernment had been overthrown by the governor, and she\\nwas really governed by what was called the Provincial Con-\\ngress. By the order of this body, arms and ammunition had\\nbeen collected at various points, and 20,000 minute-men\\nenrolled, to be ready at a minute s notice, hence their\\nname. General Gage, the royal governor and the comman-\\nder of the British forces in the colonies, hearing of these pro-\\nceedings, began to fortify Boston on the land side. Finding\\nout that there was a considerable amount of gunpowder and\\nmilitary stores at Concord, about twenty miles from Boston,\\nhe determined to seize it. He had also been ordered by the\\nBritish government to arrest Samuel Adams and John Han-\\ncock, and send them to England to be tried for treason.\\nThey were now at Lexington.\\n104. Lexington and Concord. (1775.) Though Gage s\\npreparations had been jnade with great secrecy they were\\ndiscovered, and Dr. Joseph Warren, a leading patriot in\\nBoston, sent Paul Revere to warn Adams and Hancock of\\ntheir danger.\\nIt had already been agreed, that if British troops should\\nstart by land, one lantern should be hung from the steeple", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "LEXINGTON AND CONCORD. 99\\nof the old North Church in Boston, but if by water, two\\nlanterns should be shown. Paul Revere left at ten in the\\nevening; he was rowed over the diaries River, and when\\nhe landed, he saw two lights flashing across the water.\\nA strong horse was waiting for him he sprang into the sad-\\ndle and galloped off. As he dashed along he roused the\\nminute-men all the way to Lexington, where Adams and\\nHancock were, and then hastened on towards Concord. When\\ntold by some one that he was making too much noise, he\\nreplied, You ll have noise enough here before long the\\nregulars are coming out! They were indeed close behind\\nthe rider, but before these 800 British troops reached Lex-\\nington, early in the morning of April 19, 1775, they found\\nthe minute-men waiting for them. On their refusal to\\ndisperse at the order of the British commander, they were\\nlired upon and returned the fire. When Concord was\\nreached, only part of the arms and ammunition was found,\\nbut this was destroyed. On the return march to Boston,\\nthe British troops were exposed to a galling fire from behind\\nrocks, walls, fences, and houses. The retreat soon became a\\nrout, until the British were reinforced by other troops from\\nBoston; but the fire of the minute-men Avas kejDt up until\\nthe troops were under cover of the guns of the warships in\\nthe harbor. In this, the first skirmish of the war, known\\nas the Battle of Lexington, the loss of the minute-men was\\nabout 100, that of the British nearly three times as many. At\\nonce the Assembly of Massachusetts declared General Gage\\nought to be considered and guarded against as an unnatural\\nand inveterate foe to tlie country. Thousands of minute-\\nmen hastened to Boston, and it was soon in a state of siege.\\nA month after this, Ethan Allen, a colonel of the Vermont\\nmilitia, or the Green Mountain Boys, surprised Ticonderoga\\nand captured it. War had begun.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE REVOLUTION.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. Winsor s Narrative and Critical History of America, vi., vii.,\\nCliaps. i., ii. Winsor s Reader s Handbook of the American Revolution,\\na continuous foot-note to all histories of the American Revolution\\nG. Bancroft, History of the United States, vols, iv., v. R. Hildreth, History\\nof the United States, iii. 69-429 Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the\\nUnited States, iii. 377-623 iv. 1-74 T. W. Higginson, Larger History of\\nthe United States, pp. 241-292 John Fiske, The American Revolution, 2\\nvols., his War of Independence is a brief presentation of the same sub-\\nject E. Channing, The United States, Chap. iii. A. B. Hart, Forma-\\ntion of the Union (Epochs of American History), Chaps, iii., iv. W. M.\\nSloane, The French War and the Revolution (American History Series),\\nChaps, xv.-xxviii. J. M. Ludlow, The War of American Independence\\n(Epoch Series), Chaps, v.-viii. J. A. Doyle, History of the United States,\\nChaps, xviii., xix. J. R. Green, Short History of the English People,\\nChap. X., sect. ii. S. R. Gardiner, Student s History of England, Chap, xlix.\\nW. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, iv.. Chap,\\niv. G. W. Greene, Historical View of the American Revolution R. Froth-\\ningham. Rise of the Republic, pp. 403-582 B. J. Lossing, Field-Book of\\nthe Revolution. For reprints of contemporary papers, etc., see Winsor, vol.\\nvi., and Niles s Principles and Acts of the Revolution.\\nBiographies. American Statesmen Series, Lives of Washington, Frank-\\nlin, J, Adams, S. Adams, Hamilton, Jay, Madison, Monroe, Gouverneur\\nMorris, Patrick Henry, Jefferson and in Makers of America Series, Lives\\nof Hamilton, Jefferson, Robert Morris; F. V. Greene, Nathaniel Greene.\\nSpecial. For Mecklenburg Resolutions J. C. Welling, North American\\nReview, April, 1874, Magazine of American History, xxi. 221-233 (very full);\\nB. J. Lossing, Field-Book of the Revolution, ii. 619 (Resolutions given in\\nfull) Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, vi, 256 R. Frothingham, Rise\\n100", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 101\\nof the Republic, pp. 422-424 C. M. Wilcox, Magazine of American History,\\nxxi. 31-45 W. A. Grahame, Historical Address on the Mecklenburg Centen-\\nnial. For Declaration of Independence For document, see Appendix to\\ntliis volume a fac-simile of Jefferson s Draft is in Randall s Life of Jeffer-\\nson F. M. Etting, Independence Hall, pp. 91-106, fac-simile of engraved\\ncopy as signed. For the West T. Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, vols.\\ni., ii. B. A. Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, pp. 120-191 Witisor, Narrative\\nand Critical History, vi., Chap. ix. For Arnold s Treason: B. J. Lossing,\\nThe Two Spies W. Sargent, Life of Major Andre AVinsor s Narrative and\\nCritical History, vi. 447-468. Yorktow^n J. Fiske, Critical Period of\\nAmerican History, pp. 1-48 H. P. Johnston, Yorktown Campaign. Peace\\nof 1783 Winsor s Narrative and Critical History, vii., Chap. ii.\\n105. Second Continental Congress Washing-ton Commander-in-\\nChief. (1775.) The first congress had done nothing but\\ndeliberate, and issue documents now the time for action had\\narrived. The second Continental Congress met May 10, 1775,\\nthe day of the taking of Ticonderoga. It instantly resolved\\nto take up the quarrel of Massachusetts as the quarrel of the\\ncolonies; it accepted the army of minute-men around Boston\\nas the Continental army, and at the suggestion of John Adams,\\nappointed one of the delegates, George Washington, of Vir-\\nginia, as commander-in-chief, and provided for the expenses\\nby issuing $2,000,000 in paper money. Washington was\\nalready known throughout the colonies as a successful mili-\\ntaiy man, from his part in the French and Indian War he\\nhad been fifteen years a member of the Virginia House of\\nBurgesses, and had been a member of the first Continental\\nCongress, where he had made a great impression by his\\nsolid information and sound sense. He was forty-three\\nyears old, and in the very prime of his powers. On his\\nacceptance of the position of commander, he refused any pay\\nfor his services, though reserving the right to be paid for his\\nexpenses. At the close of the war he presented his account,\\nneatly kept, written in his own handwriting. This document\\nmay still be seen.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n106. Bunker Hill. (1775.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Before Washington could\\nreach Boston, another encounter had taken place. General\\nArtemas Ward, the commander of the Massachusetts forces,\\nlearning that General Gage intended to fortify Bunker Hill\\nin Charlestown, across the Charles River from Boston, sent\\na detachment of troops under Colonel William Prescott, on\\nthe evening of June 16, to occupy it and throw up entrench-\\nments. The hill beyond, Breed s Hill, was chosen instead,\\nand by morning the astonished British saw the lines of re-\\ndoubts on the hill before them. At once 3000 British troops\\nwere sent across the river to dislodge the Americans. Twice\\nwere the J ritish repulsed, with heavy loss their third\\nassault was successful, for the Americans were compelled to\\nretreat because their ammunition had given out. The loss\\non each side was very heavy. Among the killed on the\\nAmerican side was General Joseph Warren, who was one of\\nthe ablest men in the country. The battle of Bunker Hill\\nconfirmed the colonists in the course they had taken. Wash-\\nington reached the headquarters of the army at Cambridge\\nand assumed command July 3, 1775.\\n107. Boston evacuated; Canada. (1776.) His difficulties\\nwere very great there was hardly any ammunition the men,\\nunused to military life, were already getting sick of tlie hard-\\nships they had to endure they did not like the strict disci-\\npline of the camp and they were enlisted only for short\\nperiods so when Washington reached the army, he found it\\nfully one-third smaller than it had been. In spite of these\\ndifficulties, he maintained the siege of Boston successfully.\\nEarly in JNIarch, 1776, having drilled the army, and thinking-\\nit time to make an active demonstration, he seized Dorchester\\nHeights, to the south of the city, and fortified them before\\nthe British could prevent him. The British, fearing to attack", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE KING AND THE COLONISTS. 103\\nthese entrenchments, resolved to evacuate the city, which was\\ndone March 17, 1776. The Americans were thus successful\\nin compelling the British to leave Massachusetts.\\nIn the hope of getting the Canadians to join them, the col-\\nonists sent an expedition to capture the British strongholds\\nin Canada. They were successful in taking Montreal, but an\\nattack upon Quebec was a total failure, and as the Americans\\nwere then driven out of Canada, the expedition did no good.\\nCanada never helped the colonists. This was mainly due\\nto three causes first, the English population was small\\nsecondly, by the Quebec Act, the French had been confirmed\\nin many of their old rights and privileges and had no cause\\nfor grievance and thirdly, Canada was separated from the\\nother colonies by forests almost impenetrable, except in a few\\nplaces where there were natural passageways.\\n108. The King and the Colonists. (1776.) Meanwhile, Par-\\nliament had met in England, and George III. had already\\nrefused to hear or even to receive the petition sent to him by\\nthe second congress, but instead had issued a proclamation\\nagainst rebellion and sedition. Parliament responded to the\\nking by authorizing him to send forces to America and to\\nhire troops of Hanover, Brunswick, and Hesse Cassel. Trade\\nwas prohibited with certain of the colonies, a prohibition\\nafterwards extended to all. There was now presented the\\ncurious spectacle of a congress fighting against the armies of\\nthe king, and exercising many of the prerogatives of an in-\\ndependent government, and yet protesting that it had no\\nwish for independence. But it is almost impossible to fight\\nagainst a man and yet not wish to escape from his rule, and\\nthere were many who saw the inevitable result before the\\ncongress did. The Declaration of Independence was the\\nnecessary conclusion of the acts of the congress in allowing", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe colonies to form their own governments, authorizing\\nBritish war vessels or transports to be captured, opening the\\nports of the colonies to all nations,\\nforbidding the slave trade, and ap-\\n23ointing Franklin, Jay, and others\\nto maintain intercourse with the\\nfriends of the colonies in Great\\nBritain and elsewhere. On the 1st\\nof January, 1776, a new flag had\\nCOLONIAL FLAG, 1776. i T^ 2. 1 j. Tt i.\\nbeen hoisted m front oi Boston as\\nthe ensign of the united colonies, having, in addition to\\nthe British union, thirteen alternate stripes of red and white.^\\n109. Origin of the States. In October, 1775, New Hamp-\\nshire petitioned the Continental Congress to be allowed to\\nset up a government of its own, and in November the people\\nof that colony were advised to establish such a form of\\ngovernment as in their judgment will best promote the hap-\\npiness of the people, and most effectually secure peace and\\ngood order in the province. South Carolina and Virginia\\nreceived similar advice. Rhode Island, by act of her legis-\\nlature, relieved her citizens from allegiance to the king.\\nIn Virginia and some other of the colonies, the royal gov-\\nernors fled. So that, one after another, the several colonies,\\neither by advice of Congress or by their own action, set up\\n1 The British union of two crosses indicated allegiance to the king. June\\n14, 1777, this union was changed to a blue field with thirteen stars. This\\nflag was probably first unfurled August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (now\\nRome), New York. The first battle in which it was used was probably the\\nBattle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. In 1705, two stars and two\\nstripes were added for Kentucky and Vermont, but it was seen that the\\naddition of a stripe for each new state would make a very ill-proportioned\\nbanner, and so, in 1818, the number of the stripes was reduced to thirteen,\\nwith the provision that a new star should be added for every new state\\nadmitted. This is done on the 4tli of July succeeding its admission.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 105\\ngovernments of their own. It needed little change to turn\\nthe colonial governments into states, little more in fact than\\nto take from the crown the choice of the governor and give it\\nto the people or to the legislatures in Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut no change was needed except to cease giving\\nallegiance to the king. Such was the origin of the states.\\n110. Feeling in North Carolina and Virginia. (1775-1776.)\\nOne of the earliest formal revolts against the British\\nauthority took place at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County,\\nNorth Carolina, May 31, 1775. On that day the committee\\nof the county met and passed a series of resolutions, the most\\nimportant of which declared that all commissions, civil and\\nmilitary, granted by the crown to be exercised in the colonies\\nwere null and void and that the Provincial Congress of each\\nprovince, under the direction of the great Continental Con-\\ngress, was invested with all legislative and executive powers.\\nA set of rules was drawn up, to be followed until the con-\\ngress should provide laws, or the legislative body of Great\\nBritain resign its unjust and arbitrary pretensions with\\nrespect to America. In April, 1776, North Carolina em-\\npowered her delegates in the Continental Congress to concur\\nwith the delegates of the other colonies in declaring for inde-\\npendency, being the first in America to vote an explicit\\nsanction to independence. In Virginia, a convention in May\\ninstructed the delegates of that colony in Congress to pro-\\npose to that respectable body, to declare the United Colonies\\nfree and independent states.\\n111. Declaration of Independence. (1776.) On Thursday,\\nJune 7th, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, introduced a\\nresolution in the congress reciting that these United Colo-\\nnies are and of right ought to be free and independent", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nstates, that they are absolved from aU aUegiance to the\\nBritish crown, and that all political connection between them\\nand the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis-\\nsolved. This was seconded by John Adams. Other resolu-\\ntions looking toward foreign alliances, and towards a plan for\\nconfederation for the colonies, were also introduced. The\\nconsideration of the first resolution was, after some debate,\\npostponed for a few weeks. This gave time for the delegates\\nto find out the views of their constituents, and for the peo-\\nple to give expression to their wishes. By the end of June,\\ntwelve of the colonies had in one way\\nor another given voice to the wish for\\nindependence. On the 1st of July the\\ndebate was begun, and on the 2d, the\\nresolution was carried on the 4th,\\nthe Declaration of Independence was\\nadopted by the congress. It was a\\ncurious coincidence that the bell which\\nwas rung on the 8th of July in cele-\\nbration of the measure bore the\\nwords, Proclaim liberty throuQfhout\\nLIBERTY BELL. y\\nall the land unto all the inhabitants\\nthereof (Leviticus xxv. 10). The building in which the\\ncongress sat received the name of Independence Hall, and\\nthe room has been restored as nearly as possible to the\\ncondition in which it was at the passage of the Declara-\\ntion. The bell, since cracked (sect. 241), is still kept in the\\nbuilding. During the debate a committee of five, of which\\nThomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were members,\\nwas intrusted with the duty of preparing a statement of\\ngrievances, and of the resolves of the congress. The well-\\nknown document (see Appendix ii.), which was adopted with\\nbut slight alteration, was, with a few trifling exceptions, the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\n107\\nINDEPENDENCE HALL, 1776.\\nwork of Thomas Jefferson. The action of the congress and\\nthe reacUng of the Declaration were not received with such\\nuniversal rejoicing as might have been expected. The fact\\nwas, that, except in the middle\\ncolonies, the people had gone\\nfaster than the congress, which\\nsimply had recorded the desires\\nof the people when it issued\\nthe Declaration. The original\\ncopy of the Declaration was\\nsigned by John Hancock, the\\npresident of the congress, and\\nby Charles Thomson, its sec-\\nretary. The official copy on\\nparchment, which is the one\\npreserved at Washington, was\\nsigned by most of the members on the 2d of the following\\nAugust, though others signed still later one of the signers\\nnot being a member when the vote was taken. While the\\nCHARLES THOMSON.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nsigning was going on, John Hancock is reported to have said,\\nWe must be unanimous there must be no pulling different\\nways we must hang together. Yes, said Franklin, who\\nwas standing by, we must all hang together, or else we all\\nshall hang separately.\\n112. British Plans of Attack. (1776.) The British had\\nleft New England (sect. 107), but they had no intention of\\ngiving it up. They had come to the conclusion that there\\nwas to be a struggle, and were laying their plans to bring it\\nto an end as speedily as possible. The middle colonies\\noffered the most attractive field for attack. The ^Dopulation\\nwas less eager for independence than that of New England,\\nand much miglit be hoped from the loyalists botli in the way\\nof direct aid and of influence. By this action, also, the colo-\\nnies could be divided, and as they had no navy, it might be\\neffectual in separating the southern and northern colonies.\\nMoreover, the Hudson River, for a long distance, controlled\\nthe important route to Canada, besides forming a dividing\\nline between New England and the rest of the country.\\nTransferring the seat of war to the centre was a wise act on\\nthe part of Great Britain. In June an army, under General\\nHowe, came from Halifax, Nova Scotia, and landing on\\nStaten Island, began the campaign early in July.\\n113. Washington at New York. (1776.) Washington had\\nalready occupied New Y^ork. He had about 20,000 troops,\\nbut they were ill prepared to meet the British regulars\\ntheir arms were poor, and they had little experience of real\\nwar or even of military drill. General Howe was soon rein-\\nforced by the arrival of his brother, admiral of the fleet.\\nLord Howe. Before beginning hostilities, a proclamation\\nwas issued offering pardon to all who should swear allegiance", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "I\\nNEW YOKK CAMPAIGN. 109\\nto the king. The brothers Howe were instructed to en-\\ndeavor to make peace, if possible, but it was hard for them to\\nknow with whom to treat if they approached Congress, the\\naction involved recognition of that body, a thing which the\\nBritish government on no account wished and when they\\nhad tried to open communication with the American general,\\nthey addressed him as George Washington, Esq., or\\nGeorge Washington, etc., etc., etc. But he would receive\\nno communication that did not recognize him as the com-\\nmander of the American armies. As all the terms of the\\nBritish were based on submission, nothing could have come\\nof the negotiation, for the time for this had passed.\\n114. New York Campaign. (1776.) Meantime the British\\narmy had been receiving additions, and their forces amounted\\nto about 30,000 men. Washington had been fortifying his\\nposition as much as possible. He held possession of Long\\nIsland, and from the heights of Brooklyn commanded the city\\nof New York. The division of the American army which,\\nunder General Putnam, held this important post, was attacked\\nby a strong force of British and was defeated. With great\\nskill Washington brought his troops over to the mainland,\\nbut New York had to be evacuated. An informal conference\\nwas held between Lord Howe, and Franklin, Rutledge, and\\nJohn Adams but it was of no avail. The war must go on.\\nAfter the evacuation of New York, Washington held the\\nhighlands to the north of the city, thus cutting off any com-\\nmunication with Canada; in order to be ready to defend\\nPhiladelphia, he crossed the Hudson, leaving a large garrison\\nin Fort Washington on the east bank of the river. This fort\\nhe had the mortification of seeing surrendered to the British,\\nthough after a brave defence. Cornwallis, one of Howe s\\ngenerals, soon crossed the Hudson to attack Washington, who", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nnow, having only about 3000 men, was compelled to retreat\\nslowly before him and even to cross the Delaware River. This\\nwas late in December. Congress, in the general gloom, had\\ngiven Washington enlarged powers, and hastily leaving Phila-\\ndelphia had gone to Baltimore. Everj^where murmurs Avere\\nheard, the Pennsylvania militia refused to turn out, and many\\npersons through New Jersey were placing themselves under\\nthe protection of the British. After crossing the Delaware,\\nthe small force of Americans was increased to about 6000\\nmen.\\n115. Trenton; Newport. (1776-1777.) The British fol-\\nlowed Washington, and were in possession of all the central\\npart of New Jersey, and would have crossed to the west bank\\nof the river had not Washington secured all the boats for miles\\nabove and below Trenton. It was in this unpromising con-\\ndition of circumstances that Washington determined upon a\\nbold stroke. With 2500 men he crossed the DelaAvare some\\nmiles above Trenton, surprised its garrison of Hessians, taking\\nnearly all prisoners, and returned into Pennsjdvania. He then\\nmarched back to Trenton, whence being threatened by the\\nBritish, he retreated by night to Princeton, and the first the\\nBritish knew of his movement was the sound of his cannon\\nin the distance. The British general, Cornwallis, was forced\\nto follow, to protect his stores and avoid losing communication\\nwith New York. Washington went into winter quarters at\\nMorristown, but he had succeeded in drawing the enemy from\\nPhiladelphia. His position was too strong to be attacked,\\nand should the British push on towards Philadelphia, it would\\nbe at the risk of a flank movement on the part of Washington.\\nThe British were not idle, however marauding expeditions\\nwere sent out from New York into the surrounding country,\\nand much damage was done. Newport, Rhode Island, was", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "Reference Map lor the llevolutiou\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NORTHEUN AND MIDDLE STATES.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "LAFAYETTE; STEUBEN. Ill\\ncaptured late in 1776, and held by the British for about three\\nyears. Much of the ill success of the Americans in the early\\npart of the campaign seems to have been due to two causes\\nfirst, Congress interfering with Washington; secondly, the\\ntreachery of General Charles Lee, who was next to Washing-\\nton in rank, and exceedingly jealous of him. Fortunately,\\nLee was surprised and captured by the British, and his troops\\nwere added to those of Washington.\\n116. Lafayette Steuben. (1777.) Early in the spring of\\n1777 the Marquis de Lafayette, a young French nobleman,\\ncame to America to offer his services to the Americans. He\\nbrought also money for the cause. With him was a German\\nofficer. Baron de Kalb. Others also came from Europe\\nKosciusko, Pulaski, and later Baron Steuben, who had been\\ntrained under Frederick the Great, and who was of great\\nservice in drilling the American troops.\\n117. Burgoyne s Surrender. (1777.) Meanwhile, stirring\\nevents were taking place in the north. The British, in carry-\\ning out their plans, sent two expeditions from Canada one\\nunder General Burgoyne, to open communication with New\\nYork, for the Americans still held the river above Peekskill;\\nthe other to central New York, under St. Leger, to reduce the\\ncountry to submission and then to join Burgoyne. Burgoyne s\\nforce consisted of about 10,000 men, of whom only about 7000\\nwere regular troops, the rest being Canadians or Indians. He\\nwas successful in taking Ticonderoga, and then pressed on\\ntowards the Hudson with the purpose of joining the army\\nwhich Howe was to send to meet him. By thus getting the\\nAmericans between two fires, he hoped to annihilate them.\\nThe American forces under Philip Schuyler, only about 4000\\nstrong, were compelled to retreat, but they destroyed all the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nbridges, cut down trees, and obstructed the road as much as\\npossible. Burgoyne, in confident assurance of success, sent\\na detachment to Vermont, in the hope of gaining that part of\\nthe country to the British. But this expedition, as well as\\nthat under St. Leger, was a failure. The people, instead of\\njoining the British, were indignant at the invasion of their\\ncountry, and wdiile Burgoyne was losing numbers every day,\\nthe militia came pouring in to swell the army of Schuyler.\\nThe British were far from their base of supplies, and could\\nhear nothing of Howe. To drive back the Americans seemed\\nthe most feasible plan, but in the attempt to carry it out\\nBurgoyne was checked in two battles near Saratoga.\\nHemmed up, and with his force decreased to about 6000 men,\\nhe was compelled to surrender, October 17, 1777, to General\\nGates, whom Congress had most unfairly put in the place of\\nSchuyler, to whom the credit of organizing the opposition to\\nBurgojme is due. Gates did not deserve any credit even for\\nthe battles; that belonged to Generals Benedict Arnold and\\nMorgan.\\n118. Howe s Blunder. (1777.) The blunder of Howe in\\nnot advancing to meet Burgo3aie had most serious conse-\\nquences for the British cause, leading, as it did, to the\\nsurrender of Burgoyne, the recognition of America by France,\\nand the French alliance. It was not till eighty years had\\nelapsed that the reason for Howe s action was explained.\\nGeneral Charles Lee, who had been captured in New Jersey\\n(sect. 115), secretly tendered his services to the British,\\nand advised Howe to take Philadelphia, the rebel capital,\\nwhich would destroy the rebel government, and also to send\\nan expedition up the Chesapeake Bay to prevent aid being\\nsent from Virginia and Maryland. Both Maryland and\\nPennsylvania, he asserted, were in sympathy with the British,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "I\\nHOWE CAPTURES PHILADELPHIA. 113\\nand only needed encouragement to declare for the king.\\nLee, not having a very high opinion of Washington s general-\\nship, believed that this could be done without much difficulty,\\nand Burgoyne would be more than a match for Schuyler and\\nGates. But Washington chose his positions so skilfully\\nthat Howe dared neither to attack nor to leave him in his\\nrear. It is probable that Washington never displayed greater\\nskill than at this critical juncture, but as no battles were\\nfought, and there was nothing to show to the public, the\\nfortunes of the struggling republic to outward appearance\\nseemed to be in a most discouraging state.\\n119. Howe captures Philadelphia. (1777.) After two or\\nthree Aveeks Howe determined to make another attempt to\\ncapture Philadelphia, and, apparently influenced by Lee s\\nadvice, he embarked an army and set sail for the Delaware\\nbut on arriving at the bay of that name, fearing obstructions\\nin the river, or for s6me other unexplained reason, he put to\\nsea again, and reaching the Chesapeake, went up that bay as\\nfar as Elkton, where he disembarked his forces and started\\nfor Philadelphia. Though Howe issued proclamations of\\namnesty, they had little effect, for very few of the inhabitants\\njoined him; whether they sympathized with the British or\\nnot, they evidently did not care to run any unnecessary risk.\\nAs soon as Washington had found out that Howe had left\\nNew York, he broke up his encampments, and hurried to\\nintercept him, if possible, before he could reach Philadelphia.\\nThe armies met, September 11, at Chad s Ford, on the\\nBrandywine Creek, about fifteen miles north of Wilmington.\\nWashington had but about 11,000 men against Howe s\\n18,000 but he saw it was necessary to make an effort to\\ndefend Philadelphia. He chose his position and placed his\\nforces with great skill, but in the engagement which followed", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nhe was driven back with considerable loss, and was forced to\\nretreat this was done in such good order that it was a fort-\\nnight before Howe was able to enter the rebel capital.\\nThe battle of the Brandywine was of great service to the\\nAmerican army, though it had been a defeat, for it proved\\nthat the American troops could stand against the British and\\nHessian regulars.\\n120. Germantown; Valley Forge. (1777-1778.) Washing-\\nton made an attack, October 14, upon the British at German-\\ntown, then a village six miles from Philadelphia. Though\\nwell planned, the attempt was a failure, partly on account of\\nthe heavy fog in which two divisions of the Americans fired\\nupon each other, and threw the attacking party into confusion.\\nAs Washington could do little more, and as it was now late\\nin the year, he went into winter quarters on the Schuylkill\\nRiver at Valley Forge, from which place he could watch both\\nPhiladelphia and New York. Howe and his army remained\\nin Philadelphia, where they had many sympathizers. But\\nthe British army was much demoralized by its stay in the\\ncity. Franklin said that the British had not so much taken\\nPhiladelphia as that Philadelphia had taken the British.\\nThe circumstances of the American troops were far different.\\nShut in on the south and west by high hills, and lying open\\nto the river in front. Valley Forge was admirably fitted for\\nthe winter quarters of a small arm}^ but the very name has\\nbecome almost a synonym for suffering. The soldiers were\\npoorly fed, thinly clad, and slightly housed. Washington\\nwrote, December 23, that 2898 men were unfit for duty,\\nbecause they were barefoot and otherwise naked.\\n121. The Conway Cabal. (1778.) It is a disgrace to Con-\\ngress that this suffering was occasioned not by lack of means,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE CONWAY CABAL. 115\\nbut because of gross mismanagement of the commissary\\ndepartment, due to the interference of Congress. In fact, at\\nthis time, and later, the Continental Congress was far from\\nbeing that wise, and self-sacrificing, and patriotic body which\\nit is supposed by many to have been. Political and personal\\nreasons influenced it greatly, and Washington s correspond-\\nence shows how often he was hampered, and his well-laid\\nplans brought to naught by Congressional action. Members\\nof Congress, ignorant of military tactics and of the practical\\ndifficulties in the way, censured Washington for not doing\\nthat which Congress itself kept him from doing through lack\\nof supplies it could have readily furnished. John Adams\\nsaid he was sick of this Fabian system. Dr. Benjamin Rush,\\nof Philadelphia, in an anonymous letter to Patrick Henry,\\nsaid: The northern army has shown us what Americans are\\ncapable of doing with a general [Gates] at their head. The\\nspirit of the southern army is in no way inferior to the spirit\\nof the northern. A Gates, a Lee, or a Conway would in\\na few weeks render them an irresistible body of men.\\nGeneral Gates was a scheming, ambitious man. He had\\nsucceeded in supplanting Schuyler; he now tried to supplant\\nWashington, and all through the winter of 1777-78 intrigues\\nwere set on foot with this end in view. Members of Con-\\ngress, as well as officers in the army, were implicated; one\\nof these, Conway by name, an Irish volunteer,^ was prominent\\nin the affair, and it is called from him the Conway Cabal.\\nAs soon as the matter became known, public indignation was\\nso strong that the movement failed completely, and most of\\nthose who had anything to do with it did their best to\\nconceal their share. But Washington retained the con-\\nfidence of the people, who, in John Adams s language,\\nidolized him.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n122. France supports America British Overtures. (1778.)\\nThe second stage of the Revolutionary War had been reached.\\nUp to this time the conflict had been between Great Britain\\nand her rebellious subjects now other nations were drawn\\nin, and, as in the French and Indian War, the struggle be-\\ncame part of an international contest. If the surrender of\\nBurgoyne, at Saratoga, cheered the hearts of the desponding\\nAmericans, it brought dismay to the British government.\\nIt proved to be the real turning-point of the war, and the\\nBattle of Saratoga has always been considered as one of the\\ndecisive battles of the world. France, who had long wished\\nfor an opportunity to revenge herself for the loss of her\\nAmerican possessions, and had been secretly aiding the\\nAmericans, on the news of the surrender of Burgoyne,\\nlistened to the advances of Benjamin Franklin, whom the\\ncongress had appointed minister to France, and early in\\n1778 signed a treaty of alliance, agreeing to send a fleet to\\nthe aid of America and an arni}^ of 4000 men as well. Of\\ncourse, as soon as the British government heard this, war\\nwas declared against the French. Again overtures were\\nmade to the Americans. Everything that the colonists\\nhad asked a few years before freedom from taxation, repre-\\nsentation in Parliament Avas offered, but it was too late.\\nSpain, who was also under Bourbon rule, joined France, and\\nin about a year Holland, for reasons of her own, acknowledged\\nthe independence of the United States.\\n123. Effect of the French Alliance. (1778.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094The immediate\\neffect of the French alliance in America was to inspire the\\nAmericans with new courage, and make them refuse any\\novertures for peace that did not explicitly acknowledge the\\nindependence of the states, and it also led to the evacuation\\nof Philadelphia by the British for, fearing that the French", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "BRITISH FAILURE IN MIDDLE COLONIES. 117\\nfleet would seize New York, the British government ordered\\ntheir army back to that city, which was of more importance\\nto them than Philadelphia. Besides all this, the French\\nalliance divided the attention of England, and prevented her\\nfrom increasing her army in the colonies. It also greatly\\nhelped the financial credit of the Americans.\\n124. British Failure in the Middle Colonies. (1778.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Washing-\\nton was on the alert, and after the evacuation of Philadelphia,\\nfell upon the retreating armies at Monmouth, in New Jersey,\\nand had it not been for the insubordination of General\\nCharles Lee, who had been exchanged and restored to his\\nposition in the army, this would have been a decisive victory;\\nas it was, Washington came up in time to change a retreat\\ninto a firm stand. During the night the British retreated\\nand reached New York. Again Washington took up his old\\nposition north of the city, his line extending along the\\nhighlands as far as Morristown, New Jersey. The British\\nforce had gained nothing, but had succeeded in arousing a\\nvast amount of ill-will to their cause by the ravages of their\\ntroops and their often brutal treatment of the inhabitants.\\nIn this way many Tories had been turned into Whigs, for\\nlittle difference had been made between friend and foe.\\nThe British campaign in the middle colonies had failed.\\nThere remained the southern colonies, and it was resolved to\\nmake that part of the country the field of operations.\\n125. French Aid; Massacre of Wyoming; the Indians. (1778-\\n1779.) According to agreement, the French sent to America\\na fleet and a land force of 4000 men. The expedition\\ncame first to New York, but finding the draft of some of the\\nvessels too great to cross the bar at the entrance of the harbor,\\nit was determined to attack Newport, Rhode Island, which-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nhad remained in the possession of the British (sect. 115).\\nOwing to storms and bad management, this attempt was a\\nfailure, and the French admiral sailed with his fleet to the\\nWest Indies. During the years 1778-1779 there were a num-\\nber of plundering expeditions and many experiences of the\\nhorrors of a border warfare. In July, 1778, a force of British\\nand Indians, under the lead of a Tory named Butler, and\\nBrant, a Mohawk chief, came from Fort Niagara, and\\nattacking a Connecticut settlement in Wyoming valley,\\nPennsylvania, butchered the settlers and destroyed almost\\neverything the same year another of the Butler family and\\nBrant destroyed the village of Cherry Valley, in New York,\\nmassacring the inhabitants. These were only the principal\\ninstances there were others, only less cruel because of their\\nless magnitude.\\n126. American Retaliation. (1779.) War demanded retalia-\\ntion, and so in the spring of the following year Washington\\norganized an expedition against tlie Indians, placing it under\\nthe command of General Sullivan. The object of this\\nexpedition was, in Washington s OAvn words, to carry war\\ninto the heart of the country of the Six Nations, to cut off\\ntheir settlements, destroy their next year s crops, and do\\nevery other mischief which time and circumstances will\\npermit. The country was not to be merely run over, but\\ndestroyed. In October, 1779, Washington wrote: General\\nSullivan has completed the entire destruction of the country\\nof the Six Nations, and driven all the inhabitants men,\\nAvomen, and children out of it. It is hardly necessary to\\nsay that this proceeding did not stop the Indian ravages\\nthey continued to a greater or less degree until 1783. In\\nthe Declaration of Independence the king of Great Britain\\nwas accused of bringing on the inhabitants of our frontiers", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE NAVY; JOHN PAUL JONES. 119\\nthe merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is\\nan undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and con-\\nditions. It was a complaint ill-becoming the American\\nCongress to make, as before April, 1775, Indians had been\\nenlisted as minute-men in Massachusetts, and on the 25th of\\nMay, 1776, Congress had resolved that it is highly expedient\\nto engage the Indians in the service of the United Colonies.\\nOn the 17th of June General Washington was authorized to\\nem23loy Indians wherever they would be most useful, and\\nalso to offer them a reward of one hundred dollars for every\\ncommissioned officer, and thirty dollars for every private\\nsoldier of the king s troops, that they shall take prisoners in\\nthe Indian country, or on the frontiers of those colonies.\\nThe cruel necessities of war probably demanded that the aid\\nof the Indians should be sought b} each party, but justice\\nmust lay the responsibility on both, and a charge of incon-\\nsistency upon the American Congress as well.\\n127. The Navy John Paul Jones. (1775 1779.) The Amer-\\nicans had hardly any navy. Congress had very early issued\\nletters of marque to merchant vessels, thus constituting them\\nj)rivateers that is, had given them authority to make war\\non British ships and take merchant vessels as prizes. The\\nmost successful commander of any of these cruisers was John\\nPaul Jones, who was a regular commissioned officer in the\\nUnited States navy. He took so many British ships, and he\\nattacked vessels of the royal navy with such success, that his\\nvery name inspired fear. In a terrible conflict off Scar-\\nborough, on the east coast of England (1779), Jones s ship,\\nLe Bonli07ii7ne Richard (named after the Poor Richard of\\nFranklin s Almanac), engaged the British ship Serapis. The\\ntwo vessels were so near that Jones lashed them together.\\nAfter a desperate hand-to-hand fight, the Serapis surrendered,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nbut not before Jones had lost 300 of his 375 men. His vessel\\nwas so injured that she began to sink, and he transferred every-\\nthing to his prize. It is likely that at least 500 privateers were\\ncommissioned by the individual states, besides those by Con-\\ngress: this was in addition to the regular navy. The amount\\nof damage to the British commerce may be imagined from\\nthe fact that 818 prizes Avere condemned during the year 1780\\nby one court in Massachusetts alone. It has been estimated\\nthat over 70,000 men were engaged in this naval warfare on the\\nAmerican side. The largest number of land forces at any one\\ntime in service was about 47,000 in 1776, while the average\\nnumber of those nominally in service was only about 32,000.\\n128. Western Settlements; George Rogers Clark. (1775-\\n1779.) By the treaty of 1763 England gained the vast\\nterritory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi River\\n(map p. 78), but she did not attempt to colonize it. She\\nfollowed the French plan of keeping the land for the hunter\\nand trapper. She occupied the old French posts of Kas-\\nkaskia, Cahokia, and some others, but did little else. Before\\nthe Revolutionary War broke out, explorers had begun to\\nthe mountains from Virginia and North Carolina.\\ncross\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fc\\nAmong these was Daniel Boone, who as early as 1767 left\\nNorth Carolina in quest of the count}^ of Kentucke. In\\nMarch, 1775, he started with a company of thirty men to\\nprepare for a settlement in the beautiful country he had\\nexplored. These pioneers chopped a path through the woods\\nfor tAVO hundred miles. It went through the Cumberland\\nGap, it crossed rivers and streams which had to be forded,\\nand led into the wilderness where no white man had dAvelt.\\nThis route was known as Boone s Trail or the Wilderness\\nRoad, and over it, in later years, thousands went to seek\\nnew homes in the west. In spite of Indian attacks", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CONTINENTAL MONEY. 121\\nBoonesborough was founded. Almost every settlement in\\nthis southwest country was the result of individual effort.\\nDaniel Boone in Kentucky, and John Sevier and James\\nRobertson in Tennessee, were leaders in this great movement.\\nHamilton, the British governor of the northwest region,\\nhad been ordered to enlist the Indians on the side of the\\nBritish, and was very successful in doing it by means of\\npresents and rewards. Many terrible Indian attacks fol-\\nlowed, which made the settlers along the Pennsylvania and\\nVirginia frontier and in Kentucky almost panic-stricken.\\nAmong the men in Kentucky was George Rogers Clark, a\\nyoung Virginian. He believed that if the British posts in\\nthe Illinois country could be captured, the danger from the\\nIndians would be averted, and the vast western country\\nsecured. As Kentucky was, at that time, part of Virginia,\\nhe went to Williamsburg, the capital, to seek the aid and\\nauthority of Patrick Henry, then governor, to carry out\\nthis plan. The plan was approved, and Clark was given\\nsome funds, was commissioned a colonel, and was authorized\\nto raise troops. With the comparatively small force he was\\nable to get together, he took Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and other\\nplaces (map, p. 53). When Vincennes was retaken by the\\nBritish, he re-captured it, overcoming difficulties which most\\nmen would have thought insurmountable. During this cam-\\npaign, he and his men marched across a flooded country in\\nbitterly cold weather, often up to their necks in water, and\\nendured hardships innumerable. Through the skill and\\nperseverance of Clark, the United States gained the whole\\nIllinois region* which, but for him, might have been lost.\\n129. Continental Money. (1775-1779.) One of the greatest\\ndifficulties which presented itself to the Continental Congress\\nwas how to raise the money necessary for carrying on the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwar. It has already been seen that they issued paper cur-\\nrency for this purpose in 1775. It is quite likely that had\\nthe Continental Congress at that time attempted to tax the\\nseveral colonies for the support of the war, the attempt might\\nhave been successful but it did not try. It pursued the plan,\\nalready familiar to the colonists, of issuing paper money\\npromises to pay coin on demand or after a certain date. Of\\ncourse a promise to pay is only valuable in proportion to\\nthe ability to pay, and unless the Americans gained their\\nindependence, they would not be able to pay. Accordingly,\\nthe more discouraging the prospect, the less the people were\\nwilling to take the paper bills, only accepting them at a\\nheavy discount. Again, the larger the amount, the less likely\\nthe ability to pay. Before July 4, 1776, twenty millions of\\ndollars had been issued. It was useless to issue any more,\\nfor the people would not take any more Washington said\\nthat a wagon-load of bills would not buy a wagon-load of\\nprovisions. In December, 1779, the nominal coin value of a\\ncontinental paper dollar was only two cents, but hardly any\\none would give that, and in a few weeks the paper money\\nwas worthless. Besides the paper money issued by Congress,\\nthe individual colonies had issued their share, so the whole\\ncountry Avas flooded with this Avretched substitute for coin,\\nand in addition to this British forgeries were plentiful.\\n130. Foreign Loans. (1775-1781.) Soon after the break-\\ning out of the hostilities. Congress had tried to borrow money\\nin Europe, particularly from France and Holland, but the\\nbankers of Europe were slow to lend to rebellious sul)jects of\\na powerful king funds could only be had at high rates of\\ninterest, and even sucli funds could not have been secured\\nwithout the personal aid of such men as Franklin and John\\nAdams. Most if not all the aid that was received from", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "^fx^e(^: S)^ ^)(^^m-^sx^^\u00c2\u00a7^^^-^^^^)^\\n^2)^ h^:^^J^\\\\^^i)(S):^^)(g)\\\\S ^^S(^:^^^", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "ROBERT MORRIS. 123\\nFrance was given more with the object of injuring her\\nancient enemy England, than from sympathy for America.\\nOne great difficulty that stood in the way of negotiating\\nloans lay in the fact that Congress had no power of impos-\\ning taxes it could only recommend to the states to raise\\nmoney, not compel them to do it. Thus the money-lender\\nwould ask, How are you going to pay the interest? The\\nonly answer possible was, We hope the states will raise the\\namount needed. This was poor security indeed but partly\\nthrough belief in the promises, partly through French hatred\\nof England, and a desire to see her humbled, the Congress\\nmanaged to borrow about 111,000,000 in Europe during the\\nwar. The French alliance, after the surrender of Burgoyne,\\nwas of the greatest assistance to the United States had it\\nnot been for this, her credit would have been quite lost.\\n131. Robert Morris. (1781.) There was also a large\\nhome debt for, like individuals in desperate straits. Con-\\ngress borrowed money wherever it could. In 1781, when\\nthe outlook was most gloomy. Congress appointed Robert\\nMorris, of Philadelphia, Superintendent of Finance. He\\nagreed to take the office only on condition that Congress\\nwould return to specie payment and give up the attempt to\\nmake the people take paper money. This was done. And\\nto aid the government, the Bank of North America was\\nchartered at Philadelphia by Congress. The bank is still in\\nexistence, and, with the exception of one in Boston, is the\\nonly bank in the United States that can claim so long a lease\\nof life. Many stories have been told of the suffering of the\\nmen in consequence of the worthlessness of the money\\nwhich was paid to them. Just after the battle of Trenton,\\nWashington wrote to Robert Morris that he must have\\n150,000 in hard cash, or a large number of men whose term", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "124\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nof enlistment was out would leave the army. Morris, appre-\\nciating the gravity of the situation, went about among his\\nfriends early in the morning, before it was light, to try to\\nraise the sum needed he succeeded, and sent the cash to\\nWashington. This is but one instance of Morris s perse-\\nverance and success. Had it not been for him it is hard to\\nsee how the finances of the Revolution could have been\\ncarried on. Early in 1781 the Pennsylvania militia revolted\\nand refused to serve any longer in the army, on account pf\\nreceiving neither pay nor sup-\\nplies. They started to march\\nto Philadelphia to compel\\nCongress to do them justice.\\nCongress sent commissioners\\nto meet them, who promised to\\nsatisfy the troops, and they\\nthereupon agreed not to dis-\\nband. Other instances some-\\nwhat similar might be men-\\ntioned. In November, 1780,\\nthe army had been ten months\\nwithout pay, and their supplies\\nAll through this period the\\nROBERT MORRIS.\\nwere poor and insufficient.\\npatience of Washington was marvellous.\\n132. Benedict Arnold; Dark Days. (1778-1780.) After\\nthe battle of Monmouth (sect. 124) both the British and the\\nAmerican armies had remained comparatively quiet, nothing\\nbut skirmishes taking place. Two incidents deserve men-\\ntion. In 1779 Wajme Mad Anthony, as he was called\\nfrom his daring stormed and took Stony Point, a fortress\\nbelow West Point, which the British had captured. As the\\nAmericans were not able to hold this place, it was destroyed.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "I\\nARNOLD S TREASON. 125\\nIn 1780 the Americans nearly met with a great disaster\\nthrough the treason of General Benedict Arnold. Arnold,\\nwho had shown himself to be one of the bravest of the\\nAmerican commanders, was so wounded in the leg during\\nthe Saratoga campaign as to unfit him for field service.\\nWashington, who had a high opinion of his abilities, ap-\\npointed him to the command of Philadelphia after its\\nevacuation by the British. Arnold, despite his abilities,\\nseems to have had a great fondness for getting into quarrels\\nand making enemies. Congress promoted junior men over\\nhim, and this incurred his ill-will. While in Philadelphia he\\nlived in extravagant style, and associated with the Tory ele-\\nment, finally marrying a Tory s daughter. He was accused\\nby the state government of dishonesty, and of other things\\nthat were mostly rather indiscretions than crimes. He was\\nfinally acquitted of the serious charges, but was sentenced\\nto be reprimanded for the others by Washington. That\\nWashington thought Arnold hardly treated is shown by\\nthe fact that, after Arnold s resignation of his command at\\nPhiladelphia, he was appointed to the command of West\\nPoint.\\n133. Arnold s Treason. (1780.) The year 1780 was one\\nof the darkest periods of the war, and Arnold doubtless\\nthought the struggle was hopeless and there seems to be\\nlittle doubt that he applied for the command at West Point\\nwith the intention of betraying the fortress to the British.\\nIn order to complete the plans for the delivery of that post,\\nit was needful that the British general should send a personal\\nrepresentative to treat with Arnold. Major John Andre\\nwas the one selected, and, in September, 1780, the visit was\\nmade to Arnold, and the arrangements completed. By a\\nseries of mischances Andr^ was captured by three New York", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nmilitiamen and the treasonable plan discovered. Arnold\\nheard of the failure in time to escape but Andr^ was tried\\nby a court-martial, found guilty of being a spy, and was\\nhanged. No incident in the war has occasioned so much\\ncomment as this, but the opinion expressed by a recent Brit-\\nish historian probably gives the commonly received judgment\\nof the present day The justice of his sentence can hardly\\nbe denied.\\n134. Southern Campaign. (1778-1780.) The failures of the\\nBritish in the middle colonies and New England made them\\nturn to the South. There was much to encourage them to\\nattempt a campaign there. Florida was theirs Georgia was\\nthinly settled and could not make much resistance the\\nnegroes were numerous and not likely to be anything but a\\nhindrance to their owners in case of active hostilities; the\\nSouth had experienced nothing of the war since an attack on\\nCharleston in 1776, and had been the place from which the\\ncontinental armies had drawn much of their supplies more-\\nover, it was believed that the inhabitants were very lukewarm\\nin their adherence to the American cause, as there was\\nundoubtedly a large number of Tories. Late in 1778 the\\nBritish sent an expedition from New York against Savan-\\nnah, and very soon captured it. In the spring of 1780 they\\nsucceeded in shutting up General Lincoln, the American\\ncommander, in Charleston, and he was forced to surrender.\\nSir Henry Clinton, the British commander-in-chief, himself\\ntook part in the attack. Leaving Cornwallis in charge of\\nthe southern forces, Clinton returned to New York. The\\n1 Arnold received the reward for what he intended to do, the commission\\nof a general in the British army and \u00c2\u00a3G815 sterling. He fought against his\\ncountry in Connecticut and in Virginia went to England and then to New\\nBrunswick but he was always regarded with contempt.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "Refereuce Map lor the Revolution SOUTHERN SPATES.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "I\\nGATES S FAILURE; GREENE. 127\\nBritish now had complete control of Georgia, and restored\\nthe royal government. In no part of the war was there so\\nmuch retaliation practised. The Whigs and Tories fought\\namong themselves. Marauding expeditions from both sides\\nwent up and down the country pillaging and destroying,\\nevery now and then meeting and fighting, with success and\\ndefeat about equally distributed.\\n135. Gates s Failure Greene. (1780-1781.) Congress sent\\nGates, who had gained undeserved reputation from Saratoga,\\nto take command of the southern armies. He met the Brit-\\nish at Camden, South Carolina. Here, though he had fully\\ntwice as many men as Cornwallis, he was totally defeated,\\nand, fleeing ahead of his army, he hardly paused in his rapid\\nflight until some seventy miles distant from the field of bat-\\ntle. A large part of Gates s forces, it is true, were militia,\\nwho fled at the first shot of the British, but his reputation\\nwas gone. South Carolina was now wholly under British\\ncontrol, and there was no organized army to oppose it in\\neither of the Carolinas. Greene, by the advice of Washing-\\nton, was sent to supersede Gates. Nathaniel Greene, of\\nRhode Island, was of Quaker birth, and a blacksmith by\\ntrade. He entered the army early in the conflict, rose by\\nreason of his natural abilities, and became, without question,\\nthe ablest of the Revolutionary officers except Washington.\\nThe change of commanders was soon made evident by the\\nconduct of the campaign. The Americans had been success-\\nful, shortly after the defeat at Camden, in surprising and\\ncapturing a British force at King s Mountain and at Cow-\\npens another force under Tarleton was completely beaten.\\nGreene was too weak to attack Cornwallis, and so retreated,\\nhoping that Cornwallis would follow him. This he did, and\\nat Guilford Court House, near Greensboro North Carolina,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe armies met. After a sharp conflict, Greene retreated,\\nleaving Cornwallis in possession of the field but the British\\nloss was so heavy that Cornwallis could not pursue the\\nAmericans, who had retreated in good order. Though nom-\\ninally defeated, Greene had succeeded in his main purpose.\\nHe had drawn Cornwallis so far from his base of supplies\\nthat he could not return, and was forced to go to Wilming-\\nton, North Carolina, to recruit and to try to open communi-\\ncations with the British fleet. It was the despatch of\\nCornwallis to the British Colonial Secretary announcing\\nthis victory that made Charles James Fox exclaim, Another\\nsuch victory would destroy the British army Greene\\nmeanwhile hurried back to South Carolina, and though he\\nwas defeated several times, his movements were so skilful,\\nand the British losses were so severe, that by September,\\n1781, the British held only Charleston and Savannah.\\n136. Cornwallis marches to Virginia. (1781.) Cornwallis,\\nwhen he found where Greene had gone, apparently thought\\nthat the British forces in South Carolina would be able to\\nhold him in check, and so determined to march into Virginia\\nand join the British troops already there, who had been sent\\nfrom New York to annoy that colony and keep it from aiding\\nthe Carolinas. One of these expeditions was under Benedict\\nArnold, wlio took Richmond and committed a great deal of\\ndevastation through the country\\nLaiayette had already been sent by Washington to watch\\naffairs in Virginia, and with his small force had been very\\nsuccessful. Cornwallis, after having spent considerable time\\nmarching to and fro in order to prevent Lafayette from gain-\\n1 Clinton had so little confidence in Arnold that he gave his two subordinate\\nofficers commissions under which they could act in case Arnold should prove\\nto be a traitor to his employers.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "YORKTOWN. 129\\ning reinforcements, now received orders to seize some post\\nwhere there w^ould be easy communication with the sea, and\\nto fortify it: Cornwallis accordingly took Yorktown and\\nproceeded to carry out his instructions.\\n137. Yorktown. (1781.) Hitherto, though the moral\\ninfluence of the French alliance had been of the greatest\\nadvantage to the United States, the army had done little or\\nnothing. In 1780 the Count Rochambeau reached New-\\nport, Rhode Island, with 6000 troops, who not long after\\nwere marched to the Hudson to help Washington in a pro-\\njected attack on New York. Clinton, the British com-\\nmander, was alarmed and well he might be, for a powerful\\nFrench fleet was on the point of being sent to America with\\norders to co-operate for a time with the American forces\\nbefore going on to the West Indies, its ultimate destination.\\nLearning in August that the destination of this fleet, which\\nalso had on board a small reinforcement of French troops,\\nwas the Chesapeake, Washington resolved to change the seat\\nof war to Virginia, and with the assistance of the fleet cut\\noff Cornwallis. These plans were carried out with the\\ngreatest secrecy. By starting from Peekskill, a few miles\\nsouth of West Point, his destination might well be supposed\\nto be Staten Island, a good place to begin the attack on New\\nYork, which Clinton was expecting. Deceiving the enemy,\\nWashington was almost at Philadelphia before Clinton knew\\nAvhat he was about. By the energy of Franklin and Laurens\\nin France, new loans had been negotiated, which opportunely\\nprovided the money needed to make the change of base,\\nand the American and French troops marched to the head\\nof Chesapeake Bay, and were embarked on transports at\\nElkton and at Baltimore, and brought to the York peninsula\\nin Virginia. The French fleet reached the Chesapeake as", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nexpected, landed the reinforcements for Lafayette, and being\\nattacked by a division of the English fleet, drove it off, and\\nso was able to co-operate with the land forces in blockading\\nCornwallis.\\n138. Cornwallis surrenders October 19, 1781. After a siege\\nof three weeks, during which Cornwallis made a number of\\ndesperate efforts to escape, he surrendered on the 19th of\\nOctober, 1781, with all his forces, numbering about 8000\\nmen. The allied French and American armies numbered\\nabout 16,000. The same terms of surrender as had been\\nimposed upon Lincoln at Charleston (sect. 134), including\\nthe laying down of arms, were required; and as Cornwallis did\\nnot appear, pleading illness, General Lincoln, who had been\\nexchanged, was appointed to receive his sword from the sub-\\nordinate who represented him. A fleet with reinforcements\\nfor Cornwallis sailed from New York the day of the surren-\\nder, but returned as soon as the news was heard. In Phil-\\nadelphia the tidings were received at midnight, and the\\ncitizens were startled by the watchman s cry, Past twelve\\no clock, and Cornwallis is taken All felt that this victory\\nwas the virtual end of the war. Washington returned with\\nhis army to his old quarters on the Hudson at Newburgli,\\nbut hostilities, with a few exceptions, ceased pending news\\nfrom abroad.\\n139. The News in England Peace. (1783*) Lord North\\nis said to have received the news as he would have taken\\na bullet through his breast, exclaiming, O God, it is all\\nover! The king and his ministers tried to take measures\\nto continue the war, but the opposition in Parliament and\\namong the people was too strong. Fox, Burke, and the\\nyounger Pitt in the House of Commons, and Shelburne in", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "PEACE. 131\\nthe House of Lords, attacked the government violently, and\\nlarge public meetings were held in London and elsewhere,\\ndemanding that the war should cease. At length, on March\\n20, 1782, the Ministry resigned, and George III. was forced\\nto appoint one favorable to making peace. It was not, how-\\never, until December that the king publicly announced to\\nParliament his consent to the acknowledgment of the inde-\\npendence of the colonies.\\nIt was nearly two years before the terms of peace could be\\nagreed upon, so difficult were the questions to be settled, and\\nso loath were the English to yield point after point. Mean-\\ntime the American army, unpaid, was dwindling away from\\nmonth to month. A conspiracy was started to make Wash-\\nington king, which he soon stopped, spurning the suggestion\\nwith sternness and sorrow. Another plan was to refuse\\nto disband until Congress or the states should pay arrears\\ndue. This, which seems to have been encouraged by Gates,\\nwas also stopped through Washington s influence. At length,\\non the 19th of April, 1783, the anniversary of the battle\\nof Lexington, which was generally considered to be the\\nbeginning of the Revolution, peace was formally proclaimed\\nmost of the soldiers were given leave of absence, and the\\narmy was practically disbanded, though some of the troops\\nwere retained at Newburgh until the evacuation of New\\nYork by the British, November 25, 1783.\\nRebellion had resulted in revolution, revolution in inde-\\npendence. This result was expected by few at the outset,\\nundesired by many, and only brought about by the skill and\\nperseverance of those who were at the beginning, and also,\\nperhaps, during a good part of the struggle, a minority.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE CONFEDERATION. THE CONSTITUTION.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. G. Bancroft, History of the United States, vi. R. Hildreth,\\nHistory of the United States, iii. 374-547, iv. 25-40 Bryant and Gay,\\nPopular History of the United States, iv. 79-99 James Schouler, History\\nof the United States, i. 1-73 John Fiske, The Critical Period of American\\nHistory, a graphic and admirable survey of the period see also his articles\\nin the Atlantic Monthly for 1886, 1887 Winsor, Narrative and Critical\\nHistory, viii., Chaps, iii., iv.; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History of the\\nUnited States, i. J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United\\nStates, i., Chap. iii. A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union (Epochs of Ameri-\\ncan History), pp. 95-135 W. M. Sloane, The French War and the Revolu-\\ntion (American History Series), pp. 348-388; E. Channing, The United\\nStates, Chap, iv.\\nBiographies. See References to Chap. vi.\\nSpecial. For Land Claims: H. B. Adams, Johns Hopkins University\\nStudies in History and Political Science, iii. 7-54 B. A. Hinsdale, Old\\nNorthwest, pp. 192-262 American History Leaflets, No. 22 Old South\\nLeaflets, Nos. 15, 16, Washington s Letters to Governors, etc. For the\\nConstitutional Convention Century Magazine, September, 1887 Magazine\\nof American History, xiii. 313-345. For the Constitution Document, Ap-\\npendix to this volume Old South Leaflets, No. 1 E. D. Mead, Old South\\nManuals, The Constitution American History Leaflets, No. 8. Discussion\\nJames Bryce, The American Commonwealth, i,. Chaps, i.-iv. I. W. Andrews,\\nManual of the Constitution, Revised Edition H. S. Maine, Popular Govern-\\nment, pp. 196-254 E. J. Phelps, Nineteenth Century, xxiii. 297-316, 441-457\\nA. Johnston, New Princeton Review, iv. 175-190.\\n140. Land Claims. (1781.) The war was at end; the\\nindependence of the United States was acknowledged by\\nEngland. At first sight all seemed accomplished. In\\nreality, perhaps the most difficult questions remained to be\\n132", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "LAND CLAIMS. 133\\nsolved. In fighting for independence the people had a com-\\nmon interest at stake upon which all could unite there was\\nno such issue before them now, and the petty jealousies,\\nwhich had already shown themselves during the course of\\nthe struggle, became very prominent. The Articles of Con-\\nfederation, agreed upon by the Continental Congress in 1777,\\nhad only gone into effect in 1781 by the accession of Mary-\\nland, whose adherence had been withheld on account of the\\nownership of the western lands ceded by France in 1763.\\nMaryland held that these lands were acquired by the com-\\nmon effort of all the colonies, and therefore should be a\\ncommon possession. Six of the colonies New Hampshire,\\nRhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and\\nMaryland had boundaries fixed by their charters. The\\nwestern limits of the others were indefinite, though by the\\ntreaty of Paris, 1763, the Mississippi was recognized as the\\neastern boundary of the Spanish possessions, thus putting\\nan end to the extravagant claims which some of the colonies\\nhad made. But all the colonies, except the six already\\nmentioned, insisted that they extended to the MississippL\\nVirginia claimed that according to charter, her northern\\nboundary extended in the northwesterly direction indefi-\\nnitely. This would include, besides the present state of\\nKentucky, the whole of what was afterwards known as the\\nNorthwestern Territory. New York was the first to give up\\nher claims, and upon the assurance that the other states\\nwould follow her example, Maryland entered the Confedera-\\ntion, 1781. It was not until 1802 that various cessions to\\nthe United States fixed the boundaiies of the original thir-\\nteen states as at present, Georgia being the last to give up\\nher claim. Connecticut reserved the ownership of a part of\\nnortheastern Ohio, still known as the Western Reserve, but\\nfinally sold it, the proceeds of the sale being set aside as a", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nperpetual fund, the interest of which should be appropriated\\nto the support of schools.\\n141. Weakness of the Confederation. (1781-1786.) The\\nArticles of Confederation were of little practical use. Per-\\nhaps the most important result was that they accustomed\\nthe people to the idea of union. By the time they went into\\nforce, local jealousies had reached such a pitch that the\\ninterest of the colonies as a whole occupied a secondary\\nplace in men s minds. It was almost impossible to get\\nenough delegates to attend Congress to carry on the routine\\nbusiness of that body, and again and again adjournments\\nwere made because there was no quorum. By the Articles\\nof Confederation Congress had large powers, but it had no\\nmeans of enforcing its acts, and was completely at the mercy\\nof the states, which did as they pleased. Unable to regulate\\nforeign commerce, to raise revenue to pay its debts, or to\\nenforce its acts, the Confederation soon fell into contempt,\\nboth at home and abroad, its credit was gone, and England\\nopenly violated the provisions of the treaty of peace.\\nThe prosperity which had been expected to follow the\\ndeclaration of peace had not come the finances of the coun-\\ntry were in a wretched state, and taxes were necessarily\\nvery burdensome. In western Massachusetts many refused\\nto pay their taxes and resisted the collection of debts by the\\ncourts. This rising, known as Shays s Rebellion, from the\\nleader in it, was speedily put down, but made a great impres-\\nsion on the sober minds of the country, helping to confirm\\nthe feeling that a stronger government was necessary.\\n142. Interstate Jealousies; Convention proposed. (1781-1787.)\\nMeanwhile, each state having the power to levy such duty\\nas it pleased upon the commerce and trade with the other", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 135\\nstates, the whole trade of the country was demoralized, and the\\nmost bitter ill-feeling existed between states. Congress now\\nproposed to the states an amendment to the Articles, giving\\nCongress the power to levy a duty upon imports. But no\\nalteration could be made in the Articles excejDt by unani-\\nmous consent. Rhode Island refused to agree, and Virginia,\\nhaving once given her consent, afterwards withdrew it, and\\nthe amendment failed. Washington, and many of those who\\nhad done so much to secure the independence of the colonies,\\nwere almost in despair. Through the influence of James\\nMadison, who was one of a board of commissioners meet-\\ning, in 1785, at Alexandria, Virginia, to adjust the conflicting\\nclaims of Maryland and Virginia in Chesapeake Bay, a\\nconvention of delegates from all the states was recommended\\nto be called for the following year, to arrange, if possible,\\nsome general regulations for commerce. The Legislature of\\nVirginia, in accordance with the recommendation, issued an\\ninvitation to all the states to send delegates to a conference\\nto be held at Annapolis, Maryland, in the following year,\\n1786. Only five states sent delegates. The twelve men\\nwho met issued a recommendatign to all the states to send\\ndelegates to a convention to be held in Philadelphia in May,\\n1787, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to\\nthem necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal\\nGovernment adequate to the exigencies of the Union. The\\nContinental Congress adopted the plan in February, 1787.\\n143. The Constitutional Convention. (1787.) Influenced,\\ndoubtless, by Shays s Rebellion, and the failure of the\\nproposed amendment, all the states, except Rhode Island,\\nresponded to the call, and on the 25th of May, 1787, the\\nconvention fairly began its work in Independence Hall.\\nWashington, who was a delegate from Virginia, was chosen", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\npresident of the convention. It was without doubt one of\\nthe ablest bodies of men that ever came together. Each\\nstate seemed to have sent its best man. Besides Washington,\\nwere present Franklin, Hamilton, Madison, Gerry, Robert\\nMorris, Gouverneur Morris, James Wilson, and Rutledge\\nJefferson and Adams would undoubtedly have been members\\nhad they not been abroad in the service of the country. The\\ndefects of the existing government were known to all the\\nquestion was, how they could best be remedied. A difficulty\\narose at the very start, for many held that the power of the\\nconvention only extended as far as revision while others, as\\nHamilton and Madison, held that no revision could remedy\\nthe defects, but that an entirely new scheme should be de-\\nvised. This last opinion prevailed, and the convention set\\nabout its work in earnest.\\n144. Coippromises. (1787.) For four months the debate\\nwent on behind closed doors. Often it seemed as if nothing\\ncould be done but break up and go home, so strong were the\\nlocal jealousies. At this time Franklin proposed that the\\nconvention should be opened each day with prayer, saying\\nTlie longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see that\\nGod governs the affairs of men. Without His concur-\\nring aid, we shall be divided by our little local interests,\\nsucceeding no better than the builders of Babel, and become\\na reproach and byword for all future ages. What is worse,\\nmankind may hereafter, from this unfortunate instance,\\ndespair of establishing government by human wisdom, and\\nleave it to chance and war. His motion was not put to\\nvote. Again, when there seemed little prospect of an agree-\\nment, he is reported to have said When a joiner wishes to\\nfit two boards, he sometimes pares off a bit from both. So\\ncompromises were made. The small states had been unwill-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "A NATIONAL QUESTION. 137\\ning to give up any of their power, for fear they would be\\nencroached upon by the larger states. This objection was\\nmet by allowing every state an equal representation in the\\nSenate. Then the slavery question came up. The extreme\\nSouth wished the slaves to be counted in apportioning the\\nnumber of representatives in Congress. This was very dis-\\ntasteful to the middle and northern states, as it would give\\nthe South more representatives, and tend to encourage the\\ngrowth of slavery but believing that some compromise was\\nessential, they gave way, and agreed that live slaves should\\nbe counted as equal to three whites. It was also provided\\nthat the foreign slave-trade might be proliibited after the\\nyear 1808. This compromise greatly influenced the subse-\\nquent history of the country. It practically put the control\\nof the House of Representatives in the hands of the South\\nfor about fifty years.\\n145. A National Question. (1787.) The Constitution was\\nsigned September 17, 1787, given to the public, and was trans-\\nmitted to the Congress. This body, after a short debate,\\nresolved to forward the document to the respective Legislat-\\nures, to be by them placed before the people by means of\\nconventions chosen specially for the purpose of considering\\nit. For the first time, a truly national issue was before\\nthe country. The question was Should the new plan of\\ngovernment be adopted or rejected Those who favored the\\nadoption were called Federalists, and those who opposed the\\nadoption, Anti-Federalists.\\nBoth parties were patriotic. The Anti-Federalists feared\\nthe power of a strong central government, because they\\nthought it would take away too much power from the states,\\nand might result in tyranny similar to that of Great Britain,\\nagainst which they had revolted. Samuel Adams, Patrick", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nHenry, and George Clinton were great opposers of the new\\nConstitution, and against their patriotism no word could be\\nspoken. The Federalists, on the contrary, believed that un-\\nless a strong central government should be set up, the Union\\nwould go to pieces. They did not advocate the new scheme\\nas an ideal form of government, but as the best attainable\\nunder the circumstances. They had the twofold advantage\\nof proposing a definite remedy for a pressing and obvious\\nevil, and of having, with a few exceptions, the ablest and\\nmost trusted men on their side for Washington, Hamilton,\\nMadison, and Franklin were all earnest supporters of the\\nnew plan.\\n146. The Federalist. (1788.) Congress had referred the\\nConstitution to the states Avithout comment, leaving the\\npeople to decide for themselves. The questions which had\\nbeen so earnestly debated in the convention were now taken\\nup by the people and discussed with equal earnestness. Both\\nin public and in private the advantages and disadvantages of\\nthe new scheme were pointed out. A remarkable series of\\npapers appeared in the New York newspapers, under the\\nsignature of Publius, but written by Hamilton, Madison, and\\nJay, strongly advocating the adoption of the Constitution,\\nand explaining its provisions. These papers, of which the\\ngreater number were by Hamilton, afterwards collected and\\npublished under the title of The Federalist, still remain\\none of the ablest treatises upon the Constitution.\\n147. Adoption of the Constitution. (1788.) By the close\\nof the year 1787, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey\\nhad in special conventions adopted the new Constitution\\nshortly afterwards Georgia and Connecticut followed. The\\nadhesion of four more states was needful for success. Massa^", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.\\n139\\nchusetts acceded only with the understanding that certain\\namencbnents should be made as soon as practicable. These\\namendments were in the nature of a Bill of Rights (see the\\nfirst ten Amendments to the Constitution). While the ques-\\ntion was being decided, public feeling Avas stretched to the\\nutmost tension, and it was not until June 21, 1788, by the\\nCELEBRATION IN NEW YORK OF THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.\\nvote of New Hampshire, that the assent of nine states,\\nthe requisite number, was obtained. Virginia followed im-\\nmediately after New Hampshire, making ten, and New York\\nsoon made eleven.^ When it was known that a sufficient\\nnumber of states had ratified the Constitution, the Federalists\\n1 North Carolina and Rhode Island held aloof\\n1789, the latter, until May 29, 1790.\\nthe former until Nov. 21,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ngave themselves up to wild demonstrations of joy. The\\ngreat event was celebrated by processions with emblematic\\nrepresentations of the states, of the French Alliance, of the\\nUnion (as the Ship of State and many other figures\\nrepresenting different trades and interests. In the celebra-\\ntion in New York City the name of Hamilton was inscribed\\nupon the car which bore the Ship of State, in recognition\\nof his influence in bringing about the wished-for result. In\\nBaltimore the name of Federal Hill still remains to pre-\\nserve the memory of the rejoicings in that city. The neces-\\nsary number of states having given in their adherence.\\nCongress, on September 13, 1788, appointed the first Wednes-\\nday in the following January for the choice by the people of\\nelectors of a President, the first Wednesday in February for\\nthe electors to meet and choose the President and Vice-\\nPresident, and the first Wednesday in March for the new\\ngovernment to go into operation. This day in 1789 was the\\nfourth of the month, and so the fourth of March, subse-\\nquently confirmed by the Congress, came to be tlie inaugu-\\nration day of each new President.\\n148. The New Constitution. The new Constitution is\\nradically different from the Articles of Confederation in\\nmany points. It provides for a true central government\\nwith the power of enforcing its laws and regulations inde-\\npendently of the states the Congress is no longer an\\nadvisory body. Within its sphere the Constitution is the\\nsupreme law of the land, tlie constitutions and laws of the\\nstates to the contrary notwithstanding. The national gov-\\nernment regulates all matters of national interest, such as\\npeace, war, commerce (both foreign and that between the\\nstates), all relations with foreign states, coinage of money,\\nand post-offices. By its exclusive right to levy duties on", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE POWERS. 141\\nimports, as well as its right to lay and collect other taxes\\nand enforce their payment, the national treasury is forever\\nmade independent of the states.\\nThe national government is divided by the Constitution\\ninto three parts the Legislative, or Congress, to make the\\nlaws the Executive, or the President and his subordinates,\\nto carry out the laws which Congress makes and the Judi-\\nciary, or the Supreme Court and lower courts, to try all cases\\narising under national laws. The United States courts also\\ndecide whether laws are constitutional, but this can only be\\ndone when real cases are brought up for trial.\\n149. The Legislative Powers. The legislative power is\\nvested in the Congress of the United States, which consists\\nof a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state\\nhas two senators, who are chosen by the state legislatures,\\nand serve six years. Representatives are chosen by the\\npeople of the states they serve two years, and their number\\nin each state is according to the population, but each state is\\nentitled to at least one representative. These two houses,\\nas they are called, must concur in passing laws. When a\\nlaw is passed by both houses, it is sent to the President for\\nhis signature if he approves of it, he signs it, and it becomes\\na law. If he does not approve of it, he returns it to Congress\\nAvith a message called a veto; if Congress should pass the bill\\nagain by a two-thirds vote, it becomes a law in spite of the\\nveto also if the President does not return the bill within ten\\ndays, Sundays excepted, after he receives it, it becomes a law.\\nThe Senate has some special powers when treaties are made\\nby the President, they must be approved by two-thirds of the\\nSenate before they become effective most of the President s\\nappointments to offices must also be confirmed by the Senate.\\nThe election of senators is so arranged that only one-third go", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nout of office every two years, thus making it a continuous\\nbody, unlike the House of Representatives, which must be\\nelected anew every two years. (This does not prevent repre-\\nsentatives from being re-elected if the people desire it.)\\n150. The Executive. The executive power is vested in a\\nPresident of the United States of America. He holds his\\noffice during the term of four years he is chosen nominally\\nby electors elected by the people. It was originally expected\\nthat the electors would choose a man for President, but now\\nthey always choose that man who has been nominated by the\\nparty which they represent. The President is commander-\\nin-chief of the army and the navy of the United States, and of\\nthe militia of the several states when called into actual ser-\\nvice of the United States he has the power to make treaties,\\nproviding two-thirds of the Senate concur to nominate and,\\nAvith the consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, other\\npublic ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court,\\nand most of the important officers of the government. He\\nis to take care that the laws are faithfully executed, and if he\\nis unfaithful or guilty of any crime or misdemeanor, he may\\nbe accused by the House of Representatives and tried by the\\nSenate. A Vice-President is elected at the same time as\\nthe President to take his place in case of the removal of the\\nPresident from office or of his death, resignation, or inability\\nto discharge the duties of the office. The Vice-President is\\nthe presiding officer of the Senate, but has no vote except in\\nthe case of a tie. Both the President and the Vice-President\\nmust be native-born citizens of the United States and be at\\nleast thirty-five years old.\\n151. The Judiciary. The judicial power of the United\\nStates is vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "AMENDMENT; CHECKS AND BALANCES. 143\\ncourts as the Congress may from time to time establish.\\nAll the judges hold office during good behavior. When-\\never any of the laws of the national government are broken,\\nor a question arises as to the meaning of a law, or as to\\nwhether any law is in accordance with the Constitution, the\\ncase, with a few exceptions, is tried in one of the inferior\\ncourts. If the persons concerned are not satisfied with the\\ndecision, they may appeal to a higher court, and in certain\\ncases to the Supreme Court whose decision is final.\\n152. Amendment; Checks and Balances. One of the most\\nimportant features of the Constitution is the provision made\\nfor amendment; but no change can be made without the\\nconcurrence of three-fourths of the states and no state can\\nin any case be deprived of its equal representation in the\\nSenate.\\nIt will be seen that the new government is full of checks\\nand balances, the most important of which are two houses\\nof Congress, the veto power of the President, the power of\\nthe Supreme Court to pronounce a law unconstitutional, and\\nthe frequent election of representatives. The Constitution\\nis perhaps the most remarkable monument of political wis-\\ndom known to history. The convention which framed it\\nwas composed of the choicest material in the community,\\nand was led astray by no theories of what might be good,\\nbut clave closely to what experience had demonstrated to be\\ngood.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nORGANIZATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. R. Hildreth, History of the United States, iv. Chaps, i.-ix.,\\nV. Chaps, x.-xiv. Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States,\\niv. 100-144 J. Schouler, History of the United States, i. 74-501 J. B. Mc-\\nMaster, History of the People of the United States, i. 525-604, ii. 1-567 A. B.\\nHart, Formation of the Union (Epochs of American History*), pp. 136-175\\nE. Channing, The United States, Chaps, v. and vi.\\nBiographies. See References to Chaps, vi. and ix.\\nSpecial. For Ordinance of 1787: Document, Old South Leaflets, No.\\n13 B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, pp. 255-316; W. F. Poole, North Amer-\\nican Review, April, 1876. For Inauguration of Washington Century Maga-\\nzine, April, 1889 Harper s Magazine, AjDril, 1889 Magazine of American\\nHistory, December, 1888; February, April, May, 1889; Old South Leaflets,\\nNo. 10, Washington s Inaugurals Farewell Address Old South Leaflets,\\nNo. 4 Washington s Funeral Oration Old South Leaflets, No. 38. For\\nWhiskey Insurrection J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, pp. 69-99 J. B. Mc-\\n:\\\\Iaster, History of the People of the United States, ii. 41-43, 189-204. For\\nParty Feeling J. Bryce, American Commonwealths, Chap. liii. A. John-\\nston, American Politics, pp. 35-37 Winsor, Narrative and Critical History,\\nvii. Chap. v. For Jay s Treaty: G. Pellew, John Jay Winsor, Narrative and\\nCritical History, vii. 466-491. For Alien and Sedition Laws, and Virginia\\nand Kentucky Resolutions A. Johnston, American Politics, pp. 43-47 E. D.\\nWarfield, Kentucky Resolutions, 1798. For French Difficulties: D. C. Gil-\\nman, James Monroe, pp. 44-69; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, vii.\\n471-476. For Elections of Adams and of Jefferson E. Stanwood, History\\nof Presidential Elections, pp. 24-44. For John Marshall A. B. Magruder\\nJohn Marshall, Century Magazine, September, 1889.\\n153. Washington President; Starting the New Government.\\n(1789.) The 4tli of March was the day fixed upon for the\\n144", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON PRESIDENT.\\n145\\nnew government to go into operation, bnt so slow were the\\nmembers of Congress in reaching New York, the place\\nchosen, that it was the 6th of April before a quorum of\\nboth houses was present. On that day the electoral votes\\nfor President and Vice-President were counted in the\\npresence of both houses, in Federal Hall, and the result offi-\\ncially declared. George Washington, as had been expected,\\nreceived a unanimous vote, and Avas accordingly chosen\\nPresident. John Adams, receiving the next highest num-\\nber, was declared Vice-President. As soon as Washington\\nreceived the official news of his election, which was carried\\nto him by a special messenger, Charles Thomson, the secre-\\ntary of the old Continental Congress, he set out from Mount\\nVernon for New York. His journey was a continuous tri-\\numphal procession men, women, and children of all ages,\\nclasses, and conditions gathered by the roadside, and often\\nstood in waiting for many hours to see him as he passed by.\\nGuns were fired, triumphal arches were erected, and flow-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ners were strewn in the roads over which his carriage was to\\npass. He was most enthusiastically received at New York,\\nbut it was not until April 30th, six days after his arrival,\\nthat everything was ready for the inauguration. The cere-\\nmony took place between the two central pillars of the bal-\\ncony of Federal Hall, which stood on the corner of Wall and\\nBroad streets, where the United States Sub-Treasury Build-\\ning now is. There, in the presence of Congress and of a\\ngreat multitude of people, Washington took the oath of\\noffice, which was administered by Robert R. Livingston,\\nchancellor of the state of New York. The union thus per-\\nfected consisted of eleven states.\\n154. Ordinance of 1787. Meanwhile the old Continental\\nCongress for a long time had done little that is worthy of\\nmention but one act, passed while the constitutional con-\\nvention was in session, deserves special notice. This is what\\nis known as the ordinance of 1787, for organizing the North-\\nwest Territory. This Avas the territory which was ceded to\\nthe United States by Massachusetts, New York, Virginia,\\nand Connecticut, and comprised the country north of the\\nOhio and east of the Mississippi. The chief provisions were\\nthat not less than three nor more than five states should be\\nformed out of it that slavery should forever be prohibited\\nwithin its borders; that there should be perfect religious\\nfreedom that schools and the means of education should be\\nforever encouraged; and that the writ of habeas corpus\\nand trial by jury should be guaranteed. A form of govern-\\nment was provided for, and the territory was divided into\\nparts, but when each division had a population of 60,000,\\nthat division might become a state if certain conditions were\\ncomplied with. This ordinance met the approval of the new\\nCongress, and under its provision Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION; REVENUE. 147\\nMichigan, and Wisconsin have become states. It has also\\nbeen the model for the organization of all the subsequent\\nterritories, though some of its provisions have been left out,\\nnotably that respecting slavery. Though it had been one of\\nthe most noteworthy assemblies that the world has ever seen,\\nthe Continental Congress closed its career unnoticed and\\nalmost in contemptuous neglect. Its history has never been\\nwritten as it deserves to be. The last roll-call was on\\nOctober 10, 1788.\\n155. Organization. (1789.) The first task which lay\\nbefore the new Congress was the organization of the govern-\\nment. How successfully this was done is shown by the fact\\nthat the organization to-day is in all essential points un-\\nchanged from what was then established. Four of the\\nexecutive departments were established during the first\\nsession State, War, Treasury, and Justice. At the head\\nof these Washington placed respectively Jefferson, Knox,\\nHamilton, and Randolph. As Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt he appointed John Jay. Among other important\\nmeasures which demanded the attention of Congress were\\namendments to the Constitution twelve Avere proposed\\nmost of them were intended to guard the rights and\\nprivileges of the people and those of the states. Ten\\nof these, subsequently adopted (1791) by three-fourths\\nof the states, became incorporated with the Constitution\\nas the first ten Amendments. It may be safely said tliat\\nthese took from the Union no power it ought ever to\\nhave exercised.\\n156. Revenue. (1789.) The next question was of the\\nutmost importance, that of raising revenue. It Avas the\\nsubject which had really brought the adoption of the Con-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nstitution. Congress had now full power to carry it out.\\nThere are two main sources from which nations usually draw\\nrevenue taxes on imports and taxes on domestic manufact-\\nures, and both of these were now used. It is interesting to\\nnote that in the Tariff-for-revenue act of this first Con-\\ngress under the Constitution, the principle of protection to\\ndomestic manufactures was observed in the title of the bill,\\nand that iron, hemp, cotton, salt, and other articles were\\nslightly protected. A tax on the home manufacture of spirits\\nwas also provided for in 1791. The Ordinance of 1787 (sect.\\n154) was confirmed. Before Congress met for the second\\nsession, North Carolina had ratified the Constitution, leaving\\nRhode Island to follow soon.\\n157. The First Congress Capital. (1790.) Among the\\nmeasures passed at this session were a census act, a natural-\\nization act, a patent act, and a copyright act. But the most\\nimportant measure of all was the plan proposed by Hamilton\\nfor paying the debt of the United States. The credit of the\\ncountry was at its lowest, the interest on the debt of the old\\nConfederacy was long overdue, while the holders of the\\nobligations at home had almost given up the hope of being\\npaid. Hamilton thought that nothing would help the country\\nin the eyes of the world more than the payment of the\\nforeign debt; he believed also that the Union would be\\ngreatly strengthened, not only by the payment of the domes-\\ntic obligations, but also by the assumption by the government\\nof the state debts as well. The total amount to be provided\\nfor, including back interest, was nearly eighty millions of\\ndollars, a vast sum for those days. After much difficulty\\nHamilton s plan was carried, but only by means of a compro-\\nmise in respect to the situation of the permanent capital of\\nthe nation. It was agreed that the South should give up her", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER HAMILTON.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "NEW STATES; ELI WHITNEY. 149\\nopposition to the assumption of the state debts, and the\\nNorth should allow the national capital to be on the banks of\\nthe Potomac. It was also agreed that the seat of govern-\\nment should be at Philadelphia until 1800, when it should be\\nmoved to the permanent site.\\n158. New States Indian Wars. (1790-1794.) At its third\\nsession the First Congress was called upon to exercise an-\\nother important power that of admitting new states to\\nthe Union, and acts were passed providing for the admission\\nof Vermont and Kentucky, which were admitted in 1791 and\\n1792 respectively. Meantime the settlers had been pushing\\ntheir way westward, entering the territory which the Indian\\nclaimed as his own. Resenting this intrusion, tlie Indians\\nattacked the settlements all along the frontier, and killed or\\ncarried into captivity hundreds of settlers. So numerous\\nwere these attacks that the government was forced to send\\ntroops to the frontier. Several of these expeditions were\\nunsuccessful, and an army under General St. Clair was sur-\\nprised and routed with great loss of life. It was not until\\n1794, when General Wayne was sent against them, that the\\nIndians were forced to submit, and to give up a large tract\\nof land in return for a yearly payment of money and goods.\\n159. Whiskey Insurrection (1794) Eli Whitney. A new\\ndanger threatened the government. Among the acts of Con-\\ngress was the passage of a law taxing whiskey. This tax\\nthe distillers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay, on the\\nground that they were treated unfairly, it being impossible\\nfor them to transport grain to market except at a loss, while\\nin the form of whiskey it could be done at a profit. So\\nthreatening was their attitude, that Washington felt com-\\npelled to send some troops to Pittsburg. The promptness of", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe government and the display of force was sufficient to\\nrestore order. This affair is known as the Whiskey Insur-\\nrection.\\nWhile the attention of the country was attracted by ques-\\ntions of domestic and foreign policy, a young man of twenty-\\neight invented, in Georgia, a machine which was indirectly\\nto influence the history of the country far more than the\\nsubjects then filling the popular mind. This was the cotton-\\ngin. Eli Whitney was a native of Massachusetts, and had\\ngone South for the purpose\\nof teaching. He had already\\nshown inventive abilities,\\nand, while staying at the\\nhouse of the widow of Gen-\\neral Greene, had his atten-\\ntion called to the difificulty\\nof separating the fibre of\\nthe cotton from the seed.\\nHe devised (1793) the cot-\\nton-gin, by means of which\\none person could clean one\\nthousand pounds of cotton\\nin a day. Formerly it took\\none day to clean one pound. This machine gave an enormous\\nimpetus to the raising of cotton, and this brought about a\\ngreat demand for slave labor, by which it was supposed the\\nplant could alone be successfully cultivated. The cultiva-\\ntion of cotton rapidly became the chief staple of the south-\\nern states, the exports rising from eight bags in 1784 to\\n21,000,000 pounds in 1801. The feeling against slavery soon\\nalmost disappeared in the South, and with few exceptions\\nthe system was upheld as a positive good. Eli Whitney\\nhimself reaped comparatively little advantage from his great\\nELI WHITNEY.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "PARTY FEELING. 151\\ninvention, nearly all the money he received being spent in\\ndefending his patents.\\n160. Party Feeling. (1789-1796.) Washington, in form-\\ning his Cabinet, chose men from both parties thus, Hamil-\\nton, the leader of the Federalists, and Jefferson, the leader\\nof the Anti-Federalists, were both members of it. It was\\nnot long before party spirit showed itself, and party lines\\nwere clearly drawn, and Washington s patience and skill\\nwere again put to a test in keeping the peace in the Cabinet,\\nwhere, Jefferson says, I and Hamilton were pitted against\\neach other like fighting-cocks. In Congress, and in the\\ncountry at large, public questions were also hotly discussed,\\nand it is doubtful if party feeling ever ran higher in this\\ncountry. The Federalists believed in a strong central gov-\\nernment that the power of the individual states should be\\ngreatly limited, and that of the central government corre-\\nspondingly increased. The Anti-Federalists, or, as they now\\nbegan to call themselves, the Democratic-Republicans, on the\\nother hand, believed that the state governments should have\\nall the power that was possible. They feared that local\\nrights and privileges would be curtailed, and some of them\\neven thought that the Federalists were trying to set up a\\nmonarchy. The Democratic-Republicans were strongest in\\nthe South the Federalists, in the North. The former were\\ngreat admirers of everything French the latter were accused\\nof sympathy with England and English institutions.\\n161. Affairs in Europe. (1793.) Meanwhile, affairs in\\nEurope were very much disturbed. In France the reforming\\nmovement, which was felt in all Europe, stimulated by able\\nwriters, had culminated in a bloody revolution. The great\\nmajority of the inhabitants of the United States hailed this", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nrevolution with joy at first but soon the dreadful excesses\\nwhich were committed in the name of liberty changed the\\nfeeling of Americans. The French had set up a republic,\\nand expected that the United States would of course aid\\nthem in the war which had broken out between France and\\nEngland. Washington and the more sober-minded men saw\\nthat the true policy of the United States was to keep out of\\nEuropean quarrels, and he announced that the country would\\nbe strictly neutral. The French republic had sent out as\\nminister a man by the name of Genet, who disregarded\\nWashington s proclamation, and proceeded to enlist men for\\nthe French army, and fit out privateers for the French ser-\\nvice. Genet paid no attention to the remonstrances of the\\nAmerican government, and so Washington had to request his\\nrecall by the French. If this course had not been followed,\\nwar would have taken place with Great Britain.\\n162. Jay s Treaty; Other Treaties. (1794-1796.) France\\nwas not the only nation with which the United States had\\ncause for complaint. Great Britain had not fulfilled part of\\nthe treaty of 1783, for she retained many of the western and\\nnorthern posts, among them Detroit, Niagara, and Oswego,\\nand had refused to make compensation for the negroes carried\\noff at the end of the war; she also seized American vessels\\non the ocean on various pretexts. The reason of this course\\nwas that Great Britain did not believe in the permanency of\\nthe Confederation, nor in the power of the United States to\\nresist. On the other hand. Great Britain complained that it\\nwas impossible for her citizens to collect their just debts in\\nAmerica. So strong was the feeling in America that war\\nseemed inevitable. In the hope of averting this calamity,\\nWasliington sent John Jay to England to try to negotiate a\\ntreaty which would settle the causes of irritation. Jay was", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "JAY S TREATY.\\n153\\nat this time Chief Justice of the United States, but there\\nwas so little business before the Supreme Court that he could\\nbe absent for months without injury. He returned in 1795\\nwith the treaty which has since borne his name. It was\\nseverely criticised, for it did not abolish the right claimed\\nby Great Britain to search American vessels for British sea-\\nmen, nor did it take away the cause for complaint in relation\\nto trade with the West Indies. It did, however, provide for\\nthe giving up of the forts on the border, for commercial regu-\\nlations, and for the settlement\\nof debts. Jay s own defence\\nwas, that it was the best that\\ncould be done. Washington\\nsigned the treaty, and the re-\\nsult showed the wisdom of his\\nso doing. Bad as the treaty\\nwas in many respects, it averted\\na war, it settled several impor-\\ntant matters, and it forced Eng-\\nland to recognize the United\\nStates in a way she had not\\ndone hitherto.\\nA treaty was made with\\nSpain, fixing the boundaries between the United States and\\nthe Spanish possessions in America, granting free navigation\\nof the Mississippi to each, and also making regulations as to\\ncommerce. Treaties were also made with Algiers and Tripoli,\\nbut at a cost of a yearly tribute to those powers. By these\\nlatter treaties, prisoners were released, and the United States\\ncommerce was to be unmolested.\\nJOHN JAY.\\n163. Washington s Farewell Address. (1796.) As the\\nclose of his second term approached, Washington gave to", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe public his determination not to be a candidate a third\\ntime. Before resuming the position of a private citizen, for\\nwhich he longed, he issued his Farewell Address, a document\\nfull of political wisdom and wise advice. The address is\\ndated September 17, 1796, and was first printed in Claypole s\\nAmerican Daily Advertiser for September 19, 1796. Though\\nWashington was assisted in its composition by Hamilton and\\nothers, there seems to be no doubt that, in all important\\nrespects, it was his own work. In it he exhorts the people to\\npreserve the Union to avoid sectional feelings to avoid\\novergrown military establishments, which under any form\\nof government are inauspicious to liberty to beware of\\nhasty changes of the Constitution to guard against the\\nexcess of party spirit to make religion and morality the\\nfoundation of the government, remembering that reason\\nand experience forbid us to expect that national morality can\\nprevail in exclusion of religious principles. He advises that\\nthe diffusion of knowledge should be promoted, and the pub-\\nlic credit cherished, as being important sources of strength\\nand security that good faith and credit should be observed\\ntowards all nations, but that the people should be constantly\\nawake against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, and\\nthat, in regard to foreign nations, the great rule should be,\\nin extending our commercial relations, to have with them\\nas little political connections as possible.\\n164. Election of Adams. (1796.) With the election of\\n1796 began political strife for the office of President, for\\nthere had been no opposition to Washington. Now, however,\\na great deal of that party spirit Avas shown against which\\nhe had spoken in his Farewell Address. The Federalist\\nelectors voted for John Adams, the Vice-President and the\\nDemocratic-Republicans, for Thomas Jefferson. A majority", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "DIFFICULTIES WITH FRANCE.\\n155\\nof the votes were for Adams, who was accordingly elected.\\nJefferson had the next highest number of votes, so he became\\nVice-President. A serious defect in the Constitution was\\nnow seen, in that it almost insured the election in future of\\na President and Vice-President from different parties. Such\\na state of affairs would tend to bring about a lack of har-\\nmony in the administration, and in case of the death of the\\nPresident, one who did not represent the views of the\\nmajority would succeed to the office. A change was made\\nin the mode of electing in 1804. (See Appendix III., Con-\\nstitution, Amendment xii.)\\n165. Difficulties with France. (1797.) Adams found the\\ncountry in friendly relations with all foreign states except\\nFrance, to which country Jay s\\ntreaty was very distasteful.\\nThe United States was charged\\nwith favoring Great Britain\\nand granting her privileges\\ndenied to France the French\\nminister in America was or-\\ndered to return by the French\\nDirectory, and almost immedi-\\nately after the inauguration of\\nAdams the American minister\\nwas refused recognition by the\\nFrench government. Napoleon\\nBonaparte s great victories in Italy over the Austrian forces\\ngave the French government confidence, and laAvs injurious\\nto American commerce were passed, American vessels were\\nseized, and the vessels and cargoes sold.\\nAdams was anxious to avoid war. Following Washington s\\nexample, he sent a special mission to France, selecting John\\nJOHN ADAMS.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nMarshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles C. Pinckney as envoys,\\nwho were, if possible, to arrange matters, and negotiate a\\nnew treaty which would be satisfactory to both France and\\nthe United States. These envoys were treated with great\\nindignity by the French government, and Avere told that be-\\nfore any negotiations were begun a large sum of money must\\nbe paid to the Directory. Such a course was spurned by the\\nenvoys, who were soon ordered to leave France. This they\\ndid, and the United States government published the remark-\\nable correspondence which had passed between the envo3^s\\nand the secret agents of the Directory. This is known as the\\nX. Y. Z. correspondence. These papers and the report of\\nthe envoys had the effect of uniting the American people,\\nand in accordance with the popular feeling. Congress pre-\\npared for war with France. The treaties witli her were\\ndeclared revoked acts were passed to increase the army and\\nnavy, Washington being appointed commander of the former\\nnaval vessels were ordered to capture French armed ships,\\nand under this order several French vessels were taken.\\n166. Alien and Sedition Laws Virginia and Kentucky Reso-\\nlutions. (1798-1799.) The Federalists, always opposed to\\nFrance and French influence, were greatly strengthened by\\nthe turn affairs had taken, and during the time of excitement\\nhad succeeded in passing through Congress two measures\\nknown as the Alien and Sedition Laws. The first allowed\\nthe President at his discretion to order out of the country\\nany alien whom he should judge dangerous to the peace and\\nsafety of the United States and should any such refuse to\\ngo, he was, upon conviction, to be imprisoned. The Sedition\\nlaw provided that those who should unlawfully combine or\\nconspire against the government, or who should utter or pub-\\nlish anything false, scandalous, or malicious against it, should", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "TREATY WITH FRANCE. 157\\nbe imprisoned and heavily fined. These acts were to be\\nin force for two and three years respectively. To the\\nDemocratic-Republicans both these laws were extremely dis-\\ntasteful, but particularly the Sedition law this they charged\\nwith beinof a violation of the first amendment to the Consti-\\ntution. As a protest against these measures, the legislatures\\nof Virginia and Kentucky each passed a series of resolu-\\ntions, respectively known as the Virginia and Kentucky\\nResolutions of 1798.^ Jefferson drafted those adopted by\\nthe Kentucky legislature, and Madison those adopted by the\\nVirginia. Neither of these statesmen in after years took\\npride in his connection with these documents. The sub-\\nstance of these documents was that these special acts of\\nCongress were unconstitutional, and that whenever the\\nFederal government went beyond its powers, the states\\nshould unite in refusing obedience. Apart from the doubtful\\nconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition acts, they were\\nexceedingly inexpedient, and proved the occasion of the\\ndownfall of the Federalist party. The President did not in\\na single instance make use of the Alien act, and the convic-\\ntions under the Sedition act were not very many. Both acts\\nexpired by limitation.\\n167. Treaty with France; Death of Washington. (1799-\\n1801.) Meanwhile, Adams had sent three new envoys to\\nFrance who negotiated a new treaty with Napoleon Bon-\\naparte, who had become First Consul of France. This treaty\\n(1801) was satisfactory to all except those who had lost\\nproperty by the capture of vessels or in other ways. Such\\npersons in both countries had to look to their own govern-\\nment to make good their losses. This is the origin of the so-\\ncalled French Spoliation Claims, which are still partly\\n1 Kentucky added another resolution in 1799.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nunsettled, greatly to the discredit of the country. Party strife\\nwas for a short time held in check by the death of Washing-\\nton at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799. The whole\\ncountry mourned for him who was first in war, first in\\npeace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens. In\\nEurope his death was regarded as a loss to mankind, and\\ntributes to his worth were published in every civilized\\ncountry.\\n168. The New Capital; Marshall. (1801.) In 1800 the\\nseat of government was moved to Washington on the\\nPotomac, which had been chosen as the site of the new\\ncapital. The corner-stone of the Capitol building had been\\nlaid by Washington himself in 1791. For many years it was\\nin fact what it had been called in jest, a city of magnificent\\ndistances. Laid out on a very large scale, it was for seventy\\nyears only a straggling, ill-built town.\\nIn 1801 Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice of\\nthe United States in place of Oliver Ellsworth, who had\\nresigned on account of ill health. For thirty-four years\\nMarshall was at the head of the national judiciary, his influ-\\nence upon his associates was great, and the Constitution\\nsince its adoption owes more to him than to any other single\\nmind for its true interpretation and vindication.\\n169. Jefferson President. (1801.) As the time came near\\nfor the election of a new President, it was evident that the\\nDemocratic-Republicans were in the majority, for the Fed-\\neralists had fallen greatly in public esteem by their ill-con-\\ncealed distrust of the people at large, but especially by the\\npassage of the Alien and Sedition acts. The candidate of\\nthe Democratic-Republicans was Thomas Jefferson of the\\nFederalists, John Adams. When the electoral votes were", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "JOHN MARSHALL.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "FEDERALIST INFLUENCE. 159\\ncounted, it was found that Jefferson and Burr, both Repub-\\nlicans, had a majority of the votes, but that each had received\\nan equal number of votes. There was, therefore, no elec-\\ntion, and by the Constitution the House of Representatives\\nhad to choose which should be President. The House,\\nwhich had been elected two years before, had a Federalist\\nmajority, but were restricted in choice to candidates of the\\nopposite party on the thirty-sixth ballot for President, Jef-\\nferson was chosen, and Aaron Burr became Vice-President.\\n170. Federalist Influence. The Federalists seldom, if ever,\\nhad a real popular majority, and it was due to the great\\ninfluence of Washington, and the implicit confidence felt in\\nhim, and also, no doubt, to the skill of Hamilton and other\\nparty leaders, that the party had retained control of the\\ngovernment as long as it did. Short as was this control, it\\nhad a great and permanent influence upon the country, for\\nunder it our whole system of government was shaped and\\nset in motion. The decisions of the Supreme Court, more-\\nover, which were deservedly much influenced by Marshall,\\nhave been mainly on Federalist lines of thought, though\\nthere have been some great exceptions, since 1835, the year\\nof Marshall s death.\\n1 Constitution, Article II. sect. i. [3],", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nEXPERIMENTS IN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. R. Ilildreth, History of the United States, v. Chaps, xvi.-\\nxix. vi. Chaps, xx.-xxiv. Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United\\nStates, iv. 127-184 J. Schouler, History of the United States, ii. Chaps, v.-\\nviii. T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 333-380\\nA. B. Hart, Formation of tlie Union (Epochs of American History), Chaps,\\nix., X. Henry Adams, History of the L^nited States, 1801-1817 (the latest\\nand fullest history of the period), vols, i.-vi. J. B. McMaster, History of\\nthe People of the United States, ii. 535-635 iii.\\nBiographies. American Statesmen Series, as in references to chapter\\nVI., and also lives of J. Q. Adams, Clay, Calhoun, Randolph, Webster, and\\nJackson. In Makers of America Series, lives of Jefferson, Hamilton, and\\nRobert Fulton James Parton, Life of Aaron Burr.\\nSpecial. For Louisiana Purchase: T. Donaldson, The Public Domain,\\npp. 89-105 D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, pp. 74-93 L. Carr, Missouri,\\npp. 36-116; C. F. Robertson, Papers of American Historical Association, i.\\nNo. 4, 1885; A. Johnston, American Orations, i. 143-160; J. R. Seeley,\\nExpansion of England, First Course, Lecture viii. p. 157 (English edition).\\nFor Burr s Conspiracy Henry A. Wise, Seveij Decades of the Union, pp.\\n34-54 R. Hildreth, History of the United States, v. 594-626 A. B. Magru-\\nder, John Marshall, pp. 202-231. For the Embargo A. Johnston, American\\nPolitics, pp. 65-68. For Orders in Council and Berlin Decrees B. Rand,\\nP^conomic History since 1763, Chap. vi. For election of Jefferson and of\\nMadison E. Stanwood, History of Presidential Elections, pp. 45-56.\\n171. Jefferson inaugurated. (1801.) The inaugural ad-\\ndress of Jefferson was awaited with the greatest curiosity,\\nand to the surprise of all it was a calm, dignified document,\\nin which he foretold confidently that the great experiment\\nof government which the people of the United States were\\n160", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "AGREEMENTS BETWEEN SPAIN AND FRANCE. 161\\ntrying Avould be a success. He said that, though the will of\\nthe majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful,\\nmust be reasonable, that the minority possess their equal\\nrights. Every difference of opinion is not a difference\\nof principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Feder-\\nalists. Jefferson s policy was (1) To pay the debt as sdon\\nas practicable (2) To keep out of foreign politics (3) To\\nintroduce as much simplicity as possible into the methods\\nand routine of government. Though Jefferson advocated sim-\\nplicity in public life, at his own home he lived in the style\\nof other Virginia gentlemen. It is interesting to note that\\nall his Cabinet were men of liberal and cultivated tastes.\\n172. Agreements between Spain and France. (1802.) By\\nthe treaty of 1763, in which France gave up her possessions\\nin America to England, Spain had acquired all the country\\nwest of the Mississippi, and in 1783 the Floridas were re-\\nstored to her. There had been numerous disputes between\\nSpain and the United States, both in regard to boundaries\\nand the navigation of the Mississippi. Soon after Jefferson\\ncame into office it was learned that Spain had by secret\\ntreaty, in 1800, transferred her Louisiana possessions to\\nFrance. In 1802 the Spanish governor of Louisiana, pend-\\ning the formal transfer of the province to France, forbade\\nthe storage by foreigners of merchandise at New Oileans.\\nThis right of deposit, as it was called, had been given to the\\nUnited States by previous treaty, and the refusal at once\\ncaused great excitement in the west it w^as, moreover, a\\nvery different thing to have France a neighbor instead of\\nhaving weak Spain. Jefferson accordingly gave instructions\\nto the minister to France to procure the cession of New\\nOrleans to the United States, b}^ purchase if possible, and\\nalso sent Monroe as a special envoy to Paris.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n173. Louisiana bought. (1803.) At first Napoleon would\\nhave nothing to do with the scheme, as he had vast plans of\\ncolonization of his own. But soon the relations between\\nFrance and England were such that a renewal of the war was\\nimminent, and he needed money and aware that he could\\nnot hold Louisiana against England s strong naval power,\\nhe suddenl}^ determined to offer to the United States, not\\nNew Orleans onl}^ but the whole province as it had been ceded\\nfrom Spain. Though the American envoys had no authority\\nto do more than negotiate for the purchase of New Orleans\\nand territory east of the Mississippi, they assumed the respon-\\nsibility of accepting this offer, as tliey recognized the vast im-\\nportance of such an acquisition of territory. Tlie bargain was\\nconcluded, and the treaty was signed April 30, 1803. By\\nthe terms of this treaty the United States was to pay France\\na sum of about $15,000,000. About one fourth of this sum,\\nhowever, was to satisfy claims of American citizens on\\nFrance. The exact boundaries of the purchase Avere not\\nknown, and in point of fact were not settled for many years.\\nThe action of the envoys was pleasing to the great majority\\nof the citizens of the United States, though many of the\\nFederalists opposed it on the ground that it was unconstitu-\\ntional, and others because they thought the country was too\\nlarge already. Jefferson, a strict constructionist, believed\\nthat it would be needful to pass an amendment to the Con-\\nstitution, but did not press the matter and since that day no\\none has questioned the right of the nation to acquire terri-\\ntory b}^ purchase. Congress approved of the measure at a\\nspecial session by a large majority. Possession was taken\\nDecember 20, 1803. This, probably the largest transaction\\nin real estate the world has ever known, delighted the\\nwestern settlers and pleased the people at large but hardly\\nany one could have had an idea of its vast importance to the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION. 163\\nfuture welfare of the country. By a most wonderful com-\\nbination of circumstances the area of the United States was\\ndoubled in extent, and the country given the opportunity to\\nexpand without fear of foreign enemies scarcely ever has a\\nstroke of the pen accomplished more.^\\n174. Lewis and Clark Expedition. (1804-1806.) In 1804\\nJefferson sent two officers of the army, Meriwether Lewis and\\nWilliam Clark, with an expedition to explore the country of\\nthe Louisiana Purchase, especially the northern and north-\\nwestern parts. They followed the Missouri River towards its\\nsource, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and discovering part\\nof the upper Columbia River, followed it to the Pacific Ocean.\\nTheir whole trip took about three years, and a narrative of\\ntheir expedition was published on their return. The claim of\\nthe United States to the territory out of which Oregon and\\nWashington territories were afterwards formed, was chiefly\\nbased on this discovery of Lewis and Clark, and on the fact\\nthat in 1792 a Boston trader, Robert Gray, had visited the\\nmouth of a Viver, which he called the Columbia after one of\\nhis vessels.\\n175. War with Barbary States. (1801-1804.) There had\\nbeen much trouble with the Barbary States; their pirates\\nattacked American shipping, seized the cargoes, destroyed\\nthe vessels, and sold the crews into slavery. For many years\\nthe United States, like some of the nations of Europe, paid a\\nyearly tribute to escape injury to her commerce. The pirates\\nbecame more and more exacting in their demands, until in\\n1801 the Dey of Tripoli, incensed at the rejection of his\\n1 The boundaries of Louisiana were very indefinite, the western portion of\\nthe territory being an unknown region both to France and the United States.\\nIt is now recognized that Oregon was not a part of the purchase. Spain\\nclaimed it until 1819, when she gave up the claim in the Florida treaty.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ndemand for increased tribute, declared war against the United\\nStates. This war dragged on until 1804, when the govern-\\nment sent a larger naval force to the Mediterranean and\\ncompelled Tripoli to make a treaty of peace, the most satis-\\nfactory ever wrung from a Barbary state up to that time.\\nIt was not, however, until 1815 that these pirates were finally\\nsuppressed.\\n176. Rotation in Office Naturalization Ohio admitted. (1802-3.)\\nThough the practice of rotation in office was followed\\nunder the Confederation, and many in the Democratic-\\nRepublican party approved of it, Jefferson removed very few\\n(twenty-six in all) of the Federal officials whom he found in\\noffice. He himself said I will return with joy to that state\\nof things when the only question concerning a candidate\\nshall be Is he honest Is he capable Is he faithful to the\\nConstitution\\nIn 1802 a new naturalization law was passed, requiring a\\nresidence of five years before an alien can become a citizen\\nof the United States. (This time is still required, 1896.)\\nInternal taxes were done away with in the same year, but in\\nconsequence of the Tripolitan war the duties on imports were\\nincreased. Ohio, the first state formed out of the Northwest\\nTerritory, and the seventeenth of the Union, was admitted\\nin the year 1803. Its growth was remarkable, for the first\\ndistinctively American settlement was that of Marietta in\\n1788, and in 1800 the population of Ohio was 45,365. So\\nfavorable were the conditions of g-rowth that in 1820 this state\\ntook its place as fifth in point of population, and from the\\ncensus of 1840 until that of 1890 it was surpassed by New\\nYork and Pennsylvania only.\\n177. Hamilton and Burr. In the summer of 1804 the\\ncountry was startled by the news that Alexander Hamilton", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "THOMAS JEFFERSON.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON RE-ELECTED. 165\\nhad been killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, the Vice-President.\\nThe prominence of the men increased the horror felt in\\nregard to such a barbarous custom. Burr had already become\\nunpopular and distrusted by his party, and so had not been\\nrenominated for Vice-President. This disappointed man col-\\nlected a force of men, either for the purpose of setting up\\na government of his own within the Louisiana Territory, or\\nfor attacking the Spanish possessions. In 1807 he was\\narrested on a charge of treason, and was taken to Richmond,\\nVirginia, for trial before Judge Marshall, but the prosecution\\nfailed for want of evidence, as well as for want of jurisdiction.\\nDisgraced and ruined, he soon disappeared from public view,\\nand died in neglect and poverty in 1836.\\n178. Jefferson re-elected; Public Improvements. (1805.)\\nJefferson was renominated for President in 1804, with George\\nClinton of New York as candidate for Vice-President. The\\nFederalists nominated C. C. Pinckney of South Carolina and\\nRufus King of New York. In accordance with the twelfth\\namendment of the Constitution, ratified September 25, 1804,\\nthe electors cast separate ballots for President, and Vice-\\nPresident respectively. Jefferson and Clinton were chosen\\nby a very large majority, the Federalists only receiving 14\\nout of 176 electoral votes.\\nAt the beginning of Jefferson s second term everything\\nseemed in a highly prosperous state, the country was increas-\\ning rapidly in wealth and population, and the debt was being\\npaid off at a rate which would soon extinguish it. The Presi-\\ndent suggested in his inaugural that an amendment should\\nbe made to the Constitution to provide for the just division\\namong the states of the surplus revenue to be applied to\\nobjects of public improvement, such as rivers, canals, roads,\\narts; manufactures, education, and other great objects within", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\neach state. Congress, however, believed that the power to\\nappropriate money for public improvements was given or\\nimplied in the Constitution, and it exercised this assumed\\npower in voting money in 1806 for a national road west from\\nCumberland in the state of Maryland. In view of the\\nenormous sums voted for public improvements in late years,\\nespecially in the periodical River and Harbor Bill, and the\\ntendency to seek national aid in almost every enterprise, it is\\ninteresting to remember that the legality of such a measure\\nwas once seriously called in question. An extensive plan of\\nimprovement was projected, but, owing to unexpected circum-\\nstances, was not carried out. In 1807, in accord with the\\nConstitution (Art. I., sect. 9), Congress passed a bill prohib-\\niting the foreign slave trade after January 1, 1808.^\\n179. Affairs in Europe Napoleon. (1804-1807.) Though\\naffairs were prosperous at home, things were very different\\nin Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1804, became Emperor\\nof France, and the war with Great Britain was prosecuted\\nwith greater vigor than ever. For a time the United States\\nhad profited greatly by this state of things, for, being a\\nneutral power, her ships could trade with all belligerent\\nnations, and in this way much of the carrying trade of the\\nworld fell into her hands, bringing wealth to her citizens.\\nBut Great Britain resolved to put a stop to this neutral trade,\\nand in 1806 issued a proclamation, declaring that all the\\nports in Europe between Brest and the mouth of the river\\nElbe were closed, or blockaded, and warning all vessels not\\nto atternpt to enter them. Napoleon retaliated by his Berlin\\nDecree, which declared the British Isles to be in a state of\\n1 Notwithstanding this law, it is estimated that about 15,000 negroes were\\nsurreptitiously brought into the country every year by men of all sections,\\nwho, for the love of gain, engaged in the nefarious trade.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "INJURIES TO AMERICAN COMMERCE. 167\\nblockade, forbade France or any of her allies to trade with\\nthem, and ordered the confiscation of all British merchandise.\\nEngland, in 1807, met this decree with her Orders in Coun-\\ncil, by which she declared all ports blockaded from which\\nthe British flag was excluded, and prohibited a neutral from\\nselling ships to the belligerent power, and forbade all vessels\\nto trade with France or any of her allies. This restricted\\nAmerican commerce to England and Sweden. Napoleon\\nagain retaliated with his Milan Decree, in which he declared\\nany vessel a lawful prize which obeyed the English Orders\\nin Council.\\n180. Injuries to American Commerce. (1807.) Between\\nFrance and England the American commerce suffered\\ngreatly for, if a vessel went to Europe, unless she touched\\nat an English port and paid dues or taxes on her cargo,\\nshe ran the risk of being taken by English men-of-war;\\nwhile, if she followed this course, she ran the risk of being\\nseized by the French, should she attempt to enter any\\nContinental port. Besides this, England claimed the right\\nto stop all vessels to see if there were any British sailors\\non board; if any were found, these were seized, or im-\\npressed, as it was called, taken on board the war vessel,\\nand compelled to serve in the British navy. England had\\nlong claimed this right, and it may be remembered that Jay\\nhad vainly tried to get England to abandon this claim when\\nhe negotiated his treaty in 1795. As the American commerce\\nincreased, these impressments became more frequent, and the\\nEnglish officers more and more overbearing in their actions,\\nuntil at length the British frigate Leopard stopped the United\\nStates frigate Chesapeake^ oft the Chesapeake Bay, when in\\nno condition to fight, and by force compelled her commander\\nto give up four of his men whom the British captain claimed", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nto be British citizens. This gross indignity was resented by\\nall Americans, and almost precipitated war. It was not until\\n1811 that reparation for this outrage was offered and accepted.\\n181. Embargo. (1807-1809.) Jefferson soon issued a\\nproclamation warning British cruisers not to enter American\\nports and called an extra session of Congress to decide what\\nshould be done. Jefferson, greatly averse to war, for which\\nhe knew the country was in no condition, recommended what\\nhe thought would be most effectual under any circumstances\\nan embargo. Congress acted promptly on this suggestion,\\nand passed the Embargo Act of 1807. This act forbade the\\ndeparture of any vessel for an}^ foreign port foreign vessels\\nwere forbidden to load in American ports and vessels in\\nthe coasting trade were required to give bond that they\\nwould not trade outside the United States. This experi-\\nment was a total failure. American shipping ceased to\\nexist, American commerce was annihilated, American sea-\\nmen were forced to seek employment under the British\\nflag, and British ships and British commerce alone occu-\\npied the ocean. The opposition to this measure first\\ncame from New England, whose citizens were chiefly inter-\\nested in commerce. They saw thefr chief means of support\\ndestroyed at a blow and, after ineffectual attempts to get\\nthis act repealed, they gradually turned their attention to\\nother pursuits, and manufacturing became their chief interest,\\nrendering them to a large degree independent of the sea. In\\nthe southern and agricultural states the effect of the embargo\\ncame more slowly, but was severely felt, for they found that a\\nforeign outlet for iheir crops was essential to prosperity. So\\nin 1809 Congress was compelled to modify its former action\\nby what is known as the Nou-intercourse Act. This removed\\nall restrictions except as regarded England and France.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "MADISON; ROBERT FULTON; TECUMSEH.\\n169\\n182. Madison President Robert Fulton Tecumseh. (1808-\\n1811.) The Embargo Act was the one great error of Jeffer-\\nson s administration but, in spite of its unpopularity, the\\nRepublicans in the Presidential election of 1808 elected tlieir\\ncandidates, James Madison of Virginia and George Clinton\\nof New York, by a large majority of electoral votes. Madi-\\nson, who has been called the Father of the Constitution,\\nfrom the large share he took in bringing about the Constitu-\\ntional Convention, the promi-\\nnent position he held in that\\nbody, and his advocacy of the\\nadoption of the document, was\\na man of wide acquirements,\\nparticularly in legal and poli-\\ntical sciences, but possessing\\na theoretical and constructive\\nmind rather than an executive\\none. His occupancy of the\\nPresidential chair is the least\\nattractive part of his political\\ncareer, and his lack of execu-\\ntive ability was very evident\\nduring his first term of office.\\nIt was during Jefferson s administration that one of the\\ngreatest inventions of modern times was brought to public\\nview. Robert Fulton, born in Penns3dvania, of Irish parent-\\nage, after being a portrait painter, then a civil engineer and an\\ninventor, had his attention turned towards the steam-engine,\\nand devised a steamboat. With the pecuniary assistance of\\nRobert R. Livingston of New York, he built a steamboat in\\nParis, which was apparently a failure. Not discouraged, an\\nattempt was made again in 1807, this time in New York.\\nThe Qlermont^ as the vessel was called, started from New\\nROBERT FULTON.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "170\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nYork, amid the jeers of the lookers-on, for Albany. The\\ncrowd soon applauded, however, for the experiment was a\\nperfect success, the Clermont keeping on at the rate of five\\nmiles an hour. Though others, notably John Fitch in Penn-\\nsylvania in 1788, had attempted to propel vessels by steam\\nand Imd been partially successful, to Fulton belongs the\\ncredit of inventing the first really practical steamboat. Had\\nFitch had the encouragement and the financial backing\\nTHE CLERMONT.\\nwhich Fulton received, he might have anticipated the later\\ninvention.\\nIn 1811 a war broke out between the Indians of Indiana\\nTerritory and the United States. British agents were be-\\nlieved to have stirred up the red men and to have helped\\nthem. The Indians, in the absence of Tecumseh, their chief,\\nwere totally defeated by General William Henry Harrison at\\nTippecanoe, near the modern city of Lafayette, Indiana.\\nLouisiana was admitted as a state in 1812. Many opposed\\nthis action, partly on the ground that the country was\\nalready too extensive for a republican form of govern-\\nment.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nWAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN.\\nI\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. R. Hildreth, History of the United States, vi. Chaps, xxv.-\\nXXX. J. Schouler, History of the United States, ii. Chaps, viii., ix. H.\\nAdams, History of the United States, vols, vi.-ix. Bryant and Gay, Popu-\\nlar History of the United States, iv. 185-244 B. J. Lossing, Field-Book of\\nthe War of 1812 T. Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812 R. Johnson, History of\\nthe War of 1812 T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp.\\n360-380; E. Channing, The United States, pp. 184-197 J. R. Green, Short\\nHistory of the English People, Chap, x., sect. iv. J. F. Bright, History of\\nEngland, iii. 1325 Magazine of American History, xxix. 417.\\nBiographies. References as in preceding chapter, also A. McLaughlin.\\nLewis Cass J. Parton, Andrew Jackson, Great Commanders Series.\\nSpecial. Presidential Elections: E. Stanwood, History of Presidential\\nElections, pp. 57-69 The War, and Peace of Ghent, C. Schurz, Henry Clay,\\ni. 67-125 Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, vi. 376-406 482-488 H.\\nA. Wise, Seven Decades of the Union, pp. 55-64.\\n183. Declaration of War. (1812.) The\\nmajority of the people, except in New\\nEngland, clamored for war with Eng-\\nland. Madison, in his message to Con-\\ngress of June 1, 1812, set forth the\\ngrievances of th^ United States against\\nGreat Britain. These were the impress-\\nment of American seamen violation of\\nneutral rights on the American coast by\\nthe British cruisers the British Orders in Council and\\nthe inciting the Indians against the United States. On June\\n171\\nJAMES MADISON.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n18, 1812, Congress passed an act declaring war against Great\\nBritain. Only five days later England repealed the Orders\\nin Council, so injurious to American commerce. It is un-\\nlikely that even if Congress had known of England s purpose\\nthe declaration would have been withheld, for the party in\\npower were eager to fight, and besides, there was no assurance\\nthat the impressment of seamen would be given up. How\\ngreat was this impressment may be seen from the statement\\nthat at one time the names of 6000 men who had been thus\\nseized were on file in the Department of State. The extent\\nof the injury done to the commerce is shown by the fact\\nthat between 1803 and 1812, on various pretexts, more than\\n900 vessels had been captured by British cruisers.\\n184. The United States ill-prepared for War. (1812.) The\\ncountry was ill-prepared for war with any nation, least of all\\nwith Great Britain, whose navy numbered about 1000 vessels,\\nwhile that of the United States could only muster twelve\\nmoderate sized vessels besides some useless gunboats, relics\\nof Jefferson s administration. The land forces were ridic-\\nulously inadequate, undisciplined, miserably equipped, and\\nofficered by incompetent men. Though the navy was so\\nsmall, the vessels Avere the best of their class afloat, and were\\nwell armed. The officers and men were skilful and well\\ntrained by experience in the Tripolitan war. These two\\nfacts explain the British successes on land and the American\\nvictories on the water. The country plunged rashly into a\\nwar which, like most wars, resulted in little which could not\\nhave been gained by negotiation.\\n185. American Failures Perry s Victory. (1812-1813.)\\nCongress quickly authorized military preparations. The\\nplan of operation was to attack Canada and defend the\\ncoast. Henry Dearborn, an officer of the Revolution and", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN NAVAL VICTORIES. 178\\nSecretary of War under Jefferson, was made senior major-\\ngeneral. To General William Hull, the governor of Michi-\\ngan Territory, another Revolutionary man, was intrusted the\\nconduct of the invasion of Canada on the west. He soon\\nsurrendered Detroit, the key position of the west, without a\\nblow in its defence, and with it the whole of Michigan Ter-\\nritory fell into the hands of the British.^ An attempt to\\ninvade Canada by crossing the Niagara River was also a com-\\nplete failure. Dearborn early in 1813 personally led an\\nexpedition against York, now Toronto but, after destroying\\nsome supplies and unwisely burning the government build-\\nings, retreated to New York, and soon after resigned his\\nposition. General William Henry Harrison, to whom had\\nbeen given the command of the army of the west, tried to\\nrecover Detroit, but was unsuccessful. In the fall of 1813\\nCaptain Oliver H. Perry, who had built a small navy on\\nLake Erie, completely defeated the British naval force near\\nSandusk}^ thus opening the way for Harrison s army to* ad-\\nvance again upon Detroit, capture it, and pass into Canada.\\nSoon after, meeting the combined Indian and British forces\\nnear the river Thames, Harrison routed them in battle, and\\nTecumseh, the Indian chief, was killed. This victory restored\\nMichigan and the Northwest to the United States, and put\\nan end to the war in that part of the country.\\nThe skill of the American naval officers and the excellence\\nof the American seamen and vessels were equally manifest on\\nthe ocean. During 1812 and 1813 the British Avere greatly\\nsurprised at a number of naval victories by the American\\n1 Hull was tried by court-martial for this act, found guilty of cowardice,\\nand was condemned to be shot. He was, however, pardoned by President\\nMadison in consideration of his services during the Revolutionary War.\\nHull published a defence in 1824. Many believe that his sentence was too\\nsevere, while some think it was altogether unjust, holding he was made to\\nsuffer for the shortcomings of others.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nships. The capture of an English man-of-war was so unusual\\nthat the success of the Americans at sea almost made up for\\nthe disastrous failures on land. While in not a few instances\\nthe advantage of size was in favor of the Americans, their suc-\\ncess was mainly due to their superior seamanship and disci-\\npline. The people of the United States were greatly elated\\nover these victories, and several of the sayings of the naval\\ncaptains, such as, Don t give up the ship, and We have\\nmet the enemy, and they are ours, became watchwords dur-\\ning the war. One of the most successful frigates was the\\nCofistitution, which received the name of Old Ironsides.\\n186. The Creek War Jackson. (1813-1814.) During the\\nyear 1813, incited by the influence of Tecumseh and British\\nand Spanish emissaries, the Creek Indians in southwestern\\nGeorgia and in Alabama, led by a chief named Weathers-\\nford, a half-breed, had surprised and taken Fort Mims, near\\nthe junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. The\\ngarrison and most of those who had taken refuge in the fort,\\nincluding many women and children, in all over 400, were\\ncruelly put to death. Expeditions Avere soon organized, and\\nafter two campaigns the Indians were conquered, the whites\\nshowing no quarter, and seemingly trying to surpass the red\\nmen in cruelty. Andrew Jackson was chief commander in\\nthese expeditions, and his success in this Creek war made\\nhim one of the most prominent generals in the country. A\\ngreat number of the Creek Indians were killed, and, as usual,\\nthe survivors were forced to give up most of their lands and\\nmove farther west.\\n187. American Success British Plans. (1814.) Taught by\\ntheir reverses, the Americans set about reorganizing their\\n1 This vessel having been repaired so many times as to be really another\\nship, is still (1893) in the navy.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "THK WAIl IN THE SOUTH\\nllefereuce Maps for the WAR OF 1812", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE OF WASHINGTON. 175\\narmies, and, under the instructions of Winfield Scott, a\\nyoung officer, and others, the troops greatly improved in\\ndiscipline and confidence. Several victories ov^er the British\\nin Canada were the results of this training. Chippewa,\\nLundy s Lane, and Fort Erie, all in the neighborhood of\\nNiagara Falls, were the chief successes but, as the United\\nStates troops had to retreat across the river Niagara, no real\\nadvantage was gained. Later the British invaded the United\\nStates by way of Lake Champlain, but were defeated at the\\nnaval battle of Plattsburg. Peace had now been made in\\nEurope by the success of the allied forces against Napoleon,\\nwho was compelled to abdicate, and was banished to the\\nisland of Elba. This enabled England to send more men\\nand more vessels to America. So many ships were sent that\\nthe whole coast from Maine to Florida was blockaded, and\\nthe United States vessels found it a hard matter to get in\\nand out of ports. The plan of the English was to invade\\nthe country from three points on the north, on the Atlantic\\ncoast, and on the south. The attack from the north had\\nbeen so far a failure.\\nIt was also, in connection with the attack upon the Atlan-\\ntic seaboard, a part of the British plan to make descents at\\nvarious places, in order to keep the Americans in a state of\\ncontinual fear and uncertainty. All along the coast descents\\nwere made, the larger towns being avoided on account of\\ntheir better defences. In this way Stonington, Connecticut,\\nLewes, Delaware, Havre de Grace, Maryland, and other places\\nwere plundered. Maine, as far as the Penobscot River, was\\nseized and held by the British until the end of the war.\\n188. Capture of Washington. (1814.) The chief attack\\nwas that made upon the city of Washington late in the sum-\\nmer of 1814. A strong fleet accompanied by an army of", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nabout 4500 men, under General Ross, appeared in Chesapeake\\nBay in July. The forces were landed at Benedict, near the\\nmouth of the Patuxent River, and marched towards the\\ncapital. No resistance was made until Bladensburg, a short\\ndistance from Washington, was reached. Here a force of\\nabout 6000 men, consisting of a few regular troops and\\nmarines, and militia was hastily drawn up to defend Wash-\\nington. But the militia were without training, the authority\\nwas divided and in the hands of incompetent men, so the\\nbattle speedily ended in a rout. The British followed and\\nentered Washington, burnt the Capitol and most of the gov-\\nernment buildings. So hasty was the flight of the Americans,\\nthat Mrs. Madison, the wife of the President, gathered up\\nsome of the silver in her reticule as she fled from the White\\nHouse, and the British ate up the very dinner, and drank\\nthe wine, etc., prepared for the President s party.\\n189. British repulsed at Baltimore. (1814.) The loss\\nfrom a money point of view was very great, but was nothing\\nin comparison with the loss of public records, which could\\nnot be replaced. This action of the British has always been\\nviewed as an act of barbarism, for which the burning of the\\nParliament House in York, Toronto, by General Dearborn\\n(sect. 185) offered the only justification. But there was this\\ndifference, the one was done on the responsibility of the\\ngeneral, while the other was done under strict orders from\\nthe British government. After burning the city, the English\\nforces retreated and shortly after attempted to take the city\\nof Baltimore. But the attack was successfully repelled at\\nNorth Point, a few miles below the city, and a bombardment\\nof Fort Mc Henry by the fleet also proved a failure.^\\n1 During this bombardment, Francis Scott Key, a Baltimorean, who had\\ngone to the British fleet to negotiate for the release of prisoners and was\\ndetained by the British, wrote the song The Star-spangled Banner.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HARTFORD CONVENTION; NEW ORLEANS. 177\\n190. The Hartford Convention. (1814.) The war having\\nbeen all along very unpopular in New England, the many\\nfailures, the destruction of trade, and the apparent hopeless-\\nness of the conflict, led a number of disaffected men to\\nsuggest a convention to discuss the state of the country,\\nparticularly of the eastern states. Delegates from Massachu-\\nsetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, and from parts of\\nVermont and New Hampshire, in all twenty-six, met at\\nHartford, Connecticut, in secret session for three weeks,\\nand then, after preparing a paper for publication, adjourned\\nsubject to call. The members were all Federalists, and the\\nsecrecy of the proceedings and the intensity of the party\\nfeeling at the time, made the convention so unpopular that\\nit was a final bloAv to the party. Many of their political\\nenemies believed that the convention plotted secession, but\\nthe real intentions of the leaders in the movement have never\\nbeen thoroughly explained and no complete report of its pro-\\nceedings was ever published. Seven amendments to the\\nConstitution, all prohibitory in their character, and resem-\\nbling the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and\\n1799, and also the South Carolina Nullification Act of 1832,\\nwere recommended. Before the committee which had been\\nappointed to confer with the government reached Wash-\\nington, peace had been declared, and the whole movement\\nbrought nothing but political ruin on all engaged in it.\\n191. Southern Campaign New Orleans. (1814-1815.) The\\nthird attack of the British was in the south. Spain was at\\npeace with the United States, but friendly to England, and\\nthere had been several conflicts between the Spaniards and\\nthe American forces. The British had occupied Pensacola,\\nbut Jackson had driven them from it and handed it over to\\nthe Spaniards. He hastened to the defence of New Orleans,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfor he was sure that it was the objective point of the British.\\nJackson s army was made up largely of frontiersmen, well\\ntrained in border conflicts, but knowing little of military\\ntactics and discipline. The British were men who had been\\nin Wellington s armies, and were under the command of\\nskilful generals. In the preparation for defence Jackson\\nshowed the greatest energy and forethought; he threw up\\nbarricades of cotton bales, and called upon all citizens to aid,\\nand among those who responded were many free negroes.\\n192. British repulsed at New Orleans. (1815.) The\\nBritish finally made an attack on the 8th of January, 1815,\\nand, after a severe battle, were repulsed with great slaughter,\\nthe general in command being killed, and about 2500 men\\nkilled, wounded, or missing. On the American side Jackson\\nofficially rejjorted a loss of seventy-one only. The British\\nforces retreated, abandoning the expedition. The only result\\nof this battle was the great loss of life, and the balm it afforded\\nthe wounded pride of the Americans at losing so many\\nbattles earlier in the war, for peace had been declared two\\nweeks before the battle of New Orleans, though the news\\nhad not reached the United States.\\n193. Peace of Ghent. (1814.) As early as 1813 Russia\\nhad tried to act as mediator between the United States and\\nGreat Britain, and the effort had been twice repeated with-\\nout avail. But early in 1811 five commissioners were\\nappointed to go to Europe for the purpose of treating with\\nEngland. For some time the prospects for peace Avere\\ngloomy but the success of the allied armies against Napo-\\nleon, the capture of Paris, and the abdication of the French\\nEmperor, while releasing many troops which could be sent\\nto America, at the same time took away any pretext for the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH ALGIERS. 179\\nimpressment of sailors and for the obnoxious Orders in\\nCouncil. Late in the summer of 1814 the English and\\nAmerican commissioners me-t at Ghent, now in Belgium, and\\nafter long negotiations agreed upon a treaty of peace which\\nwas speedily approved by the British government and sent\\nto America for ratification. In this treaty everything was\\nrestored as far as possible to the state which had existed\\nbefore the war not a word was said about the impressment\\nof sailors nor the Orders in Council, which were the occa-\\nsion of the conflict, and the important questions relating to\\nthe navigation of the Mississippi and the Newfoundland\\nfisheries were left to future consideration. Both parties,\\nhowever, did agree to* do their best to put an end to the\\nslave trade.\\nIf the English were ready for peace, the Americans were\\neager for it, and the news of the treaty was enthusiastically\\nreceived; Congress quickly ratified the treaty, and so the\\nwar came to an end. With the exception of the naval glory,\\nthe Americans had gained little or nothing, and had lost\\nmillions of money in military expenses and in the utter pros-\\ntration of commerce, and many thousands of lives had been\\nsacrificed. There is little doubt that a better treaty could\\nhave been made with England before the war than the one\\nwhich was made after it.\\n194. War with Algiers. (1815.) The United States had\\nnot quite done with fighting, however; for the Dey of\\nAlgiers had taken advantage of the war with England to\\ndeclare war and to capture some American vessels. In the\\nsummer of 1815 an expedition under Commodore Decatur\\nwas sent to Algiers, and after the capture of two Algerine\\nships the Dey signed a treaty of peace, in which he agreed to\\nrelease all captives, make indemnities for past captures, and", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,\\nto give up forever any claim on the United States for tribute\\nor presents, and to promise not to reduce prisoners of war\\nto slavery. Tunis and Tripoli were likewise visited by\\nDecatur, and compelled to promise to observe their former\\ntreaties. No further trouble was experienced from the Bar-\\nbary States.\\n195. Charter of a National Bank. (1816.) The war was\\nat an end, but the finances of the country were in a bad way.\\nThe national debt was about 1127,000,000, 180,000,000 of\\nwhich had been the cost of the war trade was for the time\\nalmost ruined, no gold or silver money was to be seen, and\\nevery interest was depressed. In order to restore specie pay-\\nments and improve the finances, a new National Bank was\\nchartered by Congress in 1816 for twenty years. This bank\\nwas to have branches through the country, and the public\\nfunds were to be deposited in it and its branches. These\\ndeposits, however, could be withdrawn when the Secretary of\\nthe Treasury thought best, but he was to give Congress his\\nreasons for such action. The capital of the bank was to be\\n$35,000,000, and to this the United States was a large con-\\ntributor, and was represented in the board of directors. The\\nfirst United States bank, suggested by Hamilton, had been\\nclosed on the expiration of its charter in 1811, and it is inter-\\nesting to observe that Hamilton s political opponents felt\\nthemselves obliged in 1816 to follow his example when they\\nfound themselves in somcAvhat similar circumstances. What-\\never may have been the opinion later as to its operations, there\\nseems to be no doubt that the second Bank of the United\\n1 Part of Hamilton s scheme for improving the financial condition of the\\ncountry (sect. 157) was the establishment of a national bank. After much\\ndiscussion, this recommendation was adopted and a bank chartered in 1791\\nfor twenty years.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "ELECTION OF MONROE. 181\\nStates did good service for some time after its establishment,\\nthough it was not as ably conducted as the former bank.\\n196. Election of Monroe. (1816.) In the Presidential\\ncaucus, a meeting of the United States senators and con-\\ngressmen in 1815, Monroe was nominated as the successor\\nof Madison, with Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, as\\nVice-President. James Monroe, born in Virginia, 1758, had\\nserved in the Revolution with credit, and had filled many\\noffices both in state and national politics he had been envoy\\nto France, Spain, and England he was active in the\\nLouisiana Purchase was Madison s Secretary of State, and\\nin the darkest hour of the late war had assumed the charge\\nof the War Department as well. He was probably the best\\nman that could have been selected. At the election he\\nreceived an overwhelming majority of the Electoral College\\nthe Federalists nominated Rufus King, of New York, but did\\nnot go to the trouble of putting any one forward as candidate\\nfor Vice-President. From this time the Federalist party\\nceased to exist under that name, though many of the Demo-\\ncratic-Republicans were really Federalists in their views, and\\nwere only waiting a new issue to form a new party.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nTHE THIRTY YEARS PEACE.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. James Schoiiler, History of the United States, ii. Chap,\\nix., iii. Chaps, x.-xii. R. Hildreth, History of the United States, vi. 575-718\\n(to 1821) Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, iv. 244-\\n281 G. F. Tucker, The Monroe Doctrine J. L. Bishop, History of American\\nManufactures E. Channing, The United States, pp. 197-207.\\nBiographies. American Statesmen Series D, C. Gihnan, James\\nMonroe J. T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy Adams C. Scliurz, Henry Clay\\nW. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster H. von\\nHoist, John C. Calhoun E. M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren H. Adams,\\nJohn Randolph James Parton, Andrew Jackson, and his Andrew Jackson\\n(Great Commander Series) B. Tuckerman, Memoirs of Lafayette.\\nSpecial. F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States D. C.\\nGilmau, James Monroe, pp. 125-174 C. Schurz, Henry Clay, i. 137-202\\nE. Stanwood, History of Presidential Elections, The Second Adams,\\nAndrew Jackson pp. 79-101; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past; A.\\nJohnston, American Politics, pp. 82-114 American History Leaflets, No. 4,\\nThe Monroe Doctrine J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States, i. 14-42.\\n197. Increase of National Feeling. (1815.) It is pleasant\\nto leave accounts of war, and to turn the attention, at least\\nin part, to interests which belong to peace, and which l)ind a\\npeople together most firmly, and best stimulate a healtliy\\nnational growth, such as improved means of communication,\\nmechanical inventions, philanthropic efforts, and education.\\nThe beginning of Monroe s term of office marks an 6poch\\nin the history of the United States. Previously many had\\nlooked upon the Union as an experiment, but after 1815 the\\n182", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "ERA OF GOOD FEELING.\\n183\\nnational feeling greatly increased, and party questions related\\nto public policy rather than to forms of government. In the\\nthirty years of peace following the War of 1812, the great\\nsubjects which claimed the attention of the people were those\\nof internal policy, such as the tariff, internal improvements,\\nnational roads, canals, railroads, public lands, education,\\nand slavery. Party lines for a time seem.ed to disappear, and\\nMonroe s Presidency has therefore been called the era of\\ngood feeling.\\n198. Era of Good Feeling. (1815 1819.) Monroe seemed\\nto have taken Washington as his model and to have followed\\nliis example Avhenever possible.\\nLike him, early in his term of\\noffice he made an extended tour\\nthrough the states. Nominally\\nfor the purpose of inspecting\\nthe defences of the seaboard,\\nthe journey really was to heal\\nas far as practicable party ani-\\nmosities. Travelling was slow\\nin those days, and three months\\nand a half were taken up in\\nvisiting the eastern and middle\\nstates. Monroe was received\\neverywhere with enthusiasm, the old Federalists for the\\nmoment being almost as full of zeal as the President s own\\nparty, and Jefferson s words, We are all Federalists, we are\\nall Republicans, seemed for the time to be literally true.\\nA second tour in 1819 was made to the southern states. A\\nPresidential tour now is no uncommon thing, but in Monroe s\\nday it meant a great deal, and the effect upon the people\\nwas marked.\\nJAMES MONROE.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n199. Cession of Florida General Jackson. (1819.) Spain\\nowned Florida, but it could hardly be said she governed it.\\nThere were but few settlements or forts, and the country\\nwas really held by various tribes of Indians, the chief of\\nwhom were known as the Seminoles. Runaway slaves from\\nGeorgia and Alabama found it a safe place of refuge, and\\nadventurers saw in it an attractive field for their lawless\\noperations. During the War of 1812 there was continual\\ntrouble, which lasted after peace had been made Spain\\nwas either indifferent to complaints or helpless to keep\\norder. In fact, there was regular border Avarfare. In 1817\\nGeneral Andrew Jackson was sent to take command of the\\nUnited States forces. In his instructions he was allowed to\\npursue a flying enemy across the boundary, but he Avas not\\nto attempt to take any Spanish post Avithout direct orders\\nfrom Washington. In the conduct of the campaign, how-\\never, he acted Avithout regard to instructions. He accused\\nthe Spanish commanders of aiding the Indians, probably a\\ntrue charge in some instances, and took several of the\\ntoAvns and forts, among them Pensacola. He captured two\\nBritish subjects, had them tried by court-martial, and\\npromptly hanged them, though the evidence against them\\nAvas of a doubtful character. Thus in a very short time he\\nhad violated the rules of international law, and brought the\\ncountry to the verge of Avar Avith two nations. Pensacola\\nAvas soon restored to Spain but as it was evident that the\\nFloridas would continue to be a troublesome possession,\\nSpain became more Avilling to enter into negotiations for\\ntheir cession to the United States, and in 1819 a treaty\\nfor the purchase Avas signed at Washington. This Avas not\\nratified by both countries until 1821. In consideration of\\nthe United States renouncing all claims upon Spain for\\nspoliations, and agreeing to pay to American claimants\\ni", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "PROTECTION TO HOME INDUSTRIES. 185\\n15,000,000, Spain ceded all the Floridas to the United\\nStates. The western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase\\nwas also fixed by this treaty\\n200. Agreement relative to the Great Lakes. (1817.) In\\n1817 Great Britain and the United States mutually agreed\\nto limit the naval force of each power on the Great Lakes to\\ntwo vessels on the upper lakes, to one vessel on Lake On-\\ntario, and one on Lake Champlain each vessel was not tc\\nexceed one hundred tons burden, and was to be armed with\\nbut a single small cannon. This was but a police force to\\npreserve order and protect the collection of revenue. It was\\nalso agreed that no vessels should be built or armed on the\\nGreat Lakes for war purposes.\\n201. Protection to Home Industries. (1817.) One effect\\nof the War of 1812 had been to shut out English manufac-\\ntures, and in consequence to stimulate the manufacture of\\ncotton and woollen goods in the United States. As has been\\nseen, the New England states turned their attention from the\\ncarrying trade to manufactures. Now that peace was made,\\nthe English merchants poured their goods into the United\\nStates, underselling American manufacturers, who were\\nunable to compete in prices indeed, it was alleged that the\\nEnglish merchants sent their goods over with the avowed\\npurpose of breaking down any competition in America, and\\nin order to do this were willing for a time to sell below cost.\\nA proposed reduction of the tariff was postponed, and in\\n1 Omitting particulars, the boundary may be described as following the\\nSabine, Red, and Arkansas rivers, to the forty-second parallel of latitude,\\nand thence to the Pacific Ocean. In agreeing to these boundaries the United\\nStates lost Texas, a part of which she had previously claimed under the\\nLouisiana treaty, but whose worth was unknown or undervalued at that\\ntime.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n1817 the American Society for the Encouragement of Amer-\\nican Manufactures was formed. Now more than ever was\\nProtection made a definite policy for though the theory had\\nbeen distinctly recognized, revenue had been the object of\\nevery financial measure after this time protection has\\noften been made the primary object in legislation, and\\nrevenue the secondary^ (sect. 156).\\nIn 1816 a number of southern men, among them Calhoun,\\nadvocated at least a moderate protective policy but before\\nlong they were led to believe that such a policy was against\\nthe interests of the South, particularly of the cotton-produc-\\ning states, and in a few years most southern men became\\nstrong opponents of protection (sect. 218).\\n202. Internal Improvements. (1806-1819.) In 1806 Con-\\ngress had made an appropriation for the construction of a\\nnational road from Maryland to Ohio, the first instance of\\nthe kind under the Constitution. In 1805 Jefferson in his\\nsecond inaugural recommended an amendment to the Consti-\\ntution, giving the states the surplus revenue to expend on\\nroads, canals, and education. Madison and Monroe both\\nvetoed bills making appropriations for the construction of\\nroads at the national expense, on the ground of unconsti-\\ntutionalit} but both had agreed in tliinking that such works\\n1 Protection, or a protective tariff, is a tax laid upon imported goods so\\nhigh that it will encourage such goods to be manufactured at home. The\\nadvocates of protection claim that those engaged in manufacturing will buy\\nof the farmers, thus giving them a home market for their products and that\\nthere will be a greater diversity of hiterests in the country, making it to a\\ngreat extent independent of foreign nations. The advocates of free trade\\nclaim that it is best for each country to produce that for which it is best\\nfitted by nature that manu-factures will spring up as soon as the country is\\nready for them that protection benefits a few at the expense of the many\\nand that a policy of free trade will tend to peace between nations.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "ERTE CANAL. 187\\nshould be undertaken by the government under proper re-\\nstrictions, and had suggested amendments to the Constitu-\\ntion to give Congress the power. Many believed that the\\npower to make internal improvements was implied in the\\nConstitution others, that the whole matter rested with\\nthe states, and that the national government had nothing\\nto do with it they also disapproved on principle the giving\\nto Congress increased power. The subject of slavery began\\nnow to force itself before men s minds in a Avay that demanded\\nattention. With the questions of the tariff, internal im-\\nprovements, and slavery before the country, it is clear that\\nthe era of good feeling was rapidly coming to an end, and\\nthat these questions would be sufficient to divide tlie Demo-\\ncratic-Republican party. A leader for a new party had already\\nappeared in Henry Clay of Kentucky.\\n203. Erie Canal. (1817-1825.) Meanwhile some of the\\nstates had gone on building roads and constructing canals\\nindependently of the national government. The most im-\\nportant of these works was the Erie Canal in the state of\\nNew York. The construction of this great work is mainly\\ndue to the indomitable perseverance of DeWitt Clinton.\\nBegun on the 4th of July, 1817, Clinton s Ditch, as it was\\ncalled in derision by the opponents of the measure, was fin-\\nished in 1825. Joining the waters of Lake Erie with those\\nof the Hudson River, and extending over three hundred and\\nsixty miles through the very heart of the state, this canal\\nbecame the means of carrying a vast amount of merchandise\\nto and from the sea. It stimulated in a wonderful manner\\nthe growth of the whole state through which it passed, and\\nenabled the city of New York to leave Philadelphia, hereto-\\nfore the largest city in the Union, far behind in commercial\\nprosperity and in population.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n204. Missouri, Slave or Free? (1818-1820.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094In 1819 the\\nnumber of states in the Union was twenty-two. All the\\nstates added so far to the original thirteen had been formed\\nout of territory within the original limits as fixed by the\\ntreaty with Great Britain, except the state of Louisiana,\\nadmitted in 1812. Of the thirteen, seven were free and six\\nwere slave states, but by the admission of the nine new\\nstates the number of slave and free states had become equal,\\nthus giving each section of the country an equal voice in the\\nSenate. In the House of Representatives, on the other hand,\\nthe representation from the free states was larger, owing to\\nthe much more rapid growth in population.^ Heretofore the\\nOhio River had been the dividing line between freedom and\\nslavery all new states admitted north of it were free, and all\\nsouth of it were slave states. Late in 1818 the legislature\\nof the territory of Missouri applied to Congress to be ad-\\nmitted into the Union. At once the question was forced\\nupon the country to decide whether the vast domain lying\\nwest of the Mississippi should be slave or free. The latter\\nwould mean the overthrow of the slaveholders influence in\\nCongress the former, the continuance and increase of slavery.\\nLouisiana had been admitted as a slave state it was south\\nof the Ohio, and slavery was an established institution when\\nthe Louisiana Purchase was made. But the northern part of\\nthe proposed state was on a line with Indiana and Ohio, while\\nthe southern boundary, 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 was almost exactly that of\\nKentucky and Virginia. Geographically, therefore, the terri-\\ntory was debatable ground. A bitter controversy was immi-\\nnent, and Jefferson, now in retirement, wrote, From the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill to the treaty of Paris, we never had so\\nominous a question.\\n1 See tables, Appendices v.-viii. (Admission of the States, and Populatioi)\\nof the Sections, 1790-1890).", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 189\\n205. Missouri Compromise. (1818-1820.) The South held\\nthat Congress had no right to interfere with slavery, as it\\nwas a question which concerned the individual states, and\\nshould be left to each to determine for itself. The North\\nheld that Congress had full power over territories, and could\\nprescribe conditions requisite for the admission of new states\\nwhich should be binding. The South recognizing that the\\nloss of the equality of representation in the Senate meant\\nloss of political supremacy, and probably a fatal blow to the\\nextension, if not the existence, of slavery, resisted the admis-\\nsion of Missouri as a free state with stubborn tenacity. The\\nabstract character of slavery itself entered also into the dis-\\ncussion, intensifying the feelings of the combatants.\\nThe struggle raged for about two years, until 1820, when\\nJesse B. Thomas of Illinois introduced a bill into Congress\\nproposing that Missouri should be admitted as a slave state,\\nbut that slavery should be forever prohibited in the territory\\nof the United States lying north of the 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 north latitude.\\nMainly through the efforts of Henry Clay of Kentucky, then\\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives, this bill passed\\nCongress and became a law. Such is the famous Missouri\\nCompromise Bill, which for the first time fixed by law the\\ndivision of the country into a free North and a slaveholding\\nSouth. Almost simultaneously the South permitted the\\nadmission of Maine into the Union as a free state, having\\nrefused to admit it until the Missouri question was settled.\\n206. Monroe re-elected. (1820.) Notwithstanding the\\nbitter controversy just described, no candidates were nomi-\\nnated for the Presidency or Vice-Presidency, there being no\\nopposition to the re-election of Monroe and Tompkins. Mon-\\nroe received the vote of all the Presidential electors except\\nthat of one in New Hampshire, who gave his vote for John", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nQuincy Adams, on the ground, it is said, that no one but\\nWashington should receive a unanimous vote. For Vice-\\nPresident, Daniel D. Tompkins Avas elected.\\n207. Spanish-American Republics. (1810-1822.) The suc-\\ncess of the United States and its wonderful growth had not\\nbeen unobserved by the other colonies in America, both\\nnorth and south and from 1810 the Spanish colonies one\\nafter another began to rebel, and then to throw off the yoke\\nof the mother country. As early as 1816 Henry Clay had\\nput the question whether the United States would not have\\nopenly to take part with the patriots of South America in\\n1818 he had urged the recognition of the Spanish-American\\nrepublics, and in 1822 arrangements were made for opening\\ndiplomatic relations with independent nations on the Amer-\\nican continent. It was evident that Spain was unable to\\nreduce her refractory colonies to obedience, but there were\\nindications that some of the European powers were inclined\\nto give her assistance. After the final overthrow of Napoleon,\\nRussia, Austria, and Prussia, and afterwards England and\\nFrance, had formed themselves into what the}^ called the\\nHoly Alliance. Nominally for the purpose of preserv-\\ning peace, justice, and religion in the name of the gospel,\\nits real design was to prevent the recurrence of anything like\\na revolution, and to put down an3 thing like the appearance\\nof rebellion. Thus a rising in Naples was put down by\\nAustrian forces, and an attempt at a liberal government in\\nSpain itself was crushed by France in 1823.^\\n208. Monroe Doctrine. (1823.) It was now said that this\\nHoly Alliance was about to aid Spain to recover her col-\\nonies, and that France was about to set up a kingdom in the\\nnew world. In a message to Congress in 1823 the President\\n1 England disavowed tiiese acts committed in Italy and Spain.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "NEW NATIONAL ISSUES. 191\\nannounced, (1) That tlie United States would remain neu-\\ntral as regarded political affairs in Europe, but that any\\nattempt by European governments to extend their system to\\nany part of North or South America, or to oppress or control\\nindependent American states, would be regarded as the\\nmanifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United\\nStates. (2) That the American continents, by the free and\\nindependent condition which they have assumed and maintain,\\nare henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colo-\\nnization by any European powers. These statements are\\nknown as the Monroe Doctrine. Little of this Doc-\\ntrine was new; for Washington, Jefferson, and others had\\nalready stated the principles laid down in the first part. The\\nauthorship of the second part is attributed to John Quincy\\nAdams. England, for reasons of her own, opposed the plan\\nto reduce Spanish colonies to obedience, but she did not\\nrelish the second part of Monroe s statement, for it affected\\nher claims on the west coast of America.\\n209. New National Issues. (1824.) Monroe was the last\\nof the Revolutionary statesmen, and before the close of his\\nsecond term a new generation of men had come to the front,\\nbefore whom new questions of public policy presented them-\\nselves, and new dangers rose up to be avoided. In the Con-\\ngress to which was addressed the message containing the\\nMonroe Doctrine two subjects, already referred to, began\\nto be national issues (1) Internal improvements at the\\nnational expense; and (2) a tariff for protection. Upon\\nthese two lines the old Democratic-Republican party divided.\\nA bill creating a distinctively protective tariff was passed by\\na small majority. This is known as the tariff of 1824. A\\nbill providing for surveys looking to a national system of\\ncanals was also passed.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n210. John Quincy Adams chosen President by the House.\\n(1825.) The time now drew near for clioosing a successor\\nfor Monroe, but the issues of the tariff and internal im-\\nprovements had not been long enough before the country\\nto be distinctly party issues, and the choice turned rather\\nupon men than measures. So personal became the contest\\nthat this election was called the scrub race for the Presi-\\ndency. From 1804 to 1820 candidates for the office of\\nPresident had been nominated by a caucus of the members\\nof Congress in the latter year, as there was no opposition\\nto Monroe and Tompkins, no caucus was held. Early in\\n1824 an attempt was made to return to the old but unpopu-\\nlar plan a few members of Congress met and nominated\\nWilliam H. Crawford of Georgia for President. Crawford\\nwas a man of much experience in political affairs, had held\\nvarious offices, and was now Secretary of the Treasury but\\nhis nomination was not acceptable to many, and the legis-\\nlature of Tennessee presented Andrew Jackson as its candi-\\ndate Kentucky followed with Henry Clay Massachusetts,\\nwith John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun of South Caro-\\nlina was supported for Vice-President by the majority of\\nadvocates of the various candidates for the Presidency. As\\nmight have been expected, no candidate received a majority\\nof the electoral votes, and the choice fo^^ President, in\\naccordance with the Constitution, fell to the House of Rep-\\nresentatives. Clay, standing fourth on the list in respect to\\nthe number of votes received, was ineligible (Constitution,\\nAmend. Art. xii.). As was natural, the friends of Clay\\njoined with those of the other loose constructionists and\\nchose Adams, though Jackson had a larger electoral vote.^\\n1 Jackson and Crawford were both strict constructionists of the Constitu-\\ntion, while Clay and Adams believed in a liberal or loose construction of\\nthat instrument.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 193\\nCalhoun, having received a majority of the electoral votes,\\nwas declared Vice-President.\\nImmediately there was a cry of a corrupt bargain,\\nwhich was not lessened when Adams announced that he\\nwould appoint Clay Secretary of State. As a result the\\nJackson and Crawford factions joined in opposition to\\nAdams and Clay, whose followers united, soon calling them-\\nselves National Republicans, and afterwards Whigs. In\\nmost particulars this new party differed little from the old\\nFederalists. Their opponents, first called Jackson men, or\\nJacksonians, before long took the name of Democrats, a\\nname still retained.\\n211. John ftuincy Adams; his Character. (1825.) No man\\never came to the office of President better prepared by ed-\\nucation for its duties than John Quincy\\nAdams. He was born in 1767, his father,\\nJohn Adams, was one of the most promi-\\nnent men of the country, and his son had\\nevery advantage that social and political j\\nposition could give him. He was educated\\nat Harvard, accompanied his father abroad,\\nand gained that familiarity with European\\nlanguages and life which was of so much\\n1 j T A ,1 n JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.\\nuse to him afterwards. At the age of\\ntwenty-seven he was appointed minister to the Netherlands,\\nand thenceforth to his death in 1848 was almost continuously\\nin the service of his country. He was senator from 1803-\\n1808, minister to Russia, 1809-1817, and Secretary of State\\nunder Monroe, 1817-1825. After his retirement from the\\nPresidency, he was elected in 1831 to represent his district\\nin the House of Representatives, and died at his post in the\\nCapitol at Washington. Somewhat haughty in his manner.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nimpatient of other men s views, taking little pleasure in\\nsociety, he was not popular he had few personal friends,\\nand no personal political following. He was an accidental\\nPresident, and not the choice of the people. He shone most\\nwhen in the opposition in the House of Representatives, and\\nhis fame rests chiefly on his career after he was President.\\n212. Lafayette s Visit to America. (1824-1825.) During\\nthe last year of Monroe s administration Lafayette visited\\nthe United States, which he had not seen for forty years.\\nDeclining the offer of a public vessel tendered by the United\\nStates government, he sailed in a private ship, and landed at\\nNew York late in the summer of 1824. At once he was\\ntreated as the guest of the nation, and during the whole of\\nhis stay every expense was provided foi and every wish so\\nfar as practicable was anticipated. The people looked upon\\nhim as the representative of the Revolution, and so, in\\nrendering honor to the man, there was a gratification of\\nnational pride. It is hard to realize the enthusiasm of the\\ntime. Everywhere Lafayette went his course was a tri-\\numphal progress. Town and country contended which should\\ndo him greater honor, and arches and banners with Wel-\\ncome Lafayette greeted him throughout the land.^ The\\nnewspapers of the day are full of the accounts of the recep-\\ntion and of the dinner-parties given to him. One of these\\nlatter was at the White House, and was given by the Presi-\\ndent, John Quincy Adams. At this there were present\\nex-Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, all being old\\nfriends of the chief guest. When Lafayette left the country\\nafter a visit of a year, he took with him, besides the good\\n1 Josiah Quincy, in his Figures of the Past, tells of an enthusiastic\\nlady, who may be taken as a fair representative of the popular feeling, who\\nsaid, If Lafayette had kissed me, depend upon it, I would never have\\nwashed my face again as long as I lived.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "changp:s in the united states.\\n195\\nwishes of the American people, f 200,000 in money, as com-\\npensation for his services to the country, and in lieu of land\\nwhich had been granted him as an officer of the Revolution,\\nbut which he had lost through some technicality. More\\nmight have been his, had not his modesty made him decline\\nVi\\\\rU^^\\n,0^\\nLAFAYETTE.\\nother gifts tendered him by states and by individuals. He\\nsailed for France in a new ship of the navy, named in his\\nhonor Brandywine^ from the battle in which he had taken so\\nprominent a part.\\n213. Chang^es in the United States. (1825.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Nearly fifty\\nyears had passed since Lafayette had first come to America,\\nand he must have been surprised at the changes which met", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nhis eye as he revisited the scenes of his early manhood. The\\npopulation in 1777 was 3,000,000 it was now (1824) about\\n11,000,000 then there were thirteen small colonies now\\nthere were twenty-four states then the settlements occupied\\nonly the country lying along the coast; now there were\\nstates a thousand miles inland, and the country extended\\nfrom the Atlantic Ocean to Texas and the Rocky Moun-\\ntains, and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico then he was\\naiding a few rebel colonies resisting a strong mother country;\\nnow he was the guest of the United States, one of the\\ngreatest powers of the earth. The progress in agriculture,\\ncommerce, and manufactures had fully kept pace with the\\npolitical and territorial growth. The United States was the\\ngreat producer of cotton and grain for Europe her flag was\\nseen in every port and already her citizens were celebrated\\nfor their inventive skill. Though the railroad had not been\\nintroduced, steamboats plied regularly where only the canoe\\nof the Indian or of the hunter had been seen fifty years\\nbefore. To one coming from discontented Europe the land\\nseemed indeed a land of peace, prosperity, and freedom.\\n214. Adams Unpopular Internal Improvements. (1825.)\\nJohn Quincy Adams, while one of the best Presidents the\\ncountry has ever seen, was not a popular one. Many per-\\nsons thought that the place rightly belonged to Jackson, who\\nhad the largest popular and electoral vote, and that Congress\\nshould have followed the will of the people and chosen him.\\nIndeed, Adams was hardly in his seat before preparations\\nwere made for the next campaign by Jackson s supporters, not\\na few of whom were office-hoklers under Adams but he\\nrefused to remove them in order to fill tlieir places with his\\nown adherents, for he would not in the slightest degree use\\nthe public service for his personal advantage.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "The\\\\UNITED STATES\\nyjMlieofthe\\n18S5\\nSCALE OF MILES\\no\\n^of;^\\\\\\nyeoria i\\n-^^--^v^\\n^ttle\\nG I :n\\nO 1^\\nilf\\nH s\\nD. Servoss.Eng r, N.Y.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS PROPOSED. 197\\nThe question of appropriations by Congress for internal\\nimprovement (sect. 209) had been debated for a long time,\\nbut Adams had no doubt as to the constitutionality of the\\nmatter, and in his inaugural address boldly recommended\\nappropriation for such objects. In his first message to Con-\\ngress he went still further, recommending appropriations for\\nnational observatories, a university, and scientific enterprises\\nof various kinds, as well as public roads, canals, and defences.\\nThe country was not ready for such an extension of implied\\nconstitutional powers; the North was divided upon the\\nissue, while the South believed that the narrow or strict view\\nof the Constitution was more favorable to its interests. A\\nnumber of bills were passed by Congress in aid of internal\\nimprovements, but they fell far short of the President s\\nrecommendations, and it was many years before his views\\nwere accepted to any great extent.\\n215. Pan-American Congress proposed. (1825-1826.) The\\nSouth American republics, encouraged by Monroe s declara-\\ntion, invited the United States to send delegates to a con-\\ngress of American states to be held at Panama to form an\\nalliance for self-defence, and to deliberate on other matters\\nof common interest. After much opposition, two delegates,\\nnominated by the President, were confirmed by the Senate\\nbut owing to the death of one of them and the delay of the\\nother, the congress was held without the presence of a single\\nrepresentative from the United States. The attendance at\\nPanama was small, and the congress, without accomplishing\\nanything, adjourned to meet in Mexico in 1827 but it never\\ncame together again, and the whole movement was a failure.\\n216. Difficulties with the Creeks. (1802-1825.) A number\\nof Indian treaties were made with various tribes about this", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntime. Jefferson had proposed that all the tribes east of the\\nMississippi should be gradually removed to lands within the\\nLouisiana Purchase, but very little had been done toAvards\\nbringing about this result until Monroe s term. Several\\ntreaties had been made on this basis. Considerable difficult}^\\nhad arisen in regard to the Creeks and Cherokees in the\\nstate of Georgia. When Georgia ceded her claim on western\\nterritory to the United States government, the latter agreed\\nto extinguish the claims the Indians might have to lands\\nwithin the state. Though the agreement was made in 1802,\\nit had not been carried out, and Georgia in 1819 demanded\\nits fulfilment. At last, in 1825, some of the Creek chiefs, on\\ntheir own authority, ceded the lands of their tribe to the\\nUnited States, and agreed to move beyond the Mississippi.\\nThe Creeks refused to abide by the treaty, and put to\\ndeath the chiefs who had made the agreement. The state\\nof Georgia undertook to take possession of the lands\\nthe President interfered, and for a time it seemed as\\nthough there would be a petty war. Finally a new treaty\\nwas negotiated with the Creeks, who gave up almost all\\ntheir land and agreed to move beyond the Mississippi. The\\nCherokee question was still unsettled and came up later\\n(sect. 228).\\n217. Anti-Masonic Party; Death of Adams and Jefferson.\\n(1826.) In 1826 William Morgan, a Freemason, undertook\\nto publish a book revealing the Masonic secrets. After vari-\\nous adventures he suddenly disappeared, and no certain trace\\nof him was ever discovered. Many believed him to have\\nbeen murdered by the Masons, and the excitement against\\nthem was great, and led to the formation of an anti-Masonic\\nparty, which for a long time had considerable power, espe-\\ncially in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "ERA OF ILL-FEELING. 199\\nOhio, and Massachusetts. In 1832 it was strong enough to\\nnominate a Presidential candidate, but soon after disappeared\\nfrom the field of politics.\\nThomas Jefferson and John Adams, though they had\\nquarrelled when the former became President, had long since\\nmade up their quarrels and become warm friends, often writ-\\ning to each other and discussing in an amicable ,way the\\nevents of the early years of the republic. On the 4th of\\nJuly, 1826, they died, almost at the same hour, each thinking\\nthat the other was still alive. So remarkable a coincidence\\nmade a great impression upon the public, and gave occasion\\nfor the delivery of Daniel Webster s well-known oration.\\n218. Era of lU-feeUng Protective Tariff of 1828. (1824-\\n1829.) If Monroe s administration had been the era of\\ngood feeling, that of Adams was quite the reverse. At\\nno time in the history of the country had political feeling\\nrun higher or abuse been more violent. The questions of\\nthe tariff and internal improvements were fairly before the\\ncountry as party issues but to these Avas added a personal\\nelement which intensified legitimate discussions to an extraor-\\ndinary degree. It seemed as if nothing was too bad to be\\nbelieved of an opponent, and stories proved to be false were\\nrepeated over and over again and believed, in spite of\\nrenewed denial and proof of their falsity.\\nThe tariff of 1824 has already been mentioned (sect. 209).\\nMeanwhile public opinion in the states north of the Potomac\\nRiver had been steadily growing in favor of a protective tariff,\\nand this was true not only of the manufacturers, but of the\\nfarmers as well. The eastern states, however, were divided\\nin sentiment from the fear that the shipping interests might\\nbe unfavorably affected by a protective tariff. South of the\\nPotomac, particularly in the cotton-growing states, public", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nopinion was strongly opposed to protection. After much dis-\\ncussion, a protective tariff act passed both houses of Congress\\nby small majorities in 1828, and became a law. This act was\\nespecially obnoxious to the people of South Carolina and\\nGeorgia, and many public meetings were held in those states\\nin which it was denounced in strong language as a gross\\nand palpable violation of the Constitution some speakers\\neven threatening a dissolution of the Union unless there\\nshould be an unconditional repeal of the protecting laws.\\nOn the issues of a protective tariff and internal improve-\\nments at the national expense, these two being called the\\nAmerican System, the old Democratic-Republican party\\ndivided those supporting Clay and the American System\\ncalled themselves National Republicans, while their opponents\\nsoon took the name of Democrats.\\n219. Election of Jackson. (1828.) When the time for\\nnominating candidates for the Presidency came round,\\nAdams and Richard Rush were nominated by the National\\nRepublicans, and Jackson and Calhoun by the Democrats.\\nIn the election of 1828 Adams and Rush were overwhelm-\\ningly defeated, not receiving the vote of a single southern\\nstate. The reasons for Adams s defeat were not wholly the\\ntariff nor internal improvements. A change had come over\\nthe country. Hitherto trained men had been candidates for\\nthe office of President; now a feeling had sj)rung up that\\nthere was a danger of an aristocracy, and tliat Jackson rep-\\nresented the people. Adams lost his re-election from causes\\nvery similar to those which had defeated his father in 1800.\\nThe fact that Jackson was a great military hero, and that\\nthere was a very general feeling that he should have been\\nchosen by the House of Representatives in 1825, carried him\\ninto office on a wave of popular enthusiasm.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nTHE THIRTY YEARS PEACE (^continued).\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. J. Schouler, History of the United States, iii. 451-531, iv.\\n1-494 Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, iv. 295-369\\nT. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 431-455 H. A.\\nWise, Seven Decades of the Union, Chaps, iv.-viii. E. Channing, The\\nUnited States, pp. 208-230 W. Wilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs\\nof American History), pp. 1-148 J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States,\\ni. 40-86 T. H. Benton, Thirty Years View, i. 119-739, ii. 19-638 H.\\nGreeley, The American Conflict, i. 107-185 J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of\\nCongress, i. 21-40 Goldwin Smith, The United States, pp. 193-211.\\nBiographies. James Parton, Andrew Jackson also his smaller work\\nin the Great Commander Series W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson H. von\\nHoist, John C. Calhoun; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster; T. Roosevelt,\\nThomas H. Benton A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass C. Schurz, Henry\\nClay E. M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren J. T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy\\nAdams, and his Abraham Lincoln.\\nSpecial. A. Johnston, American Politics, Chaps, xii.-xv. E. Stanwood,\\nHistory of Presidential Elections, Chaps, xii.-xvi. For the Spoils System\\nSumner s Jackson, pp. 140-149 Shepard s Van Buren, pp. 177-187 J. J.\\nLalor, Cyclopaedia, iii. 19-24 D. B. Eaton, The Spoils System. For Nullifica-\\ntion Von Hoist s Calhoun, pp. 62-123 James F. Rhodes, History of the\\nUnited States, i. 40-53 A. Johnston, American Orations, i. 196-212. AVebster\\nand Hayne A. Johnston, American Orations, i. 213-282. The American\\nSystem A. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 327-373. The Cherokees in\\nGeorgia H. Greeley, The American Conflict, i. 102-106 Atlantic Monthly,\\nIxv. 394; Census 1890, Extra Census Bulletin, Eastern Band of Chero-\\nkees, pp. 17, 18. The Dorr War: G. W. Greene, Short History of Rhode\\nIsland, pp. 276-282 J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, i. 835, iii. 637. Anti-Renters\\nE. H. Roberts, New York, ii. 623-632. The Abolition Movement James\\nFreeman Clarke, Anti-Slavery Days H. Greeley, The American Conflict, i.\\n201", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n125-128 James F. Rhodes, History of the United States, i. 53-75 Governor\\nMcDuffie s Message on the Slavery Question, 1835 American History\\nLeaflets, No. 10. Nat Turner Insurrection Atlantic Monthly, viii. 173 J. E.\\nCooke, Virginia, pp. 485-487. The Mormons Josiah Quincy, Figures of the\\nPast, pp. 376-400 Century Magazine, xxiii. 449, 712 L. Carr, Missouri,\\npp. 179-185. William Henry Harrison: J. P. Dunn, Indiana, pp. 277-324,\\n411-416. The Crisis of 1837: Shepard s Martin Van Buren, pp. 242-277\\nSchurz s Henry Clay, ii. 113-151 Roosevelt s Thomas H. Benton, pp. 189-\\n208. For Personal Recollections N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, i.\\n161-349, ii. 10-263 Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, pp. 352-375.\\n220. Andrew Jackson. (1829.) With the accession of\\nAndrew Jackson to the office of President begins a new era\\nin the history of the country.\\nBorn in 1767, Jackson was sixty-two years old, but ill\\nhealth and exposure caused him to look much older than\\nthat. He was a man of strong convictions, and, always\\nsure he was right, could rarely be moved by argument. He\\nnever forgot a friend nor forgave an enemy, and regarded\\nevery one who differed from him, not only as his own enemy,\\nbut also as tlie enemy of his country. He was an honest\\nman through and through, and undoubtedly thouglit he was\\nputting an end to a vast amount of corruption when he took\\ncharge of the executive office.\\n221. Removals from Office. (1829.) In his inaugural\\nJackson said, The recent demonstration of public senti-\\nment inscribes on the list of executive duties, in characters\\ntoo legible to be overlooked, the task of reform. He went\\non to renew the charges made during the campaign against\\nthe late administration, though Adams had been unusually\\nsuccessful in liis appointments, and no one had suffered on\\naccount of his political opinions. Now that we are able to\\nreview calmly the history of those times of excitement, it is\\nacknoAvledged by all that, in economy and purity, the admin-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "1\\nANDREW JACKSON.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE SPOILS SYSTEM. 203\\nistration of John Quincy Adams has not been surpassed.\\nJackson, however, believed not only that there was corrup-\\ntion among the office-holders, but that it was his duty to\\nrew^ard with offices those who had been active in his behalf.\\nNew as this system was in national politics, it was well known\\nin some of the states, notably in New York.\\n222. The Spoils System. (1829-1831.) Previous to Jack-\\nson there had been, in all, 74 removals from office by the\\nPresidents, most of them for substantial reasons. Of these\\nremovals Washington had made 9 John Adams, 10 Jeffer-\\nson, 39; Madison, 5; Monroe, 9; J. Q. Adams, 2. Jackson\\nmade a clean sweep of all the offices worth anything; it\\nbeing estimated that during his first year of office, including\\nthe changes made by subordinates, about 2000 appointments\\nwere made. Since his time the rule has been, to use the\\nphrase of Marcy, then Senator from New York, to the vic-\\ntors belong the spoils. A bill was passed in 1820 limiting\\nthe terms for which many office-holders were appointed to\\nfour years. This measure, designed to correct abuses which\\nhad crept into the service, brought about the far worse evil\\nof rotation in office. Offices with a few proper exceptions\\nhad previously been held during good behavior. Daniel\\nWebster clearly pointed out at the time the evils likely to\\nfollow such a method as that adopted in 1820. The Civil\\nService Bill passed in 1883 is the beginning of a return to\\nthe old ways. It is not just to lay all the responsibility of the\\nspoils system upon Jackson, but he was the first President\\nwho distinctly made public office a reward for party services.\\n223. Jackson a Self-made Man the Kitchen Cabinet.\\n(1829.) Jackson was the first President who was, in the\\nfullest sense of the term, a self-made man. He was possessed", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nof an unflinching courage, an indomitable will, and wonderful\\nperseverance. He had perfect confidence in his own powers\\nand was regardless of consequences. His abilities were of no\\nlow order, and had he possessed opportunities for education\\nand cultivation in his youth, his career would probably have\\nbeen marked with fewer errors.\\nAs it is, no figure in American history, with the possible\\nexception of Abraham Lincoln, stands out with more marks\\nof originality than that of Andrew Jackson. His personal\\nmanners, particularly towards women, were courteous and\\ndignified, but his previous life had been S23ent mostly on the\\nfrontier, and he had been accustomed to a rougli and ready\\nway of deciding matters. In his boyhood during the Revolu-\\ntionary War, he had been taken prisoner by the British and\\nhad been wounded by an officer whose boots, it is said, he\\nhad refused to blacken. Before he was thirty-two he had\\nbeen country storekeeper, lawyer, district attorney, judge,\\ncongressman, and senator. Jefferson, who as Vice-President\\npresided over the Senate, relates that in that body Jackson\\ncould never speak on account of the rashness of his feelings.\\nI have seen him attempt it repeatedly, and as often choke\\nwith rage.\\nIt is not surprising that with such a preparation there\\nwas a great difference between Jackson s administration and\\nformer ones. His first Cabinet, as might have been expected,\\nwas weak, Van Buren, Secretary of State, being the only\\nreally able man in it. Jackson did not, however, rely upon\\nhis Cabinet for advice, but rather on a few of his special favor-\\nites, some of whom held positions in the departments. It\\nwas not long before it was found that the way to the Presi-\\ndent s good will lay through these men, and in consequence of\\ntheir subordinate positions and their influence, they were\\ncalled the Kitchen Cabinet.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "OALHOUN PROPOSES NULLIFICATION. 205\\n224. The United States Bank. (1816-1832.) The Bank of\\nthe United States had been up to 1829 a non-political insti-\\ntution, its directors giving their attention strictly to the\\nlegitimate business of such a corporation, but in the new\\nstate of things it was hardly possible to avoid some conflict\\nwith the President. It soon came, over an appointment in\\none of the branches of the Bank. Jackson, though at first he\\ndoes not seem to have had any special feeling against the\\ninstitution, became its most determined enemy. Chartered in\\n1816 for twenty years, in 1832 the directors resolved to ask\\nCongress for a renewal of the charter, though it was four\\nyears before the old one expired. Congress after prolonged\\ndiscussion granted the request, but Jackson vetoed the bill,\\nand it failed to be passed over his veto.\\n225. Calhoun proposes Nullification. (1831-2.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A tariff\\nfor protection had become year by year more and more\\nobjectionable to the people of the southern states, particularly\\nthose of South Carolina. Jackson did not like the tariff\\neither, but as long as it was a law of the country he intended\\nto enforce it. It must be remembered that there were a large\\nnumber of persons at that time who honestly believed that\\nthe national government rested upon the consent of the states;\\nin other words, that the Union was a confederacy of states,\\nnot a union of the people. The great leader of the southern\\nparty, Calhoun, does not seem to have wished the states to\\nsecede except as a last resort, and so he supported what is\\ncalled Nullification, which was very nearly what had been\\nlaid down in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798-\\n1799. He claimed that the states had never given Congress\\nthe power to pass a law authorizing a protective tariff, and\\nhence the states had a right to pronounce such a law null\\nand void. In 1832 a new protective tariff was adopted.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n226. Jackson re-elected Removal of Deposits. (1833.)\\nThe Presidential election came on just after Jackson s veto\\nof the bill for the renewal of the charter of the Bank. Both\\nhe and his opponents were willing to make that question the\\nissue of the campaign. The National Republicans under the\\nleadership of Clay and Webster supported the Bank as an\\ninstitution necessary to carry on successfully the financial\\nwork of the government, and valuable as furnishing a uni-\\nform and safe paper currency. They also upheld the Ameri-\\ncan System, as they called a tariff for protection, as bene-\\nficial to the country at large. Jackson attacked the Bank as\\na monopoly using its influence in a way injurious to the coun-\\ntry, as failing to do what was expected of it, and as being\\nunconstitutional. Notwithstanding the popularity of Clay,\\nand the strength of the position of the National Republicans\\non many points, the cry of monied monopoly, and the con-\\nfidence of the people in Jackson, carried the day, and Jackson\\nwas re-elected by a very large majority of the electoral vote.\\nHe naturally took this as an approval of his policy. He\\nnow directed that government money should not be de-\\nposited in the Bank or its branches. This action is generally\\nspoken of as the removal of deposits. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury did not, however, agree with Jackson, and refused\\nto obey his order he was accordingly removed, as well as\\nhis successor, who also declined to obey his chief. On the\\nremoval of this second man, the Attorney-General, Roger B.\\nTaney, was appointed to the vacant post, who immediately\\ndid as Jackson wished.\\n227. Nullification. (1832.) Compromise Tariff. (1833.)\\nMeanwhile the agitation went on in South Carolina. A\\nconvention was held which declared that the tariff law was\\nnull and void, and that should the national government", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "JOHN C. CALHOUN.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CHEROKEES IN GEORGIA. 207\\nattempt to collect the duties by force, it ought to be resisted.\\nThe legislature confirmed the action of the convention,\\nclaiming the right to secede from the Union, and prepared\\nfor an armed resistance. On the receipt of this news Jack-\\nson issued his Nullification Proclamation, approved by almost\\nevery one at the North, and sent a naval force to collect\\nduties in the harbor of Charleston. He also warned the\\nSouth Carolinians that the laws of the United States would\\nbe enforced at any risk. Every one knew Jackson meant\\nwhat he said, and South Carolina delayed action. The\\nmatter now came up on the floor of Congress. The President\\nwas authorized to use force if necessary, and through the\\ninfluence of Henry Clay, a compromise tariff bill was passed\\nunder which duties were to be reduced gradually until 1842,\\nwhen a uniform rate would be reached which would practi-\\ncally amount to a tariff for revenue only. Both parties\\nclaimed a victory the North because the President had\\nbeen authorized to use force, and complete free trade had\\nnot been secured South Carolina, because she had not given\\nup the principle of state rights, or state sovereignty, as it is\\nmore accurately termed.\\n228. Cherokees in Georgia. (1830-1838.) Meanwhile the\\ndifficulties with the Indians had been partly settled by the\\nremoval of the Creeks beyond the Mississippi (sect. 216).\\nThe Cherokees had, however, still remained in Georgia, and\\nthe Seminoles in Florida. Both were unwilling to change\\ntheir abodes. Jackson was an old Indian fighter, and had no\\nsympathy whatever with the Indians, and when the state of\\nGeorgia tried to get possession of the lands of the Cherokees,\\nhe made no objection, neither attempting to carry out the\\ntreaties of the United States with the tribe, nor enforcing a\\ndecree of the Supreme Court which was in favor of the Cher-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nokees. On this occasion he is reported to have said, John\\nMarshall [the Chief Justice] has made his decision now let\\nhim enforce it. The discovery of gold within the Indian\\nreservation hastened the action of the state authorities, who\\nproceeded to divide the land of the Indians and dispose of it\\nby lottery. Finally the United States commissioners forced\\na treaty from the Indians, in accordance with which the tribes\\nreceived a large sum of money for their lands, and in 1838\\nthey were driven from their homes at the point of the bayo-\\nnet, and were moved under the supervision of militar}^ forces\\nto the place tliey now occupy in the Indian Territory. Dur-\\ning the journey, which took about five months, nearly four\\nthousand, about one-fourth of the whole number, perished by\\nthe way. This is only another example of the inconsistent\\nand even cruel legislation which the United States has so\\noften practised towards the Indians. The Cherokees were\\ncivilized, many somewhat educated, and by their treaty with\\nthe government they had the right to rule themselves. On\\nthe other hand, as Jackson pointed out, it Avas an anomaly\\nfor an independent government to exist within a state.\\nThe fault seems originally to have been on the part of the\\nUnited States in making such a treaty, but as usual, the\\nIndians were the sufferers.\\n229. Black Hawk War the Seminoles Osceola. (1832-\\n1842.) In developing the lead mines of Illinois and Wis-\\nconsin the lands of the Winnebagoes and of the Sacs and\\nFoxes were overrun. This led to what is known as the Black\\nHawk War (1832), from the name of the noted Indian chief\\nwho was a leader in it. After a border warfare, in which\\nthe young Abraham Lincoln participated, the Indians were\\novercome and made a treaty by which they gave up about\\nten million acres of land in return for yearly supplies and an", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. 209\\nannuity in money. The Seminoles, who lived in Georgia and\\nin Florida, had refused to be removed west in accordance with\\nthe arrangements made by the United States. Florida was\\nalso a great refuge for runaway slaves whose capture there\\nbecame almost hopeless. The Seminoles refused to give up\\nthese refugees and frequently intermarried with them. The\\nprincipal Seminole chief, Osceola, a half-breed, had married a\\nwoman who was herself also a half-breed, and while on a visit\\nto a fort with her husband, although she had been born in\\nFlorida, she was claimed as a slave by a Georgian, the old\\nowner of her mother, and she was seized and carried away\\ninto slavery. It is almost needless to add that Osceola\\nvowed revenge. An Indian war was the result. Osceola\\nwas captured by treachery, and then placed in confinement,\\nfirst at St. Augustine, Florida, and then at Charleston, South\\nCarolina, where he died. The war dragged on for seven years\\n(1835-1842), and was marked with many incidents of greater\\ncruelty and horror than is usual in even Indian warfare.\\nAfter costing the United States about thirty millions of\\ndollars, besides a great loss of life on both sides, the Semi-\\nnoles were subdued by General Zachary Taylor. Still later\\nmost of the Seminoles who were left were removed to the\\nIndian Territory.\\n230. Material Development. (1837.) The reign of An-\\ndrew Jackson, as it has been sometimes called, not only\\nmarks an epoch in the political history of the country, but\\nalso in material, in intellectual, and in social matters as well.\\nFrom this time may be dated the practical employment of\\nmany things which have had a vital influence upon the\\ndevelopment of the country. The successful application of\\nsteam to the loom had greatly stimulated manufactures the\\ninvention of Fulton had been greatly improved, until now the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "210\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nrivers were crowded with steamboats laden with grain, cotton,\\nand other products the Savannah^ crossing the ocean in\\n1819, had shown the feasibility of ocean steam navigation, bnt\\nthe means of land transportation had been little, if any,\\nimproved since colonial days. Cities and towns upon navig-\\nable streams and bays received their supplies largely by water,\\nand imported and manufactured goods were distributed in the\\nsame way. In Pennsylvania and western Maryland, where\\nthe roads were comparatively good, there was an extensive\\nTHE SAVANNAH.\\nwagon trade carried on with the interior by means of Cones-\\ntoga wagons, as they were called. These were large vehicles\\nwith covers of canvas, or of strong white cotton cloth, and\\nwere drawn by four, six, or even eight horses. In these\\nwagons farm products of all kinds were brought to Phila-\\ndelphia and Baltimore, and goods needed by the country\\npeople were carried back. It was to a great extent this trade\\nthat enabled Philadelphia to keep ahead of New York until\\nafter 1810, and which made Baltimore one of the great flour\\nmarkets of the world. A few inns with their long stable\\nyards, where these wagoners used to put up, are still to be\\nseen in Philadelphia and Baltimore. In general, however.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "EFFECT OF STEAM AND ELECTRICITY.\\n211\\nexcept where there was river or canal communication, or\\nwhere the National Road offered its smooth path, there was\\ncomparatively little intercourse between different parts of the\\ncountry. To go to Boston from Washington in ten days was\\nthought fast travelling. It can easily be seen that there was\\nsmall inducement to seek new homes in the West, in spite of\\nthe stories of the great fertility of the land for not only was\\n^^^-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0v.\\nCONESTOGA WAGON, AND STAGE-COACH.\\nit difficult to reach that country, but once there, it was\\nimpracticable to send the products of the farm to the market.\\n231. Effect of Steam and Electricity. (1837.) The great\\nignorance which prevailed in regard to the West and its\\nresources was chiefly owing to this difficulty of intercourse.\\nThe vastness of the country was believed to be a great evil\\nby many sober-minded men, who thought it was a question\\nworthy of consideration where a dividing line between the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nUnited States and a new western nation sliould be placed. A\\nrepublican form of government was thought by these persons\\nto be impracticable for a large country. That such has not\\nproved true is owing, not only to the ability of the Anglo-\\nSaxon race, and to its genius for self-government, though\\nthese have been of importance, but it has been also largely\\ndue to the successful application of steam and electricity,\\nwhereby time and space have, for many purposes, been almost\\nannihilated. In this way New York and San Francisco are\\nnearer now than New York and Boston were in 1820. Of\\ncourse these things did not come all at once, but compared\\nwith the years immediately preceding, the progress was rapid.\\n232. Railroads. (1837.) The railway at Quincy, Massa-\\nchusetts, seems to have been the first in the United States.\\nIt was about two miles long, and consisted of iron strips\\nnailed on two parallel wooden timbers. It Avas used to carry\\nstone for building Bunker Hill Monument; this was in 1826.\\nIn 1827 a railway was built at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania;\\nthe cars here were drawn up by horses, and descended by\\ngravity on their return. In 1828 the first passenger railway,\\nthe Baltimore and Ohio, was begun, but horse power was\\nemployed at first. In the same year a locomotive built by\\nGeorge Stephenson, the great English engineer, was imported\\nfrom England, and used by the Delaware and Hudson Canal\\nCompany, on a road in connection with their mines. It\\nwas not for several years that a successful locomotive was\\nconstructed in the United States. The American designers\\nin making locomotives very soon adapted them to the peculiar\\nrequirements of existing conditions of country and roadbeds.\\nThe American people were not slow to see the possibilities\\nof railways, and the increase in the number of railroads was\\nrapid. There were two or three miles of track in 1826; in", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS; REAPERS; COAL. 213\\n1837 there were 1500 miles in actual working operation, and\\nmany more miles were under construction. From that time\\nto the present there has been no cessation of building, until\\nin many parts the country is covered with a network of\\nroads, and long lines stretch over the land in all directions,\\njoining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Great Lakes and\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, and offering opportunities for frequent\\nand close intercourse. The railway not only made communi-\\ncation easy in the old states, but it also made the rapid and\\nprofitable settlement of the great west possible. By it the\\ncountry was opened to the settler it carried him to the edge\\nof civilization, and then took back his crops cheaply, securely,\\nand rapidly to a good market. Wherever the railroad went,\\nthere villages and towns and cities sprung up like magic,\\nand where water communication has been present in addition\\nto other natural advantages of position, as is the case with\\nChicago, the growth has been unparalleled.\\n233. Reapers Coal. (1837.) But it was not only rail-\\nroads and steamboats that aided in developing the country.\\nThe broad fields of the western farmer suggested better means\\nfor cultivating and gathering in the crops. In 1833 Obed\\nHussey of Cincinnati patei:jted a reaping-machine, which did\\nfairly good work, and in 1834 Cyrus McCormick of Chicago\\npatented another reaper, which closely resembled those now\\nin use. Improved plows, harrows, drills, and other imple-\\nments followed as occasion called for them.\\nAnthracite or hard coal had been known since 1768, but it\\nwas little used until 1820, when a satisfactory method of\\nburning it became generally known. An abundance of cheap\\nfuel in close proximity to the coal mines, vastly increased\\n1 Chicago ill 1833 consisted of a single fort in 1890 it liad over a million\\ninhabitants.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "214\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe production of iron, and the coal and iron of Pennsylvania\\nhave made her one of the wealthiest states of the Union. It\\nwas soon discovered that coal could be used on the loco-\\nmotives and steamboats, and after 1837, to a great extent, it\\ntook the place of wood, the economy of space, as well as its\\ngreat steam-producing power, bringing it into general use.\\n234. Matches Gas Water Propellers. (1820-1838.) In\\n1838 friction matches began to be used, a small matter appar-\\nently, but one which has added\\ngreatly to the comfort of the\\nhousehold. Gas, as a means\\nof lighting dwelling-houses and\\nstreets, had been introduced\\ninto most of the large cities and\\ntowns, and waterworks were tak-\\ning the place of wells, not only\\nfor the purpose of obtaining\\npurer water for drinking, but\\nalso for supplying a means for\\nextinguishing fires.^ In 1836 the\\nscrew propeller, instead of side-\\nwheels, as a means for propelling a vessel, was successfully\\nintroduced by John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer, Avho had\\nemigrated to this country. Economy in fuel, and in space,\\nand also in power from the fact that the propeller under\\nordinary conditions is always under water, gradually brought\\nthis invention into use, until it has already displaced side-\\nwheels in ocean navigation, and has revolutionized the navies\\nof the world.\\n1 Schuylkill water was brought into Philadelphia in 1812, Croton water\\ninto New York in 1842, Cocliituate water into Boston in 1845. The first city\\nin the United States to be lighted by gas was Baltimore, where it was intro-\\nduced in 181G.\\nJOHN ERICSSON.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "I\\nASYLUMS; EDUCATION; NEWSPAPERS. 215\\n235. Asylums for the Blind, Insane, Deaf-Mutes. (1837.)\\nBut it was not only in material matters that the country was\\nadvancing. In 1832 the first asylum for the blind in America\\nAvas opened, and the education of these afflicted persons\\nbegun in earnest, and with success. They were soon taught\\nto read books with raised letters, printed especially for them,\\nand also to do many other things of which they had hitherto\\nbeen thought incapable. Asylums for deaf-mutes had al-\\nready been established, and great improvements had been\\nmade in the care and treatment of the insane. Prison\\nreforms were studied and various methods for bettering the\\ncondition of the prisoners were discussed and adopted.\\n236. Education; Newspapers. (1833-1841.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Marked im-\\nprovements were made in the common school system. This\\nwas particularly the case in the newer states, where every\\neffort was made to secure the best methods and the best\\ninstruction possible. In Massachusetts two normal schools\\nfor the training of teachers were founded in 1839, the first of\\na long series of similar institutions. In the South, though\\nthe University of Virginia, with one or two other colleges,\\nhad a good reputation among institutions of higher education,\\nthe few elementary schools failed to provide for the educa-\\ntion of the children.\\nNewspapers were established lower in price and more con-\\nvenient in form. Their character was changed also more\\nenergy was displayed in conducting them, and the discussions\\nof topics were less dignified and more independent. Of the\\nNew York daily papers the Sun^ founded in 1833, the Herald, in\\n1835, and the Tribune, in 1841, are examples of the new style.\\n237. Literature; Oratory. (1837.) Up to about 1830 the\\nnative literature of America had been largely political or\\ntheological most books on other subjects were either reprints", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nof English works or importations. But a few native writers,\\nas William Cullen Bryant, Charles Brockden Brown, Wash-\\nington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and Fitz-Greene\\nHalleck, and also the establishment of the North American\\nRevietv in 1815, gave a promise for the future which soon\\nbegan to be fulfilled, for Whittier, Longfellow, Holmes, Poe,\\nHawthorne, Emerson, Prescott, and George Bancroft all\\nbegan to publish before the end of Jackson s second term.\\nIn oratory Daniel Webster has never been surpassed in\\nthis country, and his speech in the United States Senate in\\n1830, in answer to Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, is\\nconsidered a masterpiece of oratory. John C. Calhoun of\\nSouth Carolina was another great orator; his power lay\\nchiefly in the skill with which he could arrange his argu-\\nments and few men were more dreaded as an opponent.\\nHenry Clay, the other great orator of those days, had a\\nwonderful personal influence and a persuasive voice, which,\\nwhile he was speaking, seemed to carry all before him.\\n238. Temperance Reform. (1826-1837.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Among other re-\\nforms that were taken up earnestly was that of temperance.\\nIn 1826 the American Temperance Society was organized at\\nBoston. This society was the first to proclaim the doctrine\\nof total abstinence, for hitherto moderation in drinking had\\nbeen the point urged by speakers on temperance. The new\\nsociety was active in spreading its doctrines by means of\\npublic lecturers and in other ways, so that numerous similar\\norganizations were soon formed. The Washingtonian move-\\nment was started at Baltimore in 1840 it was primarily an\\neffort to aid in the reformation of drunkards, and from the\\nmembers of the society a pledge of total abstinence was re-\\nquired. John B. Gough, the great temperance orator, began\\nto lecture under the auspices of these societies.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "DANIEL WEBSTER.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "RISE OF THE ABOLITIONISTS. 217\\n239. Rise of the Abolitionists. The very important Anti-\\nslavery movement began about this time. This might per-\\nhaps be more properly called the rise of the Abolitionists.\\nIt has been seen already that the early statesmen of America,\\nalmost without exception, disapproved of slavery and looked\\nforward to its abolition in the not far-distant future. It has\\nalso been seen (sect. 159) that the invention and employ-\\nment of Eli Whitney s cotton-gin had changed the feeling\\ntowards slavery in the southern states. The object of those\\nin the free states who had taken any interest in the matter\\nhad been to confine slavery within the limits it already occu-\\npied and to prevent its extension even the antislavery men\\nhad done little more than support a scheme of gradual eman-\\ncipation, or of colonization in Africa. But in 1831 William\\nLloyd Garrison began in Boston the publication of a paper\\ncalled The Liberator^ in which he advocated an immediate\\nand unconditional emancipation. He was an agitator rather\\nthan a real reformer, and cannot be ranked as a statesman,\\nas is shown by his denunciation of the Constitution, calling\\nit a covenant with death and an agreement with hell. He\\nwas soon joined by others, who formed with him the New-\\nEngland, and still later, the American, Antislavery Society.\\nOther societies soon followed, and the work of pushing their\\nopinions was begun. This was done by means of lectures\\nand speeches, and by the circulation of a mass of literature\\nthrough the mails. The Abolitionists insisted upon being\\nheard, and the effect produced was altogether out of propor-\\ntion to their numbers.\\n240. Nat Turner Insurrection Incendiary Publications.\\n(1831-1836.) It was a time of unrest and uneasy feeling;\\nmany things were taking place which caused much mis-\\ngiving. In 1831 an insurrection of the slaves in Vir-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nginia, led by a negro called Nat Turner, though it was soon\\nput down, alarmed the South greatly, and called the atten-\\ntion of the whole country to the slavery question. The\\nSouth insisted that abolition documents should be kept out\\nof the mails, and Jackson himself, in 1835, recommended in\\nhis message to Congress, that the circulation through the\\nmails of incendiary publications intended to instigate the\\nslaves to insurrection should be prohibited under severe\\npenalties. Many postmasters, however, on their own respon-\\nsibility, threw out such matter as they deemed incendiary,\\nand their action was unnoticed by the Post Office Depart-\\nment.\\nIn addition to spreading abroad their publications, the\\nAbolitionists began to petition Congress on the subject of\\nabolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. After a hot\\ndiscussion, the House of Representatives resolved to receive\\nno communications whatsoever in respect to slavery, regard-\\nless of the fact that such action attacked the right of all\\npetition whatever. For the support of this constitutional\\nright, an able champion in the House of Representatives Avas\\nfound in John Quincy Adams, who, in spite of ridicule, scorn,\\nand vituperation, insisted on presenting petitions until the\\ngag resolutions, as they were called, were repealed but\\nthis was not until 1844. Amidst much that was objection-\\nable, it is now clear that the Abolitionists were right on the\\nmain question and while for the moment they probably in-\\njured rather than benefited the slaves, they succeeded in\\nbringing the subject before the free states, whose people\\nbegan to realize, as they never had done before, the incon-\\nsistency of slavery with the principles of the Arxierican sys-\\ntem of government, and with the economic conditions which\\nprevailed in the country. On the other hand, the move-\\nment naturally tended to unite the South. Few, however,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "FOREIGN AFFAIRS; VAN BUREN ELECTED. 219\\nsaw as clearly as did John Quincy Adams, who wrote at this\\ntime Slavery is in all probabilit}^ the wedge which will\\nultimately split up this Union.\\n241. Foreign Affairs; Surplus Revenue. (1829-1837.)\\nJackson s administration of the foreign affairs of the United\\nStates was very successful. He forced France by his firm\\nattitude to settle spoliation claims of long standing, which\\nmade other nations follow her example. It is an interesting\\ncircumstance that Great Britain played the part of mediator\\nin the troubles with France.\\nJohn Marshall, who had been Chief Justice of the United\\nStates since 1801 (sect. 168), died in 1835,^ and Jackson\\nnominated as his successor Roger B. Taney of Maryland, who\\nhad been in his administration first Attorney-General and\\nthen Secretary of the Treasury (sect. 226). The Supreme\\nCourt about this time became Democratic in its political\\nviews, and remained so for nearly thirty years.\\nIn 1835 not only had all the debts due by the United States\\nbeen paid, but there was a large surplus on hand and accumu-\\n^ating, owing to the tariff and to the large receipts from the\\nsale of public lands. The United States presented the almost\\nunique spectacle of a country out of debt, and also having so\\nmuch money as not to know what to do with it. A bill was\\npassed in 1836 for distributing the surplus revenue among the\\nstates, according to population, and under this law $28,000,000\\nwere divided.\\n242. Van Buren elected his Policy. (1837.) In accord-\\nance with Jackson s wish. Van Buren was nominated for\\nPresident, while Richard M. Johnson was chosen as candidate\\n1 The Liberty Bell (sect. Ill) is said to have been cracked July 8, 1835,\\nwhile it was being tolled for Marshall s death.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfor Vice-President. The Whigs, as the Anti-Jackson men\\nnow called themselves, made no regular nominations, but\\ndivided their vote among William Henry Harrison, Daniel\\nWebster, Hugh L. White of Tennessee, and others. Van\\nBuren was easily elected, but no one candidate receiving a\\nmajority for Vice-President, Johnson was chosen by the\\nSenate in accordance with the constitutional provision. Thus\\nhaving beaten all his enemies, and rewarded all his friends,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jackson retired from public life to his home in Tennessee.\\nMartin Van Buren, a descendant of one of the old Dutch\\nfamilies, was born in New York,\\n1782. His experience in political\\nmatters was wide for besides hold-\\ning a number of offices in his native\\nstate, he had been minister to Eng-\\nland, senator, and Vice-President.\\nHe announced his policy to be the\\nsame as that of Jackson, saying\\nhis aim would be to tread in the\\nfootsteps of his illustrious prede-\\nMARTIN VAN BUREw. xt p i i\\ncessor. Un fortunately this was\\nimpossible, and the errors of Jackson s administration re-\\ncoiled upon him.\\n243. Pet Banks Panic of 1837. When Jackson had\\nordered the cessation of the deposits in the United States\\nBank, certain banks in the different states were chosen as\\nplaces of deposit good care was taken that those banks should\\nbe chosen whose directors were in harmony with the Presi-\\ndent. Hence they were called pet banks. As a result of\\nthis system of deposit, a large amount of money was thrown\\nupon the open market here and there, and as has always been\\nthe case under such circumstances, speculation began, first in", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "PET BANKS PANIC OF 1837. 221\\nland, then in almost everything. Soon there was not money\\nenough to meet the demand, and in order to supply it, the\\nbanks began to issue bills with but little gold or silver to\\nredeem their notes should they be presented for redemption.\\nNew banks were formed on little or no capital, and bills were\\nissued with little or no specie back of them. Still persons\\ntook the bills of these wildcat banks as long as they could\\nget others to take them. All this had happened late in Jack-\\nson s second term. When it appeared that the government\\nwas losing money by accepting in payment for public lands,\\nbank bills which often turned out to be worthless, Jackson\\nissued through the Secretary of the Treasury the Specie\\nCircular, which directed the government agents to receive\\nnothing but gold in payment for land sold. As a large part\\nof speculation was in public land, the effect of this order was\\nquickly felt. Purchase of land was greatly curtailed, and\\nthere being no use for the wildcat bank-bills, they came\\nback to the banks for redemption but there was no gold nor\\nsilver with which to redeem them, and the banks failed:\\nowners of land hastened to offer it for sale, but nobody wished\\nto buy prices went down rapidly, and soon a panic existed in\\nall branches of trade. This panic of 1837 was one of the\\nworst commercial crises the country has ever known it lasted\\nfor over a year, and affected all classes of the community.\\nEven the national government did not escape so much did\\nthe receipts fall off that not only did the Secretary of the\\nTreasury have to suspend the payment of the surplus ordered\\nto be divided among the states, but the fourth instalment\\nwas never paid at all, and Van Buren had to call a special\\nsession of Congress to devise means for raising funds to carry\\non the government. This was done by authorizing the\\nTreasury Department to issue notes to the extent of\\n110,000,000.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n244. State Enterprises Repudiation. (1837.) The spirit of\\nexpansion was not confined to individuals states undertook\\nthe construction of canals, railroads, and other public works.\\nTo pay for these they issued bonds, but in consequence of the\\npanic they could not raise money to pay their obligations. In\\nsome instances the money had been squandered, in some the\\nagents of the states had proved unfaithful, in others the\\nworks had been projected upon a scale that was unprofitable.\\nTaking advantage of the eleventh amendment to the Con-\\nstitution, which forbids a state to be sued by individuals, some\\nof the states refused to pay their debts altogether, which action\\nis called repudiation. When better times came, some of\\nthe states which had failed to pay the interest on the debts,\\nas Pennsylvania, paid up their back debts. Others liave\\nnever done so. As a considerable portion of these state debts\\nwere held in Europe, it gave American credit a severe blow,\\nand for some time it was almost impossible to place any loans\\nwhatever abroad even in 1842 the United States government\\nfound itself unable to place a loan in Europe, so low had\\nAmerican credit fallen.\\n245. Sub-Treasury established. (1840.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To remedy the\\ndifficulties that had occurred through Jackson s system of\\npet banks, Van Buren proposed the Sub-Treasury system,\\nwhich would allow the government to do its own banking and\\nsever all connection between the government and the banks\\nof issue. In accordance with this plan all money received\\nby the government agents was to be paid over to officers\\ncalled Sub-Treasurers, who were to be required to give lieavy\\nbonds for their good behavior and honesty. These officers\\nwere to pay out the moneys on requisition from the Treasury\\nDepartment. As was natural, the Whigs, one of whose cardi-\\nnal doctrines was the re-establishment of a United States", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "t\\nI\\nCANADIAN UPRISING; ABOLITION MOVEMENT. 223\\nBank, opposed this plan, and ably led by Clay and Webster,\\nsucceeded in postponing its adoption until 1840. Repealed\\nin 1841, it was again adopted in 1846, and is still in force.\\nFairly Avell as this plan has worked in many respects, there\\nare serious objections to it, the chief being that often there is\\na large amount of money locked up in the government vaults\\nwhich it is impossible to get into circulation except by periodi-\\ncal payments of interest, through the payment of salaries, or\\nthe rather questionable purchase of its own bonds by the\\ngovernment. In times of financial pressure the withdrawal of\\nso much money from the market is often found to be a great\\nevil. The system is also called the Independent Treasury.\\n246. Canadian Uprising. (1837-1838.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094In 1837-1838 there\\nwas an uprising in Canada against the British government.\\nMany in the United States, particularly along its border, sym-\\npathized with the Canadians, and meetings were held, and\\nmoney and arms contributed in aid of the cause. The Presi-\\ndent, however, issued a proclamation warning American citi-\\nzens not to interfere in Canadian affairs, and also sent General\\nScott to the border to watch the course of events. This action\\nproved enough to stop what threatened to be a serious trouble\\nwith Great Britain.\\n247. Riots; Abolition Movement. (1834-1840.) Meanwhile\\nthe Abolition movement had grown, but on various grounds\\nthere was much opposition to it in the North, manifested as\\nearly as 1834 by a riot in New York, and in the same year by\\none in Philadelphia. In 1835 a meeting of the Women s\\nAntislavery Society at Boston was broken up by a mob, and\\nGarrison, who was present, was dragged through the streets\\nwith a rope around his body, but was rescued and put in jail\\nfor protection. In 1837 Elijah P. Lovejoy, the publisher ol", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nan antislavery paper, was fatally shot in front of his office in\\nAlton, Illinois, after the roof of the building had been set on\\nfire by a mob. In Philadelphia, in 1838, the office of the\\nPennsylvania Freeman was destroyed by a mob, and Pennsyl-\\nvania Hall, in which the office was situated, was burnt. The\\npoet Whittier, who was editor of the paper, lost all his books\\nand papers, and narrowly escaped being mobbed. In the\\nSouth the action of the Abolitionists naturally created much\\nexcitement; Georgia in 1831 offered a reward of $5000 for\\nthe apprehension of Garrison in Louisiana at one time, a\\nvigilance connnittee offered f 50,000 for the delivery of Arthur\\nTappan, a prominent member of the party while Mississippi\\noffered !f 5000 for the arrest of any one circulating the Liber-\\nator or like papers. In 1839 the Abolitionists split, many of\\nthem being unwilling to follow Garrison in his extreme\\nviews. In 1840 the Liberty Party was formed.\\n248. Tippecanoe and Tyler too. (1840.) As is not\\nunusual, the national administration had to suffer for what\\nit was not blameworthy. The panic of 1837 was a severe\\nblow to Van Buren and his party. A slight return of the\\npanic in 1839 completed the work; and though his party\\nstood manfully by him and re-nominated him for the Presi-\\ndency, he was defeated by the Whigs, who had nominated as\\ntheir candidates William Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippe-\\ncanoe, a battle in the Indian war in 1811 (sect. 182), and\\nJohn Tyler of Virginia. This political campaign was the\\nfirst of the style, since so familiar, having processions, songs,\\ntorchlights, mass meetings, etc. In ridicule of Harrison some\\none said, Give him a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider,\\nand he will be satisfied. Tliis was in allusion to Harrison s\\nfrontier life. So far from accomplishing its purpose, the cry\\nwas immediately taken up as a watchword, and miniature", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HARRISON DIES; TYLER S COURSE. 225\\nlog cabins and barrels of hard cider were seen everywhere.\\nSo, like Jackson, on a wave of enthusiasm, Tippecanoe and\\nTyler too were triumphantly elected. The Liberty Party had\\nput up candidates, but they received an insignificant vote.\\n248. Harrison dies; Tyler s Course. (1841.) Harrison,\\nborn in 1773, was already an old man; much of his life had\\nbeen passed on the frontier, where he had seen hard service,\\nthough he was not unfamiliar with political life, having been\\na member of the House of Representatives, governor of\\nIndiana Territory, a senator, min-\\nister to Colombia, South America,\\netc. How he would have filled\\nthe office of President cannot be\\nknown for worn out by the many\\ndemands upon his strength, chiefly\\nthe result of the throng of office-\\nseekers, he sank under an attack\\nof illness and died exactly one\\nmonth after his inauguration. In\\naccordance with the Constitution harrison.\\nthe Vice-President assumed the duties of President. John\\nTyler of Virginia, the first Vice-President who had suc-\\nceeded to the Presidency, had been nominated by the Whigs\\nwith Harrison, to gain southern votes. He was Democratic\\nin his opinions, but opposed Jackson s views on nullification.!\\nBitterly did the Whigs repent the policy which gave them\\ntheir accidental President. Harrison had called an extra\\nsession of Congress to consider what should be done to\\nimprove the financial state of the country. At this session,\\nthe Whigs soon passed a bill for the establishment of a new\\nBank of the United States to their dismay Tyler vetoed it,\\nTyler died in 1862, a member of the Confederate Congress.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nand their majority was not large enough to override the veto.\\nAfter consultation with the President, they passed another\\nbill framed to meet his objections, but this bill he vetoed\\nalso. Upon this, all the Cabinet resigned, except Webster,\\nwho was carrying on negotiations with Great Britain, and\\nthere Avas open war between Tyler\\nand the party who had elected him.\\n250. Treaty with Great Britain;\\nExtradition. (1842.) There were\\nseveral difficulties with the British\\ngovernment which had long been\\nunsettled, and to these Webster,\\nwhom Harrison had appointed Sec-\\nretary of State, turned his atten-\\nJOHN TYLER. T l P. 1\\ntion immediately alter his entrance\\nupon office. They were the northwest boundary between\\nthe United States and the British possessions, which had\\nnever been clearly defined the right which England still\\nclaimed to search vessels in order to impress sailors, and the\\nright of search foi- the suppression of the slave trade and\\nadded to these old questions were new ones raised by the\\nrecent Canadian rebellion in 1837. Lord Ashburton, a mem-\\nber of the well-known Baring family, was sent to represent\\nthe English government, and the treaty agreed upon is known\\nfrom him as the Ashburton Treaty. By the terms of tlie\\ntreaty a new boundary line between Maine and New Hamp-\\nshire on the one side and Canada on the other was agreed\\nupon, and the claims of Massachusetts and Maine were settled\\nby a money payment to them by the United States. As the\\nNew Englanders thought Great Britain was favored, and\\nGreat Britain that New England had the advantage, the\\nsettlement was probably fair to ])oth nations. Besides the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "TREATY WITH GREAT BRITAIN; DORR WAR. 227\\nboundary question, the Canadian difficulties were arranged,\\nand also provision made for the return, by either country, of\\ncriminals fleeing from justice. This clause only covered a\\nfew of the grosser crimes, but it was a good beginning for\\nthe principle had only partly been recognized before, and\\nthis action led the way in affirming that the prosecution and\\npunishment of criminals is a matter of international welfare.\\nThe right of search was passed over, but a declaration by\\nWebster that sailors in American ships would find their\\nprotection in the flag which is over them, was taken to\\nmean that the United States would fight if an attempt was\\nmade to renew the practice in vogue before the War of 1812.\\nIn regard to the right of search for the suppression of the\\nslave trade, it was agreed that each nation should keep\\nvessels cruising off the coast of Africa, and should work in\\nharmony for the putting down of that traffic. Thus by this\\nnegotiation war was averted, disputes of long standing were\\nsettled, and honorable arrangements entered into for the pre-\\nvention of crime and punishment of criminals. Few things\\nreflect greater credit upon Webster than his course in this\\nmatter. He soon resigned his position as secretary, and the\\nnext Congress having a Democratic majority, the Whigs\\nshort lease of power was over.\\n251. Dorr War Anti-Renters. (1840-1842.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When Rhode\\nIsland entered the Union, she brought with her the old colo-\\nnial charter granted by Charles II. (sect. 19). It was liberal\\nfor the age in which it was granted, as is .shown by the fact\\nthat it lasted for two hundred years. Under it the General\\nAssembly of the state at the suggestion of the king re-\\nstricted the suffrage by imposing a property qualification,\\nexcept in the case of the eldest sons of voters. The result\\nwas that only about one-third of those who in other states", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwould have had the privilege of voting had that right in\\nRhode Island. The representation in the Assembly also was\\nvery unfair, having remained unchanged since 1663. From\\ntime to time petitions to enlarge the basis of suffrage Avere\\nmade to the legislature by the disfranchised class, but these\\nhaving proved unavailing, the discontented called a conven-\\ntion in 1841 to prepare a new constitution, claiming this pro-\\ncedure as a right belonging to free American citizens. This\\nproposed constitution was submitted to a po23ular vote, to be\\ncast regardless of the legal provisions regulating the suffrage.\\nA convention called by the order of the legislature also pre-\\npared a new constitution, which was submitted to legal voters\\nand rejected by them. The reformers declared their docu-\\nment accepted, and so at the time for the election of state\\nofficers, each party elected a set of officials. The reformers\\nchose Thomas W. Dorr governor, and he proceeded to enter\\nupon the duties of such an office May, 1842. The legal gov-\\nernor and his party denounced Dorr and his party, appealed\\nto the President of the United States, and called out the\\nmilitia. The President increased the garrison of the fort at\\nNewport, and sent the Secretary of War to watch the affair.\\nWhen Dorr found that it was possible that the United States\\nforces might be arrayed against him, and that his small body\\nof troops was melting away, he fled, and returning to the\\nstate in 1844, surrendered, was tried for treason, and con-\\ndemned to life imprisonment. He w^as, however, released\\nthe next year (1845), under an amnesty bill of the legisla-\\nture. Taught by. experience, the legislature had called a\\nnew convention, in which non-voters under the law Avere\\nallowed to be represented a new and more liberal consti-\\ntution was drawn up and afterwards (1842) adopted by a\\npopular vote in which Azotes of men who were to be enfran-\\nchised were received, and so the Dorr War came to an", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "TELEGRAPH ANESTHETICS.\\n229\\nend without bloodshed.^ Some of the descendants of the old\\nDutch patroons in New York (sect. 35) still held the lands\\ngranted to their ancestors, and claimed from the tenants pay-\\nment of the old annual dues in produce. A growing dissatis-\\nfaction with this arrangement had existed among the tenants,\\nwho at last, about 1840, refused to pay rent. The militia\\nwere called out to aid in its collection, and this is known\\nas the Helderberg War. In\\n1847 and in 1850, a political\\nfaction known as the Anti- i, v^,.^\\nRenters made its appearance.\\nFinally the matter was com-\\npromised the owners offered\\nto sell their rights at a fair fig-\\nure, the tenants bought them,\\nand this relic of feudalism\\npassed away.\\nSAMUEL F. B. MORSE.\\n252. Telegraph; Anaesthetics.\\n1827 1846 Activity of\\nthought was not only mani-\\nfested in social and political\\nmatters, but also in the field of\\nscience. Samuel F. B. Morse, an American artist, having\\nhad his attention turned to electricity as a means for trans-\\nmitting messages over wires, took out a patent for a system\\ndevised by him for this purpose in 1827. Money was lacking,\\nbut after long efforts, during the closing hours of a session\\nof Congress, an appropriation of 130,000 was made to assist\\nhim in testing the invention. In 1844, with this money a\\nIn 1888 an amendment to the constitution of the state greatly enlarged\\nthe suffrage, and in 1893 other restrictions were removed. All the Dorr\\nparty desired has now been obtained, and more.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nline was set up between Baltimore and Washington, which are\\nforty miles apart, and his plan proved an entire success. The\\nfirst message sent was, What hath God wrought The\\ntelegraph, in connection with steam, has to a Avonderful degree\\nchanged the way of doing business. The merchant now has\\nthe prices of the markets of the w^orld before him every morn-\\ning, and can buy and sell during the same day in places with\\nwhich less than fifty years ago it took months to communicate.^\\nThe important discovery was made, between 1840 and\\n1846, that the inhalation of the vapor of sulphuric ether\\nwould produce insensibility to pain, and that, while under\\nits influence, the most difficult surgical operations could be\\nperformed upon a patient safely, painlessly, and Avithout his\\nknowledge. The honor of this great discovery has been\\nclaimed by three physicians, AVilliam T. G. Morton and\\nCharles T. Jackson of Massachusetts and C. W. Long of\\nGeorgia. The exact amount of credit due to each of these\\nis difficult to determine. Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford,\\nConnnecticut, demonstrated in 1844 that nitrous oxide, or\\nlaughing gas, would produce insensibility to pain. Sub-\\nstances having the effects described are called ana3Sthetics.\\n253. The Mormons. (1830-1844.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094The restlessness of the\\nage was also shown in the rise of new sects and of socialistic\\nbodies. Among the former were the Mormons, or Latter-\\nDay Saints. The founder, Joseph Smith, of western New\\nYork, professed to have received a revelation telling him that\\nin a certain hill he would find a book written upon gold\\nplates which would contain a history of the former inhab-\\n1 Wheatstone, an Englishman, and another European scientist, invented,\\nindependently of Morse and of each other, and about the same time, ma-\\nchines somewhat similar but Morse s instrument was the most practical,\\nhas been most generally adopted, and to him the priority of the invention is\\nmost generally accorded.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "THE MORMOXS. 231\\nitants of America, and a -revelation of the Gospel. Witli\\nthese plates he claimed to have found two stones in silver\\nbows which had been prepared for the purpose of trans-\\nlating the book. This work he published in 1830, under\\nthe title of the Book of Mormon. He and some associates\\nbegan to gather a little church about them. They accepted\\nthe Bible, but claimed that the Book of Mormon was a\\nsupplement to it, and they also held that future revelations\\nsupplementary to the Bible and to the Book of Mormon\\nmight be made. As these must come through the Prophet,\\nor the head of the church, and were to be implicitly obeyed,\\nthe head of the Mormon church practically held absolute\\npower.^ Smith and his followers soon moved to Ohio, and\\nthence to Missouri, being compelled to leave on account of\\nthe failure of a bank in which he ^vas interested. Here he\\nstaid some time, and continued to gather adherents, until,\\nbecoming obnoxious to the people of Missouri for various\\nreasons, and partly on account of their antislavery notions,\\nthey were forced to recross the Mississippi River into Illinois,\\nand obtaininof a tract of land and a liberal charter from the\\nlegislature, they began to build a city, Nauvoo, on the banks\\nof the. river. In 1843 a revelation was made, proclaiming\\npolygamy as legal and even praiseworthy. The population\\nof Nauvoo had now become about 15,000, and Smith de-\\nclined to have the state laws executed within his bounds.\\nIt was not long before there was a collision between Smith\\nand the state authorities, and Smith and his brother, having\\nsurrendered to the governor, were placed in jail for safe\\nkeeping, but a mob overpowered the guard and shot the\\nprisoners.\\n1 It has been claimed that the Book of Mormon was written by a man\\nnamed William Spaulding, of Connecticut, about 1810, and that a copy of\\nthe manuscript fell into Smith s hands.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n254. Mormons in Utah. (1846-1848.) The opposition to\\nthe Mormons in no degree lessening, Brigham Young, a very\\nable man, who had been chosen as Joseph Smith s successor,\\ndetermined to lead the whole band to Utah in the far West,\\nwhere they could carry out their laws and customs in peace.\\nIt Avas two years before the migration was completed, but\\nin 1848 the whole band was settled in Utah beyond the\\nRocky Mountains near Great Salt Lake, where they founded\\nSalt Lake City. They named their new state Deseret, which\\nmeans, according to their interpretation, The Land of the\\nHoney Bee. The Mormon government for many years was\\nautocratic. The additions to their numbers were chiefly\\nmade from Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden, gathered by\\nmissionaries frequently sent out. The Mormons were most\\nindustrious, and soon had built a handsome city, and had\\nbrought the surrounding country under rich cultivation.\\n255. The South and Texas. (1827-1836.) By the treaty of\\n1819-1821, by which the United States had acquired Florida,\\nthe western boundary of Louisiana was fixed at the river\\nSabine (sect. 199). The South, wishing to extend slavery,\\nsaw a promising field in Texas, which had become a part of\\nMexico. In 1827 and in 1829 the United States government\\nhad offered to buy Texas from Mexico, but the offers were\\ndeclined, and indeed Mexico has seldom shown any disposition\\nto part with a foot of her territory. Many American settlers,\\nchiefly from the southern states, had migrated into Texas,\\ntaking their slaves with them. When Mexico, in 1824, abol-\\nished slavery, these settlers kept their slaves as before. In\\n1836 the Texans revolted from Mexico, set up an independent\\nstate of their own, and expelled the Mexican forces. Of the\\nfifty-seven signers of the Declaration of Texan Independence,\\nfifty are said to have been from the southern states of the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "TEXAS ANNEXATION PUSHED. 233\\nUnion. The Texans, under General Sam Houston, defeated in\\nthe battle of San Jacinto the Mexicans led by Santa Anna, the\\nMexican Dictator, who was forced to recognize the indepen-\\ndence of Texas; a recognition that the Mexicans disclaimed.\\n256. Texas Annexation Pushed. (1837-1844.) Owing\\nlargely to the disordered state of Mexican affairs, little or\\nno effort was made to bring back Texas, though Mexico\\nsteadily refused to acknowledge her independence. In 1837\\nthe United States, and not long after, England, France, and\\nBelgium, recognized Texas as an independent power. An\\ninefficient government soon brought the new state almost\\nto bankruptcy, and an annexation to the United States, which\\nmany persons think was intended all along, became a matter\\nof as great interest to Texas and her creditors as to the\\nsouthern slaveholders. In 1837, through her minister at\\nWashington, the first application for admission to the Union\\nwas made. A proposition to this effect was rejected in the\\nSenate, and nothing was done for some time. Meantime,\\nbetween the land speculators who held quantities of land in\\nTexas, of little worth under Texan rule, but sure of a large\\nadvance in value should she be admitted as one of the United\\nStates, and the politicians who wished to increase the land\\nopen to slavery, and also to increase the representation of the\\nSouth in the Senate, Texan annexation was pushed in every\\npossible way.\\nIt was a difficult undertaking, for neither the Whigs nor\\nthe Democrats of the North were in favor of it, and of course\\nthe small Liberty party was violently opposed to any such\\nscheme. Van Buren, the most prominent man in the Demo-\\ncratic party, came out against the plan, and in consequence,\\nthrough the influence of the southern members of the party,\\nfailed of nomination as candidate for the Presidency.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n257. Polk elected; Admission of Texas. (1844-1845.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094^\\nThe Democratic Convention, then sitting in Baltimore, chose\\nJames K. Polk, and his nomination was the first news sent\\nover Morse s telegraph, just set up. Silas Wright in the same\\nway received notice of his nomination as Vice-President, and\\ndeclined it. The convention refused to believe the reply,\\nand adjourned to the following day, until a messenger sent to\\nverif}^ the tidings could return. Clay, the Whig candidate,\\nalso opposed annexation, but in his anxiety to gain south-\\nern votes published declarations\\nwhich displeased the Liberty\\nparty and some northern Whigs.\\nIn the election wliich followed\\nhe lost thereby the great state of\\nNew York by a small majority,\\nand with New York, the election.\\nThe result of the election was\\ntaken as approving of the annex-\\nation and accordingly, in the\\nlast hours of Tyler s administra-\\ntion. Congress passed a resolution in favor of admitting\\nTexas. Tyler signed the document and at once sent off a\\nmessenger to Texas with the news the proposition was\\naccepted by Texas July 4, 1845, and in December of the\\nsame year she was formally admitted to the Union. The\\npassage of a resolution which only required a majorit} of\\nvotes, instead of a treaty which would have required a two-\\nthirds vote, was a shrewd political device. Texas was the\\nlast slave state admitted, and she is the only truly inde-\\npendent state which has ever entered the Union, no others,\\nnot even the original thirteen, having ever exercised the\\npower of making treaties, sending ambassadors, or making\\nwar.\\nJAMES K. POLK.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "POLK S MEASURES. 235\\n258. Polk s Measures. (1845.) James K. Polk, of Ten-\\nnessee, was born in 1795, and had held various political\\noffices, among them Speaker of the House of Representatives\\nfor four years. So the cry of the Whigs, Who is James K.\\nPolk? had little to justify it. He was a man of excellent\\nprivate character, but somewhat narrow in his political views,\\nand a strong partisan. Tenacious of his ends, he was gener-\\nally successful in carrying out what he had planned. The\\nfour great measures which he placed before himself were\\n(1) reduction of the tariff (2) re-establishment of the Sub-\\nTreasur}^ (3) settlement of the Oregon boundary question\\nand (4) the acquisition of California.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE MEXICAN WAR AND SLAVERY.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. James Schouler, History of the United States, iv. 495-550,\\nV. 1-335 James F. Rhodes, History of the United States, i. 8G-302, 384-506,\\nii. 1-168 Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, iv. 369-\\n418 Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years View, ii. 639-788 (to 1850) Horace\\nGreeley, The American Conflict, i. 185-251 E. Channing, The United\\nStates, pp. 230-248; Goldwin Smith, The United States, pp. 210-234;\\nW. Wilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 147-\\n193 James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, i. 41-137.\\nBiographies, See references for Chap. xii. John Bigelow, John C.\\nFremont Edward L. Pierce, Charles Sumner John G. Nicolay and John\\nHay, Abraham Lincoln, i. 237-456, ii. 1-46.\\nSpecial. A. Johnston, American Politics, Chaps, xvi.-xviii. E. Stan-\\nwood, History of Presidential Elections, Chaps, xvii., xviii. For Mexican\\nWar William Jay, A Review of the Mexican War U. S. Grant, Personal\\nMemoirs, i. 45-174 James Russell Lowell, Biglow Papers, first series.\\nCalifornia and the Discovery of Gold J. Royce, California, pp. 1-259 Cen-\\ntury Magazine, vols, xl.-xliii. Slavery and Fugitive Slave Laws J. J. Lalor,\\nCyclopjEdia, iii. 722-738 Marion G. MacDougall (Fay House Monographs,\\nGinn Co., Boston), Fugitive Slaves, 1619-1865 James F. Rhodes, History\\nof the United States, i. 303-383 James Russell Lowell, Political Essays,\\npp. 1-16 James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, pp. 1-300 Alex. H.\\nStephens, The War between the States, ii. 176-262; The Pro-Slavery Argu-\\nment. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom s Cabin (annotated edition)\\nJ. F. Rhodes, History of the United States, i. 278-285 (for influence of Uncle\\nTom s Cabin) Frederick Law Olmstead, The Seaboard Slave States, Texas\\nJourney, A Journey in the Back Country, The Cotton Kingdom (a summary\\nof the three preceding) Frances Anne Kemble, Journal of a Residence\\non a Georgian Plantation, 1838-1839 Harriet Martineau, Society in Amer-\\n236", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH MEXICO. 237\\nica Thomas Nelson Page, The Old South N. S. Shaler, North -American\\nReview, October, 1890. Compromise of 1850 Schurz s Henry Clay, Chap,\\nxxvi. Von Hoist s John C. Calhoun, pp. 335-350 Jefferson Davis, Rise and\\nFall of the Confederate Government, i. 14-22 r Alex. H. Stephens, The^ War\\nbetv^reen the States, ii. 198-240 A. Johnston, American Orations, ii. 3-134.\\nTexas and New Mexico L. Carr, Missouri, pp. 189-219. Oregon William\\nBarrows, Oregon J. J. Lalor, Cyclopsedia, ii. 1045-1048 Edinburgh Re-\\nview, July, 1845 (Littell, vi. 302) Whitman s Ride, Barrows s Oregon,\\npp. 160-178. Know-Nothing Party J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, i. 85-87.\\nKansas Conflict: Charles Robinson, The Kansas Conflict; L. W. Spring,\\nKansas, pp. 1-208 L, Carr, Missouri, pp. 241-250 Eli Thayer, The Kansas\\nCrusade (containing many contemporary accounts); A. Johnston, American\\nOrations, ii. 183-255. Ostend Manifesto American History Leaflets, No. 2\\nN. Sargent, Public Men and Events, ii. 263-398.\\n259. War with Mexico. (1846.) With the annexation of\\nTexas, the United States succeeded to a quarrel with Mexico.\\nTexas claimed the Rio Grande as her southwestern boundary,\\nwhile Mexico insisted that the Neuces River was the true\\ndivision line. President Polk sent an envoy to Mexico, the\\neffect of whose mission was to provoke Mexico into striking\\nthe first blow, for the Mexicans would have nothing to do\\nwith the envoy, and he returned from a fruitless errand.\\nMeanwhile, General Zachary Taylor, with a small body of\\ntroops, had been ordered to Corpus Christi, on the borders of\\nthe disputed territory, and a little later to advance to Fort\\nBrown (Brownsville), on the Rio Grande. The Mexicans\\nnaturally looked upon this as an invasion of their country,\\nand ordered a body of troops across the river an engage-\\nment soon followed, and the Mexican War was begun. This\\nwas April 24, 1846. Polk, as soon as the news reached him,\\nsent a message to Congress, in which he said War exists,\\nnotwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by tlie\\nact of Mexico herself. Mexico has passed the boundary\\nof the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed\\nAmerican blood upon American soil. Congress responded", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\npromptly by declaring that war existed by the act of\\nMexico, by authorizing a call for 50,000 volunteers and\\nexpenditures for military supplies, and by appropriating large\\nsum s to meet the expenses. It was in relation to this mes-\\nsage and two later ones in which the President re-asserted\\nthe charge that Mexico had invaded our territory and\\nshed the blood of our citizens on our own soil that Abra-\\nham Lincoln, in tlie House of Representatives, introduced in\\n1847 his Spot Resolutions, calling upon the President to\\nindicate the exact spot where this had taken place, and to\\ninform the House whether the citizens had not been\\narmed soldiers, sent there by the President s own orders.\\n260. Mexican Campaign New Mexico. (1846-1847.) The\\nwhole campaign embraced four projects (1) an attack uj)on\\nMexico from the north this was entrusted to General\\nZachary Taylor; (2) an attack upon the city of Mexico\\nthis General Winfield Scott led himself (3) an attack upon\\nNew Mexico, including what is now known as Arizona this\\nwas made under the direction of General S. W. Kearney\\n(4) an attack upon California by the fleet of American vessels\\nwhich had been sent there in anticipation of war with Mexico.\\nAll these plans were carried out. General Taylor, mostly\\nagainst heavy odds so far as numbers were concerned, defeated\\nthe Mexicans successfully at Monterey, and at Buena Vista\\n(February 27, 1847) but the government, having determined\\nto attack the capital, withdrew many of his men, and he\\nwas forced to cease operations. Before long, feeling himself\\n1 It has been said that the United States tried in vain to get a payment\\nof what was due her citizens. The justice of these claims was very doubtful\\nat best, and Mexico had done her utmost to pay them, the disordered con-\\ndition of the country making it almost impossible to collect a revenue.\\nWhen she thought she saw the meaning of the Texas negotiations, it was\\nnot unnatural that she should cease to make payment.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "MEXICAN CAMPAIGN; NEW MEXICO.\\n239\\nill-used by the administration, he resigned his position. The\\nUnited States, however, continued to hold northern Mexico.\\nThe expedition against New Mexico was entirely success-\\nful, and by the summer of 1846 it was controlled by United\\nMAP OF THE MEXICAN WAR.\\nStates forces, and Kearney, leaving some troops to retain it,\\nset off for California but before he reached it, news was\\nreceived that it was already in the possession of the Ameri-\\ncans, and he was only able to assist in putting down a rising\\nof the Mexicans near Los Angeles.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n261. California Captured. (1845-1846.) In the winter of\\n1845 Captain John C. Fremont, then on a third exploring ex-\\npedition west of the Rocky Mountains, passed into California\\nand took up the cause of the American settlers, who claimed\\nto be oppressed by the Mexican governor. An independent\\ngovernment was set up, and through the co-operation of Fre-\\nmont with Commodores Sloat and Stockton, who had cap-\\ntured almost without a struggle the ports of Monterey, San\\nFrancisco, and Los Angeles, the whole of California fell into\\nthe hands of the United States. In this way the United\\nStates gained a possession of incalculable value.\\n262. Scott s Campaign City of Mexico Captured. (1847.)\\nIt being clear that the Mexicans were going to show great\\nobstinacy, it was determined to attack the capital by a new\\nroute. In carrying out this plan, a large naval force with\\n12,000 troops sailed for Vera Cruz, the port of the city of\\nMexico. After a bombardment of four days, the city, with\\nthe fort of San Juan de Ulloa, the strongest fortification in\\nMexico, surrendered. About the middle of April, 1847, Gen-\\neral Winlield Scott began his march to the city of Mexico\\nfrom the same point and over nearly the same route as\\nCortez. His discipline, skill, and intelligence, and the excel-\\nlence of his troops, proved superior to the much larger num-\\nbers and far greater natural advantages of the Mexicans.\\nThe only serious resistance the American army met on its\\nway to the vicinity of the city of Mexico was at Cerro\\nGordo, about fifty miles from Vera Cruz. Here, after a short\\nconflict, the Mexicans under Santa Anna were driven back,\\nand the victorious army continued its march. After several\\nsharp battles in the immediate neighborhood of the city of\\nMexico, that city surrendered September 14, 1847, and the\\nwar was practically over.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "TERMS OF PEACE WITH MEXICO. 241\\n263. Terms of Peace with Mexico. (1848.) It was by no\\nmeans easy to agree upon terms of permanent peace. The\\none thing upon which the Mexicans of all factions agreed\\nwas not to give up any territory, while territory was exactly\\nwhat the United States had fought for. Moreover, she held\\nthe fairest provinces of Mexico and had no intention of\\nreturning them. After many fruitless negotiations, and a\\nrevolution in Mexico, a treaty was arranged in February,\\n1848, at a little place near the capital called Guadalupe\\nHidalgo. By the terms the United States was to pay Mexico\\nil5,000,000, satisfy claims of American citizens against her\\nto the amount of about 13,500,000, and receive in return what\\nwas then the territory of New Mexico and Upper California.\\nThe Rio Grande was recognized as the boundary of Texas.\\nBy this treaty about 522,568 square miles of territory was\\nadded to the United States.^\\nThe total cost to the United States of the Mexican War was\\nin the neighborhood of f 100,000,000, besides the loss of life,\\nwhich, while small on the battle-field or from wounds, was\\nlarge from disease. Though successful in every encounter,\\nthe country had little reason to glory, for her successes were\\nwon in a questionable war against a weak and divided enemy.\\nHad Mexico been a strong power, the United States govern-\\nment would not have dared to act as it did. There was at\\nthe time much opposition to the war, though not sufficient to\\nprevent it.^ While it has been far better that the large terri-\\n1 In consequence of a difficulty regarding the exact boundary, a treaty was\\nnegotiated with Mexico, through James Gadsden in 1853, by which 45,535\\nsquare miles south of New Mexico were purchased from Mexico for the sum\\nof $10;000,000. This tract is usually called the Gadsden Purchase. Texas\\nhad added 371,063 square miles, making the total of these additions 939,166\\nsquare miles, sc that again the United States had acquired more than the\\narea of the original thirteen states.\\n^Lowell s Biglow Papers, Pirst Series, express this feeling very clearly.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "242 HISTORY OF THP: UNITED STATES.\\ntory acquired should be under Anglo-Saxon control, there is\\nlittle reason to doubt that it would soon have come under the\\nrule of the United States through settlement, or purchase, or\\nin some way less questionable than that which was followed.\\n264. Oregon. (1815-1846.) But it was not only the\\nsouthern boundaries which were in dispute. The northeast-\\nern boundary difficulties with Great Britain had been settled\\nin 1842, but at that time it had not seemed practicable to\\nenter upon the question of the northwestern boundary, which\\nwas also in dispute. It was accordingly left for future nego-\\ntiation, both countries maintaining a joint occupancy of the\\ncountry west of the Rocky Mountains under an arrangement\\ndating from 1815, and renewed from time to time. Very-\\nlittle was known in the eastern states of the character of the\\nOregon country. Many able men thought its possession of\\nlittle moment and were quite ready to yield it to England.\\nDr. Marcus Whitman, who had been sent out in 1835 by the\\nAmerican Board of Foreign Missions, had become familiar\\nwith the country, recognized its great value, and was anxious\\nthat the United States should gain undisputed control. In\\nthe fall of 1842 he learned that the Hudson s Bay Company,\\nthe great English monopoly, were encouraging English immi-\\ngration, and that a lai ge party of immigrants had already\\ncome. He at once determined to carry this news to Wash-\\nington, and at the same time inform the government and\\npeople of the great value of the Oregon country, and the\\npracticability of reaching it by wagons, and so start a stream\\nof emigrants that would take possession of the land. He\\nleft Oregon in October, 1842, and riding on horseback readied\\nSt. Louis in February, 1843. The dangers, the hairbreadtli\\nescapes, and the indomitable perseverance which carried Dr.\\nWhitman and his companion through this terrible winter ride", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "OREGON. 243\\nmake a story not often surpassed in the annals of adventure.\\nDr. Whitman arrived at Washington to find the Ashburton\\nTreaty had been signed six months before, but with the Ore-\\ngon question unsettled. He supplied information of great\\nimportance to the government, circulated printed accounts oi\\nOregon, and took back with him a company of emigrants with\\ntwo hundred wagons. Walla Walla was reached in safety,\\nafter a journey of four months, in October, 1843. This\\nadvance guard of American occupation was soon followed by\\ndetachments of other settlers.\\nIn the Presidential campaign of 1844, one of the Demo-\\ncratic cries had been, Fifty-four forty [54\u00c2\u00b0 40 or fight,\\nthat latitude being the southern boundary of the Russian\\npossessions, and one which w^ould exclude Great Britain alto-\\ngether from the western coast of the continent. It was folly\\nto sii|)pose that England would agree to such terms without a\\nfight. Polk took a warlike tone in his inaugural, Avhich, prob-\\nably only meant for political effect, stimulated the emigration\\nalready begun. In 1845 about 7000 American citizens were\\nactually living within Oi-egon, while the British occupancy\\nwas limited to a few forts and stations of the Hudson s Bay\\nCompany. By the Florida treaty of 1819 the parallel of 42\u00c2\u00b0\\nnorth latitude had been agreed upon as the northern boundary\\nof the Spanish possessions, and to this line Mexico extended\\nwithout question; the disputed territory was therefore be-\\ntween 42\u00c2\u00b0 and 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 Of this the United States claimed all,\\nand Great Britain claimed to a point somewhat south of the\\nColumbia River. Neither the United States nor Great Britain\\nhad an indisputable claim, and so a compromise was the natu-\\nral as well as the fairest settlement and this, despite Polk s\\nwarlike tone, was agreed upon. The line 49\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude,\\nalready the boundary from the Lake of the Woods to the\\nRockies, was settled on as the line to the coast, but England", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwas to retain Vancouver Island. This peaceful settlement\\nwas at once just, honorable, and fortunate.\\n265. Sub-Treasuries re-established Tariff Polk s Success.\\n(1846-1848.) The Sub-Treasury system had been abolished\\nin 1841, and the government had since availed itself of pri-\\nvate banks. At the first session of the new Congress an\\nimjDroved system, though essentially similar to the old one,\\nwas devised, and a bill was promptly passed establishing it.\\nThis is still in force.\\nPolk in his first message advised a revision of the tariff so\\nas to reduce duties and make a tariff for revenue only. After\\na considerable struggle Congress passed a bill known as the\\nTariff of 1846 this was only a moderately protective measure,\\nand until 1861 the country was more nearly upon a free trade\\nbasis than during any period since 1816. Under this itariff\\nall duties were ad valorem.\\nIt will be seen that in less than three years Polk had accom-\\nplished the main objects he had set before himself on entering\\noffice (sect. 258), and he might well feel satisfied Avith his\\nsuccess. The tariff had been reduced, the Sub-Treasury had\\nbeen re-established, the Oregon question had been settled, and\\nCalifornia had been acquired.\\n266. Gold in California. (1848.) No one suspected how\\nvaluable California really was. It was known to be excep-\\n1 The claims of the United States to Oregon rested (1) on Gray s visit\\nto the Columbia River in 1792 (sect. 174) (2) on Lewis and Clark s\\nexplorations (sect. 174) (3) on the Louisiana Purchase (4) on the Spanish\\ntreaty of 1819 (5) on the retrocession by England of Astoria, an American\\npost, after the War of 1812 (6) the American settlements south of the 49^\\nparallel. The treaty was proclaimed in force August 5, 1846. From the\\ncoast the boundary line was to follow the middle of the channel which\\nseparates the continent from Vancouver Island. A question having arisen\\nas to the true channel, the matter was not settled until 1871 (see sect. 371).", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "GOLD m CALIFORNIA. 245\\ntionally fertile, and this, together with the splendid harbor\\nof San Francisco, was enough to make it highly desirable in\\nAmerican eyes. Scarcely, however, had the treaty with\\nMexico for its cession been arranged when news was brought\\nof the discovery of gold.^\\nAt once (1849) there was a rush to the gold fields. There\\nwere then two ways to get there, around Cape Horn, and\\nby the route overland. By these two routes men hastened to\\nthe new El Dorado. Of the two, the overland route was per-\\nhaps the more dangerous, for the path lay across vast plains,\\nunoccupied except by herds of buffalo, and hostile Indians,\\nwhile the Mormons were directly in the track, resenting the\\ninvasion of their teriitory, and doing all in their power to\\nharass the slowly moving trains of emigrants. So great was\\nthe loss of cattle, and, indeed, of the emigrants themselves,\\nthat it was said that the trail could be known by the whiten-\\ning bones that lay along it. A third route, by ship or\\nsteamer to the Isthmus of Panama, thence across it and by\\nwater again to San Francisco, was soon opened, which became\\nthe favorite way of reaching California until the Pacific rail-\\nroad offered a pleasanter and more rapid means of travel.\\nBut notwithstanding the hardships, in less than two years\\nthere were fully 100,000 emigrants within the bounds of Cali-\\nfornia. Most of the emigrants were from the free states, and\\nthis fact had an important influence upon the after history,\\nnot only of California, but of the whole country.\\n1 The discovery was made by a man named Marshall, during the con-\\nstruction of a mill-race in the valley of the American River, for the saw-mill\\nof a Swiss immigrant, Captain Sutter. Gold was actually discovered in\\nJanuary, 1848, before the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed, but\\nnews travelled so slowly in those days that the fact was not fully appreciated\\nin the eastern states until December, 1848, when President Polk, in his\\nannual message, confirmed the reports and gave them great publicity.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n267. Wilmot Proviso. (1846.) While the question of\\nobtaining territory from Mexico was being debated in Con-\\ngress, David Wilmot, a Democratic member of the House\\nfrom Pennsylvania, proposed an amendment to the bill pro-\\nviding that slavery should be forever prohibited in any terri-\\ntory that might be purchased from Mexico. This is known\\nfrom him as the Wilmot Proviso, and though it passed\\nthe House of Representatives (1846), it failed in the Senate.\\nIt was, however, a political watchword in the next two or\\nthree Presidential campaigns. Hannibal Hamlin (afterwards\\nVice-President), in the absence of Wilmot, introduced the\\nproviso in the House of Representatives for him.\\nThe acquisition of so much territory again brought up the\\nquestion of slavery, and in a way that demanded an answer.\\nTexas had been admitted as a slave state, but all the other\\nterritory had been free under Mexico. Should it be free or\\nslave under the United States? As a general rule southern\\nmen would not settle unless they could take their slaves\\nwith them. The North would resist any proposition to make\\nthat land slave territory which was already free. If the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise of 1820 were applied to the new country,\\nthe line of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 would divide California nearly in half;\\nbut this satisfied neither the North, for it violated the prin-\\nciple for which they contended, nor the South, for it would\\nshut out a large part of the most desirable lands.\\n268. Whigs Successful in electing Taylor. (1848.) In this\\nstate of affairs the time for nominating candidates for the\\nPresidency came round. Clear-4ieaded men saw there was\\nnow a distinct issue before the country, but the leaders of\\nbotli the Democrats and the Whigs dodged the question, for\\neach nominating convention refused to commit itself in\\nregard to slavery. The Democrats chose Lewis Cass of", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "I\\nI\\nZACHARY TAYLOR. 247\\nMichigan as candidate for President, and William O. Butler\\nof Kentucky for Vice-President. The Whigs, following the\\ncourse which had been so successful in 1840, nominated\\nZachary Taylor of Louisiana, with Millard Fillmore of New\\nYork for Vice-President. Taylor was a slaveholder, but\\nwas believed to be opposed to the extension of slavery. A\\nnumber of Whigs and northern Democrats supporting the\\nWilmot Proviso, dissatisfied with the action of the conven-\\ntions in regard to slavery, resolved to form a new party. A\\nconvention of these, held at Buffalo, formed the Free-soil\\nParty the old Liberty party joined them, and the conven-\\ntion nominated Martin Van Buren\\nand Charles Francis Adams. In\\nthe election which followed, though\\nthis party did not get a single elec-\\ntoral vote, it succeeded in dividing\\nthe Democrats in New York, with\\nthe result of giving that state to\\nthe Whigs, and thereby electing ^^HBJE^I^Bi\\nTaylor and Fillmore, who received\\na majority of both the free and\\nthe slave states.\\nZachary Taylor was born in Virginia in 1784, and till the\\nage of twenty-four remained on his father s plantation.\\nThrough the influence of Madison, who was a relative, he\\nwas commissioned as a lieutenant in the army. By close\\nattention to his duties, he rose steadily until he became a\\nmajor-general. His course in the Mexican War has already\\nbeen described. It was be iause of his military success alone\\nthat he was chosen as a candidate. He himself acknowl-\\nedged that he had never voted in his life, and had no politi-\\ncal training whatever and many stories were told to show\\nhis lack of acquaintance with political affairs. He was a", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nman of integrity, and proved to be a far better chief officer\\nthan many who had had greater opportunities. His death,\\nwhich occurred after he had been sixteen months in office,\\nwas an undoubted loss to the country.\\n269. California sets up a Government. (1849.) With the\\nemigrants to California went a large number of ruffians and\\nthieves and villains of all descriptions, and the condition of\\nthat country was a lawless one. The order-loving men\\namong the emigrants, disgusted at the dilatoriness of Con-\\ngress, which had provided no government for them, set up in\\n1849 a government of their own, and, by the advice of Presi-\\ndent Taylor, applied to Congress for admission as a state.\\nA clause in the proposed constitution prohibiting slavery\\naroused opposition to the measure among the southern mem-\\nbers of Congress. During the discussion of the question the\\nPresident died, and the Vice-President, Millard Fillmore,\\nassumed the duties of the Presidential office.\\n270. Difficult Questions before Congress. (1849-1850.)\\nTexas claimed that her western boundary was the river Rio\\nGrande to its source. This claim took in territory which\\nhad always been considered a part of Mexico. But the\\nTexans persevered in their claim, supported by the South\\nas a whole. Should California come in as a free state?\\nShould New Mexico and Utah be organized as territories\\nwith or without slavery? Should the claims of Texas be\\ngranted? These were the questions before the Congress of\\n1849-50. Another matter was also forcing itself into notice.\\nThe South complained that the old fugitive slave law of\\n1793, for the return of runaway slaves to their owners, was\\nnot enforced, and was also inadequate. The North on its\\nside complained of the slave trade in the city of Washington,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "HENRY CLAY.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "COMPROMISE OF 1850; FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 249\\ndeclaring it a disgrace to the country. It was now evident\\nthat the question of slavery had got into politics and would\\nstay there until some settlement could be made.\\n271. Compromise of 1850. Extremists on both sides de-\\nmanded secession as the only remedy, while the moderate\\nmen of both sides believed that some arrangement like the\\nMissouri Compromise could be made. As Henry Clay came\\nforward in 1820 as the Great Pacificator, so now through\\nhis influence a committee of the Senate prepared Avhat is\\nknown as the Omnibus Bill, because it provided for so\\nmany different things. It was a compromise measure de-\\nsigned to settle all existing troubles. Its different provisions\\nwere taken up separately, and finally passed one by one with\\nlittle modification. This arrangement is known as the Com-\\npromise of 1850. The chief points were (1) the admission\\nof California as a free state (2) the organization of New\\nMexico and Utah as territories without reference to slavery\\n(3) that Texas should give up some of her claims to the\\nlands in dispute, but should receive ^110,000,000 for so doing\\n(4) that the slave trade in the District of Columbia should\\nbe forbidden, though slavery itself should be allowed (this,\\nwhile yielding something to the antislavery sentiment,\\nwould allow members of Congress and others to bring their\\nslaves to the capital without question) (5) that a new and\\nmore stringent fugitive slave law be enacted.\\n272. Webster and the Fugitive Slave Law. (1850.) The\\ndebate in Congress over these measures was strong and bitter.\\nDuring it Daniel Webster, in a speech on the 7th of March,\\n1850, defended the compromise and attacked the Abolition-\\nists as disturbers of the country, at the same time apologizing\\nfor slavery. This speech caused a great sensation all over", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "250 HISTORY OF THE U^JiTED STATES,\\nthe country. His motive in making it was probably the fear\\nof secession, though it has never been clearly explained, but\\nthe result was that he lost his position as a leader many of\\nhis old friends looked upon him as a renegade, while southern\\nmen mistrusted him. Whatever impelled him, his great influ-\\nence was gone. He died in 1852.\\n273. California admitted the Fugitive Slave Law. (1850.)\\nThere seems to be little doubt that the compromise of 1850\\nwas acceptable to the majority of the people both north and\\nsouth. What they wished for was peace. California was\\nadmitted as a free state September 9, 1850, and the other\\nprovisions of the compromise were carried out. The new\\nfugitive slave law, however, aroused much feeling Avhen it\\nbecame more fully understood. Its provisions were most rigid.\\nThe whole matter was put under the charge of the United\\nStates officials. The fugitive was not permitted to testify\\ncases were to be decided witliout a jury by a United States\\ncommissioner or judge, from whose decision there was to be\\nno appeal by hahem corpus or otherwise the simple affidavit\\nof the alleged owner or his agent was sufficient, on proof of\\nidentity, to send back into slavery on slight evidence the\\ncase could be removed from the state where the alleged fugi-\\ntive was captured to the state from which it was claimed lie\\nhad fled all persons were required to aid in the capture of\\nthe runaways should the marshal call on them for help\\nobstructing the arrest of fugitives, or concealing them, or in\\nany way aiding their escape, was punishable by heavy fine\\nand by imprisonment. At once there arose a cry of defiance\\nfrom the North that sucli a law was unjust, unconstitutional,\\nand immoral. As a political measure the law was very\\nunwise, for nothing that had been done heretofore tended so\\nto force the subject of slavery on the attention of the people", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CENSUS; IMMIGRATION; INVENTORS. 251\\nof the North. It was not long before many of the northern\\nstates passed Personal Liberty Laws, designed to obstruct\\nas much as possible the execution of the obnoxious law.\\nMeanwhile the ranks of the antislavery party were being\\nrapidly recruited.\\n274. Census; Great Increase of Immigration. (1850.) The\\ncensus of 1850 showed that the population had increased\\nmore than one-third over that of 1840. In every way the\\ncountry was growing; manufactories were rapidly increasing\\nin the eastern and middle states, railroads were stretching\\nout farther and farther west, commerce, ocean and coastwise,\\nwas rapidly extending, the United States being surpassed in\\ntonnage only by Great Britain. In short, the outlook for the\\ncountry from a material point of view was most flattering.\\nImmigration had increased amazingly.- Partly the result of\\nthe great famine in Ireland in 1847, partly from the number\\nof political revolutions in Europe caused by the desire for\\ngreater liberty, many of which had been put down, and whose\\nsupporters had been forced to leave the country, largely\\nthrough the news of the discovery of gold in California, and\\nthe stories of the freedom of America, the number of immi-\\ngrants increased from a yearly average for the preceding\\ntwenty-five years of less than 100,000 to more than 400,000\\nin 1850. It was a significant fact that, with the most trifling\\nexceptions, all these immigrants settled in the free states\\nand territories.\\n275. Inventors. (1839-1846.) Political quarrels and\\nstruggles did not choke the spirit of invention and enter-\\nprise which is now recognized as an American characteristic.\\nIt was, however, only after years of discouragement and toil\\nthat Elias Howe, Jr., of Massachusetts, patented his sewing-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "252 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nmachine in 1846. The great feature of his invention was\\nthe position of the eye in the point of the needle it was this\\nthat made his machine successful, and all subsequent improve-\\nments have retained this feature. It was not until 1854 that\\nHowe fully established his claim and that he reaped the re-\\nward of his ingenuity. Several years earlier (1839), Charles\\nGoodyear and Nathaniel Haywood of Connecticut discovered\\nthat sulphur mixed with india-rubber at a high temperature\\nwould enable the latter article to be worked into almost\\nany shape. This process of treating rubber with sulphur is\\nknown as vulcanizing, and was patented in 1844. Many\\ngreat improvements have since been made, and rubber is\\nnow extensively used in the manufacture of a great variety\\nof articles.\\n276. Postage. (1845.) Department of the Interior. (1849.)\\nPrevious to 1845 the postage on letters was charged ac-\\ncording to the number of sheets and the distance the letter\\nwas carried, the amount due being collected on delivery.^\\nIn 1845 a new law was passed, reducing the postage to\\nfive cents for all distances under three hundred miles and\\nten cents for greater distances, the charge to be according\\nto weight, a half-ounce being taken as the unit. In 1847\\npostage stamps of these denominations were issued and the\\nmodern system of postal administration fairly begun. In\\n1851 the postage on letters was again reduced, a uniform\\n1 Postage rates were fixed by act of Congress, 1792, and afterwards modi-\\nfied in 1816 and at other times. In 18-43, for a distance not over thirty\\nmiles, the rate for a single sheet was six cents from thirty to eighty miles,\\nten cents eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and one-half cents,\\nand so on, according to distance, the highest rate being twenty-five cents for\\nover four hundred miles. Two pieces of paper were charged double these\\nrates. These were the inland charges ocean postage was proportionally\\nhigher.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "NEW PARTY LEADERS. 253\\ncharge of three cents per half-ounce or fraction thereof being\\nestablished, regardless of distance, except in the cases of the\\nextreme West and the Pacific coast. In 1875 the Inter-\\nnational Universal Postal Union, with headquarters at Berne,\\nbegan operations, and now almost all nations have joined\\nit, making uniform international postal rates for nearly the\\nwhole world. This is one of the greatest triumphs of modern\\ncivilization.\\nIn 1849 a new department was added to the executive\\nbranch of the government, called the Department of the\\nInterior, because everything under its charge is connected\\nwith internal affairs. It has under its direction a greater\\nvariety of interests than any of the other branches of the\\ngovernment among them are the Public Lands, the Patent\\nOffice, Pensions, the Indians, the Census, and Education.\\nThe Secretary is a member of the President s Cabinet.\\nMost of the duties had previously been performed by the\\nDepartment of State.\\n277. New Party Leaders; Presidential Nominations. (1852.)\\nIn 1850 John C. Calhoun died, in 1852 Henry Clay and\\nDaniel Webster. New party leaders came upon the arena\\nboth from the South and North. Among the Democrats\\nwere Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Jefferson Davis\\nof Mississippi among the southern Whigs, Alexander H.\\nStephens of Georgia; while the new Antislavery part}\\ngained a tower of strength in Congress by the election to\\nseats in the House or Senate of Charles Sumner of Massa-\\n1 The postage on papers, books, and printed matter was also (1851) greatly\\nlessened. In 1883 the letter rate was reduced to two cents, and m 1885 the\\nunit was made one ounce. Postal cards, introduced by Austria, were first\\nissued by the United States in May, 1873. Ocean postage was also, largely\\nthrough the efforts of the United States, reduced to five cents per half-ounce\\n(or to speak accurately, per fifteen grammes), printed matter in proportion.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nchusetts, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and William II. Seward\\nof New York.\\nIt was now inevitable that a change would take place in\\ntlie great political parties of the country. Slavery must\\ndivide the nortliern and southern wings of both Democrats\\nand Whigs. The antislavery Whigs began to go to the\\nFree-soil party, as did also the antislavery Democrats of the\\nNorth. In the South the pro-slavery Wliigs tended to unite\\nwith the Democrats thus both North and South the Whigs\\nwere losing numbers, while the Democratic losses in the\\nNorth were more than offset by the gains in the South.\\nWhen the time came round to choose a President, the Whigs,\\nhoping to win again through military glory, nominated Gen-\\neral Winfield Scott, with William A. Graham of North Caro-\\nlina for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated Franklin\\nPierce of New Hampshire for President, and William R.\\nKing of Alabama for Vice-President. Botli the Whigs and\\nthe Democrats upheld in their platforms the Compromise of\\n1850, including the fugitive slave law. The Free-soil con-\\nvention nominated John P. Hale of New Hampshire and\\nGeorge W. Julian of Indiana. In the election the Demo-\\ncrats carried all the states except four, though in some the\\nmajority was small.^\\n278. Franklin Pierce World s Fairs Japan. (1853.) The\\nFree-soil party actually polled a smaller vote than four years\\nbefore. It seemed as if the Compromise of 1850 was about\\nto be fairly tested. Thougli Pierce had been in political life\\nfor a number of years, and had been a brigadier-general in\\nthe Mexican War, he had done nothing to bring himself\\nbefore the notice of the country at large he was nominated\\n1 The four states were Massachusetts, Vermont, Teuuessee, and Ken-\\ntucky.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "PACIFIC RAILROADS; UNCLE TOM S CABIN. 255\\nsimply because the convention was afraid to nominate one of\\nthe party leaders.\\nAmong the peaceful occurrences of this troubled adminis-\\ntration may be mentioned the American World s Fair, which\\nwas held at New York in 1853. England had held in 1851, at\\nLondon, a grand exhibition to illustrate the world s progress\\nin arts and sciences, to which she had invited the world to\\ncontribute. This had been a great success, and the United\\nStates wished to follow her example. The New York Fair,\\nwhile it did not pay expenses, was of great use in giving a\\nknowledge of the products and manufactures of other coun-\\ntries. These two fairs were the pioneers of the numerous\\nones which have followed in various lands.\\nJapan, like China, had closed her ports to foreign countries\\nfor centuries, but Commodore Matthew C. Perry, who had been\\nsent in 1853 to try to open negotiations, succeeded in 1854 in\\nmaking a treaty with the military ruler of the country, by\\nwhich certain ports were opened, thus accomplishing by skil-\\nful diplomacy that which other nations had attempted in vain.\\n279. Pacific Railroads Uncle Tom s Cabin. (1853.) The\\nacquisition of California, the discovery of gold there, and the\\nprospect of intercourse with Japan, heightened the desire for\\ncommunication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by\\nsome route shorter than around Cape Horn or by the- way of\\nthe Isthmus. With this end in view the government sent\\nout, in 1853, an expedition to explore the different routes that\\nmight seem suitable for a railroad to the Pacific. A full\\nreport of these various surveys was published by Congress,\\nand forms a valuable account of that part of the country at\\nthat time. It was not until 1862 that a Pacific railroad was\\nbegun, and it was not until seven years later that the East\\nand West were joined by rails. (Sect. 366.)", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nIn 1853 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom s\\nCabin, a story of slave life in the South. This book made\\nan immense sensation, and within a year of its publication\\nover 200,000 copies had been sold. It presented the sub-\\nject of slavery in a way that took hold of the public, and it\\nwas largely instrumental in changing the question from a\\npolitical to a moral one. Few books have had so rapid and so\\nwide a circulation. It was read all over Europe, and has been\\ntranslated into twenty different languages.\\n280. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. (1854.) By the Missouri Com-\\npromise (sect. 205) slaver}^ was not to be allowed outside of\\nthe state of Missouri, north of the line of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 The Com-\\npromise of 1850 (sect. 271) had done nothing to interfere\\nwith this arrangement, for it related only to land acquired\\nfrom Mexico, while the Missouri Compromise related to the\\nLouisiana Purchase. It would seem that slavery as a national\\nquestion was settled, at least for a time, by the compromises\\nof 1820 and of 1850. To bring up the question again Avas\\ncertainly a political blunder. But in 1854 Stephen A. Doug-\\nlas, a Democratic senator from Illinois, introduced into Con-\\ngress what is known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which\\nprovided for the organization of two new territories west of\\nMissouri and Iowa, both within the Louisiana Purchase and\\nnorth of the line of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 In this bill it was declared that\\nthe question of the allowance of slavery in the territories was\\none to be decided by the inhabitants of the territories, and\\nnot by Congress that Congress, in 1820, had no right to\\nlegislate concerning slavery, and that therefore it was still\\nan open question. This doctrine was called at the time\\nSquatter Sovereignty, tlie early settlers being often called\\n1 Its popularity is still very great. It was first issued as a serial story in\\nthe National Era, an Anti-Slavery newspaper published at Washington, D.C.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "I\\nAMERICAN PARTY; CONDITION OF THE SOUTH. 257\\nsquatters. Though the northern members of Congress insisted\\nthat this was a breach of faith, and that such a result was not\\nthought of in the Compromise of 1850, the bill was passed\\nand signed by the President. Probably neither side had any\\nidea of the result which was to follow such action.\\n281. American Party. (1852-1856.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094About this time a\\nnew party was organized, called by its members the Ameri-\\ncan Party, but which was generally known as the Know-\\nNothing party. This name arose from the fact that in the\\nearlier days of the organization it was a secret order, whose\\nmembers, when asked any questions about it, always answered,\\nI don t know. As the name American indicated, it was\\nopposed to everything foreign, its watchword being America\\nfor Americans. The large increase in the number of immi-\\ngrants and the looseness with which the naturalization laws\\nwere carried out, made the restriction of the suffrage to\\nnative Americans, except after long residence, a cardinal\\ndoctrine of the Americans. To this was added, at first,\\nopposition to the alleged political influence of the Catholic\\nChurch. This party grew rapidly, and at one time it seemed\\nlikely to become a rival to the Democrats but, dodging the\\nquestion of slavery, it tried to make nativism a national\\nissue. Where so many voters were immigrants themselves,\\nit was natural that the attempt failed, and, enjoying but a\\nbrief existence, the party disappeared after the Presidential\\nelection of 1856.\\n282. Condition of the South. (1852.) The southern people\\ndid not encourage free immigrants, for they were afraid that\\nfree labor would make the slaves discontented, and in the\\nend lead to insurrections. In fact, the slaveholder was afraid\\nof anything that might increase the intelligence of his slaves,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nand this was very natural for he had found from experience\\nthat as a negro gained knowledge he became more and more\\ndissatisfied with his condition. The result of this policy was\\nthat even agriculture became less and less profitable the\\ncultivation of cotton and tobacco claiming in a large part of\\nthe South almost the whole attention of the planters, while\\nwheat and corn, both of which were adapted to the climate,\\nwere too often neglected. Rotation of crops was not observed,\\nnor was the land properly enriched. Though the aggregate\\nof the cotton and tobacco crops increased, the profits became\\nless, on account of the wasteful and unscientific methods of\\ncultivation employed. The plantations were often managed\\nby overseers who had little or no interest in anything except\\nhow to get the largest returns year by year, regardless of the\\neffect on the land; the slaves, on their part, wished to do as\\nlittle work as possible, and were apt to distrust improved\\nmethods and implements and some of the planters paid little\\nattention to their estates, often spending a large part of their\\ntime away from home. So, though it was not recognized at\\nthe time, the South was pursuing a suicidal policy if she\\nwished to keep abreast of the Nortli. A very few, in both\\nNorth and South, saw the real tendency of affairs and spoke\\nout, but they were not believed. One thing, however, the\\nsoutliern leaders did see clearly, Avhicli was that their politi-\\ncal poAver, before long, would l)e greatly lessened unless\\nsomethincr could be done to chan^fe the course of events.\\n283. Representation in Congress Cuba. (1850-1852.) The\\nmembersliip of the House of Representatives is based upon\\npopulation and as the free states Avere increasing faster than\\nthe slave states (Appendix, vi.), it was simply a question of\\ntime when the former would have control of both branches\\nof Congress. The South had long seen this. A glance at", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "OSTEND MANIFESTOo 259\\nthe tables of representation in Congress (Appendix, viii.)\\nwill show that from 1820 to 1848 the representation of the\\nsections of the country in the Senate were equal. That this\\nwas so was due to the fact that a slave state was admitted to\\nbalance every free state, but in 1850 this arrangement came\\nto an end by the admission of California as a free state. So\\nit Avas clear that in the Senate also the South would lose\\ncontrol if anything should divide the Democratic party. For\\nthis reason, it was a mistake for the Democrats to support\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as it could hardly fail to divide\\nthe northern Democrats.\\nOne way to retain power was to acquire more territory\\nwhich would be open to slavery. For this purpose the island\\nof Cuba offered most attractions in it slavery already ex-\\nisted it was fertile and w^ell adapted to the cultivation of\\ncrops usually raised by slave labor, and was owned by Spain,\\na weak and needy power, who might be forced, if not cajoled,\\ninto disposing of it to a powerful neighbor. At first, adven-\\nturers tried to seize Cuba, with the idea of subsequent admis-\\nsion to the Union. These Filibusters, as they were called,\\nwere unsuccessful in their attempt to seize the island, and a\\nnumber of them having been captured, were promptly exe-\\ncuted by the Spanish government.^\\n284. Ostend Manifesto. (1854.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094In 1854 the United States\\nministers to Great Britain, to France, and to Spain, who were\\nrespectively James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, an*d Pierre\\nSoulc, were instructed by President Pierce to meet and\\nconfer as to the best means of acquiring Cuba. They met\\nThe most notorious of the Eilibusters was General William Walker,\\nwho organized several expeditions against the Central American States\\nbetween 1855 and 1860. After actually succeeding in making himself at one\\ntime President of Nicaragua, he was at last captured and shot in Honduras,\\nin 1860. The Civil War put an end to filibustering.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nat Ostend, Belgium, and after some discussion issued what is\\nknown as the Ostend Manifesto, a document in which\\nthey said that the possession of Cuba was a necessity for the\\nUnited States that if Spain persisted in refusing to sell the\\nisland, the United States would be justified in seizing it.\\nThis paper occasioned considerable comment abroad, but the\\npassage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and the threatening\\naspect of home affairs, prevented any further agitation of\\nthe subject.\\n285. Troubles in Kansas. (1854-1858.) The principle of\\nsquatter sovereignty having been made the rule for the\\nnew territories, it was evident that to Avhichever party the\\ngreatest number of settlers belonged, that party would be\\nable to make the territory, and the subsequent state, free or\\nslave, as the case might be. Accordingly, as soon as the\\nbill was signed, both North and South began to pour settlers\\ninto the new territories, but especially into Kansas. In this\\nstruggle the North had the decided advantage, for the slave-\\nholders hesitated about taking their slaves where there was a\\nrisk of losing them. In the eastern states great interest was\\ntaken in western emigration, and societies were organized\\nfor encouraging and aiding it. In order to escape passing\\nthrough Missouri, the emigrants from the free states took the\\nroundabout way through Iowa. The settlers who opposed\\nslavery were soon in the majority; but as all the settlers\\nwere near the Missouri boundary, the pro-slavery party was\\nreinforced by men from the latter state, who crossed the line\\nand voted more than enough ballots at every election to\\ncounterbalance the free vote sometimes, indeed, the number\\nof ballots counted was more than the whole number of\\nvoters in the territory. The free settlers declined to recog-\\nnize legislatures so chosen or laws made by them, but, hold-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "TROUBLES IN KANSAS.\\n261\\ning elections of their own, chose legislatures and framed con-\\nstitutions in accord with their own views. Of course, the\\npro-slavery element refused to acknowledge these actions,\\nand unfortunately the trouble did not stop with words and\\nelections. Men were attacked and shot, and houses and\\nwhole villages were destroyed by the Border Ruffians, as\\nthey were called. The settlers from the East and North,\\nfeeling that their just rights were invaded, met force with\\nVOTING-PLACE IN KANSAS, 1855.\\nforce, and retaliated with a severity perhaps quite equal to\\nthat which they themselves experienced. The whole terri-\\ntory was in a state of actual war. The administration at\\nWashington generally sided with the pro-slavery party but\\nthough governor after governor was sent out, it seemed\\nimpossible to preserve peace. It was not long before the\\nfree settlers had so increased in numbers as to be warranted\\nin asking that the territory should be admitted to the Union\\nas a state, but though petitioning Congress more than once,\\ntheir request was not granted until 1861.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nINCREASE OF SECTIONAL FEELING.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. James Schouler, History of the United States, v. 335-512;\\nJames F. Rhodes, History of the United States, ii. 131-502 Bryant and\\nGay, Popular History of the United States, iv. 418-447 W. Wilson, Division\\nand Reunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 194-218; James G. Blaine,\\nTwenty Years of Congress, i. 138-312 E. Channing, The United States,\\npp. 247-257 Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, i, 251-449 Jolm\\nG. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vols, ii.-vi. Jefferson Davis,\\nThe Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 1. 1-85, 199-318 Alex-\\nander H. Stephens, The War between the States, ii. 263-370 Henry A.\\nWise, Seven Decades of the Union, Chaps, xiii.-xv. Goldwin Smith, The\\nUnited States, pp. 215-253 Edward Ingle, Southern Side Lights.\\nBiographies. See references for Chaps. \u00c2\u00b1n. and xiii. H. von Hoist,\\nJohn Brown F. B. Sanborn, Life of John Brown J. T. Morse, Jr., Abra-\\nham Lincoln.\\nSpecial. Alex. Johnston, American Politics, Chajos. xviii., xix. E. Stan-\\nwood, History of Presidential Elections, Chaps, xix. xx. Edward McPher-\\nson, Political Text-book for 1860, Political History of the Rebellion (these\\ncontain the most important documents); James S. Pike, First Blows of the\\nCivil War, pp. 301-520. For Sumner and Brooks Alex. Johnston, Amer-\\nican Orations, ii. 256-314. Dred Scott Decision G. T. Curtis, Memoir of\\nBenjamin R. Curtis; The Nation (New York), April 7, 21, 1892; Alex.\\nJohnston, American Orations, iii. 3-33 M. W. Cluskey, Political Text-book\\n(decision given in full) J. J. Lalor, Cyclopsedia, i. 838-841. James\\nBuchanan Buchanan s Administration James Russell Lowell, Political\\nEssays, and articles in Atlantic Monthly and North American Review, 1860-\\n1866. Secession Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate\\nGovernment, i. 86-198 Alex. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 49-124\\nOrdinances, etc., relating to Secession, American History Leaflets, No. 12\\nWashington in the Winter of 1860-61, Atlantic Monthly, August, 1893.\\nLincoln s Inaugural, Old South Leaflets, No. 11.; Alex. Johnston, American\\n262", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "REPUBLICANS; CHARLES SUIVINER. 263\\nOrations, iii. 141-156. Jefferson Davis s Inaugural, etc. Alex. Johnston,\\nAmerican Orations, iii. 157-175. Atlantic Cable H. M. Field, Story of\\nthe Atlantic Telegraph (Revised edition).\\n286. Anti-Nebraska Men Republicans; Charles Sumner.\\n(1854-1856.) The Kansas trouble caused intense excite-\\nment in the country and on the floors of Congress, and\\nbleeding Kansas was a phrase often used in the North.\\nIn the election following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska\\nbill the opponents of the measure united and elected enough\\nmembers to control the House of Representatives. These at\\nfirst were called Anti-Nebraska men but it was not long\\nbefore they took the name of Republicans, and formed the\\nRepublican party. Tliis party, since so well known, was\\ncomposed chiefly of the old northern antislavery Whigs,\\nwith whom were joined many of those who held antislavery\\nviews in the Free-soil, the American, and the Democratic\\nparties. The new party had few sympathizers in the South,\\nexcept among the Germans of Missouri and among the inhab-\\nitants of western Virginia.\\nDuring the debate in Congress Charles Sumner, a senator\\nfrom Massachusetts, spoke very severely of one of the South\\nCarolina senators. Preston S. Brooks, a member of the\\nHouse of Representatives from South Carolina, and a\\nnephew of the aggrieved senator, came into the Senate\\nchamber after the adjournment of that body, and, attacking\\nSumner while seated at his desk, beat him about the head\\nwith a heavy cane, injuring him so severely that for nearly\\nfour years he was unable to resume his place. For this\\nassault Brooks was censured by the House of Representa-\\ntives, of which he was a member, and fined by a Washington\\ncourt of justice. He at once resigned his place, but was\\nalmost unanimously re-elected, only six votes being cast\\nagainst him. This incident contributed greatly to the bitter", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfeeling already existing between the great sections of the\\ncountry.\\n287. Presidential Nominations and Election of 1856. The\\nPresidential election of 1856 was one of the most important\\nthat had yet been held. The Democrats nominated James\\nBuchanan of Pennsylvania, and John C. Breckenridge of\\nKentucky, both supporters of the Kansas-Nebraska bill the\\nAmerican party ignored the slavery question, and nominated\\nMillard Fillmore of New York, and Andrew J. Donelson of\\nTennessee. The new Republican party met for the first time\\nin a convention, and nominated John C. Fremont of Califor-\\nnia, and William L. Dayton of New Jersey. The cry of the\\nnew party was, Free soil, free speech, free men, and Fre-\\nmont. In the election which followed, Buchanan and\\nBreckenridge were chosen but the new party, hardly two\\nyears old, had carried eleven out of the fifteen free states,\\nand polled a popular vote of nearly a million and a half.\\nThe Americans only carried the state of Maryland, and from\\nthis time ceased to exist as a party. The signs of the times\\nclearly indicated that, in another four years, an antislavery\\nPresident might be chosen.\\n288. Dred Scott Case Fugitive Slaves. (1856-1857.)\\nCuriously enough, the constitutionality of the Missouri Com-\\npromise (sect. 205) had never been brought up before the\\nUnited States Supreme Court until 1856. Though the case\\nliad been argued, the decision of the court was not made\\npublic till after the inauguration of Buchanan. When pub-\\nlished, the Dred Scott decision created great indignation\\nin the North, for it upheld the extreme southern view of\\nslavery in almost all respects. It said, in short, that negroes\\ncould not be citizens that they were property, and therefore\\nslaves could be taken anywhere in the United States in the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "JAMES BUCHANAN; THE MORMONS. 265\\nsame way as other property that the Missouri Compromise\\nwas unconstitutional and that Congress had no right to for-\\nbid slavery in the territories. If the Kansas-Nebraska bill had\\nbeen obnoxious to the North, this decision was far more so,\\nand many determined to ignore it, and, if needful, resist the\\nexecution of decrees in accordance with it. That Chief Jus-\\ntice Taney was sincere in his opinion, no one can doubt, but\\nhe allowed himself to go be3^ond the legal questions at issue,\\nand to make a political and historical argument which was,\\nto say the least, inappropriate and unbecoming.\\nSoon after the rise of the antislavery movement there\\ncame into existence what was known as The Underground\\nRailroad. This was simply a number of Abolitionists who\\nsympathized with the fugitive slaves, secreted them, and\\nhelped them on from point to point on their way to Canada\\nor some other place of safety. Several instances of fugitive\\nslaves reclaimed under the law of 1850 excited the anger\\nof many in the North, and made the execution of the law\\nmore and more difficult. When the decision of the Supreme\\nCourt was added to what had been done before, the patience\\nof many was exhausted, and they made no secret of their\\nviews thus the feeling between the sections became more\\nembittered than ever. Still the majority of the people of\\nthe free states were so much occupied with their own per-\\nsonal concerns that they looked upon slavery as a necessary\\nevil in the states Avhere it existed, and, believing that it was\\nin such cases a state matter, would have gladly welcomed a\\nway to take it out of national politics. The Abolitionists\\nwere in 1857 a small body.\\n289. James Buchanan the Mormons. (1857.) James\\nBuchanan was sixty-six years old. He was a man of good\\ncharacter, a trusted politician in his party, which had", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nbestowed upon him many political offices, and he was\\nfavorable to the pro-slavery element. He declared it to be\\nhis purpose to execute the high and responsible duties\\nof his office in such a manner as to restore harmony and\\nancient friendship among the people of the several states.\\nThe Mormons (sect. 254) had prospered in their new\\nwestern home, but they had declined to be bound by the\\nUnited States laws. They had also tried to prevent the\\n,\u00e2\u0080\u009ej\u00e2\u0080\u009e. immigration of Non-Mormons, and\\nwere believed to have murdered\\nmany immigrants wlio came near\\ntheir territory. In 1857 the Presi-\\ndent sent a detachment of troops\\nto bring them into obedience.\\nAfter some delay and difficulty\\nthis was nominally done, but the\\nMormons continued to ignore the\\nlaAvs relating to polygamy for\\nJAMES BUCHANAN. mauy ycars longer.\\n290. Panic; Ocean Telegraph Cable. (1857.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Everything\\nhad seemed so prosperous in tlie country that, as in 1837, many\\nnew enterprises had been started, especially in the building of\\nrailroads. These were built faster than the demand called\\nfor, and the earnings in many cases were not enough to pay\\nexpenses, much less dividends. Soon a verj^ large number of\\nrailroad shares were tlu own upon the market for sale, result-\\ning in a panic, which affected business generally, and the\\nnumber of mercantile failures in the country was very great.\\nAs early as 1846 a telegraphic message had been sent\\nunder the Hudson River, by means of a wire covered with\\ngutta-percha. This had proved that it was practicable to\\nsend messages under water, and soon cables of moderate length", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "GOLD; SILVER; OIL FIELDS. 267\\nwere laid on the beds of rivers and narrow bodies of water.\\nCyrus W. Field, a wealthy merchant of New York, became\\ninterested in a project to lay a telegraphic line across the\\nAtlantic Ocean. A company of English and Americans\\nwas formed, and soundings were made in the ocean to dis-\\ncover the nature of the bottom. It was found that between\\nNewfoundland and Ireland the depth did not exceed two and\\none-half miles, while the bottom was nearly level. This has\\nsince been called the Telegraphic Plateau. After many\\nexperiments and efforts a line was successfully laid in 1858,\\nbut, after a few messages had been sent back and forth, the\\nline refused to work but the practicability of an ocean\\ntelegraph liad been demonstrated, though it was not until\\n1866 that a thoroughly successful cable was laid (sect. 364).\\n291. Gold; Silver; Oil Fields. (1858-1859.) Little had\\nbeen known of the mineral resources of the country between\\nKansas and the Rocky Mountains, but in 1858 gold was dis-\\ncovered in Colorado and in the same year the famous\\nComstock lode at Virginia City, Nevada, was found, one of\\nthe richest silver deposits in the world. Other mines of gold\\nand silver, and of other valuable minerals, including coal,\\nwere discovered in the West, shoAving it to be a region rich\\nin mineral wealth. In 1859, near Titusville, in western\\nPennsylvania, while digging a well, a deposit of coal-oil or\\npetroleum was struck, and the oil fields of Pennsylvania\\nand of other states soon brought vast wealth to their owners,\\nwhile the oil itself nearl}^ displaced altogether the animal\\noils hitherto used for illumination, and became an article of\\ngreat commercial importance. The products manufactured\\nout of the crude oil are almost innumerable, dyes, medi-\\ncines, and articles used in almost all the arts, and the list\\nis continually increasing.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n292. John Brown. (1859.) In the autumn of 1859 the\\nwhole country, but especially the South, was startled by an\\nattempt to incite the slaves to an insurrection. John Brown,\\nof Ossawatomie, Kansas, had been prominent in the Kansas\\nwar, and was filled with a desire to liberate the slaves of the\\nSouth. Supposing that an opportunity and a leader was all\\nthat was needed to arouse them, he, with a force of less than\\ntwenty-five men, seized the United States arsenal at Harper s\\nFerry, on the Potomac, in Virginia. Of course he was soon\\noverpowered, and in accomplishing this several of his men,\\nincluding two of his sons, Avere killed. He himself, badly\\nwounded, was taken prisoner with most of his little band.\\nHe was tried by the Virginia courts, condemned, and exe-\\ncuted. In the South this attempt Avas regarded as a proof\\nthat many in the free states wished to incite insurrections\\namong the slaves while, in the North, surprise was mingled\\nwith pity and admiration for the self-sacrificing courage of\\nthe man, though the vast majority wholly disapproved of his\\naction, and looked upon him as a fanatic.\\n293. Nominations. (1860.) The great Democratic party\\nwas now confronted with the question of slavery in a way\\nthat could not be ignored and, in 1860, at the convention\\nfor nominating a candidate for President, after a discussion\\nthat showed irreconcilable differences, the delegates sepa-\\nrated and the two portions, each holding a new convention,\\nnominated each its own candidates. One division supported\\nStephen A. Douglas and Ilerschel V. Johnson of Georgia,\\nand popular sovereignty; while the other division, holding\\npro-slavery views, nominated John C. Breckinridge of Ken-\\ntucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon. The American party,\\nthe remnants of the old Whigs, and some Democrats, calling\\nthemselves the Constitutional Union party, nominated John", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "SECESSION. 269\\nBell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts,\\nadopting as their platform the indefinite declaration, The\\nConstitution of the country, the union of the states, and\\nthe enforcement of the laws. The Republicans nomi-\\nnated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hannibal Hamlin of\\nMaine (Sect. 299).\\nThus there were four tickets in the field, and probably\\nthere never was a time when the actual political feelings of\\nthe country were better represented by party candidates.\\nThe Douglas platform said squatter sovereignty and the\\nSu^Dreme Court must settle the slavery\\nquestion. The Breckinridge platform said\\nSlavery must be taken into the terri-\\ntories and protected there. The Union\\nparty dodged the question of slavery alto-\\ngether. The Republican platform said\\nslavery must be kept out of the territories\\nwhatever else might happen. The division\\nof their 02:)ponents gave a good majority of\\n,1 1, 1 i_Jl-r\u00c2\u00bb IT ABRAHAM LINCOLN, I860.\\nthe electoral votes to the Republican can-\\ndidates, who received also the largest popular vote, and\\ncarried every free state except New Jersey, where three elec-\\ntoral votes were cast for Douglas.\\n294. Secession. (1860-1861.) For the first time a dis-\\ntinctly antislavery party had elected a President, and though\\nthe new Congress had not a Republican majority in either\\nhouse, the southern leaders thought the time had come to\\nresort to sejDaration. Had the question of secession been\\nsubmitted to a popular vote, in 1860, in all the southern\\nstates, except South Carolina, it would probably have\\nreceived a negative answer. The legislature of South Caro-\\nlina, which still cast the electoral vote of the state, remained", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nin session until Lincoln s election was assured, and then,\\ncalling a convention, it adjourned. The convention soon\\nmet, and on December 20, 1860, passed an ordinance of seces-\\nsion. This document declared that the union now exist-\\ning between South Carolina and the other states, under the\\nname of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved.\\nThe governor of the state issued a proclamation announcing\\nthe fact preparations Avere at once made to provide for an\\nindependent government, and messengers were sent to the\\nother slave states to persuade them to follow the example of\\nSouth Carolina. Within about six weeks Mississippi, Florida,\\nAlabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and somewhat later (February\\n23, 1861) Texas, had held conventions and passed secession\\nordinances. The remaining slave states declined to follow\\nat once, desiring to wait further developments.\\n295. Confederate States of America. (1861.) Delegates\\nfrom the states named, except Texas, appointed by the con-\\nventions, met February 4, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama,\\nand organized a government under the name of The Con-\\nfederate States of America. A provisional constitution,\\nmodelled very closely upon that of the United States, was\\nadopted February 8, 1861, and the next day the Congress\\nelected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi provisional president,\\nand Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia vice-president, each\\nstate having one vote. A permanent constitution was adopted\\nby the Congress March 11, and was ratified by the conven-\\ntions of the states to which it was referred.\\nThis constitution was that of the United States, modified\\nor changed where it seemed necessary. The words Con-\\nfederate States and Confederacy were substituted for\\nUnited States and Union wherever the latter phrases\\npccurred. Among the changes were the distinct assertion of", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "ELECTION OF DAVIS AND STEPHENS.\\n271\\nthe sovereign and independent character of each state\\nthe introduction of the word slave the prohibition of pro-\\ntective tariffs, and of appropriations of public money for in-\\nternal improvements the permission granted to the President\\nto veto items in appropriation bills, and to the Congress to\\nallow each member of the Cabinet a seat upon the floor of\\neither house with the privilege of discussing any measure\\nappertaining to his department. The term of the Presi-\\ndent was made six years, and\\nhe was restricted to one term.\\n296. Election of Davis and Ste-\\nphens. (1861.) New Govern-\\nment. (1862.) At an election\\nheld November 6, 1861, Davis\\nand Stephens were re-elected by\\na unanimous electoral vote.\\nThe new permanent government\\nwent into operation February\\n22, 1862, at Richmond, Virginia,\\nwhicli had been chosen as the\\ncapital of the new Confederacy.\\nThe government never was\\ncompletely established, as no\\nSupreme Court was organized. The sessions of the Congress\\nwere generally held in secret, and it did little but register\\nthe will of the executive branch of the government; the war\\npowers granted to the executive, or exercised by it, over-\\nriding everything else.\\nIn the conduct of the early secession movement there seems\\nto have been an endeavor to copy the action of the colonies\\n1 Notwithstanding this, the constitution provided for a permanent federal\\ngovernment.\\nJEFFERSON DAVIS.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nat the time of the Declaration of Independence. Everything\\nwas referred to conventions, and it was only after the war\\nhad begun that measures were referred to a popular vote.\\nSo fully, however, was the doctrine of state sovereignty held\\nin the South that as soon as a state had seceded, even though\\nthe method may not have been approved, the citizens as a\\nwhole went with the state. In this way many who had\\nspoken strongly against secession, chiefly on the ground of\\nits being inexpedient, afterwards supported the act in legis-\\nlative assemblies and on the battle-field.\\n297. Buchanan; Peace Conference. (1861.) Meanwhile\\nthe United States Congress had met President Buchanan\\nsent in his message, taking somewhat similar ground to that\\nwhich Andrew Jackson had taken thirty years before.\\nBut, while denying the right of secession, Buchanan seems\\nto have doubted whether the United States had the legal\\npower to coerce a state, and he refused to assume the re-\\nsponsibility of even attempting to take any such measure\\nwhile Congress was in session.\\nIt was natural that men s thoughts should be turned back\\nto other crises in the history of tlie country, and that an\\neffort to compromise should be tried. A peace conference\\nwas called by Virginia to meet at Washington, and was\\nattended by delegates from twenty-one states; but the amend-\\nments proposed to be made to the Constitution were unsatis-\\nfactory, and the conference did little more than show that\\neven the moderate men of the country could not agree on a\\ncompromise.\\n298. Inaction at the North Fort Sumter. (1861.) Buchan-\\nan s cabinet was composed in part of southern men, and was\\ndivided in sentiment some members sympathized with the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN. 273\\nSouth, and some did not believe in coercion. The result was\\ninaction when the times called loudly for prompt and vigor-\\nous measures. This halting and vacillating conduct of the\\ngovernment was of great advantage to the southern leaders.\\nAs soon as each state had passed an ordinance of secession\\nthe senators and representatives in the United States Con-\\ngress withdrew, generally taking leave of Congress in a\\nspeech. All this time the government was doing little or\\nnothing to prepare for a conflict, while the southern states\\nwere seizing the United States stores of military supplies,\\ndrilling militia, and making every other preparation for\\narmed resistance.\\nFort Moultrie, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina,\\nwas garrisoned by a small body of troops under the command\\nof Major Robert Anderson. Anticipating an attack by the\\nstate troops, he determined to remove his little force to an-\\nother fort, which, though unfinished, seemed to offer a better\\nchance of defence. This was Fort Sumter, to which, on the\\nevening of December 26, 1860, he transferred his troops and\\nsupplies. These latter were inadequate even for the few men\\nwhom he had. At length the President, Buchanan, sent a\\nmerchant steamer, the Star of the West^ to Charleston with\\nsupplies for the garrison, but the battery which the state\\nauthorities had thrown up on Morris Island fired on her, and\\nshe returned without accomplishing her purpose.\\n299. Inauguration of Lincoln. (1861.) Before March, 1861,\\nall the forts belonging to the United States in the seceded\\nstates, except Sumter in South Carolina, Pickens at Pensa-\\ncola, Florida, and Key West, had been surrendered to the\\nstate authorities. Seven states had declared themselves out\\nof the Union, and it was believed that the remaining slave\\nstates would secede if any force were used to compel the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "274\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nreturn to the Union of those already claiming to be out the\\nviews of the people of the free states were unknown, though\\nit was believed that many would deprecate any appeal to\\nforce. Such was the condition of the country when the time\\nfor the inauguration of Lincoln drew near. It was truly a\\ndiscouraging prospect. Some of Lincoln s friends, who feared\\nthe risk of a public journey, persuaded him to travel secretly\\nthe last part of the way to\\nWashington. He was inaugu-\\nrated on the 4th of March, a\\nlarge body of troops being pres-\\nent by arrangement of General\\nScott.\\nLincoln s inaugural address\\nwas conciliatory and very far re-\\nmoved from anything like aboli-\\ntionism. The situation of the\\nnew administration was difficult\\nin the extreme many of the\\noffice-liolders were in sympathy\\nwith the secessionists, and it\\nwas almost impossible to know\\nin whom to trust. The Presi-\\ndent, while conciliatory, soon made it clear that his admin-\\nistration would not be lacking in firmness.\\nAbraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky,\\nFebruary 12, 1809, and died April 15, 1865. Recent in-\\nvestigations show that his family was of New England stock,\\nand that his antecedents were by no means so ignoble as some\\nbiographers have represented. His father moved to Indiana\\nin 1816, and in 1830 to Illinois. Abraham Lincoln s early\\nlife was the hard, rough-and-tumble life of a frontier settler.\\nHe learned to chop wood and split rails, to help his father in\\nWILLIAM H SEWARD.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "SUMTER FIRED UPON. 275\\ncarpentry, and in all kinds of farm work. He said of himself\\nhe went to school by littles, and that in all it did not\\namount to more than a year. But he read every book and\\nnewspaper he could get hold of, and everything he read he\\nmade his own. Whatever he undertook he mastered. He\\nwas a storekeeper, a postmaster, and a land surveyor later\\nhe studied law* was elected to the legislature, and was rep-\\nresentative in Congress 1847-49 (Sect. 259). He was can-\\ndidate for United States senator in 1858, but was defeated\\nby Stephen A. Douglas, with whom he had travelled through\\nthe state debating political questions. When nominated for\\nthe Presidency he was comparatively unknown outside of\\nIllinois. His kindly nature, great ability, and broad states-\\nmanship gained him the affection and confidence of the peo-\\nple to a degree unequalled except in the case of Washington\\n(Sect. 354).\\n300. Sumter fired upon. (April 12, 1861.) \u00e2\u0080\u0094Shortly after\\nthe inauguration, the Secretary of State, William H. Seward,\\nrefused to recognize a delegation sent from the Confederate\\nCongress at Montgomery, to treat for an amicable separation.\\nOn the 8th of April President Lincoln s official notificatton\\nthat Fort Sumter would be provisioned by force, if necessary,\\nreliched the governor of South Carolina, orders having been\\ngiven to send a fleet thither. Before the fleet could reach\\nits destination, fire had been opened upon Fort Sumter,\\nApril 12, by the batteries which had been built along the\\nshores of Charleston harbor, and to which Major Anderson\\nhad replied. After a steady fire of over tAventy-four hours,\\nhaving exhausted his ammunition and the fort being on fire,\\nhe surrendered, receiving the honors of war, and with his\\ntroops sailed to New York. No one was killed on either side\\nduring the bombardment.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nCIVIL WAR.\\nREFERENCES.\\nNote. It is still too soon to look for a calm history of the Civil War\\nand of the years immediately succeeding it. Much light is thrown upon\\nthe period by the volumes of personal memoirs, recollections, and diaries.\\nThe periodical literature of the last few years, particularly the articles\\nwhich have appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, Century, Forum, Harper s,\\nand the North American Keview, is the source of much information. Poole s\\nIndex to Periodical Literature has made these articles easy of consultation.\\nGeneral. \u00e2\u0080\u0094John C. Ropes, The Story of the Civil War Bryant and Gay,\\nPopular History of the United States, iv. 447-568 W. Wilson, Division and\\nReunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 218-2.38, 239-250 E. Channing,\\nThe United States, pp. 258-289 Horace Greeley, The American Conflict,\\ni. 449-630, ii. 1-528 James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, i. 313-487\\nJohn G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vols, vi.-x.; Alex. H.\\nStei)hens, The War between the States, ii. 370-575; Jefferson Davis, The\\nRise and Fall of the Confederate Government, i. 301-519, ii. 11-515 E. A.\\nPollard, The Lost Cause, pp. 108-489; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades of the\\nUnion, Chaps, xiv., xv.; Goldwin Smith, The United States, pp. 253-273.\\nBiographies. J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln Ida M. Tarbell, Life of\\nAbraham Lincoln U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs W. T. Sherman, Me-\\nmoirs P. H. Sheridan, Memoirs G. B. McClellan, McClellan s Own Story\\nA. A. Long, Robert E. Lee J. E. Cooke, Robert E. Lee J. E. Cooke,\\nStonewall Jackson; R. M. Johnston and W. H. Browne, Alex. H.\\nStephens; J. E. Johnston, Personal Memoirs; J. B. Hood, Personal Me-\\nmoirs A. T. Mahan, Admiral Farragut.\\nSpecial. Alex. Johnston, American Politics, Chap, xx.; Appleton s\\nAnnual Cyclopedia, 1861-1863 (contains many valuable documents and\\nmuch important information, but the conclusions and opinions given often\\nneed revision). For Military Histories: Campaigns of the Civil War\\n276", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "I\\nEFFECT OF THE FALL OF SUMTER. 277\\nand The Navy in the Civil War, a series of volumes written by spe-\\ncialists T. A. Dodge, A Bird s-eye View of the Civil War R. Johnson, A\\nShort History of the Civil War. Foreign Affairs W. H. Seward, Diplo-\\nmatic History of the Civil War E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy. F. W.\\nTaussig, Tariff History of the United States John Jay Knox, United States\\nNotes Ben Perley Poore, Reminiscences L. E. Chittenden, Recollections\\nof President Lincoln and his Administration. Emancipation Proclamation\\nOld South Leaflets, No. 11 Alex. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 127-\\n198 Edward McPherson, Political History of the Rebellion. Life in the\\nSouth Thomas Nelson Page, The Old South George Cary Eggieston, A\\nRebel s Recollections R. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk s Diary Atlantic\\nMonthly, Iviii. 229, Ixiv. 449 Harper s Monthly, xxxiii. 576 Century Mag-\\nazine, XXX, 752, xxxviii. 931. Capture of New Orleans: Century Magazine,\\nxxix. 918. Negro Troops: Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, ii. 511-\\n528. Prisoners Alex. H. Stephens, The War between the States, ii. 498-\\n021 Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, ii. 761 Goldwin Smith, The\\nUnited States, pp. 283, 284.\\n301. Effect of the Fall of Fort Sumter Baltimore. (1861.)\\nThe effect of the news of this engagement was marvellous.\\nUp to this time most of the northern men had not believed\\nthat the South was in earnest they thought that the ques-\\ntions were political, and like similar ones in the past would\\nsomehow be settled as heretofore. Others, like Horace\\nGreeley of the Neiv York Tribune^ had said if the South\\nwished to go she should be allowed to go in peace. A few\\nsympathized wholly with the South but when the news of\\nthe fall of Sumter was received, the people of the free states\\nseemed to be of one mind, everything else was forgotten\\nand when President Lincoln, on April 15, two days after\\nthe surrender, issued his call for 75,000 volunteers, to\\nmaintain the honor, the integrity, and the existence of our\\nnational union, the answer was prompt. Thousands more\\nthan were called for volunteered, and provisions, money,\\narms, and supplies of all kinds were tendered by states and\\nby individuals.\\nThe first object of the government was to provide for the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nsafety of the city of Washington, for there was a strong prob-\\nability that Virginia would secede. What course the state\\nof Maryland would pursue was uncertain the politicians, and\\nthe people of the southern counties were almost wholly in\\nsympathy with the South, while the majority of the people\\nof the whole state disapproved of secession. At this time,\\nhowever, the true condition of affairs was difficult to ascer-\\ntain, and it was due to the promptness of the national gov-\\nernment, and the skill of the governor, supported b}^ some\\nable and prominent men, that the state did not secede. As a\\nMassachusetts regiment was passing through the city of Bal-\\ntimore, on the 19th of April, it was attacked by a mob, and a\\nnumber were killed. This was the first blood shed in the\\nstrife. For a few days the troops avoided Baltimore by going\\ndown the Chesapeake Bay, landing at Annapolis, and proceed-\\ninof thence to Washino^ton. But direct communication was\\nsoon resumed, and there was no more trouble with Maryland.\\n302. Effect of the Fall of Sumter in the South and in the Bor-\\nder States. (1861.) If the effect of the fall of Sumter was\\nto unite the North, it also had a similar effect on the South.\\nMany who thought secession inexpedient rushed to the defence\\nof their states as soon as coercion was begun, and the call for\\ntroops by the Confederate government was answered with as\\nmuch enthusiasm as the call of Lincoln in the North. Of the\\nslave states which ha*d not seceded, North Carolina, Tennes-\\nsee, Arkansas, and Virginia joined the Confederacy, upon the\\ncall of the United States government for troops to put down\\nthe rebellion. Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, though\\ncontaining many secessionists, remained loyal, while in Dela-\\nware there was little or no sympathy with secession\\n1 The states seceded in the following order Arkansas, May 6 North\\nCarolina, May 20 Virginia, May 23 Tennessee, June 8. In no case was", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE TWO SECTIONS COMPARED.\\n279\\nCONFEDERATE FLAG.\\n303. The Blockade. (1861.) Jefferson Davis, the presi-\\ndent of the Confederacy, replied to Lincoln s call for troops\\nand proclamation of April 15, by a proclamation on the 17th\\noffering letters of marque and reprisal against the United\\nStates. Lincoln, on the 19th, proclaimed a partial, and, on\\nthe 23d, a general, blockade of all southern ports. As the\\nSouth had few manufactures, she was largely dependent\\nupon supplies from abroad, and in\\norder to pay for these it was neces-\\nsary to export cotton or tobacco,\\nalmost the only articles she pro-\\nduced which were wanted in Eu-\\nrope. The importance to the United\\nStates of maintaining the blockade\\nwill readily be seen. The Confed-\\nerate states, assuming the position\\nof an independent power, formally declared war against the\\nUnited States in April, and war was actually begun.\\n304. The Two Sections compared. (1861.) It will be well\\nto review briefly the condition of the whole country, and\\nalso to compare the two sections now arrayed against each\\nother, about to enter the conflict By the census of 1860 the\\npopulation was found to have increased more than one-third\\nover that of 1850. In material interests, railroads showed\\nthe most striking increase, there being a total of about 30,000\\nmiles against 7500 in 1850. In shipping, every country\\nexcept Great Britain was surpassed, while in agriculture the\\nlead was taken, the cotton crop alone being estimated at\\n5,000,000 bales of 400 pounds each. Manufactures were daily\\nincreasing, and the country, as a whole, was a hive of industry.\\nthe action ratified by an untrammelled popular vote. Virginia and Tennes-\\nsee were both in the possession of the Confederate troops when the vote was\\ntaken in those states, and no vote at all was taken in the others.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBut a careful examination would show that the increase in\\npopulation and in wealth was very largely in the free states\\nand while in them there was a variety of interests, such as\\nfarming, manufactures, fishing, transportation, and commerce,\\nin the slave states the cultivation of cotton and tobacco, but\\nchiefly the former wherever practicable, was followed, often\\nto the exclusion of other crops. As a result, a very large\\nproportion of supplies of nearly every kind came from the\\nNorth, and even the cotton and tobacco of the South were\\nexported in ships belonging to the North. But the southern\\nleaders Avere fully impressed with the belief that they held\\ncontrol of the country through cotton, which, if the North\\ncould do without, England and the continental nations would\\ninsist upon having, and so would interfere in case of au}^\\nquarrels between the North and the South.\\n305. Comparison of the Sections continued. (1861.) Dur-\\ning the last ten years Minnesota and Oregon had been\\nadmitted as free states, and Kansas was ready to come in\\nat any moment. Thus the control of the Senate had been\\nhopelessly lost to the slave states. The population of the\\nfree states was 19,128,418 of the slave states, 12,315,372;\\nbut a relatively large proportion of the latter was in the\\nborder states, and south of these, with the exception of New\\nOrleans, there was no large city. If Maryland and Delaware\\nwere taken out, the number of manufacturing establishments\\nwas insignificant, while the statistics of wealth showed that\\nby far the greater part of the capital of the country was\\nheld in the free states. (Appendix vii.)\\nEach section underestimated the patriotism, the endur-\\nance, the bravery, and the intelligence of the other. The\\nSouth thought that the North was absorbed in money-getting,\\nand would sacrifice anything rather than lose its dollars;", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "TERRITORY AND ADVANTAGES OF THE SOUTH. 281\\nand that if the men of the North did fight, the Southerners\\nwould more than be a match for them it was also thought\\nthat very many in the North sympathized with the South.\\nOn the other hand, the North thought the South only meant\\nto bluster and threaten and, notwithstanding all the lessons\\nof past years, northern men did not comprehend how firmly\\nthe doctrine of state sovereignty was fixed in the southern\\nhearts, nor did tliey appreciate the deep affection Southerners\\nfelt for their native states, which would make even the large\\nclass of non-slaveholders resent any invasion of their soil.\\n306. The Territory and Advantages of the South. (1861.)\\nThe seceded states stretched from the Atlantic to the ex-\\ntreme western point of Texas, and, with the exception of\\nVirginia, from nearly the line of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 to the Gulf of\\nMexico. Their territory comprised about 800,000 square\\nmiles, with a population of nearly 9,000,000, including\\n3,500,000 slaves; their northern line Avas over 2000 miles,\\nand their coast line over 3000 miles in length. In spite\\nof this vast expanse of territory and large population,\\nthe resources of the North were far greater, and if other\\nnations did not interfere, there was almost everything except\\nexperience on the side of the North. But few in North or\\nSouth anticipated the magnitude of the impending struggle,\\nor understood Avhat principles were involved.\\nIn some respects the people of the South had the advan-\\ntage for, acting on the defensive, they needed fewer men\\nwhile the North not only had to attack, but also to hold\\nthe places which might be taken. Many of the ablest\\nofficers of the United States Army in 1860 were southern men.\\nSuch were Generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston,\\nP. G. T. Beauregard. In fact, almost all the officers of any\\nnote in the southern army had been educated at West", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nPoint, but resigned when their states seceded, and joined\\nthe southern forces. A large part of the military supplies\\nin the country had been stored in southern forts, ready for\\nuse. Again, the South could send all her best lighting men\\nto the front, as she had slaves to work on the plantations,\\nand to perform the manual labor required in the countr}^\\nSeveral of these advantages were only temporary, but they\\ngave the South a good start. On the other hand, the South\\nhad no navy,, a most serious lack, nor had she merchant\\nvessels which could be pressed into service, nor had she\\nmechanics or shipyards for the rapid construction of vessels.\\nThe North, on account of possessing in these respects just\\nwhat the South lacked, was able almost immediately to\\nestablish a blockade of the southern ports, to the very great\\ndisadvantage of the South.\\n307. On to Richmond Bull Run. (1861.) Three days\\nbefore the people of Virginia were to vote upon the ques-\\ntion of secession, the capital of the Confederate States was\\nmoved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.\\nImmediately the cry in the North was On to Richmond.\\nGeneral Winfield Scott, who was in command of the United\\nStates army, was opposed to any forward movement with\\nraw troops, especially with men who had only enlisted for\\nthree months. But the cry of the newspapers and the peopl(\\nat large could not be wholly ignored, and so preparation,\\nwere made for an advance towards Richmond. It was alread}\\nclear that the battle-ground of the struggle was to be, for\\nthe most part, in the border states of Virginia, Kentucky,\\nTennessee, and Missouri. The Confederate line, beginning\\nat Fortress Monroe on the Chesapeake Ba}^ extended along\\nthe Potomac to Harper s Ferry. Troops had also been sent to\\nthe northern border of Tennessee and Kentucky and Missouri.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "m^- r^^^ Lonu i.uJe We8t_", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANCE OF BULL RUN. 283\\nThe Confederates had also fortified numerous places on the\\nMississippi, as well as points on the Cumberland and Ten-\\nnessee rivers, and were building forts and defences of every\\nkind along the coast. The success of United States troops\\nin some skirmishes in the mountains of West Virginia gave\\nan undue confidence to the northern people, and even Secre-\\ntary Seward said that the war would be ended in ninety\\ndays. The result of this pressure to advance was the first\\nbattle of Bull Run, known in the South as Manassas, fought\\nabout thirty miles southwest of Washington. Contrary to\\nthe general opinion at the time, it appears to have been a\\nwell-planned, well-executed battle, until the arrival of rein-\\nforcements for the Confederates at a moment opportune for\\ntheir cause gave them the day, and the Union defeat soon\\nbecame a rout. So severely had the victors suffered that\\nthey did not attempt to follow up their advantage. Johnston,\\nthe Confederate general, said The Confederate army was\\nmore disorganized by victor}^ than the United States by\\ndefeat. The ignorance of the true character of the war,\\nshown by the United States troops, is seen from General\\nMcDowell s words They stopped [on tlie way to Bull\\nRun] every moment to pick blackberries or get water they\\nwould not keep in the ranks, order as much as you pleased.\\n308. Importance of Bull Run. (1861.) The importance of\\nthe battle of Bull Run was twofold first, in its effect upon\\nthe North and second, in its effect upon Europe. The\\npeople of the North, at first surprised and then dismayed,\\nrecognized that the conflict was to be no child s play, or even\\na ninety days campaign, and so made preparations with\\ndogged earnestness for three years or the war. The\\nEuropean governments were led to believe that the battle\\nindicated superiority in the generalship and fighting qualities", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nof the Confederates, and that ultimate victory would be with\\nthem. The consequence was that, with the exception of\\nRussia, the European governments directly and indirectly fa-\\nvored the South as far as was practicable with a professed neu-\\ntrality. This was specially the case with England and France.\\n309. McClellan Army of the Potomac the West. (1861.)\\nGeorge B. McClellau, who had been prominent in the skir-\\nmishing in western Virginia, was called to Washington with\\nthe concurrence of General Scott, to command what now\\nhad become the Army of the Potomac. General McClellan\\nhad been educated at West Point, had seen service in the\\nMexican War, but above all had been successful in Virginia,\\nso Little Mac the soldiers pride was believed by the\\nnorthern army and people to be the one man who could\\nbring success to the Union army. For the next eight or\\nnine months McClellan did little else than drill and organize\\narmies the South did the same, and for the rest of the year\\nno general engagement took place near Washington. In the\\nWest, under Generals Lyon, Fremont, and Halleck, the Con-\\nfederate forces were gradually driven out of Missouri, and\\nthat state lost to the Confederacy.\\n310. Northern Plans for the Campaign. (1861.) It was\\nclear to President Lincoln and his advisers that in order to\\ninsure success it would be necessary (1) to hold the line\\nof the Potomac, and, if possible, take Richmond; (2) to\\nopen the Mississippi to the sea, thus dividing the Confed-\\neracy and (3) to maintain a close blockade of the seaports,\\nthus cutting off from the South any supplies from abroad.\\nThe United States cruisers had done what they could to\\nmake effective the blockade proclaimed by President Lincoln,\\nbut they were frequently driven off by stress of weather, and\\nvessels meanwhile would steal in and out. If it were pos-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "MASON AND SLIDELL. 285\\nsible to capture some of the ports, it would make the\\nblockade much more effective and much easier. Of all\\nthe forts on the seacoast from Virginia to the Rio Grande,\\nthe United States held only two, Fortress Monroe at the\\nmouth of the James, and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola,\\nFlorida. Fort Pickens was retained by a stratagem similar\\nto that of Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, but which,\\nunlike his, was successful. In the summer of 1861 a naval\\nexpedition was fitted out by the United States, which took\\nHatteras Inlet and the forts defending it. Later another\\nexpedition took Port Royal, South Carolina, and a number\\nof the islands on the coast, also an island near the mouth of\\nthe Mississippi. These places not only lessened the oppor-\\ntunities for running the blockade, but became depots of\\nsupplies for the Union fleets, and also points from which\\nto make attacks.\\n311. Mason and Slidell. (1861.) One of the most impor-\\ntant incidents of the whole struggle took place during the\\nfall of this year (1861). As has been seen, it was essential\\nfor the success of the Confederacy that the government\\nshould obtain supplies from abroad, and, in order to do this,\\nthe recognition of the Confederacy by European governments\\nas an independent nation would be of incalculable assistance.\\nAccordingly, four envoys were sent to Europe. Escaping\\nthe blockade, they reached Cuba, and there took passage in\\nthe British vessel Trent, for England. On November 8,\\nCaptain Charles Wilkes, commanding the United States\\nsteamer San Jacinto, stopped the Trent near the Bahamas,\\nand took out the Confederate envoys, James M. Mason and\\nJohn Slidell, with their two companions, and brought them\\nto Boston, where they were confined in Fort Warren. On\\nreceipt of this news both countries were thrown into great", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nexcitement. Great Britain sent war supplies and troops to\\nCanada, and in very blunt language demanded the return\\nof the commissioners and a suitable apology for the offence.\\nIn America the act of Captain Wilkes was loudly applauded,\\nthe House of Representatives passed a resolution that\\nthe thanks of the Congress were due to him, and that he\\ndeserved a gold medal for his conduct. For a short time it\\nseemed as if war between England and the United States\\nwas inevitable. But the United States had always opposed\\nthis right of search, and not to return the prisoners was to\\nreverse the whole previous policy of the government and to\\ndisavow its most cherished principles. The prisoners were\\naccordingly given up to the British government. Secretary\\nSeward also took occasion to say that Captain Wilkes had\\nacted entirely upon his own responsibility in the matter, and\\nwithout direction from the government. The people of the\\nNorth, however, felt that England had been unnecessarily\\nrude, and much hard feeling was the result.^\\n312. Condition of Affairs in the South and in the North.\\n(January, 1862.) By the close of the year it was evident\\nthat the struggle would be long and severe. While\\nthe Confederates had been generally successful in actual\\nconflict, their operations had been little more than defensive.\\nThey had failed to secure the accession of Maryland, Ken-\\ntucky, or Missouri, or to gain any permanent foothold north\\nof the Potomac, and the city of Washington was farther\\nbeyond their reach than ever. Though recognized as belliger-\\nents, their government had not been acknowledged by the\\nEuropean powers. Their whole coast had been fairly well\\nblockaded, and at least three important points on it had been\\n1 Captain Wilkes had been the commander of the well-known exploring\\nexpedition which had been sent out by the United States to visit the\\nsouthern seas and Antarctic Ocean in 1838-1842.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "FIGHTING IN THE WEST; GENERAL GRANT. 287\\ncaptured, while all along their northern border large armies\\nof Federal troops, inexperienced, indeed, but daily increasing\\nin efficiency, were preventing invasion, and were threatening\\nan attack as soon as they were sufficiently drilled. Without\\ncommerce, and almost without manufactures, the South was\\nnot in a good condition to sustain a long war. Skilful officers,\\na brave army, and a united people are not the only essen-\\ntials to success. On the other hand, the Union states were\\nhaving no experience of actual warfare. Everything with\\nthem was going on much as usual commerce and manu-\\nfactures were perhaps even more active than formerly.\\nA large army and navy had been raised with but little\\ndifficulty. The South was almost surrounded by fleets and\\narmies, and the North, instead of being disheartened by the\\nwant of success in the field, was only nerving itself for\\ngreater efforts and profiting by its mistakes. The Congress\\nat Washington, in which the war party had an overwhelm-\\ning majorit}^, voted men and money without hesitation, and\\npassed acts approving and legalizing the orders of President\\nLincoln issued since March 4. In the border states the\\nwrit of habeas corpus had been suspended, and the arrests\\nof men suspected of aiding and abetting the Confederacy\\nwere frequent. Distasteful as this was to very many, it was\\nbelieved to be a military necessity, for the South had many\\nfriends who did their best to send supplies and information\\nacross the lines. Washington was full of southern sympa-\\nthizers, and many in the emplo3anent of the government\\nitself furnished information of the greatest value to the\\nsouthern cause.\\n313. Fighting^ in the West General Grant. (1862.) The\\nfirst fighting of the year 1862 was in the West. The Con-\\nfederates had built two forts in northern Tennessee to pro-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntect that state from invasion Fort Henry on the Tennessee,\\nand Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. To reduce\\nthese places, General Ulysses S. Grant (p. 343), who had\\nalready shown military ability, was to co-operate with Com-\\nmodore A. H. Foote, who was to ascend the river with a fleet\\nof gunboats. Before Grant could reach Fort Henry it had\\nsurrendered to the gunboats, and the combined forces pro-\\nceeded against Fort Donelson. After three days fighting the\\ncommander asked what terms would be given, to which Grant\\nreplied No terms except an unconditional and immediate\\nsurrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately\\nupon your works. The surrender was a necessity, and by\\nit about 15,000 prisoners and a large quantity of arms fell\\ninto the hands of the Union army. This was the first great\\nvictory on the Union side and was an important one, for it\\ncompelled the Confederates to abandon Kentuck}^, and also\\nto leave nearly the whole of the state of Tennessee in the\\ncontrol of the Union forces. This victory brought Grant\\nbefore the country as an able and promising officer. Two\\nmonths later, April 6, Grant was attacked at Pittsburg Land-\\ning, or Shiloh, on the Tennessee, near the southern boundary\\nof the state, by General Albert Sidney Johnston, and might\\npossibly have been defeated but for the arrival of General\\nBuell with reinforcements. The Confederates retired with\\nthe loss of uheir general killed, and over 10,000 men killed,\\nwounded, and missing. On the Union side the losses were\\neven greater in men, and no attempt was made at an immedi-\\nate pursuit. It was a dearly bought victory. The next day\\nIsland No. 10 on the Mississippi, surrendered to Commo-\\ndore Foote, which opened the river to the United States\\nforces as far as Fort Pillow.\\n1 The islands in the Mississippi, beginning at tlie mouth of the Ohio and\\ngoing southward, were numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "MONITOR AND MERIIIMAC. 289\\n314. Monitor and Merrimac Farragut takes New Orleans.\\n(1862.) So far the advantage in the West had been de-\\ncidedly in the favor of the Union forces. At the time\\nof the capture of the navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, the\\nfrigate Merrimac had been taken, after having been partly\\nburnt, and then had been turned, by the Confederates, into\\nan ironclad ship, with a beak to run into an enemy s vessel.\\nIronclads were not new, but they had never been tried in\\nactual warfare. The Merrimae^ or Virginia^ as she was\\nnow called, being all ready for trial, sailed out of Norfolk\\nHarbor, March 8, 1862. In Hampton Roads, near by, were\\nfour or five of the best ships of war in the United States\\nnavy. Tliese the new sea-monster, for such she seemed to\\nbe, attacked and though they literally rained shot and shell\\non her, they could make no impression upon her iron sides.\\nShe ran into the Cumberland and sunk her. The others\\nwould have met a similar fate had not night come on, when\\nthe Meri imac returned to Norfolk. The news spread dismay\\nin the North. There seemed nothing to prevent the terrible\\nvessel from going to Baltimore, Wasliington, or any of the\\nnorthern seaports, wdiich would be utterly at her mercy.\\nAbout two hours after the Merrimac had left Hampton\\nRoads for the night, a strange little craft, named the Monitor^\\narrived from New York. Built from the design of John\\nEricsson, the inventor of the steam propeller (sect. 234), she\\nseemed altogether unable to cope with so formidable an\\nantagonist, but the next day, after a fight of four hours, the\\nMerrimac retired to Norfolk, and did no more damage she\\nwas destroyed by the Confederates when they abandoned\\nNorfolk later in the war. This short conflict revolutionized\\nnaval warfare the world over. Wooden vessels were seen to\\nbe helpless against the ironclads, and every maritime nation\\nbegan to build ironclads of one kind or another. The United", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nStates as soon as possible added a number of monitors, as\\nthey were called, to its navy. The joy of the North at the\\nresult of this action was proportional to its previous dismay.\\nDuring the spring of this year several points on the coast\\nwere captured until all the good ports of the Atlantic, except\\nSavannah, Charleston, and Wilmington, North Carolina,\\nwere held by the Union forces. In February an expedition,\\ncommanded by General Benjamin F. Butler and Commodore\\nDavid G. Farragut, sailed from Chesapeake Bay to try to take\\nNew Orleans. Farragut, a native of Tennessee, was a resident\\nof Virginia at the outbreak of the war, but refused to follow\\nhis state. He had entered the navy in 1812, and was therefore\\na veteran in the service. After spending a week in the vain\\nendeavor to capture the forts which had been erected to defend\\nthe approach to New Orleans by the river, he determined to\\npush past them. After a desperate struggle he succeeded,\\nand two days later (April 25) New Orleans surrendered, a\\ngreat loss to the Confederacy. The forts below the city soon\\nsurrendered also. General Butler remained in charge of\\nNew Orleans, but the fleet went up the Mississippi, and soon\\nthe whole river, with the exception of Vicksburg and one or\\ntwo other points, was open to the Union forces.\\n315. Peninsular Campaign General R. E. Lee. (1862.) In\\nVirginia the war was prosecuted almost without intermission.\\nThe Army of the Potomac, under McClellan, had been drilled\\nand organized till the authorities at Washington and the\\n})eople at large thought it was high time to be moving for-\\nward. After much consultation and urging, McClellan\\ndetermined to move his army down the Potomac, and\\napproach Richmond from the southeast. This was accord-\\ningly done, leaving McDowell near Fredericksburg to protect\\nWashington, and leaving also a force in the Shenandoah", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0354.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "ROBERT E. LEE.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0355.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0356.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "GENERAL R. E. LEE; BULL RUN; ANTIETAM. 291\\nvalley under Banks. The Confederate army was commanded\\nby General Joseph E. Johnston. McClellan moved his army\\ndown the Chesapeake on transports. Landing near the\\nmouth of the James River, he proceeded to attack York-\\ntown. It took a month to capture this place, and mean-\\nwhile Johnston was getting ready to repel an attack upon\\nRichmond. After taking Yorktown, McClellan pushed on\\ntowards Richmond, and succeeded in getting within a few\\nmiles of it. Then the Chickahominy, a small stream, but\\nswollen by sudden rains, divided his forces. Johnston at\\nonce attacked the weaker division of McClellan s army, and,\\nthough Johnston was wounded and forced to retire, he had\\nsucceeded in delaying McClellan. Meanwhile Jackson, who\\nhad been sent to attack Banks, drove him down the valley\\ntowards Washington, so frightening the authorities that\\nMcDowell was hastily recalled to defend the city. The\\nwounded Johnston was succeeded by General Robert E. Lee.\\nLee, a native of Virginia, was born in 1807, and was gradu-\\nated from West Point in 1829. He was in the Mexican\\nWar, was superintendent of West Point 1852-1855, and\\nwas the captain of the forces which captured John Brown at\\nHarper s Ferry (sect. 293). Though not at first a seces-\\nsionist, he had resigned his commission in the United States\\nArmy when it was clear that Virginia would certainly go with\\nthe South, and by his remarkable military skill did more\\nthan any one man to strengthen the Confederacy. Many\\nmilitary critics have considered him to be the ablest general\\non either side.\\n316. Failure to take Richmond Bull Run Antietam. (1862.)\\nJackson having disposed of Banks, and McDowell being\\n1 After the war Lee became President of Washington and Lee University,\\nLexington, Virginia, which post he held until his death in 1870.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0357.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "292\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nheld back to protect Washington, Lee was ready to attack\\nMcClellan. This he did, and, after seven days almost con-\\ntinuous fighting, forced him back to the James River. Here\\nLee was repulsed, but the attempt to take Richmond was a\\nfailure. Lee, who had recalled General Thomas J. Jackson s\\ndivision from the valley, determined to attack Pope, who\\ncommanded the Union forces near Washington. The armies\\nmet on the old field of Bull Run, and Pope was defeated.\\nMcClellan was hastily called\\nback from the Peninsula to\\nprotect Washington. This was\\njust what Lee wished, as it gave\\nhim an opportunity, now that\\nRichmond was temporarily safe,\\nto make further advance move-\\nments, or even to invade the\\nNorth. By September (1862)\\nthe two armies occupied about\\nthe same positions as early in\\nthe year, and apparently noth-\\ning had been gained by either\\nside. Lee and Jackson were\\nas active and ready as Mc-\\nClellan was slow and cautious. Owing to the firmness\\nwith which Jackson had resisted assaults at the first battle\\nof Bull Run, he was nicknamed Stonewall Jackson, by\\nwhich sobriquet he is universally known. The Confederates\\nnow thought it a good time to attempt an invasion of\\nthe North, and the first thing that the North heard was\\nthat Lee had crossed the Potomac above Washington, had\\ntaken Frederick, Maryland, and was preparing to move on\\nBaltimore or Philadelphia. McClellan followed, forcing Lee\\nto turn more to the west. Meantime, Harper s Ferry with\\nSTONEWALL JACKSON.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0358.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "FREDERICKSBURG; MURFREESBORO SLAVERY. 293\\n11,000 men, besides stores, fell into the Confederate hands.\\nThe armies met near Sharpsburg, on Antietam Creek, Mary-\\nland, and after a severe battle (September 17), Lee was\\nforced to retire across the Potomac after a loss on each side\\nof over 12,000 men. Lee had been much disappointed in\\nmeeting with so little sympathy in Maryland. McClellan\\ndid not follow up the retreating army, and, in consequence of\\nthis and other seeming or real dilatoriness, was removed\\nfrom the command, and did not have any further active duty\\nassigned him during the war.\\n317. Fredericksburg Murfreesboro. (1862.) The com-\\nmand of the Army of the Potomac was given to General\\nAmbrose E. Burnside. If McClellan was over-cautious,\\nBurnside was rash. Attempting to reach Richmond by the\\nway of the Rappahannock and Fredericksburg, his army was\\ndriven back and defeated (December 13), with a terrible loss\\nof life. The unfortunate Army of the Potomac changed\\ncommanders again, with the appointment of General Joseph\\nHooker.\\nIn the West the Union forces had been gradually advanc-\\ning, and had occupied Corinth in northern Mississippi.\\nThough the Confederates had made a few successful raids\\ninto Tennessee and Kentucky, the result of the year s cam-\\npaign was decidedly against them. On the very last day of\\nthe year, 1862, a severe battle had been fought at Murfrees-\\nboro, Tennessee, between Rosecrans, the Union general, and\\nBraxton Bragg, the Confederate, resulting in the retreat of\\nBragg, after a heavy loss on both sides.\\n318. Slavery; Contraband. (1861.) At the beginning\\nof the war there was no disposition to interfere with slavery.\\nIndeed, President Lincoln in his inaugural said, quoting", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0359.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfrom one of his own campaign speeches, I have no purpose,\\ndirectly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slav-\\nery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful\\nright to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. McClel-\\nIan, in West Virginia, when beginning hostilities, issued a\\nproclamation, in which, addressing those who were loyal to\\nthe United States, he said, Not only will we abstain from all\\nsuch interference Avith your slaves, but we will, on the con-\\ntrary, with an iron hand crush any attempt at insurrection on\\ntheir part. All the Union generals did not hold these views.\\nIn May, 1861, some fugitive slaves having come into the camp\\nof General Butler at Fortress Monroe, he had refused to give\\nthem up to their owner, who, commanding the Confederate\\nforces near by, asked by a flag of truce that they should be\\nreturned to him under the fugitive slave law. Butler replied\\nthat slaves were contraband of war, as they could be used in\\nworking on fortifications and in other ways. This name of\\nContraband was applied to the ex-slaves for a long time.\\n319. Slavery Emancipation Proclamation. (1861-1863.) In\\nAugust, 1861, General John C. Fremont, who had been com-\\nmissioned as major-general and sent to Missouri, issued a\\nproclamation, declaring that all citizens Avho should take up\\narms against the United States, or assist its enemies, should\\nhave their property confiscated and their slaves, if au}^ they\\nhave, are hereby declared free men. This order, so far as it\\nrelated to the slaves, was annulled by the President. In\\nSouth Carolina General Hunter, in May, 1862, in a military\\norder, said, Slavery and martial law in a free country are\\naltogether incompatible. The persons in these three states,\\nGeorgia, Florida, and South Carolina, heretofore held as\\nslaves, are therefore declared forever free. He also mus-\\ntered a regiment of negroes into the service. The President", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0360.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "EMANCIPATION A WAR MEASURE; EFFECT. 295\\nannulled the proclamation of Hunter, as dealing with ques-\\ntions beyond the authority of commanders in the field to\\ndecide. He also, at the same time, in his proclamation\\nbesought the people to embrace the offer of compensated\\nemancipation, proposed by the United States Congress.\\nNevertheless, the feeling in the North, against slavery any-\\nwhere, was rapidly growing. Lincoln never pressed his\\nviews much in advance of public opinion. He bided his\\ntime until he thought the hour had come, and then he spoke\\nor acted. He had already considered the subject carefully,\\nand was only waiting a suitable time to speak. This seemed\\nto be after the battle of Antietam.\\n320. Emancipation a War Measure; Effect. (1863-1865.)\\nOn the 22d of September, 1862, President Lincoln issued a\\nproclamation, stating that on the first day of January, 1863,\\nall persons held as slaves within any state or designated\\npart of a state, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against\\nthe United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever\\nfree. Those portions were designated which were not under\\nthe control of the Union government, for the President did\\nnot claim the power to issue such an order respecting those\\nstates which had not seceded. Of course, no notice was\\ntaken of this preliminary proclamation by the districts named,\\nand on January 1, 1863, he issued the proclamation of which\\nhe had given one hundred days notice. In this he declared\\nthe power was invested in him as Commander-in-chief of\\nthe Army and Navy of the United States, claiming that it\\nwas a fit and necessary war measure, This proclamation\\nended by saying, And upon this act, sincerely believed to\\nbe an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon mili-\\ntary necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind\\nand the gracious favor of Almighty God.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0361.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nThis proclamation for the first time officially struck at\\nslavery, and henceforth not only made the war a struggle\\nto maintain the union of the states, but one to eradicate\\nslavery also. Perhaps its greatest effect was abroad, for the\\nlong and brave resistance of the South had begun to make\\nthe Europeans think that she might succeed after all, and\\nought, perhaps, to be recognized; but now any recognition\\nof her independence, or any help which might be officially\\nextended to her, would be at least an indirect support to\\nslavery. The most important immediate result was the\\nemployment of negroes and fugitive slaves in the armies\\nof the Union. They had already been employed by the\\nConfederates in throwing up embankments, and as team-\\nsters, and for other purposes. The faithfulness of the\\nnegroes to their southern masters, particularly on the planta-\\ntions, where often there were no white men, has scarcely\\nbeen paralleled in history, and is worthy of great admiration.\\nThe enlistment of negroes by the Federal government was\\nresented by the South, and led finally to a cessation of the\\nexchange of prisoners; for as the Confederate authorities\\nnaturally refused to exchange any black soldiers or their\\nwhite officers captured in battle, the United States govern-\\nment refused to exchange at all, being bound to protect\\nequally all who had entered its service. About 180,000\\nnegroes entered the armies of the United States during the\\nwar, and their record was a creditable one.\\n321. Prisoners of War. (1861-1865.) Of the evils inci-\\ndent to war, the confinement and treatment of prisoners is\\nnot the least and when exchange of prisoners is not prac-\\ntised, or is much restricted, the evils are greatly aggravated.\\nThis, true of all wars, was sorrowfully true of the Civil War\\nin America. Seldom, if ever, have such heart-rending suffer-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0362.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "THE SIOUX WAR; VICKSBURG. 297\\nings been endured, and Anderson ville has become almost a\\nsynonym for terrible suffering.^\\n322. The Sioux War. (1862.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To add to the difficulties\\nof the United States, the Sioux Indians in Dakota and west-\\nern Minnesota revolted in the summer of 1862. They had\\ncomplained of unjust treatment and non-fulfilment of treaties,\\nall of which was doubtless true and so, to avenge their\\nwrongs, they fell upon the whites, killing men, women, and\\nchildren. A detachment from the army soon put an end to\\nthis war, and a number of the Indians were tried, found\\nguilty of murder, and hanged. It was another instance of\\nthe result of the policy so long pursued by the government\\ntowards the red man.\\n323. Campaign in the West; Vicksburg. (1863.) In the\\nWest and Southwest there were four Union armies. One\\nunder Grant, not far from Corinth, Mississippi; one under\\nRosecrans, near Murfreesboro, Tennessee one under Banks,\\nin Louisiana and one under Schofield, in Arkansas. The\\nmain object of all these armies was to open the Mississippi\\nRiver, and thus divide the Confederacy. Vicksburg and\\nPort Hudson were still held by the Confederates, and were\\nvery strong points. Leaving the neighborhood of Corinth,\\nGrant, with the cooperation of gunboats and transports, tried\\nplan after plan in order to defeat the Confederate forces, and\\nto reduce Vicksburg, but again and again his efforts were\\nunsuccessful. He then occupied the country east of the\\ncity, and, having taken Jackson, the capital of the state of\\nMississippi, he made several assaults upon the fortifications,\\nbut in vain.\\n1 Of that camp, the Confederate inspector-general spoke as a place of\\nhorrors beyond description.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0363.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nHe now settled down to a regular siege of the place\\nafter driving away a Confederate army that w^as endeavor-\\ning to force its way, under J. E. Johnston, to the relief of\\nVicksburg. In these movements there was manifested a\\nwant of harmon}^ between Johnston commanding the south-\\nern army in the field, and Pemberton who was shut up in\\nthe city.\\n324. Chancellorsville Lee invades Pennsylvania. (1863.)\\nIn the East, Hooker (sect. 318) had been bus}^ in reorganiz-\\ning the Army of the Potomac Avith success. At last he\\ndetermined to approach Richmond over the direct route by\\nway of the Rappahannock. Lee met him at a small place\\ncalled Chancellorsville and Hooker Avas defeated (May 2,\\n3, 1863), Avith a loss of about 17,000 men. On the Confed-\\nerate side the loss in numbers Avas not so great; but they\\nlost their great soldier StoncAA^all Jackson, AAdio Avas shot\\nby his OAvn men in the dusk of the evening, under the suppo-\\nsition that he and his staff were enemies. Lee noAv resoh^ed\\non a second invasion of the North, and in fact it Avas forced\\nupon him by public opinion. His army consisted of 73,000\\nA^eteran troops, and with these he moved toAvards the Shenan-\\ndoah valley. Hooker at first retreated toAvards Washington\\nto defend it from an attack but Avhen Lee s movements\\nAvere comprehended, he likewise made for Pennsylvania.\\nLee crossed the Potomac, and pushed across Maryland. En-\\ntering Pennsylvania, he captured Chambersburg. A part of\\nhis force got as far east as York, and his cavalry Avere Avithin\\nsight of Harrisburg itself. The North Avas Avith good reason\\nfrightened the militia Avere hastily called out, and hurried\\nforward to protect Philadelphia and Harrisburg and to help\\nto SAvell the army. This Avas in June. MeauAvhile Hooker,\\nannoyed by the orders of General Halleck at Washing-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0364.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "GETTYSBURG; VICKSBURG; CHATTANOOGA. 299\\nton, on the 27tli asked to be relieved of the command of\\nthe army.\\n325. Gettysburg. (1863.) He was succeeded by General\\nGeorge G. Meade, of Pennsylvania. General Meade was a\\ngraduate of West Point, had served in the Mexican War,\\nand liad been in the Army of the Potomac since its organiza-\\ntion. He retained his position until the close of the war.\\nA steady officer who would run few risks, he conducted the\\nremainder of the campaign in his own way. As Lee was on\\nhis way eastward, the two armies met at Gettysburg. A\\ndreadful battle followed, lasting three days (July 1, 2, 3),\\nno field was more stubbornly contested but Lee was defeated\\nand forced to retreat, with a loss of about 23,000, the same\\nas that of the Union army 46,000, about one-third of the\\nmen engaged in the conflict, were killed, wounded, or missing.\\nLee retreated across the Potomac, and no further attempt\\nwas made to invade the North. It was, indeed, out of the\\nquestion all that he could do was to resist attacks and pro-\\nlong the struggle. Meade followed the Confederates slowly\\nuntil both armies were not far from the place from which\\nthey had started. Gettysburg, the greatest battle on Amer-\\nican soil, was also the turning-point of the war.\\n326. Vicksburg Chattanoog^a. (1863.) Meanwhile, Grant\\nhad been besieging Vicksburg until it had been forced to\\nsurrender the day after the battle of Gettysburg, the 4th of\\nJuly, and 32,000 men were taken prisoners. A few days\\nlater Port Hudson surrendered to Banks, thus opening the\\nMississippi to its mouth. The Confederates still held the\\nstrong position of Chattanooga, which commanded eastern\\nTennessee and the entrance to Georgia. By skilful manoeu-\\nvring Rosecrans caused Bragg to retire until Chattanooga", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0365.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nwas evacuated, when Rosecrans occupied it at once but\\nlater Bragg, having received reinforcements, attacked Rose-\\ncrans and defeated him at the battle of Chickamauga (Sep-\\ntember 19, 20), where, had it not been for the steadiness of\\nGeneral Thomas, the defeat would have been a rout. As it\\nwas, each army lost upwards of 16,000 men, and while Bragg\\ngained the victory, he did not get Chattanooga, which was\\nhis object, though he shut up the Union forces in the town\\nand more than once nearly forced a surrender. Grant, by\\nhis successes, had become one of the best known generals,\\nand now all the western armies were put under his orders.\\nHe came to Chattanooga and took charge, bringing some\\nreinforcements and also the officers whom he had proved\\nin his previous campaign, among them W. T. Sherman.\\nChattanooga was relieved from a state of siege. Bragg still\\nheld strong positions on the hills, and from these Grant de-\\ntermined, if possible, to drive him. In this he was entirely\\nsuccessful, and as part of the battle was fought on the moun-\\ntain summit above the mists of the valley, it has been known\\nas the battle above the clouds. Bragg retreated to Dal-\\nton, Georgia, and was superseded by Joseph E. Johnston.\\nThis happened late in November, 1863, and all was quiet in\\nthe West for some time.\\n327. Morgan s Raid. (1863.) One of the most striking\\nincidents of this year (1863) was the cavalry raid of the Con-\\nfederate officer John Morgan. Starting from Tennessee, he\\npassed through Kentucky, his force being increased by sym-\\npathizers as he proceeded capturing one or two towns on the\\nway, he reached the Ohio River, and seizing two steamers,\\ncrossed into Indiana he then turned towards Ohio, and\\ncrossed the southern part of the state, going by night\\nthrough the very outskirts of Cincinnati. Everywhere he", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0366.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "THE BLOCKADE; NAVAL OPERATIONS. 301\\nwent he plundered and destroyed. He created the greatest\\nalarm, and soon not only were regular troops sent after him,\\nbut also almost every one in that part of the country capable\\nof bearing arms joined in the pursuit. Finding the whole\\ncountry was aroused, he made for the Ohio River, on the\\nbanks of which he was finally captured. He was placed in\\nconfinement, but managed to escape and get again within the\\nsouthern lines his was the most daring of all the raids, and\\ngave the inhabitants of the country through which the troops\\npassed some experience of what war really was.\\n328. The Blockade; Naval Operations. (1863.) The navy\\nhad not been quiet during the year the blockade was main-\\ntained with vigor, and it became more and more difficult for\\nthe blockade runners, as the vessels were called, to slip\\ninto the one or two ports which were not held by the Union\\nforces. An attempt was made by a Union naval force to\\ntake Fort Sumter, but it was a failure. Later in the year a\\nnaval and military force, under General Quincy A. Gillmore,\\nmade a desperate attack, battered Fort Sumter to pieces and\\ntook Fort Wagner, one of the outer harbor defences. Shells\\nwere thrown into Charleston itself, but the city was not\\ntaken. The Confederates built a ram, the Atlanta^ in the\\nSavannah River she was similar in build to the Merrimac^\\nbut on her way to the sea, encountering the monitor Wee-\\nhawken^ she was captured after a short action.\\n329. Destruction of American Shipping by Privateers. (1861-\\n1865.) The South, from the very first, had expected the\\nEuropean governments to interfere for the sake of getting sup-\\nplies of cotton, if for nothing else. They also hoped to secure\\na navy, but the close blockade maintained by the United\\nStates prevented any vessels built in the South from getting", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0367.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nto sea. In England, agents of the Confederate government\\nsucceeded in having several vessels built, armed, and manned,\\ncontrary to international law, which does not permit of fit-\\nting out an armed vessel against a friendly power. Charles\\nFrancis Adams, the American minister at London, warned\\nthe British government of the nature of the vessels and their\\ndestination but for some reason or other, it did not attempt\\nto stop them in time. They were allowed to put to sea, and\\nthe result was, that many vessels were captured, and Ameri-\\ncan shipping was almost driven from the ocean, owners of\\nvessels transferring their ships to foreign flags in order to\\nprevent the Confederate privateers from capturing them.\\nBy a United States law, no vessel which has been transferred\\nfrom the American flag can be restored to it except by special\\nact of Congress, and so these vessels were permanently lost\\nto the American marine, which has never regained its former\\nposition. This, however, is not wholly due to the depreda-\\ntions of the privateers. The most noted of these privateers\\nwere the Alabama^ the G-eorgia^ the Shenandoah^ and the\\nFlorida. Most of these vessels answered Secretary Seward s\\ndescription of the Alabama She was purposely built for\\nwar against the United States by British subjects in a\\nBritish port. When she was ready she was sent\\nand her armament and equipment Avere sent to a\\ncommon port outside of the British waters, and she was\\nsent forth on her work of destruction with a crew chiefly of\\nBritish subjects. Tlie Alabama alone took sixty-five vessels,\\nmost of which she burned. These captures gave rise to the\\ncelebrated Alabama Claims and to the Geneva Arbitration\\nCsect. 370). The inability to secure a navy was a serious\\nblow to the Confederacy. Could she have had a navy, the\\nFederal blockade would have been very much more difficult\\nto maintain, and she might have attacked the seaports of the\\nNorth also.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0368.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CONSCRIPTION NORTH AND SOUTH. 303\\n330. Conscription North and South. (1862-1863.) The\\nnovelty of the war had worn off by the summer of 1863, and\\nenlistments for the army were decreasing rapidly so it was\\ndeemed necessary to resort to conscription or a draft. There\\nwas much objection to this, especially in the city of New York,\\nand on the 13th of July, 1863, there was a serious riot, and\\nthe mob practically had control of affairs for several days.\\nDuring this time about fifty buildings were burnt, over two\\nmillion dollars worth of property destroyed, and a number of\\nlives sacrificed. The mob had a special hatred towards col-\\nored people. Several of these were brutally murdered, and\\namong the buildings burned was the Colored Orphans Asy-\\nlum fortunately, there was time to hurry the children out\\nby a back door before the rioters gained access in front. The\\nriot was finally put down by the police, aided by some troops\\nwho were hurried from the field of Gettysburg for the\\npurpose. It was estimated that over 1200 of the rioters\\nwere killed. Conscription was not directly very successful\\nat the North, but it tended to increase the volunteering,\\nand so far answered the purpose. In the South, conscrip-\\ntion had been first resorted to in April, 1862. All men\\nbetween the ages of eighteen and forty -five years, except\\nthose who were mentally or physically unfit for service, were\\nenrolled as liable to be called upon. By the second law,\\npassed February, 1864, all white men between seventeen and\\nfifty were enrolled. There were in the North many ex-\\nemptions for various reasons. In the South, the exemptions\\nwere very much fewer than in the North, and the law Avas\\nvery much more rigorously enforced. There were no sub-\\nstitutes as in the North for ever}^ able-bodied man was him-\\nself already a conscript. In the North few, if any, of those\\nwho had conscientious scruples against fighting suffered\\nmuch. In the South many endured much suffering for con-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0369.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nscience sake. From those enrolled as above, men were\\nchosen to go into the army as needed, by lot. Hence the\\nterm draft.\\n331. Plans to raise Revenue. (1861.) The debt of the\\nUnited States in 1860 was only about 165,000,000. The ordi-\\nnary revenues of the country were wholly inadequate to sup-\\nport the armies and the navy which had been called into exist-\\nence, and some new way to raise money had to be devised.\\nThe two principal means open to a nation for raising funds\\nare (1) Taxation (2) Borrowing. The latter involves tax-\\nation, but it is not so evident. Up to 1861, the United\\nStates chiefly made use of the second plan. At the special\\nsession of Congress held in July of the same year, the duties\\non many articles of import were increased, and later internal\\ntaxation was resorted to. Congress also made use of the\\nsecond means to a large extent. This last can be done in\\ntwo ways first, by issuing bonds, agreeing to pay interest on\\nthe sum named in the bond at a certain rate per annum\\nsecondly, by issuing bills, similar to bank-bills, promising to\\npay on demand the sum named in the bill. Congress tried\\nboth of these plans. But the expenses of the war increasing\\nmore and more, the loans and bills authorized did not suffice.\\nOn December 30, 1861, the banks of the country suspended\\nspecie payment, as they had done several times before, nota-\\nbly in 1837 (sect. 243). The government was forced to\\nfollow^ their example, and soon neither gold nor silver was to\\nbe seen in circulation.\\n332. Greenbacks and Small Notes. (1862.) People\\nwere driven to all sorts of expedients to make change,\\nand, as in 1837, business firms issued tokens, and notes\\nfor small amounts redeemable in sums of one dollar or ov^er;", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0370.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "PllEMIUM ON (U)LD. 305\\nbut the most popular way was to enclose postage stamps in\\nsmall envelopes, with the amount enclosed written or printed\\non the outside. Bjit the government soon issued bills of the\\ndenominations of fifty cents, twenty-five cents, etc., which\\nmet the demand for change. It was plain that something\\nmore had to be done. So, early in 1862, Congress author-\\nized the issue of bills of various denominations, which were\\ncalled, from the color of the backs of the bills, greenbacks\\nthese bills were made a legal tender i for everything except\\npayment of duties on imports, and of interest on the public\\ndebt. It was thought that if the interest on the debt was\\nmade payable in coin, the loans would be more readily sub-\\nscribed to, both at home and abroad, and in order to get the\\ngold coin to do this, duties were required to be paid in gold.\\n333. Premium on Gold. (1862-1879.) Though many\\nthink differently, there are some who hold that it was a mis-\\ntaken policy to have issued so much paper money, if it was not\\nan error to issue any. It is so easy to manufacture paper\\nmoney and put it into circulation, that the temptation to issue\\nit, great at any time, is almost irresistible in times of emer-\\ngency. Early in 1862 gold began, as it w^as said, to demand\\na premium in greenbacks. In reality it was the paper\\nmoney which declined and which should have been quoted\\nat a discount, because gold was the standard with which the\\nbills were compared, but it was thought not only more\\npatriotic, but also a matter of policy, to quote gold at a\\npremium rather than bills at a discount. As the payment\\nof the greenbacks in coin depended upon the success of the\\ngovernment in the war, the premium on gold was regarded\\nas a sort of thermometer or bulletin by which to estimate\\n1 Legal tender is money or currency which the law authorizes a debtor to\\noffer in payment of a debt, and requires the creditor to receive.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0371.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe probable result of the conflict. In the early part of\\n1862 the premium was two per cent; in December it was\\nthirty-three per cent; in December, 1863, notwithstanding\\nthe successes of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, it was fifty-one\\nper cent in June, 1864, the premium was one hundred per\\ncent, making the paper dollar worth but fifty cents in gold.\\nIn July, 1864, the premium reached the highest point, one\\nhundred and eighty-five, making the paj^er dollar worth only\\nabout thirty-five cents in gold. From this time the premium\\ngradually declined, until the United States resumed specie\\npayment in 1879, when, of course, the bills were exchange-\\nable for gold at their face value. As it would not do to\\nissue too many bills, large loans were negotiated on as good\\nterms as possible. The large issue of greenbacks inflated\\nprices, making the government pay higher rates for every-\\nthing, thus increasing the debt vastly, besides making the\\namount of yearly interest to be paid far greater. It is\\nestimated that the debt was increased in this way several\\nhundred millions of dollars. By the end of 1863 the expense\\nof carrying on the war was enormous, the daily cost of the\\narmy and navy being nearly #3,000,000, and during the latter\\npart of the next year it was still greater.\\n334. Finances in the South. (1862-1865.) In the Con-\\nfederacy a somewliat similar but worse state of affairs existed.\\nTaxes were laid on almost everything that could be taxed,\\nand notes were issued payable six months after the ratifica-\\ntion of peace with the United States. Bonds were also\\nissued to a large amount. Many of these latter were sold\\nin Europe. As the success of the South became more doubtful\\nthese bonds fell in value, until at last they became worthless.^\\n1 By Amendment XIV. of the Constitution, debts incurred in aid of\\ninsurrection or rebellion against the United States are illegal and void.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0372.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "FINANCES IN THE SOUTH; NATIONAL BANK ACT. 307\\nThe notes also became more and more depreciated, until\\nin some places the curious spectacle was seen of greenbacks\\nbeing accepted by the Confederates in preference to their\\nown currency. Though the advance in prices was great in\\nthe North, it was small in comparison with that in the Soutli.\\nEarly in May, 1864, the following were some of the prices\\nquoted at Richmond in Confederate money: shoes, ^125 per\\npair flour, t| 275 per barrel bacon, f 9 per pound potatoes,\\n#25 per bushel; butter, $15 per pound. Many of what are\\nconsidered the necessaries of life were absolutely unobtainable,\\nso close was the blockade of the ports. The suffering in the\\nSouth for the Avant of many things was very great, and it\\nfell heavily upon the women and children who had to stay\\nat home. The lack of quinine and other drugs was also\\nseverely felt.\\n335. National Bank Act. (1863.) The United States\\nCongress passed the National Bank Act in 1863. By its\\nprovisions banks could be organized under a national law,\\nand on depositing United States bonds with the United\\nStates Treasurer at Washington, could issue notes to the\\namount of ninety per cent of the par value of the bonds so\\ndeposited, these bonds to be held as security for the notes.\\nAs the redemption of these notes was certain, they Avere\\naccepted everywhere, regardless of the place of issue, and\\nformed an admirable circulating medium. A market was\\nalso provided for United States bonds, and the interest of\\nthe people in the stability of tlie government was greatly\\nstrengthened. Later, a law taxing all currency except\\nnational bank notes put an end to currency issued by state\\nbanks.\\n336. Union Armies, East and West. (1863.) It was evident\\nat the close of the year 1863 that success was on the side of", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0373.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "308\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe Union. In spite of the bravery and endurance of the\\nConfederates, they had steadily lost almost everywhere except\\nin Virginia. Even Lee s invasion of Pennsylvania resulted\\ndisastrously. At first sight it seems strange that there should\\nLynchburg\\nO 10 20 30 40 60\\nCAMPAIGNS IN VIRGINIA.\\nbe such a difference in the success of the Federal armies of the.\\nEast and those of the West, but there were good reasons\\nfor it. In the first place, the physical features of the coun-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0374.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "REASONS FOR UNION SUCCESS. 309\\ntry were different. In the West the river-courses are mostly\\nnorth and south, just the direction needed for invading the\\nsouthern states and so far from being obstacles, they offered\\na natural way of approach. In the East the river-coui-ses\\nrun southeast and northwest and so, in order to attack Rich-\\nmond, they would have to be crossed. In the short distance\\nwhich intervened between Washington and the capital of\\nthe Confederacy there are a dozen or more streams, not\\nlarge ones, but such as are liable to rise rapidly after rains,\\nthus admirably fitted to aid a defensive army, and at\\nthe same time seriously to interfere with an attacking one.\\nBesides, the soil in eastern Virginia is clay, and much of\\nthe country is swamp. There are also many plantations of\\nscrubby and rough woodland, all of which render successful\\nmilitary advance movements exceedingly difficult. It was\\nmainly on account of these reasons that McClellan when in\\ncommand had determined upon the Peninsular^ campaign.\\nHad he been more rapid in his movements, it is not unlikely\\nthat he would have been successful in taking Richmond, and\\nthe whole history of the war been changed. But perhaps\\na more important reason for the greater success of the\\nwestern armies was the fact that their generals were left to\\nuse their own judgment far more than were their comrades\\nof the Army of the Potomac.\\n1 See Sect. 315.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0375.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nCIVIL WAR CONTINUED.\\nREFERENCES.\\nNote. See references for Chap. xv.\\nGeneral. John C. Ropes, The Story of the Civil War Bryant and Gay,\\nPopular History of the United States, iv. 569-600 James G. Blaine, Twenty\\nYears of Congress, i. 488-549; Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, ii.\\n528-759; W. Wilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs of American History),\\npp. 233-252 E. Channing, The United States, pp. 289-300 John J. Nicolay\\nand John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vols, viii.-x. Goldwin Smith, The United\\nStates, pp. 274-298 Alex. H. Stephens, The War between the States, ii. 576-\\n630 Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, ii.\\n515-717 E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause, pp. 588-729.\\nBiographies. H. McCulloch, Men and Manners of Half a Century;\\nAppleton s Cyclopaedia of American Biography.\\nSpecial. Appleton s Annual Cyclopsedia, 1863-1865; A. Johnston,\\nAmerican Politics, Chap. xx. A. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 198-268\\nE. McPherson, Political History of the Rebellion E. Stanwood, History\\nof Presidential Elections, Chap. xxi. James Russell Lowell, Political Essays,\\npp. 118-176. Lincoln s Second Inaugural Appendix iv. to this volume Old\\nSouth Leaflets, No. 11. G. W. Nichols, Story of the Great March; St.\\nNicholas, xiv. 533 ff. The Confederate Cruisers J. R. Soley, The Blockade\\nand the Cruisers J. Bigelow, France and the Confederate Navy. Fall of\\nRichmond Harper s Monthly, xxxiii. 92. Appomattox U. S. Grant, Per-\\nsonal Memoirs, ii. 483-498. A. Lincoln C. Schurz, Atlantic Monthly, Ixvii.\\n721. Assassination of Lincoln Century Magazine, xxxix, 428. R. E. Lee:\\nCentury Magazine, xxxviii. 271. Sanitary and Christian Commissions:\\nC. J. Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission H. Greeley, The American\\nConflict, ii. 760 Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the Civil War.\\n310", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0376.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "GRANT AT THE HEAD OF THE ARMIES.\\n311\\n337. Grant placed at the Head of the Armies Sherman.\\n(1864.) The war had now gone on for two years and a\\nhalf. The South was rapidly using up her resources and\\nwas suffering from lack of men and supplies. But there\\nwere not a few in the North who did not see this, who were\\ntired of the war, and did not hesitate to say so. Moreover,\\nit was getting near the time for the Presidential election,\\nand unless there should be some signal success, the war\\nparty feared that Lincoln might not be re-elected, and that a\\ncompromise might be made with the South. It Avas evident\\nthat a single head for all the armies in the field was needed,\\na man who should be responsible for the whole plan of opera-\\ntions everywhere. Accord-\\ningly. Congress revived the\\nrank of lieutenant-general,\\nwhich had previously been\\nheld only by Washington and\\nScott. Lincoln at once be-\\nstowed it upon the man whom\\npublic opinion, as well as mili-\\ntary judgment, pointed out as\\nfitted to receive it, and for\\nwhom the rank was really\\ncreated. General Ulysses S.\\nGrant. This was on March 3,\\n1864. At once the wisdom of\\nthe step was made manifest.\\nA plan of connected action was arranged. Grant came\\nEast and made his headquarters with the Army of the\\nPotomac, Meade carrying out his orders. In the West\\nthe most important movements were entrusted to General\\nSherman. William Tecumseh Sherman was born in Ohio,\\n1820. Educated at West Point, b^ served in the Mexicaa\\nWILLIAM T. SHERMAN.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0377.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWar, and then entered mercantile life. Entering the service\\nagain in May, 1861, he was promoted to a major-generalship.^\\n338. Grant s Plan of Attack. (1864.) Grant determined\\nto approach Richmond by the direct route, and when all\\nwas ready he telegraphed to Sherman to begin his part of\\nthe plan of united action. This plan, briefly, was that, while\\nthe Army of the Potomac was to attack Richmond, Sherman\\nshould move southeastward from Chattanooga towards the\\nsea, thus penetrating the very heart of the Confederacy, and\\nso engaging the Confederate forces in that part of the\\ncountry that no reinforcements nor supplies could be sent to\\nLee and his army. The part of the South to be invaded had\\nbeen entirely free from the actual presence of armies. It\\nwas now to experience in a marked* degree many of the\\nharshest of war measures. Grant and Sherman were con-\\nvinced that the Confederacy was a hollow shell, and that\\nvigorous measures could make it collapse. The march was\\nbegun simultaneously by Grant and Sherman May 5, 1864.\\nThey had the ablest generals of the Confederacy to contend\\nwith, Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston.\\n339. On to Richmond Early s Raid. (1864.) Grant, with\\nan army of 120,000 men, nearly double that of Lee, started\\nto attempt what had been the ruin of brave men before him,\\na Virginia campaign. The Union forces entered the rough\\ncountry near the Rapidan, known as the Wilderness, and\\nLee s 62,000 men were quite a match for Grant s larger num-\\n1 When Grant resigned the generalship of the army upon becoming Pres-\\nident, Sherman succeeded him, holding the office until his retirement in\\n1883 on full pay, having reached the age of sixty-three. He was a thorough\\nsoldier, and war with him meant war indeed. He himself is reported to\\nhave said, War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it. He died in New\\nYork City, 1891.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0378.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "ON TO RICHMOND; EARLY S RAID. 313\\nber. For two weeks there was a terrible struggle, and fight-\\ning occurred almost every day, with a fearful loss of life.\\nGradually Lee was forced to move back his lines until Grant\\nreached Cold Harbor, about eight miles from Richmond. A\\nbrave but fruitless attack upon Lee s works, in which it is said\\nthat 8000 men were shot down in half an hour, convinced\\nGrant that it was useless to attempt to take Richmond from\\nthe north. Altogether he had lost in a campaign of a month\\nnearly 60,000 men, and his antagonist half as many. He\\nnow determined to cross the James River and attack from\\nthe south, hoping also to cut off the railroads which brought\\nsupplies from the southern states to Lee s army and to Rich-\\nmond. Lee resolved to try the plan which had been so suc-\\ncessful when McClellan had been in command of the Army\\nof the Potomac, and so sent Early down the Shenandoah\\nvalley. Early succeeded in badly scaring the authorities\\nat Washington, and justly so; for, at Monocacy in Mary-\\nland, he defeated General Lew Wallace, who courageously\\nfaced certain defeat in order to delay Early, a matter of the\\nhighest importance. Early then pushed on towards Washing-\\nton and actually appeared before the defences on the north\\nside of the city, which he might possibly have carried at first\\nhad he known how poorly they were manned he, however,\\nretreated, having captured much during his expedition. One\\nincident of the raid was the taking of Chambersburg, Penn-\\nsylvania, by one of his commanders, and, on the refusal of\\nthe inhabitants to pay $100,000 in gold or |500,000 in\\ngreenbacks, burning the greater part of the town.\\n340. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley Petersburg. (1864.)\\nAfter the battle of the Wilderness, Lee is reported to\\nhave said At last the Army of the Potomac has a head.\\nGrant, though he sent reinforcements to Washington, was in", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0379.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nno way diverted from his main purpose. But to prevent the\\noccurrence of another raid, he sent General Philip H. Sheri-\\ndan into the Shenandoah valley and put him in command of\\nthe department.\\nSheridan was only thirty-foilr years old, but had shown\\ngreat ability, and was, perhaps, the best cavalry officer in the\\nFederal army. It was soon apparent that the fertile valley was\\nto have a sadder experience than it had yet known. Grant s\\norders were that nothing should be left to invite the enemy\\nto return. Take all provisions, forage, and stock wanted for\\nthe use of your command. Such as cannot be consumed,\\ndestroy. The order was thoroughly carried out. Sheridan\\nsays in his report, I have destroyed over two thousand barns\\ntilled with wheat, hay, and farming implements over seventy\\nmills filled with flour and wheat have driven in front of the\\narmy over four thousand head of stock and have killed and\\nissued to the troops not less than three thousand sheep. It\\nwas also found that Sheridan was an abler general than his\\npredecessors, and Early was so completely worsted that there\\nwere no more valley raids. The Confederates could not\\nspare men to make another attempt, and the country was so\\nthoroughly ravaged that there was little to invite invasion.\\nGrant s movements brought him in front of Petersburg,\\nVirginia, and one of the plans of the campaign was to under-\\nmine the fortifications and blow them up, thus making a way to\\nenter that city. The mining operation was a success, but the\\nattack was a failure, resulting in a terrible loss of life. Grant,\\nhowever, succeeded in cutting one of the railroads supplying\\nLee, and thus greatly inconvenienced him. For the rest of\\nthe year there was no general engagement the two armies\\ncontinued to watch each other. Grant attacking every now\\nand then, and keeping Lee so busy in defending his long line\\nof intrenchments that he was unable to send any reinforce-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0380.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "SHERMAN TAKES ATLANTA. 315\\nmerits, even temporarily, to other parts of the South. The\\nresources of the Confederacy were daily getting less, and it\\nwas impossible for Lee to get recruits to fill his ranks, while\\nGrant s resources of men and supplies were abundant. The\\ncourage and energy shown by Lee and his army in thus fight-\\ning a daily losing game were wonderful.\\n341. Sherman takes Atlanta Nashville. (1864.) Sherman,\\nmeanwhile, was performing his part of the plan (sect. 338).\\nJohnston was slowly forced to retreat until he reached\\nAtlanta, Georgia. Several battles were fought, but Sherman\\nkept on. Johnston was only waiting until he got Sherman\\nfar enough from his base of supplies to offer battle under\\ncircumstances which would be unfavorable to the Union\\narmy. Sherman s supplies were brought by a single railroad\\nwhich he had to defend, and thus the farther he advanced\\nthe weaker was his force. Just at this time the Confederate\\nPresident, partly in answer to the complaints of the people\\nagainst Johnston s slowness, removed Johnston, replacing\\nhim by General J. B. Hood, who had the reputation of being\\none of the hardest fighters in the Confederate army. The\\nchange was a good one for the Union army, which had been\\nable to make but little headway against the cautious policy\\nof Johnston. It was not long before Sherman succeeded in\\ntaking Atlanta (September 2). Here every thiug which\\nwould be likely to aid an enemy, such as iron foundries,\\nmanufactories, and mills, were destroyed. All tliis Avas a\\ngreat blow to the Confederacy. In the hope of checking\\nSherman s further advance, the Confederate government\\nordered Hood to leave Georgia and march towards Nashville,\\nTennessee, where General George H. Thomas was in com-\\nmand of the Union army. It was hoped that this move would\\ncause Sherman to follow Hood, and that two things would", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0381.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nbe brought about the destruction of the Union forces, and\\nthe removal of the seat of war again to Tennessee. But\\nSherman believed that Thomas could take care of himself,\\nand so, after following Hood for some distance, he came back\\nto Atlanta.\\nHood, meantime, pressed on towards Nashville and after\\na severe Rattle with one of the divisions of the Union army,\\nbesieged the whole of Thomas s army in the cit}-. The Union\\ngeneral was so slow in attacking the Confederate forces that\\nthe patience of the authoiities at Washington was almost\\nexhausted, and he was on the point of being relieved of his\\ncommand, when, being satisfied that all was ready, he\\nsallied forth, attacked Hood s army, and completely routed\\nit (December 15, 16, 1864). So thoroughly was this done\\nthat it was never reorganized again. This was an irretrieva-\\nble loss to the South.\\n342. Sherman begins his March. (1864.) When Sherman\\nreturned to Atlanta, after his feigned pursuit of Hood, he\\nfound himself with no Confederate forces of any strength\\nbetween him and the sea, nor indeed between him and Vir-\\nginia. There was now the opportunity to carry out a plan\\nhe had formed of marching through Georgia to Savannah,\\nthence to the rear of Lee s army in Virginia, which, thus\\nattacked front and rear, would be compelled to surrender.\\nAs it would be practically impossible to move with the\\nquickness required for success, and depend at the same time\\nupon supplies from the North, he resolved to live off the\\ncountry he passed through. And so, taking with him in his\\nwagons only ten days provisions, dismissing every weak man,\\nand leaving behind everything which could possibly be spared,\\nwith 60,000 troops, on the 15th of November, 1864, he left\\nAtlanta to begin his march to the sea. He cut the telegrapli", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0382.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "MARCH THROUGH GEORGIA. 317\\nwires to the north, tore up the tracks, and burnt down the\\nbridges so that no intelligence of his movements or means\\nof approach would be left for Hood to take advantage of in\\ncase of his success in encountering Thomas. For nearly six\\nweeks nothing was heard of Sherman or his army.\\n343. March through Georgia. (1864.) The route was\\nsoutheast the orders were to advance wherever practi-\\ncable, by four roads, as nearly parallel as possible. The\\narmy will forage liberally on the country during the march;\\nto this end each brigade commander will organize a good\\nand sufficient foraging party, who will gather corn or forage\\nof any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn meal, or\\nwhatever is needed by the command, aiming all the time to\\nkeep in the wagons at least ten days provisions. Soldiers\\nmust not enter dwellings or commit any trespass but during\\na halt or camp, they may be permitted to gather turnips,\\npotatoes, or other vegetables, and to drive in stock in sight\\nof their camp. To corps commanders alone is entrusted the\\npower to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, etc. Where tffe\\narmy is unmolested, no destruction of such property should\\nbe permitted but should guerillas or bushwackers molest\\nour march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, or obstruct\\nroads, or otherwise manifest local hostilities, then army com-\\nmanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less\\nrelentless, according to the measure of such hostility. As\\nfor horses, mules, wagons, etc., belonging to the inhabitants,\\nthe cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without\\nlimit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are\\nusually hostile, and the poor and industrious, who are usu-\\nally neutral and friendly. In all foraging the parties engaged\\nwill endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion\\nfor maintenance.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0383.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n344. Savannah abandoned. (1864.) Such was part of the\\ngeneral order issued by Sherman to his army at the begin-\\nning of the enterprise. Its restrictions were carried out as\\nfar as practicable but war is war, and the path of the army,\\nsixty miles wide and three hundred miles in length, was as\\nthe track of a tornado or of an army of locusts. Railroads\\nwere rendered useless by tearing up the rails, heating them\\nand twisting them like a corkscrew so they could be of no\\nfurther use as rails bridges were burnt, buildings demol-\\nished. In short, everything which might be of use from\\na military point of view was taken, rendered useless, or\\ndestroyed. There was comparatively little fighting beyond\\ncavalry skirmishing until within a short distance of Savannah.\\nOn the 21st of December the Confederate forces evacuated\\nthat city, and the Union troops marched in. Sherman had\\nalready communicated with the Union gunboats on the river.\\nThis was the first news which had been heard of the army\\nsince it had left Atlanta. Sherman at once sent a letter to\\nPresident Lincoln, saying, I beg to present to you as a\\nChristmas gift the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns\\nand plenty of ammunition, also about 25,000 bales of cotton.\\nThis reached the President on Christmas eve.\\n345. The Navy; Mobile; Confederate Cruisers. (1864.)\\nMeanwhile, the navy had not been idle. The blockade was\\nmaintained more closely than ever. An unsuccessful at-\\ntempt was made to capture Fort Fisher, which guarded the\\nentrance to Wilmington, North Carolina, a great resort for\\nblockade runners. General Banks was sent with a land force,\\nsupported by gunboats, up the Red River of Louisiana to\\nattack Shreveport and disperse a Confederate army in that\\npart of the state. This expedition was also a failure. Banks\\nhaving been defeated ^t Sabine, and Pleasant Hill. Mobile,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0384.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "CONFEDERATE CRUISERS; PEACE PARTY. 319\\nAlabama, had been a place for blockade runners, and was\\nalso desirable as a point of attack. While the United States\\ncruisers had been fairly successful in blockading the entrance\\nto the bay, not a few vessels from time to time had slipped\\nin and it was determined to storm the forts which defended\\nthe entrance. This enterprise was entrusted to Admiral\\nFarragut, who, with fourteen wooden vessels and four moni-\\ntors, forced his way past the forts and the obstructions in the\\nchannel into the bay where the iron-clad ram Tennessee was\\ndisabled and captured. She was the most formidable vessel\\nthe Confederates had, and was commanded by Buchanan,\\nwho had been commander of the Merrimac in her fight with\\nthe Monitor (sect. 315). Farragut had the aid of the land\\nforces also, to whom the forts soon surrendered. In order to\\nget a clearer view of the operations, the admiral stationed\\nhimself in the vessel s shrouds, to which one of the officers\\ninsisted on fastening him lest a sudden shock should throw\\nhim off, or, being Avounded, he should fall into the water.\\nThis was August 5, 1864. During this year the Con-\\nfederate ram Albemarle was destroyed in October, in the\\nRoanoke River, by the means of a torpedo while the\\nAlabama was sunk by the United States steam war vessel\\nKearsarge off Cherbourg, France, June 19 the G-eorgia was\\ncaptured off Lisbon, Portugal, in August and the Florida\\nin the harbor of Bahia, Brazil, in October. This latter\\ncapture was illegal, according to international laAv; and the\\nUnited States government ordered that the vessel should be\\nreturned to Bahia, but before she had actually started she\\nwas sunk in Chesapeake Bay.\\n346. Peace Party Lincoln renominated. (1864.) Notwith-\\nstanding the successes of the Union forces in 1863 and the\\ncontinued non-intervention of foreign nations, there was a\\nparty of considerable size in the North, which was clamoring", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0385.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nfor peace. The war had dragged on for nearly four years,\\nwithout any certain signs of an end taxes were high the\\nexpenses of keeping up the military and naval establishments\\nenormous thousands of families had lost one or more mem-\\nbers by death on the field, or in the hospital, or in southern\\nprisons. The fact that over 1,000,000 new men had been\\ncalled for duiiog the past year led many to believe that the\\nUnion armies had not been as successful as was reported, and\\nthat ultimate triumph was hopeless. Cries of a military des-\\npotism were raised, and unconstitutional and arbitrary meas-\\nures were charged upon the administration. The Republican\\nparty had gathered to itself many who had hitherto acted with\\nthe Democrats, and for the time the title National Union Party\\nwas adopted. A convention was held at Baltimore, June 7,\\n1864, and President Lincoln was renominated on the first\\nballot. Andrew Johnson, the one senator from the southern\\nstates which seceded who refused to act with his state, and\\nwho had afterwards been appointed military governor of his\\nown state, Tennessee, by President Lincoln, was nominated\\nfor Vice-President. The platform adopted expressed confi-\\ndence in the administration, approved the Emancipation\\nProclamation, the employment of colored troops, and the\\ndetermination of the government of the United States not to\\ncompromise with rebels, or to offer them any terms of peace,\\nexcept such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender\\nof their hostility and a return to their just allegiance to the\\nConstitution and laws of the United States. A constitu-\\ntional amendment abolishing slavery, and the speedy con-\\nstruction of the railroad to the Pacific coast, were among\\nthe measures favored. In short, the acts of the administra-\\ntion were thoroughly endorsed.\\n347. Radical and Democratic Conventions. (1864.) A week\\nprevious to the meeting of the Union convention, about 350", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0386.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "RADICAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS. 321\\npersons, representing those who believed that the President\\nwas too conservative, met at Cleveland, Ohio, and nomi-\\nnated General John C. Fremont of California and John\\nCochrane of New York. Their platform in essential points\\ndiffered little from that adopted at Baltimore, except in de-\\nclaring that the confiscation of the lands of the rebels, and\\ntheir distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers, is a\\nmeasure of justice. The feelings of others was expressed\\nby Wendell Phillips, who wrote, The administration, there-\\nfore, I regard as a civil and military failure, and its avowed\\npolicy ruinous to the North in every point of view.\\nThe Democratic convention met in Chicago, August 29,\\nand nominated General George B. McClellan of New Jersey\\nand George H. Pendleton of Ohio. The platform declared\\nthat after four years of failure to restore the Union by the\\nexperiment of war justice, humanity, liberty, and the\\npublic welfare demand that immediate efforts be made for a\\ncessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate convention\\nof the states, or other peaceable means, to the end that at\\nthe earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored on\\nthe basis of the Federal union of the states. Various acts\\nof the government were declared to be a shameful violation\\nof the Constitution, and it was charged, among other things,\\nthat the administrative usurpation of extraordinary and\\ndangerous powers not granted by the Constitution [is]\\ncalculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the\\nperpetuation of a government deriving its just powers from\\nthe consent of the governed. McClellan in his letter of\\nacceptance almost repudiated the platform, and could hardly\\ndo otherwise, as he himself had done many of the things of\\nwhich it specially complained.\\n348. Political State of the North Lincoln re-elected. (1864.)\\nIn September Fremont and Cochrane withdrew from the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0387.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ncontest, lest a division among the Republicans might elect\\nthe Democratic candidate. Fremont was careful to make\\nthis clear in his letter by saying, I consider his [Mr. Lin-\\ncoln s] administration has been politically, militarily, and\\nfinancially a failure, and that its necessary continuance is a\\ncause of regret for the countr}^ There was much to dis-\\ncourage tlie Union party. General Grant had been put in\\ncontrol of all the armies and had fixed his headquarters with\\nthe Army of the Potomac. Still, though there had been many\\nbattles and a terrible loss of life, many thought there had\\nnot been enough gained to make the capture of Richmond\\nany more likely. Very many of those who would support\\nthe re-election of the President were in the armies, and it\\nwas possible that such states as New York and Pennsylvania\\nmight be carried by the opposition. The destruction of\\nthe Alabama^ the successes of Sherman in Northern Georgia,\\nthe ca})ture of Atlanta only a day or two after the Demo-\\ncratic convention had pronounced the war a failure and\\nbesides the arrangements by which the votes of the volun-\\nteer soldiers in the armies could be counted, the withdrawal\\nof Fremont, the conviction of many that it would be a bad\\npolicy to change leaders while the war questions were unset-\\ntled, and also the recognition by many of the real greatness\\nof Lincoln, all these influences combined produced such an\\neffect, that at the election in November, Lincoln and Johnson\\nreceived a popular majority of over 400,000, exclusive of the\\narmy vote,^ and 212 electoral votes to 21 for the Democratic\\ncandidates. Every state not in the Confederacy had given\\nits vote to Lincoln except New Jersey, Delaware, and\\nKentucky,\\n1 The majority for Lincoln in the army vote was over 80,000, which\\nbrought u^; his majority to nearly 500,000.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0388.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "ADMISSION OF WEST VIRGINIA AND NEVADA. 323\\n349. Admission of West Virginia and Nevada. (1863, 1864.)\\nIn 1863, forty-eight of the western counties of Virginia,\\nwhose inhabitants objected to being carried into secession,\\nwere admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia.\\nThere were few slaves in tliese counties, and the interests of\\nthe people were mining and manufacturing rather than agri-\\ncultural. The Constitution (Art. IV., sect. 3) requires the\\nconsent of the legislature of the state concerned if a new\\nstate is to be formed within its jurisdiction; and Congress\\npractically decided that the state of Virginia consisted of the\\npart under the control of that government which was in sym-\\npathy with the United States authority so the people of\\nwhat is now West Virginia did little more than ask their\\nown consent. In October, 1864, the territory of Nevada, with\\nthe addition of a small part of Arizona, was admitted as a\\nstate. Almost the only large interest in this state is that of\\nmining silver, and subsequent events show it would have\\nbeen wiser to delay admission to the Union, but the enormous\\noutput of the mines, it was expected, would attract many\\nsettlers, and this expectation and supposed political expe-\\ndiency carried the day.^\\n350. Charleston taken Sherman marches Northward. (1865.)\\nSherman with his veteran troops left Savannah (sect. 344)\\nFebruary 1, 1865, on his northern march. Owing to the\\nnumerous rivers and the many swamps along the coast, he\\nstruck directly for Columbia, South Carolina. On the 17th\\nhe entered the city, and a large part of it was burnt.\\n1 Nevada has an experience, unique among the states of the Union, of\\nsuffering a loss in her population. This in 1870 was 42,491 in 1880, 62,266\\nin 1890, 45,761. This loss is due to the decline in mining interests, resulting\\nin part from the failure of many mines and from the unprofitableness and\\ndifficulty of working mines at great depths. If this decline should be con-\\ntinued, an interesting question will be presented to the country for solution.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0389.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWhether the fires were started by the Confederate troops\\nas they went out of the town, or by the Union troops as they\\ncame in, has never been shown. Each side charged the other\\nwith the action. Simultaneously with the taking of Colum-\\nbia, Charleston was evacuated by the Confederates, and the\\nUnion troops took possession. Other Confederate garrisons\\nfollowed this example, and the troops thus gathered together,\\nwith the remnant of Hood s army (sect. 341) were, in answer\\nto public demand at the South, placed under the leadership\\nof General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman s northward march\\nwas in reality much more hazardous than that through\\nGeorgia. Tlie country was more difficult to march through,\\nsupplies were less sure, and above all there was an opposing\\ngeneral, who, if not strong enough to risk an open battle,\\nwas quite strong enough to make the advance in the highest\\ndegree dangerous, and who was ever on the alert to take\\nadvantage of the slightest error which his antagonist might\\ncommit. By the time Sherman approached Goldsboro, North\\nCarolina, Johnston felt able to risk an attack which was\\nmade with great vigor he was, however, repelled, and\\nSherman reached Goldsboro, where he received reinforce-\\nments by way of Wilmington, which had fallen into Union\\nhands in January. Both armies now halted, waiting for\\nfurther developments in Virginia.\\n351. Chief Justice Chase Peace Negotiations. (1864, 1865.)\\nIn June, 1864, Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury,\\nresigned, and W. P. Fessenden was appointed to fill his place.\\nIn October of the same year Chief Justice Taney died, and\\nPresident Lincoln nominated Ex-Secretary Chase as Chief\\nJustice of the Supreme Court, and he was confirmed by the\\nSenate. During 1864 and the early part of 1865 there had\\nbeen several informal attempts both North and South to", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0390.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "PEACE NEGOTIATIONS; SHERIDAN S RAID. 325\\nbring about a cessation of hostilities which might lead to\\npeace. The most important of these was in February, 1865,\\nwhen Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Con-\\nfederate States, and two companions, by previous arrange-\\nment, met President Lincoln and Secretary Seward on board\\na steamer in Hampton Roads and had a full, intelligent, and\\namicable discussion of the state of affairs. But as President\\nLincoln refused to negotiate except upon the basis of the\\ndisbandment of the Confederate forces, the restoration of the\\nnational authority, and the acknowledgment of the abolition\\nof slavery, the conference came to nothing. During the con-\\nversation Stephens attempted to show that Lincoln would be\\njustified in making terms with rebels by referring to the\\ncase of Charles I. of England. To this Lincoln replied, I\\nam not strong on history I depend mainly on .Secretary\\nSeward for that. All I remember of Charles is that he lost\\nhis head.\\n352. Sheridan s Raid Petersburg Richmond taken Lee sur-\\nrenders. (1865.) In February, Wilmington, N.C., was taken,\\nand the Confederacy was without a port. In February and\\nMarch, Sheridan, at the head of his cavalry, made a raid down\\nthe Shenandoah valley to Staunton, cutting the railroads upon\\nwhich Lee largely depended for his supplies. He then, after\\njoining Grant, was sent by him to the southwest of Peters-\\nburg. Sharp battles were fought with the result that Lee\\nwas unable to hold Petersburg, so he sent a telegram to\\nPresident Davis on the 2d of April that it was necessary\\nto evacuate both that city and Richmond at once. The mes-\\nsage reached Davis while in his place of worship, for it was\\nSunday. He immediately arose and left the building. The\\npreparations for evacuation soon* told the inhabitants what\\nwas coming, and directly there was the greatest confusion.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0391.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nThe naval rams in the river were blown up, the tobacco\\nwarehouses set on fire, barrels of liquor were knocked in the\\nhead and their contents poured into the gutters as a precau-\\ntion. Some soldiers, getting drunk from the liquor scooped\\nup, began pillaging, which was joined in by others. Early\\nin the morning of the 3d, General Weitzel, learning through\\na captured negro that the Confederates were evacuating Rich-\\nmond, advanced, entered the city with his troops, and Rich-\\nmond was taken at last. Six days after (April 9), Lee\\nsurrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at\\nAppomattox Court House, seventy-five miles west of Rich-\\nmond, whither he had retreated after evacuating Richmond\\nand Petersburg. Grant s terms were most liberal. The\\nConfederate troops were to lay down their arms, return to\\ntheir hon:\\\\^s, and agree not to fight against the United States\\nhe also let them have their horses, as they would need them\\nfor the spring ploughing.\\n353. Lincoln assassinated his Greatness. (1865.) The\\ncapture of Richmond and the surrender of Lee s army was\\nfelt to be the end of the struggle. Lincoln himself visited\\nRichmond the day after the capture, and walked through its\\nstreets. The rejoicing in the North over the successes had\\nnot ended, when the whole country, North and South, was\\nhorrified by the news of the assassination of President Lin-\\ncoln at Ford s Theatre, AYashington, on the evening of April\\n14, b}^ John Wilkes Booth. The crime seems to have been\\nthe work of a southern fanatic filled Avith a half-crazy idea\\nof vengeance, joined with a desire for notoriety. Secretary\\nSeward was also attacked by another conspirator, but, though\\nseverely wounded, recovered.^\\n1 Booth escaped, but was pursued, and finally shot by one of his pursuers.\\nA number of the conspirators were captured, tried, and convicted, some on", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0392.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1865.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0393.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0394.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "ANDREW JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT. 327\\nIt was not until after the death of President Lincoln that\\nthe people of the country realized how much they loved him,\\nand how much they had learned to rely upon liis kindliness\\nand judgment. No vindictiveness had ever been apparent in\\nhis words or actions and the southern people mourned him\\nas well as the 23eople of the North, for they felt they had lost\\none who would have been their friend. His real statesman-\\nship received a tardy recognition and now that they can be\\nread calmly, his state papers are seen to be almost unsur-\\npassed for clearness of meaning and vigor of style. His\\naddress at Gettysburg and his second inaugural are models\\nof English. (Appendix iv.)\\n354. Andrew Johnson becomes President; Moral Effects of\\nthe War. (1865.) A few hours after the death of Lincoln,\\nChief Justice Chase administered the oath to the Vice-Presi-\\ndent, Andrew Johnson, who thus at once assumed the position\\nand duties of President in accordance with the constitutional\\nprovision. On the 26th of April Johnston surrendered his\\narmy to Sherman. On the 10th of May Jefferson Davis was\\ncaptured in Georgia, and shortly after the Confederate forces\\none after another laid down their arms.^\\nOn the 22d of May the President issued a proclamation,\\nraising the blockade except for the ports of Texas. These\\nwere opened a month later. On the 23d and 24th of May\\nrather slender evidence. Four were hanged, and four sentenced to long\\nterms of imprisonment.\\n1 Davis was first taken to Savannah, and thence to Fortress Monroe,\\nwhere he was kept in imprisonment about two years. He was then released\\non bail, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Horace Greeley, and Gerrit Smith becoming\\nhis bondsmen. He was never brought to trial. He died in New Orleans,\\nDecember 6, 1889.\\n2 The last engagement was on the banks of the Rio Grande (May 12), and\\nwas a success for the Confederates.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0395.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe armies of Grant and of Sherman were reviewed in Wash-\\nington by the President and the Cabinet, before being dis-\\nbanded and sent home. The column of soldiers was over\\nthirty miles long, and was a sight the like of which had\\nnever before been seen in the United States, and it is to be\\nhoped never will be seen again. In a short time all the\\ntroops were disbanded except about 50,000, which were con-\\nsidered necessary to keep order. In all, about 1,000,000 men\\nwere sent back to their homes in the North, and about 200,000\\nin the South. Never had such large forces been returned to\\ncivil life with so little exhibition of lawlessness. Nor was\\nthere the slightest desire for anything like military rule.\\nThis was a great triumph for republican principles and yet\\nthere is no doubt that in many ways the moral tone of the\\nwhole country was lowered, a logical result of all war, which\\nmust beget in most minds a disregard for the rights of others\\nand for the value of human life. Many of the moral effects\\ndid not show themselves at once, but were seen later on.\\nThe same was true of the social and economic effects. The\\nwhole nation had become accustomed to large enterprises, and\\nenormous financial operations by the government and this\\nmay partly account for the willingness to continue to make\\nlarge outlays of public money after the war had ended, and\\nalso for that spirit of speculation and expansion in business\\nwhich helped to bring about the crisis of 1873 (sect. 375).\\n355. Losses from the War. (1865.) Of the losses which\\ncan be estimated, the total is appalling. The loss of life in\\nbattle, from wounds, and from disease is thought to have\\nbeen about equal on each side, and to have amounted to\\nnearly 600,000 in all. The loss resulting from several hun-\\ndred thousand men permanently disabled cannot be estimated.\\nB^sid^s this the United States government had piled up a vast", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0396.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "SANITARY AND CHRISTIAN COMMISSIONS. 329\\ndebt, the interest and principal of which were to be a heavy\\nburden for years. The cost to the South cannot be told.\\nThe South would count the value of the slaves, estimated to\\nbe 12,000,000,000 then property destroyed by both armies\\nthen the actual expenditures by the individual states and by\\nthe Confederate government. All the southern notes and\\nbonds, having been repudiated and rendered absolutely void,\\nwere a total loss, as well as all the state, county, and city\\nloans issued in aid of the Confederate armies.^ A careful\\nwriter says, Altogether, while the cost of the war cannot\\nexactly be calculated, $8,000,000,000 is a moderate estimate.\\n356. Sanitary and Christian Commissions Effect of the War.\\n(1865.) Soon after the beginning of the war the accounts\\nof the sufferings of the wounded and of the needs of the\\nsoldiers on the field and in the hospital led to the establish-\\nment, in the North, of the Sanitary and of the Christian\\nCommissions. The former had its corps of officers, nurses,\\nphysicians, and attendants, whose duty was to look after the\\nsuffering, the wounded, and the needy. It had hospitals,\\nhospital cars, and hospital boats. Its litters and ambulances\\nwere on the field before the battle was over, to care for those\\nwho needed help. Through it were distributed vast quanti-\\nties of clothing, stores, and various comforts which had been\\nprepared in northern homes. Millions of dollars to carry on\\nthis work were raised by private subscriptions and by means\\nof Sanitary Fairs, which were held all over the North.\\n1 The debt reached its highest point August 31, 1865, when it amounted\\nto $2,845,907,626.26. This inchided the greenbacks, on which no interest\\nis paid. Nearly $800,000,000 of revenue had also been spent and the cities,\\ntowns, counties, and states had also expended much in cash beside incurring\\ndebts. The payment for pensions is already without precedent, and the\\naggregate will be something enormous.\\n2 See Amendment XIV. to the Constitution.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0397.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "330 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES.\\nThe Christian Commission was organized to look after the\\nmoral and religious needs of the soldier, and co-operated with\\nthe Sanitary Commission. Never before had such great efforts\\nbeen made to mitigate the sufferings incident to war.\\nThe South was able to do very much less for her soldiers\\nthan the North, owing to the lack of resources.\\nThe war settled at least two things (1) That slavery was\\nforever abolished this was a result anticipated by very few\\n(2) that no state could leave the Union that, in the words\\nof Chief Justice Chase, the Constitution looked to an inde-\\nstructible union of indestructible states. The effect abroad\\nwas to increase greatly the respect in which the United States\\nwas held by foreign nations, and to strengthen the cause of\\nrepublicanism everywhere. It was shown by both North and\\nSouth that loyalty is as strong in a republic as in a monarchy.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0398.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nRECONSTRUCTION.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, i. 549-605, ii.\\n1-502 A. W. Young, The American Statesman, pp. 1211-1426 W. AVilson,\\nDivision and Reunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 253-272; A. H.\\nStephens, The War between the States, ii. 631-670 Jefferson Davis, The\\nRise and Fall of the Confederate Government, ii. 717-764 Gold win Smith,\\nThe United States, 298-301.\\nBiographies. See references for two preceding chapters.\\nSpecial. Alex. Johnston, American Politics, Chaps, xxi., xxii. E. Stan-\\nwood, History of Presidential Elections, Chap. xxii. Appleton s Annual\\nCyclopaedia, 1865-1871 E. McPherson, Political History of Reconstruction\\nJ. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, iii. 540-556 James Russell Lowell, Political Essays,\\npp. 177-294; A. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 249-282 Kuklux Klan\\nCentury Magazine, xxviii. 398, 461 J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, ii. 680-682.\\nAlaska Century Magazine, xxiv. 323 xxx. 738, 819 xxxix. 902. Atlantic\\nCable: H. M. Field, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (Revised edition).\\n357. Andrew Johnson. (1865.) Andrew Johnson Avas a\\nman of strong will, of decided convictions, and of much\\nnatural ability. He was born in North Carolina in 1808, and\\nremoved to Tennessee in early manhood. His parents were\\nvery poor, and his early education was extremely limited in\\nfact, it is said that he learned to read and write after he was\\nmarried. He joined a debating society, accustomed himself\\nto speaking, and soon was elected to the office of an alder-\\nman. He filled other offices in succession and when Presi-\\ndent, he was fond of saying that he had filled every political\\noffice in the gift of his countrymen, a statement which was\\n331", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0399.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nperfectly true and much to his credit. Up to 1861 he was a\\nloyal Democrat, supporting the party in all its policy. He\\nwas a strong Unionist, and was, as has been said, the only\\nsouthern senator who refused to follow his state. He was\\nagain elected senator after leaving the Presidency, and died\\nwhile holding that position, in 1875. He was pleased to be\\nthought to resemble Andrew Jackson, and evidently took him\\nas a model. Coming directly after Lincoln, and being placed\\nin an extraordinarily difficult position, he was harshly judged\\nby his contemporaries, though it must be said that his unyield-\\ning temper had much to do with\\nprovoking opposition. The Re-\\npublicans soon repented their\\nchoice of him as much as the\\nWhigs had done that of Tyler.\\nCongress having adjourned in\\nMarch until December, the Presi-\\ndent made the most of his op-\\nportunity. The condition of the\\nSouth demanded some sort of gov-\\nANDREW JOHNSON. _\\nernment at once J ohnson ap-\\npointed provisional governors who were to reorganize the\\nstates as soon as practicable. He believed that individuals\\nshould be punished, but the idea that a state should be\\nkept from exercising any of its functions was contrary\\nto his whole bringing up. He accordingly issued procla-\\nmations of amnesty to almost every one who had been\\nengaged in the conflict on condition of taking an oath faith-\\nfully to support, protect, and defend the Constitution and\\nthe Union he restored the writ of habeas corpus every-\\nwhere in the North; and in general tried to restore every-\\nthing except slavery to the condition of affairs before the\\nwar.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0400.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE SOUTH. 333\\n358. Provisional Government in the South. (1865.) The\\nprovisional governors called conventions which were elected\\nby white voters. These conventions repealed the ordinances\\nof secession ratified the thirteenth amendment to the Con-\\nstitution abolishing slavery, which had been proposed by\\nthe Congress early in the year, but not yet ratified by the\\nstates; and passed resolutions declaring that no debts in-\\ncurred in supporting the Confederacy should be paid. The\\nstate governments were also recognized. In the President s\\nview, nothing more was necessary to enable the states to send\\nsenators and representatives to Congress. When that body\\nmet in December, it viewed the matter in a very different\\nlight. It felt bound to protect the freedmen, as the former\\nslaves were now called, and it was believed to be the inten-\\ntion of the southern legislatures to keep them in a condition\\nof virtual slavery. While these facts may not justify the laws,\\nthey serve to explain their enactment. Congress accordingly\\nrefused to admit the senators and representatives, claiming\\nthat with it alone rested the power to decide when the states\\nshould be admitted to a representation in Congress (Consti-\\ntution, Art. I., sect. 5). It must be remembered, however,\\nthat the southern whites had reason to believe that the freed\\nslaves would be an idle, shiftless class, and were also natu-\\nrally unwilling that they should be placed upon an equality\\nwith themselves.\\n359. Thirteenth Amendment; the President and Congress.\\n(1865.) The thirteenth amendment, having been ratified by\\nthe requisite number of states, became a part of the Consti-\\ntution in December, 1865. This action did for the whole\\ncountry what the Emancipation Proclamation had previously\\ndone for a part. It also confirmed the effects of that docu-\\nment and made them secure. The language of the amend-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0401.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nment is taken almost without a change from the Ordinance\\nof 1787 (sect. 154). Maryland had, in October, 1864, by a\\nsmall majority, adopted a new constitution which abolished\\nslavery within her limits. Thus, after nearly a century, the\\nUnited States became what Washington, Jefferson, Adams,\\nFranklin, and others of the early days had longed that she\\nmight be, a free country.\\nFrom this time the President and Congress were continu-\\nally in conflict. Owing to the non-admission of the south-\\nern members, the Republicans had a full two-thirds majority\\nin both houses, and so were able to pass any measure which\\nthey desired over the .President s veto (Constitution, Art. I.,\\nsect. 7). In this way the Civil Rights Bill, giving the\\nfreedmen the rights of citizens of the United States, was\\npassed, though it did not give the right of suffrage, for then\\nthis matter was wholly within the authority of the states.\\nCongress also, in order to make the provisions of the Civil\\nRights Bill permanent, proposed the fourteenth amendment\\nto the Constitution. It also passed over the President s veto\\nthe Freedmen s Bureau Bill, providing for the interests of\\nthe freed slaves in many ways. All this greatly irritated the\\nPresident, Avho, foolishly in his turn, irritated Congress by\\ncalling it No Congress. Congress revived the grade of\\ngeneral in the army, and Grant was promoted to that rank.\\n360. Reconstruction Acts. (1867.) The result of the\\nelections was to encourage Congress in the course upon\\nwhich it had entered, for it became certain that the new\\nCongress would have a two-thirds majority in opposition to\\nthe President. Accordingly a bill was passed, one of the pro-\\nvisions of which practically took from him the command of the\\narmy by requiring him to issue his orders through the gen-\\neral of the army, who could not be removed without the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0402.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "RECONSTRUCTION; SIX STATES ADMITTED. 335\\nconsent of the Senate. The subsequent legislation of the\\nCongress aimed to secure the suffrage of the negro and dis-\\nfranchisement of the former southern leaders. In order to\\nbring about this end various measures were passed, in 1867,\\ncalled Reconstruction Acts. They provided first for the\\nmilitary government of the seceded states except Tennessee,\\nwhich had been admitted to a representation in Congress in\\n1866. Again, each state was to remain under this military\\ngovernment until a convention chosen by voters, without\\nregard to race or color, should frame a nev*^ government,\\nacknowledging the fourteenth amendment to the Constitu-\\ntion. The old Confederate leaders were debarred from vot-\\ning for these conventions, or taking any part in them, and of\\ncourse the adoption of the amendment would permanently\\ndisqualify them for holding public office of any kind unless\\nby special action of Congress these disqualifications should\\nbe removed. (Appendix III., Constitution, Amend. XIV.)\\n361. Six States admitted; Carpet-Baggers. (1868.)\\nSix of the states, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana,\\nNorth Carolina, South Carolina, agreed to these conditions,\\nand their delegations to Congress were admitted in June,\\n1868. The other four states declined to assent. The result\\nin the assenting states was quite different from what had\\nbeen hoped. In several of them the freed slaves were in the\\nmajority, and they were extremely ignorant, yet to them was\\ncommitted the government of the states, the enactment of\\nlaws, and other important matters wath which they Avere\\ntotally incompetent to deal. The natural result followed,\\nthey were made tools of by unscrupulous men, many of Avhom\\ncame from other states with so little property with them\\nthat it was said it could all be put in a carpet-bag. Hence\\nthey were called carpet-baggers. Between these car-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0403.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "336 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\npet-baggers and the ignorant negroes the southern states\\nfared badly, for money was squandered lavishly, and much\\nthat should have gone for public uses went into private\\npockets. This period in the South was a most unfortunate\\none. But neither North nor South was wholly to blame\\nfor it. The North acted with much ignorance of the real\\nsituation while the South was naturally reluctant to accept\\nthe results of the war.\\n362. Tenure of Office Act; the President impeached. (1867,\\n1868.) Since the adoption of the Constitution it had been\\nthe practice of the Presidents to remove subordinates When\\noccasion seemed to demand it. Now Congress feared that\\nPresident Johnson miglit, by removal of officers of the gov-\\nernment who differed with him in politics, impede if not\\nrender useless the acts which had been passed. So the\\nTenure of Office Act was passed to prevent this. By this\\nact, which the President vetoed as unconstitutional, but\\nwhich was passed over his veto March 2, 1867, no officer for\\nwhose appointment the consent of the Senate was needful\\ncould be removed without the consent of that body. Tliis\\nsweeping measure naturally roused the ire of the President,\\nand he resolved to ignore the act. He consequently asked\\nSecretary Stanton (May 5) to resign upon his refusal, he\\nremoved him. At the next session of Congress the Senate re-\\nfused to confirm this action, so Stanton again took possession\\nof his office, but the President ordered Lorenzo Thomas, whom\\nhe had appointed in his place, to resume the duties of his\\noffice. For this action mainl} though other points were men-\\ntioned in the indictment, the House of Representatives im-\\npeached President Johnson. According to the provisions of\\nthe Constitution, he was tried by the Senate, Chief Justice\\nChase presiding (Art. I. ii. 5 iii. 6). After a trial lasting", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0404.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "GRANT AND COLFAX. 337\\nfrom March 5 to May 16, 1868, he was acquitted, those voting\\nguilty being one less in number than the two-thirds necessary\\nfor conviction. This has been the only instance of impeach-\\nment of a President, and many even of those politically op-\\nposed to Johnson thought the measure unwise.\\n363. Grant and Colfax elected; Amnesty. (1868.) The\\ntime had again come to nominate a candidate for the\\nPresidency. The Republican convention, justifying the acts\\nof Congress, went before the country on that issue and nomi-\\nnated General Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax, of\\nIndiana, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for\\nVice-President. The Democratic convention attacked the\\nmeasures and policy of the Republicans, and demanded that\\nthe southern states should be restored to all their rights, and\\nthat the question of suffrage should be left to the individual\\nstates. Horatio Seymour, of New York, and Francis P.\\nBlair, of Missouri, were chosen as candidates. At the elec-\\ntion in November, 1868, Grant and Colfax were chosen by\\na large majority of the electoral votes, as well as of the pop-\\nular vote. Thus the voice of the people seemed to confirm\\nthe action of Congress, but as Grant was at this time the\\nmost popular man in the United States, it is likely that\\nthousands voted for him, giving little attention to the politi-\\ncal questions involved.\\nPresident Johnson, on Christmas Day, 1868, issued a proc-\\nlamation of full pardon and amnesty to those who had\\nbeen concerned in the late rebellion. This did not restore\\npolitical rights, as that had to be done by Congress. The\\nthirteenth amendment to the Constitution had forbidden\\nslavery the fourteenth had given the freedmen citizenship\\nand now Congress proposed the fifteenth, which would give\\nthe freedmen the right of suffrage.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0405.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n364. Atlantic Telegraph Cable. (1866.) Alaska bought.\\n(1867.) But political matters, though of surpassing interest,\\nwere not the only ones to claim the attention during President\\nJohnson s administration. Cyrus W. Field, of New York,\\nto whom the first Atlantic cable had been due (sect. 290), was\\nby no means discouraged by its failure. He had demonstrated\\nthe possibility of a communication under the ocean, and so\\nhe set to work to remedy the defects of the earl}^ cables, and\\nin the summer of 1866 the immense steamship Great Eastern^\\nwith a new cable made in England on board, set sail for\\nAmerica, for the purpose of laying the cable on the way.\\nThis was entirely successful, and on the 27th of July the\\nwestern end was landed at Heart s Content, Newfoundland,\\nand messages were exchanged with Valentia Bay, Ireland.\\nSince that time the telegraphic communication between the\\nold Avorld and the new has never been interrupted. Later\\non, other cables were laid, until, in 1892, there Avere ten lines\\nin operation across the North Atlantic alone. The rates of\\ntransmission have been so much reduced b}^ competition that\\nit is within the means of almost every one to send messages,\\nwhile the newspaper press has whole columns of news cabled\\nevery day. Trade has been revolutionized by the cable no\\nless than by steam, as through it the market prices of the\\nworld are daily reported in the newspaper press.\\nIn 1867 the possessions of Russia in America were bought\\nby the United States for 17,200,000. The territory amounted\\nto about 577,390 square miles.^ It was thought by many at\\nthe time a very foolish enterprise, and Secretary Seward, to\\nwhom the purchase was largely due, was made the object of\\nmuch ridicule and chaffing. Time has, however, abundantly\\njustified his action, the rent of the seal fisheries alone being\\n1 This territory differs from previous annexations in that no part of it\\ntouched the boundaries of the United States.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0406.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0407.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0408.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIAL^ GROWTH A\\nOF THE\\nUNITED STATES\\nSCALE OF MILES\\nlUO 200 300\\ns\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f and\\n^r M iy\\\\\\n^^^^W^SSak-\\nf^TOvleans T*4p\\no M )E X\\nNOTE.\\nThe United States seized part of West Florida\\nin 1810, and part in 1812.\\n92\\nfrom 87 Greenwich 82\\nR. D, SerTflss, EngV, K. V.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0409.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0410.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "FRENCH IN MEXICO; MAXIMILIAN. 339\\nsufficient to pay the interest on the investment. Alaska, as\\nthe territory was named, has been discovered to be a land\\nrich in mineral wealth and in valuable forests, while the\\nclimate is by no means a cold or very disagreeable one, though\\nsomewhat damp. It has already become a place of resort for\\nsummer tourists on account of the wonderful scenery, its\\nmountains and glaciers rivalling those of Switzerland. As\\nthe Aleutian Islands were included in the purchase, the\\nwestern limit of the United States was carried to longitude\\n173\u00c2\u00b0 east from Greenwich, making the possessions of the United\\nStates cover one hundred and twenty degrees of longitude.\\nNebraska, which had been organized as a territory under\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 (sect. 280), was admitted\\nas a state in 1867, with the proviso that negro suffrage should\\nbe allowed.\\n365. French in Mexico Maximilian. (1861-1867.) In\\n1861 France, England, and Spain jointly had interfered with\\nthe affairs of Mexico on the ground of non-payment of her\\nbonds, but England soon saw that Napoleon III., the Em-\\nperor of France, had political designs in the movement, and so\\nwithdrew from the alliance. Spain also refused to have any-\\nthing more to do with the matter. Napoleon, however, went\\non with his plans, in spite of the protest of- Secretary Seward\\nthat such action would be resented by the United States as\\ncontrary to the policy laid down in the Monroe Doctrine\\n(sect. 208). French troops were sent to Mexico, the repub-\\nlican government was overturned, and an empire in Mexico\\nproclaimed. Napoleon s idea was to found a grand empire\\nin Mexico tributary to himself. For emperor he fixed upon\\nMaximilian, a nephew of the Emperor of Austria. Deceived\\nby deputations of Mexicans who were under the influence of\\nthe French, he was persuaded to accept the offer, and in the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0411.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nspring of 1864 entered the city of Mexico. He soon quar-\\nrelled with the party who had supported him, but by the aid\\nof the French troops he maintained his power in the capital\\nand in some of the other cities. In 1865 the United States\\ngovernment, having come out of the Civil War successfully,\\nagain demanded of the French emperor the withdrawal of\\nhis troops. This time Napoleon deemed it wise to comply.\\nMaximilian, however, thought he could get along without\\nthe support of the French, but the armies of the Mexican\\nrepublican party captured him in 1867, and, though the\\nUnited States interceded for him, he was shot, together with\\ntwo native Mexican generals who had espoused his cause.\\nHis wife, Carlotta, a princess of Belgium, who felt herself in\\nsome degree responsible for his remaining in Mexico after\\nthe withdrawal of the French troops, became insane through\\ngrief. The Mexican republic was re-established and has\\nremained undisturbed ever since.\\n366. Expatriation Chinese Treaty Pacific Railroad San\\nDomingo. (1868-1871.) In 1868 the historian, George Ban-\\ncroft, then United States minister to the North German\\nConfederation, negotiated a treaty with that power by which\\nthe right of expatriation was acknowledged that is, the Ger-\\nman government recognized that a citizen of one country had\\na right to sever his allegiance to it and become a citizen of\\nanother country. This principle the United States had up-\\nlield from the very first, but the European nations had been\\nslow to accept it. It was not until two years later (1870)\\nthat England, by the passage of her Naturalization Act,\\nadopted the principle, and gave up what she had claimed as\\na right, and had practised during the Revolutionary War as\\nwell as that of 1812. Most of the European nations have\\nfollowed the example of Germany and England.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0412.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "CHINESE TREATY; SAN DOMINGO. 341\\nDuring the same year, 1868, a treaty with China was\\nnegotiated through Anson Burlingame, who had been minis-\\nter to that country, but was now acting as agent for China.\\nThis was the first treaty which that country had ever, of its\\nown accord, offered to make with a foreign nation.\\nAn early event of Grant s administration was the comple-\\ntion of the Pacific Railroad at Ogden, Utah, May 10, 1869,\\nwhich was appropriately celebrated. This great work, ac-\\ncomplished by means of most liberal grants by Congress, was\\nthe first of those chains which bind the two extremes of the\\ncountry together, and make a union under one government\\npossible. By means of it and the other railroads to the Pacific\\nwhich have since been built, communication with the Pacific\\nstates is easier and more rapid than between the cities of\\nBoston and Washington in the early part of the century.\\nJosiah Quincy, who protested, in 1811, against the admission\\nof Louisiana as a state, partly because it would make the\\ncountry too large to be governed as a republic, lived to see\\nrepresentatives from Oregon in Congress, and the Atlantic\\nand Pacific bound together by telegraph and railroad.\\nPresident Grant strongly recommended to Congress the\\nannexation of San Domingo, part of the island of Haiti. He\\nurged that it would be of great advantage to the United\\nStates as a coaling station for war vessels, that it was exceed-\\ningly fertile, and that under the care of the United States\\nits people would rapidly increase in intelligence and in thrift.\\nCongress did not approve of the scheme, feeling that the coun-\\ntry had enough on its hands in settling the difficult questions\\nin the South without undertaking anything else of a similar\\nnature and in this they represented the popular opinion.\\n367. Kuklux Klan. (1868-1871.) All States represented\\nin Congress. (1871.) About the time of the Presidential elec-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0413.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntion of 1868 a secret organization arose in the South, known\\nas the Kuklux Klan. Originally started to scare the\\nsuperstitious colored people, it soon became a political soci-\\nety, whose purpose was to terrify the freedmen and intimi-\\ndate the carpet-baggers and their supporters. Some of\\nits members, or pretended members, went on from this to\\ncommit outrages of various kinds and even murder. The\\noperations were extensive enough to demand the attention\\nof Congress, which passed severe laws to suppress the order,\\nand appointed an investigating committee which made a volu-\\nminous report. At last the law-abiding citizens of all political\\naffinities united in suppressing it. The Kuklux Klan was\\nchiefly active in North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana,\\nand Arkansas.\\nThe efforts of the white population of the South were\\ndirected towards getting control of the state legislatures, in\\norder to revise the election laws. It was not very long before\\nthis end had been practically gained in most of the recon-\\nstructed states. By 1869 all the southern states had been\\nreadmitted to a representation in Congress except Virginia,\\nGeorgia, Mississippi, and Texas. These were admitted in\\nthe next year, so that in January, 1871, for the first time\\nsince 1860, every state was represented in Congress. The\\nSupreme Court of the United States had decided, in 1869,\\nin favor of the legality of the reconstruction measures of Con-\\ngress. The court declared that the states had never been out\\nof the Union, but that the Confederate government was a\\ntemporary militar}^ dominion, in which the lawful authority\\nwas entirely suspended.\\n368. Fifteenth Amendment; Civil Rights and Election Acts.\\n(1870-1871.) The flfteenth amendment, having been rati-\\nfied by the requisite number of states, was proclaimed August", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0414.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT; CIVIL RIGHTS ACT. 343\\n22, 1870.1 It was one thing to adopt amendments, but quite\\nanother thing to cany them out. Accordingly Congress,\\nbelieving that in a great part of the South they were a dead\\nletter, passed one law after another to enforce them. On\\nthis ground were passed the Civil Rights Act (1870), de-\\nsigned to apply to the fifteenth amendment; the Election\\nAct (1870), which regulated all the national elections, and\\nalso made the manner of the election uniform, and the\\nday of the election the same throughout the country and\\nthe Enforcement Act (1871), or, as it was generally called,\\nthe Force Bill. This bill was somewhat similar to the\\nSedition Act of 1798 (sect. 166), and was resented by the\\nSouth and disapproved of by many in the North, even among\\nthe Republicans. It divided that party, and ultimately drove\\nmany permanently out of its ranks. A large committee was\\nalso appointed by Congress to inquire into the condition of\\nthe southern states.\\nGrant and Colfax were inaugurated March 4, 1869. Ulys-\\nses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, 1822. He\\nwas educated at West Point, graduating in 1843. He served\\nin the Mexican War, under both Taylor and Scott, with\\ncredit. He resigned from the army in 1854, and, after some\\ntime, entered his father s leather store at Galena, Illinois, as\\na clerk. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of a volunteer\\nregiment, and later Major-General. In 1863 he was ap-\\npointed Major-General in the regular army; in 1864, Lieu-\\ntenant-General and in 1865, General, reaching the highest\\nrank. At the close of his second term as President, he\\nmade the tour of the world, and was received everywhere\\nwith the greatest distinction. He died July 23, 1885.\\n1 Appendix HI., Constitution.\\n2 Congress afterwards modified the law in regard to two or three states.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0415.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nTHE NEW NATION.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. A. W. Young, The American Statesman, pp. 1427-1594; W.\\nWilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 273-287\\nJames G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, ii. 503-594.\\nBiographies. See references for preceding chapters, also Appleton s\\nCyclopaedia of American Biography.\\nSpecial. A. Johnston, American Politics, Chap, xxiii. E. Stanwood,\\nHistory of Presidential Elections, Chap, xxiii. E. McPherson s Hand Books\\nof Politics, 1872-1876 Appleton s Annual Cyclopaedia, 1872-1892. Indians\\nand Indian Policy: Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor F.\\nA. Walker, The Indian Question; G. B. Grinnell, The Story of the Indian;\\nCaptain Pratt, Reports of Carlisle School; Twenty -two Years Work at\\nHampton Atlantic Monthly, Ixviii. 540, 676 Century Magazine, xxx. 599\\nxxxviii. 394, 471, 536 xli. 643. Geneva Arbitration C. Gushing, Treaty of\\nWashington; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, i. 42; ii. 331. N. AV. Boundary:\\nW. Barrows, Oregon, pp. 282-319. Fishery Question C. Isham, The Fish-\\nery Question. Chicago Fire New England Magazine, August, 1892,\\n369. The Indian Peace Policy. (1869.) One of the pleas-\\nantest features of Grant s first administration is the effort\\nwhich he made to deal justly with the Indians. This was\\ncalled the Peace or Quaker Policy. He announced in\\nhis first annual message that he had begun a ncAV policy\\ntowards these wards of the nation by giving the management\\nof a few reservations of Indians to members of the Society\\nof Friends, which body had since the days of William Penn\\ntaken special interest in the Indians and had lived peaceably\\n344", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0416.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0417.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "ULYSSES S. GRANT.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0418.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "INDIAN PEACE POLICY; ALABAMA CLAIMS. 345\\nwith them. The Society of Friends was to nominate agents\\nto the President, and on his approval they were to be ap-\\npointed. Very soon other reservations were similarly en-\\ntrusted to other religious denominations. The President s\\nwish was to treat the Indians justly, and later he recom-\\nmended liberal appropriations to carry out the Indian peace\\npolicy, not only because it is humane, Christianlike, and\\neconomical, but because it is right. The results of this\\npolicy, so far as it was carried out, were such as to give great\\nencouragement to its friends. But after years of harsh and\\nunjust treatment by the whites, the Indian was slow to\\nbelieve in the reality of the change, and, on the other hand,\\nthe hordes of Indian contractors, who saw that their pockets\\nwould suffer, exerted their great influence to thwart and\\ninjure the new policy in every way many other persons\\nAvere sceptical and gave it the cold shoulder, and not a few\\nechoed the cruel saying, the only good Indian is a dead\\nIndian. There is, however, reason to believe that President\\nGrant s action did much to bring the whole question before\\nthe country and to interest a large number of citizens every-\\nwhere in the cause of the red man, resulting in the establish-\\nment of an Indian Rights Association.\\n370. Alabama Claims Geneva Arbitration. (1871.) Though\\nthe United States had from the very first claimed damages\\nfrom Great Britain for injuries inflicted upon American com-\\nmerce by the Alabama and other war vessels fitted out in\\nEnglish ports, the British government for a long time de-\\nclined to entertain the question. At last, after the United\\nStates Senate had failed to ratify one treaty, a treaty was\\nnegotiated in 1871 at Washington hence called the Treaty\\nof Washington between commissioners of both nations, in\\nwhich it was agreed that all questions about which there was", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0419.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nany dispute between the two nations should be left to arbitra-\\ntion. The Alabama claims were to be referred to five arbi-\\ntrators, one to be appointed by the United States, one by Great\\nBritain, one by Italy, one by Switzerland, and one by Brazil.\\nA majority of these was to decide questions brought before\\nthem. The United States appointed Charles Francis Adams,\\nwho was the United States minister to London during the\\nCivil War, and was of course thoroughly familiar with the\\nwhole matter Great Britain appointed Sir Alexander Cock-\\nburn, then the Lord Chief Justice of England Italy, Count\\nSclopis; Switzerland, her Ex-President Staempfli and Bra-\\nzil, Vicompte d ltajuba. Other matters disposed of by the\\ntreaty were the Fishery Claims of Canada upon the United\\nStates, which were referred for settlement to a commission\\nselected by Great Britain and the United States and the\\nquestion of the true boundary between Washington Territory\\nand British Columbia, which had been a disputed point since\\nthe treaty of 1842 (sect. 250). This last was left to the\\nabsolute decision of the Emperor of Germany. The fact that\\ntwo of the most powerful nations in the world were Avilling\\nto leave such important matters to arbitration, marked a\\ngreat advance in civilization, and the fact that these impor-\\ntant questions were all peaceably settled in this way was a\\nstill greater triumph of justice and good sense.\\n37L Award at Geneva; Boundary Dispute. (1872.) Fish-\\nery Question. (1877.) The Alabama Commission met at\\nGeneva, Switzerland, as had been arranged, and after each\\nnation had presented its case, rendered its decision Septem-\\nber 14, 1872, awarding the United States $15,500,000 in com-\\npensation for the damages caused by the depredations of the\\nAlabama and the Florida and their tenders. The American\\nclaim for indirect damages was not allowed by the commis-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0420.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CHICAGO AND BOSTON FIRES. 347\\nsion. Though England was by no means pleased with tlie\\nverdict, the large sum was promptly paid to the representa-\\ntive of the United States.\\nThe Emperor of Germany decided (1872) the boundary\\nquestion in the Northwest in favor of the United States so\\nthat after nearly a century, the long line between the British\\npossessions and the United States was finally settled in a\\npeaceable manner.\\nThe Fisheries Commission met at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and\\n(1877) awarded Great Britain 85,500,000 in compensation\\nfor the extra advantages accruing to the United States from\\nthe fishery clauses of the existing treaties. This was felt\\nuniversally in the United States to be greatly in excess of\\nthe real sum due, and the House of Representatives at one\\ntime threatened to refuse to make the necessary appropria-\\ntion, but better counsels prevailed, the appropriation was\\nauthorized, and the payment was made without unnecessary\\ndelay.\\n372. Chicago and Boston Fires. (1871, 1872.) During the\\nyear 1871 occurred one of the most disastrous fires in history.\\nOn the evening of October 9th, a fire broke out in a stable\\nin Chicago, started, it was said, by a cow kicking over a coal-\\noil lamp. The fire quickly spread, until, aided by a high,\\nwind, it passed beyond control, and for two days it raged\\nthrough the richest and best parts of the city, only stopping\\nwhen the lake was reached. More than three square miles\\nwere burnt over, between two and three hundred persons\\nlost their lives, property to the amount of 1200,000,000 was\\ndestroyed, and about 100,000 people were rendered home-\\nless. One of the most striking illustrations of the rapid\\ncommunication between different parts of the world, and\\nalso of the increasing sympathy of men for men, is shown by", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0421.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe fact that news of the great disaster had hardly been\\ntelegraphed to other parts of the country before subscrip-\\ntions for the aid of the sufferers were begun, and provisions,\\nclothing, and supplies of every kind that might be needed\\nwere sent by railroad. Contributions from all over the\\nUnion and from beyond the sea, even from Japan, kept\\npouring in to help the stricken city; no such widespread\\nsympathy had ever been known before. About a year later,\\nin November, 1872, Boston, Massachusetts, suffered from a\\ngreat fire also about sixty-five acres were burned over, and\\npropert}^ valued at nearly $80,000,000 destroyed. Like Chi-\\ncago, the area burnt over was soon rebuilt finer than ever.\\nAlmost at the same time as the Chicago fire, great forest\\nfires occurred in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. In\\nWisconsin alone it was estimated that 1500 people were\\nburned to death.\\n373. Amnesty Bill Grant renominated Liberal Republicans\\nDemocrats. (1872.) In May, 1872, Congress passed an\\nAmnesty Bill by which the political disabilities of the former\\nConfederates were removed. A few exceptions of prominent\\npersons were made, but not more than three hundred and\\nfifty in all.\\nAs the time for the Presidential election came around\\nagain, the majority of the Republican party were in favor of\\nnominating President Grant for a second term. Though\\nthere had been many things connected with his administra-\\ntion which wei-e objectionable, the majorit}^ of the people\\nhad most perfect confidence in his personal integrity. He\\nwas accordingly nominated, with Henry Wilson, of Massa-\\nchusetts, for Vice-President. There was, however, a minority\\nof the party which strongly disapproved of the use of the\\nnational troops in the South to help the reconstructed gov-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0422.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "LIBERAL REPUBLICANS; MODOC WAR.\\n349\\nernments maintain their power, and others who believed\\nfrom some scandals in connection with the national adminis-\\ntration that a change was necessary. Sympathizers with\\nthese views called themselves Liberal Republicans, and, in a\\nstate election, succeeded in carrying Missouri. Encouraged\\nby this, they started a national\\norganization and nominated\\nHorace Greeley, of New York,\\nthe editor of the Neiv York\\nTribu7ie, for President, and B.\\nGratz Brown of Missouri for\\nVice-President. The D e m o\\ncratic party had no great issue\\nto present, and so adopted the\\ncandidates and platform of the\\nLiberal Republicans. In the\\nelection that followed. Grant\\nand Wilson were elected by a\\nlarge majority of the popular\\nand of the electoral vote. Horace Greeley, worn out by the\\nexcitement and by ill health, died soon after the election.\\nHORACE GREELEY.\\n374. Modoc War. During 1872 there was a war with\\nthe Modoc Indians. This tribe lived in southern Oregon\\nand had been badly treated some years previously, and when\\nnew trouble began, the old wrongs were remembered. After\\na war of nearly a year, three commissioners with a flag of\\ntruce visited the tribes in their retreat among the lava beds,\\nand while there two of them, one being General Canby of\\nthe United States Army, were killed. This was done because\\nthe commissioners had refused to yield to their demands,\\nand to avenge some of the tribe who were killed while under\\na flag of truce by some United States troops twenty years", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0423.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "350 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nbefore. After a great expense and loss of life, the tribe was\\ncompletely conquered, and the few who were left were\\nremoved to Indian Territory.^\\n375. Commercial Crisis of 1873. The effect of the Civil\\nWar upon business and financial matters was not clearly seen\\nuntil 1873. Accustomed to lavish expenditure of money\\nduring the conflict, and encouraged by the success of the\\nfirst Pacific Railroad, as Avell as by large crops, the country\\nagain entered upon a career of great enterprise, particularly\\nin railroad building. During the four j^ears of Grant s first\\nadministration the railroad mileage of the United States was\\nincreased more than fifty per cent, and the total was equal to\\nthat of all Europe. A condition of affairs very similar to\\nthat in 1857 followed; finally a prorhinent banking house in\\nPhiladelphia, which was largely interested in the Northern\\nPacific Railroad, failed, and one of the worst and most wide-\\nspread financial panics which this country has ever seen\\nwas precipitated. It was six years before the country fully\\nrecovered from its effects.\\n376. Temperance Crusade in Ohio. (1873, 1874.) During\\nthe winter of 1873-74 many of the women of Ohio, deeply\\ninterested in the temperance movement, started a crusade\\nagainst the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.\\nDrinking-saloons were visited, and almost every means of\\npersuasion and personal influence was used to induce the\\n1 The subsequent history of the remnants of this tribe is a very interest-\\ning one. Some of them were put under the care of a Christian agent and\\ntlirough the kindness and judicious treatment of this man and his wife, these\\nIndians, once among the wildest and most intractable, have become among\\nthe most quiet and law-abiding a number have become members of the\\nSociety of Friends, and one ox two are ministers of the Gospel in that religious\\nbody.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0424.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "TEMPERANCE CRUSADE; CREDIT MOBILIER. 351\\nsaloon-keepers to give up the business. The movement ex-\\ntended to Indiana and other western states, and also, to some\\nextent, to New York, particularly in Brooklyn. Accompa-\\nnied at times by objectionable features, the movement served\\nthe purpose of calling increased attention to the evils result-\\ning from the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage. Partly\\nas a result of this movement was the rise of the large and\\ninfluential organization known as the Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union. The crusade also helped to establish a\\nnational Prohibition Party a few years afterwards.\\n377. Weather Bureau. (1870.) In 1870 Congress estab-\\nlished the Weather Bureau for the purpose of making accurate\\nobservations of the weather, and publishing the results of the\\nobservations for the benefit of the public in the shape of\\nindications of approaching storms, fine weather, or changes,\\nas the case might be. Records of the temperature, moisture,\\nheight of the rivers, and other matters of interest are made\\nand published. As the result of careful observations and\\naccurate comparison of many records, the indications\\npublished are realized in a very large majority of cases.\\nThese weather reports have been of great service in warning\\nfarmers, and also sailors in port, of approaching storms, and\\nso have resulted in preventing much loss of property. Placed\\nat first under the care of the Signal Service of the army, the\\nWeather Bureau was, by order of Congress, transferred to\\nthe Agricultural Department, July 1, 1891.\\n378. Credit Mobilier. (1872.) Franking abolished; Sal-\\nary Grab. (1872.) During the Presidential campaign many\\ncharges of corruption had been brought against the Republi-\\ncans, among them one that members of Congress had been\\nbribed to pass measures favorable to the Union Pacific Rail-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0425.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nroad, by presents of stock in a corporation known as the\\nCredit Mobilier,i which was a company organized for the con-\\nstruction of the Union Pacific Railroad, relieving the stock-\\nholders of any risk. Congress ordered an investigation, the\\nresult of which was that two of the members of the House\\nof Representatives were absolutely condemned for the part\\nwhich they had taken. Others suffered much in public esti-\\nmation for their connection with the enterprise, and had to\\nretire, perforce, from political life.\\nUp to 1873 the members of Congress, and very many of\\nthe government officials, had the privilege of franking\\nletters, and indeed all matter which could be sent through\\nthe mails.2 Mail matter addressed to congressmen and offi-\\ncials was also free. This privilege was so grossly abused\\nthat public opinion demanded a revision of the law, which\\nwas changed so that only publications authorized by Con-\\ngress, and communications on strictly official business of the\\ngovernment departments could be so sent. An allowance\\nfor postage was, however, made to each congressman. The\\nsame Congress also raised the salary of many of the officials\\nof the government, among them that of the President of the\\nUnited States to 850,000 per year, and that of the congress-\\nmen to 87500. In this latter case the bill was made to apply\\nto the current salaries, and the increase to date back to the\\nbeginning of the Congress. This created such a storm of popu-\\nlar disapproval that almost all the congressmen who had taken\\nadvantage of the new law returned the excess over the old\\nsalary to the Treasury. The bill was repealed at the next\\n1 Credit Mobilier is a French phrase for credit on movable or personal\\nproperty.\\n2 By writing the name of the sender on the outside of the letter or package,\\nit was insured free carriage this was to frank. The widows of Presidents\\nGrant and Garfield, and a few others, have the privilege of franking.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0426.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "KEPUBLICAN REVERSES. 353\\nsession. Notwithstancling the storm of disapproval, Congress\\nhad only done what previous Congresses had done before.\\nIn itself the advance in the salary was doubtless justifiable,\\nand had it been unaccompanied by the Back Salary Grab,\\nas it was called, it is likely the action would have provoked\\nlittle criticism. The United States, lavish in almost every-\\nthing else, has always been almost niggardly in the payment\\nof its public servants.\\n379. Republican Reverses. (1874.) In 1874 the President\\nwas called upon at various times for assistance in preserving\\norder in the reconstructed states (Constitution, Art. IV.,\\nsect. 4). This was done so often that the patience of the\\ncountry, as well as that of the President, was exhausted.\\nThere was also a still larger number of persons than before\\nwho believed that the United States troops should no longer\\nbe used to support state factions, and that it was quite time\\nto withdraw Federal troops from the reconstructed states.\\nThese feelings were shown very decidedly in the fall elec-\\ntions of 1874, when states which had been considered surely\\nRepublican elected Democratic officers and legislatures, and\\nthe Republican majority of 107 in the House of Representa-\\ntives was turned into a Democratic majority of 74. This\\npolitical upheaval, showing a growing independence of\\nthought, was not wholly due to southern affairs, but also to\\nthe political corruption which had been unearthed. It is not\\nunlikely that the financial panic of the preceding year had its\\neffect, for it is a curious fact, particularly in republics, that\\nthe party holding the reins of government for the time being\\nis often held responsible for things wholly beyond its power\\nto control, as well as for those for which it is directly respon-\\nsible. Thus a failure in crops will sometimes turn a party\\nout of office.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0427.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n380. Whiskey Frauds Resumption Act. (1875.) During\\n1875, extensive frauds on the government in connection\\nwith the internal revenue tax on whiskey were discovered^\\nimplicating officers of the government, some of whom were\\nconvicted on trial. The result of these revelations of cor-\\nruption and dishonesty was a widespread and exaggerated\\nbelief in the inefficiency and corruption of government offi-\\ncers generally.\\nOn January 14, 1875, Congress passed an act providing\\nthat on the first day of January, 1879, the Secretary of the\\nTreasury should redeem in coin all United States legal-\\ntender notes which might be presented to the Treasury, in\\nsums of not less than fifty dollars. Many thought this act a\\nmere political device, not believing it possible for the coun-\\ntry to resume specie payment so soon (sect. 392).\\n381. Centennial Exhibition Telephone. (1876.) As the\\ncentennial anniversary of the independence of the United\\nStates approached, it was determined to celebrate it by hold-\\ning a grand exhibition in the city of Philadelphia, where the\\nindependence had been proclaimed. In aid of this enter-\\nprise Congress rather reluctantly voted an appropriation of\\n$1,500,000. The other nations of the world were invited\\nto take part in the exhibition, and it resulted in a truly\\ninternational enterprise. One of the largest of the foreign\\ndisplays was that of Great Britain, a pleasing testimony to\\nthe good feeling existing between the two great English-\\nspeaking nations of the world, in spite of the past occasions\\nfor differences. The exhibition was kept open from May\\n10 to November 1, 1876, over 10,000,000 persons visiting the\\ngrounds during that time. The exhibition had a great edu-\\ncational value. It brought the results of industry and inven-\\ntion before the people to a degree impossible by other means,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0428.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "SIOUX WAR COLORADO ADMITTED. 355\\ninstructed them in the knowledge of the products of their\\nown and other countries, and greatly educated the taste of\\nthe whole community. Ever since that time there has been a\\nmarked improvement in the appreciation of the beautiful\\nthroughout the country. The United States surpassed all\\nother nations in the variety and usefulness of inventions\\namong the most striking of these was the telephone, then\\nfirst brought into public notice, and the practical application\\nof electricity for illuminating purposes. The invention of\\nthe telephone has been claimed by several persons, but to\\nAlexander Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, seems to belong\\nthe credit of the invention of a practical instrument.\\n382. Sioux War Colorado admitted. (1876.) Again\\ntrouble arose with the Indians, this time with the Sioux.\\nThis tribe had been given a reservation on which to live\\nnear the Black Hills in Dakota. It was not long before\\ngold was discovered in this region, and immediately crowds\\nof white settlers and miners invaded the reservation. This\\nthe Sioux, under the lead of the chief, Sitting Bull, and\\nothers, resisted, and naturally retaliated upon the settlers in\\nMontana and Wyoming. The Sioux had already refused to\\ngive up their reservation and retire to the Indian Territory.\\nA considerable force was sent against them; and, in the\\ncourse of the war, General Custer with a small band of sol-\\ndiers rashly followed the Indians, and was attacked by them\\nwith a greatly superior force, and he and all his men were\\nkilled. The government, however, before long conquered\\nthe tribe, and Sitting Bull and the remnant fled across the\\nborder into Canada.\\nColorado was admitted as a state in 1876, and hence is\\nknown as the Centennial State. Its chief interest is min-\\ning, but it is well adapted to grazing, and, in many parts, to", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0429.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "356 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nagriculture. It is remarkable for the dryness of its atmos-\\nphere, and hence has become a great health resort. Its\\ngrowth in population and wealth has been rapid the Pacific\\nRailroads have done much to make this growth possible.\\n383. Impeachment of Belknap; Nomination of Presidential\\nCandidates. (1876.) At the Presidential election in 1876\\nthere seemed to be no great political questions before the\\ncountry, and so the Republicans reaffirmed their old plat-\\nform and dilated upon what the party had done in the past.\\nThe Democrats, encouraged by their successes in 1874,\\nattacked the Republicans vigorously for the mistakes that\\nhad been made, and for the political corruptions which had\\nbeen disclosed. These last had been increased by the charge\\nthat the Secretary of War, W. W. Belknap, had received\\nbribes in relation to the appointment of office-holders. For\\nthis he was impeached by the House of Representatives, but\\nhaving resigned the office before the impeachment, there was\\nsome question as to the power of Congress to take such\\naction after his resignation had been accepted by the Presi-\\ndent. As a two-thirds majority did not vote for conviction,\\nthe prosecution fell to the ground.\\nAn interesting feature of the campaign, showing the drifts\\nand currents of public opinion, was the appearance in the\\nfield of two other parties with candidates. These were, first,\\nthe National Greenback Party, which held that the Resump-\\ntion Act should be repealed, and that the currency of the\\ncountry should be paper money, convertible at the will of\\nthe holder into United States bonds bearing 3.65 per cent\\nannual interest; secondly, the National Prohibition Party^\\nwhich advocated, as the name implies, the prohibition of the\\nmanufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors for a beverage.\\nAfter a bitter contest in the convention, the Republican fac-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0430.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "RETURNING BOARDS. 357\\ntions compromised by nominating Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio\\nfor President and William A. Wheeler of New York for Vice-\\nPresident. The Democratic convention, rehearsing the short-\\ncomings of the Republicans and demanding the speedy repeal\\nof the Resumption Act, nominated Samuel J. Tilden of New\\nYork for President and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for\\nVice-President. After a most exciting canvass, it was found,\\nafter the election day, that the result was exceedingly close,\\nand that the decision chiefly rested upon the votes of Florida\\nand Louisiana.\\n384. Returning^ Boards. (1876, 1877.) During the recon-\\nstruction period in the South, one feature of the legislation\\nhad been the creation by law of committees called Return-\\ning Boards, whose duties were to receive the election returns\\nfrom the various parts of the state and count the number of\\nvotes for the different candidates. The discretionary^ power\\ngiven to these boards was very great, and from their decision\\nthere was no appeal. Such powers would seem unwise under\\nalmost any circumstances, but the facts should not be over-\\nlooked in the discussion of the question. It was seen that\\nthe action of these boards would probably decide the elec-\\ntion, and public attention was at once and closely directed to\\nthese states. On the face of the returns in both Florida and\\nLouisiana, the Democrats had a majority of votes but the\\nReturning Board in each of these states, having Republican\\nmajorities in each case, threw out so many votes on the\\nground of intimidation of voters, a legal excuse if true, that\\neach state was given to the Republicans. The Democrats\\nvery naturally claimed that they had been cheated out of the\\nelection by fraud, and resolved to refuse to admit the votes\\nof these two states, as well as of two or three others, when\\nthe time came for the counting of the electoral votes in Con-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0431.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ngress. If they were successful in this, the Democratic candi-\\ndates would be chosen, or the choice of the President would\\ndevolve upon the House of Representatives, which, having\\na Democratic majority, would, of course, choose the ones\\nclaimed by the Democrats to be elected. The Republicans\\nwere equally strong in the determination to seat their can-\\ndidates, who they declared were legally and justly chosen.\\nCongress had exercised for a long time the right to decide\\ndisputed electoral votes but now the Senate and House were\\ncontrolled by different parties, and there seemed no hope of\\nan agreement, as neither house would consent to any plan\\nwhich would surely seat the opposing candidate. Never\\nsince the formation of the government, nor even in the dark-\\nest days of the Civil War, were there such anxious forebod-\\nings among thoughtful men as prevailed for some days in\\nJanuary, 1877.\\n385. Electoral Commission. (1877.) Finally the sober\\nmen of both parties in Congress united upon a plan to settle\\nthe dispute, which after much discussion was accepted by\\nCongress and the President. This was, that a Joint High\\nCommission should be appointed, to which all questions\\nrelative to points concerning the electoral votes upon which\\nboth houses of Congress could not agree, should be referred,\\nand whose decision should be final. This commission was to\\nconsist of fifteen, five to be chosen by the Senate and five by\\nthe House of Representatives, four to be Justices of the\\nSupreme Court, who were to choose another justice of the\\nsame court to complete the fifteen. It was so arranged that\\nthe fourteen were equally divided between the two political\\nparties and it was expected that the justices would choose\\nas their associate, Justice David Davis, who was classed as an\\nindependent in politics, and whose views no one knew. Just", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0432.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "DECISION IN FAVOR OF THE REPUBLICANS, 359\\nat this time, however, Davis was elected senator for the state\\nof Illinois and it was deemed unsuitable for him to act on\\nthe commission. The justices accordingly chose another of\\nthe associates in his place. This one happened to be Repub-\\nlican in his views, so the commission was constituted of eight\\nRepublicans and seven Democrats.\\n386. Decision in Favor of Republicans. (1877.) When\\nthe first disputed case came up before it, the commission\\ndecided, eight to seven, that it would not go behind the\\nreturns of the Returning Boards and investigate the local\\nproceedings in the contested states. This decision practi-\\ncally gave the election to the Republicans. On all the im-\\nportant points which came before it, the commission decided\\nin favor of the Republican candidates, who were accordingly\\ndeclared elected early on the morning of the 3d of March.\\nThus one of the greatest dangers to which the country has\\never been exposed was peaceably averted. It has been\\nreserved for a government of the people, where the right of\\nsuffrage is universal, to give to the world the first example\\nin history of a great nation, in the midst of a struggle of\\nopposing parties for power, hushing its party tumults, to yield\\nthe issue of the contest to adjustment according to the forms\\nof law (Hayes s Inaugural). The decision of the commis-\\nsion not to go behind the returns was a wise one. Any\\nattempt to investigate the alleged frauds would have led to\\nendless trouble and dangerous delay, resulting in no legal\\ngovernment, as the investigation would necessarily have lasted\\nlong after the 4th of March, the time for a new administration\\nto enter office. The acquiescence of both the Democratic candi-\\ndates and of the party in the decision is worthy of great praise.\\n1 That the decision should have been in accord with the political views of\\nthe majority was to be expected. Such has been the almost universal expe-\\nrience in England and other countries.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0433.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nRECENT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. W. Wilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs of American His-\\ntory), pp. 288-299; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, ii. 595-676\\n(to 1881). Note: Appleton s Annual Cyclopaedia, 1876-1893, and The\\nReview of Reviews (American edition), vols, i.-viii. (1890-1893), will be\\nfound very helpful for information in regard to recent topics.\\nBiographies. Appleton s Cyclopaedia of American Biography; J. M.\\nBrown, Life of James A. Garfield.\\nSpecial. A. Johnston, American Politics, Chap. xxiv. E. Stanwood,\\nHistory of Presidential Elections, Chap. xxv. to end E. McPherson, Hand-\\nBooks of Politics, 1878-1892. James A. Garfield Century Magazine, xxiii.\\n168, 299, 431 James Russell Lowell, Democracy, etc., pp. 43-56. Civil Ser-\\nvice Act Publications of the National Civil Service Reform League J. M.\\nComstock, Civil Service in the United States. Chinese Immigration Forum,\\nOctober, 1890. Railroad Strikes North American Review, cxxv. 125, 351.\\nMississippi .Jetties: Scribner s Monthly, xix. 46. Brooklyn Bridge: St.\\nNicholas, x. 689. New Orleans Cotton Exposition Century Magazine, xxx.\\n3, 185. The South A. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 283-322 Susan\\nDabney Smede, Memorials of a Southern Planter H. W. Grady, The New\\nSouth. The Negro Question: A. G. Hay good. Our Brother in Black; Cen-\\ntury Magazine, xxx. 674 Atlantic Monthly, Ixx. 828. Charleston Earth-\\nquake Magazine of American History, xviii. 25. Lottery Forum, xii. 555,\\n569. Bering Sea: American History Leaflets, No. 6 E. J. Phelps, Harper s\\nMonthly, Ixxxii. 766 Review of Reviews, September, 1893. Tariff of 1883\\nand McKinley Tariff: F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States\\n(new edition), pp. 230-332. Confederate Pensions: Forum, xvi. 68.\\n387. Hayes and his Administration. (1877-1881.) Ruther-\\nford B. Hayes, born in Ohio, 1822, a Lawyer by profession,\\n360", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0434.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "HAYES AND HIS ADMINISTRATION. 361\\nentered the army early in the Civil War, and rapidly rose to\\nthe rank of brigadier-general he was a member of Congress,\\n1865-67; governor of Ohio, 1868-72, and again, 1876-77,\\nthus holding the office three terms. He was a man of ster-\\nling integrity, an advocate of civil service reform, and of\\nthe early resumption of specie payments, and of a policy\\ntowards the South that would treat all classes with jus-\\ntice. The inauguration passed off quietly, and the country\\nbreathed peacefully. President Hayes withdrew the few\\ntroops which were in the South, the whites assumed com-\\nplete control, and the South became solidly Democratic. It\\nwas charged that Hayes, by acknowledging the Democratic\\ngovernments in the disputed states,\\npractically impugned his own title.\\nHe was, however, bound to accept the\\ndecision of Congress which declared\\nthat he was legally elected.\\nThe administration of Hayes was a\\nwelcome calm after the troubled years\\nimmediately following the Civil War.\\nVoid of any events of striking charac-\\nter, it has often been spoken of as a rutherford b. hayes.\\ncolorless administration, and it has\\nnot received even from the Republican press the credit to\\nwhich it was justly entitled. President Hayes occupied an\\nexceedingly difficult position, which he filled with dignity\\nand with skill and his influence was always exerted on the\\nside of morality, justice, reform, good government, and sound\\nprinciples of finance. It is likely that posterity will rate\\nhis administration very much higher than his contemporaries\\nrated it.^\\n1 Ex-President Hayes died, 1893.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0435.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n388. Silver Bill. (1878.) In 1870, in order to strengthen\\nthe credit of the government, Congress had made all bonds\\nwhich might be refunded payable in coin, and in an act\\npassed February 12, 1873, in which the list of coins to be\\nissued from the national mints was revised, the old silver\\ndollar, which had been practically out of general circulation\\nfor many years, was dropped from the coinage. Previously\\nit had been overvalued, that is, the silver dollar was intrinsi-\\ncally worth more than the gold dollar under such circum-\\nstances there was no reason for continuing its coinage.\\nShortly after the passage of this bill, by which silver was\\nsaid to be demonetized, that is, to be no longer a legal\\ntender in payment of debts, the production of silver was\\ngreatly increased by the discovery of new and rich mines in\\nNevada and elsewhere. The effect of this increased produc-\\ntion Avas to make the value of silver in comparison with gold\\nfall rapidly and steadily. Many, at first chiefly in the west-\\nern and silver- producing states, now wished silver to be\\nrestored as a legal tender; and a bill known as the Bland\\nBill, from the name of the congressman who introduced it,\\nwas passed, providing for the recoinage of the silver dollar\\nof 4121 grains, and making it a legal tender, also requiring\\nthe government to coin not less than $2,000,000, nor more\\nthan 14,000,000, per month. The value of silver had fallen\\nso much by this time that silver dollars of the weight pro-\\nposed would be worth only 92 cents in gold. The advocates\\nof the bill thought that its passage would raise the value of\\nsilver. President Hayes vetoed the bill, but it was passed\\nover his veto by more than two-thirds majority\\n1 From 1784 to 1873 only 8,000,000 silver dollars had been coined alto-\\ngether the supporters of the bill hoped to have six times as many coined in\\na single year.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0436.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "RAILROAD STRIKES; YELLOW FEVER. B63\\n389. Railroad Strikes. (1877.) In the summer of 1877\\nthe most extensive strikes which had yet been seen in the\\ncountry occurred among the raih oad employees of the mid-\\ndle and some of the western states. They were started by\\nthe action of some of the railroad companies in lowering the\\nwages of the men. In consequence, the men refused to\\nwork or to allow others to be engaged. Trains, except those\\ncarrying the United States mail, were stopped. At Phila-\\ndelphia and at Baltimore prompt action by the authorities\\npreserved order, but there were riots at Pittsburg, Chicago,\\nSt. Louis, and elsewhere. At Pittsburg the riots assumed\\nalarming proportions the mobs controlled the city, lives\\nwere lost, railroad stations, locomotives, cars, and large\\namounts of other property were destroyed, the loss being\\nestimated at over 13,000,000. It was not until the militia\\nwere ordered out, and in some instances the United States\\ntroops, that the trouble ended. It was about two weeks\\nbefore regular traffic was restored.\\n390. Yellow Fever in the South. (1877, 1878.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the\\nsummer of 1877 and of 1878 the states on the Gulf of Mex-\\nico, and also parts of adjoining states, were visited with a\\nterrible epidemic of yellow fever the cities of Memphis and\\nNew Orleans were the greatest sufferers. As in the case of\\nthe Chicago fire, assistance of all kinds was cheerfully sent\\nto the afflicted cities. Yellow fever belongs to the class of\\nso-called filth diseases, and its spread was largely caused\\nby the lack of sanitary regulations. Taught by this severe\\nlesson, strict laws were enacted, and in the case of Memphis\\nparticularly, the whole city was thoroughly cleansed, new\\nsystems of drainage adopted, and a rigorous system of sani-\\ntary laws devised and carried out. This experiment has\\nbeen attended with most satisfactory results.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0437.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "364 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n391. Mississippi Jetties. (1875.) The Mississippi River\\nbrings down a vast amount of sediment every year; much\\nof this falls to the bottom near the mouth of the stream^\\nmaking the river shallower, impeding navigation, and also\\ntending to make the river overflow its banks, causing great\\nloss of property. Already two of the mouths of the Missis-\\nsippi were too shallow to admit of large vessels using them,\\nnor could the largest ships reach New Orleans even by the\\nprincipal mouth. James B. Eads, of St. Louis, a civil engi-\\nneer, designer of a splendid bridge across the river at St.\\nLouis, proposed a plan to Congress, which, if followed out, he\\nwas confident Avould deepen the channel and at the same\\ntime keep the river within its banks better than had been\\npossible heretofore. Congress grudgingly gave him permis-\\nsion to test his plan, and made an appropriation conditional\\nupon his success, compelling him moreover to try his experi-\\nment upon the mouth or pass of the river least used and\\nmost unpromising, the South Pass. His idea was to confine\\nthe water within narrower bounds, thus making the current\\nswifter, and so force the water not only to clear out its own\\nchannel, but to keep it cleared out, the swiftness of the\\ncurrent preventing much deposit of sediment. This plan\\nhad been pursued with great success with the Danube, and\\nCaptain Eads proposed to apply this jett}^ system, as it is\\ncalled, to the Mississippi. Within the contract time he had\\ndeepened the channel from eight to twenty feet, as he had\\npromised, and later the channel was further deepened, so that\\nthe largest vessels can now come up to New Orleans without\\nany difficulty.\\n392. Resumption of Specie Payments. (1879.) On the 1st\\nof January, 1879, in accordance with the act of Congress four\\nyears before (sect. 380), the Secretary of tlie Treasury, John", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0438.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "SPECIE PAYMENTS; GARFIELD ELECTED. 365\\nSherman, was ready to give coin in exchange for any United\\nStates notes which might be presented for payment. So satis-\\nfied were the people that such would be the case, and so high\\nhad the credit of the government become on account of the\\nsteady payment of the debt, that the premium on gold had\\ngradually disappeared, or, more correctly, the notes became\\nequal to gold, and when the holders knew that they could\\nget gold whenever they wished, no one cared to exchange\\nthe convenient representative of the metal for the heavy\\nmetal itself. The success of the operation increased the\\ncredit of the government still more, so that it was now able\\nto borrow at a lower rate of interest than ever, and so refund\\na large portion of its debt with a great saving in the annual\\nexpense for interest. Loans at 6 per cent and over were\\ncalled in and reissued at 4^ per cent and 4 per cent. About\\n130,000,000 a year in interest was thus saved.\\n393. Garfield elected President. (1880.) In the Presidential\\nelection of 1880, James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur,\\nthe Republican candidates, were elected over General Win-\\nfield S. Hancock and William H. English, the Democratic\\ncandidates. Garfield was born in Ohio, of New England\\nparentage, in 1831. His early years were spent in great\\npoverty, but by dint of great effort he succeeded in getting\\na collegiate education at Williams College, Massachusetts\\nhe then studied law, taught, was a professor in Hiram Col-\\nlege, Ohio, and at the outbreak of the Civil War entered the\\narmy and soon reached the rank of major-general. While\\nin the field he was elected to Congress, and left the army,\\nbelieving that he could do his countr}^ more service in the\\nlegislative body than in the field. He was representative\\nin 1863-81. He was chosen senator in 1880 for the term\\nbeginning in 1881, and while a member of the Presidential\\nk", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0439.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "366 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nnominating convention, was unexpectedly chosen candidate\\nfor the Presidency, enjoying the experience, probably unique,\\nof being representative, senator-elect, and President-elect all\\nat the same time.\\n394. Assassination of Garfield; Arthur succeeds. (1881.)\\nNo man since John Quincy Adams had been elected to the\\nPresidency who seemed in every way better fitted for the\\noffice. His nomination was unsought,\\nand he was untrammelled by political\\nbargains. Much was looked for from\\nhis administration but a disappointed\\noffice-seeker shot the President in a\\nrailroad station at Washington, July\\n2, 1881, as he was about leaving for a\\nFourth of July celebration at his old\\ncollege in Massachusetts. After lin-\\njAMEs A. GARFIELD. gcrlug for a Httlc over three months,\\nhe died, September 19, at Elberon, on\\nthe New Jersey coast, wliere he had been removed in the vain\\nhope of improvement. The fortitude with which he bore his\\nsuffering aroused the sympathy and admiration of the world.\\nThe Vice-President had the reputation of being little more\\nthan a politician, nominated for political reasons, and many\\nvoted for him reluctantly but his admirable deportment\\nduring the illness of the President reassured the countr}^, and\\nhe proved himself fully worthy of the office which fell to him\\nwithout the wish or expectation of the people. Arthur was\\nborn in Vermont, 1830, received a college education, taught\\nschool, and studied law; was collector of tlie port of New\\nYork, 1871-78, elected Vice-President, 1880, and quietly.\\nsucceeded to the Presidency at Garfield s death.\\n1 Ex-President Arthur died in New York, November 11, 1886.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0440.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "ANTT-POLYGAMY BILL; CIVIL SERVICE ACT. 367\\n395. Anti-Polygamy BiU. (1882.) Civil Service Act. (1883.)\\nIn 1882 Senator Edmunds, of Vermont, introduced a bill\\ninto Congress, which was passed, designing to suppress polyg-\\namy, still practised by the Mormons in Utah and in the neigh-\\nboring territories. A result of this act was, that in 1890\\nthe president of the Mormon body officially stated that polyg-\\namy was to be abolished.\\nThe death of President Garfield had attracted the atten-\\ntion of the people to the question of reform in the matter of\\nappointments and removals in the public service. Ever since\\nthe time of Andrew Jackson, public offices had been consid-\\nered the legitimate reward for party services but now the\\npeople began to feel that the government business should be\\ncarried on according to business principles, and that a gov-\\nernment clerk should not be chosen because he was a Demo-\\ncrat or a Republican, but because of his fitness for the position,\\nnor should he be turned out unless for incomiDetency or breach\\nof trust. President Grant, during his administration, had\\nurged the subject upon the attention of Congress, and a bill\\ncreating a board of civil service commissioners had been\\npassed, and appointments made under its advice but Con-\\ngress refused to continue the appropriation for its support.\\nHowever, the feasibility of making appointments on the\\nground of fitness for the office, and not for political reasons,\\nwas demonstrated. In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton\\nCivil Service Act, which was approved by President Arthur.\\nThis allowed the President to appoint examiners, who were to\\ndecide upon the qualifications of the applicants for the offices,\\nand from those shown to be qualified appointments were to be\\nmade. The provisions of the bill applied to but a few of the\\noffices at first, but have since been extended to many more.^\\n1 The bill was introduced by George H. Pendleton, a Democratic senator\\nfrom Ohio, and was passed by votes in both houses of Congress, irrespective", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0441.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "368 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES.\\nAnother important feature of the act was the provision\\nthat contributions shall not be solicited from the government\\nemployees for political purposes, nor may employees take an\\nactive part in political contests. As the Constitution vests\\nthe power of appointment, except for inferior offices, in the\\nPresident (Art. II., sect. 2), any law respecting appointments\\ncan only be in the nature of advice but the force of public\\nopinion and the desire to escape the tremendous pressure for\\noffices are likely to be sufficient to lead Presidents, at least\\ngradually, to take advantage of the act.\\n396. Mississippi Floods. (1882.) Tariff Revision. (1883.)\\nAttention was diverted for a time from political matters\\nby a great disaster in the Southwest. In 1882 the Mississippi\\nRiver overflowed its banks, broke through the levees, and\\nflooded the neighboring country for miles; thousands were\\nforced to leave their homes, and there was great suffering in\\nconsequence. There would have been many deaths from\\nexposure and starvation had not Congress promptly author-\\nized the War Department to furnish tents and rations.\\nIt has been seen that one way adopted to secure part of\\nthe funds necessary for the carr^dng on of the Civil War had\\nbeen to raise the duty on imported goods, and, at the same\\ntime, greatly to extend the list of dutiable articles. It. was\\nnov/ eighteen years since the close of the war, a large part of\\nthe debt had been paid off, and the income of the government\\nwas much greater than its necessary payments. Many per-\\nsons thought not only that taxation was too high, but that a\\nsurplus of revenue Avas bad for the country, as it tended to\\nencourage extravagant appropriations by Congress. Accord-\\nof party. Civil service includes all lower executive offices, but not those in\\nthe army or navy. The bill does not apply to heads of departments or the\\nhidier offices.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0442.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "BROOKLYN BRIDGE. 369\\ningly, it was determined to begin to make a reduction by\\nlowering the tariff. A commission was appointed and as a\\nresult of its work, a revision of the tariff was made in 1883,\\nbut the reductions were very slight, and little was accom-\\nplished.\\n397. Brooklyn Bridg^e. (1869-1883.) Standard Time.\\n(1883.) The cities of New York and Brooklyn, practically one\\ncity in most respects, are separated by the East River, a deep\\nstream and a great highway of commerce. Propositions had\\nfrequently been entertained for bridging it but it had been\\nconsidered too expensive and too doubtful of success to be\\nattempted until 1869, when John A. Roebling, the civil engi-\\nneer who designed the suspension bridge across the Niagara\\nRiver just below the falls, undertook the work. He died\\nbefore the bridge was begun; but his son, Washington A.\\nRoebling, carried out the plans, and the great work was com-\\npleted in 1883. It is one of the longest suspension bridges\\nin the world and one of the most beautiful. It is over a mile\\nlong, is supported by wire cables more than a foot thick, and\\nis one hundred and thirty -two feet above the water at high\\ntide.\\nIn 1883 the great trunk railroad companies, which had\\nsuffered much inconvenience from the different standards of\\ntime in use in different parts of the country, agreed to divide\\nthe country from east to west into four sections, as nearly equal\\nas practicable. Throughout each section the same time was to\\nbe used, the time to be that of the meridian passing through\\nthe middle of the section. These central meridians are ex-\\nactly one hour apart, and are calculated from the meridian of\\nGreenwich, England. Thus when it is noon in New York,\\nit is eleven o clock in the forenoon at Chicago, which is in\\nthe next section, and so on, regardless of the actual time at", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0443.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nany given place. So much have railroads entered into the\\neconomy of modern civilization, that almost all persons in\\nthe country have adopted the new system, and now set their\\nclocks and watches to agree with railroad standard time.\\n398. Washington Monument Completed. (1885.) Yorktown\\nCelebration. (1881.) During Arthur s administration two\\ninteresting eVents brought back the memory of the Fore-\\nfathers days, and illustrated the changes which have taken\\nplace in the meantime. Immediately after the death of\\nWashington, Congress had voted to erect a monument in\\nhis honor, but it was not until nearly fifty years had passed\\nthat even the corner-stone was laid (1848). The erection of\\nthe shaft was undertaken by an association, but the work\\nwent on so slowly that the unfinished monument became a\\nsubject of ridicule. At last Congress was persuaded to make\\nappropriations to complete the work, and it was finished and\\ndedicated February 21, 1885. It is a simple obelisk of white\\nmarble, five hundred and fifty-five feet high, and capped with\\naluminum. It was a remarkable circumstance that Robert\\nC. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, the orator who composed the\\noration at the time of laying the corner-stone, was still living\\nand able to prejDare that for the dedication. When the shaft\\nwas more than half done it was found that the foundation\\nwas sinking, and so it was determined to try to build a new\\nfoundation without taking down that part of the structure\\nwhich had already been erected. This work, a triumph of\\nmodern engineering, was successfully accomplished under\\nthe direction of Colonel Casey, of the United States Corps\\nof Engineers. The monument forms a striking feature of\\nWashington city.\\nThe other event was the celebration of the centennial anni-\\nversary of the surrender of Yorktown, October 19, 1881.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0444.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXHIBITION. 371\\nThe celebration was held on the s^Dot; and, by invitation,\\nthere were present a number of the Lafayette family, and\\nother representatives from France. One of the very pleasant\\nfeatures of the occasion was the participation in the exercises\\nof the British minister and other Englishmen, thus showing\\nhow changed were the feelings from those of one hundred\\nyears before. At the close of the exercises. President Arthur\\ngracefully ordered the British flag to be raised, that it might\\nreceive a military salute in order to show the good feeling\\nexisting between the two countries.\\n399. New Orleans Cotton Exhibition. (1884.) There was\\nanother centennial celebration of quite another character held\\nin New Orleans in 1884. In 1784 eight bags of cotton were\\nexported from the United States, the first shipment of the\\nkind which had ever been made, and it was to commemorate\\nthis event that The World s Industrial and Cotton Centen-\\nnial Exposition was held at the greatest cotton port of the\\nUnited States, New Orleans. The eight bags of 1784 had\\nbecome 3,884,233 bales in 1884, of \\\\thich about 2,000,000\\nbales were exported from New Orleans.^\\nInteresting as the growth in the cotton industry was, the\\nexhibition was still more instructive in showing the vast\\nstrides which the South had taken in the seventeen years\\nwhich had passed since the close of the war, in agriculture,\\nand particularly in manufactures. In 1860 south of Mary-\\nland there were hardly any manufactures to be reported in\\nthe census in 1884 millions of dollars were invested in mills\\nproducing cotton cloth, iron, oil, flour, and many other arti-\\ncles, while in agriculture the production under free labor far\\nsurpassed that under slavery. The cotton crop of 1860, up\\n1 The eight bags were about equal to one bale.\\n2 A bale of cotton is taken as weighing about 450 pounds, though bales\\nvary considerably in weight.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0445.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "372\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nto that time the largest ever raised, amounted to about\\n5,000,000 bales, but that of 1884 was 8,000,000 bales, and in\\naddition to this, besides a large amount of corn and wheat,\\nthe South now raised vast quantities of early fruits and vege-\\ntables, wliich, owing to the rapid means of transportation\\noffered by railroads and steamship lines, found a ready mar-\\nket in the northern cities and in Florida thousands of\\norange groves supplied the northern markets with oranges,\\nexcelling in flavor those from Italy and the West Indies, and\\nto a very great extent displacing them.\\n400. Political and Social Condition of the South. (1884.)\\nNotwithstanding the vast increase in material prosperity in\\nthe South, it was evident that it would be a long time before\\nthe political and social condition of the freedmen and that of\\ntheir descendants would be in a\\n^-^f^/^ thoroughly satisfactory state. In\\nSouth Carolina, Louisiana, and\\nMississippi, where the whites are\\nin an actual minority, an especially\\ndifficult problem presents itself.\\nIn the light of recent history, few\\nwould justify the almost unlimited\\nsuffrage granted to the freedmen\\nby the reconstruction acts of Con-\\ngress. The remedy for the present\\nstate of affairs is education, and\\nthis the colored people are surely\\nand rapidly getting. In 1866\\nGeorge Peabody, the philanthropist, gave a large sum, after-\\nwards increased to 13,500,000, in aid of education in the\\nSouth; and in 1882 John F. Slater, a wealthy manufacturer\\nof Norwich, Connecticut, gave 11,000,000 for the education\\nGEORGE PEABODY.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0446.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "FOUR PARTIES IN ELECTION OF 1884. 373\\nof the freedmen in the South. Both these hirge endow-\\nments are under the care of boards of management. The\\nsouthern states themselves are spending Large sums in the\\ncause of education of both white and colored children, and\\nit is fairly to be expected that the political affairs will adjust\\nthemselves gradually, as social matters are doing. One of\\nthe most striking features of the New South is the accu-\\nmulation of property by the former slaves and their descend-\\nants. In 1865 this class may be said to have had no property\\nin the census of 1890 they are shown to have already be-\\ncome owners of $100,000,000.\\n401. Four Parties in Election of 1884. In the Presidential\\ncampaign of 1884 there were four candidates in the field.\\nThe Republicans nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, for\\nPresident, and John A. Logan for Vice-President. These\\nnominations were unsatisfactory to a large number of the\\nparty, who claimed that they were wholly in the interest of\\nthe politicians, and not of the country. Many withdrew from\\nthe Republicans, calling themselves Independents, but were\\npopularly named Mugwumps.\\nA number of these held a convention and issued a circular,\\ncalling upon those who sympathized with them to support\\nthe Democratic candidates and to persuade every one they\\ncould to do likewise.\\nThe Democratic Convention nominated Grover Cleveland,\\nwho was governor of New York, for President, and Thomas\\nA. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President, which Avas\\nentirely satisfactory to the party. A convention representing\\nvarious shades of political belief, and called the Anti-Monop-\\noly, Greenback, Labor, and People s Party, nominated General\\n1 This word seems to be of North American Indian origin, and meant orig-\\ninally a chief, hut is now used as signifying a bolter, or an independent.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0447.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "374 HISTORY OF THE UXTTED STATES.\\nBenjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. M. West, of\\nMississippi. The Prohibitionists nominated Governor John\\nP. St. John, of Kansas, and William Daniel, of Maryland.\\nA feature of the Prohibition Convention was the presence of\\na number of women delegates. The platform of this party\\ndeclared against any revenue being collected from the sale\\nof alcoholic beverages and tobacco, demanded the prohibition\\nof the manufacture, sale, and use of intoxicating beverages\\nwhere the national government had control, and that no new\\nstate should be admitted until it had by its constitution pro-\\nhibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, and\\npolygamy.\\n402. Cleveland elected his Character. (1884-1885.) The\\nelection which followed was so close a one outside of the\\nstate of New York that the result depended upon the vote\\nin that state, where the two great parties were so evenly\\ndivided that several days elapsed before the facts could be\\ndetermined. A condition of affairs very similar to that which\\nhad defeated Henry Clay in 1844 (sect. 257) defeated Blaine.\\nEnough dissatisfied Republicans voted with the Democrats or\\nwith the Prohibitionists to give Cleveland the state by a small\\nplurality, and for the first time since 1856 the Presidency fell\\nto the Democrats.^\\nCleveland and Hendricks were quietly inaugurated March\\n4, 1885. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born in New Jersey,\\nMarch 18, 1837, but was taken by his father to New York in\\n1841. He was educated at an academy at Clinton, removed\\nto Buffalo, studied law, was assistant district attorney, sheriff\\nand mayor of Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of\\nNew York, which office lie held, 1883-85, resigning it to\\nassume the Presidency of the United States. He showed\\n1 1149 ill a vote of 1,125,159.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0448.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "PRESIDENT CLEVELAND.\\n3T5\\nhimself a man of inflexible courage and uncompromising in\\nhis opinions. As mayor of Buffalo and as governor of New\\nYork, he was distinguished for the readiness with which he\\nvetoed measures which did not commend themselves to his\\njudgment. It was a disadvantage to him that he was without\\nexperience in congressional legislation.\\n403. President Cleveland. (1885.) Acts relating to Election\\nof President. (1886-1887.) His probable course on assum-\\ning the duties of the Ex-\\necutive Chair was a matter\\nof much interest to the\\nfriends of civil service re-\\nform. He did not disap-\\npoint them. For the first\\ntime since Andrew Jack-\\nson, there was no wholesale\\nchange of government em-\\nployees and the provisions\\nof the Civil Service Act\\nwere carried out in respect\\nto the offices to which it\\napplied, in spite of the\\ngreat pressure brought to\\nbear upon the President who represented a new party in power.\\nThough the Senate and the House of Representatives were\\ncontrolled, one by the Republicans and the other by the\\nDemocrats, two very important acts were passed and ap-\\nproved by the President, (a) The Presidential Succession\\nAct (1886), which provides that in the case of the death or\\ndisability of both the President and Vice-President, first the\\nSecretary of State, and then, if necessary, the other members\\nof the Cabinet, one after the other, shall be acting President\\nGROVER CLEVELAND.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0449.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "376 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nuntil the disability is removed, or a new President shall be\\nelected at the usual time. To avoid any invidious distinction,\\nthe secretaries are named in the order in which the several\\ndepartments were created (1) Secretary of State, (2) of the\\nTreasury, (3) of War, (4) Attorney- General, (5) Postmaster-\\nGeneral, (6) Secretary of the Navy, (7) Secretary of the\\nInterior. Any of these who is constitutionally disqualified for\\nholding tlie office of President is to be passed over, as well as\\nany one who has not been confirmed as secretary by the Senate\\nin executive session. There was no separate department of\\nagriculture at this time, for the Secretary of Agriculture was\\nadded to the Cabinet in 1889. (b) The Electoral Count\\nAct (1887), providing a method of counting the electoral\\nvotes for President and Vice-President, which will prevent\\nthe recurrence of the difficulty which had arisen in 1876, as\\nwell as guarding against others. The aim of the act is to\\nhave disputes relative to the validity of the votes settled by\\nstate tribunals.\\n404. Interstate Commerce Act Chinese Exclusion Act. (1887-\\n1888.) Another important act of legislation was the Inter-\\nstate Commerce Act (1887), designed to regulate commerce\\nbetween the various states, particularly the rates charged by\\nrailroads for passengers and freight. In many respects this\\nis one of the most far-reaching measures ever enacted by\\nCongress. Still another act (1888) was designed to prevent\\nthe immigration of the Chinese laborers, who were, it Avas\\ncontended, ruining the rates of wages for Americans, and\\nindeed for all other laborers than themselves. It Avas urged\\nthat the Chinamen came to the United States with no inten-\\ntion of becoming citizens, but simply for the purpose of\\nmaking money enough to enable them in a few years to\\nreturn to China that they brought no families with them.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0450.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT; LABOR TROUBLES. 377\\nate little but rice, and lived in a way in which no others would\\nbe willing to live and, moreover, that they had brought im-\\nmoral customs with them, and that the whole tendency of such\\na community was injurious to the country in the extreme. The\\nbill passed, with little opposition, through Congress. Some\\nbelieved, however, that this act and an act of 1880, to which\\nit was supplementary, were violations of treaty obligations\\nwith the Chinese as well as being otherwise objectionable.\\nThe matter was soon brought before the Supreme Court of\\nthe United States, which decided that the power of the legis-\\nlative departments of the government to exclude aliens from\\nthe United States is an incident of sovereignty, which can-\\nnot be surrendered by the treaty-making power. The Chinese\\nImmigration Acts were not thoroughly effective, owing to the\\nextreme difficulty of preventing the excluded class from\\nbeing smuggled across the border from Canada, where there\\nwas no law forbidding the immigration of the Chinese.\\n405. Labor Troubles and Knights of Labor. For some years\\nthere had been a growing feeling of antagonism between the\\nlaboring class and the capitalists and manufacturers. This\\nfeeling Avas intensified by the appearance of an increasing\\nnumber of rich men, who had gained their wealth from the\\nmines, from the oil fields, by successful speculation in railroad\\nstocks and bonds, or in various more strictly commercial\\nenterprises. The working-men believed that an unjust share\\nof the products of industry went to the capitalists, and that\\nthe rich were getting richer, and the poor poorer all the\\ntime. They felt, and often very rightly, that the hours of\\nlabor were longer than necessary, and they had also many\\nother grievances of varying degrees of justice. In order to\\nenforce their demands and protect their interests, a number\\nof labor organizations were formed at various times. Among", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0451.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "378 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe most extensive of these was The Knights of Labor,\\nwhich numbered many thousands in its membership, and\\nwhose influence extended into every state in the Union.\\nThese organizations, through committees or delegates, or\\nthrough both, presented the demands of the employees to the\\nmanufacturers. If the manufacturers refused the demand for\\nhigher wages, shorter hours, dismissal of objectionable fellow-\\nworkers, or change of rules, the association or union would\\norder all members to cease working, or to strike, as it is\\ncalled. Frequently, when union men struck, they would\\nnot permit non-union men to take tlieir places or to work\\nunder any circumstances. The employers, on their part, fre-\\nquently made out a list, called the black list, of those men\\nwho were likely to give trouble, and declined to give work to\\nthem. In return, the associations made use of a method intro-\\nduced from Ireland, called boycott, which is to persuade\\nothers to have nothing to do with the person disliked, decline\\nto work or to deal with him, or to use goods manufactured\\nby him or passing through his hands. The boycott proved\\na powerful weapon, but, like a blade without a handle, it\\ncut both ways, for it helped to bring about the importation\\nof foreign laborers who were willing to work at a lower rate\\nthan native workmen, and who would be free from the labor\\norganizations.\\n406. Strikes Anarchist Riots in Chicago. (1886.) The\\nlabor troubles Avere specially frec^uent in 1886, which has\\nbeen called the year of strikes, so many of the latter having\\n1 Captain Boycott was an Irishman, who became such an object of hatred\\nto the persons among whom he lived that they refused to have anything to\\ndo with him. Inciting others to boycott any one with the design of in-\\njuring him, has been decided by the courts of the United States to be illegal\\nand punishable.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0452.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "STRIKES; ANARCHY; CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE. 379\\ntaken place during that year and leading to riot. The worst\\nof many riots took place in Chicago. Early in the spring it\\nwas estimated that 40,000 men were on a strike in that\\ncity alone. The disturbances culminated on May 4, when\\na crowd was addressed by a number of speakers who urged\\nthe most radical and violent methods of gaining their ends.\\nOn the police ordering the mob to disperse, a dynamite\\nbomb was thrown at the officers, which exploded, killing and\\nwounding many. In return, the body of police charged\\nand fired upon the mob, killing and wounding a great num-\\nber. The ringleaders were seized, brought to trial, four were\\nhanged, and others imprisoned.^ It was a relief to the coun-\\ntry to find that all the ringleaders but one were of foreign\\nbirth, and were of that class of anarchists whose object is to\\noverthrow all governments and to do away with all the rights\\nof property. The working-men throughout the country dis-\\nclaimed and denounced these riots.\\n407. Charleston Earthquake Statue of Liberty. (1886.)\\nDuring the summer of 1886 the city of Charleston, South\\nCarolina, was visited by a severe earthquake. Lives Avere lost,\\nand many buildings were either thrown down or so shaken\\nthat they were obliged to be j)ulled down afterwards. Tlie\\ntotal loss was estimated at 15,000,000. Again, as in the case\\nof the calamities at Chicago and at Boston, the suffering\\ncitizens had abundant and substantial aid from their sympa-\\nthizing fellow-countrymen.\\nA pleasant incident of the year 1886 was the completion\\nand dedication of the statue of Liberty enlightening the\\nWorld, presented by the French Republic to the United\\nStates, in commemoration of the old friendship between the\\nThose still in prison were pardoned, in 1893, by the governor of Illinois,\\non the ground of an unfair triaL", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0453.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "380 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntwo countries, and as an evidence of the faith of the French\\npeople in republican institutions. The bronze statue, known\\nto every one who leaves or enters the harbor of New York, is\\none hundred and fifty feet high. The expense of the pedes-\\ntal was contributed by the citizens of the United States.\\nThe whole structure, which is situated on Bedlow s Island,\\nrises three hundred feet above the water. At night it is\\nilluminated with electric light.\\n408. The Surplus. (1886.) As the debt of the country\\ndecreased, the need for money decreased also, and the income\\nwas far greater than was necessary to meet the annual\\ncharges for interest and for the expenses of supporting the\\nvarious departments of the government. The reduction of\\nthe tariff (1883) had amounted to little, and though the\\ninternal taxes had been removed from nearly everything\\nexcept liquor and tobacco, there was still an annual surplus\\nover expenditures of about $100,000,000. Of course it was\\na matter of great pride to the country to enjoy such pros-\\nperity, that it could of its own will tax itself for such a\\nlarge sum and yet be scarcely conscious of a burden.\\nBut there are vexed problems connected with a national\\nsurplus of any considerable size. First, where a financial\\nsystem like the Sub-Treasury system of the United States is\\nin vogue, there is, as has been said, no way to get the money\\nback into cii culation, except by the payment of interest, of\\nsalaries, by paying for government works, or by purchase of\\nnational bonds, often at a high rate. The first three methods\\nare inadequate, and the last is dependent upon the willingness\\nof the owners to part with their bonds. Secondly, a large\\nsurplus is, from the very nature of the case, difiicult to\\nexpend economically and judiciously. No nation had been\\nable to show such a large surplus year after year as the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0454.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "MILLS BILL; HARRISON ELECTED. 381\\nUnited States, but men of all parties felt that the surplus\\nwas larger than was best.\\n409. Mills Bill Harrison elected. (1888.) Both of the\\nprominent parties were bound to reduce the surplus some-\\nhow. This could be done in two ways, or by a combination\\nof the two: (1) lessening the income, (2) increasing the\\nexpenditure, (3) lessening the income in some directions\\nand increasing the expenditure as well. President Cleve-\\nland, following the traditions of his party, naturally decided\\nthat the true way to meet the difficulty was to reduce the\\nincome of the government, by abolishing the duty on some\\ngoods, and reducing it on others to a point which would\\nbring about a tariff for revenue only. This opinion he\\ngave to Congress in his annual message of December^ 1887,\\nin which, contrary to precedent, he confined himself to one\\nsubject, the tariff. This action brought up the old question\\nof free trade or protection as a decided party issue.\\nThe House of Representatives, in response to this action,\\npassed a tariff bill, under the name of the Mills Bill, so\\ncalled from its principal author, which proposed to reduce\\nlargely the tariff on imports. The Senate, which had a\\nRepublican majority, refused to concur, and so the measure\\nfailed.\\nIn the Presidential election of 1888, the Democrats nomi-\\nnated President Cleveland, with Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio,\\nfor Vice-President and the Republicans nominated Benjamin\\nHarrison, of Indiana, with Levi P. Morton, of New York, for\\nVice-President. The Prohibitionists nominated Clinton B.\\nFisk, of New Jersey, and John A. Brooks, of Missouri. The\\nUnited Labor party also put candidates in the field. Little\\nor no objection could be made to the candidates on personal\\ngrounds, and so the whole issue was on matters of public", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0455.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "382\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\npolicy. The Democrats advocated a tariff for revenue only,\\nwhile the Republicans advocated a tariff for revenue and, at\\nthe same time, distinctly for protection of home industries.\\nAs in 1884, the election was decided by the vote of New\\nYork, which, this time, gave a plurality for the Republican\\ncandidates.^\\n410. Benjamin Harrison. (1889.) Harrison and Morton\\nwere inaugurated March 4, 1889. Benjamin Harrison, the\\ngrandson of William Henry Harrison, the ninth President\\nof the United States (sect. 249), and the great-grandson of\\nBenjamin Harrison, of Virginia, the friend of Washington,\\nsigner of the Declaration of Independence, and governor of\\nVirginia, was born in Ohio, August\\n20, 1833. Educated at Miami\\nUniversity, Oxford, Ohio, he soon\\nbegan the study of law. Having\\nvery moderate means, he removed\\nto Indiana in the hope of better-\\ning his condition, and in 1858 he\\nwas the reporter to the Supreme\\nCourt of that state. In 1861 he\\nentered the army at the head of\\na regiment, and in 1865 he rose\\nto the rank of brevet brigadier-general. At the close of the\\nwar he returned to his home in Indianapolis and resumed\\nhis law practice. In 1880 he was elected United States sena-\\ntor, and served the full term of six years. While in the\\n1 Every northern and western state, except Connecticut and New Jersey,\\ndeclared for the Republican ticket, and every southern state for the Demo-\\ncratic ticket; so, again, there was a solid South. Texas gave Cleveland\\nthe large plurality of 146,000, while in South Carolina the total vote for all\\ncandidates was 13,000 less than it had been in 1884, and 91,000 less than in\\n1880.\\nBENJAMIN HARRISON.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0456.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "OKLAHOMA; WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL. 388\\nSenate he supported civil service reform and a protective\\ntariff and opposed greenback legislation.\\nAs under the administration of Cleveland, those holding\\noffices to which the civil service applies, were not displaced\\nbut, as under previous administrations also, many, particu-\\nlarly in the Post-Office Department, were either removed or\\nnot reappointed when their terms expired.\\n411. Oklahoma; Washington Centennial. (1889.) One of\\nthe earliest acts of the new administration was the opening\\nof the territory of Oklahoma to white settlers. This tract\\nof 39,030 square miles was situated in the midst of the\\nIndian Territory. There was a rush to the new territory to\\ntake up claims under the land laws, but by proclamation of\\nthe President, any one entering the district before noon of\\nApril 22, 1889, would never be allowed to acquire any rights\\ntherein. At midday the horde of eager aspirants rushed\\nacross the line, claims were staked out with marvellous\\nrapidity, and towns of tents or rough board shanties sprang\\nup like magic. In about five months, Guthrie, the principal\\ntown, had a population of 4000, several banks, four daily\\npapers, and lines of street-cars. In 1890 the population of\\nthe new territory was 61,834. These lands were bought from\\nthe Creek and Seminole Indians, and opened to settlers by\\nact of Congress March 2, 1889. Great numbers of negroes\\nwent to Oklahoma.\\nAn imposing celebration of the one hundredth anniversary\\nof the inauguration of Washington at New York, April 30,\\n1789, was held in that city April 29-30, 1889 the President\\nand the Cabinet and a large representation of the army and\\nnavy, as well as of citizens, taking part in it.\\n412. Johnstown Flood; Four New States. (1889-1890.)\\nOne of the most terrible disasters which has ever been", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0457.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "384\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nknown in the country took place at Johnstown, central Penn-\\nsylvania, May 31, 1889. A large dam on the Conemaugh\\nRiver gave way, and a column of water nearly half a mile\\nwide and forty feet high swept down the valley towards the\\ntown with amazing rapidity it is said to have traversed a\\ndistance of eighteen miles in fifteen minutes. Almost with-\\nout a moment s warning villages and houses were carried\\naway even an express passenger railroad train was unable\\nto get away from the flood, and was overtaken with destruc-\\ntion. The flood swept on to Johnstown, a busy manufactur-\\ning town, which was almost completely destroyed. About\\n2200 persons are thought to have lost their lives, many whole\\nfamilies being swept out of existence, and property valued\\nat #10,000,000 was destroyed or rendered worthless. Again\\nwere contributions quickly and liberally made to aid the\\nsufferers.\\nDuring the last few days of the preceding administration,\\nCongress had authorized the admission of four new states,\\nwhich, having fulfilled the required conditions, were admitted\\nto the Union by proclamations of the President in the fall of\\n1889. They were North Da-\\nkota, South Dakota, Montana,\\nand Washington. Idaho and\\nWyoming were admitted in\\nJuly, 1890, and Utah in Jan-\\nuary, 1896, making the num-\\nber of states forty-five.\\n413. Pan-American Congress.\\n(1889-1890.) In the autumn\\nof 1889 a congress of representa-\\ntives from the principal inde-\\npendent nations of America began its sessions at Washing-\\nton. This Pan-American Congress, as it was named, was\\nFLAG OF UNITED STATES.\\n1896.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0458.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS; FILIBUSTERING. 385\\nheld, at the invitation of the United States, for the purpose\\nof recommending some plan of arbitration for the settlement\\nof disputes between them [the states of both American Con-\\ntinents], and of considering questions relating to the improve-\\nment of business intercourse, and means of direct communi-\\ncation between said countries. The congress made sundry\\nrecommendations, the most important of which is that the\\nrepublics of North, Central, and South America adopt arbi-\\ntration as a principle of American international law for the\\nsettlement of all differences, disputes, or controversies that\\nmay arise between them. The members of this congress,\\nduring the session, spent six weeks in visiting the principal\\ncities of the United States.^\\n414. Filibustering in Congress Quorum. (1890.) Great\\ncomplaints had long been made of the dilatoriness of Con-\\ngress in matters of legislation, and, from time to time, vari-\\nous measures had been adopted to expedite the vast and\\nincreasing business to be acted upon by Congress, but there\\nstill remained much to do in this direction. One of the ways\\nof filibustering, as it was called, to prevent the passage of\\nbills in the House of Representatives, was to refuse to vote\\nupon a measure, and when the record of the clerk showed\\nthat less than a majority voted on the bill, to raise the point\\nof order that no quorum was present, and then demand the\\ncalling of the roll. As this operation occupies considera-\\nble time and can be repeated almost indefinitely, it is quite\\npossible for a comparatively small number to block legislation\\nalmost witliout limit.\\n1 The congress consisted of sixty-six members. Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru,\\nGuatemala, Colombia, Argentine Republic, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Brazil,\\nHonduras, Mexico, Bolivia, United States, Venezuela, Chile, Salvador, and\\nEquador v^^ere represented. The congress adjourned April 19, 1890.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0459.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "386 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nThe fifty-first Congress met in 1889, with a Republican\\nmajority in each house, and Thomas B. Reed, of Maine, was\\nelected Speaker, and during this Congress radical changes\\nwere made in the rules of the House of Representatives de-\\nsigned to stop filibustering; the most important being as to\\nwhat constituted a quorum. It was decided that all members\\npresent, whether voting or not, should be counted (sect. 418).\\n415. McKinley Tariff Reciprocity Pension Bill. (1890.)\\nThe Republicans, having control of both houses of Congress,\\nwere in a good position to enact measures in accord with the\\nprinciples of the party, as the Executive was also Republican.\\nThe most important and far-reaching of the measures enacted\\nwere two: (1) A new tariff bill. This, after a very long\\ndiscussion, passed both houses and became a law October 6,\\n1890. Called from the chairman of the Committee of Ways\\nand Means who reported it, the McKinley Bill, few meas-\\nures have called forth more discussion. It was based on the\\nprinciple of protecting American industries. It reduced the\\nrevenue by admitting sugar, except a few grades, free, and while\\nreducing the rate of duty on many articles, and adding largely\\nto the free list, it also increased the duty on other articles for\\nthe express purpose of protecting and stimulating American\\nproducts and manufactures. A provision was also intro-\\nduced by which articles otherwise free were to be dutiable,\\nif the country from which they came levied duties on Ameri-\\ncan products. This was known as the reciprocity measure.\\n(2) A pension bill vastly extending the list of pensioners.\\nWhile the provisions of this act do not differ materially from\\nthose of the {mts pensioning the veterans of the War of the\\nRevolution, of 1812, and of the Mexican War, the vast num-\\nber to receive compensation under the act made the measure\\none of great importance. It is estimated that the average", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0460.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "REPUBLICAN DEFEAT; FARMERS ALLIANCP:. 387\\nannual charge to the country will be for some years more\\nthan il50, 000,000. No other nation has ever attempted to\\nreward its soldiers and sailors to a like extent.^\\n416. Republican Defeat Farmers Alliance. (1890.) Shortly\\nafter the passage of the McKinley Bill, the elections for the\\nmembers of the fifty-second Congress were held and the Re-\\npublicans met a crushing defeat at the polls, the Democrats\\nchanging a minority of 21 into a majority of 135. The enor-\\nmous appropriations of the fifty-first Congress, doubts of the\\nwisdom of the Pension Bill, and fears of a probably increased\\ncost of living, due to the McKinley Tariff Bill, helped to\\nbring about this political revolution. It was also due, to\\nsome extent, to the direct and indirect influence of an or-\\nganization, which, though not at first political in its character,\\nhad much influence upon voters, and in 1890 began to make\\nitself felt as a political power. This was known as The\\nNational Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union. Its objects\\nwere mutual improvement and the furtherance of the interests\\nof farmers. The first alliance appears to have been in New\\nYork about 1873, and by 1889 the various state organizations\\nwere united into a national body, which in 1890 claimed a\\nmembership of about 2,000,000.\\n417. Legislation of 1890-1891. Among the important leg-\\nislation during 1890 was (1) a bill designed to put a stop to\\nlotteries by forbidding the transportation through the mails\\nof advertisements and prospectuses of lottery companies, and\\n1 All the [former] Confederate states either grant pensions to disabled\\nor helpless ex-Confederate soldiers, or have soldiers homes Maryland\\nand Missouri have soldiers homes. The amount appropriated is necessarily\\nsmall. In this way they contribute to the support of both of the old armies.\\nThe total amount contributed for this purpose was, in 1892, over a million\\ndollars.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0461.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "388 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nalso of mail matter addressed to tliem (2) a bill to provide\\nfor the inspection of salt pork or bacon before exportation,\\nand to prevent the importation of diseased cattle and other\\nanimals, and of adulterated food (3) a bill for the increase\\nof the navy by authorizing the construction of large war\\nvessels (4) an act modifying the Interstate Commerce Act\\n(sect. 404) so as to give each state authority to regulate the\\nsale of goods brought into it, even though they might be in\\noriginal packages (5) a bill known as the Sherman Act,\\nto modify the Bland Act (sect. 388), by providing that the\\nSecretary of the Treasury should purchase, at market price,\\nnot exceeding a certain limit, 4,500,000 ounces of silver bull-\\nion monthly, and issue in payment of such purchases notes\\nredeemable in coin (6) a bill to provide for an international\\nexhibition to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the\\ndiscovery of America by Columbus in 1492. After consid-\\nerable discussion, Chicago was selected as the place for the\\nexhibition to be held, and as it would be impracticable to\\nhave everything in readiness by the anniversary, the actual\\nopening was fixed for May, 1893. Another act (1891) was\\nthe one providing for international copyright by this bill\\nforeign authors, musical composers, and a few others, are\\nunder certain conditions given the benefit of copyriglit for\\ntheir works in the United States. Before the passage of this\\nact, any one in America could reprint any foreign work with-\\nout payment to the author. While many American publishers\\nvoluntarily paid authors something, the amounts were neces-\\nsarily small, for there was nothing to prevent others from also\\nrepublishing a book and offering it at a lower price.\\n1 The Louisiana Lottery Company tested the constitutionality of this act,\\nbut the Supreme Court confirmed it. The issue of the next election for gov-\\nernor in Louisiana was the lottery question, and the company was again\\ndefeated.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0462.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "CENSUS OP 1890; DIFFICULTY WITH ITALY. 889\\n418. Census of 1890 Fifty-second Congress. (1891.) Late\\nin the year the Census Bureau reported tlie population of\\nthe United States to be 62,622,250, a gratifying increase over\\nthe census of 1880 (Appendix VI.). Congress, in a few\\nweeks, passed a reapportionment act, making the number of\\nthe House of Representatives 356 (Appendix VIII.). The\\ncensus also showed that the centre of population had moved\\nwestward, during the preceding ten years, forty-eight miles.\\nCENTRE OF POPULATION.\\nThe fifty-second Congress met December, 1891, with an\\noverwhelming Democratic majority \u00c2\u00abof 135 in the House of\\nRepresentatives. Charles F. Crisp, of Georgia, was elected\\nSpeaker, and the House refused to adopt the rules made by\\nits predecessor (sect. 414).\\n419. Difficulty with Italy. (1890.) In the fall of 1890\\nthe chief of police of the city of New Orleans was shot and\\nkilled by assassins believed to be Italians, whose ill-will he\\nhad incurred. A number of men were arrested and tried for\\nthe murder, or for abetting it. On the trial six were acquitted,\\nand in the case of three others a mis-trial was entered. Pop-\\nular feeling was greatly stirred in regard to the matter, and\\nit was almost universally believed that the jury had been\\nbribed. On March 14, 1891, a mob broke into the jail and", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0463.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nlynched eleven Italians confined there, including those who\\nhad been on trial as well as two who had been acquitted by\\ndirection of the judge. The Italian government, on the\\nground that the murdered men were Italian subjects, at once,\\nthrough its minister at Washington, protested, and subse-\\nquently demanded reparation. The Secretary of State re-\\nplied that, while the United States government greatly\\nregretted the occurrence, the punishment of the offenders\\nrested with the Louisiana authorities, and that the United\\nStates would not guarantee an indemnity. On this the\\nItalian minister took his departure, and it seemed for a time\\nas if war might result, but the affair was settled, in 1892, by\\nthe United States government offering, out of good-will, to\\ncompensate the families of the three or four victims who\\nwere shown to be Italian citizens, and diplomatic relations\\nwere shortly after resumed by Italy.\\n420. Trouble with Chile; Bering Sea. (1891.) A revolu-\\ntion in Chile occurred during 1891, and soon after some\\nsailors from a war vesselfDf the United States were attacked\\nin the streets of Valparaiso by a mob, and two were killed\\nand others rouglily handled. The government of the United\\nStates demanded reparation, and for some time it seemed as\\nif serious trouble between the two nations would result, but\\ncalmer counsels prevailed, and after a time the difficulty was\\npeacefully settled.\\nAnother international episode relates to the extreme north,\\nwhere, owing to the wholesale slaughter of seals in Bering\\nSea, which threatened to exterminate that valuable animal in\\na short time, the United States government determined to\\ninterfere, and claiming that, under the privileges which were\\nacquired from Russia when Alaska was bought, the United\\nStates had the right to consider Bering Sea as under lier", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0464.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "BALLOT REFORM; HOMESTEAD LABOR TROUBLES. 391\\ncontrol, at least so far as the seals were concerned, began to\\nseize vessels catching seals, and to confiscate the skins found\\non them. As many of the seal poachers were from Can-\\nada, the British government remonstrated, denying the juris-\\ndiction claimed by the United States. After much diplomatic\\ncorrespondence a treaty was concluded, providing for the\\narbitration of the matters in dispute, another triumph for\\nthe principle of settling international disputes by arbitration.\\n421. Ballot Reform. (1888-1892.) But there were inter-\\nnal matters of great interest taking place as well. Partly\\nthe result of the elections of 1888, and partly the result of a\\nslow growth in popular feeling, there was a general demand\\nthrough the country for a reform in the methods of conduct-\\ning popular elections. This feeling, too strong to be ignored,\\nforced one state legislature after another to pass ballot-reform\\nlaws, which, to a greater or less degree, removed occasions\\nfor fraud and gave better opportunity for the secrecy of the\\nballot, so increasing the independence of the voter. By\\nthe time of the election of 1892 thirty-seven states had\\nadopted some modification of the Australian ballot, so called\\nbecause the system was first brought into use in Australia.\\nThis most important reform was supported by each of the\\ngreat parties.\\n422. Homestead Labor Troubles. (1892.) One of the most\\nserious labor troubles that the country has yet experienced\\ntook place in the summer of 1892, at Homestead, near Pitts-\\nburg, Pennsylvania. The trouble arose between the em-\\nployees in the large iron works at that place and the owners.\\nThis trouble was greatly aggravated by the owners employing\\na private force of men to protect their property. These men\\nwere fired upon as they approached the town, and were", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0465.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nforced to surrender. So great was the disturbance, that the\\ngovernor of the state was obliged to call out the whole militia\\nof the state to preserve order. The strike spread among the\\niron workers of Pittsburg and the neighboring places until\\nseveral thousands are said to have been on strike. Fortu-\\nnately, there was no collision between the troops and the\\nstrikers, but it was some weeks before quiet was assured and\\nthe troops withdrawn. The expense to the state was great,\\nand the loss to the workers and to the company was millions\\nof dollars, and worse than all, a fair and amicable adjustment\\nof the claims of labor and capital was in no way helped on.\\n423. Columbian Exposition. (1892.) In many of the large\\ncities the anniversary of the discovery of America was cele-\\nbrated by great processions and military and naval demon-\\nstrations; some of these were very imposing. In very many\\nof the schools, both public and private, throughout the land,\\nColumbus Day was also celebrated b}^ raising of flags,\\nsinging, recitations, and speech-makings. From the 21st to\\nthe 23d of October, the formal dedication ceremonies of the\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition at Chicago took place, in the\\npresence of thousands of spectators (sect. 430).\\n424. Republican and Democratic Platforms. (1892.) As\\nthe time for a new Presidential election came round, it was\\nevident that the independent voters, whose numbers would\\nbe greatly increased by the adoption of the Australian ballot,\\nand also the rank and file of the parties, were likely to exer-\\ncise more influence than heretofore. This was shown in the\\nselection of candidates. The Republican Convention renomi-\\nnated Benjamin Harrison, and selected Whitelaw Reid, of\\nNew York, as candidate for Vice-President. The platform\\nreaffirmed the American doctrine of protection, upheld the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0466.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "PARTY PLATFORMS. 393\\nMcKinfty Tariff Bill and the reciprocity measures under it,\\nand praised the policy and actions of the Republican party\\ngenerally. The Democratic Convention nominated ex-Presi-\\ndent Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois.\\nThe platform denounced the attempts of the Republicans to\\nbring about Federal control of elections, the system of pro-\\ntection in general, and the McKinley Bill in particular, and\\nrecommended the removal of the tax on state-bank issues of\\npaper money. The money plank in both platforms was\\npractically the same, each upholding the use of both gold\\nand silver as currency, and demanding that all dollars issued\\nby the government, whether gold, silver, or paper, should be\\nkept of equal value. The only important difference between\\nthe two platforms was in the tariff plank and in the rec-\\nommendation of the removal of the tax on the bank-bills of\\nstate banks.\\n425. Prohibition, and People s Platform. (1892.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Pro-\\nhibition party for the sixth time put candidates in the field,\\nchoosing John Bidwell, of California, and J. B. Cranfill, of\\nTexas. The platform, in addition to the Prohibition plank,\\namong other things, advocated woman suffrage, equal wages\\nwithout respect to sex, increase in tlie amount of the circu-\\nlating medium, and that revenue should be raised by levying\\na burden upon what the people possess, instead of upon what\\nthey consume. All who believed in Prohibition were invited\\nto full party fellowship.\\nThere was also a new party formed, whose adherents were\\nmostly in the West. This was the People s party, or the Popu-\\nlists party, an outgrowth of the Farmers Alliance (sect.\\n416). Its platform, after a general condemnation of the two\\ngreat political parties of the country, advocated the union of\\nthe labor forces of the United States, the loaning of money", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0467.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nby the government to its citizens at two per cent interest, a\\nnational currency, free and unlimited coinage of silver and\\ngold at the present legal ratio of sixteen to one, increase of\\nthe circulating medium, a graduated income tax, postal sav-\\nings banks, government ownership of railroads, telegraphs,\\nand telephones, and prohibition of alien ownership of land.\\nResolutions were also passed condemning subsidies by the\\ngovernment and the protective system, and others commend-\\ning the Australian system of voting, the enforcement of the\\neight-hour law in government work, the election of United\\nStates senators by a popular vote, and other reforms of various\\nkinds. The convention nominated James B. Weaver, of loAva,\\nwho had been candidate of the Greenback party in 1880, and\\nJames G. Field, of Virginia.\\n426. Democrats Successful. (1892.) The campaign was\\nthe least exciting one that had taken place for a long time,\\nand was marked by the absence of personalities, and by the\\ngreat stress laid upon matters of public policy. The two\\nchief candidates had eacli occupied the position of President,\\nthe fitness of each was known, and the personul character of\\neach valued and appreciated, and there was a very general\\nfeeling that, whichever should be elected, the interests of the\\nnation would be looked after conscientiously and with ability.\\nThe result was the choice of the Democratic candidates by a\\nlarge majority of the electoral votes. The Democrats also\\nretained the control of the House of Representatives, though\\nwith a much reduced majority, and gained control of the\\nSenate as well. Th6 People s party developed unexpected\\nstrength, choosing one or more Presidential electors in several\\nstates, besides congressmen.\\nAmong the important measures passed by the fifty-second\\nCongress were a national quarantine bill, an immigration bill", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0468.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0469.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0470.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "The UNITED STATES\\n1896\\nSCALE OF MILES\\n50 100 200 300\\nS fMT-^^ Q^\\nf Mavqw\\n/LouiSville i-\\nfe NlN E\\nV\\nOF M \\\\E ji- J.\\nNOTE.\\nVermont was set off from New York and New Hamp-\\nshire and admitted to the Union, 1791; Maine was set off\\nfrom Massachusetts and admitted, 1820; West Tirgmia\\nwas set off from Vir2;inia and admitted, 1803.\\nGreenwich 87\\nR. D. Servos3,.En\u00c2\u00ab r, N.T.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0471.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0472.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "SECOND INAUGURATION OF CLEVELAND. 395\\nimposing additional restrictions upon immigration, and a bill\\nproviding that, by a certain date, all railroad cars should be\\nprovided with automatic safety couplers.\\n427. Second Inauguration of Cleveland; Bering Sea Case.\\n(1893.) The inauguration of Cleveland and Stevenson took\\nplace on the 4th of March, and for the first time since 1861\\nthe Democrats controlled all branches of the government.\\nA very pleasant feature of the transfer of the chief gov-\\nernment offices to the new incumbents was the courteous\\nmanner in which it was done, and the kindly good feeling\\nshown on both sides. The large number of government\\nemployees under the civil service rules, and to Avhom a\\nchange of party rule was no longer a vital question, some-\\nwhat diminished the number of office-seekers, though the\\nnumber was much greater than had been expected by the\\nfriends of reform.\\nThe Bering Sea case (sect. 420) had been referred to seven\\narbitrators, and they, after a most patient and careful con-\\nsideration of the matters submitted to them, decided, in\\nAugust, 1893, against the claim of the United States, to the\\nexclusive jurisdiction of the seals beyond three miles from\\nshore. But the tribunal made such stringent provisions, bind-\\ning upon both Great Britain and the United States, for the\\nprotection of the seals, that, while failing technically, the\\nUnited States gained the real point at issue, the protection\\nof the valuable fur-bearing animals. So again has arbitra-\\ntion been successfully applied to questions which diplomacy\\nconfessed itself unable to solve. Formerly such a juncture\\nmeant war.\\n1 Though these regulations apply only to Great Britain and the United\\nStates, it is expected that tliey will be sufficient to stop most of the destruc-\\ntive sealing.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0473.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "396 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.,\\n428. Silver Legislation Financial Distress Elections.\\n(1893.) There was a very general feeling, particularly in\\nthe eastern and central states, that the Sherman Act of\\n1890 (sect. 417), by its clause requiring the regular monthly\\npurchase by the Treasury of silver bullion, was greatly inju-\\nrious to the financial interests of the country. President\\nCleveland called an extra session of Congress to meet in\\nAugust, 1893, and recommended the repeal of the bill. The\\nfifty-third Congress met at the time appointed, organized by\\nthe re-election of Charles F. Crisp as Speaker, and after\\nseveral weeks discussion, mostly in the Senate, passed an\\nact repealing the ^compulsory purchase clause.\\nThe business situation of the country during the greater\\npart of the year 1893 was very gloomy, and not since 1873\\nwere there so many failures and such financial depression.\\nUncertainty as to the character and amount of the tariff\\nlegislation to be expected from the new Congress aggravated\\nthe troubles. It was not at all surprising under these cir-\\ncumstances that, as is so often the case, the party in poAver\\nsuffered.\\nThe state elections of 1893 resulted in overwhelming suc-\\ncesses for the Republicans. In New Jersey, and particularly\\nin New York, the friends of reform were greatly encouraged\\nby the crushing defeat at the polls of the candidates nomi-\\nnated and supported by the political rings.\\n429. Hawaii. (1893.) A revolution in Hawaii took place\\nJanuary 14, 1893. Two days later a large public meeting\\ndenounced the queen and her advisers, and the Committee\\nof Safety, it is said, requested the protection of the United\\nStates accordingly a detachment of troops was landed from a\\nUnited States cruiser, it is claimed, to preserve peace and order\\nand protect American interests. The next day a Provisional", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0474.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "HAWAII. 397\\nGovernment was organized and set up, until terms of union\\nwith the United States of America have been negotiated and\\nagreed upon. The queen submitted under protest, and the\\ngovernment was recognized by the United States minister and\\nother foreign representatives. Commissioners were sent to\\nnegotiate a treaty of annexation with the United States.\\nSuch a treaty was negotiated and sent to the Senate for con-\\nfirmation Febi-uary 15, but was not acted upon before the\\nexpiration of Harrison s term of office. On March 6, Presi-\\ndent Cleveland withdrew the treaty, and then sent a special\\ncommissioner to Hawaii to investigate and report. Shortly\\nafter the commissioner reached Hawaii he declared the pro-\\ntectorate established by the American minister at an end, and\\nordered the United States flag, which had been raised over\\nthe government building, to be removed.\\nOn the return of the commissioner to the United States\\nwith h\\\\B report, a new minister was sent out with instruc-\\ntions intended to restore, if possible, the queen to her former\\nposition, on the ground that it was the illegal use of United\\nStates troops which had brought success to the revolution-\\nists.^ Late in the year Congress requested information and\\npapers relative to the matter from the President, which he\\nsent, practically acknowledging the failure to settle the diffi-\\nculties by diplomatic means, and leaving affairs in the hands\\nof Congress. The year closed with little further light upon\\nthe matter, and nothing accomplished.\\n430. Close of the Columbian Exposition. (1893.) The suc-\\ncess of the Exposition at Chicago (sect. 423) far exceeded\\n1 United States troops had previously been used in Hawaii to preserve\\norder in 1874, and during the former administration of President Cleveland\\nin 1889. Annexation also was nearly accomplished in 1854, under President\\nPierce.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0475.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "398 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nanticipations. A foreign visitor expresses the general opinion\\nin saying Only those who have seen it can justly appre-\\nciate how far this latest of international exhibitions has\\nsurpassed all its predecessors in size, in splendor, and in\\ngreatness, both of conception and of execution. Probably\\nthe most striking feature of the exhibition was the excellent\\nsituation combining land and water advantages. The manner\\nin which these features were utilized was most admirable, and\\nthe architectural skill displayed in the buildings, united great\\nbeauty of design and execution with adaptation to required\\nneeds. The attendance was over twentj^-seven millions, more\\nthan double that of the Centennial Exhibition (sect. 381).", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0476.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND LITERARY CONDITIONS.\\nREFERENCES.\\nNote. The volumes of Appleton s Annual Cyclopsedia contain the most\\naccessible accounts of recent events the Record of Current Events in the\\nReview of Reviews is a brief monthly chronicle the annual issues of the\\nTribune and World Almanacs (New York) are rich in political, statistical,\\nand general information.\\nBiographies. American Men of Letters Series. F. H. Underwood,\\nH. W. Longfellow, J. G. Whittier W. J. Linton, J. G. Whittier S. Long-\\nfellow, H. W. Longfellow.\\nSpecial. Immigration, Urban Population Compendium of Eleventh\\nCensus Harper s Monthly, Ixix. 118 The Nation, xli. 46, Hi. 333, 352,\\n401, liii, 209. Irrigation: Appleton s Annual Cyclopaedia, 1889, pp. 451-\\n464 Review of Reviews, viii. 394 The Nation, xlvii. 390 The Forum,\\nxii. 740 North American Review, cl. 370 Harper s Magazine, Ixxvii. 233.\\nForest Reservations Century Magazine, xlvi. 792 Review of Reviews, viii.\\n63. Natural Gas Appleton s Annual Cyclopaedia, 1886, p. 366. T. A.\\nEdison, and Electricity Review of Reviews, viii. 35-62. Inland Commerce\\nand Transportation United States Treasury Report on Inland Commerce,\\n1891; Century Magazine, xxxviii. 353; The Forum, xii. 729; Review of\\nReviews, viii. 536. The New South H. W. Grady, Writings and Speeches,\\nThe New South The Forum, xiii. 66, 673. Pacific Coast: The Forum,\\nxii. 410 Review of Reviews, viii. 524. Education R. G. Boone, Educa-\\ntion in the United States. Literature M. C. Tyler, History of American\\nLiterature (1607-1765) C. F. Richardson, American Literature (1607-\\n1885) E. C. Stedman and E. M. Hutchinson, Library of American Liter-\\nature, 11 vols. 8vo. E. C. Stedman, Poets of America. Learned Socie-\\nties and Libraries R. G. Boone, Education in the United States, chap. xvi.\\nNewspapers F. Hudson, History of Journalism in America North Ameri-\\ncan Review, cl. 197, 364 The Forum, ix. 198 Century Magazine, xl. 260.\\n399", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0477.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n431. Interstate Emigration Foreign Immigration. During\\nthe years which we have been considering, many important\\nmovements have been going on in the country, some so\\nsilently as hardly to attract notice, Avhile others have claimed\\nattention from time to time. x\\\\mong the most important\\nof these has been the great westward marcli of emigrants\\nwithin the country, made possible by the construction not\\nonly of the great trunk railroads, but also of the numerous\\nbranch roads, which, like small arteries, liave carried popula-\\ntion far and wide. This native emigration has in the main\\nbeen along the parallels of latitude.\\nA greater movement has also been in progress. It is the\\nhabit of historians, and rightly so, to speak of the seventeenth\\nand eighteenth centuries as the period of colonization\\nbut the colonization of the last half of the nineteenth century\\nhas been on a vastly greater scale. Since 1820 there have\\nbeen landed in the United States over sixteen millions of im-\\nmigrants,^ more than one-third of these having come during\\nthe ten years ending June 30, 1890. P or the last few years\\nthe average annual increase of population from this source\\nhas been over half a million. Most of these immigrants have\\nbeen of great advantage to the country, and they have\\nadapted themselves to their new conditions of life in a\\nwonderful manner, but their influence on the country of\\ntheir adoption has not had that attention which it deserves.\\nSettling, as many of them have done, in communities, mostly\\nin the western states, preserving their language, and to some\\nextent, their customs, it was impossible for the social, politi-\\ncal, and industrial conditions of life in America not to be\\nmodified b}^ tlieir influence. To a certain degree this state-\\nment is true of ever}^ pait of the country where foreign immi-\\ngrants liave settled.\\n1 From 1820 to eTuiie ^0, 1893, 10,443,823.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0478.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "URBAN rOPULATlON; IRRIGATION. 401\\n432. Urban Population. Another movement which has\\nbeen silently going on is the increase of the population living\\nin cities and built-up towns according to the census of 1890\\nnearly one-third of the total population being urban (Appen-\\ndix vi.). This increase has been almost wholly in the North\\nAtlantic States and the Northern Central States,^ and it is\\ndue to several causes, chiefly the rapid extension of manufac-\\ntures and commerce, both of which require compact living.\\nIn the South and in most of the western states the urban\\npopulation is relatively small.\\n433. Irrigation; Forest Reservations. West of a line* nearly\\ncorresponding to the 100th meridian west from Greenwich\\nthe territory of the United States, except in northern Cali-\\nfornia and the western portions of Oregon and Washington,\\nis arid or semi-arid, the natural rainfall not being sufficient\\nto support agricultural crops. For a long period a large\\npart of this region was spoken of as the Great American\\nDesert, and the bad lands, and it was regarded as unin-\\nhabitable. The examj^le of the Mormons in Utah, and of a\\nfew others elsewhere, showed that water was the only thing\\nneeded, and that if this could be introduced, the problem\\nof cultivating and inhabiting the arid region w^as solved.\\nAlready large tracts of California, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,\\nand other portions of the region have been brought into rich\\ncultivation by means of more or less extensive systems of\\nirrigation. The extent of territory which the existing water\\nsupplies will irrigate is as yet very uncertain.\\nThe acts of Congress establishing the Yosemite, the\\n1 The New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsj lvania to\\nwhich should be added Delaware and Maryland,\\n2 Of these it has been mostly in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, AVisconsin,\\nMinnesota, and Missouri.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0479.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nSequoia, and the Yellowstone National parks, Avere Inghly\\napproved of by the people, and widely known. An act\\npassed in 1891, which attracted very little attention, was\\nthat providing for a series of national forest reservations,\\nwhich already aggregate about twenty thousand square miles,\\nan area nearly three times as great as the state of Massachu-\\nsetts. Though they vary in size, they average about a million\\nacres each. The object of this act is to preserve the forests\\nand to guard the sources of the rivers and streams, so impor-\\ntant for the welfare of the country, and essential for the\\npermanence of the systems of irrigations rapidly being intro-\\nduced. Few recent actions of Congress are likely to have\\nsuch valuable and far-reaching results.\\n434. Natural Gas. The fact that inflammable gas was\\ngenerated in the earth has long been known. As early as\\n1824, on the occasion of Lafayette s visit to this country, a\\nhouse in Fredonia, New Y^ork, was illuminated by natural\\ngas in his honor. At various places in Pennsylvania and\\nOhio this product was also made use of. But it was not\\nuntil 1875 that it was used in making steel. Its adoption was\\nslow. During the year 1878, while a well for oil was being\\nsunk near Pittsburg, the whole apparatus was suddenly\\nblown up, and great quantities of gas continued to escape\\nfrom the opening. Pipes were laid from the well and the\\ngas ignited, but no practical application was attempted for\\nfive years, when it was successfully used in the production of\\nsteel. In 1884 it was introduced through long pipes into\\nPittsburg, where it was employed for all domestic and manu-\\nfacturing purposes for which heat or light is needed. Many\\nother wells were sunk in the Pittsburg district. At various\\nother places between the Alleghanies and the Rockies reser-\\nvoirs of gas have been discovered by deep borings, and the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0480.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "INVENTION; INLAND COMMERCE. 403\\ngas has been extensively used. Whether the supply will last\\nfor many years is quite problematical, as already in many\\nwells the pressure has greatly diminished.\\n435. Invention Transportation Inland Commerce. The\\nadvance in the practical application of scientitic knowledge\\nhas continued to be very great. This is particularly true\\nin regard to electricity, which is now used for illuminat-\\ning purposes and for power in a manner not before dreamed\\nof. Thomas A. Edison, among others, has contributed greatly\\nto this advance by his various discoveries and inventions.\\nTo him also is due the phonograph, an instrument by which\\nsounds are recorded and reproduced at pleasure. Improve-\\nments in all branches of labor-saving machinery have also\\nbeen numerous. The variety of goods manufactured has\\nbeen greatly increased, and the beauty and excellence of the\\nproducts have kept pace with the production.\\nNowhere has the growth of the country been more appar-\\nent than in the amount of the freight carried by the railroads,\\nand in inland traffic on the rivers and great lakes, which\\nlatter now exceeds in value and importance and in tonnage\\nthe foreign commerce. The tonnage which now passes\\nthrough the Sault Sainte Marie Canal, which joins Lake\\nSuperior and Huron, and is open only seven months of the\\nyear, is double the tonnage which passes through the Suez\\nCanal during twelve months while in the year 1889 the\\namount of freight passing Detroit was twice as great as the\\nforeign trade of New York, and over two-thirds that for all\\nour seaports together. The increase in the mileage of the\\nrailroads, the improvements in the facilities for transportation,\\nin the efficiency of the motive power, and in the character\\nof both the freight and passenger service, as well as in\\nstrength of the rails, stability of the roadbed and bridges,", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0481.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nand in the elegance and size of the terminal stations, all have\\nbeen great.\\n436. The New South the Pacific Coast. While the whole\\ncountry has partaken of the growth and development, in few\\nparts of the land has there been such material advance as in\\nthe South. It is indeed a New South. Where years ago\\nnothing was produced in quantity but cotton, tobacco, and\\nnaval stores, now iron, coal, and phosphate rock are mined in\\nlarge quantities, and cotton and iron mills have sprung up in\\nmany places, while oranges from Florida, and green vegeta-\\nbles from Plorida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Mississippi, and\\nVirginia are sent north in carloads. Notwithstanding this\\ndiversity of interests, the cotton crop of 1891 was nearly\\ndouble that of 1860; while from the cotton seed, which in\\nformer days was thrown away, and of which there is about\\none ton for every two bales of cotton, valuable ^il is pressed,\\nand the cake which is left is used as food for cattle or as\\na fertilizer. New lines of railroad have been opened, and\\nthereby easy and rapid communication with other parts of\\nthe Union secured. Thousands of travellers annually visit\\nFlorida and the health resorts abundant in the highlands of\\nGeorgia and the Carolinas.\\nOn the Pacific coast the growth and development liave been\\ngreat also. In southern California the production of grapes,\\noranges, lemons, figs, nuts, raisins, plums, and fruit gener-\\nally has attained large proportions, and the native grown\\nproduct is rapidly driving the European out of the market.\\nThe climate of southern California, on account of its great\\nsalubrit}^ attracts many visitors in search of health or pleas-\\nure. Oregon and particularly Washington liave rapidly in-\\ncreased in population, and have become large exporters of\\nagricultural and other products.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0482.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "I\\nEDUCATION. 405\\n437. Education. But a nation s growth and development\\nshould not only be on political and material lines, but on\\nintellectual, social, and religious lines as well. It has been\\nimpracticable to do much more than to refer to these subjects\\nfrom time to time but we have seen how deeply impressed\\nthe early colonists were with the importance of giving their\\nchildren and youth a good education how with this object\\nin view schools and colleges were established in various colo-\\nnies, some of which, as the Collegiate School in New York\\nCity, founded in 1633 by the Dutch, the Boston Latin School,\\nfounded in 1635, and the William Penn Charter School,\\nPhiladelphia, founded in 1689, still flourish and attest the\\nforesight and wisdom of the forefathers. As each new state\\nhas come into the Union, the education of the youth has\\nclaimed the serious and careful attention of her legislators,\\nsystems of education embracing schools, high schools, and\\ncolleges have been established in almost every common-\\nwealth, and the people have cheerfully taxed themselves to\\nsupport them. Not only has public support been ungrudg-\\ningly bestowed, but private benefactions have been unex-\\nampled. In no country have there been nobler foundations\\nthan those of Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore (1876)\\nTulane University, New Orleans (1884) Bryn Mawr Col-\\nlege for Women, near Philadelphia (1885) Clark University,\\nWorcester, Massachusetts (1889) Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni-\\nversity, California (1891) Chicago University (1892). There\\nhave also been many endowments of professorships in col-\\nleges, and many new academies, high schools, and industrial\\nand technical schools founded among the latter are Pratt\\nInstitute, Brooklyn, and Drexel Institute, Philadelphia.\\nThe facilities for the higher education of women have been\\ngreatly extended most of the colleges and universities of\\nthe western states have been coeducational from their foun-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0483.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "406 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ndation eastern colleges are slowly opening their doors\\nto women, while Vassar (1866), Smith (1871), Wellesle}\\n(1875), and Bryn Mawr (1885), all founded by private benefi-\\ncence, offer educational advantages of the highest grade ex-\\nclusively to women. In connection with education, there\\nhas been since 1889 great interest in what is known as Uni-\\nversity Extension, the object of which is to spread education\\nmore widely by means of lectures, courses of reading, classes,\\nand examinations. Nor should the Chautauqua Literary and\\nScientific Circle be omitted. This association was organized\\nin 1878, for the purpose of j^romoting habits of reading and\\nstudy in nature, art, science, and in secular and sacred litera-\\nture in connection with the routine of daily life. Studies\\nare carried on under the direction of competent teachers by\\nmeans of correspondence, aided by the mutual interchange\\nof views by those who are pursuing similar courses of read-\\ning or study in any given neighborhood. In the summer,\\ninstruction is given on the delightful shores of Chautauqua\\nLake in western New York, and at other places. Summer\\nschools are also held at various places, chiefly for the benefit\\nof teachers, or for purposes of special research or instruction.\\nThe importance of the physical training of the body has\\nalso been fully recognized, and great attention has been paid\\nto the subject; large and thoroughly equipped gymnasiums\\nhave been erected for the purpose of carrying out exercises\\ncarefully arranged, with the intention not only of develop-\\ning the physical \u00e2\u0080\u00a2[towers, but of remedying defects also.\\n438. Libraries; Associations. The desire to spread and to\\nincrease knowledge has also been shown by the increase in\\nthe number of general and special libraries, and by the great\\npains which have been taken to devise and carry out those\\nsystems of library administration best calculated to encour-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0484.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "ASSOCIATIONS; LITERATURE. 407\\nage and facilitate reading and study. Man}^ libraries have\\nbeen founded by private beneficence, such as the Newberr}^\\nLibrary, Chicago the As tor Library, New York and the\\nEnoch Pratt Library, Baltimore. Others have been started\\nor supported by the people, as the Public Libraries of Boston\\nand Worcester, Massachusetts, and of Cincinnati and many\\nother places.\\nThe spirit of investigation has shown itself from time to\\ntime in the United States by the formation of many societies\\nwhose purpose is to encourage study and research by pub-\\nlishing reports, by mutual interchange of views, and in other\\nways. The oldest of these, the American Philosophical Soci-\\nety of Philadelphia, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743,\\nis still in active operation. Another bod}^ the American Asso-\\nciation for the Advancement of Science (1848), holding its\\nannual meeting at a different place each year, has done much\\nto increase local interest in the subjects brought before it.\\nThe Smithsonian Institution at Washington founded in\\naccordance with the bequest of a wealthy Englishman, is\\nalmost a government institution it has done much to further\\nthe advancement of science by the publication and distribu-\\ntion of scientific books and papers.\\nSince 1876 the increase in the number of associations formed\\nfor the encouragement of special lines of research is remarka-\\nble, and nearly all branches of knowledge are represented.\\n439. Literature. During the earlier years of the American\\ncolonies there was little time to devote to anything which\\nwas not obviously practical in its application, and conse-\\nquently the purely literary man was almost unknown. To\\nthe colonists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries two\\nsubjects, however, were of transcendent importance, relig-\\nion and politics; and works on these two subjects were", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0485.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "408\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nabundant, particularly in the field of politics. The political\\npamphlets and addresses issued from the colonial press of\\nthe eighteenth century are not surpassed in vigor by those\\npublished in England, or, indeed, upon the continent of\\nEurope, during the same period. The names of John Dick-\\ninson, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,\\nAlexander Hamilton, and George Washington are deservedly\\nheld in high esteem for their writings in this field.\\nGeneral literature was at a low ebb for a long time, and it\\nwas not until Charles Brockden Brown published his novels\\nduring the last years of the eighteenth century, that there\\nwas much indication of a literature that could be called\\nAmerican. William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878), with his\\nThanatopsis (1817), was the\\nforerunner of poets soon to fol-\\nlow. The founding of The\\nNorth American Review (1815)\\nwas also an indication of a\\nchange. James Fenimore\\nCooper (1789-1851), who pub-\\nlished his first novel in 1821,\\nshowed not only that America\\ncould produce writers, but that\\nin the new world were scenes\\nand characters admirably fitted\\nfor their pen. Washington\\nIrving (1783-1859), by his\\ngraceful essays and sketches and\\nhis pure English, did much to raise the estimation in which\\nAmerican literature was lield, both at home and abroad.\\nAbout 1840 new writers came into prominence: among them\\nHenry Wads worth Longfellow (1807-1882), whose works are\\nfamiliar the land over, and also John Greenleaf VVliittier\\nEDGAR A. POE.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0486.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "GENERAL LITERATURE.\\n409\\nHENRY W. LONGFELLOW.\\n(1807-1892), the Quaker poet, whose ballads and poems of\\nnature are truly American in subject and in sympathy.\\nOliver Wendell Holmes (born\\nin 1809), the genial essayist,\\nhumorist, and poet James Rus-\\nsell Lowell (1819-1891), the\\nsatirist, the critic, and the poet\\nNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-\\n1864), America s greatest ro-\\nmancer Edgar Allan Poe\\n(1811-1849), the author of\\nweird poems and romances;\\nRalph Waldo Emerson (1803-\\n1882), the philosopher, poet,\\nand essayist, showed that in\\npurely literary work America\\nwas accomplishing much. George Bancroft (1800-1891),\\nwith his History of the United States, the first volume of\\nwhich was published in 1834;\\nr^^^^.^. William H. Prescott (1796-\\n1859), with his histories of the\\nSpanish power in Spain and in\\nthe New World Richard Hil-\\ndreth (1807-1865), with his\\nHistory of the United States\\nJohn Lothrop Motley (1814-\\n1877), with his works on the\\nNetherlands; Francis Park-\\nman (1823-1893), with his se-\\nries of volumes on France\\nand England in North Amer-\\nica, besides many other writers, show that in the field\\nof historical research the writers of America take a high\\nNATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0487.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "410\\nHISTORY OF THE UNI i ED STATES.\\nrank. It would be equally true to make similar statements\\nin regard to all departments of knowledge, in all of which\\nthe writers of America now take their stand alongside of\\nthose of Europe.\\nOne of the striking features of the recent literature of the\\nFnited States is the appearance of many able writers in the\\nsouthern states who have entered\\never}^ field and whose novels and\\ndialect stories are written in a\\nstyle peculiarly their own.\\nThe magazines of the United\\nStates, of which Harper s^ The\\nCentury^ and Scribner^s are ex-\\namples, lead the world in beauty\\nof execution and of illustration,\\nand largely through the encour-\\nagement of their publishers the\\nAmerican wood-engraver has at-\\ntained a position unsurpassed.\\nTlie newspapers of America\\nhave multiplied wonderfully, and\\ntheir scope has been Avidened until in the daily press almost\\nevery subject that is likely to interest readers is treated of\\nby specialists, while at the same time no pains or expense is\\nspared to furnish the latest and most accurate news. The\\ngreat dailies of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston\\nare marvels of enterprise.\\nJOHN G. WHITTIER.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0488.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "i\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nSOCIAL AFFAIRS POLITICS DIPLOMACY.\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. Appleton s Annual Cyclopciedias E. B. Andrews, The History\\nof the Last Quarter-Century in the United States, 1870-1895, finely illus-\\ntrated (this work is a panorama of events rather than a history); The\\nStatesman s Year Book; The Tribune Almanacs; The World Almanacs;\\nReview of Reviews Current History Political Science Quarterly, Review\\nof Political Events in June and December of each year; the current\\nperiodicals.\\n440. Wilson Bill; Senate Bill. (1894.) A part of the\\nDemocratic programme after the success in the elections of\\n1892 (Sect. 426) was the revision of the tariff. At the first\\nsession of the fifty-third Congress William L. Wilson, Chair-\\nman of the Committee on Ways and Means, introduced a\\nnew Tariff Bill, called An Act to Reduce Taxation and\\nProvide Revenue for the Government, and for Other Pur-\\nposes. Its important features were the extensive use of\\nthe principle of ad valorem duties,^ the general reduction in\\nrates, and a tax on all incomes exceeding 14000. When the\\nact came before the Senate it was discussed at length, and\\nwas very much altered. This Senate Bill, as it is prop-\\nerly called, was finally accepted by the House of Repre-\\nsentatives. The President was unwilling to veto the bill,\\nand thus leave the McKinley tariff in force, and yet he\\ncould not sign it without approving measures against Avhich\\n1 Duties levied according to the value of the goods.\\n411", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0489.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "412 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nhe had spoken strongly. He accordingly allowed the bill,\\nwhich was pleasing to few, to become a law without his\\nsignature (Constitution, Art. 1, Sect. 7 (2)). The Supreme\\nCourt decided that the income tax was unconstitutional, so\\nthe expected receipts from this tax were cut off, and the\\nrevenues of the government fell below the expenditures.\\n441. Pullman and Railroad Strikes Coal Miners Strikes.\\n(1894.) There were many labor troubles in 1894. A\\nstrike begun by the employees of the great car works at\\nPullman, a suburb of Chicago, was one of the most serious\\nthat has occurred in the United States. The Pullman\\nCompany was urged by a committee of the men, and by\\nmany outsiders, some of them prominent citizens, to submit\\nthe question at issue to arbitration, but refused, saying,\\nThe Company has nothing to arbitrate. Many of the\\nmen were members of the American Railway Union, an\\norganization of railroad employees. This union made the\\ncause of the strikers its own, and passed a resolution that\\nunless the Pullman Company would agree to arbitrate, all\\nmembers of the Union should, after a certain date, refuse to\\nhandle Pullman cars or any trains of v/hich Pullman cars\\nformed a part. The company declined to recede from its\\nposition the boycott of its cars began, and soon became\\nwidespread, as the railroad companies refused to stop\\nrunning PuUman cars. Nearly every railroad west of the\\nState of Ohio was more or less affected. The stoppage of\\ntrains obstructed the carrying of the mails, and interfered\\nwith interstate commerce. The injunctions of the United\\nStates courts requiring the strikers to cease this interference\\nwere disregarded, and the President sent troops from the\\nregular army for the purpose of restoring the mail service\\nand enforcing federal laws. Meanwhile, in spite of the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0490.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "NEW YORK CITY REFORMS; COXEY S ARMY. 413\\npresence of state and federal troops and the police, an angry\\ncrowd destroyed property, demolished railroad cars, and\\ntore up or rendered useless miles of railroad track. Con-\\nflicts took place between the troops and the crowd, and a\\nnumber of lives were lost. Some of the officers of the\\nAmerican Railway Union were sent to jail for refusing to\\nobey the orders of the courts. At length the strike came to\\nan end, but the losses resulting from the troubles were many\\nmillions of dollars.\\nEarlier in the year a strike begun by the coke-burners in\\nPennsylvania spread to the miners in the coal regions, until\\n130,000 men or more were involved. This strike lasted\\nseveral months, was accompanied by rioting and loss of life,\\nand also cost several millions of dollars.\\n442. New York City Reforms Coxey s Army. (1894.)\\nIn 1894 the New York Legislature, com23elled by public\\nopinion, appointed a committee to investigate the New York\\nCity police department. As a result of the facts brought to\\nlight, and of a sentiment which had been growing in the\\ncommunity for some time, a reform ticket was chosen at the\\nnext election by a large majority. This success had much\\ninfluence in furthering reform all over the country.\\nA strange movement took place in the same year. Large\\nnumbers of workingmen and tramps started from points in\\nthe West for Washington, with the idea of demanding help\\nfrom Congress. Generally known, from the chief leader, as\\nCoxey s Army, they called themselves Commonwealers.\\nThe army was greatly diminished in numbers before it\\nreached Washington, where two or three of the leaders\\nwere arrested for violating local regulations. The move-\\nment soon came to an end.\\nk\\n1 There was also (during the strike serious rioting in California.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0491.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "414\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n443. Anti lottery Bill National Military Park Atlanta Ex-\\nposition. (1895.) In 1895 Congress passed a new bill for\\nthe suppression of lotteries (Sect. 417) by forbidding the\\ntransmission of lottery tickets, or anything relating to lot-\\nteries, through the mails, or by means of national or inter-\\nstate commerce.\\nIn September, 1895, tAvo notable events took place in the\\nSouth the dedication of the National Chickamauofa and\\nChattanooga Military Park, and the opening of the Cot-\\nton States and International Exposition at Atlanta.\\nThe Military Park consists of about ten square miles, and\\nincludes the site of the great battles fought in 1863 (Sect.\\n326). The ground Avas pur-\\nchased jointly by the United\\nStates and the States of Georgia\\nand Tennessee. At the dedica-\\ntion there was a fraternal re-\\nunion of United States and\\nConfederate officers and troops.\\nThe Atlanta Exposition Avas\\nopened on the 18th of Sep-\\ntember. It ranks next to the\\nCentennial and the Columbian\\nExpositions as the most success-\\nful held in the United States.\\nThe wonderful progress made\\nsince 1865 by the New South\\nhas nowhere been so clearly\\n*^fei\\nA KIOWA CHIEF.\\nshown.\\n444. The Indians; Utah. (1896.) After many years of\\ndifficulty with the Indian tribes. Congress in 1887 passed\\nthe General Allotment or Dawes Act, the main", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0492.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "THE INDIANS; UTAH; NOMINATIONS. 415\\nfeatures of which became the settled policy of the govern-\\nment. These are to abolish tribal relations, to encourage\\nthe Indians to receive individual allotments of land, to\\nadopt the habits of civilized life, and as soon as practicable\\nto become citizens of the United States.\\nUtah having complied with an act of Congress, one of the\\nprovisions of which required the absolute prohibition of\\npolygamy, was admitted to the Union January 4, 1896,\\nmaking the forty-fifth State.\\n445. Republican Nominations. (1896.) In the elections of\\n1894 the Republicans made great gains, and in the House of\\nRepresentatives their majority was 133. Thomas B. Reed\\nof Maine was chosen Speaker (Sect. 415). As the campaign\\nof 1896 drew near, it became evident that the free coinage of\\nsilver would be made a leading issue.\\nThe Republican convention was held at St. Louis, and\\nWilliam McKinley of Ohio was nominated for President and\\nGarret A. Hobart of New Jersey for Vice-President. The\\nmost important paragraph of the platform was one in favor\\nof the maintenance of the present gold standard for the\\ncurrency. A dramatic incident of the convention was the\\nwithdrawal of a few delegates who upheld the free coin-\\nage of silver, and refused to continue longer with their\\nparty.\\n446. Democratic Nominations. (1896.) The Democratic\\nconvention met at Chicago. Among other things, the plat-\\nform advocated the free coinage of silver at the ratio of 16\\nto 1.^ It also denounced the arbitrary interference by\\nfederal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the Con-\\n1 That is a silver dollar should weigh sixteen times as much as a gold\\ndollar.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0493.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "416 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nstitution of the United States, and a crime against free\\ninstitutions, and especially objected to the use of injunc-\\ntions by the judiciary. A striking incident of this con-\\nvention was an impassioned speech by William J. Bryan, a\\ndelegate from Nebraska. This speech led to his nomination\\nfor President. Arthur Sewall of Maine was nominated for\\nVice-President.\\n447. Populist and Other Conventions. (1896. The Popu-\\nlist or People s party convention when it met accepted the\\nDemocratic candidate for President, but nominated Thomas\\nE. Watson of Georgia for Vice-President.\\nThe Prohibition party at its convention divided, and each\\nwing nominated its own candidates. The Socialist Labor\\nparty also nominated candidates.\\nThere was so much dissatisfaction with the platform and\\nthe candidates of the Chicago convention that many promi-\\nnent Democratic newspapers rejected them and declared\\nfor the gold standard, and thousands of Democrats did the\\nsame. Later a convention representing the gold standard\\nDemocrats met at Indianapolis and nominated as candidates\\nJohn M. Palmer of Illinois and Simon B. Buckner of Ken-\\ntucky. The delegates adopted the name of the National\\nDemocratic Party.\\n448. The Presidential Campaig^n. (1896.) The Presidential\\ncampaign of 1890 was one of the most exciting and impor-\\ntant that has ever taken place. It was a contest respecting\\nprinciples, and party platforms never received more atten-\\ntion. The amount of financial and political literature dis-\\ntributed and read was enormous, and political speeches\\nalmost without number were delivered. The co-operation\\nof very many gold standard Democrats greatly increased the", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0494.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "VENEZUELAN BOUNDARY.\\n417\\nRepublican strength, and McKinley and Hobart were elected\\nby a large majority of the electoral vote, and by a plurality\\nof over 600,000 of the popular vote.\\n449. Venezuelan Boundary. (1895-1896.) There had been\\nfor many years a dispute between Great Britain and Vene-\\nzuela regarding the boundary\\ndividing the latter from British\\nGuiana. Venezuela wished to\\nsubmit the boundary question to\\narbitration, but Great Britain\\nrefused to do so. In July, 1895,\\nMr. Olney, the United States\\nSecretary of State, addressed a\\nnote to the British Government\\nstating that the United States\\nwas opposed to a forcible in-\\ncrease of the British possessions\\nin America, referring to the\\nMonroe Doctrine (Sect. 208) in\\nsupport of his position, and urg-\\ning the British government to submit the matter to arbitra-\\ntion. A reply was received late in November declining to do\\nthis. On receipt of this note President Cleveland promptly\\nsent to Congress a special message on the subject. The\\napparently warlike tone he used at once threw the whole\\ncountry into a state of great excitement. The President\\nhaving suggested in his message the appointment of a com-\\nmission Ho determine what is the true divisional line be-\\ntween Venezuela and British Guiana, Congress authorized\\nsuch action, and the President appointed five commissioners,\\nwho entered at once upon their duties. The agitation calmed\\ndown, and negotiations with Great Britain went on. In\\nWILLIAM MCKINLEY.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0495.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "418 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nNovember, 1896, the British government consented to arbi-\\ntrate upon a basis honorable to all parties.\\nThe excitement which accompanied the Venezuelan dis-\\ncussion so aroused the two countries to the danger of sud-\\nden quarrels, and to the inexpediency of resorting to war,\\nthat a treaty was drafted for the creation of a tribunal of\\narbitration to settle disputes which may arise in future\\nbetween Great Britain and the United States.\\nThis treaty met with much popular approval, but the Sen-\\nate failed to ratify it, and the matter was dropped.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0496.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII.\\nTHE WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION.^\\nREFERENCES.\\nGeneral. Appleton s Annual Cyclopaedia, 1898 Statesman s Year-book,\\n1899 Tribune Almanacs World Almanacs Current Events Harper s Pic-\\ntorial History of the War with Spain H. C. Lodge, War with Spain R. H.\\nTitherington, History of the Spanish-American War R. H. Davis, Cuban and\\nPorto Rican Campaigns J. R. Spears, Our Navy in the War with Spain\\nJ. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. x. H. H.\\nBancroft, The New Pacific Atlantic Monthly Century Magazine Harper s\\nMagazine McClure s Magazine The Outlook Review of Reviews Scrib-\\nner s Magazine C. Morris, Our Island Empire.\\nSpecial. G. Kennan, Campaigning in Cuba R. B. Porter, Industrial\\nCuba R. T. Hill, Cuba and Porto Rico W. Dinwiddle, Porto Rico A. G.\\nRobinson, Porto Rico of To-day D. C. Worcester, the Philippines A. S.\\nTwombly, Hawaii and its People; E. Bicknell, Territorial Acquisitions of\\nthe United States.\\n450. Spain The Cuban auestion. (1800-1899.) Early in the\\nnineteenth century, Spain began to lose the vast American\\nempire which she had held for nearly three hundred years.\\nBy 1825, she retained only Cuba, Porto Rico, and a few\\nsmall islands near them. These islands would have been a\\nsource of wealth and power \\\\o Spain had they been fairly\\nruled and liberally treated. But she treated them selfishly,\\nas she did all her colonial possessions.\\nCuba, the -Pearl of the Antilles, has dense forests, is\\nrich in mineral wealth, and is wonderfully fertile. It is an\\nisland which any nation might be proud to own. But Spain s\\nCopyright, 1900, by D. C. Heath Co.\\n419", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0497.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "420 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntreatment of Cuba was particularly selfish. All offices of\\nprofit were given to Spaniards, and little of the money that\\nwas wrung from the heavily overtaxed islanders was spent\\nin the island.\\nThe Spaniards in Cuba were, for the most part, men with-\\nout families who were in Cuba solely for the sake of personal\\ngain. They treated the Creoles^ with a contempt which\\nwas matched only by the hatred of the Creoles toward their\\noppressors.\\nThis feeling of hatred toward Spain grew stronger, and a\\nlarge number of Cubans waited only for a good chance to\\nbreak into open rebellion. A revolution in Spain, in 1868,\\ngave the wished-for opportunity, and an insurrection broke\\nout in Cuba which lasted for ten years. The peace of 1878\\nwliich followed, amounted to little more than a truce.\\nSpain did not keep her promises, or cease her acts of\\noppression. The island continued to be utterly, hope-\\nlessly, and shamelessly misgoverned. In 1895 there was\\na new insurrection. At first Spain looked upon it as\\nlittle more than a riot, but the revolt spread. Larger\\nforces were sent to Cuba, but without avail. The insur-\\ngent Cubans declared that they would rather be extermi-\\nnated than yield.\\nSpain accomplished little by fighting; the insurgents rarely\\ntook the offensive, and generally avoided a conflict, prefer-\\nring a guerilla warfare. They were kept well informed of\\nthe movements of the Spanish troops by means of spies and\\nsympathizers. To prevent the insurgents from getting in-\\nformation, and to make it more difficult for them to obtain\\nfood, Captain-General Weyler issued his reconcentration\\norder. The purpose of this order was to collect the people\\n1 A Creole in the West Indies is a native Spanish-American, usually a\\ndescendant of the earlier settlers.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0498.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 421\\nof a district near a town or place where Spanish troops were\\nstationed, and in this way have them under close guard.\\nIn carrying out this order, innocent farmers and planters\\nwere driven from their homes and collected in or around\\nthe towns. Their houses Avere burned and their plantations\\nAvere laid waste. Unable to get sufficient food and shelter,\\nand herded together like cattle, thousands of these helpless\\npeople died of hunger and disease.\\n451. The United States and Cuba. (1825-1897.) The Virgin-\\nius. (1873.) ^The United States has always been deeply\\ninterested in the affairs of Cuba. Lying at the mouth of\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, and only a few miles from Key West,\\nthe island could be made an enemy s base for attack in time\\nof Avar. In time of peace its productions Avould naturally\\nseek a market in the United States.\\nFrom time to time the annexation of Cuba had been pro-\\nposed, and more than one of the presidents of the United\\nStates had thought Avell of it. President Polk, in 1848, had\\noffered Spain \u00c2\u00a7100,000,000 for the island, but the offer was\\npromptly rejected.\\nThe most unfriendly act of the United States tOAvard\\nSpain Avas the Ostend Manifesto, issued in 1854, already\\ndescribed (Sect. 284). Time and again, however, the United\\n1 It is estimated that by March, 1897, 300,000 persons were thus iierded\\nwithin the towns, or in their immediate neigliborhood and even the Span-\\niards admitted that more than one-half of these perished. This, said\\nPresident McKinley, was not civihzed warfare. It was extermination.\\nIt is tliouglit that, in all, 250,000 people perished as the result of this order.\\nThose treated in this manner wei e called reconcentrados. The distress\\nin Cuba was not, by any means, wholly caused by this barbarous policy. It\\nmust be remembered that many plantations were laid waste by the war and\\nthat the industries of the island were prostrated. The devastation was the\\nwork of insurgents as well as of Spaniards.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0499.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "422 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nStates held aloof from interfering even when the provocation\\nwas great. 1 Filibustering expeditions from the United States\\n(Sect. 283) were stopped, and great efforts were made to\\nkeep the peace and to be a good neighbor.\\nWhile the rebellion had lasted in Cuba, 1868-1878, there\\nwere many times when the patience of the United States was\\nsorely tried by the injury to her trade, and by the atrocities\\ncommitted in the island. In October, 1873, the steamer Vir-\\nginius^ sailing under tlie American flag, was captured at sea\\nby a Spanish war vessel, and taken into the harbor of San-\\ntiago de Cuba. Here fifty-three of her passengers and crew\\nwere shot.^\\nThe excitement in the United States over this occurrence\\nwas great, and it seemed at one time as if war might result.\\nUpon a protest having l^een made by the United States,\\nSpain gave up the Virgin ms^ and paid a large sum for the\\nbenefit of the families of the Americans who had been shot.\\n452. Affairs in Cuba American Interests American Pro-\\ntests. (1897.) Americans had invested large sums of money\\nin sugar plantations and other interests in Cuba. The trade\\nof the United States with Cuba grew to large proportions.\\nAs a result of the rebellion of 1895, and the policy of de-\\nstruction followed by Spain, a vast amount of property belong-\\ning to Americans was destroyed, and the profitable trade\\nwith the island ruined.\\nPopular feeling in the United States was deeply moved\\nby the stories of cruelty in the island. In accordance witli\\n1 John Quincy Adams, and President Grant in 1875, offered to mediate\\nthe only instances of the kind up to 1894.\\n2 There was some doubt whether the registry of the Virginius had not been\\nobtained by fraud. It was a fact that more than once, between 1870 and\\n1873, she had landed men and supplies for the rebels. The action of the\\nSpanish authorities at Santiago was, however, without warrant.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0500.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 423\\nthis feeling President Cleveland, in April, 1896, offered to\\nmediate between Spain and the Cubans, but his offer was\\ndeclined.\\nIn 1897 the Spanish Prime Minister was assassinated at\\nMadrid and a new ministry came into power. Upon the\\nprotests of the United States, General Weyler was recalled\\nfrom Cuba. Spain promised to make reforms, to give the\\nCubans some degree of self-government, and to release\\nAmericans imprisoned in Cuba. This last was done, and\\nCaptain-deneral Blanco was sent out as governor.\\nThe Cubans, however, had no confidence in Spain, and\\nrefused to accept anything short of independence.\\nU. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE.\\nFrom a ithotograph, by permission of the Soule Photograph Co.\\n453. The Destruction of the Maine Report of the Court\\nof Inquiry. (1898.) The United States in January, 1898,\\nsent the battleship Maine on a friendly naval visit to Havana.\\nShe had been lying in the harbor three weeks, when\\nabout 10 o clock in the evening of P^ebruary 15 she was\\ndestroyed by an explosion. Two officers and 258 of her", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0501.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "424 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nmen perished. At once intense excitement prevailed in\\nthe United States, and the cry, Remember the Maine! was\\nheard everywhere. The President appointed four olhcers\\nof the navy as a board of inquiry. After careful examina-\\ntion they reported, March 21, that tlie Maine had been blown\\nup by a mine placed under the ship, and that no evidence\\nwas found as to who Avas responsible for the disaster.\\nThe Spanish government claimed that the explosion had\\ntaken place inside the vessel, and proposed that the whole\\nquestion be left to a board of arbitration. To this offer the\\nUnited States made no reply.\\n454. President McKinley s Message to Congress, April, 1898.\\nMeantime affairs in Cuba had not improved. President\\n-jNIcKinley spoke of them as intolerable. Unless the\\nUnited States should intervene, it seemed likely that the\\nCubans would be exterminated.\\nPresident McKinley, accordingly, in April, 1898, sent a\\nsjjecial message to Congress in which he said It is plain\\nthat it (the insurrection) cannot be extinguished by present\\nmethods. In the name of humanity, in the name of civiliza-\\ntion, in the behalf of endangered American interests, which\\ngive us the right and duty to speak, and to act, the war in\\nCuba must stop. The President asked Congress to give\\nhim power to use measures to end tlie hostilities between\\nSpain and the Cubans.\\n455. Resolutions regarding Cuba passed by Congress (1898)\\nDeclaration of War. (1898.) On April 10, Congress passed a\\nseries of resolutions declaring (1) That tlie people of the\\nisland of Cuba are and of right ought to be free and inde-\\npendent. (2) That it is the duty of the United States to\\ndemand that Spain should give up Cuba and witlidraw its", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0502.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 425\\nforces from the island. (3) That the President is directed\\nand empowered to use all the forces of the United States\\nand to call out the militia in order to carry out these resolu-\\ntions. (4) That the United States disclaims any intention\\nof control over said island except for the pacification thereof\\nand asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to\\nleave the government and control of the island to its people.\\nThese resolutions were cabled to the American Minister in\\nMadrid, who was directed to inform the Spanisli government\\nthat an answer must be given by April 23. Before he could\\nsee the Spanish authorities, his passports were sent to him.\\nMORRO CASTLE, OPPOSITE HAVANA.\\n(From a photograph.)\\nThis action meant that Spain would have no intercourse with\\nthe United States. It meant war. Congress, April 25, de-\\nclared that war existed between the United States and Spain.\\n456. Public Opinion in the United States Preparation for the\\nWar. (1898.) Public opinion in the United States had been\\nmuch divided in regard to the Cuban difficulties. Many\\npersons felt that, while Avar was almost sure to come, wisdom\\nrequired delay. The army and navy were not ready and\\nthe rainy season was almost at hand, when the Cuban climate\\nwould be very hurtful to Americans.\\nSome thought all efforts for a peaceful solution of the\\ntroubles had not been tried. Others believed that Avar\\nAvould be unjustifiable. But the division was in no sense sec-", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0503.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "426 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntioiial. When the war broke out, from all parts of the\\ncountry men enlisted in the army and navy. More than at\\nany time since before the Civil AVar, North and South,\\nEast and West stood side by side in support of the govern-\\nment.\\nCongress gave the Secretary of the Treasury the authority\\nto borrow 1200,000,000. When the loan was advertised,\\nmore than seven times the amount called for was offered.\\nThis loan would supply funds for a short time, but much\\nmore would be needed. Congress, tlierefore, passed a War\\nRevenue Act like the Internal Revenue Acts of the Civil\\nWar this act provided for taxes on numerous articles. The\\ntax is paid in many cases by means of stamps, which must be\\nbought of the government. Patent medicines, toilet articles,\\netc., must bear stamps, before they can be sold, while bank\\nchecks, mortgages, and many other documents must be stamped\\nto be legal. Heavy taxes were also placed on legacies. This\\nact has been very successful in bringing in a large sum of\\nmoney ever}^ year.\\n457. The Navy Blockade of Cuba United States Coast Defences.\\n(1898.) It was clear that most of the fighting would take\\nplace outside the United States and that the navy would take\\nan important part. The President issued a proclamation\\ndeclaring the blockade of a large part of the coast of Cuba.\\nThe carrying out of this order was given to Captain (after-\\nward Admiral) William T. Sampson. In anticipation of an\\nattack upon the Atlantic coast of the United States, a squadron\\nof war vessels, under Captain (afterward Admiral) Winfield\\nS. Schley, was stationed at Fortress Monroe. Meanwhile the\\nswiftest vessels in the navy patrolled the coast to give warning\\nof the coming of any Spanish ships. Every harbor from\\nTexas to Maine was laid with submarine mines to be used", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0504.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 427\\nin case of attack. Old forts were manned, guns placed in\\nposition, and a watch kept for the approach of the enemy.\\n458. War in the Pacific Dewey s Victory at Manila. (1898.)\\nWhen war was declared, Commodore George Dewey was\\nin command of the United States\\nAsiatic squadron then lying at\\nHong-Kong, China. He was or-\\ndered by cable to proceed at once\\nto the Philippine Islands, and\\ncapture or destroy the Spanish\\nfleet which Avas there.\\nHe entered Manila Bay early\\nSunday morning, May 1. The\\nSpanish fleet lying in the harl)or\\nwas protected by the guns of the\\nbatteries at Cavite, a few miles\\nfrom Manila.\\nThe Spaniards knew that he\\nhad left Hong-Kong, but he came\\nsooner than he was expected and\\ncaught them unaware. He had planned to do this so that he\\nmight choose his OAvn time for attack. As soon as he reached\\nManila Bay he opened upon the Spanish fleet a terrible fire\\nof shot and shell. His fire was answered vigorously from the\\nAvar vessels and the shore batteries, but the guns of the\\nenemy Avere not Avell aimed and their shot did little damage.\\nAfter a sharp fight of about tAvo hours, DcAA^ey AvithdrcAv his\\nfleet, in order, it is said, to give his men time for breakfast,\\nbut more likely to see hoAv his ammunition Avas holding out.\\nAfter three hours he returned to the attack. By this\\ntime most of the Spanish vessels Avere in flames. An hour\\nlater the Spanish batteries Avere silenced, and the ships\\nADMIRAL DEWEY.\\n(From a photograph. 1S99.)", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0505.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "428\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nsunk or burned, and deserted. In the conflict the Spaniards\\nlost every vessel, and hundreds of men were killed, wounded,\\nand missing. No American Avas killed, and but six wounded\\nwhile no American vessel was seriously damaged.^\\nThe battle of Manila is one of the great naval actions of\\nhistory never before had so much been won with so little\\nloss of life and ships. Congress made Dewey a rear admiral,\\ngave him a vote of tlianks, and voted him a sword. Rarely\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A\\n-\u00c2\u00ab^5^3~S\\nMANILA AND THE PASIG RIVER.\\nShowing the Magellan Monument and the Ktone Bridge connecting the walled city\\nwith Einondo.\\nhas fame come to a man so suddenly. On the morning of\\nMay 1, few outside the official circles knew of him. On the\\nnext day the. civilized Avorld was full of his exploit.\\n1 The American fleet was much smaller than the Spanish, but the shijis\\nwere larger and more formidable. On the other hand, the Spanish ships\\nwere protected by the land batteries.\\n2 Soon after the war, Dewey was made admiral, the highest rank in the\\nnavy.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0506.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 429\\nDewey could easily have taken the city of Manila, but\\nas he had not force enough to hold it, he waited for more\\ntroops. Meantime he blockaded the harbor.\\n459. Admiral Cervera s Fleet; Santiago Harbor; Hobson s\\nFeat, (1898.) The destruction of the Spanish fleet at\\nManila relieved the Pacific coast of the United States from\\nfear of attack. The Spanish Atlantic fleet, however, was at\\nthe Cape Verde Islands, and no one knew where it might\\ngo. Would Admiral Cervera, the commander, sail to the\\nAtlantic coast to bombard one of the American cities\\nWould he go direct to Cuba to break the blockade and\\nsupport the Spanish troops on the islands Would he\\nattack the American fleet Would he try to meet and\\ndestroy the United States battleship Oregon^ which was\\non her way from San Francisco to the Atlantic coast\\nCervera sailed from the Cape Verde Islands, and the first\\nthat was heard of him was that he had reached Martinique\\nthen he went to CuraQao, a Dutch island off the coast of\\nVenezuela.\\nWhere Cervera would go next it was impossible to tell.\\nSwift steamers went up and dow^n the Caribbean Sea to\\nsearch for him, but nothing was certainly known of his\\nmovements until it was learned that he had put into the\\nharbor of Santiago, on the southern coast of Cuba. Here he\\nwas at once blockaded by the fleets of Sampson and Schley.\\n1 The battleship Oregon was stationed on the Pacific coast, but after\\nthe destruction of the Maine^ it was thought best to order her to the\\nAtlantic. She sailed from San Francisco March 19, 1898, on her voyage\\nround Cape Horn, a distance of about 15,000 miles. It was feared she might\\nbe attacked before her commander knew that war had begun, and the news\\nof war was telegraphed to every port at which she might call. She made\\nthe long voyage in safety, reaching Florida May 25, and at once took her\\nplace in the attacking fleet and did effective service.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0507.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "430 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nThe entrance to the harbor is through a narrow, winding\\nchannel, from whose shores rise lofty hills. It was not un-\\nlikely that Cervera might slip out on some dark night, or\\nescape while the American ships Avere driven away by a\\nstorm.\\nIn order to obstruct tlie channel it was determined to sink\\na vessel in the narrowest part. This difficult feat Avas en-\\ntrusted to Ensign Richmond P. Hobson and six men. They\\njDcrformed their dangerous task, notwithstanding a severe\\nfire from the Spanish land batteries. They were captured,\\nbut Admiral Cervera was so moved by their bravery that he\\nsent word to the Americans that they were safe and w^ould\\nbe well treated. 1\\n460. Santiago Campaign El Caney and San Juan. (1898.)\\nMeanwhile the blockade of Cuba had been kept up, and\\npreparations made for a land campaign in the island.\\nTroops were hurried from different points in the United\\nStates to the Atlantic seaboard, and great camps established\\nat various places for drilling and organizing the volunteers.\\nAbout two hundred tliousand men entered the service\\nyoung men of all ranks, and also veterans of the Federal\\nand Confederate armies, quickly volunteered.\\n1 Just as Hobson was about to sink the Merrimac, the vessel chosen,\\na shot from the Spaniards broke her rudder chains so that she could not be\\nsteered. Owing to this fact, she sank too far within the harbor, and failed\\nto obstruct the channel, as had been planned. Hobson and his companions,\\nsome weeks later, were exchanged for Spanish prisoners.\\n2 Soon after the beginning of hostilities, Colonel Leonard Wood, since\\nGeneral, and Theodore Roosevelt, since Governor of New York, but then\\nAssistant Secretary of the U. S. Navy, volunteered to aid in raising a regi-\\nment of cavalry. Both were well known in the West, and many cow\\nboys from the plains and from Texas joined the regiment, and many wealthy\\nyoung men from the East. This body was known as Roosevelt s Rough\\nRiders. It was very efficient in the campaign.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0508.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITQIUAL EXPANSION. 431\\nSantiago was already blockaded by sea, and it was deter-\\nmined to attack it by land. An army of sixteen thousand\\nmen under General William R. Shafter was landed not many\\nmiles from the city, and the advance against the enemy was\\nalmost immediately begun.\\nmm\\n1\\nffi\\n^^^Bk\\n^P\\n^^^^^i\\n^w^Sf\\n1 ^^^F^^^B\\n1\\ni w\\nniTiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMi;jma\\n1\\nll\\n1\\n^j^^^-.X\\ni4-|l^ H:4\\n.r-J\\nJ\\ny\\\\f%;l\\nii^\\ni i^\\nf\\nf jp|H^^^S\\n^^fe\\n3^^L^\u00c2\u00ab\\nV^^^^\\nj|bjoM ^fct\u00c2\u00bbHH^^ft\u00e2\u0084\u00a2i^^\\na^\\nI\\ni^H\\ni^l\\nSAN JUAN HARBOR.\\nView from Casa Bianca, Ponce de Leon s House.\\nThe conditions were very unfavorable in this tropical\\nclimate, the heat was terrible the close, rank undergrowth\\nmade advance slow, and hid the enemy from view the\\nbad roads made it difficult to move the heavy guns, and\\nprevented the prompt forwarding of food supplies. In ad-\\ndition to all this, the rainy season liad begun.\\nA vigorous attack, July 1 and 2, upon the Spanish at El\\nCaney and San Juan resulted in victory for the Americans.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0509.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "432 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n461. Destruction of Cervera s Fleet. (1898.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Spanish\\ntroops having been forced back, an assault upon the city was\\nplanned. Admiral Sampson left the fleet which was blockad-\\ning the harbor, to consult with General Shafter for a com-\\nbined attack b}^ land and sea.\\nOn Sunday morning, July 3, Admiral Cervera, under\\norders from the Spanish government, made a desperate dash\\nout of the harbor, and put to sea. At once the American\\nfleet under Commodore Schley opened tire and pursued the\\nSpanish vessels, which had turned toward the west. Shot\\nand shell were poured upon the flying ships. Cervera be-\\nlieved that his vessels were so much swifter than the Ameri-\\ncan ships that there was some hope that he might escape.\\nIt was a vain hope; in less than four hours every Spanish\\nship was destroyed. Hundreds of the Spaniards were killed,\\nand Admiral Cervera and about 1200 of his men were made\\nprisoners. The Americans lost one killed and three\\nwounded, and their vessels suffered little injury.^\\n462. Surrender of Santiago Porto Rico Campaign Spain sues\\nfor Peace Fall of Manila. (1898.) The city of Santiago was\\nnow untenable. Cuban insurgents held the roads by which\\nreenforcements might come; the American lines were close to\\nthe city Cervera s fleet was destroyed and the United States\\nfleet blockaded the harbor. The Spanish general surrendered\\ntlie city July 17, Avith all tlie eastern part of tlie island.\\nPorto Rico was tlie next point of attack. Tlie direction\\nof the campaign was given to Major-general Miles, the\\n1 The Spanish fleet consisted of four vessels, none of which were battle\\nships, and two torpedo-boat destroyers. The American fleet consisted, at\\nthe time of the action, of eight vessels, four of them battle ships. Cervera s\\nonly hope lay in speed, and he knew that most of his fleet would probably\\nbe lost, but he was compelled to obey orders.\\n2 Admiral Sampson had already bombarded San Juan on the northern\\ncoast, but the action was indecisive.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0510.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 433\\ncommander in chief. Landing on the sonthern coast,\\nwhere he was not expected, lie met with little opposition.\\nThe Spanish forces retreated, and the people welcomed the\\nUnited States troops. The conqnest of the island was being\\npnshed forward successfully and rapidly, when news of peace\\nstopped all fighting.\\nOn July 26, the Spanish government, through the French\\nambassador at Washington, asked upon what terms the\\nUnited States would make peace. It was more than two\\nweeks before Spain would agree to the terms offered. Mean-\\ntime Admiral Dewey was blockading Manila harbor and\\nwaiting for reenforcements. It was no easy task to secure\\non the Pacific coast transports enough to carry the large\\nbody of troops needed. Though the first body of men had\\nleft San Francisco May 25, it was tlie last of July before\\nthe commanding officer. Major-general Wesley Merritt, and\\nAdmiral Dewey thought it safe to make a land attack upon\\nthe city, and it was not until August 13 that the city sur-\\nrendered.\\n463. Terms of Peace Treaty signed December 10, 1898. On\\nAugust 12, M. Cambon, the French ambassador at Wash-\\nington, on behalf of vSpain signed the protocol or first di-aft\\nof a treaty of peace. Orders were at once given to cease\\nhostilities, but before the order could reach the Philippines,\\nManila had fallen.\\nThe Peace Commissioners appointed by Spain and the\\nUnited States met at Paris in October (1898) to discuss\\nthe terms of peace. It was not until the 10th of December\\nthat the Spaniards could agree to the terms proposed by\\nthe United States and sign the treaty.\\nThe most important provisions of the treaty are: (1) Spain\\nrelinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0511.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "434 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n(2) Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto\\nRico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in\\nthe West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Mariannes\\nor Ladrones. (3) Spain cedes to the United States the\\narchipelago known as the Philippine Islands. The United\\nStates will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars\\nwithin three months after the exchange of the ratifications\\nof the present treaty. (4) The civil rights and political\\nstatus of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby\\nceded to the United States shall be determined by the Con-\\ngress. (5) The inhabitants of the territories over which\\nSpain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured\\nin the full exercise of their religion.\\n464. Senate ratifies the Treaty February 6, 1899; Opinions\\nregarding the Treaty. (1899-1900.) Tlie President sent the\\ntreaty of peace to the Senate January 4, and after four\\nAveeks of discussion, it was passed (February G, 1899) by an\\naffirmative vote of fifty-seven, or one more than the neces-\\nsary two-thirds majority. (Co]ist. Art. 2, Sect. 2, clause\\n(2)).\\n1 Porto Kico, with the three small islands near it, Culebra and Vieques\\non the east and Mona on the west, contains about oOOO square miles, or\\nabout half as many as New Jersey. By the census taken by the United\\nStates late in 1899, the population is 958,679, about half being whites.\\nGuam is 5200 miles from San Francisco and 900 from Manila. It is\\nabout 32 miles long and has a population of about 9000. The inhabitants\\nhave come from the Philippines. Spanish is the prevailing language. The\\nisland is thickly wooded and well watered. It has an excellent harbor.\\nThe Philippines number over 1500 islands, but many of them are small.\\nThe land area is estimated at about 116,000 sfjuare miles, and the population\\nat about 8,000,000. The inhabitants are mostly Malays, but about thirty races\\nare represented. Luzon, the largest island, has an area of about 44,000\\nsquare miles, about the same as Pennsylvania, and its population is\\nabout 5,000,000. Manila is the largest city, with a population of about\\n250,000 it has one of the finest harbors in the Pacific.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0512.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "WAK WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 435\\nThe provision wliich caused the most discussion was that\\nregarding the Philippines. Many felt that to acquire them\\nas a possession meant to plunge the country into great diffi-\\nculties. Very few of the people of the islands were fit to\\nbecome citizens but could they be anything eLse, if the\\nislands became part of the United States? The ownership of\\nthe islands would be likely to involve the countrj in trouble\\nwith European nations. To keep them, it was further\\nclaimed, would be an entire change of policy for the coun-\\ntry, and was opposed to the spirit of the Declaration of\\nIndependence and the good advice in Washington s Fare-\\nwell Address.\\nOn the other hand, it was contended that as the islands\\nhad come to the nation through the war, they should be\\nretained and the United States should not shirk the difficul-\\nties and responsibilities of the situation. It was claimed\\nthat it was far better for the Filipinos that they should\\nbelong to the United States than that tliey should be left\\nto themselves or returned to Spain it was, moreover, by\\nno means sure that the islands would have to become a part\\nof the nation in the same sense as one of the territories\\nthat was a matter wliich could be left for the future to\\ndecide. The majority in the Senate probably represented\\nthe views of a majority of tlie people.\\nA day or two before the final vote on the treaty, a body\\nof Filipinos, under Emilio Aguinaldo, a native of great\\nability, attacked the American defences at Manila. The\\nnext day the Americans returned the attack, and for nearly\\na year there was a resistance to the American rule on the part\\nof the tribes which Aguinaldo represented. These tribes\\nbelong to the Tagals, a Malay race. They are in a minor-\\nity as regards the whole population, but are among the most\\nable and intelligent. By the close of the year 1899 the", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0513.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "436 HISTOKY OF THP: UNITED STATES.\\norganized resistance on the part of the Tagals appeared to\\nbe nearly ended, and the army of Agninaldo reduced to\\nmarauders and l)andits.\\n465. Cost of the War Losses Red Cross Society. With the\\nratification of the Treaty of Paris, the war Avith Spain offi-\\ncially ceased.\\nIt is impossible to calculate the exact cost of the war to\\nthe country but the direct cost of the army and navy was\\nabout fll5,000,000, while tlie increased\\nexpenditures in otlier departments of tlie\\ngovernment was very great.\\nNo war in the history of the country\\nhas been carried on with so little loss of\\nRED CROSS ARMLET lifc. No flag or guu or vessel was cap-\\nAND FLAG. turcd, aud no prisoners taken l)y the\\nenemy, except Ensign Hobson and his companions.\\nAs in the Civil War the Sanitary and Christian commis-\\nsions added greatly to the comfort and health of the soldiers,\\nso in the Spanish War did the Red Cross Society. The\\nwounded, the sick, and the suffering were carefully and skil-\\nfully attended to and their wants supplied.\\n466. Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. (1898.) After\\nthe failure of the j^lan to annex the Hawaiian Islands in 1893\\n1 The number of men in the army was about 275,000. The total loss of\\nlife in battle was under 400 that from disease about 2900. The manage-\\nment of the commissary department of the army was severely criticised for\\nsupplying food unfit for use, and the unsanitary conditions of many of the\\ncamps greatly increased the losses from disease.\\n2 The Red Cross Society was founded in 1864 at Geneva, Switzerland,\\nby delegates from the principal nations the agreements then drawn up\\nhave been signed by nearly all civilized powers. The object of the society\\nis to relieve suffering by war, pestilence, famine, flood, fire, or any calamity\\nwhich is national in extent. Miss Clara Barton is president of the Ameri-\\ncan Society,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0514.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 437\\n(Sect. 429), a republic was proclaimed, July 4, 1894, under\\nthe presidency of Sanford B. Dole. He was a native of the\\nislands, but of American parentage, and had been the head\\nof the provisional government set up after the expulsion of\\nQueen Liliuokalani. When the Republicans in the United\\nStates again came into power, a new treaty of annexation was\\nSENATE AND LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS, HONOLULU, HAWAII.\\n(From a photograph.)\\nnegotiated in 1897. This was approved by the President, and\\nsent to the Senate, but was not acted upon by that body.\\nDewey s victory at Manila showed very clearly the advan-\\ntage to the United States of owning the Hawaiian Islands\\nfor naval purposes, if for nothing else. Accordingl3% July 6,\\n1898, Congress by a joint resolution annexed the islands.\\nTlie annexation was formally proclaimed at Honolulu, and\\nthe United States flag raised, August 12, 1898. By direc-\\n1 The resolution set forth that, the Republic of Hawaii having already\\nsignified its consent to cede all rights of sovereignty over the Hawaiian\\nIslands to the United States, Congress accepts, ratifies, and confirms such\\ncession.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0515.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "438 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\ntion of President McKinley the officers of the late republic\\nwere to fulfil the duties of their positions until Congress\\nshould provide a new form of government. These officers\\ntook the oath of allegiance to the United States, and were\\nsubject to removal by the President.\\n467. Guam Wake Island. (1899.) Samoan Islands. (1889.)\\nPartition Treaty; United States acquires Tutuila. (1899.) In\\naccordance with the treaty of peace the United States took\\nformal possession of Guam February 1, 1899. On the wa}\\nthither Commander Taussig, of the United States gunboat\\nBennington^ lioisted the flag over Wake Island, a small island\\nabout two thousand miles distant from Hawaii and in the\\ndirect route from Hawaii to Hong-Kong.\\nUnder the administration of President Cleveland, the\\nUnited States (1889) joined with Great Britain and German}-\\nin guaranteeing the neutrality of the Samoan Islands in the\\nSouth Pacific, and in forming a joint protectorate over them.^\\nThere was much trouble in the islands from trade rivalry\\n1 The Hawaiian group consists of twelve islands, most of them small.\\nThe total area is about 6750 square miles. Hawaii, the largest, has an area\\nof 4210 square miles almost two thirds of the whole. The population of\\nthe islands in 1897 was 109,020. It is very mixed, hardly one third being\\nHawaiians Chinese and Japanese together form nearly one half while the\\nAmericans number but 3000. The American influence, however, has long\\nbeen very great, and the commercial intercourse of the islands is almost\\nwholly with the United States. In 1897, of the exports, 99.62 per cent went\\nto the United States, while 76.94 per cent of the imports came from the\\nUnited States. The exports consist of little besides sugar.\\n2 The Samoan group, formerly known as the Navigators Islands, consists\\nof fourteen islands lying in a line drawn from San Francisco to Auckland.\\nNew Zealand. They are about 4000 miles from Hawaii, 4200 miles from\\nManila, and 1900 miles from Auckland. They contain an area of about\\n1740 square miles, and have a total poimlation of less than 5,000. Recently\\nSamoa has become well known as the residence of the late Robert Louis\\nStevenson, the author.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0516.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. 439\\namong the foreigners and various claims for kingship among\\nthe native chiefs. These troubles resulted (January, 1899) in\\na petty war, in which the British and Americans took the\\nside of one of the chiefs. In June the three powers\\nappointed a commission to visit Samoa and adjust the\\ndifferences.\\nThe commissioners, after investigation, proposed to abolish\\nthe native government and establish one to be maintained\\nby the three powers. Great Britain, Germany, and the United\\nStates. Before this arrangement could be ratified, Great\\nBritain and Germany entered into a new agreement regard-\\ning the islands. By this agreement Great Britain, in con-\\nsideration of the withdrawal by Germany of certain claims\\nto other islands, gave up all claim to the Samoan group.\\nIt Avas further agreed that the United States should be\\ngiven Tutuila, the largest of the islands, and that Germany\\nshould have the others.^\\nThis partition treaty was signed by the President December\\n2, 1899, and confirmed by the Senate thus another island\\nin the Pacific was added to the possessions of the United\\nStates.\\n468. Prosperity in the United States. (1898-1899.) Results\\nof Spanish War. (1900.) Notwithstanding the Spanish War,\\nand the heavy taxation which it caused, the year 1898 was\\none of the most prosperous which the country has ever\\nknown. The exports were the largest on record, and\\nthough the imports were large, they yet fell far short of the\\nexports. Crops were abundant, the mills Averc busy, and\\n1 Tutuila has an area of about fifty-four square miles, and possesses the\\nharbor of Pago Pago, the finest in the South Pacific. A coaling station\\nhere was granted to the United States in 1872.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0517.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "440 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nalmost the whole country was reaping the fruits of prosperity.\\nThe year 1899 was even more prosperous than 1898.\\nPerhaps there has been no year in the history of the\\nUnited States more full of meaning than 1898. The inter-\\nvention on behalf of Cuba brought with iV results which\\nfew could foresee, and which many contemphited with fear.\\nWithin one short year the United States, almost in spite\\nof herself, had assumed the position of a power which must\\ntake part in the affairs of the whole world. Once being\\nconfined to the North American continent, she now has\\nvast dependent possessions. Her flag floats over the most\\nimportant islands in the West Indies, and she holds some\\nof the fairest and richest islands in the Pacific. Millions\\nof people, representing many and diverse races, have come\\nunder her care to be governed, to be uplifted, and to be\\ntreated Avith kindness and justice.\\nWith the close of the nineteenth century tlie United\\nStates takes its place as the richest and one of the most\\npowerful nations in the world. No nation has had such\\nopportunities, and no nation in Idstory has attained such\\ngreatness in so short a period. The problems before the\\ncountry are great and diflicult upon their right solution\\ndepend the successful future of the great Republic, and\\nthe material and moral welfare of all her millions of people.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0518.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "Appendix I.\\nMAYFLOWER COMPACT.\\nIn the name of God, Amen. We whose names are vnderwritten, the\\nloyall Subiects of our dread soveraigne Lord Kmg Iames, by the grace of\\nGod of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith c.\\nHaving vndertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian\\nFaith, and honour of our King and Countrey, a Voyage to plant the first\\nColony in the Northerne parts of Virginia doe by these presents solemnly\\nand mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant, and com-\\nbine our selues together into a civill body politike, for our better ordering\\nand preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid and by vertue\\nhereof to enact, constitute, and frame such iust and equall Lawes, Ordi-\\nnances, acts, constitutions, offices from time to time, as shall be thought\\nmost meet and convenient for the generall good of the Colony vnto which\\nwe promise all due submission and obedience. In witnesse whereof we haue\\nhere-vnder subscribed our names, CajJe Cod 11. of November, in the yeare\\nof the raigne of our soveraigne Lord King Iames, of England, France, and\\nIreland 18. and of Scotland 54. Aimo Domini 1620.\\nTaken from Mourt s Relation, edited by Henry M. Dexter, Boston, 1865.\\nIll", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0519.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "iv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nAppendix II.\\nTHE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.!\\nIn Congress, July 4, 1776.\\nTHE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED\\nSTATES OF AMERICA.\\nWhen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people\\nto dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and\\nto assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to\\nwhich the Laws of Nature and of Nature s God entitle them, a decent respect\\nto the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which\\nimpel them to the separation.\\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,\\nthat they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that\\namong these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secufe\\nthese rights. Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just\\npowers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Gov-\\nernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to\\nalter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation\\non such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall\\nseem most likely to effect their Safet}^ and Happiness. Prudence, indeed,\\nwill dictate tliat Governments long established should not be changed for\\nlight and transient causes and accordingly all experience hath shown, that\\nmankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right\\nthemselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when\\na long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object\\n1 The original copy of the Declaration of Independence, which was signed at Philadelphia, is\\nkept at the Department of State, Washington, District of Columbia. The writing is much faded,\\nand some of the signatures have nearly disappeared.\\nThe arrangement of paragraphs here adopted follows the copy in the Journals of Congress,\\nprinted by John Dunlap, which agrees with Jefferson s original draft. No names of states\\nappear in the original, though the names from each state are together, except that the signa-\\nture of Matthew Thornton, New Hampshire, follows that of Oliver Wolcott, Massachusetts.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0520.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. v\\nevinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right,\\nit is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards\\nfor tlieir future security. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Such has been the patient sufferance of these\\nColonies and such is now the necesi^ity which constrains them to alter their\\nformer Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great\\nBritain is a history of repeated inj^iries and usurpations, all having in direct\\nobject the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove\\nthis, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.\\nHe has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for\\nthe public good.\\nHe has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing\\nimportance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be\\nobtained and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to\\nthem.\\nHe has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts\\nof people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation\\nin the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants\\nonly.\\nHe has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable,\\nand distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose\\nof fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.\\nHe has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with\\nmanly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.\\nHe has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to\\nbe elected whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have\\nreturned to the People at large for their exercise the State remaining in the\\nmean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convul-\\nsions within.\\nHe has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States for that\\npurpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners refusing to\\npass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of\\nnew Appropriations of Lands.\\nHe has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent\\nto Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.\\nHe has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their\\noffices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.\\nHe has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of\\nOfficers to harrass our People, and eat out their substance.\\nHe has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies without the\\nConsent of our legislature.\\nHe has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the\\nCivil Power.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0521.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "Vi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nHe has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our\\nconstitution, and unacknowledged by our laws giving his Assent to their\\nActs of pretended Legislation:\\nFor quartering large bodies of armed .troops among us\\nFor protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders\\nwhich they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States\\nFor cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world\\nFor imposing taxes on us without our Consent\\nFor depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury\\nFor transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences\\nFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring\\nProvince, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its\\nBoundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for\\nintroducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies\\nFor taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and\\naltering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments\\nFor suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested\\nwith Power to legislate for us m all cases whatsoever.\\nHe has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection\\nand waging War against us.\\nHe has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and\\ndestroyed the lives of our people.\\nHe is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to\\ncompleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with\\ncircumstances of Cruelty perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous\\nages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.\\nHe has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to\\nbear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends\\nand Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.\\nHe has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to\\nbring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages,\\nwhose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,\\nsexes and conditions.\\nIn every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the\\nmost humble terms Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by\\nrepeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act\\nwhich may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free People.\\nNor have We been wanting in attention to our Brittish brethren. We have\\nwarned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an\\nunwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum-\\nstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their\\nnative justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0522.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nVll\\nour common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably\\ninterrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to\\nthe voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce\\nin the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold\\nthe rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.\\nWe, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in\\nGeneral Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world\\nfor the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the\\ngood People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these\\nUnited Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States\\nthat they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all\\npolitical connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and\\nought to be totally dissolved and that as Free and Independent States, they\\nhave full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish\\nCommerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States\\nmay of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm\\nreliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to\\neach other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.\\nJOHN HANCOCK.\\nk\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nJOSIAH BaRTLETT,\\nWm. Whipple,\\nMatthew Thornton.\\nMASSACHUSETTS BAY.\\nSaml. Adams,\\nJohn Adams,\\nRoBT. Treat Paine,\\nElbridge Gerry.\\nRHODE ISLAND.\\nStep. Hopkins,\\nWilliam Ellery.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nRoger Sherman,\\nSam el Huntington,\\nWm. Williams,\\nOliver Wolcott.\\nNEW YORK.\\nWm. Floyd,\\nPhil. Livingston,\\nFrans. Lewis,\\nLewis Morris.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nRiCHD. Stockton,\\nJ no. Witherspoon,\\nFras. Hopkinson,\\nJohn Hart,\\nAbra. Clark.\\nPENNSYLVANIA.\\nRoBT. Morris,\\nBenjamin Rush,\\nBen,ja. Franklin,\\nJohn Morton,\\nGeo Clymer,\\nJas. Smith,\\nGeo. Taylor,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGeo. Ross.\\nDELAWARE.\\nC^SAR Rodney,\\nGeo. Read,\\nTho. M Kean.\\nMARYLAND.\\nSamuel Chase,\\nWm, Paca,\\nThos. Stone,\\nCharles Carroll of Carroll-\\nton.\\nVIRGINIA.\\nGeorge Wythe,\\nRichard Henry Lee,\\nTh. Jefferson,\\nBenja. Harrison,\\nThos. Nelson, jr.,\\nFrancis Lightfoot Lee,\\nCarter Braxton.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWm. Hooper,\\nJoseph Hewes,\\nJohn Penn.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nEdward Rutledge,\\nThos. Heyward, Junr.,\\nThomas Lynch, Junr.,\\nArthur Middleton.\\nGEORGIA.\\nButton Gwinnett,\\nLyman Hall,\\nGeo. Walton.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0523.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "viii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nAppendix III.\\n[THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES\\nOF AMERICA.] i\\nWe the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect\\nUnion, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the\\ncommon defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bless-\\nings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish\\nthis Constitution for the United States of America.\\nARTICLE. I.\\nSection. 1. AD legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con-\\ngress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of\\nRepresentatives.\\nSection, 2. [1] The House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem-\\nbers chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the\\nElectors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of\\nthe most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.\\n[2] No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to\\nthe Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United\\nStates, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in\\nwhich he shall be chosen,\\n[3] Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the\\nseveral States which may be included within this Union, according to their\\nrespective Numbers, [which shall be determined by adding to the whole\\nNumber of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of\\n1 This text of the Constitution has been printed from the copy issued i)y the United States\\nDepartment of State which bears the indorsement, Compared with the original in the Depart-\\nment of State, April 13, 1891, and found to be correct. Those parts of the document in\\nbrackets are not in the original, or have been modified or sujjerseded by amendments, or\\nwere temporary in their character.\\n2 The apportionment under the census of 1890 is one representative to every 173,901.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0524.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ix\\nYears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons]. i\\nThe actual Enumeration shall be made withiji three Years after the first\\nMeeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent\\nTerm of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Num-\\nber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but\\neach State shall have at Least one Representative [and until such enumera-\\ntion shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse\\nthree, Massachusetts eight, Rhode- Island and Providence Plantations one,\\nConnecticut five, New^-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Dela-\\nware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Carolina\\nfive, and Georgia three.]\\n[4] When vacancies happen in the Representation from anv State, the\\nExecutive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Va-\\ncancies.\\n[5] The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other\\nOfi cers and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.\\nSection. 3. [1] The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two\\nSenators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years\\nand each Senator shall have one Vote.\\n[2] Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first\\nElection, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The\\nSeats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of\\nthe second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year,\\nand of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third\\nmay be chosen every second Year and if Vacancies happen by Resignation,\\nor otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Execu-\\ntive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of\\nthe Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.\\n[3] No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age\\nof thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who\\nshall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be\\nchosen.\\n[4] The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the\\nSenate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.\\n[5] The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro\\ntempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise\\nthe Office of President of the United States.\\n[6] The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When\\nsitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the\\nPresident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside And\\n1 The clause in brackets has been superseded by the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments.\\nThe Speaker is always one of the representatives the other otlicers are lot.\\ni", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0525.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "X HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nno Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the\\nMembers present.\\n[7] Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to\\nremoval from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of\\nhonor, Trust or Profit under the United States but the Party convicted\\nshall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and\\nPunishment, according to Law.\\nSection. 4. [1] The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for\\nSenators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis-\\nlature thereof but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such\\nRegulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.\\n[2] The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such\\nMeeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law\\nappoint a different Day.\\nSection. 5. [1] Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns\\nand Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute\\na Quorum to do Business but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to\\nday, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members,\\nin such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.\\n[2] Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its\\nMembers for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds,\\nexpel a Member.\\n[3] Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to\\ntime publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require\\nSecrecy and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any\\nquestion shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the\\nJournal.\\n[4] Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the\\nConsent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other\\nPlace than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.\\nSection. 6. [1] The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com-\\npensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the\\nTreasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason,\\nFelony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their\\nAttendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and\\nreturning from the same and for any Speech or Debate in either House,\\nthey shall not be questioned in any other Place.\\n[2] No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was\\nelected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United\\n1 At present (1S93) this is $5000 per annum, with 125 annual allowance for stationery and\\nnewspapers, and a mileage allowance of twenty cents per mile of travel each way from their\\nhomes at each annual session.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0526.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xi\\nStates, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have\\nbeen encreased during such time and no Person holding any Office under\\nthe United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance\\nin Office.\\nSection. 7. [1] All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House\\nof Representatives but the Senate may propose or concur with Amend-\\nments as on other Bills.\\n[2] Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and\\nthe Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of\\nthe United States if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return\\nit, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who\\nshall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to recon-\\nsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree\\nto pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other\\nHouse, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two\\nthirds of that House, it shall become a Law, But in all such Cases the Votes\\nof both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the\\nPersons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of\\neach House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President\\nwithin ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to\\nhim, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless\\nthe Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it\\nshall not be a Law.\\n[3] Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the\\nSenate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-\\ntion of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United\\nStates and before the same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or\\nbeing disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed\\nin the Case of a Bill.\\nSection. 8. [1] The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes,\\nDuties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common\\nDefence and general Welfare of the United States but all Duties, Imposts\\nand Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States\\n[2] To borrow Money on the credit of the United States\\n[3J To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several\\nStates, and with the Indian Tribes\\n[4] To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on\\nthe subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States\\n[5] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and\\nfix the Standard of Weights and Measures\\n[6] To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and\\ncurrent Coin of the United States", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0527.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "xii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n[7] To establish Post Offices and post Roads\\n[8] To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for\\nlimited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respec-\\ntive Writings and Discoveries\\n[9] To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court\\n[10] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high\\nSeas, and Offences against the Law of Nations\\n[11] To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make\\nRules concerning Captures on Land and Water\\n[12] To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that\\nUse shall be for a longer Term than two Years\\n[13] To provide and maintain a Navy\\n[14] To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and\\nnaval Forces\\n[15] To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the\\nUnion, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions\\n[16] To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and\\nfor governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the\\nUnited States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of\\nthe Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the disci-\\npline prescribed by Congress\\n[17] To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such\\nDistrict (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular\\nStates, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government\\nof the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased\\nby the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be,\\nfor the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other need-\\nful Buildings And\\n[18] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying\\ninto Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this\\nConstitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department\\nor Officer thereof.\\nSection. 9. [1] [The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any\\nof the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro-\\nhibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and\\neight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on sach Importation, not exceeding\\nten dollars for each Person.] i\\n[2] The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,\\nunless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may\\nrequire it.\\n[3] No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.\\nA temporary clause no louger iu force.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0528.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xiii\\n[4] No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion\\nto the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.\\n[5] No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.\\n[6] No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or\\nRevenue to the Ports of one State over those of another nor shall Vessels\\nbound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in\\nanother.\\n[7] No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of\\nAppropriations made by Law and a regular Statement and Account of the\\nReceipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time\\nto time.\\n[8] No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States And no\\nPerson holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the\\nConsent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title,\\nof any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.i\\nSection. 10. [1] No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Con-\\nfederation grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal coin Money emit Bills\\nof Credit make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment\\nof Debts pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing\\nthe Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.\\n[2j No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts\\nor Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary\\nfor executing it s inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and\\nImposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the\\nTreasury of the United States and all such Laws shall be subject to\\nthe Revision and Controul of the Congress.\\n[3] No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of\\nTonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any\\nAgreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or\\nengage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will\\nnot admit of delay\\nARTICLE. II.\\nSection. 1. [1] The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the\\nUnited States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four\\nYears, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be\\nelected, as follows\\n[2] Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof\\nmay direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators\\n1 The personal rights enumerated in Section 9, have been added to, and extended by, Amend-\\nments I.-X.\\n2 The provisions of Section 10 have been modified and extended by Amendments XIII -XV.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0529.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "xiv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nand Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:\\nbut no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or\\nProfit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.\\n[3 j [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot\\nfor two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same\\nState with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted\\nfor, and of the Number of Votes for each which List they shall sign and\\ncertify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United\\nStates, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate\\nshall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open\\nall the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having\\nthe greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be\\na Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed and if there be more\\nthan one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then\\nthe House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them\\nfor President and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest\\non the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But\\nin chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representa-\\ntion from each State having one Vote A quorum for this Purpose shall con-\\nsist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority\\nof all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the\\nChoice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of\\nthe Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or\\nmore who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the\\nVice President.] i\\n[4] The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and\\nthe Day on which they shall give their Votes which Day shall be the same\\nthroughout the United States.\\n[5] No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United\\nStates, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to\\nthe Office of President neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office\\nwho shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been four-\\nteen Years a Resident within the United States.\\n[6] In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,\\nResignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said\\nOffice, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may\\nby Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability,\\nboth of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then\\nact as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability\\nbe removed, or a President shall be elected.\\n1 This clause has been superseded by Amendment XII.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0530.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xv\\n[7] The President shall, at stated Thnes, receive for his Services, a Com-\\npensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period\\nfor which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that\\nPeriod any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.\\n[8] Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the fol-\\nlowing Oath or Affirmation I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will\\nfaithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to\\nthe best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the\\nUnited States.\\nSection. 2. [1] The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army\\nand Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when\\ncalled into the actual Service of the United States he may require the\\nOpinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive De-\\npartments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices,\\nand he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against\\nthe United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.\\n[2] He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the\\nSenate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present con-\\ncur and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the\\nSenate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,\\nJudges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States,\\nwhose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall\\nbe established by Law but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment\\nof such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the\\nCourts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.\\n[3] The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may\\nhappen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which\\nshall expire at the End of their next Session.\\nSection. 3. [1] He shall from time to time give to the Congress Informa-\\ntion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such\\nMeasures as he shall judge necessary and expedient he may, on extraor-\\ndinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of\\nDisagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he\\nmay adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper he shall receive\\nAmbassadors and other public Ministers he shall take Care that the Laws\\nbe faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United\\nStates.\\nSection. 4. [1] The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the\\nUnited States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Con-\\nviction of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0531.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "xvi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nARTICLE. III.\\nSection. 1. [1] The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested\\nin one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from\\ntime to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and\\ninferior Courts, shall hold their Oifices during good Behaviour, and shall, at\\nstated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be\\ndiminished during their continuance in Office.\\nSection. 2. [1] The judicial Power shall extend to all cases, in Law and\\nEquity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and\\nTreaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority to all Cases\\naffecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls to all Cases\\nof admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction to Controversies to which the\\nUnited States shall be a Party to Controversies between two or more\\nStates between a State and Citizens of another State i between Citizens\\nof different States, between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands\\nunder Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,\\nand foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.\\n[2] In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con-\\nsuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall liave\\noriginal Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme\\nCourt shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such\\nExceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.\\n[3] The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by\\nJury and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall\\nhave been committed but when not committed within any State, the Trial\\nshall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.\\nSection. 3. [1] Treason against the United States, shall consist only in\\nlevying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid\\nand Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testi-\\nmony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open\\nCourt.\\n[2] The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason,\\nbut no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture\\nexcept during the Life of the Person attainted.\\nARTICLE. IV.\\nSection. 1. [1] Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to\\ntlie public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And\\n1 Modified bv Amendment XI.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0532.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, xvii\\nthe Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,\\nRecords and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.\\nSection. 2. [1] The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privi-\\nleges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. i\\n[2] A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime,\\nwho shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand\\nof the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,\\nto be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.\\n[3] [No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws\\nthereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Pegula-\\ntion therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered\\nup on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.] 2\\nSection. 3. [1] New States may be admitted by the Congress into this\\nUnion but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction\\nof any other State nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more\\nStates, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the\\nStates concerned as well as of the Congress.\\n[2] The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful\\nRules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging\\nto the United States and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed\\nas to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.\\nSection. 4. [1] The United States shall guarantee to every State in this\\nUnion a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them\\nagainst Invasion and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive\\n(when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.\\nARTICLE. V.\\n[1] The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it\\nnecessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Appli-\\ncation of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Con-\\nvention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to\\nall Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the\\nLegislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three\\nfourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed\\nby the Congress Provided that [no Amendment which may be made prior\\nto the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect\\nthe first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article and\\nthat] 3 no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it s equal Suffrage\\nin the Senate.\\n1 Provisions extended by Amendment XIV.\\n2 Superseded by Amendment XIII.\\n3 Temporary in its nature.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0533.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "xviii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nARTICLE. VI.\\n[1] All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adop-\\ntion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under\\nthis Constitution, as under the Confederation.\\n[2] This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be\\nmade in Pursuance thereof and all Treaties made, or which shall be\\nmade, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of\\nthe Land and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing\\nin the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.\\n[3] The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members\\nof the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both\\nof the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or\\nAffirmation, to support this Constitution but no religious Test shall ever be\\nrequired as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United\\nStates.\\nARTICLE. VII.\\n[1] The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient\\nfor the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the\\nSame.\\nThe Word, the being in-\\nterlined between the seventh\\nand eighth Lines of the first DoNE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent\\nPage, The Word Thirty\\nbeing partly written on an\\nErazure in the fifteenth Line\\nof the first Page, The Words\\nof the States present the Seventeenth Day of\\nSeptember in the Year of our Lord one thousand\\nis tried being interlined seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the\\nbetween the thirty second and\\nthirty third Lines of the first Indepeudancc of the United States of America\\nPage and the Word the\\nbeing interlined between the\\nforty third and forty fourth hereunto Subscribed our Names,\\nLines of the second Page.\\n[Note by Printer. The\\ninterlined and rewritten\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0words, mentioned in the\\nthe Twelfth In Witness whereof We have\\nGO WASHINGTON Fresidt.\\nabove explanation, are in this and deputy from Virginia\\nedition, printed in their proper\\nplaces in the text.]\\nAttest William Jackson Secretary", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0534.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xix\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nJohn Langdon\\nNicholas Gilman\\nMASSACHUSETTS.\\nNathaniel Gorham\\nRuFus King\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nWm Saml. Johnson\\nRoger Sherman\\nNEW YORK.\\nAlexander Hamilton\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nWiL Livingston\\nDavid Brearley.\\nWm. Paterson.\\nJoNA Dayton\\nPENNSYLVANIA.\\nB Franklin\\nThomas Mifflin\\nRoBT. Morris\\nGeo. Clymer\\nThos. Fitz Simons\\nJared Ingersoll\\nJames Wilson\\nGouv Morris\\nDELAWARE.\\nGeo Read\\nGunning Bedford jun\\nJohn Dickinson\\nRichard Bassett\\nJaco Broom\\nMARYLAND.\\nJames McHenry\\nDan of St Thos. Jenifer\\nDanl Carroll\\nVIRGINIA.\\nJohn Blair\\nJames Madison Jr.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWm Blount\\nRiCHD. DOBBS SpAIGHT.\\nHu Williamson\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nJ. Rutledge\\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney\\nCharles Pinckney\\nPierce Butler.\\nGEORGIA.\\nWilliam Few\\nAbr Baldwin", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0535.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "XX HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nARTICLES\\nAddition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United\\nStates of America, proposed by Congress and ratified by\\nthe Legislatures of the Several States, pursuant\\nTO THE Fifth Article of the Constitution.\\n[ARTICLE L]\\nCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or\\nprohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or\\nof the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition\\nthe Government for a redress of grievances.\\n[ARTICLE II.]\\nA well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State,\\nthe right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.\\n[ARTICLE III.]\\nNo Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the\\nconsent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed\\nby law.\\n[ARTICLE IV.]\\nThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and\\neffects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and\\nno Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or\\naffirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the\\npersons or things to be seized.\\n[ARTICLE v.]\\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous\\ncrime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0536.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xxi\\ncases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual\\nservice in time of War or public danger nor shall any person be subject for\\nthe same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb nor shall be\\ncompelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be de-\\nprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall\\nprivate property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\\n[ARTICLE VI.]\\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy\\nand public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the\\ncrime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously\\nascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu-\\nsation to be confronted with the witnesses against him to have compul-\\nsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance\\nof Counsel for his defence.\\n[ARTICLE Vn.]\\nIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed\\ntwenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact\\ntried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United\\nStates, than according to the rules of the common law.\\n[ARTICLE Vm.]\\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel\\nand unusual punishments inflicted.\\n[ARTICLE IX.]\\nThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con-\\nstrued to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\\n[ARTICLE X.]i\\nThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor\\nprohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to\\nthe people.\\n[ARTICLE XL] 2\\nThe Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend\\nto any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the\\nUnited States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any\\nForeign State.\\n1 Amendments I.-X. were proclaimed to be in force December 15, 1791.\\nProclaimed to be in force January 8, 1T9S.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0537.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "xxii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n[ARTICLE XII.] 1\\nThe Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for\\nPresident and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab-\\nitant of the same state with themselves they shall name in their ballots the\\nperson voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as\\nVice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as\\nPresident, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number\\nof votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed\\nto the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President\\nof the Senate The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate\\nand House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall\\nthen be counted The person having the greatest number of votes for\\nPresident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole\\nnumber of Electors appointed and if no person have such majority, then\\nfrom the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list\\nof those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose\\nimmediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the\\nvotes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one\\nvote a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from\\ntwo-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to\\na choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President\\nwhenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day\\nof March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as\\nin the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.\\nThe person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be\\nthe Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of\\nElectors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two\\nhighest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President;\\na quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of\\nSenators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.\\nBut no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be\\neligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.\\n[ARTICLE Xm.]2\\nSection 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish-\\nment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist\\nwithin the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.\\nSection 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro-\\npriate legislation.\\n1 Proclaimed to be in force September 25, 1804.\\n2 Proclaimed to be in force December 18, 1865.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0538.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, xxiii\\n[ARTICLE XIV.] 1\\nSection 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub-\\nject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the\\nState wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which\\nshall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States\\nnor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without\\ndue process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal\\nprotection of the laws.\\nSection 2. Eepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several States\\naccording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons\\nin each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote\\nat any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of\\nthe United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial\\nofficers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to\\nany of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,\\nand citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for partici-\\npation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall\\nbe reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall\\nbear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such\\nState.\\nSection 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,\\nor elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or mili-\\ntary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously\\ntaken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States,\\nor as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer\\nof any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have\\nengaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort\\nto the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each\\nHouse, remove such disability.\\nSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author-\\nized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties\\nfor services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.\\nBut neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or\\nobligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United\\nStates, or any claim for the loss of emancipation of any slave but all such\\ndebts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.\\nSection 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate\\nlegislation, the provisions of this article.\\n1 Proclaimed to be in force July 28, 1868.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0539.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "xxiv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n[ARTICLE XV.] 1\\nSection 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shan not be\\ndenied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,\\ncolor, or previous condition of servitude.\\nSection 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by\\nappropriate legislation.\\n1 Proclaimed to be in force March 80, 1870.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0540.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S SECOND INAUGURAL. xxv\\nAppendix IV.\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN S SECOND INAUGURAL\\nADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865.\\nFellow-countrymen At this second appearing to take the oath of the\\nPresidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there\\nwas at the first. Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be\\npursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years,\\nduring which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every\\npoint and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and\\nengrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented.\\nThe progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well\\nknown to the public as to myself and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory\\nand encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in\\nregard to it is ventured.\\nOn the occasion corresponding to this, four years ago, all thoughts were\\nanxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it all sought to\\navert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place,\\ndevoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were\\nin the city seeking to destroy it without war seeking to dissolve the Union,\\nand divide effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one\\nof them would make war rather than let the nation survive and the other\\nwould accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came.\\nOne-eighth of the whole population were .colored slaves, not distributed\\ngenerally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These\\nslaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this\\ninterest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and\\nextend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the\\nUnion, even by war, while the government claimed no right to do more than\\nto restrict the territorial enlargement of it.\\nNeither party expected for the war the uiagnitude or the duration which\\nit has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict\\nmight cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each\\nlooked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0541.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "xxvi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBoth read the same Bible, and pray to the same God and each invokes his\\naid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to\\nask a just God s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other\\nmen s faces but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of\\nboth could not be answered that of neither has been answered fully. The\\nAlmighty has his own purposes. Woe unto the world because of offenses\\nfor it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the\\noffense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of these\\noffenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, hav-\\ning continued through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that\\nhe gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those\\nby whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from\\nthose divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to\\nhim Fondly do we hope fervently do we pray that this mighty scourge\\nof war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the\\nwealth piled by the bondman s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited\\ntoil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall\\nbe paid with another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand\\nyears ago, so still it must be said, The judgments of the Lord are true and\\nrighteous altogether.\\nWith malice toward none with charity for all with firmness in the right,\\nas God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in\\nto bind up the nation s wounds to care for him who shall have borne the\\nbattle, and for his widow, and his orphan to do all which may achieve\\nand cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0542.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "ADMISSION OF THE STATES, POPULATION, ETC. xxvii\\nAppendix V.\\nDATE OF THE ADMISSION OF THE STATES, SQUARE MILES\\nIN EACH, AND POPULATION AT THE CENSUS OF 1890.\\nDate of\\nAdmission.\\nSquare\\nMiles.\\nPopulation.\\n1890.\\n1. Delaware\\n2. Pennsylvania r\\n3. New Jersey 2\\n4. Georgia\\n5. Connecticut -g\\n6. Massachusetts g\\n7. Maryland O\\n8. South Carolina\\n9. New Hampshire\\n10. Virginia cS\\n1 1 New York\\n12. North Carolina\\n13. Rhode Island\\n14. Vermont admitted\\n15. Kentucky\\n16. Tennessee\\n17. Ohio\\n18. Louisiana\\n19. Indiana\\n20. Mississippi\\n21. Illinois\\n22. Alabama\\n23. Maine\\n24. Missouri\\n25. Arkansas\\n26. Michigan\\n27. Florida\\n28. Texas\\n29. Iowa\\n30. Wisconsin\\n31. California\\n32. Minnesota\\n33. Oregon\\n34. Kansas\\n35. West Virginia\\n36. Nevada\\n37. Nebraska\\n38. Colorado\\n39. North Dakota\\n40. South Dakota\\n41. Montana\\n42. Washington\\n43. Idaho\\n44. Wyoming\\n45. Utah\\nDec.\\nDec.\\nDec.\\nJan.\\nJan.\\nFeb.\\nApril\\nMay\\nJune\\nJune\\nJuly\\nNov.\\nMay\\n7, 1787\\n12, 1787\\n18, 1787\\n2, 1788\\n9, 1788\\n6, 1788\\n28, 1788\\n23, 1788\\n21, 1788\\n25, 1788\\n26, 1788\\n21, 1789\\n29, 1790\\nMarch 4, 1791\\nJune\\nJune\\nFeb.\\nApril\\nDec.\\nDec.\\nDec.\\nDec.\\n1, 1792\\n1, 1796\\n19, 1803\\n8, 1812\\n11, 1816\\n10, 1817\\n3, 1818\\n14, 1819\\nMarch 15, 1820\\nAug. 10, 1821\\nJune 15, 1836\\nJan. 26, 1837\\nMarch 3, 1845\\nDec. 29, 1845\\nDec. 28, 1846\\n29, 1848\\n9, 1850\\n11, 1858\\n14, 1859\\n29, 1861\\n19, 1863\\n31, 1864\\nMarch 1, 1867\\nAug. 1, 1876\\nNov. 3, 1889\\nNov.\\nNov.\\nNov.\\nJuly\\nJuly\\nJan.\\nMay\\nSept.\\nMay\\nFeb.\\nJan.\\nJune\\nOct.\\n3, 1889\\n8, 1889\\n11, 1889\\n3, 1890\\n10, 1890\\n4, 1S96\\n2,050\\n45,215\\n7,815\\n59,475\\n4,990\\n8,315\\n12,210\\n30,570\\n9,305\\n42,450\\n49,170\\n52,250\\n1,250\\n9,565\\n40,400\\n42,050\\n41,060\\n48,720\\n36,350\\n46,810\\n56,650\\n52,250\\n33,040\\n69,415\\n53,850\\n58,915\\n58,680\\n265.780\\n56,025\\n56,040\\n158,360\\n83,365\\n96,030\\n82,080\\n24,780\\n110,700\\n77,510\\n103,925\\n70,795\\n77,650\\n146,080\\n69,180\\n84,800\\n97,890\\n84,970\\n168,493\\n5,258,014\\n1,444,933\\n1,837,353\\n746,258\\n2,238,943\\n1,042,390\\n1,151,149\\n376,530\\n1,655,980\\n5,997,853\\n1,617,947\\n345,506\\n332,422\\n1,858,635\\n1,767,518\\n3,672,316\\n1,118,587\\n2,192,404\\n1,289,600\\n3,826,351\\n1,513,017\\n661,086\\n2,679,184\\n1,128,179\\n2,093,889\\n391,422\\n2,235,523\\n1,911,896\\n1,686,880\\n1,208,130\\n1,301,826\\n313,767\\n1,427,096\\n762,794\\n45,761\\n1,058,910\\n412,198\\n182,719\\n328,808\\n132,159\\n349,390\\n84,385\\n60,705\\n207,905", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0543.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "XXVlll\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nTERRITORIES, Etc.\\nOrganized.\\nSquare\\nMiles.\\nPopulation.\\nDistrict of Columbia\\nMar. 30, 1791\\nSept. 9, 1850\\nFeb. 24, 1863\\nApr. 21, 1889\\nJune 30, 1834\\n(Mar. 30, 1867 1)\\n70\\n122,580\\n113,020\\n39,030\\n31,400\\n577,390 2\\n230 392\\n153 593\\n59,620\\n61,834\\n32,052\\nIndian Territory (no territorial government)\\nTotal gross area (land and water), exclusive of Alaska. .3,025,600 sq. miles.\\nTotal water surface, exclusive of Alaska 55,600 sq. miles.\\nTotal land surface, exclusive of Alaska .2,970,000 sq. miles.\\nTotal gross surface, with Alaska (estimated) 3,602,990 sq. miles.\\nTotal population, exclusive of white persons in Indian Territory, Indians on\\nReservations, and Alaska 62,622,250\\nTotal number of Indians on Reservations, exclusive of Alaska 133,382\\nTotal number of Indians in United States, exclusive of Alaska 249,273\\nTotal number of Indians in Alaska 23,531\\nNote. Works of reference differ in giving statistics of the states and\\nterritories. Those given above are, with few exceptions, on the authority\\nof The Public Domain, Thomas Donaldson, Washington, 1884, and the publi-\\ncations of the Eleventh Census of the United States. The areas given are\\nthose of the Eleventh Census, and are gross (land and water).\\nBought from Russia March 30, 1867. 2 Estimated.\\n3 The Indians not under charge of the United States are slowly increasing. The Reser-\\nvation Indians are slowly decreasing, hut this decrease may be from their leaving the reservations\\nand voluntarily taking the duties of citizenship ui)on themselves. Census Report.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0544.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nXXIX\\nAppendix VI.\\nGROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. POPULATION AT EACH\\nCENSUS, ALSO THE URBAN POPULATION.i\\nYear.\\nPopulation.\\nPopulation\\nliving in Cities.\\nInhabitants of Cities\\nin each 100 of the\\nTotal Population.\\n1790\\n3,929,214\\n131,472\\n3.35\\n1800\\n5,308,483\\n210,873\\n3.97\\n1810\\n7,239,881\\n356,920\\n4.93\\n1820\\n9,633,822\\n475,135\\n.4.93\\n1830\\n12,866,020\\n1,864,509\\n6.72\\n1840\\n17,069,453\\n1,453,994\\n8.52\\n1850\\n23,191,876\\n2,897,586\\n12.49\\n1860\\n31,443,321\\n5,072,256\\n16.13\\n1870\\n38,558,371\\n8,071,875\\n20.93\\n1880\\n50,155,783\\n11,318,547\\n22.57\\n1890\\n62,622,250\\n18,284,385\\n29.20\\nANNEXATIONS OF\\nTERRITORY.\\n1 Louisiana Pure\\n2. Florida Cessio\\n3. Texas Annexa\\n4. Mexican Cessi\\n5. Gadsden Purcl\\n6. Alaska Purcha\\nihase 1803\\nn 1819\\ntion 1845\\non 1848\\ntiase 1853\\nse 1867\\n1,032,790 s\\n58,680 s\\n371,063 s\\n522,568 s\\n45,535 s\\n577,390 s\\njquare miles,\\njquare miles,\\nquare miles.\\nquare miles,\\nquare miles,\\nquare miles.\\n1 From Compendium of the Eleventh Census, Part I., p. Ixxi.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0545.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "XXX\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nAppendix VII.\\nPOPULATION OF THE FREE AND SLAVE STATES, 1790-1860.1\\nFrom Tribune Almanac, 1862.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0546.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS.\\nXXXI\\nAppendix VIIL\\nREPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FROM 1790 TO 1893.\\nTear.\\nSenate.\\nHouse of Representatives.\\nRatio of\\nFree States. Slave States.\\nFree States.\\nSlave States.\\nRepresentation.\\n1790\\n14\\n12\\n35\\n30\\n30,000\\n1793\\n16\\n14\\n57\\n48\\n33,000\\n1796\\n16\\n16\\n57 49\\n33,000\\n1803\\n18\\n16\\n76\\n65\\n33,000\\n1813\\n18\\n18\\n103 j 78\\n35,000\\n1816\\n20\\n18\\n103\\n78\\n35,000\\n1821\\n24\\n24\\n105\\n81\\n35,000\\n1823\\n24\\n24\\n123\\n90\\n40,000\\n1833\\n24\\n24\\n141\\n99\\n47,700\\n1837\\n26\\n26\\n142\\n100\\n47,700\\n1843\\n26\\n26\\n135\\n88\\n70,680\\n1848\\n30\\n30\\n140 i 91\\n70,680\\n1853\\n32\\n30\\n144 90\\n93,423\\n1860\\n36\\n30\\n147 90\\n93,423\\n1863\\n72\\n243\\n127,381\\n1873\\n76\\n293\\n131,425\\n1883\\n76\\n325\\n151,911\\n1893\\n88\\n356\\n173,901\\n1 The number of representatives is fixed by Congress every ten years ^^Constitution, Art. I.\\nsect. 2 [3]). By the last act it was provided that there should be one representative for every\\n173,901 persons.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0547.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "XXXll\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nX\\nM\\nQ\\na\\nCO\\n1\\n.2\\n1\\na a\\no c\\n.a j3\\naa\\no\\nUJiltlJ\\n!;i s 111\\nIII Is l^ll\\n1\\nD\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\nm\\ncc\\n-s\\nu\\n.H 13\\n\u00c2\u00ab5\\ni\\naj a a\\na aaa-jiCioa\\n-SS 8 8\\nc5 cSiScS-iJcS*io3\\no\\nO 00\u00c2\u00abc3t)?St)\\nif\\nO ;X\\n3 oT\\no s\\ns\\ni.iai.l.aii|l\\niS-\\na^\\nfi\u00c2\u00ab\\nS\\nc\\nP?S^,Q^^fiQ (vj Pi\\n;S ^WWfifScfS\\n.ift\\nCO M CO\\n.00\\nlo S g\\n8B\\no\\n-g\\ni\\n1-\\nCO\\n05\\n1\\nGO o \u00c2\u00bb5 g \u00c2\u00bbco o/ c\\n1\\nEh\\nto\\na\\nCO\\no\\nm\\no\\na\\no\\no\\no\\np 1 oi \u00c2\u00ab=g\\na\\nto\\n1=\\na a -a a a a\\nH CcKcoOOiSP-\\nHO\\nH\\nH\\nH\\no\\nH\\nCCccC^ -iCO O ec\\nC5\u00c2\u00ab0\\no\\no\\ni\\nc\\neoi-io\\nS\\ns\\nP\\nC/JCCC\u00c2\u00bbCOCOC\u00c2\u00bbCOCO CO c\u00c2\u00bb\\nCO coQCco\\nm\\nS\\ni\\ng\\ng\\nlulling 1 1\\n1 iSiSiii\\n_ _ _ _ ___^____ _ _ _ ^___\\n.2\\n+2\\no\\n.o^^^-Sp\\n^J^\\neS\\nC3/3\\nC rt to O ^X CO\\n^.2 3\u00c2\u00b0S-S^Wg g\\ncS\\n.2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2t -l ar-\\nM\\nSd^\\na\\nSi\\nTc\\nq\\nTo\\na\\nk)^\\nr\\nI\\nr-\\nr^\\nH\\n(?;o; Ehk1^^ c- H\\n1\\n(1h\\nc\\no\\nbe\\nc\\nII\\n1\\ni\\no\\ni\\n1\\nS\\na\\no\\nI\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-5\\nto\\ns\\ntS\\na\\n1\\n1\\na\\no\\na\\nc\\ns=\u00c2\u00bb%*l=l 3 1\\n\u00c2\u00a3::=a u-c\\n1 ^lllllt\\n1 III si Li\\nticfoac:;:\\no\\nT-H(M\\nC 5\\n\u00c2\u00bbo\\nJ\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\naoo5Ci-iojcO *\u00c2\u00bbo -0\\nCO 050r-l N cCt\\nSz;\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a211", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0548.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "CHIEF DATES IN AMERICAN HISTOKY.\\nXXXlll\\nAppendix X.\\nCHIEF DATES IN AMERICAN HISTORY.\\nDiscovery and Attempts at Col-\\nonization, 1000-1605.\\nThe Northmen, 1000(?).\\nColumbus discovers San Salvador, October 12,\\n1492.\\nThe Cabots discover the continent of North\\nAmerica, 1497.\\nAmerigo Vespucci makes four voyages, 1499-\\n1503.\\nWaldseemiiller suggests the name America,\\n1507.\\nPonce de Leon discovers Florida, 1513.\\nBalboa discovers the Pacific, 1518.\\nOne ship of Magellan s fleet sails round the\\nworld, 1519-1522.\\nCortez conquers Mexico for Spain, 1519-1521.\\nDe Soto discovers the Mississippi, 1541 dies,\\n1542.\\nMenendez, the Spaniard, settles St. Augustine,\\nFlorida, the oldest town in the United States,\\n1565.\\nMartin Frobisher attempts to make a settle-\\nment in Labrador, 1576.\\nSanta F^, New Mexico, founded by the Span-\\niards, 15S2(?).\\nSir Humphrey Gilbert s voyages, 1578-1583.\\nSir Walter Ralegh s attempts at colonization,\\n1584-1587.\\nGosnold s colony at Cuttyhunk, Buzzards\\nBay (a failure), 1602.\\nColonization and Inter-Colonial\\nWars, 1605-1763.\\nFrench settle Port Eoyal (Annapolis) in Aca-\\ndie, 1605.\\nCharters granted to the London and Plymouth\\nCompanies, 1606.\\nJamestown, Virginia, the first permanent\\nEnglish settlement in America, founded,\\n1607.\\nChamplain founds Quebec, 1608.\\nHenry Hudson discovers the Hudson River,\\n1609.\\nTrading post established by the Dutch on\\nManhattan Island, 1613.\\nVirginia House of Burgesses, the first repre-\\nsentative body in America, meets, 1619.\\nA Dutch ship brings to Virginia the first cargo\\nof negro slaves, 1619.\\nPilgrims land at Plymouth, December 21, 1620.\\nFort Amsterdam, afterwards New York,\\nfounded by the Dutch, 1626.\\nJohn Endicott comes to Naumkeag (Salem),\\n1628.\\nPatroons in New York, 1629.\\nBoston founded, 1630.\\nCharter granted to Lord Baltimore, 1632.\\nCollegiate School of the Dutch Church found-\\ned, 1633.1\\nLeonard Calvert founds St. Mary s, Maryland,\\n1684.\\nReligious toleration granted in Maryland to all\\nwho believe in Jesus Christ, 1634.\\nWethersfield, Hartford, and Windsor, Con-\\nnecticut, founded, 1635.\\nBoston Latin School founded, 1635.^\\nHarvard College founded, 1636.\\nRoger Williams founds Providence, Rhode\\nIsland, 1636.\\nPequot War, 1686, 1687.\\nNew Haven founded, 16.38.\\nSwedes settle on the Delaware River, 1688.\\nFundamental Orders of Connecticut, first\\nAvritten constitution in America, January\\n14, 1638(9).\\nUnited Colonies of New England, 1643.\\nToleration Act in Maryland, 1649.\\n1 Still flourishing in 1893.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0549.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "XXXIV\\nHISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES.\\nThe Quakers in Massachusetts and Plymouth,\\n1656.\\nTVilliam Eobinson and Marmaduke Stevenson,\\ntwo Quakers, hung on Boston Common,\\n1659.\\nMary Dyer, a Quaker, hung on Boston Com-\\nmon, 1660.\\nWilliam Leddra, a Quaker, hung on Boston\\nCommon, 1661.\\nEliot s Indian New Testament printed, 1661.\\nKhode Island Charter (in force till 1S43), 1663.\\nEliofs Indian Bible printed, 1663.\\nEnglish capture New Amsterdam, which be-\\ncomes New York, 1664.\\nElizabeth, New Jersey, settled by the EngUsh,\\n1665.\\nThe Model government for CaroUna, 1669.\\nSettlement on the Ashley River, South Caro-\\nlina, 1670.\\nGeorge Fox visits America, 1672.\\nA Dutch fleet captures New York, 1673.\\nNew Jersey divided into East and West Jer-\\nsey, 1674.\\nNew York restored to the Enghsh by treaty,\\n1674.\\nKing Philip s War, 1675.\\nBacon s Rebellion in Virginia, 1676.\\nMassachusetts buys Gorges s rights in Maine,\\n1677.\\nWilliam Penn and others buy West Jersey,\\n1677.\\nPhiladelphia founded, 1682.\\nWilliam Penn lands at Chester, 1682.\\nMassachusetts charter annulled, 16S4.\\nRule of Sir Edmund Andros, 1686-16S8.\\nWiUiam Penn Charter School founded in Phila-\\ndelphia. 16S9.1\\nKing William s War, 1689-1697.\\nJacob Leisler, Heutenant-governor of New\\nYork, 1689.\\nFirst Congress of Colonies at New York, 1690.\\nMassachusetts given a new charter, 1691.\\nLeisler executed, 1691.\\nWilliam and Mary College, Virginia, founded,\\n1692.\\nWitchcraft delusion, 1692, 1693. [1695.\\nJohn Archdale, governor of North Carolina,\\nPeace of Ryswick in Europe, end of King\\nWilliam s Var, 1697.\\nYale College founded, 1701.\\nQueen Anne s War begins, 1702.\\nBoston News Letter, first American news-\\npaper, 1704.\\nQueen Anne s Wars ended by Treaty of\\nUtrecht, 1713.\\nEngland secures the right to supply America\\n-with slaves (the Assiento), 1713.\\nTuscaroras join the Five Nations, which be-\\ncome the Six Nations, 1713.\\nRhode Island disfranchises Roman CathoHcs,\\n1715.\\nNew Orleans founded by the French, 1718.\\nBering sails through Bering s Straits, 1728.\\nGeorge Berkeley (Bishop Berkeley) comes to\\nRhode Island, 1729.\\nProprietors of Carolina surrender their patent,\\n1729.\\nBaltimore, Maryland, founded, 1730.\\nOglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia, 1733.\\nRichmond. Virginia, laid out, 1733.\\nJohn and Charles Wesley go to Georgia, 1736.\\nGeorge Whitefield visits Georgia, 1738.\\nKing George s War begins, 1744.\\nCapture of Louisburg, 1745.\\nCollege of New Jersey, Princeton, founded,\\n1746.\\nKing George s War ends by treaty of Aix-la\\nChapelle, 174S.\\nOhio Company organized, 1748.\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania founded, 1749.\\nGeorgia becomes a royal colony, 1752.\\nGeorge Washington sent to the French, 1753.\\nKing s, afterwards Columbia, College, char-\\ntered, 1754.\\nWashington surrenders. 1754.\\nAlbany Convention, 1754.\\nFrench and Indian War, 1754-1763.\\nBraddock s defeat, 1755.\\nWolfe takes Quebec, 1759. [1760.\\nMontreal taken, and England gains all Canada,\\nPeace of Paris, 1763.\\nMason and Dixon s Line, 1763.\\nThe Revolution and Confedera-\\ntion, 17G5-1789.\\nThe Stamp Act, 176.5.\\nStamp Act Congress in New York, 1765.\\nDeclaratory Act, March 7, 1766.\\nRepeal of the Stamp Act, March 18, 1766,\\nTownshend Acts, 1767.\\nJohn Dickinson s Farmer s Letters, 1767.\\nJohn Hancock s sloop seized. 1768.\\nBritish troops reach Boston, 1768.\\nBoston Massacre, March 5, 1770.\\nRemoval of taxes except upon Tea, April, 1770.\\nBoston Tea Party, December 16, 1773.\\nBoston Port Bill, 1774.\\nMassachusetts Bill, 1774.\\nTransportation Bill, 1774.\\n1 Still flourishing in 1893.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0550.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "CHIEF DATES IN AMERICAN HISTORY.\\nXXXV\\nQuartering of Troops Bill, 1774,\\nQuebec Bill, 1774.\\nFirst Continental Congress (proposed by Vir-\\nginia), meets in Philadelphia, September 5,\\n1774.\\nBattle of Lexington, April 19, 1775.\\nSecond Continental Congress meets. May 10,\\n1775.\\nTiconderoga captured, May 10, 1775.\\nMecklenburg (North Carolina) resolutions\\npassed, May 31, 1775.\\nWashington elected commander-in-chief, June\\n15, 1775 commissioned, June 19, 1775.\\nBattle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775.\\nWashington takes command at Cambridge,\\nMassachusetts, July 3, 1775.\\nUnion flag first displayed at Cambridge, Jan-\\nuary 1, 1776.\\nBritish evacuate Boston, March 17, 1776.\\nCongress calls upon the states to provide inde-\\npendent governments. May 15, 1776.\\nResolutions of independence introduced into\\nCongress, June 7, 1776.\\nDeclaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.\\nDeclaration of Independence signed by the\\nmembers of Congress, August 2, 1776.\\nAmerican defeat on Long Island, August 27,\\n1776.\\nWashington evacuates New York City, Sep-\\ntember 14, 1776.\\nWashington retreats across New Jersey and\\ncrosses Delaware River, December, 1776.\\nTrenton surprised by Washington, December\\n26, 1776.\\nWashington successful at Princeton, January\\n2, 3, 1777.\\nLafayette joins American army, July, 1777.\\nBritish defeat Americans at Chad s Ford,\\nBrandywine Creek, September 11, 1777.\\nHowe takes possession of Philadelphia, Sep-\\ntember 26, 1777.\\nBattle of Germantown, October 4, 1777.\\nBurgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, October 17,\\n1777.\\nArticles of Confederation adopted by Congress,\\nNovember 15, 1777.\\nWashington goes into winter quarters at Val-\\nley Forge, December 19, 1777.\\nFrance acknowledges the independence of the\\nUnited States, and makes treaties with her,\\nFebruary 6, 1778.\\nBritish evacuate Philadelphia, June 18, 1778.\\nBattle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778.\\nMassacre at Wyoming, Pennsylvania, July 3,\\n1778.\\nMassacre at Cherry Valley, New York, Novem-\\nber 11, 1778.\\nBritish take Savannah, December 29, 1778.\\nGeorge Rogers Clark takes Vincennes, 1779.\\nBritish rout Americans at Camden, South Caro-\\nlina, August 16, 1780.\\nArnold s treason, September, 1780.\\nAndr6 executed, October 2, 1780.\\nGeneral Nathanael Greene takes command of\\nsouthern army, December 2, 1780.\\nRobert Morris, Superintendent of Finance,\\nFebruary 20, 1781.\\nMaryland joins the Confederation, March 1,\\n1781.\\nCornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Virginia,\\nOctober 19, 1781.\\nBank of North America, Philadelphia, char-\\ntered by Congress, December 31, 1781.\\nProvisional treaty of peace with Great Britain,\\nNovember 30, 1782.\\nWashington proclaims cessation of hostilities,\\nApril 19, 1783.\\nDefinitive treaty of peace -with Great Britain,\\nSeptember 3, 1783.\\nNew York evacuated by the British, Novem-\\nber 25, 1783.\\nWashington resigns his commission as com-\\nmander-in-chief, December 23, 1783.\\nMaryland and Virginia commissioners meet at\\nAlexandria, Virginia, March, 1785.\\nAnnapolis Convention, September, 1786.\\nShays s Rebellion in Massachusetts, December,\\n1786.\\nConstitutional Convention meets at Philadel-\\nphia, May 14, 1787.\\nOrdinance for Northwest Territory adopted by\\nCongress, July 13, 1787.\\nConstitution signed in the Convention, Septem-\\nber 17, 1787.\\nConstitution published, September 19, 1787.\\nDelaware the first state to ratify the Constitu-\\ntion, December 7, 1787.\\nNew Hampshire the ninth state to ratify the\\nConstitution, June 21, 1788.\\nLast records of the Continental Congress, No-\\nvember 1, 1788.\\nThe Federalist papers collected and published,\\n1788.\\nWashington and Adams declared President and\\nVice-President, April 6, 1789.\\nThe United States under the\\nConstitution, 1789-1801.\\nWashington inaugurated at New York, April\\n80, 1789.\\nOrganization of the new government, 1789.\\nTariff for revenue and protection, 1791.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0551.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "XXXVl\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nFirst United States Bank established, 1791.\\nCaptain Robert Gray explores and names the\\nColumbia River, 1792.\\nEli Whitney invents the Cotton-Gin, 1793.\\nWhiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, 1794.\\nJay s Treaty with Great Britain, November\\n19, 1794.\\nWashington s Farewell Address, 1796.\\nJohn Adams, President, March 4, 1797.\\nX. Y. Z. Correspondence, 1798.\\nFrench War wth United States, 1798.\\nAlien and Sedition Laws, 1798.\\nVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 1799.\\nPeace with France, 1799.\\nDeath of Washington, December 14, 1799.\\nWashington city becomes the national capi-\\ntal, 1800.\\nThomas JeflFerson chosen President by the\\nHouse of Representatives, February 17,\\n1801.\\nThomas JeflFerson, President, March 4, 1801.\\nTripolitan War, 1801.\\nLouisiana bought from France, April 30, 1803.\\nLews and Clark expedition, 1804-1806.\\nThe Leopard and the Chesapeake, 1807.\\nFulton s Steamboat, 1807.\\nThe Embargo Act, December 22, 1807.\\nThe Foreign Slave Trade made illegal, 1808.\\nNon-Intercourse Act ^assed, March 1, 1809.\\nJames Madison, President, March 4, 1809.\\nBattle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811.\\nUnited States declares war against Great Brit-\\nain, June 18, 1812.\\nGreat Britain revokes her Orders in Coun-\\ncil, June 23, 1812.\\nHull surrenders Detroit, August 16, 1812.\\nPerry s victory on Lake Erie, September 10,\\n1813.\\nBritish capture and burn Washington, August\\n24, 25, 1814.\\nBritish repulsed at Baltimore, September 13,\\n1814.\\nHartford Convention meets December 15, 1814.\\nTreaty of peace signed at Ghent, December\\n24, 1814.\\nBattle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.\\nSecond Bank of United States, April, 1816.\\nProtective duties imposed on iron, etc., 1816.\\nJames Monroe, President, March 4, 1817.\\nErie Canal begun, July 4, 1817.\\nThe Savannah, the first steamship to cross the\\nocean, 1819.\\nFlorida bought from Spain, 1819.\\nMissouri Compromise, 1820.\\nMonroe Doctrine stated, December 2, 1823.\\nLafayette visits the United States, 1824, 1825.\\nProtective tariflf passed, 1824.\\nJohn Quincy Adams chosen President by the\\nHouse of Representatives, February 9, 1825.\\nJohn Quincy Adams, President, March 4, 1825.\\nUniversity of Virginia opened, March 25, 1825.\\nErie Canal opened, October 26, 1825.\\nAmerican Temperance Society organized at\\nBoston, 1826.\\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad (the first passen-\\nger road in America) begun at Baltimore,\\n1828.\\nThe Tariif of Abominations, 1828.\\nAndrew Jackson, President, March 4, 1829.\\nSpoils System in American politics begins,\\n1829.\\nRise of the Mormons, 1830.\\nHayne and Webster debate in United States\\nSenate, January, 1830.\\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad opened, 1830.\\nNat Turner Insurrection, 1831.\\nJohn C. Calhoun proposes Nulhfication,\\n1831.\\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison begins to publish The\\nLiberator, January 1, 1831.\\nJackson vetoes the bill for the renewal of the\\ncharter of the United States Bank, July 10,\\n1832.\\nSouth Carolina passes Nullification ordinance,\\nNovember 19, 1832.\\nJackson issues his Nullification Proclamation,\\nDecember 11, ia32.\\nNew England Antislavery Society formed, 1832.\\nThe Compromise tariif, March 2, 1833.\\nJackson s order for cessation of deposits, Sep-\\ntember, 1833.\\nNew York Sun founded, 1833.\\nObed Hussey patents a reaper, 1833.\\nCyrus McCormick patents his reaping machin-\\nery, 1834.\\nAntislavery riots, lS34r-1838.\\nGreat fire in New York, 1835.\\nJohn Ericsson introduces screw propeller, 1836.\\nTexas declares herself independent, March 2,\\n1836.\\nThe Specie Circular issued, July 11, 1836.\\nUnited States government free of debt, 1836.\\nMartin Van Buren, President, March 4, 1837.\\nFinancial panic of 1837.\\nUnited States Sub-Treasury System estab-\\nlished, 1840.\\nLiberty party formed, 1840.\\nWilliam Henry Harrison, President, March 4,\\n1841.\\nPresident Harrison dies, April 4, 1841.\\nJohn Tyler, the Vice-President, becomes Presi-\\ndent, April4, 1841.\\nAshburton treaty with Great Britain, August\\n7, 1842.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0552.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "CHIEF DATES IN AMERICAN HISTORY. xxxvii\\nProtective tariff of 1S42.\\nDr. Whitman s ride, Oregon to St. Louis, 1842.\\nDorr War in Rhode Island, 1842.\\nAnti-rent agitation in New York, 1842.\\nMorse s telegraph set up between Baltimore\\nand Washington first message, May 24, 1844.\\nCongress passes joint resolution for annexation\\nof Texas, March 3, 1845.\\nJames K. Polk, President, March 4, 1845.\\nTexas annexed, July 4 admitted as a state,\\nDecember 29, 1845.\\nNaval Academy at Annapolis founded, 1845.\\nCongress declares that war exists by the act of\\nMexico, May 13, 1846.\\nWilmot Proviso, August, 1846.\\nRevenue tariff of 1846.\\nTreaty with Great Britain relative to Oregon\\nboundary, June 15, 1846.\\nElias Howe invents his sewng-machine, 1846.\\nSub-Treasury Act re-enacted, 1846.\\nSmithsonian Institution founded, 1846.\\nCalifornia and New Mexico seized, 1846.\\nCity of Mexico taken, 1847.\\nGold discovered in CaUfornia, January, 1848.\\nTreaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 2,\\n1848.\\nJohn Quincy Adams dies, February 23, 1848.\\nMormons emigrate to Utah, 1848.\\nPresident Taylor dies, and Millai-d Fillmore\\nsucceeds, July 9, 1850.\\nCompromise of 1850.\\nFugitive Slave Law passed, 1850.\\nPostage on letters reduced to three cents, 1851.\\nFranklin Pierce President, March 4, 1853.\\nWorld s Fair in New York, 1853.\\nUncle Tom s Cabin published in book\\nform, 1852.\\nGadsden purchase, 1853.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill passed. May 30, 1854.\\nPerry s treat j with Japan, 1854.\\nOstend Manifesto, 1854.\\nThe Republican party formed, 1854.\\nJames Buchanan, President, March 4, 1857.\\nDred Scott decision published, March 6, 1857.\\nBusiness panic, 1857.\\nFirst Atlantic cable, August, 1858.\\nJohn Brown seizes Harper s Ferry, October\\n16, 1859.\\nSouth Carolina passes secession ordinance,\\nDecember 20, 1860.\\nConfederate Congress meets at Montgomery,\\nAlabama, February 4, 1861.\\nConfederate Constitution adopted, February\\n8, 1861.\\nJefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens\\nelected President and Vice-President of Con-\\nfederate states, February 9, 1S61.\\nAbraham Lincoln, President, March 4, 1861.\\nFort Sumter fired upon, April 12, 1861.\\nFort Sumter surrendered, April 13, 1861.\\nPresident Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers,\\nApril 15, 1861.\\nCivil War and Reconstruction,\\n1861-1807.\\nMassachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore,\\nApril 19, 1861.\\nEleven states passed ordinances of secession\\nby June, 1861.\\nFirst battle of BuU Run, July 21, 1861.\\nMason and Slidell taken from the Trent,\\nNovember 8, 1861.\\nMonitor and Merrimac, March 9, 1862.\\nFarragut takes New Orleans, April 25, 1862.\\nPreliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sep-\\ntember 22, 1862.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863.\\nNational Bank Act, March 25, 1863.\\nBattle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 1863.\\nSurrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863.\\nDraft riots in New York City, July 13-16,\\n1863.\\nKearsarge sinks the Alabama off Cherbourg,\\nFrance, June 19, 1864.\\nPostal money order system adopted, 1864.\\nEarly s raid on Washington, July, 1864.\\nMaryland abolishes slavery, October 10, 1864.\\nSherman takes Savannah, December 21, 1864.\\nRichmond evacuated by Confederates, April 2,\\n1865.\\nLee surrenders at Appomattox, April 9, 1865.\\nPresident Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865.\\nAndrew Johnson, President, April 15, 1865.\\nJoseph E. Johnston surrenders to Sherman,\\nApril 26, 1865.\\nThirteenth Amendment to the Constitution,\\nabolishing slaverj^ adopted, December 18,\\n1865.\\nAtlantic telegraph laid, July 28, 1866.\\nAlaska bought, March 30, 1867.\\nPresident Johnson impeached, 1868.\\nFourteenth Amendment to the Constitution\\nadopted, July 28, 1868.\\nUlysses S. Grant, President, March 4, 1869.\\nPacific Railroad completed. May 10, 1869.\\nFifteenth Amendment to the Constitution\\nadopted, March 80, 1870.\\nAll states represented in Congress, 1871.\\nThe New Nation, 1867-1893.\\nTreaty of Washington, May 8. l!571.\\nChicago fire, October 8, 1871.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0553.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "XXXVlll\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nForest fires in Michigan and Wisconsin, Octo-\\nber, 1871.\\nGeneva Arbitration results proclaimed, Sep-\\ntember 14, 1872.\\nBoston fire, November 9, 1872.\\nFinancial panic, 1873.\\nFranking privilege abolished, July 1, 1873.\\nCongress provides, January 14, 1875, for re-\\nsumption of specie payment to begin Jan-\\nuary 1, 1879.\\nCentennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, May to\\nNovember, 1876.\\nElectoral Commission, 1877.\\nKutherford 13. Hayes, President, March 4,\\n1877.\\nGreat railroad strikes, 1877.\\nBland Silver Bill passed, February, 1878.\\nFishery dispute settled with Great Britain,\\n1878.\\nResumption of specie payment, January 1,\\n1879.\\nMississippi jetties, 1879.\\nJames A. Garfield, President, March 4, 1881.\\nPresident Garfield assassinated, July 2, ISSl.\\nPresident Garfield dies, September 19, 1881.\\nChester A. Arthur, President, September 19,\\n1881.\\nYorktown celebration, October 19, 1881.\\nCivil Service Act, 1883.\\nBrooklyn Bridge finished. May 24, 1883.\\nLetter postage reduced to two cents, 1883.\\nCotton exhibition at New Orleans, 1884.\\nWashington Monument dedicated, February\\n21, 1885.\\nGrover Cleveland, President, March 4, 1885.\\nPresidential Succession and Electoral Count\\nBills passed, 1886.\\nAnarchist riot in Chicago, May, 1886.\\nCharleston earthquake, 1886.\\nInterstate Commerce Act, 1887.\\nCentennial Celebration of adoption of Consti-\\ntution, September 15-17, 1887.\\nChinese Immigration Act, 1888.\\nBenjamin Harrison, President, March 4, 1889.\\nCentennial celebration of Washington s inaugu-\\nration, April 29 to May 1, 18S9.\\nJohnstown flood, May 31, 1889.\\nPan-American Congress, 1889, 1890.\\nInternational Copyright Act, 1891.\\nHomestead labor troubles, 1892.\\nGrover Cleveland, President for the second\\ntime, March 4, 1893.\\nColumbian Fair at Chicago, May 1, to October\\n31, 1893.\\nBering Sea Arbitrators pubHsh their decision,\\nAugust, 1893.\\nPullman strike, 1894.\\nCoal miners strike, 1894.\\nWilliam McKinley elected President, 1896.\\nVenezuela Agreement, 1896.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0554.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nxxxix\\nAppendix XL\\nTOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nNorth America,\\n1000-1492.\\nColumbus, 1492.\\nOther Discoverers,\\n1493-1542.\\nEnglish Attempts at\\nColonization,\\n1576-1605.\\nFrench Attempts at\\nColonization,\\n1540-1564.\\nSpanish Attempts at\\nColonization,\\n1565-1582.\\nDutch, 1626.\\nSwedes, 1638.\\nDwellings,\\nHabits,\\nKaces, territory covered.\\nEarly Inhabitants.\\nEarly Discoveries.\\nf Education.\\ni Aid received.\\nSan Salvador.\\nThe Cabots the Continent of North America.\\nThe Spaniards South of Virginia.\\nAmerigo Vespucci South America.\\nPonce de Leon Florida.\\nBalboa the Pacific.\\nMagellan Circumnavigation of the World.\\nCortez Mexico.\\nDe Soto Mississippi River.\\n(Frobisher.\\nSir Humphrey Gilbert.\\nSir Walter Ralegh.\\nGosnold.\\nr Quebec.\\nPort Royal (South Carolina).\\nt St. Augustine (Fort Caroline).\\nSt, Augustine.\\nSanta Fe.\\nMexico.\\nNew Amsterdam.\\nOn the Delaware.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0555.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nVirginia,\\n1606-1715.\\nCOLONIZATION.\\nThe London Company.\\nThe Plymouth Company.\\nJamestown,\\nCaptain John Smith.\\nSlaves.\\nFirst Representative Body.\\nVirginia a Koyal Colony.\\nBacon s Kebellion.\\nProsperity.\\nIndentured Servants.\\nMaine (New Hamp-\\nshire), 1627-1677.\\nMaryland, 1632-1716.\\nmouth.\\nxvciigiuua ireiseuuLiuii ill xiiurupt;.\\nThe Pilgrims. /Hardships.\\niMyles Standish.\\nMassachusetts,\\nI 620-1 644.\\nMassa-\\nchusetts\\nThe Puritans.\\nJohn Endicott.\\nSpecial Characteristics of the Colony\\nBay.\\nGrowth of Political Freedom.\\nReligious Intolerance.\\n_\\nBoston.\\nRoger Williams.\\nProvidence founded.\\nRhode Island,\\nPortsmouth founded.\\n1636-1663.\\nNewport founded.\\nReligious Liberty.\\nCharters granted.\\nSettlement.\\nConnecticut,\\nFundamental Orders of Connecticut.\\nI 635-1 664.\\nNew Haven.\\nCharter.\\nSettlement.\\nDivision into Maine and New Hampshire.\\nMassachusetts acquires Maine.\\nLord Baltimore.\\nCharter.\\nReligious Toleration.\\nSettlement.\\nThe Toleration Act.\\nReligious Troubles.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0556.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nxli\\nNew York, 1626-1691.\\nNew Jersey,\\n1664-1738.\\nThe Carolinas,\\n1663-1729.\\nPennsylvania,\\n1681-1718.\\nDelaware, 1682.\\nGeorgia, 1732.\\nSettlement.\\nGrant to the Duke of York.\\nConflict with the English.\\nJacob Leisler.\\nThe Patroons.\\nEducation.\\nSettlement.\\nGovernment.\\nEast and West Jersey.\\nWilliam Penn.\\nPresbyterian Influence.\\nRoyal Colony.\\nCharter.\\nJohn Locke.\\nJohn Archdale.\\nDivision of Province.\\nCharacter of Settlers.\\nRoyal Colony.\\nWilliam Penn.\\nCharter.\\nBoundaries.\\nThe Holy Experiment.\\nSettlement.\\nPenn s Treaty with Indians.\\nProsperity of the Colony.\\nBought by Penn.\\nJames Oglethorpe.\\nThe Charter.\\nThe Settlement.\\nThe Wesley s.\\nA Royal Colony,\\nENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. (1G36-1703.)\\nEnglish Colonists,\\n1636-1700.\\nI\\nPolitical Condition.\\nAims.\\nRelations with England.\\nRelations with the Dutch.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0557.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "xlii\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n{English Colonists\\nUntied.)\\ncon-\\nFrench Colonists.\\nFirst, Second, and\\nThird Inter-Colonial\\nWars, 1689-1753-\\nFourth Inter-Colonial,\\nor French and Indian\\nWar, 1754-1763.\\nRelations with the Indians.\\nCivil War in England.\\nThe Restoration.\\nThe Navigation Acts.\\nRule of Andros.\\nReligious Intolerance.\\nThe Quakers.\\nWitchcraft Delusion.\\nBeliefs and Customs.\\nCommerce, Piracy.\\nEducation.\\nSlave Trade.\\nRelations with the Indians.\\nAims. (Ma]).)\\nStrength and Weakness.\\nKing William s War, 1689-\\n1697.\\nUnited Colonies\\nof New Eng-\\nland.\\nWilliam Penn.\\nJohn Eliot.\\nPequot War.\\nKing Philip s\\nWar.\\nQueen Anne s War, 1702\\n1713.\\nKing George s War, 1744-\\n1748.\\nEffects on the Colonists.\\nFrench and English Colonies.\\nOhio Company.\\nWashington s Expedition.\\nThe Albany Convention.\\nFranklin s Plan of Union.\\nLines of Attack.\\nf Causes.\\nIncidents.\\nCongress of Eng-\\nlish Colonies.\\nResults.\\n_ r\\nCauses.\\n-J Incidents.\\nI Results,\\nr Causes.\\nIncidents.\\nI Results.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0558.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nxliii\\n{Fourth Inter-Colonial, or\\nFrench and Indian War\\ncontinued.)\\nI\\nBraddock s Defeat,\\nAcadie.\\nWilliam Pitt.\\nMarquis of Montcalm.\\nQuebec.\\nConditions of Peace,\\nResults. {Map.)\\nConspiracy of Pontiac.\\nTHE ENGLISH COLONIES AND THE REVOLUTION. (17G3-1782.)\\nr Eighteenth Century Views on Economic Questions.\\nNavigation Laws.\\nRepresentation and Taxation.\\nStamp Act.\\nSons of Liberty.\\nStamp Act Congress.\\nCauses, etc., of the Political Condition of the Colonists.\\nRevolution, -j Domestic Life.\\n1763-1775. Townshend Acts.\\nThe Farmer s Letters.\\nResistance in the Colonies.\\n3L Action of the English Parliament.\\nH The Five Intolerable Acts.\\nH The First Continental Congress.\\nH Lexington and Concord.\\ni\\nThe Revolution,\\n1775-1782.\\nSecond Continental Congress.\\nBunker Hill.\\nWashington, Commander-in-Chief.\\nCanada.\\nKing and Colonists.\\nOrigin of the States.\\nDeclaration of Independence.\\nBritish Plans of Attack.\\nNew York Campaign. (Map.)\\nBurgoyne s Surrender.\\nLafayette.\\nHowe s Philadelphia Campaign.\\nValley Forge Conway Cabal.\\nFrench Alliance.\\nBenjamin Franklin.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0559.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "xliv\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n{The Revolution\\nued.)\\ncontin- The Indians.\\nJohn Paul Jones the American Navy.\\nWestern Settlements.\\nContinental Money.\\nArnold s Treason.\\nSouthern Campaign. {Map.)\\nGeneral Nathanael Greene.\\nRobert Morris.\\nYorktown.\\nPeace.\\nTHE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION. (1782-1812.)\\nLand Claims. {Map.)\\nWestern Reserve.\\nOrdinance of 1787.\\nWeakness of the Confederation.\\nShays s Rebellion.\\nConstitutional Convention.\\nIts Strength.\\nIts Compromises.\\nLegislative Provisions.\\nExecutive Provisions,\\nJudicial Provisions.\\nProvision for Amendment.\\nChecks and Balances.\\nAdoption.\\nThe Federalist.\\nThe Confederation,\\n1782-1787.\\nThe Constitution,\\n1787-1789.\\nPERIOD OF ORGANIZATION.\\nWashinsrton, President.\\nWashington s\\nAdministration,\\n1789-1797.\\nf Begmnmg.\\nI\\nOrganization.\\nRevenue.\\nGovernment.\\nCapital.\\nNew States.\\nWhiskey Insurrection.\\nEli Whitney.\\nParty Feeling.\\nRelations with Europe.\\nJay s Treaty.\\nI- Farewell Address.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0560.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nXlv\\nPeriod of Experiments\\nin Foreign and Domes-\\ntic Policy, 1797-1812.\\nJohn Adams, President.\\nDifficulties with France.\\nX. Y. Z. Correspondence.\\nAlien and Sedition Laws.\\nVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions.\\nDeath of Washington.\\nPermanent Capital.\\nJohn Marshall, Chief Justice.\\nThe Federalists.\\nElection of Thomas Jefferson.\\nThomas Jefferson, President.\\nLouisiana Purchase.\\nLewis and Clark Expedition.\\nWar with Barbary States.\\nHamilton and Burr.\\nRe-election of Jefferson.\\nPublic Improvements.\\nEuropean Affairs.\\nOrders in Council.\\nBerlin and Milan Decrees.\\nInjuries to American Commerce.\\nThe Embargo.\\nJames Madison, President.\\nRobert Fulton.\\nWAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. (1812-1815.)\\nGrievances of the United States.\\nCondition of the United States.\\nAmerican Failures. {Map.)\\nNaval Success.\\nCreek War Andrew Jackson.\\nWar of 1812, British Plans and Successes.\\n1812-1815. Southern Campaign.\\nNew Orleans.\\nPeace of Ghent.\\nResults of War.\\nNational Bank.\\nAlgerine War.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0561.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "xlviii\\nHISTORY OF TriE UNITED STATES.\\nSlavery Agitation\\ntinned.)\\nOcean Telegraph Oil Fields.\\nDred Scott Decision.\\nJohn Brown.\\nElection of 1860.\\nSecession.\\nConfederate States of America.\\nPeace Conference.\\nAbraham Lincoln, President.\\nFall of Fort Sumter.\\nCivil War, 1861,\\n1862.\\n1863.\\nCIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION. (1861-1877.)\\nEffect of the Fall of Sumter.\\nCall for Volunteers.\\nAttack in Baltimore.\\nThe Blockade.\\nNorth and South compared. {Map.)\\nBattle of Bull Run.\\nGeneral McClellan.\\nMason and Slidell.\\nCondition of Affairs, January, 1862.\\nWestern Campaigns.\\nMonitor and Merrimac.\\nNew Orleans taken.\\nPeninsula Campaign. (Map.)\\nGeneral Robert E. Lee.\\nStonewall Jackson.\\nFredericksburg.\\nAntietam.\\nSlavery Contrabands.\\nEmancipation Proclamation announced.\\nEmancipation Proclamation issued.\\nSioux War.\\nCampaign in the West.\\nCampaign in the East. Gettysburg.\\nVicksburg Chattanooga.\\nMorgan s Raid.\\nThe Blockade.\\nPrivateers The Alabama.\\nConscription, North and South.\\nFinances, North and South.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0562.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nxlix\\n{Civil War, 1863\\ntied.)\\n1864,\\ncontin-\\n1865.\\nReconstruction\\nPeriod, 1865-1877.\\nNational Bank Act.\\nUnion Armies, East and West.\\nGeneral Grant placed at Head of Union Army\\nGrant and Sherman s Plans.\\nEarly s Raid.\\nSheridan in Shenandoah Valley.\\nSherman s March.\\nConfederate Cruisers.\\nPeace Party in the North.\\nPeace Negotiations.\\nLincoln s Second Inaugural.\\nRichmond evacuated.\\nLee s Surrender.\\nPresident Lincoln assassinated.\\nAndrew Johnson, President.\\nThe War.\\nr Effects\\nf Moral.\\nI Ji,nects.\\nICost. ^I olitical.\\nSanitary and Christian Commissions.\\nAndrew Johnson.\\nProvisional Governors in the South.\\nThirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.\\nEourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.\\nReconstruction Acts.\\nSix States admitted Carpet-Baggers.\\nTenure of Office Act.\\nImpeachment of the President.\\nAtlantic Telegraph Cable.\\nAlaska bought. {3Iap. Territorial Growth.)\\nFrench in Mexico.\\nUlysses S. Grant, President.\\nExpatriation.\\nChinese Treaty.\\nPacific Railroad finished.\\nKuklux Klan.\\nFifteenth Amendment to the Constitution.\\nCivil Rights, and Election Acts.\\nIndian Peace Policy.\\nAlabama Claims Geneva Arbitration.\\nFisheries Award.\\nNorthwest Boundary Decision.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0563.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n(^Reconstruction Period\\ncontinued.)\\nr Chicago.\\nFires. Forest.\\nBoston.\\nLiberal Republicans.\\nHorace Greeley.\\nThe Modoc War.\\nGrant s Second Term.\\nCommercial Crisis, 1873.\\nTemperance Crusade.\\nWeather Bureau.\\nCredit Mobilier.\\nFranking abolished.\\nRepublican Political Reverses,\\nResumption Act.\\nCentennial Exhibition.\\nTelephone and Electricity.\\nSioux War.\\nImpeachment of Belknap.\\nReturning Boards.\\nElectoral Commission,\\nRECENT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. (1877-1893.)\\nRecent Growth and\\nDevelopment,\\n1877-1893.\\nRutherford B. Hayes, President.\\nWithdrawal of Troops from the South.\\nMississippi Jetties.\\nResumption of Specie Payments.\\nJames A. Garfield, President.\\nAssassination of the President.\\nChester A. Arthur becomes President.\\nAnti-Polygamy Bill.\\nCivil Service Act.\\nMississippi Floods.\\nBrooklyn Bridge.\\nYorktown Centennial.\\nNew Orleans Cotton Exhibition.\\nThe South in 1884.\\nGeorge Peabody.\\nElection of 1884.\\nGrover Cleveland, President.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0564.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "TOPICAL ANALYSIS.\\nli\\nRecent Growth and De-\\nvelopment continued.)\\nEconomic, Social, and\\nLiterary Conditions.\\nImportant Acts of Con-\\ngress.\\nLabor Troubles.\\nKnights of Labor.\\nStrikes.\\nCharleston Earthquake.\\nStatue of Liberty.\\nSurplus Revenue,\\nBenjamin Harrison, President.\\nOklahoma.\\nWashington Centennial.\\nJohnstown Disaster.\\nForty-four States.\\nPan-American Congress.\\nFilibustering in Congress.\\nMcKinley Bill.\\nPresidential Succession.\\nElectoral Count.\\nInterstate Conmierce.\\nChinese Exclusion.\\nLater Acts\\nCongress.\\nof\\nPension Bill.\\nSherman Act.\\nInternational Copyright.\\nDemocratic Success.\\nCensus of 1890.\\nNew Orleans Riot.\\nChile Troubles.\\nBering Sea Arbitration.\\nBallot Reform.\\nHomestead Labor Troubles.\\nColumbian Celebration.\\nElection of 1892.\\nGrover Cleveland again President.\\nColumbian Exhibition.\\nRepeal of Sherman Act.\\nFinancial Crisis of 1893.\\nHawaiian Difficulties.\\nUnited States in 1893.\\nInterstate Emigration.\\nForeign Immigration.\\nUrban Population.\\nIrrigation.\\nForest Reservations.\\n{Map.)", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0565.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "lii\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES\\n{Economic. Social, and\\nLiterary Conditions\\ncontinued.)\\nSocial Affairs\\nPolitics; Diplomacy.\\nNatural Gas.\\nInvention.\\nTransportation Inland Commerce.\\nThe New South.\\nPacific Coast.\\nEdvication.\\nLibraries and Associations.\\nLiterature.\\nL Newspapers.\\nWilson Bill, Senate Bill.\\nPullman and Kailroad Strikes.\\nCoal Miners Strikes.\\nCommon wealers.\\nNew York City Reforms.\\nAnti-Lottery Bill.\\nNational Military Park.\\nAtlanta Exposition.\\nThe Indians.\\nAdmission of Utah, Jan. 4, 1896.\\nRepublican Nominations, 1896.\\nDemocratic Nominations, 1896.\\nPopulist and Other Nominations, 1896.\\nThe Presidential Campaign, 1896.\\nVenezuelan Difficulty.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0566.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "WORKS FOR TEACHERS AND READERS. liii\\nAppendix XII.\\nA SHORT LIST OF WORKS FOR TEACHERS AND READERS.\\nNote. The references at the beginning of every chapter of the foregoing\\nHistory being full, only general works are given in this list. References to\\nadvanced works, such as Von Hoist s Constitutional History of the United\\nStates, have been purposely omitted. A vast amount of useful and important\\ninformation is contained in the Periodical Literature of the past few years most\\nlibraries possess Poole s Index to Periodical Literature, with its supplements,\\nby means of which consultation of periodicals is made easy.\\nI. Books, etc., containing Original Documents, and Sources of\\nAmerican History.\\nHoward W. Preston, Documents illustrative of American History, 1606-\\n1863, New edition. $2.50. G. P. Putnam s Sons, New York.\\nOld South Leaflets, edited by Edwin D. Mead. Five and ten cents a\\nnumber. Directors of the Old South Work, Boston. Seventy-five numbers\\nalready issued others to follow. An invaluable collection of original docu-\\nments illustrative of American History. List furnished on application to the\\npublishers.\\nAmerican History Leaflets, edited by Albert B. Hart and Edward Chan-\\nning. Ten cents per number. A. Lovell Co., New York. A series similar\\nto the Old South Leaflets. Twenty-four numbers issued others to follow.\\nAnother excellent series. List furnished on application to publishers.\\nLibrary of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present\\nTime, edited by Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen M. Hutchinson.\\n11 vols. 8vo. $3.00 per volume. W. E. Benjamin, New York, 1891.\\nBepresentative American Orations to illustrate American Political History,\\nedited by Alexander Johnston. 4 vols. New edition. $5.00. G. P. Put-\\nnam s Sons, New York. Cover the period 1775-1881. Valuable introductions.\\nMary Sheldon Barnes and Earl Barnes, Studies in American History.\\n$1.25. D. C. Heath Co., Boston, 1892. Has many extracts from original\\nsources, and can be used to great profit with a narrative History.\\nAmerican Almanac, 1830-1861 Spofford s American Almanac, 1878-1889\\nTribune Almanac (begun as the Whig Almanac), New York, 1838-1897\\nthe World Almanac, New York, 1887-1897. For general statistics, etc., of", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0567.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "liv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe world, The Statesmen s Tear Book. $3.00 per volume. 1863-1896.\\nMacmillan Co., London and New York. Whitaker s Almanack. 1869-\\n1896. $1.00 per volume. HazelVs Annual, 1886-1896, London. $1.50 per\\nvolume.\\nII. Bibliographies and Aids.\\nCharles Kendall Adams, Manual of Historical Literature. New edition.\\nNew York, Harper s, 1889. $2.50.\\nW. F. Allen, History Topics for the Use of High Schools and Colleges.\\nPaper, thirty cents. Boston, D. C. Heath Co., 1890.\\nW. E. Foster, Beferences to History of Presidential Administrations,\\n1789-1885. Paper, twenty-five cents. New York, G. P. Putnam s Sons.\\nE. E. Sparks, Topical Beference Lists in American History. Columbus,\\n0., A. H. Smythe, 1893.\\nEpochs of American History. Valuable bibliographies prefixed to each\\nvolume, and also to each chapter. See page Iv.\\nJustin Winsor, The Header s Handbook of the American Bevolution.\\n1761-1783. $1.00. Boston, 1880. Houghton, Mifflin Co.\\nJustin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America. 8 vols. Royal\\n8vo. $40.00. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1885-1889. Valuable bib-\\nliographies, illustrations, facsimiles, etc. A great storehouse of facts.\\n3Iethods of Teaching and Studying History, edited by G. Stanley Hall.\\nSecond edition. $1.50. Boston, D. C. Heath Co.\\nW. F. Gordy and W. I. Twitchell, A Pathfinder in American History,\\nParts I. and II. $1.20. Boston, 1893. Lee and Shepard. Containing\\nspecial reference lists for various grades, outline courses, topics, bibliog-\\nraphies, suggestions. A valuable help to the teacher.\\nHannah A. Davidson, Beference History of the United States for High\\nSchools and Academies. Ninety cents. Boston, Ginn Co., 1892. A\\ntopical analysis, with exact references to various works.\\nJohn F. Sargent, Beading for the Young. $1.00. Boston, Library Bureau.\\n1890. Contains bibliography of American History for youth of all ages.\\nE. Channing and A. B. Hart, Guide to the Study of American History.\\n$2.00. Boston, Ginn Co., 1896. By far the most complete work on the\\nsubject. Chiefly for advanced classes.\\nB. A. Hinsdale, Hoio to teach and study History, loith particular reference\\nto the History of the United States. $1.50. New York, D. Appleton Co.,\\n1894. An excellent work.\\nMary Sheldon Barnes, Studies in Historical Method. Ninety cents.\\nBoston, D. C. Heath Co., 1896. A valuable and very suggestive little\\nwork.\\nCarl Ploetz, Epitome of Ancient, Mediceval, and Modern History. Trans-", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0568.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "WORKS FOR TEACHERS AND READERS. Iv\\nlated^ with extensive additions^ by William H. Tillinghast. Second edition.\\n$3.00. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1884. The best book of its class, and\\ninvaluable for reference.\\nAnnie E. Wilson, Compendium of United States History and Literature.\\nForty cents. Boston, D. C. Heath Co., 1896.\\nIII. Maps. (Beference and Outline for PupiVs Use.)\\nA. B. Hart, Epoch Maps illustrating American History. Fifty cents.\\nLongmans Co., New York, 1891. An excellent series of fourteen maps\\nprepared for Epochs of American History. Illustrates The Historical\\nGeography of the United States and of the Previous Colonies.\\nTownsend MacCoun, An Historical Geography of the United States. New\\nedition. $1.00. Silver, Burdett Co., Boston, 1890. A series of forty-five\\nmaps, iliustrating American History from the earliest times to 1890. Accom-\\npanied by an explanatory text a very useful little book.\\nA. B. Hart and Edward Channing, Outline Maps of the United States.\\nThe large map is in four sections, each 26 x 42 inches. Price, fifteen cents\\none section fifty cents, complete. The small map is 1\\\\\\\\ x 18 inches. Price,\\ntwo cents $1.50 per hundred. D. C. Heath Co., Boston. Messrs. Heath\\nCo. also publish a series of Progressive Outline Maps, United States, New\\nEngland, Middle Atlantic States, Southern States, Eastern Division Southern\\nStates, Western Division Central States, Eastern Division Central States,\\nWestern Division Pacific States the Great Lakes. Two cents each $1.50\\nper hundred also an Intermediate Outline Map of the United States for\\nHistorical and Geographical study, 28 x 40 inches. Thirty cents.\\nIV. General Histories, etc.\\nGeorge Bancroft, A History of the United States from the Discovery of\\nAmerica. Author s last revision. D. Appleton Co. New York, 1886-1888.\\n6 vols. #15.00. Very full. Ends with 1789.\\nRichard Hildreth, A History of the United States (to 1821). 6 vols. $18.00.\\nHarper s, New York. One of the best accounts of the period.\\nJames Schouler (Skool er), History of the United States under the Consti-\\ntution, 1789-1861. 5 vols. $11.25. Dodd, Mead Co., New York, 1880-1891.\\nThe best account of the period. Forms, with either Bancroft or Hildreth, a\\ncontinuous history from the earliest period. A supplementary volume, cov-\\nering the Civil War, is announced.\\nWilliam C. Bryant and Sydney H. Gay, Popular History of the United\\nStates. 4 vols. $24.00. Charles Scribner s Sons, New York. Sold by sub-\\nscription. Profusely illustrated. Particularly strong on colonial history.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0569.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "Ivi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nHenry Adams, History of the United States, 1801-1817. 9 vols. $18.00.\\nCharles Scribner s Sons, New York. Very full.\\nJ. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States from the Be vo-\\nlution to the Civil War. 6 vols. (4 vols, published). $2.50 per volume.\\nD. Appleton Co., New York, 1883-1892. Dwells largely on social history.\\nA. B. Hart, editor, Epochs of American History. 3 vols. $1.2.5 per volume.\\n1. R. G. Thwaites, The Colonies, 1492-1750 2. A. B. Hart, Formation of\\nthe Union, 1750-1829; 3. W. Wilson, Division and Reunion, 1829-1889.\\nWith full marginal analyses, working bibliographies, maps and indices.\\nLongmans Co. New York, 1891-1893. Invaluable for the full and exact\\nreferences, if for nothing else. The third volume is written from a point of\\nview which differs much from that of the first two volumes.\\nThe American History Series. 5 vols. 1. George P. Fisher, The Colonial\\nEra, 1492-1756 2. William M. Sloane, The French War and the Bevolution,\\n1756-1787 3. Francis A. Walker, The Makinrj of the Nation, 1787-1815.\\n$1.25 each. 4. John W. Burgess, The Middle Period (1815-1858), .$1.75.\\n5. John W. Burgess, Civil War and Reconstruction, in preparation. Charles\\nScribner s Sons, New York, 1892-1897. A series somewhat similar to the\\nEpoch Series just named, but more popular in treatment.\\nRichard Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic of the United States. New\\nedition. $3.50. Little, Brown Co., Boston. Excellent.\\nHenry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America.\\n$3.00. Harper s, New York. Despite some faults, probably the best single\\nvolume on the subject.\\nSamuel Adams Drake, The Making of New England; The Making of\\nVirginia and the Middle Colonies The Making of the Ohio Valley States;\\nand The Making of the Great West. $1.50 each. Charles Scribner s Sons,\\nNew York, 1886-1894. An excellent series of handbooks.\\nJames F. Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of\\n1850 (3 vols, published). $2.50 per volume. Harper s, New York, 1893.\\nSpecially strong on the history of Slavery. Best history of the period.\\nFrancis Parkman, France and England in North America. 12 vols.\\n$18.00. Little, Brown (^o., Boston. Invaluable for the history of the\\nFrench in America.\\nJohn Fiske, The Discovery of America, 2 vols.; Beginnings of New Eng-\\nland; The American Revolution, 2 yo\\\\s.; The Critical Period of American\\nHistory, 1783-1789, $2.00 per volume. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston,\\nE. Benj. Andrews, The Last Quarter- Century in the United States, 1870-\\n1895. 2 vols. $6.00. Charles Scribner s Sons, New York, 1896. Richly\\nillustrated. A panorama of events rather than a history.\\nJ. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, etc. 5 vols. $25.00. C. A.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0570.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "WORKS FOR TEACHERS AN;D READERS. Ivii\\nNichols Co., Springfield, Mass., 1894-1895. The fifth volume is almost\\nwholly given up to the United States. The work consists of extracts from\\nthe principal historians, and is furnished with valuable maps, original docu-\\nments, etc.\\nB. J. Lossing, Harper s Popular Cyclopcedia of United States History.\\n2 vols. New York, 1881.\\nN. S. Shaler, editor. The United States of America A Study of the Amer-\\nican Commonwealth^ Its Natural Resources, People, etc. 2 vols. $10.00.\\nD. Appleton Co., New York, 1894.\\nJames Bryce, Social Institutions of the United States. .^1.00. Macmillan\\nCo., New York. Selected chapters from his The American Commonwealth.\\nEdward Eggleston, A History of Life in the United States (one volume\\npublished), The Beginners of a Nation. $1.50. D. Appleton Co., New\\nYork, 1896.\\nV. Constitutional and Political Works.\\nJohn J. Lalor, editor, Cyclopcedia of Political Science, Political Economy,\\nand of the Political History of the United States. 3 vols. -$18.00. D. D.\\nMerrill Co., New York. The articles on United States history and politics\\nare by Alexander Johnston, and are of high value.\\nAlexander Johnston, History of American Politics, 1783-1881. $1.00.\\nH. Holt Co., New York. Impartial the only brief work of the kind.\\nEdward Stanwood, History of Presidential Elections, 1789-1892. New\\nedition. $1.50. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, 1896. A non-parli.san\\naccount, with statistics of all presidential elections to 1892, and with political\\nplatforms of 1896.\\nIsrael W. Andrews, Manual of the Constitution. $1.00. American Book\\nCo., New York. An excellent compendium.\\nCharles F. Dole, The American Citizen. $1.00. D. C. Heath Co.,\\nBoston.\\nC. T. Hopkins, Manual of American Ideas. $1.50. D. C. Heath Co.,\\nBoston.\\nBoth the works just named are valuable for inculcating right views of\\ncitizenship.\\nJohn Fiske, Civil Government in the United States. $1.00. Houghton,\\nMifflin Co., Boston, 1890. Written in the author s entertaining style.\\nOne of the best books on the subject.\\nF. N. Thorpe, The Government of the People of the United States. $1.00.\\nNew edition. Eldredge \u00c2\u00abSb Bro., Philadelphia. Very full.\\nJesse Macy, Our Government. Eighty-five cents. New edition. Ginn\\nCo., Boston.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0571.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "Iviii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWoodrow Wilson, The State and Federal Governments of the United\\nStates. Fifty-five cents. D. C. Heath Co., Boston. The part relating to\\nthe United States in Professor Wilson s larger work, The State.\\nJames Bryce, The American Commonwealth. Revised edition. 2 vols.\\n$4.00. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1895. The ablest study of American\\nInstitutions.\\nJames Bryce. The American Commomvealth. Abridged edition. $1.75.\\nThe Macmillan Co., New York, 1896.\\nVI. Biographies.\\nAppleton s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by John Fiske and\\nJas. Grant Wilson. 6 vols. $30.00. D. Appleton Co., New York, 1889.\\nThe most complete work of the kind.\\nAmerican Statesmen Series, edited by John T. Morse, Jr. $1.25 per\\nvolume. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston. An admirable series of Ameri-\\ncan political biographies. List furnished on application to publishers.\\nMakers of America Series. $1.00 per volume. Dodd, Mead Co., New\\nYork, 1890-1893. A very unequal collection.\\nJared Sparks, editor, Library of American Biography. 10 vols. 16mo.\\nHarper s, New York. $12.50. Volumes sold separately. This series con-\\ntains biographies not easily accessible elsewhere, and though an old work, is\\nstill worthy of consultation. Note This is the second series the first series\\nhas long been out of print.\\nADDENDA.\\nSources of American History.\\nAmerican Colonial Tracts. A monthly series of reprints of some of the\\nmore valuable pamphlets relating to the early history of America. Single\\nnumbers at 25 cents each, or $3.00 by the year. George P. Humi^hrey,\\nRochester, N.Y. List furnished on application to the publisher.\\nAlbert Bushnell Hart, American History told by Contemporaries. 4 vols.\\n$2.00 per vol. I. Era of Colonization, 1493-1089 II. Building of the Re-\\npublic, 1689-1783 III. National Expansion, 1783-1844 IV. Welding of the\\nNation, 1845-1897. The Macmillan Co., New York. (Vols. II.-IV. are in\\npreparation.)", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0572.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAbolitionists, 217-219, 265.\\nriots, 223.\\nrise of, 217.\\nAcadie, English treatment of, 74.\\nAdams, John, Vice-President, 145.\\nelected President, 154.\\ndies, 199.\\nAdams, John Quincy, chosen President,\\n192.\\nappoints Clay Secretary of State, 193.\\nhis life and character, 193.\\nunpopular, 196.\\ngag resolutions, 218.\\nAdams, Samuel, 95.\\nproposes committees of correspond-\\nence, 95.\\nattempt to arrest, 98.\\nopposes Constitution, 137.\\nAgricultural implements, 213.\\nAlabama, the, 302, 319.\\nAlabama claims, 345.\\nAlaska, bought, 338.\\nAlbany Convention, 72.\\nAlexandria, Constitutional Convention\\nproposed, 135.\\nAlgiers, war with, 179.\\nAlgonkin Indians, 4.\\nAlien and Sedition Laws, 156.\\nAllen, Ethan, 99.\\nAmendments to the Constitution, 143,\\n147.\\nThirteenth, 333.\\nFourteenth, 334.\\nFifteenth, 342.\\nAmerica, discovered by Columbus, 6.\\ndiscovered by Northmen, 4.\\ncontinent of, discovered by Cabots, 6.\\nearly inhabitants, 2-4.\\nname given, 7.\\nAmerican Association for Advancement\\nof Science, 407.\\nAmerican Party, 257.\\nAmerican Philosophical Society, 407.\\nAmerican System, The, 200.\\nAmerigo Vespucci (Ah-mer-ee-go Ves-\\npoot chee) 7.\\nAnaesthetics, 230.\\nAnarchists in Chicago, 379.\\nAnderson, Major Robert, 273.\\nAndre Major, 125.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund, 40, 56.\\nAnnapolis Conference, 135.\\nAntietam, 293.\\nAnti-Federalists, 137.\\nAnti-Masonic Party, 198.\\nAnti-Nebraska men, 263.\\nAnti-Renters, 229.\\nAnti-Lottery Legislation, 387, 414.\\nAntislavery. See Abolitionists.\\nAntislavery Society, 217.\\nAppomattox, surrender at, 326.\\nArbitration, Geneva, 345, 347.\\nBering Sea, 393, 395.\\nArchdale, John, Governor of the Caro-\\nlinas, 30.\\nArnold, Benedict, 124-126.\\nArthur, Chester A., Vice-President, 365.\\nbecomes President, 366.\\nArticles of Confederation, 133.\\nAshburton Treaty, 226.\\nAssociations for research, 407.\\nAsylums, blind, deaf-mutes, insane, 215.\\nAtlanta Exposition, 414.\\nAtlantic telegraph, 266, 338.\\nAustralian Ballot, 391.\\nAuthors, Amei-ican, 216, 408.\\nBacon, Nath., Rebellion in Virginia, 28.\\nBahamas discovered by Columbus, 0.\\nlix", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0573.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "Ix\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBalboa (Balbo a) discovers the Pacific, 7.\\nBallot, voting by, 21.\\nBallot reform, 391.\\nBaltimore, the Lords, 25-27.\\nBaltimore, attack on Massachusetts\\ntroops, 278.\\nBaltimore and Ohio railroad, 212.\\nBanks, Bank of North America, 123.\\nFirst Bank of United States, 180\\n(note).\\nSecond Bank of United States, 180.\\nPet Banks, 220.\\nWildcat Banks, 221.\\nNational Banks, 1863, 307.\\nBarbary States, Avar with, 163.\\nBarclay, Robert, 40.\\nBelknap, W. AV., 356.\\nBering Sea, 390, 395.\\nBerkeley, Governor of Virginia, 28.\\nBerlin Decree, 166.\\nBibliographies, etc.. Appendix XII., p.\\nliii.\\nBlack Hawk War, 208.\\nBland Silver Bill, 362.\\nBlockade of southern ports, 279, 301.\\nBlue Laws, 61 (note).\\nBoone, Daniel, 120.\\nBoston, founded, 23.\\nLatin School, 405.\\nMassacre, 92.\\nTea Party, 94.\\nPort Bill, 94.\\nevacuated, 102.\\nfire, 348.\\nBoundary disputes, Ashburton Treaty,\\n22().\\nBoundary, Northwest, 346.\\nBoycotting, 378.\\nBraddock s expedition, 74.\\nBradford, Governor William, 17.\\nBragg, General Braxton, 293, 299.\\nBrandywine, Battle of, 113.\\nBrooklyn Bridge, 369.\\nBrown, .John, 268.\\nBryan, William J., 416.\\nBryn Mawr College, 405, 40(5.\\nBuchanan, James, Ostend Manifesto,\\n259.\\nelected President, 264.\\nlife, 2()5.\\non secession, 272.\\nBull Run, first battle of, 283.\\nBull Run, second battle, 292.\\nBunker Hill, 102.\\nBurgoyne s surrender. 111.\\nimportance, 116.\\nBurnside, General A. E., 293.\\nBurr, Aaron, Vice-President, 159.\\nduel with Hamilton, 165.\\ntried for treason, 165.\\nButler, Gen. B. F., at New Orleans, 290\\ncalls slaves contraband, 294.\\ncandidate for President, 374.\\nBuzzards Bay, 10.\\nByllinge, Edward, 39.\\nCabot, John and Sebastian, 6.\\nCable. See Atlantic Telegraph.\\nCalhoun, John C, proposes nullifica-\\ntion, 205.\\nas an orator, 216.\\ndies, 253.\\nCalifornia, seized by United States, 239,\\n240.\\ndiscovery of gold, 244.\\nrush to the gold fields, 245.\\nsets up a state government, 248.\\nCalvert, Sir George, 25.\\nCalvert, Cecilius, 25.\\nCalvert, Leonard, in Maryland, 26.\\nCanada and the Thirteen Colonies, 102.\\nuprising in, 1837, 223.\\nCapital, permanent capital of United\\nStates selected, 148.\\nCarolinas, the, 30-33.\\norigin of name, 30.\\nmodel government, 30, 31.\\ndivision, 31, 32.\\nCarpenter s Hall, 96.\\nCarpet Baggers, 335.\\nCarteret, Sir George, 39.\\nCatholics in Maryland, 26, 27.\\nCensus of 18.50, 251.\\nof 1890, 389.\\nCentennial Exhibition, 354.\\nCentre of population, 389.\\nChancellors ville, 298.\\nCharleston taken by British, 126.\\nCharleston earthquake, 379.\\nCharters\\nLondon Company (Virginia), 12.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0574.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxi\\nCharters\\nPlymouth Company, 12.\\nMassachusetts Bay, 17, 57.\\nRhode Island (Patent) 22, 23.\\nConnecticut, 24.\\nMaryland, 25.\\nCarolinas, 27.\\nNew Jersey, 38.\\nPennsylvania, 42.\\nGeorgia, 33.\\nCharters, resigned or lost, Plymouth\\nCompany, 24.\\nMaryland, 27.\\nVirginia, 28.\\nCarolinas, 32.\\nNew Jersey, 41.\\nMassachusetts, 56.\\nCharters, restoration of, 1691, 57.\\nCharter Oak in Connecticut, 56.\\nChase, Salmon P., in Congress, 254.\\nChief Justice, 324.\\nChautauqua Circle, 406.\\nCherokees in Georgia, 198, 207.\\nCherry Valley, Massacre of, 118.\\nChesapeake and Leopard, 167.\\nChicago in 1833, 213 (note)\\nfire, 347.\\nColumbian Exposition, 388, 392, 397.\\nChicago University, 405.\\nChickaraauga, 300.\\nChickamauga and Chattanooga Military\\nPark, 414.\\nChile, difficulty with, 390.\\nChina, Burlingame s Treaty, 341.\\nChinese Exclusion Act, 376.\\nChristian Commission, 329.\\nChristina settled, 14.\\nCircumnavigation of the world, 8.\\nCivil Rights Bill, 334.\\nCivil Service Act, 367.\\nCivil War, 276-330.\\nfirst blood shed, 278.\\nNorth and South compared, 1861, 279.\\nreview of, during 1861, 286.\\npeninsula campaign, 290.\\nLee invades Pennsylvania, 298.\\nwestern campaign, 1863, 297.\\nreview of, during 1863, 307-309.\\neffect of physical features of the\\ncountry, 308.\\nSavannah evacuated, 318.\\nCivil War, peace negotiations, 324.\\nRichmond evacuated, 325.\\nLee s surrender, 325.\\nJohnston s surrender, 327.\\nlosses from, 328.\\nreview of armies in Washington, 328.\\nmoral effect of, 327.\\ncost of, 329.\\nSanitary and Christian Commissions,\\n329.\\nwhat it settled, 330.\\nCivil war in England, effect in America,\\n55.\\nClark, George Rogers, 121.\\nClark University, 405.\\nClay, Henry, Missouri Compromise, 189.\\nSecretary of State, 193.\\nas an orator, 216.\\ncompromise, 1850, 249.\\ndefeated for presidency, 234.\\ndies, 253.\\nCleveland, Grover, life, 374.\\nPresident, 374.\\ncivil service under, 375.\\nagain President, 395.\\nClinton, De Witt, and Erie Canal, 187.\\nCoal, anthracite, 213.\\nCoal-miners strike, 413.\\nCoal oil, 267.\\nCollegiate School, New York, 405.\\nColonial beliefs and customs, 60.\\nCommerce, 61.\\nmoney, 61.\\nBlue Laws, 61 (note).\\nsocial life, 62.\\neducation, 63.\\nintercourse, 65.\\nwars. See Intercolonial.\\nColonies, charter, proprietary, royal, 88.\\nColonies, English, political condition of,\\n88.\\ndomestic life and manners of, 89.\\nresistance to Great Britain, 91.\\nColonists, English, relations with In-\\ndians, 47^9.\\nin 1700, 47.\\nreasons for coming to the New World\\n50.\\nColonization, early attempts at, 8.\\nEnglish, 8.\\nFrench, 10.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0575.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "Ixii\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nColonization, Spanish, 10.\\nreasons for failure, 10.\\nColorado, 355.\\nColumbia River, named, 163.\\nColumbian Exposition, Chicago selected,\\n388.\\ndedication, 393.\\ncharacter, 397.\\nColumbus, life, voyages, discoveries,\\n5, 6.\\nCommerce of United States, injured by\\nGreat Britain and France, 167.\\nCommittees of Correspondence, 95.\\nCompromise, Missouri, 188, 189.\\nof 1850, 249.\\nComstock lode, 267.\\nConcord and Lexington, 98.\\nConestoga wagons, 210.\\nConfederate states of America, set up,\\n270.\\nconstitution of, 271.\\nlike the colonies, 271.\\nflag, 279.\\nRichmond the capital, 282.\\nattitude of Ein-ope, 283.\\nopinion of United States Supreme\\nCourt, 342.\\nConfederation, Articles of, 133.\\nweakness of, 134, 135.\\nCongress, first of the colonies, 65.\\nContinental. See Continental.\\nConnecticut, Hartford, 23.\\nWethersfield, 23.\\nWindsor, 23.\\nFundamental orders, 23.\\nBlue Laws, 61 (note).\\nConscription, North and South, 303.\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, 79.\\nConstitution of United States, document.\\nAppendix, p. viii.\\nConstitution, compromises of, 136.\\nsigned, 137.\\nadoption of, 138-140.\\namendments proposed, 139.\\namendments, 147, 333, 334, 342.\\nits provisions, etc., 140-143.\\nchecks and balances, 143.\\ndefect regarding election of Presi-\\ndent, 155.\\nConstitution, the, 174.\\nConstitutional Convention, 135-137.\\nContinental Congress, the first, 96.\\nContinental Congress, the second, 101.\\nissues paper money, 101.\\nContinental Congress, hampers Wash-\\nington, 115.\\ncomes to an end, 147.\\nContinental money, depreciation of, 121,\\n122.\\nConway Cabal, 114.\\nCornwallis, Lord, in the South, 128.\\nsurrenders at Yorktown, 129, 130.\\nCortez conquers Mexico, 8.\\nCotton-gin, Whitney invents, 150.\\neffect upon South, 217.\\nCotton Exhibition, 371.\\nCredit Mobilier, 351, 352 (note).\\nCreeks, War, 174.\\ndifficulties with, 197.\\nCrisp, Chas. F., Speaker, 389, 396.\\nCromwell, O., his policy towards English\\ncolonies, 55.\\nCuba, annexation project, 259.\\nDakota Indians, 4.\\nDare, Virginia, 9.\\nDavis, Jefferson, becomes a leader, 253.\\nPresident of Confederacy, 271.\\ntaken, 327.\\nDawes Bill, 415.\\nDearborn, General H., burns York (To-\\nronto), 173.\\nDeclaration of Independence, a logical\\nresult, 103.\\nproposed by Richard Henry Lee, 105.\\ndrafted by Jefferson, 106.\\nadopted, 106.\\nhow received, 107.\\nthe document. Appendix, p. iv.\\nDeclaratory Act, 87.\\nDelaware, 42, 45.\\nDemocratic party named, 200.\\nDemocratic-Republicans, 151.\\nDe Soto, his expedition, 8.\\nDickinson, John, 91.\\nDiscoveries, early, English, 6.\\nFrench, 6.\\nSpanish, 6.\\nPortuguese, 6.\\nDorr War, 227,", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0576.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxiii\\nDouglas, Stephen A., becomes a leader,\\n253.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill, 256.\\nSquatter Sovereignty, 256.\\ndebate with Lincoln, 278.\\nDrafts. See Conscription.\\nDred Scott Case, 264.\\nDutch, the, in America, 14.\\nsettlements, 34-37.\\ndisputes with English, 34-37.\\nrecapture New York, 37.\\nE.\\nEads, James B., 364.\\nEarly s Raid, 313.\\nEconomic views of eighteenth century,\\n81-83.\\nEdison, Thomas A., 403.\\nEducation, 63, 215, 405.\\nin colonies, 63.\\nin New Netherlands, 38.\\nnormal schools, 215.\\nreview of progress, 405.\\nElections, of 1856, 264.\\nof 1860, 269.\\nof 1874, 353.\\nof 1884, 373.\\nof 1888, 381.\\nof 1892, 392.\\nof 1893, 396.\\nof 1894, 415.\\nof 1896, 416.\\nElectoral Commission, 358.\\nElectoral Count Act, 376.\\nEliot, John, the Apostle to the In-\\ndians, 49.\\ntranslation of the Bible, 49.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, 294-296.\\nEmbargo Act, 168.\\nEmigration. See Immigration.\\nEmigration, interstate, 400.\\nEndicott, John, a typical Puritan, 18.\\nEngland, struggle for colonial empire,\\n69-77.\\nher policy towards the colonists, 80.\\nOrders in Council, 167.\\nEra of Good Feeling, 183.\\nEra of III Feeling, 199.\\nEricsson, John, introduces the propeller,\\n214.\\nEricsson, John, invents the Monitor,\\n289.\\nErie Canal, 187.\\nEvangeline, 74.\\nExpatriation, 340.\\nExpositions, 254, 354, 392, 414.\\nExtradition of criminals, 226.\\nF.\\nFarmers Alliance, 387.\\nFarmer s Letters, 90.\\nFarragut, D. G., at New Orleans, 289.\\nat Mobile, 318.\\nFederalist, The, 138.\\nFederalists, the, 137, 151, 156.\\ntheir influence, 159.\\nFen wick, John, 39.\\nField, Cyrus W., the first Atlantic tele-\\ngraph, 266.\\nsecond Atlantic telegraph, 328.\\nFilibustering in Congress, 385.\\nFilibusters, 259.\\nFillmore, Millard, Vice-President, 247.\\nPresident, 248.\\nFinancial crisis, of 1837, 221.\\nof 1873, 350.\\nof 1893, 396.\\nFires, Chicago, forest, Boston, 347.\\nFishery Claims, 6, 347.\\nFitch, John, 170.\\nFlag, of the colonies, 104.\\nof confederate states, 279.\\nof United States, 1890, 384.\\nFlorida discovered and named, 7.\\nsession of, 184.\\nFlorida, the, 302, 319.\\nFoote, Commodore A. H., at Fort\\nHenry, 288.\\nIsland No. 10, 288.\\nForce Bill, 343.\\nForeign loans, 122.\\nForest reservations, 401.\\nFort Donelson, 288.\\nFort Du Quesne, 72, 76.\\nFourth of March, Inauguration Day,\\n140.\\nFox, Charles James, 128.\\nFrance, struggle for colonial empire,\\n69-77.\\nsupports America, 116.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0577.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "Ixiv\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nFrance, relations with United States,\\n151.\\ndifficulties with, 155.\\nX. Y. Z. correspondence, 156.\\ntreaty with, 157.\\nFranking, abolished, 352.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, plan of union, 73.\\non American Submission, 86.\\non French and Indian war, 79.\\nanecdotes of, 108, 136.\\non capture of Philadelphia, 114.\\nenvoy to France, 116, 117.\\nin Constitutional Convention, 136.\\nfounds American Philosophical So-\\nciety, 407.\\nFredericksburg, 293.\\nFreedmeu s Bureau Bill, 334.\\nFree-soil party, 247.\\nFremont, .John C, in California, 240.\\ncandidate for President, 264.\\non slavery, 294.\\nnomination in 1864, 1521.\\nFrench, the, part of America held by\\nthem, 50.\\nas colonists in America, 53-55.\\nactivity in 1754, 70.\\nat Yorktown, 129.\\nFrench and Indian war, 71-79.\\nconditions of peace, 78.\\nFrench Spoliation Claims, origin of,\\n157.\\nFriends or Quakers, in Maryland, 27.\\nin New .Jersey, 39, 40.\\nin Pennsylvania, 44.\\nin Massachusetts, 58.\\nFrobisher, Martin, 9.\\nFugitive Slave Law, 1850, 250.\\nFulton, Robert, 1()9.\\nFundamental Orders of Connecticut,\\n23.\\nG.\\nGadsden Purchase, 241 (note).\\nGag Resolutions, the, 218.\\nGarfield, James A., life, 365.\\nPresident, 366.\\nassassinated, 366.\\nGarrison, William Lloyd, 217.\\nGas, 214.\\nGas, natural, 402.\\nGaspee, burnt, 92.\\nGates, General, 112, 127.\\nGenet, 152.\\nGeneva, Arbitration, 345.\\nAward, 347.\\nGeorge III. and the colonists, 103.\\nGeorgia, Charter, 33.\\nsettlement of, 33.\\nnot in First Colonial Congress, 96.\\nGeorgia, the, 302, 319.\\nGermantown, battle of, 114.\\nGettysburg, 299.\\nGilbert, Sir Humphrey, 9.\\nGold, discovered in California, 244.\\nin Colorado, 267.\\npremium on, 305.\\nGoodyear, Charles, 2.52.\\nGorges, Sir Ferdinando, 24.\\nGosnold, Bartholomew, 10.\\nGough, John B., 216.\\nGrant, Ulysses S., life, 343.\\nat FortDonelson, 288.\\nat Pittsburg Landing, 288.\\ntakes Vicksburg, 297, 299.\\nin command of all armies, 311.\\nplans for attacking Confederacy, 312.\\nterms at Appomattox, 326.\\nelected President, 337.\\nIndian policy, 344.\\nrenominated and elected, .348.\\nGreat Lakes, agreement concerning,\\n185.\\ntraffic on, 403.\\nGreat Salt Lake City, 232.\\nGreeley, Horace, 349.\\nGreenback party, 356.\\nGreenbacks, .305.\\nGreene, General Nathanael, 127.\\nGreen Mountain Boys, 99.\\nGuilford Court House, battle of, 127.\\nH.\\nHamilton, Alexander, in Constitutional\\nConvention, 136.\\nthe Federalist, 138.\\nSecretary of the Treasury, 147.\\nplan for paying debt of United\\nStates, 148.\\nrelations with .Jefferson, 151.\\nduel with Burr, 164.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0578.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxv\\nHamilton, Alexander, Bank of the\\nUnited States, 180 (note).\\nHancock, John, 92, 98, 107.\\nHarrison, Benjamin, President, 381,\\n382.\\nlife, 382.\\ncivil service under, .383.\\nHarrison, William Henry, at Tippe-\\ncanoe, 170.\\nin War of 1812, 173.\\nelected President, 225.\\nlife, death, 225.\\nHartford, 23.\\nHartford Convention, 177.\\nHarvard College founded, 6 S.\\nHawaiian dillficulties, 390.\\nHayes, Rutherford B., life, 360.\\nadministration, 3(il.\\ninauguration ,_ 361\\nHenry, Patrick, speech against Stamp\\nAct, 85.\\nopposes Constitution, 137.\\nHerald, the New York, 215.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Holy Alliance, 190.\\nHomestead labor troubles, 391.\\nHood, GeneralJ. B., 315.\\nHooker, General Jos., 293, 298.\\nHouston, General Samuel, 233.\\nHowe, Elias, Jr., 251.\\nHudson, Henry, and Hudson River, l-l.\\nHull, General Wm., surrenders Detroit,\\n173.\\nHutchinson, Anne, 22, 114.\\nImmigration, in 1850, 251.\\nforeign, 400.\\nImmigration Bill, 394.\\nImpressment of sailors by Great Britain,\\n167, 171, 172, 179.\\nIndependence of Colonies. See Declara-\\ntion of Independence.\\nIndependence Hall, 106.\\nIndentured servants, 29, 30.\\nIndians, why so called, 6.\\nmode of life, 2.\\ngroups and tribes of, 4.\\nSix Nations, 4.\\nnumber in North America, 48, 49,\\nnote, and Appendix V., p. xxviii.\\nIndians, treatment by the Dutch, 14.\\nrelations with English colonists, 47-\\n49.\\nrelations with the French, 54.\\nPequot War, .50.\\nKing Philip s War, 52.\\nemployment by British and by colo-\\nnies, 119, 121.\\nretaliation upon, 118.\\nwars, after Revolution, 149.\\nSioux War, 355.\\nGrant s Peace Policy, 344.\\nModoc War, 349.\\nDawes Bill, 415.\\nIndia-rubber, 252.\\nIndigo in the Carolinas, 32.\\nInland commerce, 403.\\nIntercolonial wars, 65-79.\\nInterior Department, established, 252.\\nInternal improvements, 165, 186, 191,\\n197.\\nInternational copyright, 388.\\nInterstate Commerce Act, 376.\\nIntolerable Acts of Parliament, the\\nfive, 94.\\nIntolerance in the colonies, 57.\\nInvention, 403.\\nIron in Pennsylvania, 214.\\nIroquois Indians, 4.\\nIrrigation, 401.\\nIsabella, Queen of Spain, encourages\\nColumbus, 5.\\nItaly, difficulty with, 389.\\nJackson, Andrew, in Creek AVar,\\n174.\\nNew Orleans, 178.\\ncourse in Florida, 184.\\nelected President, 200.\\ncharacter, 202-204.\\nremovals from office, 202, 203.\\nre-elected, 206.\\nremoval of deposits. 206.\\nNullification Proclamation, 206.\\nForeign affairs, 219.\\npet banks, 220.\\nSpecie Circular, 220.\\nretires, 220.\\nJackson. C. T., 230.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0579.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "Ixvi\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nJackson, General Thos. J. Stone-\\nwall his ability, 292.\\nin Shenandoah Valley, 291.\\nkilled, 298.\\nJamestown, Virginia, settlement, 12.\\nJapan, Perry s treaty with, 255.\\nJay, John, Chief Justice, 147.\\nJay s Treaty, 152.\\nJefferson, Thomas, drafts Declaration\\nof Independence, 106.\\nrelations with Hamilton, 151.\\nKentucky Resolutions, 157.\\nelection as President, 158.\\ninaugural address, 160.\\npolicy, 161.\\nre-elected President, 165.\\nremovals from office, 203.\\ndies, 199.\\nJetties, Mississippi, 364.\\nJohns Hopkins University, 405.\\nJohnson, Andrew, nominated for Vice-\\nPresident, 320.\\nbecomes President, 327.\\nlife, 331.\\nviews of reconstruction, 332.\\nrelations with Congress, 334, 336.\\nremoves Stanton, 336.\\nimpeached, 336.\\nJohnston, General Jos. E., commands\\nConfederate army, 291.\\nwounded, and retired, 291.\\nsupersedes Bragg, 300.\\nremoved, 315.\\nreplaced in command, 324.\\nsurrenders, 327.\\nJohnstown Flood, 383.\\nJoliet, 53.\\nJones, John Paul, 119.\\nKansas, troubles in, 260.\\nKansas-Xebraska Bill, 256.\\nKearsarge and Alabama, 319.\\nKentucky, 120, 149.\\nKentucky and Virginia Resolutions,\\n157.\\nKidd, Captain, 62.\\nKing George s War, 67.\\nKing Phillip s War, 52.\\nKing William s War, 65.\\nKitchen Cabinet, 203.\\nKnights of Labor, 378.\\nKnow-Nothing party, 257.\\nKukluxKlan, 341.\\nLabor troubles, 377.\\nLafayette, comes to America, 111.\\nvisit to America, 194-196.\\nLand claims, 132, 133.\\nLa Salle, 53.\\nLee, General Charles, 112, 117.\\nLee, General Robert E., life, 291.\\ncommands Confederate army, 291.\\ninvades Maryland, 292.\\ninvades Maryland and Pennsylvania,\\n1863, 298.\\nsurrenders, 326.\\nLegal tender, definition, 305 (note).\\nLeisler, Jacob, 37.\\nLeland Stanford, Jr., University,\\n405.\\nLewis and Clark Expedition, 163.\\nLexington and Concord, 98.\\nLiberal Republicans, 349.\\nLiberty Bell, in 1776, 106.\\nbroken, 219 (note).\\nLiberty party, 224.\\nLiberty, statue of, 379.\\nLibraries, 406.\\nLincoln, Abraham, biography, 274.\\nBlack Hawk War, 208.\\non Mexican AVar, 238.\\nnomination, 1860, 269.\\ninauguration, 274.\\ncalls for volunteers, 277.\\nemancipation, 295.\\nrenomination, 320.\\nre-election, 322.\\nsecond inaugural. Appendix IX.. p.\\nXXV.\\nassassinated, 326.\\nhis greatness, 327.\\nLiterature, review of, 215, 407.\\nLocke, John, model government for\\nCarolinas, 30.\\nLondon Company, 12.\\nLottery legislation, 387, 414.\\nLouisiana, origin of the name, 54.\\nLottery, 388 (note).", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0580.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxvii\\nLouisiana, Purchase, 161-163, 185 (note).\\nLovejoy, Elijah P., killed, 223.\\nM.\\nMadison, James, advocates Annapolis\\nConference, 135.\\nVirginia Resolutions, 157.\\nPresident, 169.\\ncharacter, 169.\\nMagazines, 410.\\nMagellan s (Majell au) voyage, 7.\\nMaine, 24.\\nacquired by Massachusetts, 24.\\nManhattan, 14.\\nManufactures, restrictions upon, 82.\\nMarshall, John, Chief Justice, 158, 219.\\nMarquette, 53.\\nMaryland, charter, 24, 26 (note).\\nboundaries, 25 (note).\\norigin of name, 25.\\nfirst settlement, 26.\\nreligious toleration, 26.\\nRoman Catholics in, 26, 27.\\nToleration Act, 27.\\nland claims, 133.\\nattitude towards secession, 278.\\nMason, Captain John, 24.\\nMason and Dixon s Line, 41.\\nMason and Slidell, 285.\\nMassachusetts Bay Colony, 17-21.\\npeculiarities of, 19.\\ncharter brought to America, 19.\\nacquires Maine, 24.\\nforfeiture of charter, 56.\\nMassachusetts Bill, 94.\\nMatches, friction, introduction, 214.\\n3fayflowe7\\\\ the, 16.\\nMayflower Compact, 16, Appendix L,\\np. iii.\\nMcClellan, Geo. B., commands Army of\\nthe Potomac, 284.\\nPeninsular Campaign, 290.\\nremoved from command, 293.\\nnominated for President, 321.\\nMcKinley, William, 416.\\nnominated for President, 415.\\nelection of, 417.\\nMcKinley Bill, 386.\\nMeade, General Geo. G., commands\\nArmy of Potomac, 299.\\nMecklenburg Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence, 105.\\nMerrimac and Monitor, 289.\\nMexican Cession, 241.\\nMexican War, 2.36-242.\\ndeclaration, 237.\\nt Taylor s campaign, 237, 238.\\nScott s campaign, 240.\\nterms of peace, 241.\\ncost of, 241.\\nMexico, French in, 339.\\nMaximilian in, 339.\\nMills Bill, 381.\\nMinute Men, 98.\\nMississippi, jetties, 364.\\nfloods, 1882, 368.\\nMissouri Compromise, 188, 189.\\nModoc War, 349.\\nMonitor and Mernmac, 289.\\nMonmouth, battle of, 117.\\nMonroe Doctrine, the, 190.\\nMonroe, James, elected President, 181.\\nlife, 181.\\ntour as President, 183.\\nre-elected President, 189.\\nMontcalm, the Marquis of, 75.\\nMorgan s Raid, 300.\\nMormons, early history, 230-232.\\nNauvoo, 231.\\nin Utah, 2.32.\\nBuchanan s action, 266.\\nAnti-Polygamy, Bill, 367.\\nMorris, Robert, 123.\\nMorse, S. F. B.. 229.\\nMorton, W. T. G., 230.\\nMound Builders, Indians, 3.\\nMugwumps, 373.\\nMurfreesboro, Battle, 293.\\nMuskogee Indians, 4.\\nN.\\nNapoleon, Berlin Decree, 166.\\nMilan Decree, 167.\\nsells Louisiana, 162.\\nNational Bank, 180, and note.\\nNational Bank Act, 307.\\nNational Democrats, 41(5.\\nNational feeling, increase of, 182.\\nNational Republicans, 200.\\nNational Road, 166.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0581.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "Ixviii\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nNat Turner Insurrection, 217.\\nNaturalization Act, 1870 (English), 340.\\nNaturalization Law, 164.\\nNaval Victories in War of 1812, 173.\\nNavigation Acts, 55, 81-83.\\nNavy, American, in Revolution, 119.\\nin War of 1812, 172-174.\\nNegro troops, in Confederate army, 296.\\nin United States army, 296.\\nNevada admitted, 323 (note).\\nNew (or Fort) Amsterdam, founded, 14.\\nseized by English, 3(5.\\nNew England named by Captain John\\nSmith, 15.\\nUnited Colonies of, 51.\\nNew Hampshire, 24.\\nNew Jersey, 38-41.\\norigin of name, 39.\\ndivision of colony, 39.\\nW^est Jersey sold to Friends (Qua-\\nkers) 39, 40.\\nNew Mexico taken, 238.\\nNew Netherland, 14, 34.\\nseized by English, 36.\\nNew Orleans, battle of, 178.\\nCotton Exhibition, 371.\\nItalian riot, 1891,389.\\nNew South, 373, 404.\\nNew York (New Amsterdam), founded,\\nseized by English, 36. [14.\\nseized by Dutch, 37.\\nrestored to English, 37.\\nCampaign (Revolution), 108-112.\\nland claims, 133.\\nNew York City, reforms, 413.\\nNewport, Rhode Island, founded, 22.\\nNewspaper, the American, 215, 410.\\nfirst in America, 65.\\nNicoll s, Richard, rule in New York, 36.\\nNon-intercourse Act, 168.\\nNorth, the, how prepared for war in\\n1861, 279-282.\\nNorth, Lord, Prime Minister, 93.\\nNorth Carolina, 30-32.\\nfeeling in, regarding independence,\\n105.\\nSee Carolinas.\\nNorthmen, 4.\\nNorthwest Territory, 146.\\nNorumbega (New England), 15.\\nNullification, 205.\\nOglethorpe, General James, 33.\\nOhio admitted, 164.\\nOhio Company, 70.\\nOklahoma, 383.\\nOld Ironsides, 174.\\nOmnibus Bill, 249.\\nOratory, 216.\\nOrders in Council, Great Britain, 167,\\n171, 179.\\nOrdinance of 1787, 146, 148.\\nOregon, Gray s visit, 163.\\ndispute with Great Britain, 242, 243.\\nWhitman s ride, 242.\\nclaims of United States, 244 (note).\\nOrganization of United States govern-\\nment, 1789, 147.\\nOsceola, 208.\\nOstend Manifesto, 259.\\nOtis, James, on Taxation, 83,\\nPacific Ocean, discovered, 7,\\nnamed, 8.\\nPacific Railroad, exploration for, 255.\\ncompleted, 340.\\nPacific states, 404.\\nPan-American Congress, first, 197,\\nof 1890, 384.\\nPanic, of 1837, 220.\\nof 1857, 266.\\nof 1873, 350.\\nof 1893, 396.\\nParks, National, 401, 414.\\nParties\\nFederalist, 137, 151, 156.\\nAnti-Federalist, 151.\\nDemocratic-Republican, 151, 200.\\nAnti-Masonic, 198.\\nDemocratic, 200.\\nNational Republican, 200,\\nWhig, 220.\\nLiberty, 224.\\nFree-soil, 247.\\nAmerican (Know-Nothing), 257.\\nRepublican, 263,\\nLiberal-Republican, 349.\\nGreenback, 356.\\nProhibition, 356.\\nPeople s (Populist), 393.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0582.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxix\\nParties\\nNational Democratic, 414.\\nParty feeling in United States (1789-\\n1796), 151.\\nPatroons, 38, 229.\\nPeabody, George, education fund, 372.\\nPeace Conference, 1861, 272.\\nPeace party in North, 319.\\nPendleton, George H., nominated for\\nVice-President, 321.\\nCivil Service Act, 367.\\nPenn, William, 41-45.\\nlife, 41.\\nrelations to the Jerseys, 39, 40.\\nacquires Pennsylvania, 41,\\ndisputes with Lord Baltimore, 41.\\nframe of government, 43.\\ntreaty with the Indians, 44.\\nPennsylvania, 41-47.\\norigin of name, 42.\\nCharter, 42.\\nPenn s frame of government, 43.\\nPennsylvania Hall, 224.\\nPensions, in North and South, 386, 387\\n(note).\\nPension Bill, 386.\\nPeople s Party, 393.\\nPerry s victory, 172.\\nPersonal Liberty Laws, 251.\\nPet banks, 220.\\nPetersburg, 314.\\nPetroleum, 267.\\nPhiladelphia, founded, 44.\\nin 1765, 89.\\ncaptured by Howe, 113.\\nPhillips, Wendell, 321.\\nPhysical training, 406.\\nPierce, Franklin, President, 254.\\nPilgrims, the, 15-17.\\nPirates, 62.\\nPitt, William (Earl of Chatham), Prime\\nMinister, his character, 75.\\nmember of Parliament, 84 (note).\\non Stamp Act, 87.\\nPittsburg (Fort Du Quesne) 76.\\nPittsburg Landing (Shiloh). 288.\\nPlymouth Company, 12, 15.\\nPlymouth Rock, 16.\\nPocahontas, 12.\\nPolk, James K., life, 235.\\nPresident, 234.\\nPolk, James K., his measures, 235.\\naccomplishes ends, 244.\\nPonce de Leon (Pontha da Laon [Span-\\nish] Ponssde Lee on [English]), 7.\\nPontiac, conspiracy of, 79.\\nPopulists, 39.3.\\nPostage, rates of, 252, 253.\\nPostage stamps used for change, 305.\\nPresident, as executive officer, 142.\\nsalary raised, 352.\\nPresidents, list of, Appendix, p. xxxii.\\nPresidential Succession Act, 375.\\nPrisoners of war, 29().\\nPrivateers, Confederate, 301.\\nProhibition party, 356.\\nPropeller, the screw, 214.\\nProtection to home industries, 185, 186\\n(note).\\nProvidence, Rhode Island, founded, 22.\\nPullman strike, 412.\\nPuritans, 19, 21.\\nQuakers. See Friends.\\nQuartering Act, 95.\\nQuebec taken by Wolfe, 77.\\nQuebec Act, 95.\\nQueen Anne s War, 66.\\nQuorum, what is a, 385.\\nR.\\nRailroads, the first in America, 212.\\nfirst jiassenger, 212.\\nRailroad strikes, 3(53, 412.\\nRalegh, Sir Walter, 8.\\nReapers, 213.\\nReciprocity measure, 386.\\nReconstruction, measures, 333-336.\\nacts, 334.\\nall states represented in Congress,\\n342.\\nReed, Thomas B., Speaker, 386, 415.\\nReligious intolerance, 57.\\nReligious liberty in Rhode Island, 23.\\nReligious toleration, in Maryland, 2(5.\\nin Pennsylvania, 43.\\nin Rhode Island, 23.\\nRemoval of deposits, 206.\\nRepresentation, popular, first represen-\\ntative body in America, 14.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0583.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "Ixx\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nRepresentation established in Massa-\\nchusetts, 20.\\nin England in eighteenth century, 83.\\nin Congress, 258. Appendix VIII.,\\np. xxxi.\\nRepublican party formed, 2(53.\\nRepudiation, state, 222.\\nRestoration of Charles II., 55.\\nResumption Act, 354.\\nResumption of Specie Payments, 3Ci.\\nReturning boards, 357, 359.\\nRevere, Paul, 98.\\nRevenue, in 1789, 147.\\nduring Civil War, 304-307.\\nRevolution, the, 100-131.\\nBritish plans of attack, 108.\\nhow brought about, 131.\\nRhode Island and Providence planta-\\ntions, 22.\\ncharters, 23.\\nreligious liberty in, 23.\\nDorr War, 227.\\nRice in the Carolinas, 32.\\nRichmond evacuated, 325.\\nRoanoke Island, 9.\\nRosecrans, General AV. S., Chattanooga,\\n299.\\nS.\\nSt. Clair s Defeat, 149.\\nSalary Grab, 351.\\nSalem, Massachusetts (Naumkeag), 18.\\nSan Domingo, proposed annexation, 340.\\nSanitary Commission, 329.\\nSan Salvador discovered by Columbus,\\n6.\\nSaratoga, battle of, 112.\\nSavannah, founded, 33.\\ntaken by British, 126.\\nSavcmnah, the, 210.\\nSchuyler, General Philip, 112.\\nScott, General Winfield, in War of 1812,\\n175.\\nMexican Campaign, 240.\\ncandidate for President, 254.\\nin Civil War, 274, 282.\\nScrub race for the Presidency, 192.\\nSecession in 1860, 269.\\nSouth Carolina, 269.\\nother states, 270, 278.\\nSedition and Alien Laws, 156.\\nSeminole War, 208.\\nSenate Bill, 411.\\nSeven Years War, 72.\\nSeward, William H., in Congress, 254.\\nSecretary of State, 274.\\npeace negotiations, 325.\\nbuys Alaska, 338.\\nSewing machine, invented, 251.\\nShenandoah, the, 302.\\nSheridan, General Philip H., in Shenan-\\ndoah valley, 314.\\nraids, 325.\\nSherman Act, 388.\\nSherman, General Wm. T., life, 311.\\nmarch, 316-318, 323.\\nhis orders, 317.\\nShiloh (Pittsburg Landing) 288.\\nSilver legislation. Bland Bill, 362.\\nSherman Act, 388.\\nSherman Act repealed, 396.\\nSioux Indians, 4.\\nSioux Wars, 297, 355.\\nSixteen to One, 415 (note).\\nSlater, John F., 372.\\nSlavery introduced into America, 13.\\nslave trade in colonial times, 68.\\nin Northwest Territory, 146.\\nforeign slave trade abolished, 166.\\nJ. Q. Adams s opinion of, 219.\\nin politics, 248.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, 294.\\nContrabands, 294.\\nMcClellan on, 294.\\nLincoln on, 294. See Abolitionists.\\nSmith, Captain John, 12, 13, 15.\\nSmith, Joseph (the Mormon), 230.\\nSmith College, 406.\\nSmithsonian Institution, 407.\\nSons of Liberty, 85.\\nSouth, the, education in, 215.\\nin 1852, 2.^)7.\\nhow prepared for war in 1861, 279-282.\\nrevenue during Civil War, 30(j.\\nprices of goods during Civil War,\\n306.\\nin 1884, 372.\\nthe New South, 373, 404.\\nSouth Carolina, 30-32.\\nnullification, 207.\\nsecedes, 2(59.\\nSpanish-American republics, 190.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0584.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxxi\\nSpoils System, rotation in office under\\nConfederation, 164.\\nunder Jackson, 203.\\nSquatter Sovereignty, 256.\\nStamp Act, 84-87.\\nCongress, 86.\\nrepealed, 86.\\nStandard time, 369.\\nStandish, Myles, 17.\\nStar Spangled Banner, 176 (note)\\nState rights, 207, 272.\\nStates, the, origin of, 104.\\nstatistics of, Appendices, pp. xxvii,\\nxxxi.\\nSteamboat, Fulton s, 169.\\nStephens, Alex. H., becomes a leader,\\n253.\\nVice-President of Confederacy, 270,\\n271.\\nSteuben, Baron, 111.\\nStrikes, 363, 378, 412.\\nStuyvesant, Peter, 36, 38.\\nSub-Treasury, established, 222.\\nabolished by Whigs, 244.\\nre-established, 244.\\nSumner, Charles, enters Senate, 253.\\nattacked, 263.\\nSumter, Fort, 272-278.\\nSu7i, the New York, 215.\\nSurplus of 1886, 380.\\nSwedes in America, 14.\\nTaney, Roger B., Secretary of the Treas-\\nury, 206.\\nChief Justice, 219.\\nDred Scott decision, 264.\\ndies, 324.\\nTariff in first Congress, 148.\\nof 1824, 191.\\nof 1828, 199.\\nof 1832, 205.\\nof 1833, Compromise, 206.\\nof 1846, Revenue, 244.\\nof 1861 (Morrill), 304.\\nof 1883, 368.\\nof 1891 (McKinley) 386.\\nof 1894, AVilson Bill, Senate\\nBill, 411.\\nTaylor, General Zachary, Mexican Cam-\\npaign, 238.\\nTaylor, General Zachary, elected Presi-\\ndent, 246.\\n\\\\\\\\ie and character, 247.\\ndies, ^48.\\nTaxation without consent, 20,\\nreal object of English, 87.\\nobjections of colonists, 88.\\nremoval of taxes except upon tea, 93.\\nTea Tax, how received, 93,\\nTecumseh, 170, 173.\\nTelegraph, invention of, 229.\\nTelephone, 355.\\nTemperance, reform movement, 216.\\ncrusade in Ohio, 350.\\nWoman s Christian Temperance\\nUnion, 350.\\nTenure of Office Act, 336.\\nTexas, 232-234.\\nannexation, 233.\\nThomas, General George H., at Chicka-\\nmauga, 300.\\nat Nashville, 316.\\nThomson, Charles, 107, 145.\\nTico\u00c2\u00bbderoga captured, 99.\\nTippecanoe, battle of, 170.\\nTippecanoe and Tyler too, 224.\\nTopical analysis (of this book) Appen-\\ndix XI., p. xxxix.\\nTories and Whigs, 98.\\nTown meeting, 20.\\nTownsheud Acts, 90.\\nTransportation, 403.\\nTransportation Bill, 94.\\nTreaties, with Great Britain, 131, 226.\\nFrance, 116.\\nSpain, 153.\\nAlgiers, 153.\\nTripoli, 153.\\nGhent, 178.\\nGuadaloupe Hidalgo (Gwa-da-loop a\\nHedal go),241.\\nGermany, 340.\\nChina, 340.\\nof Washington (1871), 345.\\nTrent, the, 255.\\nTribune, the New York, 215.\\nTripoli, war with, 164.\\nTulane University, 405.\\nTyler, John, A^ice-President, 225.\\nbecomes President, 225.\\nhis course, 226.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0585.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "Ixxii\\nHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nU.\\nUncle Tom s Cabin, 256.\\nUnderground Railroad, 265.\\nUnited Colonies of New England, 51.\\nUnited States, independence declared,\\n105.\\norganization of government, 141-147.\\ncommerce injured by Great Britain\\nand France, 167.\\nin 1825, 195.\\nmaterial development, 209.\\nout of debt, 219.\\nsurplus revenue, 1836, 219.\\nforty-six states, 415.\\nstatistics of, Appendix, pp. xxviii-\\nxxxi.\\nUnited States Bank, first, 180 (note).\\nsecond, 180, 205.\\nUniversity extension, 406.\\nUniversity of Virginia, 215.\\nUrban population, 401, Appendix VI.,\\np. xxix.\\nUtah, 2.32.\\nadmitted as a state, 415.\\nV.\\nValley Forge, 114.\\nVan Buren, Martin, Secretary of State,\\n204.\\nelected President, 219.\\nlife, 220.\\nproposes Sub-Treasury, 222.\\nnominated by Free-Soilers, 247.\\nVassar College, 406.\\nVenezuela Boundary Dispute, 417.\\nVermont, 149.\\nVicksburg, 297, 299.\\nVirginia, 12-14, 27-30.\\nso called by Ralegh, 9.\\ncharter of 1609, 13.\\nHouse of Burgesses, 14.\\na royal colony, 28.\\nBacon s Rebellion, 28.\\nHouse of Burgesses, protests against\\nBoston Port Bill, 95.\\nproposes General Congress, 95.\\nproposes independence, 105.\\nVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions,\\n156.\\nW.\\nWagon trade, 210.\\nWallace, General Lew, delays Early, 313.\\nWars, King Philip s, 52.\\nintercolonial, 65-77.\\nKing William s, 65.\\nQueen Anne s, ti6.\\nKing George s, 67.\\nFrench and Indian, 71-77.\\nWar of Independence, 100-131.\\nof 1812, 171-179.\\nMexican, 236-242.\\nCivil, 276-330.\\nWashington, George, sent to the French,\\n71.\\nbirth, 71 (note).\\nsurrenders to the French, 72.\\nBraddock s expedition, 74.\\ncommander-in-chief, 101.\\nrefuses pay; his accounts, 101.\\nassumes command, 102.\\nNew York campaign, 108-112.\\ncrosses the Delaware, 110.\\nTrenton, 110.\\nValley Forge, 114.\\nhampered by Congress, 115.\\npresides at Constitutional Conven-\\ntion, 135.\\nPresident, 144-146.\\ninauguration, 146.\\nfarewell address, 153.\\ndies, 168.\\nWashington City, the capital, 158.\\nWashington Centennial, 383.\\nWashington Monument finished, 370.\\nWashingtonian movement, 216.\\nWaterworks, 214.\\nWayne, General Anthony, 124, 149.\\nWeather Bureau, .351.\\nWebster, Daniel, on Adams and Jeffer-\\nson, 199.\\nWebster, Daniel, on Spoils System,\\n203.\\nas an orator, 216.\\nAshburton Treaty, 226.\\non Fugitive Slave Law, 249.\\nSeventh of March Speech, 249.\\ndies, 250.\\nWellesley College, 406.\\nWesley, John and Charles, in Georgia, 34.", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0586.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nIxxiii\\nWest, the, settlement of, 120.\\nsettlement as affected by railroads,\\n211, 212.\\nWest Point, Arnold s treason, 125.\\nWest Virginia, admitted, 323.\\nWestern reserve, 133.\\nWhigs (1836) 220.\\nAVhigs and Tories, 98.\\nWhiskey Frauds, 354.\\nWhiskey Insurrection, 149.\\nWhitefield, George, in Georgia, 34.\\nWhitman, Marcus, his ride, 242.\\nWhitney, Eli, 149.\\nWhittier, John G., 408.\\noffice burnt, 224.\\nWilderness, the, 313.\\nAVilkes, Captain Charles, 285, 286 (note).\\nWilliam and Mary College founded, 63.\\nWilliam Penn Charter School, 405.\\nWilliams, Roger, 21-23, 51.\\nWilmot Proviso, 246.\\nWilson Bill, 411.\\nWinthrop, John, 20.\\nWitchcraft delusion, 59.\\nWolfe, General James, at Quebec, 76.\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union,\\n351.\\nWomen, higher education of, 405.\\nWorld s Fair in New York, 1853, 255.\\nWyoming, Massacre of, 118.\\nX. Y. Z. correspondence, 156.\\nYale College founded, 63.\\nYellow Fever, 363.\\nYork, Duke of, grant to, 34, 36.\\nYorktown, campaign and surrender,\\n129-131.\\ncentennial celebration, 370.", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0587.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0588.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0589.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "4\\nI", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0590.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2287", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0591.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3434", "width": "2304", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds02thom_0592.jp2"}}