{"1": {"fulltext": "PR 2206\\n1900\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n0000583^213", "height": "3947", "width": "2470", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "s*\\n%i ^y w\\\\,", "height": "3588", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "1\\n^0\\n7Vi\u00c2\u00ab A\\nA V, V\\n\u00c2\u00b0o\\nJ?\\n,0", "height": "3649", "width": "2172", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "V\\nI", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Sir Francis Bacon.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TME ESSAYS\\nsX OR\\nCounsels Civil and A\\\\oral\\nor\\nFRANCIS BACON\\nFIRST PUBLISHED IN 1597, AND AS HE\\nLEFT THEM NEWLY WRITTEN\\nAND PUBLISHED IN 1625\\nINCLUDING ALSO HIS\\nAPOPHTHEGMS, ELEGANT\\nSENTENCES AND W1SDOA q\\nOE THE ANCIENTS\\nWITH AN INTRODUCTION BY\\nHenry A\\\\orley. LL. D. i\\nCHICAGO\\nW. B. CONKEY COMPANY", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "42877\\nl_ibw*r y of Congress\\ny wu Copies Recemed\\nSEP 4 1900\\nOf yrigfit entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOdivend to\\n0\u00c2\u00ab0\u00c2\u00a3fi DIVISION,\\nSEP 5 1900\\nV x \u00e2\u0080\u009eo\\nCopyright, 1900, by W. B. Conkey Company.\\n74140", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nEssays\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Last Edition, 1625.\\nCHAPTEE. PAGE.\\nI. Of Truth 16\\nII. ^Of Death 19\\nIII. Of Unity in Religion 21\\nIV. ^Oi Revenge 27\\nV. Of Adversity 29\\nVI. Of Simulation and Dissimulation 30\\nVII. Of Parents and Children 34\\nVIII. Of Marriage and Single Life 36\\nIX. Of Envy 38\\nX. i Of Love 45\\nXI. Of Great Place 47\\nXII. Of Boldness 52\\nXIII. Of Goodness, and Goodness of Nature 54\\nXIV. Of Nobility 57\\nXV. Of Seditions and Troubles 59\\nXVI. Of Atheism 68\\nXVII. Of Superstition 71\\nXVIII. Of Travel 73\\nXIX. Of Empire 76\\nXX. Of Counsel 82\\nXXI. Of Delays 88\\nXXII. Of Cunning 89\\nXXIII. Of Wisdom for a Man s Self 94\\nXXIV. Of Innovations 96\\n3", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER.\\nXXV.\\nXXVI.\\nXXVII.\\nXXVIII.\\nXXIX.\\nXXX.\\nXXXI.\\nXXXII.\\nXXXIII.\\nXXXIV.\\nXXXV.\\nXXXVI.\\nXXXVII.\\nXXXVIII.\\nXXXIX.\\nXL.\\nXLI.\\nXLII.\\nXLIII.\\nXLIV.\\nXLV.\\nXLVI.\\nXLVII.\\nXLVIII.\\nXLIX.\\nL.\\nLI.\\nLII.\\nLIII.\\nLIV.\\nLV.\\nLVI.\\nCONTENTS.\\nPAGE.\\nOf Dispatch 98\\nOf Seeming Wise 100\\nOf Friendship 102\\nOf Expense Ill\\nOf the True Greatness of Kingdoms\\nand Estates 113\\nOf Regimen of Health 125\\nOf Suspicion 127\\nOf Discourse 129\\nOf Plantations 131\\nOf Riches 135\\nOf Prophecies 139\\nOf Ambition 143\\nOf Masques and Triumphs 14G\\nOf Nature in Men 148\\nOf Custom and Education 150\\nOf Fortune 152\\nOf Usury 154\\nOf Youth and Age 159\\nOf Beauty 162\\nOf Deformity 163\\nOf Building 165\\nOf Gardens 170\\nOf Negotiating. 240\\nOf Followers and Friends. 181\\nOf Suitors 183\\nOf Studies 185\\nOf Faction 1S7\\nOf Ceremonies and Respects 189\\nOf Praise 191\\nOf Vain Glory 193\\nOf Honor and Reputation 195\\nOf Judicature 198", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 5\\nCHAPTEB. PAGE.\\nLVII. Of Anger 203\\nLVIII. Of Vicissitude of Things 206\\nA Fragment of an Essay of Fame 213\\nAn Essay of a King 215\\nOn Death 218\\nEssays\u00e2\u0080\u0094The First Edition, 1597.\\nI. ^Of Studies 229\\nII. Of Discourse 230\\nIII. Of Ceremonies and Respects 231\\nIV. Of Followers and Friends 232\\nV. Of Suitors 234\\nVI. Of Expense 235\\nVII. Of Regimen of Health 236\\nVIII. Of Honor and Reputation 237\\nIX. Of Faction 239\\nX. Of Negotiating 240\\nThe Wisdom of the Ancients\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Series of Mythological\\nFables.\\nPreface 245\\nI. Cassandra, or Divination 251\\nII. Typhon, or a Rebel 252\\nIII. The Cyclops, or the Ministers of Terror 255\\nI Vc Narcissus, or Self- Love 257\\nV. The River Styx, or Leagues 258\\nVIo Pan, or Nature 260\\nVII. Perseus, or War 270\\nVIIIc Endymion, or a Favorite 274\\nIX. The Sister of the Giants, or Fame 276\\nX. Acteon and Pantheus, or a Curious Man 277\\nXL Orpheus, or Philosophy 278\\nXIIo Ccelum, or Beginnings 282\\nXIII. Proteus, or Matter 285", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nFrancis Bacon was born three years before\\nShakespeare, on the 2 2d of January, 1561, and\\ndied ten years after Shakespeare, on the 9th of\\nApril, 1626. Shakespeare s age when he died\\nwas fifty-two, and Bacon s sixty-five. The\\ntwo men were the greatest births of their own\\ntime. One glanced from heaven to earth,\\nfrom earth to heaven as a poet. The other\\ntaught men to look abroad into God s world,\\nand by patient experiment to find their way\\nfrom outward signs to knowledge of the inner\\nworking of those laws of Nature which are\\nfixed energies appointed by the wisdom of the\\nCreator as sources of all that we see and use.\\nAs the working of each law is discovered,\\nBacon would have the searcher next look for\\nits applications to the well-being of man.\\nSir William Cecil, afterward Lord Burleigh,\\nand Sir Nicholas Bacon, Queen Elizabeth s\\nLord Keeper, married two daughters of Sir\\nAnthony Cooke. Anne Cooke was the second\\nwife of Sir Nicholas, who had six children by\\na former marriage. His second wife had two\\nsons, Anthony and Francis. Francis was thus\\nthe youngest in a family of eight, living some-\\ntimes in London, at York House, and some-\\n7", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8 INTRODUCTION.\\ntimes at Gorhambury, near St. Albans. In\\nApril, 1573, Francis Bacon, twelve years old,\\nentered with his elder brother Anthony, as\\nfellow-commoner, at Trinity College, Cam-\\nbridge. He left Cambridge after about four\\nyears study there.\\nAt Cambridge he felt the fruitlessness of\\nthose teachings in philosophy which bade him\\nget clear understanding by beating the bounds\\nof his own brain. This was a philosophy, he\\nused to say, only strong for disputations and\\ncontentions, but barren of the production of\\nworks for the benefit of the life of man. The\\ndesire to turn philosophic thought into a more\\nuseful course became strong in him even then.\\nHe was to be trained for the service of the\\nState, and after leaving Cambridge, at sixteen,\\nwent in the suite of an ambassador to Paris.\\nBut while he was in France his father died,\\nbefore he had made the provision he designed\\nfor his sons by the second marriage. Bacon\\nthen, at the age of eighteen, came to London\\nto prepare for earning by the practice of the\\nlaw. He became a barrister in June, 1582.\\nHe entered the House of Commons in Novem-\\nber, 1584, as member for Melcombe Regis, in\\nDorsetshire. He sat for Taunton in the Par-\\nliament that met in October, 1586, and was\\namong those who petitioned for the execution\\nof Mary Queen of Scots. He sat next for\\nLiverpool, and in October, 1589, obtained by\\nhis Court interest the reversion to the office of\\nClerk of the Council in the Star Chamber,\\nwhich was of great money value but it did", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 9\\nnot become vacant for him until 1608. He\\nwas member for Middlesex in the Parliament\\nthat met in 1593, and piqued the Queen by-\\nraising constitutional objections to her manner\\nof asking a subsidy to meet the cost of provid-\\ning against dangers from the Catholic Powers.\\nAnthony and Francis Bacon were then both\\nlooking for patronage to the young Earl of\\nEssex, who was six years younger than Fran-\\ncis, impetuous, generous, and in favor with the\\nQueen. Bacon, thirty-three years old, sought\\nadvance in his profession to the office of\\nAttorney-General. The Queen gave it to Sir\\nEdward Coke, who was already Solicitor-\\nGeneral, was nine years older than Bacon, and\\ncould not fairly have been set aside for one\\nwho was so much his junior at the bar. Suit\\nwas then made on Bacon s behalf for the office\\nof Solicitor-General, but after months of delay\\nit was given, in November, 1595, to another\\nman. Bacon felt that the Queen was still\\noffended by his action in the matter of the\\nsubsidy. Essex said that the refusal of his\\nclient was meant by the Queen as an insult to\\nhimself, and that Bacon must accept from him\\na piece of land as amends for the disappoint-\\nment. So Bacon took the piece of land, since\\nknown as Twickenham Park; he sold it after-\\nward for eighteen hundred pounds. It was\\nworth, therefore, about twelve thousand in\\nmodern value. In taking it, he said afterward\\nthat he explicitly guarded himself against\\nowing on account of it any service to his pat-\\nron that might traverse his dut}^ to his Oueen.\\n2 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10 INTRODUCTION.\\nEssex entered into correspondence with James\\nVI. of Scotland by cipher, through the agency\\nof Anthony Bacon, in the matter of the succes-\\nsion to the throne; and Francis Bacon could\\nnot have been ignorant of this.\\nIn 1597, Bacon, wanting money, sought to\\nmarry the rich young widow of Sir William\\nHat ton. She was married in November, 1598,\\nto Sir Edward Coke. It was at this time, in\\n1597 in the thirty- seventh year of his life\\nthat Bacon published the first edition of his\\n44 Essays. It was a little book, containing only\\nthe ten Essays which will be found in the first\\nsection of the present volume. They deal only\\nwith man s relation to this world, but the vol-\\nume did not exclude the religious side of life,\\nfor that was added in twelve more essays,\\n44 Religious Meditations, written in Latin, on\\nsuch subjects as 44 The Works of God and\\nMan, 44 The Miracles of Our Savior,\\n44 Earthly Hope, The Exaltation of Char-\\nity, 44 Atheism, t4 Heresies, 44 The Church\\nof the Scriptures. The ten English Essays,\\nit will be observed, have a significant order.\\nThey begin with man alone, using his mind\\n44 Of Study; then comes relation to the minds\\nand lives of others 44 Of Discourse, 44 0f Cer-\\nemonies and Respects, 44 Of Followers and\\nFriends; 44 Of Suitors; then personal re-\\nlation to the means of living 44 Of Expense,\\n44 Of Regimen of Health; and then relation to\\nthe world at large and to affairs of State 44 Of\\nHonor and Reputation, 44 Of Faction, 44 Of\\nNegotiating. That is all. Upon each theme", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 11\\nBacon s conception of an essay was in accord-\\nance with the original meaning of the word,\\nwhich makes it equivalent with 4 assay.\\nThe same analytical method that, in deal-\\ning with outward Nature, would seek to re-\\nsolve knowledge of all things into knowl-\\nedge of their elements, for study of the\\nprinciples upon which they can be recombined\\nfor the advancement of the general well-\\nbeing, was in the Essays applied to observed\\nconditions of the inner life of man. Bacon s\\nphilosophical writings and his Essays are two\\nparts of the same whole one dealing with the\\nworld outside us, and the other with the world\\nwithin. Bacon was at this time warning the\\nEarl of Essex of a danger before him, and\\napplying counsels, civil and moral, to the par-\\nticular case of his patron as remedy for 4i a cold\\nand malignant humor growing upon Her\\nMajesty toward your lordship. There was a\\nvery shrewd analytical letter written to Essex\\nin October, 1596. One recommendation was\\n44 that your lordship should never be without\\nsome particulars afoot, which you should seem\\nto pursue with earnestness and affection, and\\nthen let them fall, upon taking knowledge of\\nHer Majesty s opposition and dislike.\\nAmong minor devices of this kind he suggested\\n4 the pretence of some journeys, which, at Her\\nMajesty s request, your lordship might relin-\\nquish as if you would pretend a journey to\\nsee your living and estate toward Wales, or\\nthe like for as for great foreign journeys of\\nemployment and service, it standeth not with", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTION.\\nyour gravity to play or stratagem with them.\\nAnd the lightest sort of particulars, which yet\\nare not to be neglected, are in your habits,\\napparel, wearings, gestures, and the like. In\\nMarch, 1599, Essex left London as Lord Dep-\\nuty of Ireland, meaning great things; and\\nagain he had received lessons of life in a letter\\nfrom Bacon. In September he accepted an\\narmistice and entertained conditions of peace\\nfrom Tyrone, that might have been dictated\\nby a conqueror. The Queen was displeased.\\nEssex hurried back to her, Tyrone rebelled\\nagain, and Essex was replaced by a more\\nvigorous Lord Deputy. In February, 1601,\\ntlie rash counsels of Essex led him to an overt\\nact of rebellion. He was then lodged in the\\nTower, and on trial for his life. Bacon, then\\nQueen s Counsel, though engaged in the prose-\\ncution, was not officially called upon to speak,\\nwhen twice, during the trial, he rose to show\\nhis zeal for the Crown by violence against the\\ntraitor. Once in that way he coupled Essex\\nwith Cain; another time he rose and said,\\nI have never yet seen in any case such favor\\nshown to any prisoner; so many digressions,\\nsuch delivering of evidence by fractions, and\\nso silly a defense of such great and notorious\\ntreasons. On the 25th of February, 1601,\\nEssex was beheaded within the Tower; and it\\nwas the keen intellect of Bacon that was em-\\nployed afterward by the Government in draw-\\ning up A Declaration of the Practices and\\nTreasons attempted and committed by\\nRobert, late Earl of Essex, and his Complices.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 13\\nBacon had, thus experimented, prudently and\\nhonestly, as he believed, toward the full\\nrecovery of the Queen s favor. The Queen\\ndied on the 24th of March, 1603, but if she had\\nlived, Bacon s experiment would hardly have\\nsucceeded.\\nBacon s Essays disclose to us counsels of\\nlife by a man of the rarest intellect, with\\nweight of thought in every sentence. But in\\nhis own life Bacon proved himself wanting,\\njust where he is found wanting in his Essays.\\nLife is directed best by those who allow due\\ninfluence to each of its elements in man the\\nwill, the intellect, and the emotions; and\\nBacon s failures both as actor in life and as\\ninterpreter of action may depend chiefly, as\\nDr. Kuno Fischer has suggested, upon undue\\npredominance of the intellectual over the\\nemotional part of a man s nature. Its imper-\\nfection in himself made it also less easy for him\\nto understand its operation in the minds of\\nothers. Bacon was not, what no being upon\\nearth can be, as Pope called him, the wisest,\\nbrightest, meanest of mankind; he never\\nconsciously said to himself, evil, be thou my\\ngood. Emotion being out of place in philo-\\nsophical researches into Nature, Bacon s\\ninductive philosophy went straight to its aim\\nwhen he endeavored to guide men s minds\\ninto the one way of profitable research. But\\nthe modifications of man s speech and actions\\nthat are due to the just influence of feeling are\\nso far essential to the right conduct of life that\\nwhoever wants or avoids the prompting to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 INTRODUCTION.\\nthem cannot live long without blundering\\nvery gravely more than once, as Bacon did.\\nHe was well read in Machiavelli, whose keen\\nintellect he appreciated; indeed, from the fifth\\nchapter of the second book of Machiavelli s\\n4 Discourses upon Livy Bacon took suggestion\\nof his essay of Vicissitudes of Things.\\nThere is a touch of Machiavelli often in Ba-\\ncon s counsels of life; they are all wise, but\\nthey are not the whole abstract of worldly\\nwisdom, and sometimes, not often, they sink\\nwhere they should rise.\\nBacon kept his first little book of Essays by\\nhim, adding, altering, and writing more as\\ninclination or occasion prompted. Under\\nJames I. he prospered rapidly. The books in\\nwhich he developed his method of research\\ninto Nature his philosophy appeared from\\ntime to time. He rose to the head of his pro-\\nfession. In the year of Shakespeare s death,\\nBacon was made a Privy Councilor. In\\nMarch, 1617, he became Lord-Keeper. In\\nJanuary, 16 18, he became Lord-Chancelor; in\\nJuly he became Baron Verulam in October,\\n1620, he produced what we have of the chief\\nwork in his philosophical series, the Novum\\nOrganum; on the 27th of January, 162 1, he\\nwas made Viscount St. Albans, and touched\\nthe highest point of all his greatness. On the\\n3d of May in the same year he was sentenced,\\nupon twenty-three specified charges of cor-\\nruption, admitted by himself, to a fine of forty\\nthousand pounds, which the King remitted; to\\nbe committed to the Tower during the King s", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 15\\npleasure, and he was released next day;\\nthenceforth to be incapable of holding any\\noffice in the State, or sitting in Parliament. It\\nwas decided by majority of two that he should\\nnot be stripped of his titles. There remained\\nto him five years of life, and in these he with-\\ndrew from all strife of the world, closing his\\nlife in peace. During all these years he had\\nbeen embodying his counsels of life in his\\nEssays. They had increased in number\\nfrom ten to thirty-eight when he produced an\\nedition of them in 1612 and in his last edition\\nof them, that was issued as newly written in\\nthe year before his death, the number had\\nrisen to fifty-eight. That is their final form,\\nas given in the second section of the present\\nvolume.\\nReal literature has for one of its qualities\\nthat it deals with the essentials of life. It is,\\ntherefore, not addressed to a select company\\nof critics, but to all who live. Every true\\nbook that has really a place in literature speaks\\nto every mind that has been awakened to a\\nconsciousness of interests beyond those of the\\nflesh. If it be said that Bacon s Essays are\\nmere literature and caviare to the general,\\nlet it be replied that, being absolutely litera-\\nture, they are absolutely life life, that is the\\ndearest interest of each of us, as one of the\\nacutest of men sought to interpret it and have\\nwe not our own experience of life to measure\\nwith it as we read?\\nHENRY MORLEY.\\nNovember, 1883.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS.\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF TRUTH.\\nWhat is truth? said jesting Pilate and would\\nnot stay for an answer. Certainly there be\\nthat delight in giddiness; and count it a bond-\\nage to fix a belief; affecting free-will in think-\\ning, as well as in acting. And though the sects\\nof philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there\\nremain certain discoursing wits, which are of\\nthe same veins, though there be not so much\\nblood in them as was in those of the ancients.\\nBut it is not only the difficulty and labor which\\nmen take in finding out of truth nor again,\\nthat when it is found, it imposeth upon men s\\nthoughts, that doth bring lives in favor; but a\\nnatural though corrupt love of the lie itself.\\nOne of the later schools of the Grecians exam-\\nineth the matter, and is at a stand to think\\nwhat should be in it, that men should love lies;\\nwhere neither they make for pleasure, as with\\npoets; nor for advantage, as with the mer-\\nchant, but for the lie s sake. But I cannot tell\\nthis same truth is a naked and open daylight,\\nthat doth not show the masks, and mummer-\\nies, and triumphs of the world, half so stately\\nand daintily as candle-lights. Truth may per-\\n16", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 17\\nhaps come to the price of a pearl, that showeth\\nbest by day, but it will not rise to the price of\\na diamond or carbuncle, that showeth best in\\nvaried light. A mixture of a lie doth ever\\nadd pleasure. Doth any man doubt, that if\\nthere were taken out of men s minds vain\\nopinions, flattering hopes, false valuations,\\nimaginations as one would, and the like, but it\\nwould leave the minds of a number of men\\npoor shrunken things, full of melancholy and\\nindisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?\\nOne of the fathers, in great severity, called\\npoesy vinum daemonum, because it filleth\\nthe imagination and yet it is but with the shad-\\now of a lie. But it is not the lie that passeth\\nthrough the mind, but the lie that sinketh in,\\nand settleth in it, that doth the hurt, such as\\nwe spake of before. But howsoever, these\\nthings are thus in men s depraved judgments\\nand affections, yet truth, which only doth\\njudge itself, teacheth, that the inquiry of truth,\\nwhich is the love-making, or wooing of it, the\\nknowledge of truth, which is the presence of\\nit, and the belief of truth, which is the enjoy-\\ning of it, is the sovereign good of human\\nnature. The first creature of God, in the works\\nof the days, was the light of the sense: the\\nlast was the light of reason and his Sabbath\\nwork ever since is the illumination of his\\nSpirit. First, he breathed light upon the face\\nof the matter, or chaos; then he breathed light\\ninto the face of man; and still he breathed and\\ninspired light into the face of his chosen. The\\npoet that beautified the sect, that was other-\\n2 Bacon s", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "18 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently\\nwell: It is a pleasure to stand upon the\\nshore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea: a\\npleasure to stand in the window of a castle,\\nand to see a battle, and the adventures thereof\\nbelow but no pleasure is comparable to the\\nstanding upon the vantage ground of truth (a\\nhill not to be commanded, and where the air is\\nalways clear and serene), and to see the\\nerrors, and wanderings, and mists, and temp-\\nests, in the vale below: so always that this\\nprospect be with pity, and not with swelling or\\npride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to\\nhave a man s mind move in charity, rest in\\nprovidence, and turn upon the poles of truth.\\nTo pass from theological and philosophical\\ntruth to the truth of civil business; it will be\\nacknowledged even by those that practice it\\nnot, that clear and round dealing is the honor\\nof man s nature, and that mixture of falsehood\\nis like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which\\nmay make the metal work the better, but it\\nembaseth it. For these winding and crooked\\ncourses are the goings of the serpent; which\\ngoeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the\\nfeet. There is no vice that doth so cover a\\nman with shame as to be found false and per-\\nfidious; and therefore Montaigne saith pret-\\ntily, when he inquired the reason why the word\\nof the lie should be such a disgrace, and such\\nan odious charge, saith he, If it be well\\nweighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much as\\nto say that he is brave toward God and a\\ncoward toward men. For a lie faces God, and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 19\\nshrinks from man; surely the wickedness of\\nfalsehood and breach of faith cannot possibly\\nbe so highly expressed, as in that it shall be\\nthe last peal to call the judgments of God upon\\nthe generations of men: it being foretold,\\nthat, when Christ cometh, he shall not find\\nfaith upon the earth.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DEATH.\\nMen fear death as children fear to go in the\\ndark and as that natural fear in children is\\nincreased with tales, so is the other. Cer-\\ntainly, the contemplation of death, as the wages\\nof sin, and passage to another world, is holy\\nand religious but the fear of it, as a tribute\\ndue unto nature, is weak. Yet in religious\\nmeditations there is sometimes mixture of\\nvanity and of superstition. You shall read in\\nsome of the friars books of mortification, that\\na man should think with himself, what the pain\\nis, if he have but his finger s end pressed or\\ntortured; and thereby imagine what the pains\\nof death are, when the whole body is corrupted\\nand dissolved; when many times death passeth\\nwith less pain than the torture of a limb for\\nthe most vital parts are not the quickest of\\nsense. And by him that spake only as a phi-\\nlosopher, and natural man, it was well said,\\nPompa mortis magis terret quam mors ipsa.\\nGroans and convulsions, and a discolored\\nface, and friends weeping, and blacks and\\nobsequies, and the like, show death terrible.\\nIt is worthy the observing, that there is no", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npassion in the mind of man so weak, but it\\nmates and masters the fear of death; and\\ntherefore death is no such terrible enemy\\nwhen a man hath so many attendants about\\nhim that can win the combat of him. Revenge\\ntriumphs over death; love slights it; honor\\naspire th to it grief flieth to it fear pre-occu-\\npateth it; nay, we read, after Otho the emperor\\nhas slain himself, pity (which is the tenderest\\nof affections) provoked many to die out of\\nmere compassion to their sovereign, and as the\\ntruest sort of followers. Nay, Seneca adds,\\nniceness and satiety: Cogita quamdiu\\neadem feceris; mori velle, non tantum fortis,\\naut miser, sed etiam f astidiosus potest. A\\nman would die, though he were neither valiant\\nnor miserable, only upon a weariness to do the\\nsame thing so oft over and over. It is no less\\nworthy to observe, how little alteration in good\\nspirits the approaches of death make for they\\nappear to be the same men till the last instant.\\nAugustus Caesar died in a compliment Li via,\\nconjugii nostri memor, vive et vale. Tiber-\\nius in dissimulation, as Tacitus saith of him,\\nJam Tiberium vires et corpus, non-dissimu-\\nlatio, deserebant: Vespasian in a jest, sitting\\nupon the stool, Ut puto Deus fio: Galba\\nwith a sentence, Feri, si ex re sit populi\\nRomani, holding forth his neck: Septimus\\nSeverus in dispatch, Adeste, si quid mihi\\nrestat agendum/ and the like. Certainly the\\nStoics bestowed too much cost upon death, and\\nby their great preparations made it appear\\nmore fearful. Better, saith he qui finem", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 21\\nvitss extremum inter munera ponit naturae.\\nIt is as natural to die as to be born; and to a\\nlittle infant, perhaps, the one is as painful as\\nthe other. He that dies in an earnest pursuit,\\nis like one that is wounded in hot blood; who,\\nfor the time, scarce feels the hurt and there-\\nfore a mind fixed and bent upon somewhat that\\nis good, doth avert* the dolors of death; but,\\nabove all, believe it, the sweetest canticle is\\nNunc dimittis, when a man hath obtained\\nworthy ends and expectations. Death hath this\\nalso, that it openeth the gate to good fame,\\nand extinguisheth envy; Extinctus amabitur\\nidem/\\nIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF UNITY IN RELIGION.\\nReligion being the chief band of human\\nsociety, it is a happy thing when itself is well\\ncontained within the true band of unity. The\\nquarrels and divisions about religion were evils\\nunknown to the heathen. The reason was,\\nbecause the religion of the heathen consisted\\nrather in rites and ceremonies, than in any con-\\nstant belief for you may imagine what kind\\nof faith theirs was, when the chief doctors and\\nfathers of their church were the poets. But\\nthe true God hath this attribute, that he is a\\njealous God; and therefore his worship and\\nreligion will endure no mixture nor partner.\\nWe shall therefore speak a few words concern-\\ning the unity of the church; what are the\\nfruits thereof; what the bounds; and what the\\nmeans.\\nThe fruits of unity (next unto the well-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npleasing of God, which is all in all) are two\\nthe one toward those that are without the\\nchurch, the other toward that are within.\\nFor the former, it is certain, that heresies and\\nschisms are of all others the greatest scandals\\nyea, more than corruption of manners: for as\\nin the natural body a wound or solution of\\ncontinuity is worse than a corrupt humor, so\\nin the spiritual so that nothing doth so much\\nkeep men out of the church, and drive men\\nout of the church, as breach of unity; and\\ntherefore whensoever it cometh to that pass\\nthat one saith, Ecce in Deserto, another\\nsaith, Ecce in penetralibus; that is, when\\nsome men seek Christ in the conventicles of\\nheretics, and others in an outward face of a\\nchurch, that voice had need continually to\\nsound in men s ears, nolite exire, M go not\\nout. The doctor of the Gentiles (the propri-\\nety of whose vocation drew him to have a\\nspecial care of those without) saith, If a\\nheathen come in, and hear you speak with sev-\\neral tongues, will he not say that you are\\nmad? and, certainly, it is little better: when\\natheists and profane persons do hear of so\\nmany discordant and contrary opinions in\\nreligion, it doth avert them from the church,\\nand maketh them to sit down in the chair of\\nthe scorners. It is but alight thing to be\\nvouched in so serious matter, but yet it\\nexpresseth well the deformity. There is a\\nmaster of scoffing that in his catalogue of books\\nof a feigned library sets down this title of a\\nbook, The Morris-Dance of Heretics: for,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 23\\nindeed, every sect of them hath a diverse\\nposture, or cringe, by themselves, which can-\\nnot but move derision in worldlings and\\ndepraved politicians, who are apt to contemn\\nholy things.\\nAs for the fruit toward those that are with-\\nin, it is peace, which containeth infinite bless-\\nings; it establisheth faith; it kindleth charity;\\nthe outward peace of the church distilleth into\\npeace of conscience, and it turneth the labors\\nof writing and reading of controversies into\\ntreatises of mortification and devotion.\\nConcerning the bounds of unity, the true\\nplacing of them importeth exceedingly.\\nThere appear to be two extremes: for to cer-\\ntain zealots all speech of pacification is odious.\\n44 Is it peace, Jehu? What hast thou to do\\nwith peace? turn thee behind me. Peace is\\nnot the matter, but following and party. Con-\\ntrariwise, certain Laodiceans and lukewarm\\npersons think they may accommodate points\\nof religion by middle ways, and taking part of\\nboth, and witty reconcilements, as if they\\nwould make an arbitrament between God and\\nman. Both these extremes are to be avoided;\\nwhich will be done if the league of Christians,\\npenned by our Savior himself, were in the\\ntwo cross clauses thereof soundly and plainly\\nexpounded: He that is not with us is against\\nus; and again, He that is not against us is\\nwith us; that is, if the points fundamental\\nand of substance in religion, were truly dis-\\ncerned and distinguished from points not\\nmerely of faith, but of opinion, order, or good", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nintention. This is a thing may seem to many\\na matter, trivial, and done already; but if it\\nwere done less partially, it would be embraced\\nmore generally.\\nOf this I may give only this advice, accord-\\ning to my small model. Men ought to take\\nheed of rending God s church by two kinds of\\ncontroversies; the one is, when the matter of\\nthe point controverted is too small and light,\\nnot worth the heat and strife about it, kindled\\nonly by contradiction; for, as it is noted by one\\nof the fathers, Christ s coat indeed had no\\nseam, but the church s vesture was of divers\\ncolors; whereupon he saith, In veste vari-\\netas sit, scissura non sit, they be two things,\\nunity and uniformity; the other is, when the\\nmatter of the point controverted is great, but\\nit is driven to an over-great subtilty and\\nobscurity, so that it becometh a thing rather\\ningenious than substantial. A man that is of\\njudgment and understanding shall sometimes\\nhear ignorant men differ, and know well within\\nhimself, that those which so differ mean one\\nthing, and yet they themselves would never\\nagree and if it come so to pass in that dis-\\ntance of judgment, which is between man and\\nman, shall we not think that God above, that\\nknows the heart, doth not discern that frail\\nmen, in some of their contradictions, intend\\nthe same thing; and accepteth of both? The\\nnature of such controversies is excellently\\nexpressed by St. Paul, in the warning and pre-\\ncept that he giveth concerning the same;\\nDevita profanas vocum novitates, et opposi-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 25\\ntiones falsi nominis scientiae Men create\\noppositions which are not, and put them into\\nnew terms, so fixed as, whereas the meaning\\nought to govern the term, the term in effect\\ngoverneth the meaning. There be also two\\nfalse peaces, or unities; the one, when the\\npeace is grounded but upon an implicit ignor-\\nance for all colors will agree in the dark the\\nother, when it is pieced up upon a direct\\nadmission of contraries in fundamental points\\nfor truth and falsehood, in such things, are\\nlike the iron and clay in the toes of Nebuchad-\\nnezzar s image; they may cleave, but they will\\nnot incorporate.\\nConcerning the means of procuring unity,\\nmen must beware that, in the procuring or\\nmuniting of religious unity, they do not dis-\\nsolve and deface the laws of charity and of\\nhuman society. There be two swords amongst\\nChristians, the spiritual and temporal; and\\nboth have their due office and place in the\\nmaintenance of religion but we may not take\\nup the third sword, which is Mahomet s sword,\\nor like unto it that is, to propagate religion\\nby wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force\\nconsciences; except it be in cases of overt\\nscandal, blasphemy, or intermixture of practice\\nagainst the state much less to nourish sedi-\\ntions; to authorize conspiracies and rebellions;\\nto put the sword into the people s hands, and\\nthe like, tending to the subversion of all gov-\\nernment, which is the ordinance of God; for\\nthis is but to dash the first table against the\\nsecond and so to consider men as Christians.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nas we forget that they are men. Lucretius\\nthe poet, when he beheld the act of Agamem-\\nnon, that could endure the sacrificing of his\\nown daughter, exclaimed:\\nTan turn religio potuit sua dere malonim.\\nWhat would he have said, if he had known of\\nthe massacre in France, or the powder treason\\nof England? He would have been seven times\\nmore epicure and atheist than he was; for as\\nthe temporal sword is to be drawn with great\\ncircumspection in cases of religion, so it is a\\nthing monstrous to put it into the hands of the\\ncommon people; let that be left unto the\\nAnabaptists, and other furies. It was great\\nblasphemy, when the devil said, I will ascend\\nand be like the Highest but it is greater\\nblasphemy to personate God, and bring him in\\nsaying, lw I will descend, and be like the prince\\nof darkness; and what is it better, to make the\\ncause of religion to descend to the cruel and\\nexecrable actions of murdering princes, butch-\\nery of people, and subversion of states and\\ngovernments? Surely this is to bring down\\nthe Holy Ghost, instead of the likeness of a\\ndove, in the shape of a vulture or raven and\\nto set out of the bark of a Christian church a\\nflag of a bark of pirates and assassins there-\\nfore it is most necessary that the church by\\ndoctrine and decree, princes by their sword,\\nand all learnings, both Christian and moral, as\\nby their Mercury rod, do damn, and send to\\nhell forever those facts and opinions tending to\\nthe support of the same as hath been already", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 27\\nin good part done. Surely in councils concern-\\ning religion, that counsel of the apostle would\\nbe prefixed, Ira hominis non implet justitiam\\nDei: and it was a notable observation of a\\nwise father, and no less ingenuously confessed,\\nthat those which held and persuaded pressure\\nof consciences were commonly interested\\ntherein themselves for their own ends.\\nIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF REVENGE.\\nRevenge is a kind of wild justice, which the\\nmore man s nature runs to, the more ought\\nlaw to weed it out: for as for the first wrong,\\nit doth but offend the law, but the revenge of\\nthat wrong putteth the law out of office. Cer-\\ntainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even\\nwith his enemy; but in passing it over, he is\\nsuperior; for it is a prince s part to pardon:\\nand Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory\\nof a man to pass by an offense. That which\\nis past is gone and irrevocable, and wise men\\nhave enough to do with things present and to\\ncome; therefore they do but trifle with them-\\nselves that labor in past matters. There is no\\nman doth a wrong for the w T rong s sake, but\\nthereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure,\\nor honor, or the like therefore why should I\\nbe angry with a man for loving himself better\\nthan me? And if any man should do wrong\\nmerely out of ill-nature, why yet it is but like\\nthe thorn or briar, which prick and scratch,\\nbecause they can do no other. The most tol-\\nerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "28 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwhich there is no law to remedy but then, let\\na man take heed the revenge be such as there\\nis no law to punish, else a man s enemy is still\\nbeforehand, and it is two for one. Some, when\\nthey take revenge, are desirous the party should\\nknow whence it cometh this is the more gen-\\nerous; for the delight seemeth to be not so\\nmuch in doing the hurt as in making the party\\nrepent but base and crafty cowards are like\\nthe arrow that flieth in the dark. Cosmus,\\nDuke of Florence, had a desperate saying\\nagainst perfidious or neglecting friends, as if\\nthose wrongs were unpardonable. You shall\\nread, saith he, that we are commanded to\\nforgive our enemies but you never read that\\nwe are commanded to forgive our friends.\\nBut yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune:\\nShall we, saith he, take good at God s\\nhands, and not be content to take evil also?\\nand so of friends in a proportion. This is cer-\\ntain, that a man that studieth revenge keeps\\nhis own wounds green, which otherwise would\\nheal and do well. Public revenges are for the\\nmost part fortunate as that for the death of\\nCaesar; for the death of Pertinax; for the death\\nof Henry the Third of France; and many more.\\nBut in private revenges it is not so; nay, rather\\nvindictive persons live the life of witches who,\\nas they are mischievous, so end they unfor-\\ntunate.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 29\\nV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF ADVERSITY.\\nIt was a high speech of Seneca (after the\\nmanner of the Stoics), that, the good things\\nwhich belong to prosperity are to be wished,\\nbut the good things that belong to adversity\\nare to be admired. Bona rerum secund-\\narum optabilia, adversarum mirabilia. Cer-\\ntainly, if miracles be the command over nature,\\nthey appear most in adversity. It is yet a\\nhigher speech of his than the other (much too\\nhigh for a heathen). It is true greatness to\\nhave in one the frailty of a man, and the secur-\\nity of a god. Vere magnum habere fragil-\\nitatem hominis, securitatem Dei. This\\nwould have done better in poesy, where trans-\\ncendencies are more allowed; and the poets,\\nindeed, have been busy with it; for it is in\\neffect the thing which is figured in that strange\\nfiction of the ancient poets, which seemeth not\\nto be without mystery; nay and to have some\\napproach to the state of a Christian, that Her-\\ncules, when he went to unbind Prometheus\\n(by whom human nature is represented), sailed\\nthe length of the great ocean in an earthen pot\\nor pitcher,* lively describing Christian resolu-\\ntion, that saileth in the frail bark of the flesh\\nthrough the waves of the world. But to speak\\nin a mean, the virtue of prosperity is temper-\\nance, the virtue of adversity is fortitude, which\\nin morals is the more heroical virtue. Pros-\\nperity is the blessing of the Old Testament,\\nadversity is the blessing of the New, which\\ncarrieth the greater benediction, and the clearer", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nrevelation of God s favor. Yet even in the Old\\nTestament, if you listen to David s harp, you\\nshall hear as many hearse-like airs as carols\\nand the pencil of the Holy Ghost hath labored\\nmore in describing the afflictions of Job than\\nthe felicities of Solomon. Prosperity is not\\nwithout many fears and distastes; and advers-\\nity is not without comforts and hopes. We see\\nin needle- works and embroideries, it is more\\npleasing to have a lively work upon a sad and\\nsolemn ground, than to have a dark and mel-\\nancholy work upon a lightsome ground: judge\\ntherefore, of the pleasure of the heart by the\\npleasure of the eye. Certainly virtue is like\\nprecious odors, most fragrant when they are\\nincensed, or crushed for prosperity doth best\\ndiscover vice, but adversity doth best discover\\nvirtue.\\nVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SIMULATION AND DISSIM-\\nULATION.\\nDissimulation is but a faint kind of policy,\\nof wisdom; for it asketh a strong wit and a\\nstrong heart to know when to tell truth, and\\nto do it: therefore it is the weaker sort of\\npoliticians that are the great dissemblers.\\nTacitus saith, Li via sorted well with the\\narts of her husband, and dissimulation of her\\nson attributing arts or policy to Augustus, and\\ndissimulation to Tiberius: and again, when\\nMucianus encourageth Vespasian to take arms\\nagainst Vitellius, he saith, We rise not\\nagainst the piercing judgment of Augustus,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 31\\nnor the extreme caution or closeness of Ti-\\nberius. These properties of arts or policy, and\\ndissimulation or closeness, are indeed habits\\nand faculties several, and to be distinguished;\\nfor if a man have that penetration of judgment\\nas he can discern what things are to be laid\\nopen, and what to be secreted, and what to\\nbe showed at half-lights, and to whom and\\nwhen (which indeed are arts of state, and arts\\nof life, as Tacitus well calleth them), to him a\\nhabit of dissimulation is a hindrance and a\\npoorness. But if a man cannot attain to that\\njudgment, then it is left to him generally to be\\nclose, and a dissembler: for where a man can-\\nnot choose or vary in particulars, there it is good\\nto take the safest and wariest way in general,\\nlike the going softly, by one that cannot well\\nsee. Certainly, the ablest men that ever were,\\nhave had all an openness and frankness of deal-\\ning, and a name of certainty and veracity: but\\nthen they were like horses well managed, for\\nthey could tell passing well when to stop or\\nturn and at such times when they thought the\\ncase indeed required dissimulation, if then they\\nused it, it came to pass that the former opinion\\nspread abroad, of their good faith and clearness\\nof dealing, made them almost invisible.\\nThere be three degrees of this hiding and\\nveiling of a man s Self: the first, closeness,\\nreservation, and secrecy when a man leaveth\\nhimself without observation, or without hold\\nto be taken, what he is: the second, dissimula-\\ntion in the negative; when a man lets fall signs\\nand arguments, that he is not that he is: and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe third, simulation in the affirmative; when\\na man industriously and expressly feigns and\\npretends to be that he is not.\\nFor the first of these, secrecy, it is indeed the\\nvirtue of a confessor; and assuredly the secret-\\nman heareth many confessions; for who will\\nopen himself to a blab or a babbler? But if a\\nman be thought secret, it inviteth discovery, as\\nthe more close air sucketh in the more open\\nand, as in confession, the revealing is not for\\nworldly use, but for the ease of a man s heart,\\nso secret men come to the knowledge of many\\nhings in that kind; while men rather dis-\\ncharge their minds than impart their minds.\\nIn few words, mysteries are due to secrecy.\\nBesides (to say truth), nakedness is uncomely,\\nas well in mind as body and it addeth no\\nsmall reverence to men s manners and actions,\\nif they be not altogether open. As for talkers,\\nand futile persons, they are commonly vain and\\ncredulous withal: for he that talketh what he\\nknoweth, will also talk what he knoweth not;\\ntherefore set it down, that a habit of secrecy\\nis both politic and moral: and in this part it is\\ngood that a man s face give his tongue leave to\\nspeak; for the discovery of a man s self, by the\\ntracts of his countenance, is a great weakness\\nand betraying, by how much it is many times\\nmore marked and believed than a man s word.\\nFor the second, which is dissimulation, it J ol-\\nio weth many times upon secrecy by a neces-\\nsity; so that he that will be secret must be a\\ndissembler in some degree; for men are too\\ncunning to suffer a man to keep an indifferent", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 3o\\ncarriage between both, and to be secret, with-\\nout swaying the balance on either side. They\\nwill so beset a man with questions, and draw\\nhim on, and pick it out of him, that without an\\nabsurd silence, he must show an inclination\\noneway; or if he do not, they will gather as\\nmuch by his silence as by his speech. As for\\nequivocations, or oraculous speeches, they can-\\nnot hold out long: so that no man can be\\nsecret, except he give himself a little scope c\\ndissimulation, which is, as it were, but th\\nskirts or train of secrecy.\\nBut for the third degree, which is simulation\\nand false profession, that I hold more culpable,\\nand less politic, except it be in great and rare\\nmatters: and, therefore, a general custom of\\nsimulation (which is this last degree) is a vice\\nrising either of a natural falseness, or fearful-\\nness, or of a mind that hath some main faults;\\nwhich, because a man must needs disguise, it\\nmaketh him practice simulation in other things,\\nlest his hand should be out of use.\\nThe advantages of simulation and dissimula-\\ntion are three: first, to lay asleep opposition,\\nand to surprise; for where a man s intentions\\nare published, it is an alarm to call up all that\\nare against them: the second is, to reserve to\\na man s self a fair retreat; for if a man engage\\nhimself by a manifest declaration, he must go\\nthrough, or take a fall: the third is, the better\\nto discover the mind of another; for to him\\nthat opens himself men will hardly show them-\\nselves adverse but will (fair) let him go on,\\nand turn their freedom of speech to freedom of\\n3 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthought; and therefore it is a good shrewd\\nproverb of the Spaniards, Tell a lie and find\\na troth; as if there were no way of discovery\\nby simulation. There be also three disadvant-\\nages to set it even the first, that simulation\\nand dissimulation commonly carry with them a\\nshow of fearfulness, which, in any business\\ndoth spoil the feathers of round flying up to\\nthe mark; the second, that it puzzleth and\\nperplexeth the conceits of many, that, perhaps,\\nwould otherwise co-operate with him, and\\nmakes a man walk almost alone to his own\\nends; the third, and greatest, is, that it\\ndepriveth a man of one of the most principal\\ninstruments for action, which is trust and\\nbelief. The best composition and tempera-\\nture is, to have openness in fame and opinion;\\nsecrecy in habit; dissimulation in seasonable\\nuse; and a power to feign if there be no\\nremedy.\\nVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF PARENTS AND CHILDREN.\\nThe joys of parents are secret and so are\\ntheir griefs and fears; they cannot utter the\\none, nor they will not utter the other. Chil-\\ndren sweeten labors, but they make misfor-\\ntunes more bitter; they increase the cares of\\nlife, but they mitigate the remembrance of\\ndeath. The perpetuity by generation is com-\\nmon to beasts but memory, merit, and noble\\nworks, are proper to men and surely a man\\nshall see the noblest works and foundations\\nhave proceeded from childless men, which have", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 35\\nsought to express the images of their minds\\nwhere those of their bodies have failed; so the\\ncare of posterity is most in them that have no\\nposterity. They that are the first raisers of\\ntheir houses are most indulgent toward their\\nchildren, beholding them as the continuance,\\nnot only of their kind, but of their work and\\nso both children and creatures.\\nThe difference in affection of parents toward\\ntheir several children is many times un-\\nequal, and sometimes unworthy, especially in\\nthe mother; as Solomon saith, A wise son\\nrejoiceth the father, but an ungracious son\\nshames the mother. M A man shall see, where\\nthere is a house full of children, one or two of\\nthe eldest respected, and the youngest made\\nwantons; but in the midst some that are as it\\nwere forgotten, who, many times, neverthe-\\nless, prove the^ best. The illiberality of\\nparents, in allowance toward their children,\\nis a harmful error, makes them base, acquaints\\nthem with shifts, makes them sort with mean\\ncompany, and makes them surfeit more when\\nthey come to plenty: and, therefore, the proof\\nis best when men keep their authority toward\\ntheir children, but not their purse. Men have\\na foolish manner (both parents, and school-\\nmasters, and servants), in creating and breed-\\ning an emulation between brothers during\\nchildhood, which many times sorteth to discord\\nwhen they are men, and disturbeth families.\\nThe Italians make little difference between\\nchildren and nephews, or near kinsfolk; but\\nso they be of the lump, they care not, though", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthey pass not through their own body; and, to\\nsay truth, in nature it is much a like matter;\\ninsomuch that we see a nephew sometimes re-\\nsembleth an uncle or a kinsman, more than\\nhis own parent, as the blood happens. Let\\nparents choose betimes the vocations and\\ncourses they mean their children should take,\\nfor then they are most flexible, and let them\\nnot too much apply themselves to the disposi-\\ntion of their children, as thinking they will take\\nbest to that which they have most mind to.\\nIt is true, that if the affection, or aptness of\\nthe children be extraordinary, then it is good\\nnot to cross it; but generally the precept is\\ngood, Optimum, elige, suave et facile illud faciet\\nconsuetude 1 Younger brothers are commonly\\nfortunate, but seldom or never where the elder\\nare disinherited.\\nVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE\\nLIFE.\\nHe that hath wife and children hath given\\nhostages to fortune; for they are impediments\\nto great enterprises, either of virtue or mis-\\nchief. Certainly the best works, and of great-\\nest merit for the public, have proceeded from\\nthe unmarried or childless men, which both in\\naffection and means have married and endowed\\nthe public. Yet it were great reason that those\\nthat have children should have greatest care\\nof future times, tinto which they know they\\nmust transmit their dearest pledges. Some\\nthere are who, though they lead a single life,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 3?\\nyet their thoughts do end with themselves, and\\naccount future times impertinences; nay,\\nthere are some other that account wife and\\nchildren but as bills of charges; nay more,\\nthere are some foolish rich covetous men, that\\ntake a pride in having no children, because\\nthey may be thought so much the richer for,\\nperhaps they have heard some talk, Such\\nan one is a great rich man, and another\\nexcept to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge\\nof children, as if it were an abatement to his\\nriches: but the most ordinary cause of a single\\nlife is liberty, especially in certain self-pleas-\\ning and humorous minds, which are so sen-\\nsible of every restraint, as they will go near to\\nthink there girdles and garters to be bonds and\\nshackles. Unmarried men are best friends,\\nbest masters, best servants; but not always\\nbest subjects, for they are light to run away,\\nand almost all fugitives are of that condition.\\nA single life doth well with churchmen, for\\ncharity will hardly water the ground where it\\nmust first fill a pool. It is indifferent for\\njudged and magistrates: for if they be facile\\nand corrupt, you shall have a servant five times\\nworse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the\\ngenerals commonly in their hortatives, put men\\nin mind of their w r ives and children; and I\\nthink the despising of marriage amongst the\\nTurks maketh the vulgar soldier more base.\\nCertainly wife and children are a kind of dis-\\ncipline of humanity; and single men, though\\nthey be many times more charitable, because\\ntheir means are less exhaust, yet, on the other", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nside, they are more cruel and hard-hearted\\n(good to make severe inquisitors), because\\ntheir tenderness is not so oft called upon.\\nGrave natures, led by custom, and therefore\\nconstant, are commonly loving husbands, as\\nwas said of Ulysses, Vetulam suam praetulit\\nimmortalitati. Chaste women are often\\nproud and froward, as presuming upon the\\nmerit of their chastity. It is one of the best\\nbonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the\\nwife, if she think her husband wise, which she\\nwill never do if she find him jealous. Wives\\nare young men s mistresses, companions for\\nmiddle age, and old men s nurses, so as a man\\nmay have a quarrel to marry when he will:\\nbut yet he was reputed one of the wise men\\nthat made answer to the question when a man\\nshould marry: A young man not yet, an eld-\\ner man not at all. It is often seen that bad\\nhusbands have very good wives; whether it be\\nthat it raiseth the price of their husband s\\nkindness when it comes, or that the wives take\\na pride in their patience; but this neve^r fails,\\nif the bad husbands were of their own choosing,\\nagainst their friends consent, for then they\\nwill be sure to make good their own folly.\\nIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF ENVY.\\nThere be none of the affections which have\\nbeen noted to fascinate or bewitch, but love\\nand envy: they both have vehement wishes;\\nthey frame themselves readily into imagina-\\ntions and suggestions, and they come easily", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 39\\ninto the eye, especially upon the presence of\\nthe objects which are the points that conduce\\nto fascination, if any such thing there be.\\nWe see, likewise, the Scripture calleth envy an\\nevil eye; and the astrologers call the evil influ-\\nences of the stars evil aspects so that still\\nthere seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act\\nof envy, an ejaculation, or irradiation of the\\neye; nay, some have been so curious as to\\nnote, that the times, when the stroke or per-\\ncussion of an envious eye doth most hurt, are,\\nwhen the party envied is beheld in glory or\\ntriumph for that sets an edge upon envy: and\\nbesides, at such times, the spirits of the person\\nenvied do come forth most into the outward\\nparts, and so meet the blow.\\nBut leaving these curiosities (though not un-\\nworthy to be thought on in fit place), we will\\nhandle what persons are apt to envy others,\\nwhat persons are most subject to be envied\\nthemselves, and what is the difference between\\npublic and private envy.\\nA man that hath no virtue in himself ever\\nenvieth virtue in others; for men s minds will\\neither feed upon their own good, or upon oth-\\ners evil and who wanteth the one will prey\\nupon the other; and whoso is out of hope to\\nattain to another s virtue, will seek to come at\\neven hand, by depressing another s fortune.\\nA man that is busy and inquisitive is com-\\nmonly envious; for to know much of other\\nmen s matters cannot be, because all that ado\\nmay concern his own estate therefore it must\\nneeds be that he taketh a kind of play-pleasure", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nin looking upon the fortunes of others: neither\\ncan he that mindeth but his own business find\\nmuch matter for envy for envy is a gadding\\npassion, and walketh the street, and does not\\nkeep home: Non est curiosus, quin idem sit\\nmalevolus.\\nMen of noble birth are noted to be envious\\ntoward new men when they rise for the dis-\\ntance is altered and it is like the deceit of the\\neye, that when others come on they think\\nthemselves go back.\\nDeformed persons and eunuchs, and the old\\nmen and bastards, are envious; for he that\\ncannot possibly mend his own case, will do\\nwhat he can to impair another s; except these\\ndefects light upon a very brave and heroic\\nnature, which thinketh to make his natural\\nwants part of his honor; in that it should be\\nsaid, That a eunuch, or a lame man, did\\nsuch great matters, affecting the honor of a\\nmiracle As it was in Narses the eunuch, and\\nAgesilaus and Tamerlane, that were lame\\nmen.\\nThe same is the case of men that rise after\\ncalamities and misfortunes; for they are as\\nmen fallen out with the times, and think other\\nmen s harms a redemption of their own suffer-\\nings.\\nThey that desire to excel in too many mat-\\nters, out of levity and vain-glory, are ever en-\\nvious, for they cannot want work it being im-\\npossible, but many, in some of those things,\\nshould surpass them which was the character\\nof Adrian the emperor, that mortally envied", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 41\\npoets and painters, and artificers in works,\\nwherein he had a vein to excel.\\nLastly, near kinsfolk and fellows in office,\\nand those that have been bred together, are\\nmore apt to envy their equals when they are\\nraised; for it doth upbraid unto them their\\nown fortunes, and pointeth at them, and\\ncometh often into their remembrance, and in-\\ncurreth likewise more into the note of others;\\nand envy ever redoubleth from speech and\\nfame. Cain s envy was the more vile and\\nmalignant toward his brother Abel, because\\nwhen his sacrifice was better accepted, there\\nwas nobody to look on. Thus much for those\\nthat are apt to envy. Concerning those that\\nare more or less subject to envy: First, per-\\nsons of eminent virtue, when they are ad-\\nvanced, are less envied, for their fortune\\nseemeth but due unto them; and no man\\nenvieth the payment of a debt, but rewards\\nand liberality rather. Again, envy is ever\\njoined with the comparing of a man s self;\\nand where there is no comparison, no envy;\\nand therefore kings are not envied but by\\nkings. Nevertheless, it is to be noted, that\\nunworthy persons are most envied at their\\nfirst coming in, and afterward overcome it\\nbetter; whereas, contrariwise, persons of\\nworth and merit are most envied when their\\nfortune continueth long; for by that time,\\nthough their virtue be the same, yet it hath\\nnot the same luster; for fresh men men grow\\nup that darken it.\\nPersons of noble blood are less envied in\\n4 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ntheir rising; for it seemeth but right done to\\ntheir birth; besides, there seemeth not so\\nmuch added to their fortune and envy is as\\nthe sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a bank\\nor steep rising ground, than upon a flat; and,\\nfor the same reason, those that are advanced\\nby degrees are less envied than those that are\\nadvanced suddenly and per saltum.\\nThose that have joined with their honor\\ngreat travels, cares, or perils, are less subject\\nto envy; for men think that they earn their\\nhonors hardly, and pity them sometimes; and\\npity ever healeth envy: wherefore you shall\\nobserve, that the more deep and sober sort of\\npolitic persons, in their greatness, are ever\\nbemoaning themselves what a life they lead,\\nchanting a quanta patimur; M not that they\\nfeel it so, but only to abate the edge of envy:\\nbut this is to be understood of business that is\\nlaid upon men, and not such as they call unto\\nthemselves; for nothing increaseth envy more\\nthan an unnecessary and ambitious engross-\\ning of business; and nothing doth extinguish\\nenvy more than for a great person to preserve\\nall other inferior officers in their full rights and\\npre-eminences of their places: for, by that\\nmeans, there be so many screens between him\\nand envy.\\nAbove all, those are most subject to envy,\\nwhich carry the greatness of their fortunes in\\nan insolent and proud manner: being never\\nwell but while they are, showing how great\\nthey are, either by outward pomp, or by\\ntriumphing over all opposition or competition", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 43\\nwhereas wise men will rather do sacrifice to\\nenvy, in suffering themselves, sometimes of\\npurpose, to be crossed and overborne in things\\nthat do not much concern them. Notwith-\\nstanding so much is true, that the carriage of\\ngreatness in a plain and open manner (so it be\\nwithout arrogancy and vain-glory) doth draw\\nless envy than if it be in a more crafty and\\ncunning fashion for in that course a man doth\\nbut disavow fortune, and seemeth to be con-\\nscious of his own want in worth, and doth but\\nteach others to envy him.\\nLastly, to conclude, this part, as we said in\\nthe beginning that the act of envy had some-\\nwhat in it of witchcraft, so there is no other\\ncure of envy but the cure of witchcraft and\\nthat is, to remove the lot (as they call it), and\\nlay it upon another: for which purpose the\\nwiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon\\nthe stage somebody upon whom to derive the\\nenvy that would come upon themselves; some-\\ntimes upon ministers and servants, sometimes\\nupon colleagues and associates, and the like;\\nand, for that turn, there are never wanting\\nsome persons of violent and undertaking\\nnatures, who, so they may have power and\\nbusiness, will take it at any cost.\\nNow, to speak of public envy: there is yet\\nsome good in public envy, whereas in private\\nthere is none; for public envy is as an ostra-\\ncism, that eclipseth men when they get too\\ngreat and therefore it is a bridle also to great\\nones, to keep them within bounds.\\nThis envy, being in the Latin word invi-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ndia, M goeth in the modern languages by the\\nname of discontentment; of which we shall\\nspeak in handling sedition. It is a disease in\\na state like to infection; for as infection\\nspreadeth upon that which is sound, and taint-\\neth is, so, when envy is gotten once into a state,\\nit traduceth even the best actions thereof, and\\nturneth them into an ill odor; and therefore\\nthere is little won by intermingling of plaus-\\nible actions for that doth argue but a weak-\\nness and a fear of envy, which hurteth so much\\nthe more as it is likewise usual in infections,\\nwhich, if you fear them, you call them upon\\nyou.\\nThis public envy seemeth to beat chiefly\\nupon principal officers or ministers, rather\\nthan upon kings and estates themselves. But\\nthis is a sure rule, that if the envy upon the\\nminister be great, when the cause of it in him\\nis small or if the envy be general in a manner\\nupon all the ministers of an estate, then the\\nenvy (though hidden) is truly upon the state\\nitself. And so much of public envy or discon-\\ntentment, and the difference thereof from pri-\\nvate envy, which was handled in the first place.\\nWe will add this in general, touching the\\naffection of envy, that of all other affections\\nit is the most importune and continual; for\\nof other affections there is occasion given but\\nnow and then; and therefore it was well said,\\nInvidia festos dies non agit: for it is ever\\nworking upon some or other. And it is also\\nnoted, that love and envy do make a man pine,\\nwhich other affections do not, because they are", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 45\\nnot so continual. It is also the vilest affec-\\ntion, and the most depraved; for which cause\\nit is the proper attribute of the devil, who is\\ncalled The envious man, that soweth tares\\namongst the wheat by night; as it always\\ncometh to pass that envy worketh subtilely,\\nand in the dark, and to the prejudice of good\\nthings, such as-is the wheat.\\nX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF LOVE.\\nThe stage is more beholding to love than\\nthe life of man; for as to the stage, love is\\never matter of comedies, and now and then of\\ntragedies; but in life it doth much mischief,\\nsometimes like a Siren, sometimes like a Fury.\\nYou may observe, that amongst all the great\\nand worthy persons (whereof the memory\\nremaineth, either ancient or recent), there is\\nnot one that hath been transported to the mad\\ndegree of love, which shows that great spirits\\nand great business do keep out this weak pas-\\nsion. You must except, nevertheless, Marcus\\nAntonius, the half partner of the empire of\\nRome, and Appius Claudius, the Decemvir\\nand lawgiver; whereof the former was indeed\\na voluptuous man, and inordinate; but the\\nlatter was an austere and wise man and there-\\nfore it seems (though rarely) that love can find\\nentrance, not only into an open heart, but also\\ninto a heart well fortified, if watch be not well\\nkept. It is a poor saying of Epicurus, Satis\\nmagnum alter alteri theatrum sumus: as if\\nman, made for the contemplation of heaven", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nand all noble objects, should do nothing but\\nkneel before a little idol, and make himself\\nsubject, though not of the mouth (as beasts\\nare), yet of the eye, which was given him for\\nhigher purposes. It is a strange thing to note\\nthe excess of this passion, and how it braves\\nthe nature and value of things by this, that\\nthe speaking in a perpetual hyperbole is comely\\nin nothing but in love; neither is it merely in\\nthe phrase for whereas it hath been well said,\\n44 That the arch flatterer, with whom all the\\npetty flatterers have intelligence, is a man s\\nself; certainly the lover is more for there was\\nnever proud man thought so absurdly well of\\nhimself as the lover doth of the person loved;\\nand therefore it was well said, That it is im-\\npossible to love and to be wise. Neither doth\\nthis weakness appear to others only, and not to\\nthe party loved, but to the loved most of all, ex-\\ncept the love be reciprocal; for it is a true rule,\\nthat love is ever rewarded, either with recipro-\\ncal, or with an inward and secret contempt;\\nby how much the more men ought to beware\\nof this passion, which loseth not only other\\nthings, but itself. As for the other losses, the\\npoet s relation doth well figure them That he\\nthat preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of\\nJuno and Pallas for whosoever esteemeth\\ntoo much of amorous affection, quitteth both\\nriches and wisdom. This passion hath his\\nfloods in the very times of weakness, which\\nare, great prosperity and great adversity,\\nthough this latter hath been less observed both\\nwhich times kindle love, and make it more", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 47\\nfervent, and therefore show it to be the child\\nof folly. They do best who, if they cannot\\nbut admit love, yet make it keep quarter, and\\nsever it wholly from their serious affairs and\\nactions of life; for if it check once with bus-\\niness, it troubleth men s fortunes, and maketh\\nmen that they can nowise be true to their own\\nends. I know not how, but martial men are\\ngiven to love: I think it is, but as they are\\ngiven to wine, for perils commonly ask to be\\npaid in pleasures. There is in man s nature a\\nsecret inclination and motion toward love of\\nothers, which, if it be not spent upon some one\\nor a few, doth naturally spread itself toward\\nmany, and maketh men become humane\\nand charitable, as it is seen sometimes in\\nfriars. Nuptial love maketh mankind, friendly\\nlove perfecteth it, but wanton love corrupteth\\nand embaseth it.\\nXL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF GREAT PLACE.\\nMen in great place are thrice servants\\nservants of the sovereign or state, servants of\\nfame, and servants of business so as they have\\nno freedom, neither in their persons, nor in\\ntheir actions, nor in their times. It is a\\nstrange desire to seek power and to lose liber-\\nty; or to seek power over others, and to lose\\npower over a man s self. The rising unto\\nplace is laborious and by pains men come to\\ngreater pains; and it is sometimes base, and\\nby indignities men come to dignities. The\\nstanding is slippery, and the regress is either", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48 BACON S ESSAYS.\\na downfall, or at least an eclipse, which is a\\nmelancholy thing. Cum non sis qui fueris,\\nnon esse cur velis vivere. Nay, retire men\\ncannot when they would, neither will they\\nwhen it were reason; but are impatient of\\nprivateness even in age and sickness, which\\nrequire the shadow like old townsmen, that\\nwill be still sitting at their street door, though\\nthereby they offer age to scorn. Certainly\\ngreat persons had need to borrow other men s\\nopinions to think themselves happy for if they\\njudge by their own feeling, they cannot find\\nit: but if they think with themselves what\\nother men think of them, and that other men\\nwould fain be as they are, then they are happy\\nas it were by report, when, perhaps, they find\\nthe contrary within for they are the first that\\nfind their own griefs, though they be the last\\nthat find their own faults. Certainly men in\\ngreat fortunes are strangers to themselves, and\\nwhile they are in the puzzle of business they\\nhave no time to tend their health either of\\nbody or mind. Illi mors gravis incubat, qui\\nnotus nimis omnibus, ignotus moritur sibi.\\nIn place there is license to do good and evil;\\nwhereof the latter is a curse for in evil the\\nbest condition is not to will, the second not to\\ncan. But power to do good is the true and\\nlawful end of aspiring; for good thoughts,\\nthough God accept them, yet toward men are\\nlittle better than good dreams, except they be\\nput in act; and that cannot be without power\\nand place, as the vantage and commanding\\nground. Merit and good works is the end of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 49\\nman s motion; and conscience of the same is\\nthe accomplishment of man s rest: for if a\\nman can be partaker of God s theater, he shall\\nlikewise be partaker of God s rest. Etcon-\\nversus Deus, ut aspiceret opera, quae fecerunt\\nmanus suae, vidit quod omnia essent bona\\nnimis; and then the Sabbath.\\nIn the discharge of thy place set before thee\\nthe best examples for imitation is a globe of\\nprecepts; and after a time set before thee\\nthine own example; and examine thyself\\nstrictly whether thou didst not best at first.\\nNeglect not also the examples of those that\\nhave carried themselves ill in the same place;\\nnot to set off thyself by taxing their memory,\\nbut to direct thyself what to avoid. Reform,\\ntherefore, without bravery or scandal of former\\ntimes and persons; but j^et set it down to\\nthyself, as well to create good precedents as to\\nfollow them. Reduce things to the first\\ninstitution, and observe wherein and how they\\nhave degenerated; but yet ask counsel of both\\ntimes of the ancient time what is best, and\\nof the latter time what is fittest. Seek to\\nmake thy course regular, that men may know\\nbeforehand what they may expect; but be not\\ntoo positive and peremptory; and express thy-\\nself well when thou digressest from thy rule.\\nPreserve the right of thy place, but stir not\\nquestions of jurisdiction: and rather assume\\nthy right in silence, and de facto, than\\nvoice it with claims and challenges. Preserve\\nlikewise the rights of inferior places; and\\nthink it more honor to direct in chief than to\\nL 4 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbe busy in all. Embrace and invite helps and\\nadvices touching the execution of thy place;\\nand do not drive away such as bring thee\\ninformation as meddlers, but accept of .them\\nin good part. The vices of authority are\\nchiefly four: delays, corruption, roughness\\nand facility. For delays give easy access;\\nkeep times appointed; go through with that\\nwhich is in hand, and interlace not business\\nbut of necessity. For corruption, do not only\\nbind thine own hands or thy servant s hands\\nfrom taking, but bind the hands of suitors also\\nfrom offering; for integrity used doth the one;\\nbut integrity professed, and with a manifest\\ndetestation of bribery, doth the other; and\\navoid not only the fault, but the suspicion.\\nWhosoever is found variable, and changeth\\nmanifestly without manifest cause, giveth sus-\\npicion of corruption: therefore, always when\\nthou changest thine opinion or course, profess\\nit plainly, and declare it, together with the\\nreasons that move thee to change, and do not\\nthink to steal it. A servant or a favorite, if\\nhe be inward, and no other apparent cause of\\nesteem, is commonly thought but a byway to\\nclose corruption. For roughness, it is a need-\\nless cause of discontent: severity breedeth\\nfear, but roughness breedeth hate. Even\\nreproofs from authority ought to be grave, and\\nnot taunting. As for facility, it is worse than\\nbribery; for bribes come but now and then;\\nbut if importunity or idle respects lead a man,\\nhe shall never be without; as Solomon saith,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 51\\nTo respect persons is not good; for such a\\nman will transgress for a piece of bread.\\nIt is most true that was anciently spoken\\nA place showeth the man; and it showeth\\nsome to the better and some to the worse.\\nOmnium concensu capax imperii, nisi im-\\nperasset, saith Tacitus of Galba; but of\\nVespasian he saith, Solus imperantium, Ves-\\npasianus mutatus in melius though the one\\nwas meant of sufficiency, the other of manners\\nand affection. It is an assured sign of a\\nworthy and generous spirit, whom honor\\namends; for honor is, or should be, the place\\nof virtue and as in nature things move vio-\\nlently to their place, and calmly in their place,\\nso virtue in ambition is violent, in authority\\nsettled and calm. All rising to great place is\\nby a winding stair; and if there be factions,\\nit is good to side a man s self whilst he is in\\nthe rising, and to balance himself when he is\\nplaced. Use the memory of thy predecessor\\nfairly and tenderly; for if thou dost not. it is a\\ndebt will sure be paid when thou art gone. If\\nthou have colleagues, respect them and rather\\ncall them when they look not for it, than\\nexclude them when they have reason to look\\nto be called. Be not too sensible or too\\nremembering of thy place in conversation and\\nprivate answers to suitors; but let it rather be\\nsaid, When he sits in place, he is another\\nman.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "52 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nXII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094OF BOLDNESS.\\nIt is a trivial grammar-school text, but yet\\nworthy a wise man s consideration. Question\\nwas asked of Demosthenes, what was the chief\\npart of an orator? he answered, Action: what\\nnext? Action: what next again? Action.\\nHe said it that knew it best, and had by nature\\nhimself no advantage in that he commended.\\nA strange thing, that that part of an orator\\nwhich is but superficial, and rather the virtue\\nof a player, should be placed so high above\\nthose other noble arts of invention, elocution,\\nand the rest, nay, almost alone, as if it were\\nall in all. But the reason is plain. There is\\nin human nature generally more of the fool\\nthan of the wise and, therefore, those facul-\\nties by which the foolish part of men s minds\\nis taken are most potent. Wonderful-like is\\nthe case of boldness in civil business; what\\nfirst? boldness; what second and third?\\nboldness; and yet boldness is a child of ignor-\\nance and baseness, far inferior to other parts\\nbut, nevertheless, it doth fascinate, and bind\\nhand and foot those that are either shallow in\\njudgment or weak in courage, which are the\\ngreatest part; yea, and prevaileth with wise\\nmen at weak times; therefore, we see it hath\\ndone wonders in popular states, but with sen-\\nates and princes less and more, ever upon the\\nfirst entrance of bold persons into action than\\nsoon after; for boldness is an ill-keeper of\\npromise. Surely as there are mountebanks for\\nthe natural body, so are there mountebanks", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 53\\nfor the politic body; men that undertake great\\ncures, and perhaps have been lucky in two or\\nthree experiments, but want the grounds of\\nscience, and, therefore, cannot hold out; nay,\\nyou shall see a bold fellow many times do\\nMahomet s miracle. Mahomet made the\\npeople believe that he would call a hill to him,\\nand from the top of it offer up his prayers for\\nthe observers of his law. The people assem-\\nbled; Mahomet called the hill to come to him\\nagain and again; and when the hill stood still,\\nhe was never a whit abashed, but said, If the\\nhill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will\\ngo to the hill. So these men when they\\nhave promised great matters and failed most\\nshamefully, yet (if they have the perfection of\\nboldness) they will but slight it over, and make\\na turn, and no more ado. Certainly to men of\\ngreat judgment, bold persons are a sport to\\nbehold; nay, and to the vulgar also boldness\\nhath somew T hat of the ridiculous; for if absurd-\\nity be the subject of laughter, doubt you not\\nbut great boldness is seldom without some\\nabsurdity; especially it is a sport to see when\\na bold fellow is out of countenance, for that\\nputs his face into a most shrunken and wooden\\nposture, as needs it must; for in bashfulness\\nthe spirits do a little go and come; but with\\nbold men, upon like occasion, they stand at\\na stay; like a stale at chess, where it is no\\nmate, but yet the game cannot stir; but this\\nlast were fitter for a satire than for a serious\\nobservation. This is well to be weighed, that\\nboldness is ever blind; for it seeth not dangers", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nand inconveniences: therefore, it is ill in coun-\\nsel, good in execution so that the right use\\nof bold persons is, that they never command in\\nchief, but be seconds and under the direction\\nof others for in counsel it is good to see dan-\\ngers, and in execution not to see them except\\nthey be very great.\\nXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF GOODNESS AND GOODNESS\\nOF NATURE.\\nI take goodness in this sense, the affecting\\nof the weal of men, which is that the Grecians\\ncall philanthropia; and the word humanity\\n(as it is used) is a little too light to express it.\\nGoodness I call the habit, and goodness of\\nnature the inclination. This, of all virtues\\nand dignities of the mind, is the greatest,\\nbeing the character of the Deity; and without\\nit man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing,\\nno better than a kind of vermin. Goodness\\nanswers to the theological virtue charity, and\\nadmits no excess but error. The desire of\\npower in excess caused the angels to fall the\\ndesire of knowledge in excess caused man to\\nfall; but in charity there is no excess, neither\\ncan angel or man come in danger by it. The\\ninclination to goodness is imprinted deeply in\\nthe nature of man; insomuch, that if it issue\\nnot toward men, it will take unto other living\\ncreatures; as it is seen in the Turks, a cruel\\npeople, who nevertheless are kind to beasts,\\nand give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch as\\nBusbechius reporteth, a Christian boy in Con-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 55\\nstantinople had like to have been stoned for\\ngagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl.\\nErrors, indeed, in this virtue, of goodness or\\ncharity, may be committed. The Italians\\nhave an ungracious proverb, Tanto buon che\\nval niente: so good, that he is good for\\nnothing: and one of the doctors of Italy,\\nNicholas Machiavel, had the confidence to put\\nin writing, almost in plain terms, That the\\nChristian faith had given up good men in prey\\nto those that are tyrannical and unjust;\\nwhich he spake, because, indeed, there was\\nnever law, or sect, or opinion did so much\\nmagnify goodness as the Christian religion\\ndoth therefore, to avoid the scandal and the\\ndanger both, it is good to take knowledge of\\nthe errors of a habit so excellent. Seek the\\ngood of other men, but be not in bondage to\\ntheir faces or fancies; for that is but facility or\\nsoftness, which taketh an honest mind prison-\\ner. Neither give thou -^Esop s cock a gem,\\nwho would be better pleased and happier if he\\nhad had a barley-corn. The example of God\\nteacheth the lesson truly; He sendeth his\\nrain, and maketh his sun to shine upon the\\njust and the unjust; but he doth not rain\\nwealth, nor shine honor and virtue upon men\\nequally: common benefits are to be communi-\\ncate with all, but peculiar benefits with choice.\\nAnd beware how in making the portraiture\\nthou breakest the pattern; for divinity maketh\\nthe love of ourselves the pattern: the love of\\nour neighbors but the portraiture Sell all\\nthou hast, and give it to the poor, and follow", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nme: but sell not all thou hast except thou\\ncome and follow me; that is, except thou have\\na vocation wherein thou may est do as much\\ngood with little means as with great; the\\notherwise, in feeding the streams, thou driest\\nfor fountain. Neither is there only a habit of\\ngoodness directed by right reason but there\\nis in some men, even in nature, a disposition\\ntoward it; as, on the other side, there is a\\nnatural malignity: for there be that in their\\nnature do not affect the good of others. The\\nlighter sort of malignity turneth but to a\\ncrossness, or forwardness, or aptness to oppose,\\nor difficileness, or the like but the deeper sort\\nto envy, and mere mischief. Such men in\\nother men s calamities, are, as it were, in sea-\\nson, and are ever on the loading part: not so\\ngood as the dogs that licked Lazarus sores,\\nbut like flies that are still buzzing upon any-\\nthing that is raw; misanthropi, that make it\\ntheir practice to bring men to the bough, and\\nyet have never a tree for the purpose in their\\ngardens, as Timon had: such dispositions are\\nthe very errors of human nature, and yet they\\nare the fittest timber to make great politics of;\\nlike to knee timber, that is good for ships that\\nare ordained to be tossed, but not for building\\nhouses that shall stand firm. The parts and\\nsigns of goodness are many. If a man be\\ngracious and courteous to strangers, it shows\\nhe is a citizen of the world, and that his heart\\nis no island cut off from other lands, but a con-\\ntinent that joins to them; if he be compassion-\\nate toward the afflictions of others, it shows", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 57\\nthat his heart is like the noble tree that is\\nWounded itself when it gives the balm if he\\neasily pardons and remits offences, it shows\\nthat his mind is planted above injuries, so that\\nhe cannot be shot; if he be thankful for small\\nbenefits, it shows that he weighs men s minds,\\nand not their trash but, above all, if he have\\nSt. Paul s perfection, that he would wish to be\\nan anathema from Christ for the salvation of\\nhis brethren, it shows much of a divine nature,\\nand a kind of conformity with Christ himself.\\nXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF NOBILITY.\\nWe will speak of nobility first as a portion\\nof an estate, then as a condition of particular\\npersons. A monarchy, where there is no no-\\nbility at all, is ever a pure and absolute tyran-\\nny, as that of the Turks for nobility attempers\\nsovereignty, and draws the eyes of the people\\nsomewhat aside from the line royal: but for\\ndemocracies they need it not and they are\\ncommonly more quiet and less subject to sedi-\\ntion than where there are stirps of nobles; for\\nmen s eyes are upon the business, and not upon\\nthe persons; or if upon the persons, it is for\\nthe business sake, as fittest, and not for flags\\nand pedigree. We see the Switzers last well,\\nnotwithstanding their diversity of religion and\\nof cantons; for utility is their bond, and not\\nrespects. The united provinces of the Low\\nCountries in their government excel; for\\nwhere there is an equality the consultations\\nare more indifferent, and the payments and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "58 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ntributes more cheerful. A great and potent\\nnobility addeth majesty to a monarch; but\\ndiminisheth power, and putteth life and spirit\\ninto the people, but presseth their fortune. It\\nis well when nobles are not too great for sover-\\neignty nor for justice; and yet maintained in\\nthat height, as the insolency of inferiors may\\nbe broken upon them before it come on too\\nfast upon the majesty of kings. A numerous\\nnobility causeth poverty and inconvenience in\\na state, for it is a surcharge of expense and\\nbesides, it being of necessity that many of the\\nnobility fall in time to be weak in fortune, it\\nmaketh a kind of disproportion between honor\\nand means.\\nAs for nobility in particular persons, it is a\\nreverend thing to see an ancient castle or\\nbuilding not in decay, or to see a fair timber-\\ntree sound and perfect; how much more to\\nbehold an ancient noble family, which hath\\nstood against the waves and weathers of time\\nfor new nobility is but the act of power, but\\nancient nobility is the act of time. Those that\\nare first raised to nobility are commonly more\\nvirtuous, but less innocent, than their descend-\\nants; for there is rarely any rising but by a\\ncommixture of good and evil arts; but it is\\nreason the memory of their virtues remain to\\ntheir posterity, and their faults die with them-\\nselves. Nobility of birth commonly abateth\\nindustry; and he that is not industrious, en-\\nvieth he that is; besides, noble persons can\\nnot go much higher; and he that standeth at\\na stay when others rise, can hardly avoid", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 59\\nmotions of envy. On the other side, nobility\\nextinguished the passive envy from others\\ntoward them, because they are in possession\\nof honor. Certainly, kings that have able men\\nof their nobility shall find ease in employing\\nthem, and a better slide into their business;\\nfor people naturally bend to them as born in\\nsome sort to command.\\nXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SEDITIONS AND TROUBLES.\\nShepherds of people had need know the cal-\\nendars of tempests in state, which are com-\\nmonly greatest when things grow to equality\\nas natural tempests are greatest about the\\nequinoctia, and as there are certain hollow\\nblasts of wind and secret swellings of seas\\nbefore a tempest, so are there in states\\nIlle etiam caecos instare tumultus\\nSaepe monet, f raudesque et operta tumescere bella.\\nLibels and licentious discourses against the\\nstate, when they are frequent and open; and\\nin like sort false news, often running up and\\ndown, to the disadvantage of the state, and\\nhastily embraced, are amongst the signs of\\ntroubles. Virgil, giving the pedigree of Fame,\\nsaith she was sister to the giants:\\nIllam Terra parens, ira irritata Deorum,\\nExtremam (ut perhibent) Cceo Enceladoque sororem\\nProgenuit.\\nAs if fames were the relics of seditions past;\\nbut they are no less indeed the preludes of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "60 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nseditions to come. Howsoever he noteth it\\nright, that seditious tumults and seditious\\nfames differ no more but as brother and sister,\\nmasculine and feminine especially if it come\\nto that, that the best actions of a state, and the\\nmost plausible, and which ought to give great-\\nest contentment, are taken in ill sense,\\nand traduced for that shows the envy great,\\nas Tacitus saith: Conflata magna invidia,\\nseu bene, seu male, gest apremunt. Neither\\ndoth it follow, that because these fames are a\\nsign of troubles, that the suppressing of them\\nwith too much severity should be a remedy\\nof troubles; for the despising of them many\\ntimes checks them best, and the going about to\\nstop them doth but make a wonder long-lived.\\nAlso that kind of obedience, which Tacitus\\nspeaketh of, is to be held suspected: Erant\\nin officio, ced tamen qui mallent imperantium\\nmandata interpretari, quam exsequi; disput-\\ning, excusing, cavilling upon mandates and\\ndirections, is a kind of shaking off the yoke,\\nand assay of disobedience; especially if in\\nthose disputings they which are for the direc-\\ntion speak fearfully and tenderly, and those\\nthat are against it audaciously.\\nAlso, as Machiavel noteth well, when\\nprinces, that ought to be common parents,\\nmake themselves as a party, and lean to a\\nside; it is, as a boat that is overthrown by\\nuneven weight on the one side as was well\\nseen in the time of Henry the Third of France\\nfor first himself entered league for the extir-\\npation of the Protestants, and presently after", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 61\\nthe same league was turned upon himself: for\\nwhen the authority of princes is made but an\\naccessory to a cause, and that there be other\\nbands that tie faster than the band of sover-\\neignty, kings begin to be put almost out of\\npossession.\\nAlso, when discords, and quarrels, and fac-\\ntions, are carried openly and audaciously, it is\\na sign the reverence of government is lost;\\nfor the motions of the greatest persons in a\\ngovernment ought to be as the motions of the\\nplanets under primum mobile/ according\\nto the old opinion, which is, that every one of\\nthem is carried swiftly by the highest motion,\\nand softly in their own motion; and therefore,\\nwhen great ones in their own particular motion\\nmove violently, and as Tacitus expresseth it\\nwell, liberius quam ut imperantium mem-\\ninissent, it is a sign the orbs are out of frame:\\nfor reverence is that wherewith princes are\\ngirt from God, who threateneth the dissolving\\nthereof; Solvam cingula regum.\\nSo when any of the four pillars of govern-\\nment are mainly shaken or weakened (which\\nare religion, justice, counsel, and treasure),\\nmen had need to pray for fair weather. But\\nlet us pass from this part of predictions (con-\\ncerning which, nevertheless, more light may\\nbe taken from that which followeth) and let us\\nspeak first of the materials of seditions; then\\nof the motives of them; and thirdly of the\\nremedies.\\nConcerning the materials of seditions, it is\\na thing well to be considered; for the surest", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nway to prevent seditions (if the times do bear\\nit) is to take away the matter of them; for if\\nthere be fuel prepared, it is hard to tell whence\\nthe spark shall come that shall set it on fire.\\nThe matter of seditions is of two kinds; much\\npoverty and much discontentment. It is cer-\\ntain, so many overthrown estates so many\\nvotes for troubles. Lucan noteth well the\\nstate of Rome before the civil war:\\nHincusura vorax, rapid um que in tempore fcenus,\\nHinc concussa fides, et multis utile bellum.\\nThis same multis utile bellum, is an\\nassured and infallible sign of a state disposed\\nto seditions and troubles; and if this poverty\\nand broken estate in the better sort be joined\\nwith a want and necessity in the mean people\\nthe danger is imminent and great; for the\\nrebellions of the belly are the worst. As for\\ndiscontentments, they are in the politic body\\nlike to humors in the natural, which are apt\\nto gather a preternatural heat and to inflame\\nand let no prince measure the danger of them\\nby this, whether they be just or unjust: for\\nthat were to imagine people to be too reason-\\nable, who do often spurn at their own good;\\nnor yet by this, whether the griefs whereupon\\nthey rise be in fact great or small; for they\\nare the most dangerous discontentments where\\nthe fear is greater than the feeling: Dolendi\\nmodus, timendi, non item: besides, in great\\noppressions, the same things that provoke the\\npatience, do withal mate the courage; but in\\nfears it is not so neither let any prince or state", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 63\\nbe secure concerning discontentments, be-\\ncause they have been often, or have been long,\\nand yet no peril hath ensued: for as it is true\\nthat every vapor or fume doth not turn into a\\nstorm, so it is nevertheless true that storms,\\nthough they blow over divers times, yet may\\nfall at last; and, as the Spanish proverb noteth\\nwell, The cord breaketh at the last by the\\nweakest pull.\\nThe causes and motives of seditions are,\\ninnovation in religion, taxes, alteration of\\nlaws and customs, breaking of privileges, gen-\\neral oppression, advancement of unworthy per-\\nsons, strangers, dearths, disbanded soldiers,\\nfactions grown desperate and whatsoever in\\noffending people joineth and knitteth them in\\na common cause.\\nFor the remedies, there may be some gen-\\neral preservatives, whereof we will speak: as\\nfor the just cure, it must answer to the partic-\\nular disease and so be left to counsel rather\\nthan rule.\\nThe first remedy, or prevention, is to remove\\nby all means possible that material cause of\\nsedition whereof we spake, which is, want and\\npoverty in the estate: to which purpose\\nserveth the opening and well-balancing of\\ntrade; the cherishing of manufactures; the\\nbanishing of idleness; the repressing of waste\\nand excess, by sumptuary laws; the improve-\\nment and husbanding of the soil; the regulat-\\ning of prices of things vendible; the moderat-\\ning of taxes and tributes, and the like. Gen-\\nerally, it is to be foreseen that the population", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nof a kingdom (especially it it be not mown\\ndown by wars) do not exceed the stock of the\\nkingdom which should maintain them:\\nneither is the population to be reckoned only\\nby number; for a smaller number, that spend\\nmore and earn less, do wear out an estate\\nsooner than a greater number that live lower\\nand gather more therefore the multiplying of\\nnobility, and other degrees of quality, in an\\nover proportion to the common people, doth\\nspeedily bring a state to necessity; and so\\ndoth likewise an overgrown clergy, for they\\nbring nothing to the stock; and, in like man-\\nner, when more are bred scholars than pre-\\nferments can take off.\\nIt is likewise to be remembered, that, for-\\nasmuch as the increase of any estate must be\\nupon the foreigner (for whatsoever is some-\\nwhere gotten is somewhere lost), there be but\\nthree things which one nation selleth unto\\nanother the commodity, as nature yieldeth it\\nthe manufacture; and the vecture, or carriage;\\nso that, if these three wheels go, wealth will\\nflow as in a spring tide. And it cometh many\\ntimes to pass, that, materiam superabit\\nopus, that the work and carriage is more\\nworth than the material, and enricheth a state\\nmore: as is notably seen in the Low Country-\\nmen, who have the best mines above ground\\nin the world.\\nAbove all things, good policy is to be used,\\nthat the treasure and monies in a state be not\\ngathered into few hands; for, otherwise, a\\nstate may have a great stock, and yet starve;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 65\\nand money is like muck, not good except to be\\nspread. This is done chiefly by suppressing,\\nor, at least, keeping a straight hand upon the\\ndevouring trades of usury, engrossing great\\npasturages, and the like.\\nFor removing discontentments, or, at least,\\nthe danger of them, there is in every state (as\\nwe know) two portions of subjects, the nobles\\nand commonalty. When one of these is dis-\\ncontent, the danger is not great for common\\npeople are of slow motion, if they be not ex-\\ncited by the greater sort; and the greater sort\\nare of small strength except the multitude be\\napt and ready to move of themselves then is\\nthe danger, when the greater sort do but wait\\nfor the troubling of the waters among the\\nmeaner, that then they may declare them-\\nselves. The poets feign that the rest of the\\ngods would have bound Jupiter; which he\\nhearing of, by the counsel of Pallas, sent for\\nBriareus, with his hundred hands, to come in\\nto his aid: an emblem, no doubt, to show how\\nsafe it is for monarchs to make sure of the\\ngood will of common people.\\nTo give moderate liberty for griefs and dis-\\ncontentments to evaporate (so it be without\\ntoo great insolency or bravery), is a safe way:\\nfor he that turneth the humors back, and\\nmaketh the wound bleed inward, endangereth\\nmalign ulcers and pernicious imposthumations.\\nThe part of Epimetheus might well become\\nPrometheus, in the case of discontentments,\\nfor there is not a better provision against\\nthem. Epimetheus, when griefs and evils\\n5 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nflow abroad, at last shut the lid, and kept hope\\nin the bottom of the vessel. Certainly, the\\npolitic and artificial nourishing and entertain-\\ning of hopes, and carrying men from hopes to\\nhopes, is one of best antidotes against the\\npoison of discontentments: and it is a certain\\nsign of a wise government and proceeding,\\nwhen it can hold men s hearts by hopes, when\\nit cannot by satisfaction, and when it can\\nhandle things in such manner as no evil shall\\nappear so peremptory but that it hath some\\noutlet of hope which is the less hard to do,\\nbecause both particular persons and factions\\nare apt enough to flatter themselves, or at least\\nto brave that which they believe not.\\nAlso the foresight and prevention, that there\\nbe no likely or fit head whereunto discon-\\ntented persons may resort, and under whom\\nthey may join, is a known, but an excellent\\npoint of caution. I understand a fit head to\\nbe one that hath greatness and reputation,\\nthat hath confidence with the discontented\\nparty, and upon whom they turn their eyes,\\nand that is thought discontented in his own par-\\nticular: which kind of persons are either to be\\nwon and reconciled to the state, and that in\\na fast and true manner; or to be fronted with\\nsome other of the same party that may oppose\\nthem, and so divide the reputation. Generally,\\nthe dividing and breaking of all factions and\\ncombinations that are adverse to the state, and\\nsetting them at distance, or, at least, distrust\\namongst themselves, is not one of the worst\\nremedies; for it is a desperate case, if those", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 67\\nthat hold with the proceeding of the state be\\nfull of discord and faction, and those that are\\nagainst it be entire and united.\\nI have noted, that some witty and sharp\\nspeeches, which have fallen from princes,\\nhave given fire to seditions. Caesar did him-\\nself infinite hurt in that speech Syllanescivit\\nliteras, non potuit dictare; for it did utterly\\ncut off that hope which men had entertained,\\nthat he would as one time or other give over\\nhis dictatorship. Galb undid himself by that\\nspeech, Legi a se militem, non emi; for it\\nput the soldiers out of hope of the donative.\\nProbus, likewise, by that speech 44 Si vixero,\\nnon opus erit amplius Romano imperio multi-\\nbus; a speech of great despair for the sol-\\ndiers, and many the like. Surely princes had\\nneed in tender matters and ticklish times to\\nbeware what they say, especially in these short\\nspeeches, which fly abroad like darts, and are\\nthought to be shot out of their secret inten-\\ntions for as for large discourses, they are flat\\nthings, and not so much noted.\\nLastly, let princes, against all events, not be\\nwithout some great person, one or rather\\nmore, of military valor, near unto them, for\\nthe repressing of seditions in their beginnings;\\nfor without that, there useth to be more trep-\\nidation in court upon the first breaking out of\\ntroubles than were fit and the state runneth\\nthe danger of that which Tacitus saith;\\nAtque is habitus animorum fuit, ut pessimum\\nfacinus auderent pauci, plures vellent omnes,\\npaterentur: but let such military persons be", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "68 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nassured, and well reputed of, rather than\\nfactious and popular; holding also good corres-\\npondence with the other great men in the state,\\nor else the remedy is worse than the disease.\\nXVI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF ATHEISM.\\nI had rather believe all the fables in the\\nlegend, and the Talmud, and the Alcoran,\\nthan that this universal frame is without a\\nmind; and, therefore, God never wrought\\nmiracle to convince atheism, because his ordi-\\nnary works convince it. It is true, that a little\\nphilosophy inclineth man s mind to atheism,\\nbut depth in philosophy bringeth men s minds\\nabout to religion; for while the mind of man\\nlooketh upon second causes scattered, it may\\nsometimes rest in them, and go no further;\\nbut when it beholdeth the chain of them con-\\nfederate, and linked together, it must needs fly\\nto Providence and Deity: nay, even that school\\nwhich is most accused of atheism doth most\\ndemonstrate religion: that is, the school of\\nLeucippus, and Democritus, and Epicurus,\\nfor it is a thousand times more credible that\\nfour mutable elements, and one immutable\\nfifth- essence, duly and eternally placed, need\\nno God, than that an army of infinite small\\nportions, or seeds unplaced, should have pro-\\nduced this order and beauty without a divine\\nmarshal. The Scripture saith, The fool\\nhath said in his heart, there is no God; it is\\nnot said, The fool hath thought in his\\nheart,; so as he rather saith it by rote to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 69\\nhimself, as that he would have, than that he\\ncan thoroughly believe it, or be persuaded of\\nit; for none deny there is a God, but those\\nfor whom it maketh that there were no God.\\nIt appeareth in nothing more, that atheism is\\nrather in the lip than in the heart of man,\\nthan by this, that atheists will ever be talking\\nof that their opinion, as if they fainted in it\\nwithin themselves, and would be glad to be\\nstrengthened by the consent of others; nay\\nmore, you shall have atheists strive to get dis-\\nciples, as it f areth with other sects and, which\\nis most of all, you shall have of them that will\\nsuffer for atheism, and not recant whereas, if\\nthey did truly think that there were no such\\nthing as God, why should they trouble them-\\nselves? Epicurus is charged, that he did but dis-\\nsemble for his credit s sake, when he affirmed\\nthere were blessed natures, but such as enjoyed\\nthemselves without having respect to the gov-\\nernment of the world wherein they say he did\\ntemporize, though in secret he thought there\\nwas no God: but certainly he is traduced, for\\nhis words are noble and divine: Non Deos\\nvulgi negare profanum; sed vulgi opiniones\\nDiis applicare profanum. Plato could have\\nsaid no more; and although he had the confi-\\ndence to deny the administration, he had not\\nthe power to deny the nature. The Indians\\nof the west have names for their particular\\ngods, though they have no name for God as if\\nthe heathens should have had the names Jup-\\niter, Apollo, Mars, etc., but not the word\\nDeus, which shows that even those barbarous", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "70 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npeople have the notion, though they have not\\nthe latitude and extent of it; so that against\\natheists the very savages take part with the\\nvery subtlest philosophers. The contemplative\\natheist is rare a Diagoras, a Bion, a Lucian\\nperhaps, and some others; and yet they seem\\nto be more than they are; for that all that\\nimpugn a received religion, or superstition,\\nare, by the adverse part, branded with the\\nname of atheists; but the great atheists indeed\\nare hypocrites, which are ever handling holy\\nthings but without feeling; so as they must\\nneeds be cauterized in the end. The causes\\nof atheism are, divisions in religion, if they be\\nmany; for any one main division addeth zeal\\nto both sides, but many divisions introduce\\natheism: another is, scandal of priests, when\\nit is come to that which St. Bernard saith,\\n4 Non est jam dicere, ut populus, sic sacerdos;\\nquia nee sic populus, ut sacerdos: a third is,\\ncustom of profane scoffing in holy matters,\\nwhich doth by little and little deface the rev-\\nerence of religion; and lastly, learned times,\\nspecially with peace and prosperity for troubles\\nand adversities do more bow men s minds to\\nreligion. They that deny a God destroy a\\nman s nobility; for certainly man is of kin to\\nthe beasts by his body; and if he be not of kin\\nto God by his spirit, he is a base and ignoble\\ncreature. It destroys likewise magnanimity,\\nand the raising of human nature; for take\\nan example of a dog, and mark what a gener-\\nosity and courage he will put on when he finds\\nhimself maintained by a man, who to him is", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 71\\ninstead of a God, or melior natura; which\\ncourage is manifestly such as that creature,\\nwithout that confidence of a better nature\\nthan his own, could never attain. So man,\\nwhen he resteth and assureth himself upon\\ndivine protection and favor, gathereth a force\\nand faith, which human nature in itself could\\nnot obtain; therefore, as atheism is in all\\nrespects hateful, so in this, that it depriveth\\nhuman nature of the means to exalt itself\\nabove human frailty. As it is in particular\\npersons, so it is in nations; never was there\\nsuch a state for magnanimity as Rome. Of\\nthis state hear what Cicero saith: Quam\\nvolumus, licet, Patres conscripti, nos amemus,\\ntamen nee numero Hispanos, nee robore Gallos,\\nnee calliditate Poenos, nee artibus Graecos, nee\\ndenique hoc ipso hujus gentis et terrae domes-\\ntico nativoque sensu Italosipsos et Latinos sed\\npietate, ac religione, atque hac una sapientia,\\nquod Deorum immortalium numine omnia regi,\\ngubernarique perspeximus, omnes gentes,\\nnationesque superavimus.\\nXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SUPERSTITION.\\nIt were better to have no opinion of God at\\nall than such an opinion as is unworthy of him\\nfor the one is unbelief, the other is contumely\\nand certainly superstition is the reproach of\\nthe Deity. Plutarch saith well to that purpose,\\nSurely, saith he, I had rather a great deal\\nmen should say there was no such man at all\\nas Plutarch, than that they should say that", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "72 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthere was one Plutarch that would eat his chil-\\ndren as soon as they were born; as the poet\\nspeaks of Saturn: and, as the contumely is\\ngreater toward God, so the danger is greater\\ntoward men. Atheism leaves a man to sense,\\nto philosophy, to natural piety, to laws, to\\nreputation all which may be guides to an out-\\nward moral virtue, though religion were not\\nbut superstition dismounts all these, and\\nerecteth an absolute monarchy in the minds\\nof men therefore, atheism did never perturb\\nstates; for it makes men wary of themselves,\\nas looking no further, and we see the times in-\\nclined to atheism (as the time of Augustus\\nCaesar) were civil times; but superstition hath\\nbeen the confusion of many states, and bring-\\neth in anew primum mobile, that ravisheth\\nall the spheres of government. The master of\\nsuperstition is the people, and in all supersti-\\ntion wise men follow fools: and arguments are\\nfitted to practice in a reversed order. It was\\ngravely said by some of the prelates in the\\nCouncil of Trent, where the doctrine of the\\nschoolmen bare great sway, that the schoolmen\\nwere like astronomers, which did feign eccen-\\ntrics and epicycles, and such engines of orbs\\nto save the phenomena, though they knew\\nthere was no such things; and, in like manner,\\nthat the schoolmen had framed a number of\\nsubtle and intricate axioms and theorems, to\\nsave the practice of the Church. The causes\\nof superstition are, pleasing and sensual rites\\nand ceremonies; excess of outward and Phari-\\nsaical holiness; overgreat reverence of tradi-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 73\\ntions, which cannot but load the Church the\\nstratagems of prelates for their own ambition\\nand lucre the favoring too much of good in-\\ntentions, which openeth the gate to conceits\\nand novelties the taking an aim at divine mat-\\nters by human, which cannot but breed mix-\\nture of imaginations; and, lastly, barbarous\\ntimes, especially joined with calamities and\\ndisasters. Superstition, without a veil, is a\\ndeformed thing for as it addeth deformity to\\nan ape to be so like a man, so the similitude of\\nsuperstition to religion makes it the more de-\\nformed and as wholesome meat corrupteth to\\nlittle worms, so good forms and orders corrupt\\ninto a number of petty observances. There is\\na superstition in avoiding superstition, when\\nmen think to do best if they go furthest from\\nthe superstition formerly received; therefore\\ncare would be had that (as it fareth in ill purg-\\nings) the good be not taken away with the\\nbad, which commonly is done when the people\\nis the reformer.\\nXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF TRAVEL.\\nTravel, in the younger sort, is a part of edu-\\ncation in the elder, a part of experience. He\\nthat traveleth into a country, before he hath\\nsome entrance into the language, goeth to\\nschool, and not to travel. That young men\\ntravel under some tutor or grave servant, I\\nallow well; so that he be such a one that hath\\nthe language, and hath been in the country\\nbefore whereby he may be able to tell them\\nI) Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwhat things are worthy to be seen in the\\ncountry where they go, what acquaintances\\nthey are to seek, what exercises or discipline\\nthe place yielded; for else young men shall go\\nhooded, and look abroad little. It is a strange\\nthing, that in sea voyages, where there\\nis nothing to be seen but sky and sea, men\\nshould make diaries; but in land travel,\\nwherein so much is to be observed, for the\\nmost part they omit it; as if chance were fitter\\nto be registered than observation: let diaries,\\ntherefore, be brought in use. The things to\\nbe seen and observed are, the courts of princes,\\nespecially when they give audience to ambas-\\nsadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and\\nhear causes; and so of consistories ecclesiastic;\\nthe churches and monasteries, with the monu-\\nments which are therein extant; the walls and\\nfortifications of cities and towns; and so the\\nhavens and harbors, antiquities and ruins,\\nlibraries, colleges, disputations, and lectures,\\nwhere any are; shipping and navies; houses\\nand gardens of state and pleasure, near great\\ncities; armories, arsenals, magazines, ex-\\nchanges, burses, warehouses, exercises of\\nhorsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers,\\nand the like; comedies, such whereunto the\\nbetter sort of persons do resort; treasuries of\\njewels and robes; cabinets and rarities; and,\\nto conclude, whatsoever is memorable in the\\nplaces where they go; after all which the\\ntutors or servants ought to make diligent in-\\nquiry. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, wed-\\ndings, funerals, capital executions, and such", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 75\\nshows, men need not be put in mind of them\\nyet are they not to be neglected. If you will\\nhave a young man to put his travel into a little\\nroom, and in short time to gather much, this\\nyou must do: first, as was said, he must have\\nsome entrance into the language before he\\ngoeth; then he must have such a servant, or\\ntutor, as knoweth the country, as was like-\\nwise said let him carry with him also some\\ncard, or book, describing the country where\\nhe traveleth, which will be a good key to his\\ninquiry; let him keep also a diary; let him not\\nstay long in one city or town, more or less as\\nthe place deserveth, but not long nay, when\\nhe stayeth in one city or town, let him change\\nhis lodging from one end and part of the town\\nto another, which is a great adamant of\\nacquaintance let him sequester himself from\\nthe company of his countrymen, and diet in\\nsuch places where there is good company of the\\nnation where he traveleth: let him, upon his\\nremoves from one place to another, procure\\nrecommendation to some person of quality\\nresiding in the place whither he removeth, that\\nhe may use his favor in those things he de-\\nsireth to see or know; thus he may abridge his\\ntravels with much profit. As for the acquaint-\\nance which is to be sought in travel, that which\\nis most of all profitable, is acquaintance with\\nthe secretaries and employed men of ambas-\\nsadors; for so in traveling in one country he\\nshall suck the experience of many: let him also\\nsee and visit eminent persons in all kinds,\\nwhich are of great name abroad, that he may", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "76 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbe able to tell how the life agreeth with the\\nfame; for quarrels, they are with care and dis-\\ncretion to be avoided they are commonly for\\nmistresses, healths, place, and words; and let\\na man beware how he keepeth company with\\ncholeric and quarrelsome persons: for they\\nwill engage him into their own quarrels. When\\na traveler returneth home, let him not leave\\nthe countries where he hath traveled alto-\\ngether behind him, but maintain a correspond-\\nence by letters with those of his acquaintance\\n.which are of most worth; and let his travel\\nappear rather in his discourse than in his\\napparel or gesture and in his discourse let him\\nbe rather advised in his answers, than forward\\nto tell stories and let it appear that he doth\\nnot change his country manners for those of\\nforeign parts; but only prick in some flowers\\nof that he hath learned abroad into the cus-\\ntoms of his own country.\\nXIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF EMPIRE.\\nIt is a miserable state of mind to have few\\nthings to desire, and many things to fear; and\\nyet that commonly in the case of kings, who\\nbeing at the highest, want matter of desire,\\nwhich makes their minds more languishing;\\nand have many representations of perils and\\nshadows, which makes their minds the less\\nclear; and this is one reason also of that effect\\nwhich the Scripture speaketh of, That the\\nking s heart is inscrutable for multitude of\\njealousies, and lack of some predominant de-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 77\\nsire, that should marshal and put in order all\\nthe rest, maketh any man s heart hard to find\\nor sound. Hence it comes likewise, that\\nprinces many times make themselves desires,\\nand set their hearts upon toys; sometimes\\nupon a building; sometimes upon erecting of\\nan order; sometimes upon the advancing of a\\nperson sometimes upon obtaining excellency\\nin some art, or feat of the hand as Nero for\\nplaying on the harp; Domitian for certainty of\\nthe hand with the arrow Commodus for play-\\ning at fence; Caracalla for driving chariots,\\nand the like. This seemeth incredible unto those\\nthat know not the principle, that the mind of\\nman is more cheered and refreshed by profiting\\nin small things than by standing at a stay in\\ngreat. We see also that kings that have been\\nfortunate conquerors their first years, it being-\\nnot possible for them to go forward infinitely,\\nbut that they must have some check or arrest\\nin their fortunes, turn in their latter years to\\nbe superstitious and melancholy; as did Alex-\\nander the Great, Dioclesian, and in our mem-\\nory, Charles the Fifth, and others for he that\\nis used to go forward, and findeth a stop, fall-\\neth out of his own favor, and is not the thing\\nhe was.\\nTo speak now of the true temper of empire,\\nit is a thing rare and hard to keep; for both\\ntemper and distemper consist of contraries but\\nit is one thing to mingle contraries, another to\\ninterchange them. The answer of Apollonius\\nto Vespasian is full of excellent instruction.\\nVespasian asked him, What was Nero s over-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "78 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthrow? he answered. Nero could touch and\\ntune the harp well; but in government some-\\ntimes he used to wind the pins too high, some-\\ntimes to let them down too low. And certain\\nit is, that nothing destroyeth authority so much\\nas the unequal and untimely interchange of\\npower pressed too far, and relaxed too much.\\nThis is true, that the wisdom of all these lat-\\nter times in princes affairs is rather fine deliv-\\neries, and shiftings of dangers and mischiefs,\\nwhen they are near, than solid and grounded\\ncourses to keep them aloof: but this is but to\\ntry masteries with fortune; and let men be-\\nware how they neglect and suffer matter of\\ntrouble to be prepared. For no man can forbid\\nthe spark, nor tell whence it may come. The\\ndifficulties in princes business are many and\\ngreat; but the greatest difficulty is often in\\ntheir own mind. For it is common with\\nprinces (saith Tacitus) to will contradictories:\\nSunt plerumque regum voluntates vehe-\\nmentes, et inter se contrariae; for it is the\\nsolecism of power to think to command the\\nend, and yet not to endure the mean.\\nKings have to deal with their neighbors,\\ntheir wives, their children, their prelates or\\nclergy, their nobles, their second nobles or\\ngentlemen, their merchants, their commons,\\nand their men of war; and from all these arise\\ndangers, if care and circumspection be not\\nused.\\nFirst, for their neighbors, there can no gen-\\neral rule be given (the occasions are so vari-\\nable), save one which ever holdeth; which is,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 79\\nthat princes do keep due sentinel that none of\\ntheir neighbors do overgrow so (by increase of\\nterritory, by embracing of trade, by approaches,\\nor the like), as they become more able to annoy\\nthem than they were; and this is generally the\\nwork of standing counsels to foresee and to\\nhinder it. During that triumvirate of kings,\\nKing Henry the Eighth of England, Francis\\nthe First, King of France, and Charles the\\nFifth, Emperor, there was such a watch kept\\nthat none of the three could win a palm of\\nground, but the other two would straightway\\nbalance it, either by confederation, or, if need\\nwere, by a war; and would not in anywise take\\nup peace at interest and the like was done by\\nthat league (which Guicciardini saith was the\\nsecurity of Italy), made between Ferdinando,\\nKing of Naples, Lorenzius Medicis, and Ludo-\\nvicus Sforza, potentates, the one of Florence,\\nthe other of Milan. Neither is the opinion of\\nsome of the schoolmen to be received, that a\\nwar cannot justly be made, but upon a prece-\\ndent injury or provocation for there is no ques-\\ntion, but a just fear of an imminent danger,\\nthough there be no blow given, is a lawful cause\\nof a war.\\nFor their wives, there are cruel examples of\\nthem. Livia is infamed for the poisoning of\\nher husband; Roxolana, Solyman s wife, was\\nthe destruction of that renowned prince, Sultan\\nMustapha, and otherwise troubled his house\\nand succession; Edward the Second of Eng-\\nland s Queen had the principal hand in the dis-\\nposing and murder of her husband.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "80 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nThis kind of danger is then to be feared\\nchiefly when the wives have plots for the rising\\nof their own children, or else that they be ad-\\nvou tresses.\\nFor their children, the tragedies likewise of\\ndangers from them have been many; and gen-\\nerally the entering of fathers into suspicion of\\ntheir children hath been ever unfortunate.\\nThe destruction of Mustapha s (that we\\nnamed before) was so fatal to Solyman s line,\\nas the succession of the Turks from Solyman s\\nuntil this day is suspected to be untrue, and of\\nstrange blood; for that Selymus the Second\\nwas thought to be suppositious. The destruc-\\ntion of Crispus, a young prince of rare toward-\\nness, by Constantinus the Great, his father,\\nwas in like manner fatal to his house for both\\nConstantinus and Constance, his sons, died\\nviolent deaths; and Constantinus, his other\\nson, did little better, who died indeed of sick-\\nness, but after that Julianus had taken arms\\nagainst him. The destruction of Demetrius,\\nson to Philip the Second of Macedon, turned\\nupon the father who died of repentance, and\\nmany like examples there are but few or none\\nwhere the fathers had good by such distrust,\\nexcept it were where the sons were up in open\\narms against them as was Selymus the First\\nagainst Bajazet, and the three sons of Henry\\nthe Second, King of England.\\nFor their prelates, when they are proud and\\ngreat, there is also danger from them; as it\\nwas in the times of Anselmus and Thomas\\nBecket, Archbishops of Canterbury, who with", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 81\\ntheir crosiers did almost try it with the King s\\nsword and yet they had to deal with stout\\nand haughty kings: William Rufus, Henry the\\nFirst, and Henry the Second. The danger is\\nnot from that state, but where it hath a de-\\npendence of foreign authority; or where the\\nchurchmen come in and are elected, not by the\\ncollation of the king or particular patrons, but\\nby the people.\\nFor their nobles, to keep them at a distance\\nis not amiss; but to depress them may make a\\nking more absolute, but less safe, and less able\\nto perform anything he desires. It have noted\\nit in my History of King Henry the Seventh\\nof England, who depressed his nobility,\\nwhereupon it came to pass that his times\\nwere full of difficulties and troubles; for the\\nnobility, though they continue loyal unto\\nhim, yet did they not co-operate with him in\\nhis business, so that in effect he was fain to do\\nall things himself.\\nFor their second nobles, there is not much\\ndanger from them, being a body dispersed:\\nthey may sometimes discourse high, but that\\ndoth little hurt besides, they are a counterpoise\\nto the higher nobility, that they grow not too\\npotent; and, lastly, being the most immediate\\nin authority with the common people, they do\\nbest temper popular commotions.\\nFor their merchants, they are vena porta;\\nand if they flourish not, a kingdom may have\\ngood limbs, but will have empty veins, and\\nnourish little. Taxes and imposts upon them\\ndo seldom good to the king s revenue, for that\\n6 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwhich he wins in the hundred, he loseth in the\\nshire the particular rates being increased, but\\nthe total bulk of trading rather decreased.\\nFor their commons, there is little danger\\nfrom them, except it be where they have great\\nand potent heads, or where you meddle with\\nthe ooint of religion, or their customs or means\\nof life.\\nFor the men of war, it is a dangerous state\\nwhere they live and remain in a body, and are\\nused to donatives whereof we see examples in\\nthe Janizaries and Praetorian bands of Rome;\\nbut training of men, and arming them in sev-\\neral places, and under several commanders,\\nand without donatives, are things of defense,\\nand no danger.\\nPrinces are like to heavenly bodies, which\\ncause good or evil times; and which have\\nmuch veneration, but no rest. All precepts\\nconcerning kings are in effect comprehended\\nin those two remembrances, Memento quod\\nes homo; and Memento quod es Deus, or\\nvice Dei.\\nXX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF COUNSEL.\\nThe greatest trust between man and man is\\nthe trust of giving counsel; for in other con-\\nfidences men commit the parts of life, their\\nlands, their goods, their children, their credit,\\nsome particular affair; but to such as they\\nmake their counselors they commit the whole;\\nby how much the more they are obliged to all\\nfaith and integrity. The wisest princes need", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 83\\nnot think it any diminution to their greatness\\nor derogation to their sufficiency to rely upon\\ncounsel. God himselt is not without, but hath\\nmade it one of the great names of his blessed\\nSon, The Counselor.* Solomon hath pro-\\nnounced that, In counsel is stability.\\nThings will have their first or second agita-\\ntion: if they be not tossed upon the arguments\\nof counsel, they will be tossed upon waves of\\nfortune; and be full of inconstancy, doing and\\nundoing, like the reeling of a drunken man.\\nSolomon s son found the force of counsel, as\\nhis father saw the necessity of it: for the\\nbeloved kingdom of God was first rent and\\nbroken by ill counsel; upon which counsel\\nthere are set for our instruction the two marks\\nwhereby bad counsel is forever best discerned,\\nthat it was young counsel for the persons, and\\nviolent counsel for the matter.\\nThe ancient times do set forth in figure both\\nthe incorporation and inseparable conjunction\\nof counsel with kings, and the wise and politic\\nuse of counsel by kings: the one in that they\\nsay Jupiter did marry Metis, which signifieth\\ncounsel; whereby they intend that sovereignty\\nis married to counsel; the other, in that which\\nfolloweth, which was thus: they say, after\\nJupiter was married to Metis, she conceived by\\nhim and was with child; but Jupiter suffered\\nher not to stay till she brought forth, but eat\\nher up: whereby he became himself, with\\nchild; and was delivered of Pallas armed, out\\nof his head. Which monstrous fable contain-\\neth a secret of empire, how kings are to make", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "84 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nuse of their counsel of state: that first they\\nought to refer matters unto them, which is\\nthe first begetting or impregnation; but when\\nthey are elaborate, molded and shaped in the\\nwomb of their council, and grow ripe and ready\\nto be brought forth, that then they suffer not\\ntheir council to go through with the resolution\\nand direction, as if it depended on them but\\ntake the matter back into their own hands, and\\nmake it appear to the world that the decrees\\nand final directions (which, because they come\\nforth with prudence and power, are resembled\\nto Pallas armed) proceeded from themselves\\nand not only from their authority, but (the\\nmore to add reputation to themselves) from\\ntheir head and device.\\nLet us now speak of the inconveniences of\\ncounsel, and of the remedies. The inconven-\\niences that have been noted in calling and\\nusing counsel, are three: first, the revealing of\\naffairs, whereby they become less secret; sec-\\nondly, the weakening of the authority of\\nprinces, as if they were less of themselves;\\nthirdly, the danger of being unfaithfully coun-\\nseled, and more for the good of them that\\ncounsel than of him that is counseled for which\\ninconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and\\npractice of France, in some kings* times, hath\\nintroduced cabinet councils; a remedy worse\\nthan the disease.\\nAs to secrecy, princes are not bound to com-\\nmunicate all matters with all counselors, but\\nmay extract and select; neither is it necessary,\\nthat he that consulteth what he should do,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 85\\nshould declare what he will do but let princes\\nbeware that the unsecreting of their affairs\\ncomes not from themselves and, as for cabinet\\ncouncils, it may be their motto, Plenus rim-\\narum sum: one futile person, that maketh it\\nhis glory to tell, will do more hurt than many,\\nthat know it their duty to conceal. It is true\\nthere be some affairs which require extreme\\nsecrecy, which will hardly go beyond one or\\ntwo persons besides the king: neither are\\nthose counsels unprosperous for, besides the\\nsecrecy, they commonly go on constantly in\\none spirit of direction without distraction but\\nthen it must be a prudent king, such as is able\\nto grind with a hand-mill; and those inward\\ncounselors had need also be wise men, and\\nespecially true and trusty to the king s ends, as\\nit was with King Henry the Seventh of Eng-\\nland, who, in his greatest business imparted\\nhimself to none, except it were to Morton and\\nFox.\\nFor weakening of authority, the fable show-\\neth the remedy: nay, the majesty of kings is\\nrather exalted than diminished when they are\\nin the chair of council neither was there ever\\nprince bereaved of his dependencies by his\\ncouncil, except where there hath been either\\nan over-greatness in one counselor, or an\\nover-strict combination in divers, which are\\nthings soon found and holpen.\\nFor the last inconvenience, that men will\\ncounsel with an eye, to themselves; certainly,\\ntv non inveniet fidem super terram, is meant\\nof the nature of times, and not of all particular", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "86 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npersons. There be that are in nature faithful\\nand sincere, and plain and direct, not crafty\\nand involved: let princes, above all, draw to\\nthemselves such natures. Besides, counselors\\nare not commonly so united, but that one coun-\\nselor keepeth sentinel over another so that if\\nany do counsel out of faction or private ends,\\nit commonly comes to the King s ear: but the\\nbest remedy is, if princes know their counsel-\\nors, as well as their counselors know them\\nPrincipis est virtus maxima nosse suos.\\nAnd on the other side, counselors should not\\nbe too speculative into their sovereign s per-\\nson. The true composition of a counselor is,\\nrather to be skilful in their master s business\\nthan in his nature for then he is like to advise\\nhim, and not to feed his humor. It is of singu-\\nlar use to princes if they take the opinions of\\ntheir council both separately and together for\\nprivate opinion is more free, but opinion\\nbefore others is more reserved. In private,\\nmen are more bold in their own humors and\\nin consort, men are more obnoxious to others\\nhumors; therefore it is good to take both; and\\nof the inferior sort rather in private, to pre-\\nserve freedom of the greater, rather in consort,\\nto preserve respect. It is in vain for princes\\nto take counsel concerning matters if they take\\nno counsel likewise concerning persons; for\\nall matters are as dead images; and the life of\\nthe execution of affairs resteth in the good choice\\nof persons: neither is it enough to consult\\nconcerning persons, secundum genera, as in", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 87\\nan idea or mathematical description, what the\\nkind and character of the person should be;\\nfor the greatest errors are committed, and the\\nmost judgment is shown, in the choice of\\nindividuals. It was truly said, Optimi con-\\nsiliarii mortui: books will speak plain when\\ncounselors blanch therefore it is good to be\\nconversant in them, specially the books of\\nsuch as themselves have been actors upon the\\nstage.\\nThe councils at this day in most places are\\nbut familiar meetings, where matters are\\nrather talked on than debated; and they run\\ntoo swift to the order or act of council. It\\nwere better that in causes of weight the matter\\nwere propounded one day and not spoken to\\ntill the next day; In nocte consilium: so\\nwas it done in the commission of union\\nbetween England and Scotland, which was a\\ngrave and orderly assembly. I commend set\\ndays for petitions; for both it gives the suitors\\nmore certainty for their attendance, and it\\nfrees the meetings for matters of estate, that\\nthey may hoc agere. In choice of com-\\nmittees for ripening business for the council,\\nit is better to choose indifferent persons, than\\nto make an indifferency by putting in those\\nthat are strong on both sides. I commend,\\nalso, standing commissions; as for trade, for\\ntreasure, for war, for suits, for some provinces;\\nfor where there be divers particular councils,\\nand but one council of estate (as it is in Spain),\\nthey are, in effect, no more than standing com-\\nmissions, save that they have greater authority.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "88 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nLet such as are to inform councils out of their\\nparticular professions (as lawyers, seamen,\\nmintmen, and the like), be first heard before\\ncommittees: and then, as occasion serves,\\nbefore the council; and let them not come in\\nmultitudes, or in a tribumtious manner; for\\nthat is to clamor councils, not to inform them.\\nA long table and a square table, or seats about\\nthe walls, seem things of form, but are things\\nof substance for at a long table a few at the\\nupper end, in effect, sway all the business;\\nbut in the other form there is more use of the\\ncounselors opinions that sit lower. A king,\\nwhen he presides in council, let him beware\\nhow he opens his own inclination too much in\\nthat which he propoundeth for else counsel-\\nors will but take the wind of him, and instead of\\ngiving free council, will sing him a song of\\n4 placebo.\\nXXI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DELAYS.\\nFortune is like the market, where many\\ntimes, if you can stay a little, the price will\\nfall; and again, it is sometimes like Sibylla s\\noffer, which at first offereth the commodity\\nat full, then consumeth part and part, and still\\nholdeth up the price; for occasion (as it is in\\nthe common verse) turneth a bald nobble\\nafter she hath presented her locks in front,\\nand no hold taken; or, at least, turneth the\\nhandle of the bottle first to be received, and\\nafter the belly, which is hard to clasp. There\\nis surely no greater wisdom than well to time", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "M First put her into some discourse of estate.\\nBacon a Ess .ys.\\nPage 90.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 89\\nthe beginnings and onsets of things. Dangers\\nare no more light, if they once seem light;\\nand more dangers have deceived men than\\nforced them: nay, it is better to meet some\\ndangers half-way, though they come nothing\\nnear, than to keep too long a watch upon\\napproaches; for if a man watch too long, it is\\nodds that he will fall asleep. On the other\\nside, to be deceived with too long shadows (as\\nsome have been when the moon was low, and\\nshown on their enemies back), and so to\\nshoot off before the time or to teach dangers\\nto come on by over early buckling toward\\nthem, is another extreme. The ripeness or\\nunripeness of the occasion (as we said) must\\nb very well weighed and generally it is good\\nto commit the beginnings of all great actions\\nto Argus with his hundred eyes, and the ends\\nto Briareus with his hundred hands; first to\\nwatch and then to speed for the helmet of\\nPluto, which maketh the politic man go invis-\\nible, is secrecy in the council, and celerity in\\nthe execution for when things are once come\\nto the execution, there is no secrecy compar-\\nable to celerity; like the motion of a bullet\\nin the air, which flieth so swift as it outruns\\nthe eye.\\nXXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF CUNNING.\\nWe take cunning for a sinister or crooked\\nwisdom; and certainly there is great differ-\\nence between a cunning man and a wise man,\\nnot only in point of honesty, but in point of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "90 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nability. There be that can pack the cards,\\nand yet cannot play well so there are some\\nthat are good in canvasses and factions, that\\nare otherwise weak men. Again, it is one\\nthing to understand persons, and another\\nthing to understand matters: for many are\\nperfect in men s humors that are not capable\\nof the real part of business, which is the con-\\nstitution of one that hath studied men more\\nthan books. Such men are fitter for practice\\nthan for counsel, and they are good but in their\\nown alley turn them to new men, and they\\nhave lost their aim; so as the old rule, to know\\na fool from a wise man Mitte ambos nudos\\nad ignotos, et yidebis, doth scarce hold for\\nthem; and, because these cunning men are\\nlike haberdashers of small wares, it is not\\namiss to set forth their shop.\\nIt is a point of cunning to wait upon him\\nwith whom you speak with your eye, as the\\nJesuits gave it in precept for there be many\\nwise men that have secret hearts and trans-\\nparent countenances yet this would be done\\nwith a demure debasing of your eye some-\\ntimes, as the Jesuits also do use.\\nAnother is, when you have anything to\\nobtain of present dispatch, you entertain and\\namuse the party with whom you deal with\\nsome other discourse, that he be not too much\\nawake to make objections. I knew a counsel-\\nor and secretary that never came to Queen\\nElizabeth of England with bills to sign, but\\nwould always first put her into some discourse", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 91\\nof estate that she might the less mind the\\nbills.\\nThe like surprise may be made by moving\\nthings when the party is in haste, and cannot\\nstay to consider advisedly of that is moved.\\nIf a man would cross a business that he\\ndoubts some other would handsomely and\\neffectually move, let him pretend to wish it\\nwell, and move it himself, in such sort as may\\nfoil it.\\nThe breaking off in the midst of that one\\nwas about to say, as if he took himself up,\\nbreeds a greater appetite in him with whom\\nyou confer to know more.\\nAnd because it works better when anything\\nseemeth to be gotten from you by question\\nthan if you offer it of yourself, you may lay a\\nbait for a question, by showing another visage\\nand countenance than you are wont; to the\\nend, to give occasion for the party to ask what\\nthe matter is of the change, as Nehemiah did,\\n4 And I had not before that time been sad\\nbefore the king.\\nIn things that are tender and unpleasing, it is\\ngood to break the ice by some whose words are\\nof less weight, and to reserve the more weighty\\nvoice to come in as by chance, so that he may\\nbe asked the question upon the other s speech;\\nas Marcissus did, in relating to Claudius the\\nmarriage of Messalina and Silius.\\nIn things that a man would not be seen in\\nhimself, it is a point of cunning to borrow the\\nname of the world; as to say, The world\\nsays/ or There is a speech abroad.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nI knew one, that when he wrote a letter, he\\nwould put that which was most material in\\nthe postscript, as if it had been a by-matter.\\nI knew another, that when he came to have\\nspeech, he would pass over that that he intended\\nmost and go forth and come back again, and\\nspeak of it as of a thing that he had almost\\nforgot.\\nSome procure themselves to be surprised at\\nsuch times as it is like the party that they\\nwork upon will suddenly come upon them,\\nand to be found with a letter in their hand, or\\ndoing somewhat which they are not accus-\\ntomed, to the end they may be opposed of\\nthose things which of themselves they are\\ndesirous to utter.\\nIt is a point of cunning to let fall those\\nwords in a man s own name, which he would\\nhave another man learn and use, and there-\\nupon take advantage. I know two that were\\ncompetitors for the secretary s place, in Queen\\nElizabeth s time, and yet kept good quarter\\nbetween themselves, and would confer one\\nwith another upon the business; and the one\\nof them said, that to be a secretary in the\\ndeclination of a monarchy was a ticklish\\nthing, and that he did not affect it the other\\nstraight caught up those words, and discoursed\\nwith divers of his friends, that he had no\\nreason to desire to be secretary in the declina-\\ntion of a monarchy. The first man took hold\\nof it, and found means it was told the queen\\nwho, hearing of a declination of a monarchy,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 93\\ntook it so ill, as she would never after hear of\\nthe other s suit.\\nThere is a cunning-, which we in England\\ncall the turning of the cat in the pan; which\\nis, when that which a man says to another, he\\nlays it as if another had said it to him; and,\\nto say truth, it is not easy, when such a mat-\\nter passed between two, to make it appear\\nfrom which of them it first moved and began.\\nIt is a way that some men have, to glance\\nand dart at others by justifying themselves by\\nnegatives; as to say, This I do not; as\\nTigellinus did toward Burrhus, Se non\\ndiversas spessed incolumitatem imperatoris\\nsimpliciter spectare.\\nSome have in readiness so many tales and\\nstories, as there is nothing they would insinu-\\nate, but they can wrap it into a tale which\\nserveth both to keep themselves more in guard,\\nand to make others carry it with more pleasure.\\nIt is a good point of cunning for a man to\\nshape the answer he would have in his own\\nwords and propositions; for it makes the other\\nparty stick the less.\\nIt is strange how long some men will lie in\\nwait to speak somewhat they desire to say;\\nand how far about they will fetch, and how\\nmany other matters they will beat over to come\\nnear it: it is a thing of great patience, but yet\\nof much use.\\nA sudden, bold, and unexpected question\\nboth many times surprise a man, and lay him\\nopen. Like to him, that, having changed his\\nname, and walking in Paul s another suddenly", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ncame behind him and called him by his true\\nname, whereat straightway he looked back.\\nBut these small wares and petty points of\\ncunning are infinite, and it were a good deed\\nto make a list of them for that nothing doth\\nmore hurt in a state than that cunning men\\npass for wise.\\nBut certainly some there are that know the\\nresorts and falls of business that cannot sink\\ninto the main of it; like a house that hath con-\\nvenient stairs and entries, but never a fair\\nroom therefore you shall see them find out\\npretty losses in the conclusion, but are noways\\nable to examine or debate matters; and yet\\ncommonly they take advantage of their inabil-\\nity, and would be thought wits of direction.\\nSome build rather upon the abusing of others,\\nand (as we now say) putting tricks upon them,\\nthan upon soundness of their own proceedings:\\nbut Solomon saith, Prudens advertit ad\\ngressus suos: stultus divertit ad dolos.\\nXXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF WISDOM FOR A MAN S\\nSELF.\\nAn ant is a wise creature for itself, but it is\\na shrewd thing in an orchard or garden and\\ncertainly men that are great lovers of them-\\nselves waste the public. Divide with reason\\nbetween self-love and society; and be so true\\nto thyself as thou be not false to others, espe-\\ncially to thy king and country. It is a poor\\ncenter of a man s actions, himself. It is right\\nearth for that only stands fast upon his own", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 95\\ncenter; whereas all things that have affinity\\nwith the heavens, move upon the center of\\nanother, which they benefit. The referring of\\nall to a man s self, is more tolerable in a sov-\\nereign prince, because themselves are not only\\nthemselves, but their good and evil is at the\\nperil of the public fortune; but it is a desper-\\nate evil in a servant to a prince, or a citizen in\\na republic for whatsoever affairs pass such a\\nman s hands, he crooketh them to his own\\nends, which must needs be often eccentric to\\nthe ends of his master or state therefore let\\nprinces or states choose such servants as have\\nnot this mark; except they mean their service\\nshould be made the accessory. That which\\nmaketh the effect more pernicious is, that\\nall proportion is lost it were disproportionate\\nenough for the servant s good to be preferred\\nbefore the master s; but yet it is a greater\\nextreme, when a little good of the servant\\nshall carry things against a great good of the\\nmaster s: and yet that is the case of bad\\nofficers, treasurers, ambassadors, generals,\\nand other false and corrupt servants; which\\nset a bias upon their bowl, of their own petty\\nends and envies, to the overthrow of their\\nmaster s great and important affairs, and, for\\nthe most part, the good such servants receive\\nis after the model of their own fortune but\\nthe hurt they sell for that good is after the\\nmodel of their master s fortune; and certainly\\nit is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they\\nwill set a house on fire, and it were but to roast\\ntheir eggs; and yet these men many times", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "96 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nhold credit with their masters because their\\nstudy is but to please them, and profit them-\\nselves, and for either respect they will abandon\\nthe good of their affairs.\\nWisdom for a man s self is, in many\\nbranches thereof, a depraved thing it is the\\nwisdom of rats, that will be sure to leave a\\nhouse somewhat before it fall it is the wis-\\ndom of the fox, that thrusts out the badger\\nwho digged and made room for him it is the\\nwisdom of crocodiles, that shed tears when\\nthey would devour. But that which is speci-\\nally to be noted, is, that those which (as Cicero\\nsays of Pompey) are sui amantes, sinerivali,\\nare any times unfortunate; and whereas they\\nhave all their times sacrificed to themselves,\\nthey become in the end themselves sacrifices\\nto the inconstancy of fortune, whose wings\\nthey thought by their self-wisdom to have\\npinioned.\\nXXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF INNOVATIONS.\\nAs the births of living creatures at first are\\nill-shapen, so are all innovations, which are\\nthe births of time; yet notwithstanding, as\\nthose that first bring honor into their family\\nare commonly more worthy than most that\\nsucceed, so the first precedent (if it be good)\\nis seldom attained by imitation for ill to man s\\nnature as it stands perverted, hath a natural\\nmotion strongest in continuance; but good,\\nas a forced motion, strongest at first. Surely,\\nevery medicine is an innovation, and he that", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 97\\nwill not apply new remedies must expect new\\nevils; for time is the greatest innovator; and\\nif time of course alter things to the worse, and\\nwisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the\\nbetter, what shall be the end? It is true, that\\nwhat is settled by custom, though it be not\\ngood, yet at least it is fit; and those things\\nwhich have long gone together are, as it were,\\nconfederate within themselves; whereas new\\nthings piece not so well but, though they help\\nby their utility, yet they trouble by their in-\\nconformity: besides, they are like strangers,\\nmore admired and less favored. All this is\\ntrue, if time stood still: which, contrariwise,\\nmoveth so round, that a froward retention of\\ncustom is as turbulent a thing as an innovation\\nand they that reverence too much old times\\nare but a scorn to the new. It were good,\\ntherefore, that men in their innovations would\\nfollow the example of time itself, which,\\nindeed, innovateth greatly, but quietly, and\\nby degrees scarce to be perceived for other-\\nwise, whatsoever is new is unlooked for; and\\never it mends some and pairs other; and he\\nthat is holpen, takes it for a fortune, and\\nthanks the time; and he that is hurt, for a\\nwrong, and imputeth it to the author. It is\\ngood also not to try experiments in states,\\nexcept the necessity be urgent, or the utility\\nevident; and well to beware that it be the\\nreformation that draweth on the change, and\\nnot the desire of change that pretendeth the\\nreformation; and, lastly, that the novelty,\\nthough it be not rejected, yet be held for a\\n7 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nsuspect, and, as the Scripture saith, That we\\nmake a stand upon the ancient way, and, then\\nlook about us, and discover what is the straight\\nand right way, and so to walk in it.\\nXXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DISPATCH.\\nAffected dispatch is one of the most danger-\\nous things to business that can be: it is like\\nthat which the physicians call predigestion, or\\nhasty digestion, which is sure to fill the body\\nfull of crudities, and secret seeds of diseases:\\ntherefore, measure not dispatch by the times\\nof sitting, but by the advancement of the busi-\\nness: and, as in races, it is not the large stride,\\nor high lift, that makes the speed; so in busi-\\nness, the keeping close to the matter, and not\\ntaking of it too much at once, procure th dis-\\npatch. It is the care of some, only to come off\\nspeedily for the time, or to contrive some false\\nperiods of business, because they may seem\\nmen of dispatch but it is one thing to abbrevi-\\nate by contracting, another by cutting off;\\nand business so handled at several sittings, or\\nmeetings, goeth commonly backward and for-\\nward in an unsteady manner. I knew a wise\\nman that had it for a by-word, when he saw\\nmen hasten to a conclusion, Stay a little, that\\nwe may make an end the sooner.\\nOn the other side, true dispatch is a rich\\nthing; for time is the measure of business, as\\nmoney is of wares; and business is bought at\\na dear hand where there is small dispatch.\\nThe Spartans and Spaniards have been noted", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 99\\nto be of small dispatch: Mi venga la muerte\\nde Spagna; Let my death come from\\nSpain; for then it will be sure to be long in\\ncoming.\\nGive good hearing to those that give the\\nfirst information in business, and rather direct\\nthem in the beginning, than interrupt them in\\nthe continuance of their speeches; for he that\\nis put out of his own order will go forward and\\nbackward, and be more tedious while he waits\\nupon his memory, than he could have been if\\nhe had gone on in his own course; but some-\\ntimes it is seen that the moderator is more\\ntroublesome than the actor.\\nIterations are commonly loss of time but\\nthere is no such gain of time as to iterate often\\nthe state of the question for it chaseth away\\nmany a frivolous speech as it is coming forth.\\nLong and curious speeches are as fit for dis-\\npatch as a robe, or mantle, with a long train,\\nis for a race. Prefaces, and passages, and\\nexcusations, and other speeches of reference to\\nthe person, are great wastes of time; and\\nthough they seem to proceed of modesty, they\\nare bravery. Yet beware of being too material\\nwhen there is any impediment, or obstruction\\nin men s wills; for pre-occupation of mind ever\\nrequireth preface of speech, like a fomentation\\nto make the unguent enter.\\nAbove all things, order and distribution, and\\nsingling out of parts, is the life of dispatch;\\nso as the distribution be not too subtile for he\\nthat doth not divide will never enter well into\\nbusiness; and he that divideth too much will\\nLore,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "100 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nnever come out of it clearly. To choose time\\nis to save time; and an unseasonable motion is\\nbut beating the air. There be three parts of\\nbusiness: the preparation; the debate, or\\nexamination; and the perfection. Whereof, if\\nyou look for dispatch, let the middle only be the\\nwork of many, and the first and last the work\\nof few. The proceeding, upon somewhat con-\\nceived in writing, doth for the most part facil-\\nitate dispatch; for though it should be wholly\\nrejected, yet that negative is more pregnant of\\ndirection than an indefinite, as ashes are more\\ngenerative than dust.\\nXXVI. \u00e2\u0080\u0094OF SEEMING WISE.\\nIt hath been an opinion, that the French are\\nwiser than they seem, and the Spaniards seem\\nwiser than they are but howsoever it be be-\\ntween nations, certainly, it is so between man\\nand man; for as the apostle saith of godliness,\\nHaving a show of godliness, but denying the\\npower thereof; so certainly there are, in\\npoints of wisdom and sufficiency, that do noth-\\ning, or little very solemnly; 4i magno conatu\\nnugas. It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a\\nsatire to persons of judgment, to see what\\nshifts these formalists have, and what pros-\\npectives to make superfices to seem body, that\\nhath depth and bulk. Some are so close and\\nreserved as they will not show their wares but\\nby a dark light, and seem always to keep back\\nsomewhat; and when they know within them-\\nselves they speak of that they do not well", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 101\\nknow, would nevertheless seem to others to\\nknow of that which they may not well speak.\\nSome help themselves with countenance and\\ngesture, and are wise by signs; as Cicero saith\\nof Piso, that when he answered him he fetched\\none of his brows up to his forehead, and bent\\nthe other down to his chin Respondes, altero\\nad frontem sublato, altero ad mentum depresso\\nsupercilio; crudelitatem tibi non placere.\\nSome think to bear it by speaking a great\\nword, and being peremptory; and go on, and\\ntake by admittance that which they cannot\\nmake good. Some, whatsoever is beyond\\ntheir reach, will seem to despise, or make light\\nof it as impertinent or curious: and so would\\nhave their ignorance seem judgment. Some\\nare never without a difference, and commonly\\nby amusing men with a subtilty, blanch the\\nmatter; of whom A. Gellius saith, Hominem\\ndelirum, qui verborum minutiis rerum frangit\\npondera. Of which kind also Plato, in his\\nProtagoras, bringeth in Prodicus in scorn, and\\nmaketh him make a speech that consisteth of\\ndistinctions from the beginning to the end.\\nGenerally such men, in all deliberations, find\\nease to be of the negative side, and affect a\\ncredit to object and foretell difficulties; for\\nwhen propositions are denied, there is an end\\nof them but if they be allowed, it requireth a\\nnew work: which false point of wisdom is the\\nbane of business. To conclude, there is no\\ndecaying merchant, or inward beggar, hath so\\nmany tricks to uphold the credit of wealth as\\nthese empty persons have to maintain the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ncredit of their sufficiency. Seeming wise men\\nmay make shift to get opinion but let no man\\nchoose them for employment; for certainly,\\nyou were better take for business a man some-\\nwhat absurd than over-formal.\\nXXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FRIENDSHIP.\\nIt had been hard for him that spake it to\\nhave put more truth and untruth together in\\nfew words than in that speech, Whosoever is\\ndelighted in solitude, is either a wild beast or\\na god: for it is most true, that a natural and\\nsecret hatred and aversion toward society in\\nany man hath somewhat of the savage beast;\\nbut it is most untrue that it should have any\\ncharacter at all of the divine nature, except it\\nproceed, not out of a desire in solitude, but out\\nof a love and desire to sequester a man s self\\nfor a higher conversation: such as is found to\\nhave been falsely and feignedly in some of the\\nheathen as Epimenides, the Candian Numa,\\nthe Roman; Empedocles, the Sicilian; and\\nApollonius of Tyana; and truly and really in\\ndivers of the ancient hermits and holy fathers\\nof the Church. But little do men perceive\\nwhat solitude is, and how far it extendeth;\\nfor a crowd is not company, and faces are but\\na gallery of pictures, and talk but a tinkling\\ncymbal, where there is no love. The Latin\\nadage meeteth with it a little, Magna civitas,\\nmagna solitudo; because in a great town\\nfriends are scattered, so that there is not that\\nfellowship, for the most part, which is in less", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 103\\nneighborhoods; but we may go further, and\\naitirm most truly, that it is a mere and miser-\\nable solitude to want true friends, without\\nwhich the world is but a wilderness and even\\nin this sense also of solitude, whosoever in the\\nframe of his nature and affections is unfit for\\nfriendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not\\nfrom humanity.\\nA principal fruit of friendship is the ease and\\ndischarge of the fulness and swellings of the\\nheart, which passions of all kinds do cause and\\ninduce. We know diseases of stoppings and\\nsuffocations are the most dangerous in the\\nbody* and it is not much otherwise in the\\nmind; you may take sarza to open the liver,\\nsteel to open the spleen, flower of sulphur for\\nthe lungs, castoreum for the brain; but no\\nreceipt openeth the heart but a true friend, to\\nwhom you may impart griefs, joys, fears,\\nhopes, suspicions, counsels, and whatsoever\\nlieth upon the heart to oppress it, in a kind of\\ncivil shrift or confession.\\nIt is a strange thing to observe how high a\\nrate great kings and monarchs do set upon this\\nfruit of friendship whereof we speak so great,\\nas they purchase it many times at the hazard\\nof their own safety and greatness: for princes,\\nin regard of the distance of their fortune from\\nthat of their subjects and servants, cannot\\ngather this fruit, except (to make themselves\\ncapable thereof) they raise some persons to be\\nas it were companions, and almost equals to\\nthemselves, which many times sorteth to in-\\nconvenience. The modern languages give", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nunto such persons the name of favorites, or\\nprivadoes, as if it were matter of grace, or con-\\nversation but the Roman name attaineth the\\ntrue use and cause thereof, naming them\\nparticipes curarum for it is that which tieth\\nthe knot: and we see plainly that this hath\\nbeen done, not by weak and passionate princes\\nonly, but by the wisest and most politic that\\never reigned, who have oftentimes joined to\\nthemselves some of their servants, whom both\\nthemselves have called friends, and allowed\\nothers likewise to call them in the same man-\\nner, using the word which is received between\\nprivate men.\\nL. Sylla, when he commanded Rome, raised\\nPompey (after surnamed the Great) to that\\nheight that Pompey vaunted himself for\\nSylla s overmatch; for when he had carried\\nthe consulship for a friend of his, against the\\npursuit of Sylla, and that Sylla did a little\\nresent thereat, and began to speak great, Pom-\\npey turned upon him again, and in effect bade\\nhim be quiet; for that more men adored the\\nsun rising than the sun setting. With Julius\\nCaesar, Decimus Brutus had obtained that in-\\nterest, as he set him down in his testament for\\nheir in remainder after his nephew and this\\nwas the man that had power with him to draw\\nhim forth to his death for when Caesar would\\nhave discharged the senate, in regard of some\\nill presages, and specially a dream of Calphur-\\nnia, this man lifted him gently by the arm out\\nof his chair, telling him he hoped he would not\\ndismiss the senate till his wife had dreamt a", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 105\\nbetter dream; and it seemeth his favor was so\\ngreat, as Antonius, in a letter which is recited\\nverbatim in one of Cicero s Philippics, calleth\\nhim venefica, witch; as if he had en-\\nchanted Caesar. Augustus raised Agrippa\\n(though of mean birth) to that height, as, when\\nhe consulted with Maecenas about the marriage\\nof his daughter Julia, Maecenas took the liberty\\nto tell him, that he must either marry his\\ndaughter to Agrippa, or take away his life:\\nthere was no third way, he had made him so\\ngreat. With Tiberius Caesar, Sejanus had\\nascended to that height, as they two were\\ntermed and reckoned as a pair of friends.\\nTiberius in a letter to him, saith, Haec pro\\namicitia nostra non occultavi/ and the whole\\nsenate dedicated an altar to Friendship, as to\\na goddess, in respect of the great dearness of\\nfriendship between them two. The like, or\\nmore, was between Septimius Severus and\\nPlautianus; for he forced his eldest son to\\nmarry the daughter of Plautianus, and would\\noften maintain Plautianus in doing affronts to\\nhis son and did write also, in a letter to the\\nsenate, by these words: I love the man so\\nwell, as I wish he may over-live me. Now,\\nif these princes had been as a Trajan, or a\\nMarcus Aurelius, a man might have thought\\nthat this had proceeded of an abundant good-\\nness of nature; but being men so wise, of such\\nstrength and severity of mind, and so extreme\\nlovers of themselves, as all these were, it prov-\\neth most plainly that they found their own\\nfelicity (though as great as ever happened to\\n8 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "106 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nmortal men) but as an half-piece, except they\\nmight have a friend to make it entire; and\\nyet, which is more, they were princes that had\\nwives, sons, nephews and yet all these could\\nnot supply the comfort of friendship.\\nIt is not to be forgotten what Comineus\\nobserveth of his first master, Duke Charles the\\nHardy, namely, that he would communicate\\nhis secrets with none and least of all, those\\nsecrets which troubled him most. Whereupon\\nhe goeth on, and saith, that toward his latter\\ntime that closeness did impair and a little per-\\nish his understanding. Surely, Comineus\\nmight have made the same judgment also, if it\\nhad pleased him, of his second master, Louis\\nthe Eleventh, whose closeness was indeed his\\ntormentor. The parable of Pythagoras is\\ndark, but true, Cor ne edito, eat not the\\nheart. Certainly, if a man would give it a\\nhard phrase, those that want friends to open\\nthemselves unto are cannibals of their own\\nhearts: but one thing is most admirable\\n(w T herewith I will conclude this first fruit of\\nfriendship), which is, that this communicating\\nof a man s self to his friend works two contrary\\neffects; for it redoubleth joys, and cutteth\\ngriefs in halves; for there is no man that im-\\nparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the\\nmore; and no man that imparteth his griefs to\\nhis friend, but he grieveth the less. So that it\\nis, in truth, of operation upon a man s mind of\\nlike virtue as the alchymists used to attribute\\nto their stone for man s body, that it worketh\\nall contrary effects, but still to the good and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 107\\nbenefit of nature: but yet, without praying in\\naid of alchymists, there is a manifest image of\\nthis in the ordinary course of nature for, in\\nbodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any\\nnatural action and, on the other side, weak-\\neneth and dulleth any violent impression; and\\neven so is it of minds.\\nThe second fruit of friendship is healthful\\nand sovereign for the understanding, as the\\nfirst is for the affections for friendship maketh\\nindeed a fair day in the affections from storm\\nand tempests, but it maketh daylight in the\\nunderstanding, out of darkness and confusion\\nof thoughts: neither is this to be understood\\nonly of faithful counsel, which a man receiveth\\nfrom his friend; but before you come to that,\\ncertain it is, that whosoever hath his mind\\nfraught with many thoughts, his wits and\\nunderstanding do clarify and break up in the\\ncommunicating and discoursing with another;\\nhe tosseth his thoughts more easily; he mar-\\nshaleth them more orderly; he seeth how they\\nlook when they are turned into words; finally,\\nhe waxeth wiser than himself; and that more\\nby an hour s discourse than by a day s medita-\\ntion. It was well said by Themistocles to the\\nking of Persia, That speech was like cloth of\\nArras, opened and put abroad; whereby the\\nimagery doth appear in figure; whereas in\\nthoughts they lie but as in packs. Neither is\\nthis second fruit of friendship, in opening the\\nunderstanding, restrained only to such friends\\nas are able to give a man counsel (they indeed\\nare best), but even without that a man learn-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108 BACON S ESSAYS.\\neth of himself, and bringeth his own thoughts\\nto light, and whetteth his wits as against a\\nstone, which itself cuts not. In a word, a man\\nwere better relate himself to a statue or\\npicture, than to suffer his thoughts to pass in\\nsmother.\\nAdd now, to make this second fruit of friend-\\nship complete, that other point which lieth\\nmore open, and falleth within vulgar observa*\\ntion which is faithful counsel from a friend.\\nHeraclitus saith well in one of his enigmas,\\nDry light is ever the best: and certain it is,\\nthat the light that a man receiveth by counsel\\nfrom another, is drier and purer than that\\nwhich cometh from his own understanding and\\njudgment; which is ever infused and drenched\\nin his affections and customs. So as there is\\nas much difference between the counsel that a\\nfriend giveth, and that a man giveth himself,\\nas there is between the counsel of a friend and\\nof a flatterer for there is no such flatterer as\\nis a man s self, and there is no such remedy\\nagainst flattery of a man s self as the liberty of\\na friend. Counsel is of two sorts; the one\\nconcerning manners, the other concerning\\nbusiness: for the first, the best preservative\\nto keep the mind in health, is the faithful\\nadmonition of a friend. The calling of a man s\\nself to a strict account is a medicine sometimes\\ntoo piercing and corrosive reading good books\\nof morality is a little flat and dead; observing\\nour faults in others is sometimes improper for\\nour case but the best recipe (best I say to\\nwork and best to take) is the admonition of a", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 109\\nfriend. It is a strange thing to behold what\\ngross errors and extreme absurdities many\\n(especially of the greater sort) do commit for\\nwant of a friend to tell them of them, to the\\ngreat damage both of their fame and fortune\\nfor, as St. James saith, they are as men that\\nlook sometimes into a glass, and presently for-\\nget their own shape and favor. As for bus-\\niness, a man may think, if he will, that two\\neyes see no more than one or, that a game-\\nster seeth always more than a looker-on or,\\nthat a man in anger is as wise as he that hath\\nsaid over the four and twenty letters; or, that\\na musket may be shot off as well upon the arm\\nas upon a rest; and such other fond and high\\nimaginations, to think himself all in all: but\\nwhen all is done, the help of good counsel is\\nthat which setteth business straight: and if\\nany man think that he will take counsel, but it\\nshall be by pieces; asking counsel in one bus-\\niness of one man, and in another business of\\nanother man, it is well (that is to say, better,\\nperhaps, than if he asked none at all) but he\\nrunneth two dangers; one, that he shall not be\\nfaithfully counseled; for it is a rare thing, ex-\\ncept it be from a perfect and entire friend, to\\nhave counsel given, but such as shall be bowed\\nand crooked to some ends which he hath that\\ngiveth it: the other, that he shall have counsel\\ngiven, hurtful and unsafe (though with good\\nmeaning), and mixed partly of mischief, and\\npartly of remedy; even as if you would call a\\nphysican, that is thought good for the cure of\\nthe disease you complain of, but is unac-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nquainted with your body and, therefore, may\\nput you in a way for a present cure, but over-\\nthroweth your health in some other kind, and\\nso cure the disease, and kill the patient but a\\nfriend, that is wholly acquainted with a man s\\nestate will beware, by furthering any present\\nbusiness, how he dasheth upon other incon-\\nvenience, and therefore, rest not upon scattered\\ncounsels; they will rather distract and mis-\\nlead, than settle and direct.\\nAfter these two noble fruits of friendship\\n(peace in the affections, and support of the\\njudgment), followeth the last fruit, which is\\nlike the pomegranate, full of many kernels; I\\nmean aid, and bearing a part in all actions and\\noccasions. Here the best way to represent to\\nlife the manifold use of friendship, is to cast\\nand see how many things there are which a man\\ncannot do himself; and then it will appear\\nthat it was a sparing speech of the ancients to\\nsay, that a friend is another himself; for\\nthat a friend is far more than himself. Men\\nhave their time, and die many times in desire\\nof some things which they principally take to\\nheart; the bestowing of a child, the finishing\\nof a work, or the like. If a man have a true\\nfriend, he may rest almost secure that the care\\nof those things will continue after him; so that\\na man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires.\\nA man hath a body, and that body is confined\\nto a place; but where friendship is, all offices\\nof life are, as it were, granted to him and his\\ndeputy for he may exercise them by his friend.\\nHow many things are there, which a man can-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. Ill\\nnot, with any face or comeliness, say or do\\nhimself? A man can scarce allege his own\\nmerits with modesty, much less extol them a\\nman cannot sometimes brook to supplicate,\\nor beg, and a number of the like but all these\\nthings are graceful in a friend s mouth, which\\nare blushing in a man s own. So again, a\\nman s person hath many proper relations\\nwhich he cannot put off. A man cannot speak\\nto his son but as a father; to his wife but as\\na husband; to his enemy but upon terms;\\nwhereas a friend may speak as the case requires,\\nand not as it sorteth with the person but to\\nenumerate these things were endless; I have\\ngiven the rule, where a man cannot fitly play\\nhis own part, if he have not a friend, he may\\nquit the stage.\\nXXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF EXPENSE.\\nRiches are for spending, and spending for\\nhonor and good actions; therefore extraordi-\\nnary expense must be limited by the worth of\\nthe occasion for voluntary undoing may be as\\nwell for a man s country as for kingdom of\\nheaven but ordinary expense ought to be lim-\\nited by a man s estate, and governed with such\\nregard, as it be within his compass; and not\\nsubject to deceit and abuse of servants; and\\nordered to the best show, that the bills may be\\nless than the estimation abroad. Certainly, if\\na man will keep but of even hand, his ordi-\\nnary expenses ought to be but to the half of his\\nreceipts; and if he think to wax rich, but to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "112 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe third part. It is no baseness for the great-\\nest to descend and look into their own estate.\\nSome forbear it, not upon negligence alone,\\nbut doubting to bring themselves into melan-\\ncholy, in respect they shall find it broken but\\nwounds cannot be cured without searching.\\nHe that cannot look into his own estate at all,\\nhad need both choose well those whom he\\nemployeth, and change them often; for now\\nare more timorous and less subtle. He that\\ncan look into his estate but seldom, it behoveth\\nhim to turn all to certainties. A man had\\nneed, if he be plentiful in some kind of ex-\\npense, to be as saving again in some other; as\\nif he be plentiful in diet, to be saving in\\napparel if he be plentiful in the hall, to be\\nsaving in the stable and the like. For he that\\nis plentiful in expense of all kinds will hardly\\nbe preseived from decay. In clearing of a\\nman s estate, he may as well hurt himself in\\nbeing too sudden, as in letting it run on too\\nlong for hasty selling is commonly as disad-\\nvantageable as interest. Besides, he that clears\\nat once will relapse; for finding himself out of\\nstraits, he will revert to his customs but he\\nthat cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of\\nfrugality, andgaineth as well upon his mind as\\nupon his estate. Certainly, who hath a state\\nto repair, may not despise small things; and,\\ncommonly, it is less dishonorable to abridge\\npetty charges than to stoop to petty gettings.\\nA man ought warily to begin charges, which\\nonce begun will continue but in matters that\\nreturn not, he may be more magnificent.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 113\\nXXIX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094OF THE TRUE GREATNESS OP\\nKINGDOMS AND ESTATES.\\nThe speech of Themistocles, the Athenian,\\nwhich was haughty and arrogant, in taking so\\nmuch to himself, had been a grave and wise\\nobservation and censure, applied at large to\\nothers. Desired at a feast to touch a lute, he\\nsaid, He could not fiddle, but yet he could\\nmake a small town a great city. These\\nwords (holpen a little with a metaphor) may\\nexpress two different abilities in those that deal\\nin business of estate for if a true survey be\\ntaken of counselors and statesmen, there may\\nbe found (though rarely) those which can make\\na small state great, and yet cannot fiddle; as,\\non the other side, there will be found a great\\nmany that can fiddle very cunningly, but yet\\nare so far from being able to make a small\\nstate great, as their gift lieth the other way; to\\nbring a great and flourishing estate to ruin and\\ndecay. And certainly, those degenerate arts\\nand shifts whereby many counselors and gov-\\nernors gain both favor with their masters and\\nestimation with the vulgar, deserve no better\\nname than fiddling; being things rather pleas-\\ning for the time, and graceful to themselves\\nonly, than tending to the weal and advance-\\nment of the state which they serve. There\\nare also (no doubt) counselors and governors\\nwhich many be held sufficient, negotiis\\npares, able to manage affairs, and to keep\\nthem from precipices and manifest inconven-\\niences; which, nevertheless, are far from the\\n8 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nability to raise and amplify an estate in power,\\nmeans, and fortune: but he the workmen what\\nthey may be, let us speak of the work that\\nis, the true greatness of kingdoms and estates,\\nand the means thereof. An argument fit for\\ngreat and mighty princes to have in their\\nhand; to the end that neither by over-measur-\\ning their forces, they lose themselves in vain\\nenterprises: nor, on the other side, by under-\\nvaluing them, they descend to fearful and\\npusillanimous counsels.\\nThe greatness of an estate, in bulk and terri-\\ntory, doth fall under measure and the great-\\nness of finances and revenues doth fall under-\\ncomputation. The population may appear by\\nmusters; and the number and greatness of\\ncities and towns by cards and maps; but yet\\nthere is not anything amongst civil affairs\\nmore subject to error than the right valuation\\nand true judgment concerning the power and\\nforces of an estate. The kingdom of heaven\\nis compared, not to any great kernel, or nut,\\nbut to a grain of mustard seed which is one\\nof the least grains, but hath in it a property\\nand spirit hastily to get up and spread. So\\nare there states great in territory, and yet not\\napt to enlarge or command; and some that\\nhave but a small dimension of stem, and yet\\napt to be the foundations of great monarchies.\\nWalled towns, stored arsenals and armories,\\ngoodly races of horse, chariots of war, ele-\\nphants, ordnance, artillery, and the like; all\\nthis is but a sheep in a lion s skin, except the\\nbreed and disposition of the people be stout", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 115\\nand warlike. Nay, number itself in armies\\nimporteth not much, where the people is of\\nweak courage; for, as, Virgil saith, It never\\ntroubles a wolf how many the sheep be. The\\narmy of the Persians in the plains of Arbela\\nwas such a vast sea of people, as it did some-\\nwhat astonish the commanders in Alexander s\\narmy, who came to him, therefore, and wished\\nhim to set upon them by night; but he an-\\nswered, He will not pilfer the victory: and\\nthe defeat was easy. When Tigranes, the\\nArmenian, being encamped upon a hill with\\nfour hundred thousand men, discovered the\\narmy of the Romans, being not above fourteen\\nthousand, marching toward him, he made\\nhimself merry with it, and said, Yonder men\\nare too many for an ambassage, and too few\\nfor a fight; but before the sun set, he found\\nthem enow to give him the chase with infinite\\nslaughter. Many are the examples of the\\ngreat odds between number and courage: so\\nthat a man may truly make a judgment, that\\nthe principal point of greatness in any state is\\nto have a race of military men.\\nNeither is money the sinews of war (as it is\\ntrivially said), where the sinews of men s arms\\nin base and effeminate people are failing: for\\nSolon said well to Croesus (when in ostentation\\nhe showed him his gold), Sir, if any other,\\ncome that hath better iron than you, he wily\\\\\\nbe master of all this gold. Therefore, let\\nany prince, or state, think soberly of his\\nforces, except his militia of natives be of good\\nand valiant soldiers; and let princes, on the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "116 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nother side, that have subjects of martial dispo-\\nsition, know their own strength, unless they be\\notherwise wanting unto themselves. As for\\nmercenary forces (which is the help in this\\ncase), all examples show that, whatsoever\\nestate, or prince, doth rest upon them, he may\\nspread his feathers for a time, but he will\\nmew them soon after.\\nThe blessing of Judah and Issachar will\\nnever meet; that the same people, or nation,\\nshould be both the lion s whelp and the ass be-\\ntween burdens; neither will it be, that a\\npeople overlaid with taxes should ever become\\nvaliant and martial. It is true that taxes, lev-\\nied by consent of the estate, do abate men s\\ncourage less as it hath been seen notably in\\nthe excises of the Low Countries; and, in some\\ndegree, in the subsidies of England; for, you\\nmust note, that we speak now of the heart, and\\nnot of the purse; so that, although the same\\ntribute and tax laid by consent or by impos-\\ning, be all one to the purse, yet it works\\ndiversely upon the courage. So that you may\\nconclude, that no people overcharged with trib-\\nute is fit for empire.\\nLet states that aim at greatness take heed\\nhow their nobility and gentlemen do multiply\\ntoo fast; for that maketh the common subject\\ngrow to be a peasant and base swain, driven\\nout of heart, and in effect but the gentleman s\\nlaborer. Even as you may see in coppice\\nwoods if you leave your staddles too thick,\\nyou shall never have clean underwood, but\\nshrubs and bushes. So in countries, if the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 117\\ngentlemen be too many, the commons will be\\nbase and you will bring it to that, that not\\nthe hundred poll will be fit for a helmet: espe-\\ncially as to the infantry, which is the nerve of\\nan army and so there will be great popula-\\ntion and little strength. This which I speak\\nof hath been nowhere better seen than by com-\\nparing of England and France whereof Eng-\\nland, though far less in territory and popula-\\ntion, hath been (nevertheless) an overmatch\\nin regard the middle people of England make\\ngood soldiers, which the peasants of France do\\nnot and herein the device of King Henry the\\nSeventh (whereof I have spoken largely in the\\nhistory of his life) was profound and admir-\\nable; in making farms and houses of husban-\\ndry of a standard that is, maintained with such\\na proportion of land unto them as may breed\\na subject to live in convenient plenty, and no\\nservile condition and to keep the plough in the\\nhands of the owners, and not mere hirelings;\\nand thus indeed you shall attain to Virgil s\\ncharacter, which he gives to ancient Italy\\nTerra potens armis atque ubere glebae. M\\nNeither is that state (which, for anything I\\nknow, is almost peculiar to England, and\\nhardly to be found anywhere else, except it be,\\nperhaps, in Poland) to be passed over; I mean\\nthe state of free servants and attendants upon\\nnoblemen and gentlemen, which are no way\\ninferior unto the yeomanry of arms; and,\\ntherefore, out of all question, the splendor and\\nmagnificence, and great retinues, and hospi-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "118 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ntality of noblemen and gentlemen received into\\ncustom, do much conduce unto martial great-\\nness; whereas, contrariwise, the close and re-\\nserved living of noblemen and gentlemen\\ncauseth a penury of military forces.\\nBy all means it is to be procured that the\\ntrunk of Nebuchadnezzar s tree of monarchy be\\ngreat enough to bear the branches and the\\nboughs; that is, that the natural subjects of the\\ncrown, or state, bear a sufficient proportion to\\nthe stronger subjects that they govern; there-\\nfore all states that are liberal of naturalization\\ntoward strangers are fit for empire; for to\\nthink that a handful of people can, with the\\ngreatest courage and policy in the world, em-\\nbrace too large extent of dominion, it may hold\\nfor a time, but it will fail suddenly. The\\nSpartans were a nice people in point of natu-\\nralization; whereby, while they kept their\\ncompass, they stood firm but when they did\\nspread, and their boughs were becoming too\\ngreat for their stem, they became a windfall\\nupon the sudden. Never any state was, in this\\npoint, so open to receive strangers into their\\nbody as were the Romans; therefore it sorted\\nwith them accordingly, for they grew to the\\ngreatest monarchy. Their manner was to\\ngrant naturalization (which they called jus\\ncivitatis and to grant it in the highest de-\\ngree, that is, not only jus commercii, jus\\nconnubii, jus haereditatis; but also, jus\\nsuffragii, and jus honorum; and this not to\\nsingular persons alone, but likewise to whole\\nfamilies; yea, to cities, and sometimes to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 119\\nnations. Add to this their custom of planta-\\ntion of colonies, whereby the Roman plant was\\nremoved into the soil of other nations, and,\\nputting both constitutions together, you will\\nsay, that it was not the Romans that spread\\nupon the world, but it was the world that\\nspread upon the Romans; and that was the\\nsure way of greatness. I have marveled\\nsometimes at Spain, how they clasp and con-\\ntain so large dominions with so few natural\\nSpaniards; but sure the whole compass of\\nSpain is a very great body of a tree, far above\\nRome and Sparta at the first; and besides,\\nthough they have not had that usage to natu-\\nralize liberally, yet they have that which is\\nnext to it; that is, to employ, almost indiffer-\\nently, all nations in their militia of ordinary\\nsoldiers yea, and sometimes in their highest\\ncommands nay, it seemeth at this instant they\\nare sensible of this want of natives as by the\\npragmatical sanction, now published, appear-\\neth.\\nIt is certain, that sedentary and within-door\\narts, and delicate manufacturers (that require\\nrather the figure than the arm), have in their\\nnature a contrariety to a military disposition;\\nand generally all warlike people are a little\\nidle, and love danger better than travail;\\nneither must they be too much broken of it, if\\nthey shall be preserved in vigor; therefore it\\nwas great advantage in the ancient states of\\nSparta, Athens, Rome, and others, that they\\nhad the use of slaves, which commonly did rid\\nthose manufacturers; but that is abolished, in", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ngreatest part, by the Christian law. That\\nwhich cometh nearest to it is, to leave those\\narts chiefly to strangers (which, for that pur-\\npose, are the more easily to be received), and\\nto contain the principal bulk of the vulgar\\nnatives within those three kinds, tillers of the\\nground, free servants, and handicraftsmen of\\nstrong and manly arts; as smiths, masons,\\ncarpenters, etc. not reckoning professed sol-\\ndiers.\\nBut, above all, for empire and greatness, it\\nimporteth most, that a nation do profess arms\\nas their principal honor, study, and occupa-\\ntion for the things which we formerly have\\nspoken of are but habilitations toward arms;\\nand what is habilitation without intention and\\nact? Romulus, after his death (as they report\\nor feign), sent a present to the Romans, that\\nabove all they should intend arms, and then\\nthey should prove the greatest empire of the\\nworld. The fabric of the state of Sparta was\\nwholly (though not wisely) framed and com-\\nposed to that scope and end; the Persians and\\nMacedonians had it for a flash; the Gauls,\\nGermans, Goths, Saxons, Normans, and others,\\nhad it for a time the Turks have it at this\\nday, though in great declination. Of Chris-\\ntian Europe, they that have it are in effect only\\nthe Spaniards but it is so plain, that every\\nman profiteth in that he most intendeth, that\\nit needeth not to be stood upon it is enough\\nto point at it that no nation which doth not\\ndirectly profess arms, may look to have great-\\nness fall into their mouths; and, on the other", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 121\\nside, it is a most certain oracle of time, that\\nthose states that continue long in that profes-\\nsion (as the Romans and Turks principally\\nhave done) do wonders; and those that have\\nprofessed arms but for an age have, notwith-\\nstanding, commonly attained that greatness in\\nthat age which maintained them long after,\\nwhen their profession and exercise of arms had\\ngrown to decay.\\nIncident to this point is, for a state to have\\nthose laws or customs which may reach forth\\nunto them just occasions (as may be pre-\\ntended) of war; for there is that justice im-\\nprinted in the nature of men, that they enter\\nnot upon wars (whereof so many calamities\\ndo ensue), but upon some, at the least specious\\ngrounds and quarrels. The Turk hath at\\nhand, for cause of war, the propagation of\\nhis law or sect, a quarrel that he may always\\ncommand. The Romans, though they esteemed\\nthe extending the limits of their empire to be\\ngreat honor to their generals when it was\\ndone, yet they never rested upon that alone to\\nbegin a war: first, therefore, let nations that\\npretend to greatness have this, that they be\\nsensible of wrongs, either upon borderers,\\nmerchants, or politic ministers; and that they\\nsit not too long upon a provocation secondly,\\nlet them be pressed and ready to give aids\\nand succors to their confederates as it ever\\nwas with the Romans; insomuch, as if the\\nconfederate had leagues defensive with divers\\nother states, and, upon invasion offered, did\\nimplore their aids severally, yet the Romans", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "122 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwould ever be the foremost, and leave it to\\nnone other to have the honor. As for the wars,\\nwhich were anciently made on the behalf of a\\nkind of party of tacit conformity of estate, I\\ndo not see how they may be well justified: as\\nwhen the Romans made a war for the libertv\\nof Graecia: or, when the Lacedaemonians and\\nAthenians made wars to set up or pull down\\ndemocracies and oligarchies: or when wars\\nwere made by foreigners, under the pretense\\nof justice or protection, to deliver the subjects\\nof others from tyranny and oppression; and\\nthe like. Let it suffice, that no estate expect\\nto be great, that is not awake upon any just\\noccasion of arming.\\nNo body can be healthful without exercise,\\nneither natural body nor politic and, certainly,\\nto a kingdom or estate, a just and honorable\\nwar is the true exercise. A civil war, indeed,\\nis like the heat of a fever but a foreign war\\nis like the heat of exercise, and serveth to\\nkeep the body in health for in a slothful\\npeace, both courages will effeminate and man-\\nners corrupt: but howsoever it be for happi-\\nness, without all question for greatness, it\\nmaketh to be still for the most part in arms\\nand the strength of a veteran army (though\\nit be a chargeable business), always on foot,\\nis that which commonly giveth the law, or at\\nleast, the reputation amongst all neighbor\\nstates, as may well be seen in Spain, which\\nhath had, in one part or other, a veteran army\\nalmost continually, now by the space of six-\\nscore years.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 123\\nTo be master of the sea is an abridgment of\\na monarchy. Cicero, writing to Atticus, of\\nPompey s preparation against Caesar, saith,\\nConsilium Pompeii plane Themistocleum\\nest; putat enim, qui mari potitur, eum rerum\\npotiri; and without doubt, Pompey had tired\\nout Caesar, if upon vain confidence he had\\nnot left that way. We see the great effects\\nof battles by sea: the battle of Actium de-\\ncided the empire of the world; the battle of\\nLepanto arrested the greatness of the Turk.\\nThere may be many examples where sea fights\\nhave been final to the war: but this is when\\nprinces, or states have set up their rest upon\\nbattles. But this much is certain; that he\\nthat commands the sea is at great liberty, and\\nmay take as much and as little of the war as\\nhe will; whereas those that be strongest by\\nland are many times, nevertheless, in great\\nstraits. Surely, at this day, with us of Europe\\nthe vantage of strength at sea (which is one\\nof the principal doweries of this kingdom of\\nGreat Britain) is great; both because most of\\nthe kingdoms of Europe are not merely in-\\nland, but girt with the sea most part of their\\ncompass; and because the wealth of both\\nIndies seems, in great part, but an accessory\\nto the command of the seas.\\nThe wars of latter ages seem to be made\\nin the dark, in respect of the glory and honor\\nwhich reflected upon men from the wars in\\nancient time. There be now, for martial\\nencouragement, some degrees and orders of\\nchivalry, which, nevertheless, are conferred", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "124 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npromiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers;\\nand some remembrance perhaps upon the\\nescutcheon, and some hospitals for maimed\\nsoldiers, and such like things; but in ancient\\ntimes, the trophies erected upon the place of\\nthe victory; the funeral laudatives and monu-\\nments for those that died in the wars the\\ncrowns and garlands personal; the style of\\nemperor with the great kings of the world\\nafter borrowed; the triumphs of the generals\\nupon their return; the great donatives and\\nlargesses upon the disbanding of the armies,\\nwere things able to inflame all men s cour-\\nages; but above all, that of the triumph\\namongst the Romans was not pageants, or\\ngaudery, but one of the wisest and noblest\\ninstitutions that ever was: for it contained\\nthree things honor to the general, riches to\\nthe treasury out of the spoils, and donatives to\\nthe army but that honor, perhaps were not\\nfit for monarchies, except it be in the person\\nof the monarch himself, or his sons; as it came\\nto pass in the times of the Roman emperors,\\nwho did impropriate the actual triumphs to\\nthemselves and their sons, for such wars as\\nthey did achieve in person, and left only for\\nwars achieved by subjects, some triumphal\\ngarments and ensigns to the general. To con-\\nclude: no man can by care taking (as the\\nScripture saith), tc add a cubit to his stature,\\nin this little model of a man s body; but in\\nthe great frame of kingdoms and common-\\nwealths, it is in the power of princes, or\\nestates, to add amplitude and greatness to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 125\\ntheir kingdoms for by introducing such ordi-\\nnances, constitutions, and customs, as we have\\nnow touched, they may sow greatness to their\\nposterity and succession but these things are\\ncommonly not observed, but left to take their\\nchance.\\nXXX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF REGIMEN OF HEALTH.\\nThere is a wisdom in this beyond the rules\\nof physic: a man s own observation, what he\\nfinds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is\\nthe best physic to preserve health; but it is a\\nsafer conclusion to say, This agreeth not well\\nwith me, therefore I will not continue it;\\nthan this, 4t I find no offense of this, therefore\\nI may use it: for strength of nature in youth\\npasseth over many excesses which are owing\\na man till his age. Discern of the coming on\\nof years, and think not to do the same things\\nstill for age will not be defied. Beware of\\nsudden change in any great point of diet, and,\\nif necessity force it, fit the rest to it; for it is\\na secret both in nature and state, that it is\\nsafer to change many things than one. Ex-\\namine thy customs of diet, sleep, exercise,\\napparel, and the like; and try, in anything\\nthou shalt judge hurtful to discontinue it by\\nlittle and little; but so, as if thou dost find any\\ninconvenience by the change, thou come back\\nto it again: for it is hard to distinguish that\\nwhich is generally held good and wholesome\\nfrom that which is good particularly, and fit\\nfor thine own body. To be free-minded and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "126 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ncheerfully disposed at hours of meat, and of\\nsleep and of exercise, is one of the best pre-\\ncepts of long lasting. As for the passions and\\nstudies of the mind, avoid envy, anxious fears,\\nanger fretting inwards, subtle and knotty in-\\nquisitions, joys and exhilarations in excess*\\nsadness not communicated. Entertain hopes,\\nmirth rather than joy, variety of delights,\\nrather than surfeit of them wonder and admir-\\nation, and therefore novelties; studies that fill\\nthe mind with splendid and illustrious objects,\\nas histories, fables, and contemplations of\\nnature. If you fly physic in health altogether,\\nit will be too strange for your body when you\\nshall need it; if you make it too familiar, it\\nwill work no extraordinary effect when sickness\\ncometh. I command rather some diet, for\\ncertain seasons, than frequent use of physic,\\nexcept it be grown into a custom for those\\ndiets alter the body more, and trouble it less.\\nDespise no new accident in your body, but ask\\nopinion of it. In sickness, respect health prin-\\ncipally; and in health, action: for those that\\nput their bodies to endure in health, may, in\\nmost sicknesses which are not very sharp, be\\ncured only with diet and tendering. Celsus\\ncould never have spoken it as a physician, had\\nhe not been a wise man withal, when he\\ngiveth it for one of the great precepts of\\nhealth and lasting, that a man do vary and\\ninterchange contraries, but with an inclina-\\ntion to the more benign extreme: use fasting\\nand full eating, but rather full eating; watch-\\ning and sleep, but rather sleep; sitting and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 127\\nexercise, but rather exercise, and the like: so\\nshall nature be cherished, and yet taught mas-\\nteries. Physicians are some of them so pleas-\\ning and comfortable to the humor of the\\npatient, as they press not the true cure of the\\ndisease: and some others are so regular in\\nproceeding according to art not for the disease,\\nas they respect not sufficiently the condition\\nof the patient. Take one of a middle temper;\\nor, if it may not be found in one man, com-\\nbine two of either sort; and forget not to call\\nas well the best acquainted with your body,\\nas the best reputed of for his faculty.\\nXXXI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SUSPICION.\\nSuspicions amongst thoughts are like bats\\namongst birds, they ever fly by twilight: cer-\\ntainly they are to be repressed, or at the least\\nwell guarded; for they cloud the mind, they\\nlose friends, and they check with business,\\nwhereby business cannot go on currently and\\nconstantly: they dispose kings to tyranny,\\nhusbands to jealousy, wise men to irresolution\\nand melancholy: they are defects, not in the\\nheart, but in the brain; for they take place in\\nthe stoutest natures, as in the example of\\nHenry VII. of England; there was not a more\\nsuspicious man nor a more stout: and in such\\na composition they do small hurt; for com-\\nmonly they are not admitted, but with exam-\\nination, whether they be likely or no; but in\\nfearful natures they gain ground too fast.\\nThere is nothing makes a man suspect much", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "128 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nmore than to know little and therefore men\\nshould remedy suspicion by procuring to\\nknow more, and not to keep their suspicions in\\nsmother. What would men have? Do they\\nthink those they employ and deal with are\\nsaints? Do they not think they will have\\ntheir own ends, and be truer to themselves\\nthan to them? Therefore there is no better\\nway to moderate suspicions, than to account\\nupon such suspicions as true, and yet to bridle\\nthem as false: for so far a man ought to make\\nuse of suspicions, as to provide, as if that\\nshould be true that he suspects, yet it may do\\nhim no hurt. Suspicions that the mind of\\nitself gathers are but buzzes; but suspicions\\nthat are artificially nourished, and put into\\nmen s heads by the tales and whisperings of\\nothers, have stings. Certainly, the best mean,\\nto clear the way in this same wood of suspic-\\nions, is frankly to communicate them with the\\nparty that he suspects; for thereby he shall\\nbe sure to know more of the truth of them\\nthan he did before and withal shall make that\\nparty more circumspect, not to give further\\ncause of suspicion. But this would not be\\ndone to men of base natures; for they, if they\\nfind themselves once suspected, will never be\\ntrue. The Italian says, Sospetto licentia-\\nfede; as if suspicion did give a passport to\\nfaith; but it ought rather to kindle it to dis-\\ncharge itself.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 129\\nXXXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DISCOURSE.\\nSome in their discourse desire rather com-\\nmendation of wit, in being able to hold all\\narguments, than of judgment, in discerning\\nwhat is true; as if it were a praise to know\\nwhat might be said, and not what should be\\nthought. Some have certain commonplaces\\nand themes, wherein they are good, and want\\nvariety; which kind of poverty is for the most\\npart tedious, and, when it is once perceived,\\nridiculous. The honorablest part of talk it to\\ngive the occasion and again to moderate and\\npass to somewhat else; for then a man leads\\nthe dance. It is good in discourse, and speech\\nof conversation, to vary, and intermingle\\nspeech of the present occasion with argu-\\nments, tales with reasons, asking of questions\\nwith telling of opinions, and jest with earnest;\\nfor it is a dull thing to tire, and as we say\\nnow, to jade anything too far. As for jest,\\nthere be certain things which ought to be\\nprivileged from it; namely, religion, matters\\nof state, great persons, any man s present\\nbusiness of importance, and any case that\\ndeserveth pity yet there be some that think\\ntheir wits have been asleep, except they dart\\nout somewhat that is piquant, and to the\\nquick; that is a vein which would be bridled;\\nParce, puer, stimulis et fortuis utere loris.\\nAnd generally, men ought to find the differ-\\nence between saltness and bitterness. Cer-\\ntainly he that hath a satirical vein, as he\\n9 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "130 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nmaketh others afraid of his wit, so he had\\nneed be afraid of others memory. He that\\nquestioneth much, shall learn much, and con-\\ntent much but especially if he apply his ques.-\\ntions to the skill of the persons whom he\\nasketh; for he shall give them occasion to\\nplease themselves in speaking, and himself\\nshall continually gather knowledge but let his\\nquestions not be troublesome, for that is fit\\nfor a poser; and let him be sure to leave other\\nmen their turn to speak nay if there be any\\nthat would reign and take up all the time,\\nlet him find means to take them off, and to\\nbring others on, as musicians used to do with\\nthose that dance too long galliards. If you\\ndissemble sometimes your knowledge of that\\nyou are thought to know, you shall be thought\\nat another time, to know that you know not.\\nSpeech of a man s self ought to be seldom, and\\nwell chosen. I knew one was wont to say in\\nscorn, He must needs be a wise man, he\\nspeaks so much of himself, and there is but\\none case wherein a man may commend him-\\nself with good grace and that is in commend-\\ning virtue in another, especially if it be such\\na virtue whereunto himself pretendeth.\\nSpeech of touch toward others should be spar-\\ningly used; for discourse ought to be as a field,\\nwithout coming home to any man. I knew\\ntwo noblemen of the west part of England,\\nwhereof the one was given to scoff, but kept\\never royal cheer in his house the one would\\nask of those who had been at the other s table,\\n4 Tell truly, was there never a flout or dry", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 131\\nblow given? To which the guest would\\nanswer, Such and such a thing passed.\\nThe lord would say, 4t I thought he would mar\\na good dinner. M Discretion of speech is more\\nthan eloquence; and to speak agreeably to\\nhim with whom we deal, is more than to speak\\nin good words, or in good order. A good\\ncontinued speech without a good speech of\\ninterlocution, shows slowness, and a good\\nreply, or second speech, without a good settled\\nspeech, showeth shallowness and weakness.\\nAs we see in beasts that those that are weakest\\nin the course, are yet nimblest in the turn as\\nit is betwixt the greyhound and the hare. To\\nuse too many circumstances, ere one come to\\nthe matter, is wearisome; to use none at all\\nis blunt.\\nXXXIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF PLANTATIONS.\\nPlantations are amongst ancient, primitive,\\nand heroical works. When the world was\\nyoung, it begat more children but now it is\\nold, it begets fewer, for I may justly account\\nnew plantations to be the children of former\\nkingdoms. I like a plantation in a pure soil;\\nthat is, where people are not displanted, to the\\nend to plant in others; for else it is rather an\\nextirpation than a plantation. Planting of\\ncountries is like planting of woods; for you\\nmust make account to lose almost twenty years\\nprofit, and expect your recompense in the end\\nfor the principal thing that hath been the\\ndestruction of most plantations, has been the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "132 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbase and hasty drawing of profit in the first\\nyears. It is true, speedy profit is not to be\\nneglected, as far as may stand with the good\\nof the plantation, but no farther. It is a\\nshameful and unblessed thing to take the scum\\nof people and wicked condemned men, to be\\nthe people with whom you plant; and not only\\nso, but it spoileth the plantation; for they will\\never live like rogues, and not fall to work, but\\nbe lazy, and do mischief, and spend victuals,\\nand be quickly weary, and then certify over to\\ntheir country to the discredit of the plantation.\\nThe people wherewith you plant ought to be\\ngardeners, ploughmen, laborers, smiths, car-\\npeters, joiners, fishermen, fowlers, with some\\nfew apothecaries, surgeons, cooks, and bakers.\\nIn a country of plantation first look about what\\nkind of victual the country yields of itself to\\nhand: as chestnuts, walnuts, pine-apples,\\nolives, dates, plums, cherries, wild honey, and\\nthe like; and make use of them. Then con-\\nsider what victual, or esculent things there\\nare, which grow speedily, and within the year;\\nas parsnips, carrots, turnips, onions, radish,\\nartichokes of Jerusalem, maize, and the like:\\nfor wheat, barley, and oats, they ask too much\\nlabor; but with peas and beans you may\\nbegin, both because they ask less labor, and\\nbecause they serve for meat as well as for\\nbread; and of rice likewise cometh a great\\nincrease, and it is a kind of meat. Above all,\\nthere ought to be brought store of biscuit,\\noatmeal, flour, meal, and the like, in the begin-\\nning, till bread may be had. For beasts, or", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 133\\nbirds, take chiefly such as are least subject to\\ndiseases and multiply fastest as swine, goats,\\ncocks, hens, turkeys, geese, house-doves, and\\nthe like. The victual in plantation ought to be\\nexpended almost as in a besieged .town that is\\nwith certain allowance: and let the main part\\nof the ground employed to gardens or corn, be\\nto a common stock; and to be laid in and\\nstored up, and then delivered out in propor-\\ntion; besides some spots of ground that any\\nparticular person will manure for his own\\nprivate use. Consider, likewise, what com-\\nmodities the soil where the plantation is doth\\nnaturally yield, that they may some way help\\nto defray the charge of the plantation so it\\nbe not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice\\nof the main business, as it hath fared with\\ntobacco in Virginia. Wood commonly abound-\\neth but too much; and therefore timber is fit\\nto be one. If there be iron ore, and streams\\nwhereupon to set the mills, iron is a brave\\ncommodity where wood aboundeth. Making\\nof bay-salt, if the climate be proper for it,\\nwould be put in experience: growing silk,\\nlikewise, if any be, is a likely commodity:\\npitch and tar, where store of firs and pines are\\nwill not fail so drugs and sweet woods, where\\nthey are, cannot but yield great profit: soap-\\nashes, likewise, and other things that may be\\nthought of; but moil not too much under\\nground, for the hope of mines is very uncer-\\ntain, and useth to make the planters lazy in\\nother things. For government, let it be in the\\nhands of one, assisted with some counsel and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "134 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nlet them have commission to exercise martial\\nlaws, with some limitation; and above all, let\\nmen make that profit of being in the wilder-\\nness, as they have God always and his service\\nbefore their eyes: let not the government of\\nthe plantation depend upon too many counsel-\\nors and undertakers in the country that plant-\\neth, but upon a temperate number: and let\\nthose be rather noblemen and gentlemen, than\\nmerchants; for they look ever to the present\\ngain. Let there be freedoms from custom, till\\nthe plantation be of strength: and not only\\nfreedom from custom, but freedom to carry\\ntheir commodities where they make their best\\nof them except there be some special cause of\\ncaution. Cram not in people, by sending too\\nfast company after company; but rather\\nhearken how they waste, and send supplies\\nproportionably but so as the number may live\\nwell in the plantation, and not by surcharge\\nbe in penury. It hath been a great endanger-\\ning to the health of some plantations, that\\nthey have built along the sea and rivers, in\\nmarish and unwholesome grounds: therefore\\nthough you begin there, to avoid carriage and\\nother like discommodities, yet built still rather\\nupward from the streams, than along. It\\nconcerneth likewise the health of the planta-\\ntion, that they have good store of salt with\\nthem, that they may use it in their victuals\\nwhen it shall be necessary. If you plant where\\nsavages are, do not only entertain them with\\ntrifles and gingles, but use them justly and\\ngraciously, with sufficient guard nevertheless;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 135\\nand do not win their favor by helping them to\\ninvade their enemies, but for their defense it\\nis not amiss; and send oft of them over to the\\ncountry that plants, that they may see a better\\ncondition than their own, and commend it\\nwhen they return. When the plantation grows\\nto strength, then it is time to plant with\\nwomen as well as with men that the planta-\\ntion may spread into generations, and not be\\nevery pieced from without. It is the sinful-\\nest thing in the world to forsake or destitute a\\nplantation once in forwardness; for, besides\\nthe dishonor, it is the guiltiness of blood of\\nmany commiserable persons.\\nXXXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RICHES.\\nI cannot call riches better than the baggage\\nof virtue: the Roman word is better, impedi-\\nmenta for as the baggage is to an army, so\\nis riches to virtue it cannot be spared nor left\\nbehind, but it hindereth the march yea, and\\nthe care of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth\\nthe victory: of great riches there is no real\\nuse, except it be in the distribution; the rest\\nis but conceit; so saith Solomon, Where\\nmuch is, there are many to consume it; and\\nwhat hath the owner but the sight of it with\\nhis eyes? The personal fruition in any man\\ncannot reach to feel great riches: there is a\\ncustody of them or a power of dole and dona-\\ntive of them or a fame of them but no solid\\nuse to the owner. Do you not see what feigned\\nprices are set upon little stones and rarities?", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "136 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nand what works of ostentation are undertaken,\\nbecause there might seem to be some use of\\ngreat riches? But then you will say, they\\nmay be of use to buy men out of dangers or\\ntroubles; as Solomon saith, Riches are as a\\nstronghold in the imagination of the rich man\\nbut this is excellently expressed, that it is in\\nimagination, and not always in fact: for, cer-\\ntainly, great riches have sold more men than\\nthey have bought out. Seek not proud riches,\\nbut such as thou mayest get justly, use soberly,\\ndistribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly;\\nyet have no abstract nor friarly contempt of\\nthem; but distinguished, as Cicero saith well\\nof Rabirius Posthumus, In studio rei ampli-\\nficandae apparebat, non avaritiae praedam, sed\\ninstrumentum bonitati quaeri. Hearken\\nalso to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering\\nof riches: Qui festinat ad divitias, non erit\\ninsons. The poets feign, that when Plutus\\n(which is riches) is sent from Jupiter, he limps,\\nand goes slowly but when he is sent from\\nPluto, he runs, and is swift of foot meaning,\\nthat riches gotten by good means and just\\nlabor pace slowly; but when they come by the\\ndeath of others (as by the course of inheritance,\\ntestaments, and the like), they come tumbling\\nupon a man but it might be applied likewise\\nto Pluto, taking him for the devil: for when\\nriches come from the devil (as by fraud and\\noppression, and unjust means), they come upon\\nspeed. The ways to enrich are many, and most\\nof them foul parsimony is one of the best, and\\nyet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 137\\nfrom works of liberality and charity. The\\nimprovement of the ground is the most natural\\nobtaining of riches; for it is our great mother s\\nblessing, the earth s; but it is slow; and yet,\\nwhere men of great wealth do stoop to hus-\\nbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly. I\\nknew a nobleman in England that had the\\ngreatest audits of any man in my time, a great\\ngrazer, a great sheep-master, a great timber-\\nman, a great collier, a great corn-master, a\\ngreat lead-man, and so of iron, and a number\\nof the like points of husbandry; so as the earth\\nseemed a sea to him in respect of the perpetual\\nimportation. It was truly observed by one,\\n44 That himself came very hardly to a little\\nriches, and very easily to great riches; for\\nwhen a man s stock is come to that, that he\\ncan expect the prime of markets, and overcome\\nthose bargains, which for their greatness are\\nfew men s money, and be partner in the indus-\\ntries of younger men, he cannot but increase\\nmainly. The gains of ordinary trades and\\nvocations are honest, and furthered by two\\nthings chiefly: by diligence, and by a good\\nname for good and fair dealing; but the gains\\nof bargains are of a more doubtful nature,\\nwhen men shall wait upon others necessity:\\nbroke by servants and instruments to draw\\nthem on put off others cunningly that would\\nbe better chapmen, and the like practices,\\nwhich are crafty and naught; as for the chop-\\nping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold,\\nbut to sell over again, that commonly grindeth\\ndouble, both upon the seller and upon the\\n10 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "138 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbuyer. Sharings do greatly enrich, if the\\nhands be well chosen that are trusted. Usury\\nis the certainest means of gain, though one of\\nthe worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his\\nbread, in sudore vultus alieni; and besides,\\ndoth plough upon Sundays: but yet certain\\nthough it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriv-\\neners and brokers do value unsound men to\\nserve their own turn. The fortune, in being\\nthe first in an invention, or in a privilege, doth\\ncause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in\\nriches, as it was with the first sugarman in the\\nCanaries: therefore if a man can play the true\\nlogician, to have as well judgment as inven-\\ntion, he may do great matters, especially if the\\ntimes be fit he that resteth upon gains cer-\\ntain, shall hardly grow to great riches; and he\\nthat puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes\\nbreak and come to poverty it is good, there-\\nfore, to guard adventures with certainties that\\nmay uphold losses. Monopolies, and co-emp-\\ntion of wares for resale, where they are not\\nrestrained, are great means to enrich; espe-\\ncially if the party have intelligence what things\\nare like to come into request, and so, store\\nhimself beforehand. Riches gotten by service\\nthough it be of the best rise, yet when they\\nare gotten by flattery, feeding humors, and\\nother servile conditions, they may be placed\\namongst the worst. As for fishing for testa-\\nments and executorships (as Tacitus saith of\\nSeneca, testamentaet orbostanquam indagine\\ncapi it is yet worse, by how much men sub-\\nmit themselves to meaner persons than in serv-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 139\\nice. Believe not much them that seem to de-\\nspise riches, for they despise them that despair\\nof them and none worse when they come to\\nthem. Be not penny wise riches have wings,\\nand sometimes they fly away of themselves,\\nsometimes they must be set flying to bring in\\nmore. Men leave their riches either to their\\nkindred or to the public and moderate portions\\nprosper best in both. A great state left to an\\nheir, is as a lure to all the birds of prey round\\nabout to seize on him, if he be not the better\\nestablished in years and judgment: likewise,\\nglorious gifts and foundations are like sacrifices\\nwithout salt; and but the painted sepulchres\\nof alms, which soon will putrefy and corrupt\\ninwardly therefore measure not thine advance-\\nments by quantity, but frame them by meas-\\nure: and defer not charities till death; for,\\ncertainly, if a man weigh it rightly, he that\\ndoth so is rather liberal of another man s than\\nof his own.\\nXXXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF PROPHECIES.\\nI mean not to speak of divine prophecies,\\nnor of heathen oracles, nor of natural predic-\\ntions; but only of prophecies that have been\\nof certain memory, and from hidden causes.\\nSaith the Pythonissa to Saul, To-morrow thou\\nand thy sons shall be with me. Virgil hath\\nthese verses from Homer:\\nHie domus iEneae cunctis dominabitur oris,\\nEt nati natorum, et qui nascentur ab illis.\\nA prophecy, as it seems, of the Roman empire.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "140 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nSeneca the tragedian hath these verses\\nVenient annis\\nSaecula seris, quibus Oceanus\\nVincula rerum laxet. et ingens\\nPateat Tellus, Tiphysque novos\\nDetegat orbes nee sit terris\\nUltima Thule:\\na prophecy of the discovery of America. The\\ndaughter of Polycrates dreamed that Jupiter\\nbathed her father, and Apollo anointed him\\nand it came to pass that he was crucified in an\\nopen place, where the sun made his body run\\nwith sweat; and the rain washed it. Philip of\\nMacedon dreamed he sealed up his wife s belly\\nwhereby he did expound it, that his wife\\nshould be barren; but Aristander the sooth-\\nsayer told him his wife was with child, because\\nmen do not use to seal vessels that are empty.\\nA phantasum that appeared to M. Brutus in\\nhis tent, said to him, Philippis iterum me\\nvidebis. Tiberius said to Galba, Tuquoque,\\nGalba, degustabis imperium. In Vespasian s\\ntime there went a prophecy in the East that\\nthose that should come forth of Judea, should\\nreign over the world which though it may be\\nwas meant of our Savior, yet Tacitus ex-\\npounds it of Vespasian. Domitian dreamed,\\nthe night before he was slain, that a golden\\nhead was growing out of the nape of his neck\\nand indeed the succession that followed him,\\nfor many years made golden times. Henry\\nthe Sixth of England said of Henry the Sev-\\nenth, when he was a lad, and gave him water,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 141\\n1 This is the lad that shall enjoy the crown for\\nwhich we strive. When I was in France, I\\nheard from one Dr. Pena, that the queen\\nmother, who was given to curious arts, caused\\nthe king her husband s nativity to be calculated\\nunder a false name and the astrologer gave a\\njudgment, that he should be killed in a duel;\\nat which the queen laughed, thinking her hus-\\nband to be above challenges and duels but he\\nwas slain upon a course at tilt, the splinters of\\nthe staff of Montgomery going in at his beaver.\\nThe trivial prophecy which I heard when I was\\na child, and Queen Elizabeth was in the flower\\nof her years, was,\\nWhen hempe is spunne\\nEngland s done:\\nwhereby it was generally conceived, that after\\nthe princes had reigned which had the princi-\\npal letters of the word hempe (which were\\nHenry, Edward, Mary, Philip, and Elizabeth),\\nEngland should come to utter confusion which\\nthanks be to God, is verified only in the change\\nof the name; for that the king s style is now\\nno more of England, but of Britain. There\\nwas also another prophecy before the year of\\neighty-eight, which I do not w r ell understand.\\nThere shall be seen upon a day,\\nBetween the Baugh and the May,\\nThe black fleet of Norway.\\nWhen that that is come and gone,\\nEngland built houses of lime and stone,\\nFor after wars shall you have none.\\nIt was generally conceived to be meant of the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "142 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nSpanish fleet that came in eighty-eight: for\\nthat the king of Spain s surname, as they say,\\nis Norway. The prediction of Regiomontanus,\\nOctogesimus octavus mirabilis annus.\\nwas thought likewise accomplished in the\\nsending of that great fleet, being the greatest\\nin strength, though not in number, of all that\\never swam upon the sea. As for Cleon s\\ndream, I think it was a jest; it was, that he\\nwas devoured of a long dragon and it was\\nexpounded of a maker of sausages, that troubled\\nhim exceedingly. There are numbers of the\\nlike kind; especially if you include dreams,\\nand predictions of astrology: but I have set\\ndown these few only of certain credit, for\\nexample. My judgment is that they ought all\\nto be despised, and ought to serve but for win-\\nter talk by the fireside: though when I say\\ndespised, I mean it as for belief; for other-\\nwise, the spreading- or publishing of them is in\\nno sort to be despised, for they have done\\nmuch mischief; and I see many severe laws\\nmade to suppress them. That that hath given\\nthem grace, and some credit consisteth in\\nthree things. First, that men mark when they\\nhit, and never mark when they miss: as they\\ndo, generally, also of dreams. The second is,\\nthat probable conjectures, or obscure traditions,\\nmany times turn themselves into prophecies;\\nw r hile the nature of man, which coveteth divin-\\nation, thinks it no peril to foretell that which\\nindeed they do but collect; as that of Sen-\\neca s verse; for so much was then subject to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 143\\ndemonstration, that the globe of the earth had\\ngreat parts beyond the Atlantic, which might\\nbe probably conceived not to be all sea: and\\nadded thereto the tradition in Plato s Timse-\\nmus, and his Atlanticus, it might encourage\\none to turn it to a prediction. The third and\\nlast (which is the great one) is that almost all\\nof them, being infinite in number, have been\\nimpostures, and by idle and crafty brains,\\nmerely contrived and feigned, after the event\\npast.\\nXX.XVL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF AMBITION.\\nAmbition is like choler, which is a humor\\nthat maketh men active, earnest, full of alac-\\nrity, and stirring, if it be not stopped but if it\\nbe stopped, and can not have its way, it\\nbecometh a dust, and thereby malign and\\nvenomous: so ambitious men, if they find the\\nway open for their rising, and still get forward,\\nthey are rather busy than dangerous; but if\\nthey be checked in their desires, they become\\nsecretly discontent, and look upon men and\\nmatters with an evil eye, and are best pleased\\nwhen things go backward which is the worst\\nproperty in a servant of a prince or state:\\ntherefore, it is good for princes, if they use\\nambitious men, to handle it so, as they be still\\nprogressive, and not retrograde; which,\\nbecause it cannot be without inconvenience, it\\nis good not to use such natures at all; for if\\nthey rise not with their service, they will take\\norder to make their service fall with them.\\nBut since we have said, it were good not to use", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "144 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nmen of ambitious natures, except it be upon\\nnecessity, it is fit we speak in what cases they\\nare of necessity. Good commanders in the\\nwars must be taken, be they never so am-\\nbitious; for the use of their service dispenseth\\nwith the rest: and to take a soldier without\\nambition, is to pull off his spurs. There is\\nalso great use of ambitious men in being\\nscreens to princes in matters of danger and\\nenvy for no man will take that part except he\\nbe like a seeled dove, that mounts and mounts,\\nbecause he cannot see about him. There is\\nuse also of ambitious men in pulling down the\\ngreatness of any subject that overtops; as\\nTiberius used Macro in the pulling down of\\nSejanus. Since, therefore, they must be used\\nin such cases, there resteth to speak how they\\nare to be bridled, that they may be less dan-\\ngerous. There is less danger of them if they\\nbe of mean birth, than if they be noble; and if\\nthey be rather harsh of nature, than gracious\\nand popular; and if they be rather new raised,\\nthan grown cunning and fortified in their\\ngreatness. It is counted by some a weakness\\nin princes to have favorites; but it is, of all\\nothers, the best remedy against ambitious\\ngreat ones; for when the way of pleasuring\\nand displeasuring lieth by the favorite, it is\\nimpossible any other should be over great.\\nAnother means to curb them, is to balance\\nthem by others as proud as they: but then\\nthere must be some middle counselors, to keep\\nthings steady for without that ballast the ship\\nwill roll too much. At the least, a prince may", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 145\\nanimate and inure some meaner persons to be,\\nas it were, scourges to ambitious men. As for\\nthe having of them obnoxious to ruin, if they\\nbe of fearful natures, it may do well; but if\\nthey be stout and daring, it may precipitate\\ntheir designs, and prove dangerous. As for\\nthe pulling of them down, if the affairs require\\nit, and that it may not be done with safety\\nsuddenly, the only way is, the interchange\\ncontinually of favors and disgraces, whereby\\nthey may not know what to expect, and be as\\nit were, in a wood. Of ambitions, it is less\\nharmful the ambition to prevail in great things,\\nthan that other to appear in everything; for\\nthat breeds confusion, and mars business: but\\nyet, it is less danger to have an ambitious man\\nstirring in business than great in dependencies.\\nHe that seeketh to be eminent among stable\\nmen, hath a great task but that is ever good\\nfor the public but he that plots to be the only\\nfigure among ciphers, is the decay of a whole\\nage. Honor hath three things in it; the van-\\ntage ground to do good the approach to kings\\nand principal persons; and the raising of a\\nman s own fortunes. He that hath the best of\\nthese intentions, when he aspireth, is an honest\\nman; and that prince that can discern of these\\nintentions in another that aspireth, is a wise\\nprince. Generally, let princes and states\\nchoose such ministers as are more sensible of\\nduty than of rising, and such as love business\\nrather upon conscience than upon bravery;\\nand let them discern a busy nature from a\\nwilling mind.\\n10 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "146 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nXXXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF MASQUES AND TRI-\\nUMPHS.\\nThese things are but toys to come amongst\\nsuch serious observations; but yet, since\\nprinces will have such things, it is better they\\nshould be graced with elegancy, than daubed\\nwith cost. Dancing to song, is a thing of great\\nstate and pleasure. I understand it that the\\nsong be in quire, placed aloof, and accompanied\\nwith some broken music; and the ditty fitted\\nto the device. Acting in song, especially in\\ndialogues, hath an extreme good grace I say\\nacting, not dancing (for that is a mean and\\nvulgar thing) and the voices of the dialogue\\nwould be strong and manly (a base and a tenor;\\nno treble), and the ditty high and tragical, not\\nnice or dainty. Several quires placed one\\nover against another, and taking the voice by\\ncatches anthem-wise, give great pleasure.\\nTurning dances into figure is a childish curios-\\nity; and, generally, let it be noted, that those\\nthings which I here set down are such as do\\nnaturally take the sense, and not respect petty\\nwonderments. It is true, the alterations of\\nscenes, so it be quietly and without noise, are\\nthings of great beauty and pleasure for they\\nfeed and relieve the eye before it be full of the\\nsame object. Let the scenes abound with\\nlight, especially colored and varied; and let\\nthe masques, or any other that are to come\\ndown from the scene, have some motions upon\\nthe scenes itself before their coming down for\\nit draws the eye strangely, and makes it with", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 147\\ngreat pleasure to desire to see that, it cannot\\nperfectly discern. Let the songs be loud and\\ncheerful, and not chirpings or pullings: let\\nthe music likewise be sharp and loud, and well\\nplaced. The colors that show best by candle-\\nlight, are white, carnation, and a kind of sea-\\nwater green, and ouches, or spangs, as they\\nare of no great cost, so they are of most glory.\\nAs for rich embroidery, it is lost, and not dis-\\ncerned. Let the suits of the masquers be\\ngraceful, and such as become the person when\\nthe vizors are off; not after examples of known\\nattires; Turks, soldiers, mariners, and the like.\\nLet anti-masques not be long; they have been\\ncommonly of fools, satyrs, baboons, wild men,\\nantics, beasts, sprites, witches, Ethiopes, pig-\\nmies, turquets, nymphs, rustics, Cupids,\\nstatues, moving, and the like. As for angels,\\nit is not comical enough to put them in anti-\\nmasques: and anything that is hideous, as\\ndevils, giants, is, on the other side, as unfit:\\nbut chiefly, let the music of them be recreative,\\nand with some strange changes. Some sweet\\nodors suddenly coming forth, without any\\ndrops falling, are, in such a company as there\\nis steam and heat, things of great pleasure and\\nrefreshment. Double masques, one of men\\nanother of ladies, addeth state and variety:\\nbut all is nothing, except the room be kept\\nclear and neat.\\nFor justs, and tourneys, and barriers, the\\nglories of them are chiefly in the chariots,\\nwherein the challengers make their entry;\\nespecially if they be drawn with strange", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "148 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbeasts: as lions, bears, camels, and the like;\\nor in the devices of their entrance, or in the\\nbravery of their liveries, or in the goodly-\\nfurniture of their horses and armor. But\\nenough of these toys.\\nXXXVIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF NATURE IN MEN.\\nNature is often hidden, sometimes overcome,\\nseldom extinguished. Force maketh nature\\nmore violent in the return doctrine and dis-\\ncourse maketh nature less importune but cus-\\ntom only doth alter and subdue nature. He\\nthat seeketh victory over his nature, let him\\nnot set himself too great nor too small tasks:\\nfor the first will make him dejected by often\\nfailings, and the second will make him a small\\nproceeder, though by often prevailings; and\\nat the first, let him practice with helps, as\\nswimmers do with bladders, or rushes, but,\\nafter a time, let him practice with disadvan-\\ntage, as dancers do with thick shoes; for it\\nbreeds great perfection, if the practice be\\nharder than the use. Where nature is mighty,\\nand, therefore, the victory hard, the degrees\\nhad need be, first to stay and arrest nature in\\ntime like to him that would say over the four\\nand twenty letters when he was angry; then to\\ngo less in quantity as if one should, in for-\\nbearing wine, come from drinking healths to a\\ndraught at a meal and, lastly, to discontinue\\naltogether: but if a man have the fortitude\\nand resolution to enfranchise himself at once,\\nthat is the best", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 149\\nOptimus ille attimi vindex lsedentia pectus\\nVincula qui rupit, dedoluitque semel.\\nNeither is the ancient rule amiss, to bend\\nnature as a wand to a contrary extreme,\\nwhereby to set it right; understanding it\\nwhere the contrary extreme is no vice. Let\\nnot a man force a habit upon himself with a\\nperpetual continuance, but with some inter-\\nmission: for both the pause reinforceth the\\nnew onset; and if a man that is not perfect, be\\never in practice, he shall as well practice his\\nerrors as his abilities, and induce one habit of\\nboth; and there is no means to help this but\\nby seasonable intermission; but let not a man\\ntrust his victory over his nature too far; for\\nnature will lie buried a great time, and yet\\nrevive upon the occasion, or temptation like\\nas it was with ^Esop s damsel, turned from a\\ncat to a woman, who sat very demurely at the\\nboard s end till a mouse ran before her: there-\\nfore, let a man either avoid the occasion alto-\\ngether, or put himself often to it, that he may\\nbe little moved with it. A man s nature is\\nbest perceived in privateness, for there is no\\naffectation; in passion, for that putteth a man\\nout of his precepts; and in a new case or ex-\\nperiment, for there custom leaveth him. They\\nare happy men whose natures sort with their\\nvocations; otherwise they may say, Multum\\nincola fuit anima mea, when they converse\\nin those things they do not affect. In studies,\\nwhatsoever a man commandeth upon himself,\\nlet him set hours for it but whatsoever is\\nagreeable to his nature, let him take no care", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "150 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nfor any set times; for his thoughts will fly to\\nit of themselves, so as the spaces of other busi-\\nness or studies will suffice. A man s nature\\nruns either to herbs or weeds; therefore, let\\nhim seasonably water the one, and destroy the\\nother.\\nXXXIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF CUSTOM AND EDUCA-\\nTION.\\nMen s thoughts are much according to their\\ninclination: their discourse and speeches ac-\\ncording to their learning and infused opinions;\\nbut their deeds are after as they have been\\naccustomed and, therefore, as Machiavel well\\nnoteth (though in an evil-favored instance),\\nthere is no trusting to the force of nature, nor\\nto the bravery of words, except it be corrobor-\\nate by custom. His instance is, that for the\\nachieving of a desperate conspiracy, a man\\nshould not rest upon the fierceness of any man s\\nnature, or his resolute undertakings; but take\\nsuch a one as hath had his hands formerly in\\nblood; but Machiavel knew not of a Friar\\nClement, nor a Ravillac, nor a Jaureguy, nor a\\nBaltazar Gerard yet his rule holdeth still, that\\nnature, nor the engagement of words, are not\\nso forcible as custom. Only superstition is\\nnow so well advanced, that men of the first\\nblood are as firm as butchers by occupation\\nand votary resolution is made equipollent to\\ncustom even in matter of blood. In other\\nthings, the predominancy of custom is every-\\nwhere visible, insomuch as a man would won-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 151\\nder to hear men profess, protest, engage, give\\ngreat words, and then do just as they have\\ndone before, as if they were dead images and\\nengines, moved only by the wheels of custom.\\nWe see also the reign of tyranny of custom,\\nwhat it is. The Indians (I mean the sect of\\ntheir wise men) lay themselves quietly upon a\\nstack of wood, and so sacrifice themselves by\\nfire nay, the wives strive to be burned with\\nthe corpses of their husbands. The lads of\\nSparta, of ancient time, were wont to be\\nscourged upon the altar of Diana, without so\\nmuch as quecking. I remember, in the begin-\\nning of Queen Elizabeth s time of England, an\\nIrish rebel condemned, put up a petition to the\\ndeputy that he might be hanged in a withe,\\nand not in a halter, because it had been so\\nused with former rebels. There be monks in\\nRussia for penance, that will sit a whole night\\nin a vessel of water, till they be engaged with\\nhard ice. Many examples may be put of the\\nforce of custom, both upon mind and body:\\ntherefore, since custom is the principal magis-\\ntrate of man s life, let men by all means en-\\ndeavor to obtain good customs. Certainly,\\ncustom is most perfect when it beginneth in\\nyoung years: this we call education, which is,\\nin effect, but an early custom. So we see, in\\nlanguages the tongue is more pliant to all\\nexpressions and sounds, the joints are more\\nsupple to all feats of activity and motions in\\nyouth, than afterward; for it is true, that late\\nlearners cannot so well take the ply, except it\\nbe in some minds that have not suffered them-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "152 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nselves to fix, but have kept themselves open\\nand prepared to receive continual amendment,\\nwhich is exceeding rare: but if the force of\\ncustom, simple and separate, be great, the\\nforce of custom, copulate and conjoined and\\ncollegiate, is far greater; for their example\\nteacheth, company comforteth, emulation\\nquickeneth, glory raiseth so as in such places\\nthe force of custom is in his exultation. Cer-\\ntainly, the great multiplication of virtues upon\\nhuman nature resteth upon societies well or-\\ndained and disciplined; for commonwealths\\nand good governments do nourish virtue grown,\\nbut do not much mend the seeds: but the mis-\\nery is, that the most effectual means are now\\napplied to the ends least to be desired.\\nXL.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FORTUNE.\\nIt cannot be denied, but outward accidents\\nconduce much to fortune favor, opportunity,\\ndeath of others, occasion fitting virtue: but\\nchiefly, the mould of a man s fortune is in his\\nown hands: Faber quisque fortunse suae,\\nsaith the poet and the most frequent of exter-\\nnal causes is, that the folly of one man is the\\nfortune of another for no man prospers so\\nsuddenly as by others errors.\\nSerpens nisi serpentem comederit non fit\\ndraco. Overt and apparent virtues bring forth\\npraise; but there be secret and hidden virtues\\nthat bring forth fortune; certain deliveries of\\na man s self, which have no name. The Span-\\nish name, disemboltura, partly expresseth", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 153\\nthem, when there be not stonds nor restiveness\\nin a man s nature, but that the wheels of his\\nmind keep way with the wheels of his fortune\\nfor so Livy (after he had described Cato Major\\nin these words, In illo viro, tantum robur\\ncorporis et animi fuit, ut quocungue loco natus\\nesset, fortunam sibi facturus viderotur fall-\\neth upon that that he had versatile ingen-\\nium: therefore, if a man look sharply and\\nattentively, he shall see fortune; for though\\nshe be blind, yet she is not invisible. The\\nway of Fortune is like the milky way in the\\nsky which is a meeting, or knot, of a number\\nof small stars, not seen asunder, but giving\\nlight together: so are there a number of little\\nand scarce discerned virtues, or rather facul-\\nties and customs, that make men fortunate.\\nThe Italians note some of them, such as a man\\nwould little think. When they speak of one\\nthat cannot do amiss, they will throw in into\\nhis other conditions, that he hath Poco di\\nmatto; and certainly, there be not two more\\nfortunate properties, than to have a little of the\\nfool, and not too much of the honest there-\\nfore, extreme lovers of their country, or mas-\\nters, were never fortunate neither can they\\nbe for when a man placeth his thoughts with-\\nout himself, he goeth not his own way. A\\nhasty fortune maketh an enterpriser and\\nremover (the French hath it better, entrepre-\\nnant, or remuant but the exercised\\nfortune maketh the able man. Fortune is to\\nbe honored and respected, and it be but for her\\ndaughters, Confidence and Reputation; for", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "154 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthose two Felicity breedeth the first within a\\nman s self, the latter in others toward him.\\nAll wise men, to decline the envy of their own\\nvirtues, use to ascribe them to Providence and\\nFortune; for so they may the better assume\\nthem and, besides, it is greatness in a man to\\nbe the care of the higlier powers. So Caesar\\nsaid to the pilot in the tempest, Csesarem\\nportas et fortunam ejus. So Sylla chose the\\nname of Felix, and not of Magnus: and\\nit hath been noted, that those who ascribe\\nopenly too much to their own wisdom and pol-\\nicy, end unfortunate. It is written, that Timo-\\ntheus, the Athenian, after he had, in the\\naccount he gave to the state of his government,\\noften interlaced this speech, and in this\\nFortune had no part, never prospered in\\nanything he undertook afterward. Certainly\\nthere be, whose fortunes are like Homer s\\nverses, that have a slide and easiness more\\nthan the verses of other poets; as Plutarch\\nsaith of Timol eon s fortune in respect of that of\\nAgesilaus or Epaminondas: and that this\\nshould be, no, doubt it is much in a man s\\nself.\\nXLL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF USURY.\\nMany have made witty invectives against\\nusury. They say that it is a pity the devil\\nshould have God s part, which is the tithe;\\nthat the usurer is the greatest Sabbath-\\nbreaker, because his plough goeth every Sun-\\nday, that the usurer is the drone that Virgil\\nspeaketh of:", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 155\\nIgnavum fucos pectis a praesepibus arcent;\\nthat the usurer breaketh the first law that\\nwas made for mankind after the fall, which\\nwas in sudore vultus tui comedes panem\\ntuum; not, in sudore vultus alieni; that\\nusurers should have orange-taw r ny bonnets,\\nbecause they do Judaize; that it is against\\nnature for money to beget money, and the\\nlike. I say this only, that usury is a con-\\ncessum propter duritiem cordis for since\\nthere must be borrowing and lending, and\\nmen are so hard of heart as they will not lend\\nfreely, usury must be permitted. Some others\\nhave made suspicious and cunning proposi-\\ntions of banks, discovery of men s estates, and\\nother inventions; but few have spoken of\\nusury usefully. It is good to set before us the\\nincommodities and commodities of usury, that\\nthe good may be either weighed out, or culled\\nout; and warily to provide, that, while we\\nmake forth to that which is better, we meet\\nnot with that which is worse.\\nThe discommodities of usury are, first, that\\nit makes fewer merchants; for were it not for\\nthis lazy trade of usury, money would not lie\\nstill, but would in great part be employed\\nupon merchandising, which is the vena\\nporta of wealth in a state: the second, that it\\nmakes poor merchants; for as farmer cannot\\nhusband his ground so well if he sit at a great\\nrent, so the merchant cannot drive his trade\\nso well, if he sit at great usury: the third is\\nincident to the other two; and that is, the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "156 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ndecay of customs of kings, or states, which\\nebb or flow with merchandising: the fourth,\\nthat it bringeth the treasure of the realm or\\nstate into a few hands; for the usurer being\\nat certainties, and others at uncertainties, at\\nthe end of the game most of the money will\\nbe in the box; and ever a state flourisheth\\nwhen wealth is more equally spread: the fifth,\\nthat it beats down the price of land for the\\nemployment of money is chiefly either mer-\\nchandising, or purchasing, and usury waylays\\nboth: the sixth, that it doth dull and damp all\\nindustries, improvements, and new inventions,\\nwherein money would be stirring, if it were\\nnot for this slug: the last, that it is the canker\\nand ruin of many men s estates, which in pro-\\ncess of time breeds a public poverty.\\nOn the other side, the commodities of usury\\nare, first, that howsoever usury in some\\nrespect hindereth merchandising, yet in some\\nother it advanceth it; for it is certain that the\\ngreatest part of trade is driven by young\\nmerchants upon borrowing at interest; so as if\\nthe usurer either call in, or keep back his\\nmoney, there will ensue presently a great\\nstand of trade: the second is, that were it not\\nfor this easy borrowing upon interest, men s\\nnecessities would draw upon them a most sud-\\nden undoing, in that they would be forced to\\nsell their means (be it lands or goods), far un-\\nder foot, and so, whereas usury doth but gnaw\\nupon them, bad markets would swallow them\\nquite up. As for mortgaging or pawning, it\\nwill little mend the matter: for either men", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 157\\nwill not take pawns without use, or if they do,\\nthey will look precisely for the forfeiture. I\\nremember a cruel moneyed man in the coun-\\ntry, that would say, The devil take this usury,\\nit keeps us from forfeitures of mortgages and\\nbonds. The third and last is, that it is a\\nvanity to conceive that there would be ordinary\\nborrowing without profit; and it is impossible\\nto conceive the number of inconveniences that\\nwill ensue, if borrowing be cramped: there-\\nfore to speak of the abolishing of usury is idle;\\nall states have ever had it in one kind or rate,\\nor other; so as that opinion must be sent to\\nUtopia.\\nTo speak now of the reformation and regle-\\nment of usury, how the discommodities of it\\nmay be best avoided, and the commodities re-\\ntained. It appears, by the balance of com-\\nmodities and discommodities of usury, two\\nthings are to be reconciled; the one that the\\ntooth of usury be grinded, that it bite not too\\nmuch; the other, that there be left open a\\nmeans to invite moneyed men to lend to the\\nmerchants, for the continuing and quickening\\nof trade. This cannot be done, except you\\nintroduce two several sorts of usury, a less\\nand a greater for if you reduce usury to one\\nlow rate, it will ease the common borrower,\\nbut the merchant will be to seek for money;\\nand it is to be noted, that the trade of mer-\\nchandise being the most lucrative, may bear\\nusury at a good rate: other contracts not so.\\nTo serve both intentions, the way would be\\nbriefly thus: that there be two rates of usury;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "158 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe one free and general for all the other\\nunder license only to certain persons, and in\\ncertain places of merchandising. First, there-\\nfore, let usury in general be reduced to five in\\nthe hundred, and let that rate be proclaimed\\nto be free and current; and let the state shut\\nitself out to take any penalty for the same\\nthis will preserve borrowing from any general\\nstop or dryness; this will ease infinite bor-\\nrowers in the country; this will, in good part,\\nraise the price of land, because land pur-\\nchased at sixteen years purchase will yield six\\nin the hundred, and somewhat more, whereas\\nthis rate of interest yields but five: this by like\\nreason will encourage and edge industries and\\nprofitable improvements, because many will\\nrather venture in that kind, than take five in\\nthe hundred, especially having been used to\\ngreater profit. Secondly, let there be certain\\npersons licensed to lend to known merchants\\nupon usury, at a higher rate, and let it be\\nwith the cautions following: let the rate be,\\neven with the merchant himself, somewhat\\nmore easy than that he used formerly to pay;\\nfor by that means all borrowers shall have\\nsome ease by this reformation, be he merchant,\\nor whatsoever; let it be no bank or common\\nstock, but every man be master of his own\\nmoney; not that I altogether mislike banks,\\nbut they will hardly be brooked, in regard of\\ncertain suspicions. Let the state be answered\\nsome small matter for the license, and the rest\\nleft to the lender; for if the abatement be but\\nsmall, it will no whit discourage the lender;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 159\\nfor he, for example, that took before ten or\\nnine in the hundred, will sooner descend to\\neight in the hundred, than give over his trade\\nof usury; and go from certain gains to gains\\nof hazard. Let these licensed lenders be in\\nnumber indefinite, but restrained to certain\\nprincipal cities and towns of merchandising;\\nfor then they will be hardly able to color other\\nmen s moneys in the country; so as the license\\nof nine will not suck away the current rate of\\nfive; for no. man will send his moneys far off,\\nnor put them into unknown hands.\\nIf it be objected that this doth in a sort\\nauthorize usury, which before was in some\\nplaces but permissive the answer is, that it is\\nbetter to mitigate usury by declaration, than\\nto suffer it to rage by connivance.\\nXLIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF YOUTH AND AGE.\\nA man that is young in years may be old in\\nhours, if he have lost no time but that hap-\\npeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the\\nfirst cogitations, not so wise as the second; for\\nthere is a youth in thoughts, as well as in\\nages; and yet the invention of young men is\\nmore lively than that of old, and imaginations\\nstream into their minds better, and, as it were,\\nmore divinely. Natures that have much heat,\\nand great and violent desires and perturba-\\ntions, are not ripe for action till they have\\npassed the meridian of their years as it was\\nwith Julius Caesar and Septimius Severus; of\\nthe latter of whom it is said, Juventutem", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "160 BACON S ESSAYS.\\negit erroribus, imo furoribus plenam; and\\nyet he was the ablest emperor, almost, of all\\nthe list; but reposed natures may do well in\\nyouth, as it is seen in Augustus Caesar, Cos-\\nmos Duke of Florence, Gaston de Foix, and\\nothers. On the other side, heat and vivacit}^\\nin age is an excellent composition for business.\\nYoung men are fitter to invent than to judge,\\nfitter for execution than for counsel, and\\nfitter for new projects than for settled busi-\\nness for the experience of age, in things that\\nfall within the compass of it, directeth them\\nbut in new things abuseth them. The errors\\nof young men are the ruin of business; but\\nthe errors of aged men amount but to this,\\nthat more might have been done, or sooner.\\nYoung men, in the conduct and manage of\\nactions, embrace more than they can hold, stir\\nmore than they can quiet; fly to the end, with-\\nout consideration of the means and degrees;\\npursue some few principles which they have\\nchanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate,\\nwhich draws unknown inconveniences; use\\nextreme remedies at first; and that, which\\ndoubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or\\nretract them, like an unready horse, that will\\nneither stop nor turn. Men of age object too\\nmuch, consult too long, adventure too little,\\nrepent too soon, and seldom drive business\\nhome to the full period, but content them-\\nselves with a mediocrity of success. Certainly\\nit is good to compound employments of both;\\nfor that will be good for the present, because\\nthe virtues of either age may correct the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 161\\ndefects of both and good for succession, that\\nyoung men may be learners, while men in age\\nare actors; and, lastly, good for extreme acci-\\ndents, because authority followeth old men,\\nand favor and popularity youth but for the\\nmoral part, perhaps, youth will have the pre-\\neminence, as age hath for the politic. A cer-\\ntain rabbin, upon the text, Your young men\\nshall see visions, and your old men shall\\ndream dreams, inferreth that young men are\\nadmitted nearer to God than old, because\\nvision is a clearer revelation than a dream;\\nand certainly, the more a man drinketh of\\nthe world, the more it intoxicateth and age\\ndoth profit rather in the powers of understand-\\ning, than in the virtues of the will and affec-\\ntions. There be some have an over-early\\nripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes:\\nthere are, first, such as have brittle wits, the\\nedge whereof is soon turned: such as was\\nHermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are\\nexceeding subtle, who afterward waxed stupid:\\na second sort is of those that have some natural\\ndisposition, which have better grace in youth\\nthan in age such as is a fluent and luxuriant\\nspeech, which becomes youth well, but not\\nage: so Tully saith of Hortensius, Idem\\nmanebat, neque idem decebat: the third is of\\nsuch as take too high a strain at the first, and\\nare magnanimous more than tract of years can\\nuphold; as was Scipio Africanus, of whom\\nLivy saith, in effect, Ultima primis cede-\\nbant.\\n11 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "162 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nXLIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OP BEAUTY.\\nVirtue is like a rich stone, best plain set;\\nand surely virtue is best in a body that is\\ncomely, though not of delicate features; and\\nthat hath rather dignity of presence, than\\nbeauty of aspect; neither is it almost seen\\nthat very beautiful persons are otherwise of\\ngreat virtue; as if nature were rather busy not\\nto err, than in labor to produce excellency\\nand therefore they prove accomplished, but\\nnot of great spirit; and study rather behavior,\\nthan virtue. But this holds not always for\\nAugustus Caesar, Titus Vespasianus, Philip le\\nBel of France, Edward the Fourth of England,\\nAlcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Ephy of\\nPersia, were all high and great spirits, and yet\\nthe most beautiful men of their times. In\\nbeauty, that of favor, is more than that of\\ncolor and that of decent and gracious motion,\\nmore than that of favor. That is the best\\npart of beauty, which a picture cannot express;\\nno, nor the first sight of the life. There is\\nno excellent beauty that hath not some\\nstrangeness in the proportion. A man cannot\\ntell whether Apelles or Albert Durer were\\nthe more trifler; whereof the one would make\\na personage by geometrical proportions: the\\nother, by taking the best parts out of divers\\nfaces to make one excellent. Such personages,\\nI think, would please nobody but the painter\\nthat made them not but I think a painter may\\nmake a better face than ever was; but he\\nmust do it by a kind of felicity (as a musician", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 163\\nthat maketh an excellent air in music), and\\nnot by rule. A man shall see faces, that, if\\nyou examine them part by part, you shall find\\nnever a good and yet altogether do well. If\\nit be true that the principal part of beauty is in\\ndecent motion, certainly it is no marvel,\\nthough persons in years seem many times\\nmore amiable; Pulchrorum autumnus pul-\\ncher for no youth can be comely but by par-\\ndon, and considering the youth as to make up\\nthe comeliness. Beauty is as summer fruits,\\nwhich are easy to corrupt, and cannot last;\\nand, for the most part, it makes a dissolute\\nyouth, and an age a little out of countenance;\\nbut yet certainly again, if it light well, it mak-\\neth virtues shine, and vices blush.\\nXLIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DEFORMITY.\\nDeformed persons are commonly even with\\nnature for as nature has done ill by them so\\ndo they by nature, being for the most part (as\\nthe Scripture saith), voidof natural affection;\\nand so they have their revenge of nature.\\nCertainly there is a consent between the body\\nand the mind, and where nature erreth in the\\none, she venture th in the other: Ubi peccat\\nin uno, periclitatur in altero: but because\\nthere is in man an election, touching the frame\\nof his mind, and necessity in the frame of his\\nbody, the stars of natural inclination are some-\\ntimes obscured by the sun of discipline and\\nvirtue; therefore it is good to consider of\\ndeformity, not as a sign which is more deceiv-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "164 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nable, but as a cause which seldom faileth of\\nthe effect. Whosoever hath anything fixed\\nin his person that doth not induce contempt,\\nhath also a perpetual spur in himself to secure\\nand deliver himself from scorn therefore, all\\ndeformed persons are extreme bold; first, as\\nin their own defense, as being exposed to\\nscorn, but in process of time by a general\\nhabit. Also it stirreth in them industry, and\\nespecially of this kind, to watch and observe\\nthe weakness of others, that they may have\\nsomewhat to repay. Again, in their superiors,\\nit quencheth jealousy toward them, as persons\\nthat they think they may at pleasure despise:\\nand it layeth their competitors and emulators\\nasleep, as never believing they should be in\\npossibility of advancement till they see them\\nin possession; so that upon the matter, in a\\ngreat wit, deformity is an advantage to rising.\\nKings in ancient times (and at this present in\\nsome countries) were wont to put great trust\\nin eunuchs, because they that are envious\\ntoward all are more obnoxious and officious\\ntoward one but yet their trust toward them\\nhath rather been as to good spials, and good\\nwhisperers, than good magistrates and offi-\\ncers: and much like is the reason of deformed\\npersons. Still the ground is, they will, if they\\nbe of spirit, seek to free themselves from\\nscorn: which must be either by virtue or\\nmalice; and, therefore, let it not be marveled,\\nif sometimes they prove excellent persons; as\\nwas Agesilaus, Zanger the son of Solyman,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 165\\nyEsop, Gasca president of Peru; and Socrates\\nmay go likewise amongst them, with others.\\nXLV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF BUILDING.\\nHouses are built to live in, and not to look\\non therefore let use be preferred before\\nuniformity, except where both may be had.\\nLeave the goodly fabrics of houses, for beauty\\nonly, to the enchanted palaces of the poets,\\nwho build them with small cost. He that\\nbuilds a fair house upon an ill seat, committeth\\nhimself to prison: neither do I reckon it an\\nill seat only where the air is unwholesome, but\\nlikewise where the air is unequal as you shall\\nsee many fine seats set upon a knap of ground,\\nenvironed with higher hills round about it,\\nwhereby the heat of the sun is pent in, and\\nthe wind gathereth as in troughs so as you\\nshall have, and that suddenly, as great diver-\\nsity of heat and cold as if you dwelt in several\\nplaces. Neither is it ill air only that maketh\\nan ill seat; but ill ways, ill markets, and, if\\nyou will consult with Momus, ill neighbors. I\\nspeak not of many more; want of water, want\\nof wood, shade, and shelter, want of fruit-\\nfulness, and mixture of grounds of several\\nnatures; want of prospect, want of level\\ngrounds, want of places at some near distance\\nfor sports of hunting, hawking, and races;\\ntoo near the sea, too remote; having the\\ncommodity of navigable rivers, or the discom-\\nmodity of their overflowing too far off from\\nthe great cities, which may hinder business;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "266 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nor too near them, which lurcheth all provision\\nand maketh everything dear; where a man\\nhath a great living laid together; and where\\nhe is scanted; all which, as it is impossible\\nperhaps to find together, so it is good to know\\nthem, and think of them, that a man may take\\nas many as he can and if he have several\\ndwellings, that he sort them so, that what he\\nwanteth in the one he may find in the other.\\nLucullus answered Pompey well, who, when he\\nsaw his stately galleries and rooms so large and\\nlightsome, in one of his houses, said: Surely\\nan excellent place for summer, but how do\\nyou in winter? Lucullus answered, Why,\\ndo you not think me as wise as some fowls are,\\nthat ever change their abode toward the\\nwinter?\\nTo pass from the seat to the house itself,\\nwe will do as Cicero doth in the orator s art,\\nwho writes books De Oratore, and a book he\\nentitles Orator whereof the former delivers the\\nprecepts of the art, and the latter the perfection.\\nWe will therefore describe a princely palace,\\nmaking a brief model thereof; for it is strange\\nto see, now in Europe, such huge buildings as\\nthe Vatican and Escurial, and some others\\nbe, and yet scarce a very fair room in them.\\nFirst, therefore, I say, you cannot have a\\nperfect palace, except you have two several\\nsides; a side for the Banquet, as is spoken of\\nin the book of Esther, and a side for the\\nhousehold; the one for feasts and triumphs,\\nand the other for dwelling. I understand both\\nthese sides to be not only returns, but parts of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 167\\nthe front and to be uniform without, though\\nseverally partitioned within and to be on both\\nsides of a great and stately tower in the midst\\nof the front, that as it were joineth them\\ntogether on either hand. I would have, on\\nthe side of the banquet in front, one only\\ngoodly room above stairs, of some forty foot\\nhigh and under it a room for a dressing or\\npreparing place, at times of triumphs. On\\nthe other side, which is the household side, I\\nwish it divided at the first into a hall and a\\nchapel, with a partition between, both of good\\nstate and bigness; and those not to go all the\\nlength, but to have at the further end a winter\\nand a summer parlor, both fair; and under\\nthese rooms a fair and large cellar sunk under\\nground: and likewise some privy kitchens,\\nwith butteries and pantries, and the like. As\\nfor the tower, I would have it two stories, of\\neighteen foot high apiece above the two wings;\\nand a goodly leads upon the top, railed with\\nstatues interposed and the same tower to be\\ndivided into rooms, as shall be thought fit.\\nThe stairs likewise to the upper rooms, let\\nthem be upon a fair open newel, and finely\\nrailed in with images of wood cast into a brass\\ncolor; and a very fair landing-place at the top.\\nBut this to be, if you do not point any of the\\nlower rooms for a dining-place of servants; for\\notherwise, you shall have the servants* dinner\\nafter your own for the steam of it will come\\nup as in a tunnel. And so much for the front:\\nonly I understand the height of the first stairs", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "168 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nto be sixteen foot, which is the height of the\\nlower room.\\nBeyond this front is there to be a fair court,\\nbut three sides of it of a far lower building\\nthan the front; and in all the four corners of\\nthat court fair staircases, cast into turrets on\\nthe outside, and not within the row of build-\\nings themselves but those towers are not to\\nbe of the height of the front, but rather pro-\\nportionable to the lower building. Let the\\ncourt not be paved, for that striketh up a\\ngreat heat in summer, and much cold in win-\\nter: but only some side alleys with a cross\\nand the quarters to graze, being kept shorn,\\nbut not too near shorn. The row of return\\non the banquet side, let it be all stately gal-\\nleries: in which galleries let there be three or\\nfive fine cupolas in the length of it, placed at\\nequal distance, and fine colored windows of\\nseveral works on the household side, chambers\\nof presence and ordinary entertainments, with\\nsome bed-chambers: and let all three sides\\nbe a double house, without thorough lights on\\nthe sides, that you may have rooms from the\\nsun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it\\nalso, that you may have rooms both for sum-\\nmer and winter; shady for summer, and warm\\nfor winter. You shall have sometimes fair\\nhouses so full of glass, that one cannot tell\\nwhere to become to be out of the sun or cold.\\nFor inbowed windows, I hold them of good\\nuse (in cities, indeed, upright do better, in\\nrespect of the uniformity toward the street)\\nfor they be pretty retiring places for confer-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 169\\nence; and besides, they keep both the wind\\nand sun off for that which would strike almost\\nthrough the room doth scarce pass the win-\\ndow: but let them be but few, four in the\\ncourt, on the sides only.\\nBeyond this court, let there be an inward\\ncourt, of the same square and height, which\\nis to be environed with the garden on all sides;\\nand in the inside, cloistered on all sides upon\\ndecent and beautiful arches, as high as the first\\nstory: on the under story toward the garden,\\nlet it be turned to grotto, or place of shade, or\\nestivation: and only have opening and win-\\ndows toward the garden, and be level upon the\\nfloor, no whit sunk under ground, to avoid all\\ndampishness: and let there be a fountain, or\\nsome fair work of statues in the midst of this\\ncourt, and to be paved as the other court was.\\nThese buildings to be for privy lodgings on\\nboth sides, and the end for privy galleries\\nwhereof you must foresee that one of them be\\nfor an infirmary, if the prince or any special\\npersons should be sick, with chambers, bed-\\nchamber, anticamera, and recamera, join-\\ning to it thus upon the second story. Upon\\nthe ground story, a fair gallery, open, upon\\npillars; and upon the third story, likewise an\\nopen gallery upon pillars, to take the prospect\\nand freshness of the garden. At both corners\\nof the further side, by way of return, let there\\nbe two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily\\npaved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline\\nglass, and a rich cupola in the midst; and all\\nother elegancy that can be thought ur on. In\\n12 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "170 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe tipper gallery, too, I wish that there may\\nbe, if the place will yield it, some fountains\\nrunning in divers places from the wall, with\\nsome fine avoidances. And thus much for the\\nmodel of the palace; save that you must have,\\nbefore you come to the front, three courts; a\\ngreen court plain, with a wall about it; a second\\ncourt of the same, but more garnished with\\nlittle turrets, or rather embellishments, upon\\nthe wall and a third court, to make a square\\nwith the front, but not to be built, nor yet\\nenclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with\\nterraces leaded aloft, and fairly garnished on\\nthe three sides; and cloistered on the inside\\nwith pillars, and not with arches below. As\\nfor offices, let them stand at distance, with\\nsome low galleries to pass from them to the\\npalace itself.\\nXLVL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF GARDENS.\\nGod Almighty first planted a garden and,\\nindeed it is the purest of human pleasures; it\\nis the greatest refreshment to the spirits of\\nman without which buildings and palaces are\\nbut gross handiworks; and a man shall ever\\nsee, that, when ages grow to civility and ele-\\ngancy, men come to build stately, sooner\\nthan to garden finely; as if gardening were\\nthe greater perfection. I do hold it in the\\nroyal ordering of gardens, there ought to be\\ngardens for all the months in the year, in\\nwhich, severally, things of beauty may be then\\nin season. For December, and January, and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 171\\nthe latter part of November, you must take\\nsuch things as are green all winter: holly, ivy,\\nbays, juniper, cypress-tree, yew, pineapple-\\ntrees; fir-trees, rosemary, lavender; periwin-\\nkle, the white, the purple, and the blue; ger-\\nmander, flags, orange-trees, lemon-trees, and\\nmyrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet majoram,\\nwarm set. There followeth, for the latter\\npart of January and February, the mezereon-\\ntree which then blossoms: crocus vernus, both\\nthe yellow and the gray; primroses, anemo-\\nnes, the early tulip, the hyacinthus orientalis,\\nchamairis fritellaria. For March, there comes\\nviolets, especially the single blue, which are\\nthe earliest the yellow daffodil, the daisy, the\\nalmond-tree in blossom, the peach-tree in blos-\\nsom, the cornelian-tree in blossom, sweet-briar.\\nIn April follow the double white violet, the\\nwall-flower, the stock-gilliflower, the cowslip,\\nflower-de-luces, and lilies of all natures; rose-\\nmary-flowers, the tulip, the double peony, the\\npale daffodil, the French honeysuckle, the\\ncherry-tree in blossom, the damascene and\\nplum-trees in blossom, the white thorn in\\nleaf, the lilac-tree. In May and June come\\npinks of all sorts, specially the blush-pink;\\nroses of all kinds, except the musk, which\\ncomes later; honeysuckles, strawberries, bu-\\ngloss, columbine, the French marigold, flos\\nAfricanns, cherry-tree in fruit, ribes, figs in\\nfruit, rasp, vine-flowers, lavender in flowers,\\nthe sweet satyrian, with the white flower;\\nherba muscaria, lilium convallium, the apple-\\ntree in blossom. In July come gilliflowers of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "172 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nall varieties, musk-rcses, the lime-tree in blos-\\nsom, early pears, and plums in fruit, genitings,\\ncodlins. In August come plums of all sorts\\nin fruit, pears, apricots, barberries, filberts,\\nmusk-melons, monks-hoods of all colors. In\\nSeptember come grapes, apples, poppies of all\\ncolors, jpeaches, melocotones, nectarines, cor-\\nnelians, wardens, quinces. In October, and\\nthe beginning of November come services,\\nmedlars, bullaces, roses cut or removed to\\ncome late, holly-oaks, and such like. These\\nparticulars are for the climate of London but\\nmy meaning is perceived, that you may have\\nVer perpetuum, as the place affords.\\nAnd because the breath of flowers is far\\nsweeter in the air (where it comes and goes,\\nlike the warbling of music), than in the hand,\\ntherefore nothing is more fit for that delight,\\nthan to know what be the flowers and plants\\nthat do best perfume the air. Roses, damask\\nand red, are fast flowers of their smells; so\\nthat you may walk by a whole row of them,\\nand find nothing of their sweetness: yea,\\nthough it be in a morning s dew. Bays, like-\\nwise, yield no smell as they grow, rosemary\\nlittle, nor sweet majoram; that which, above\\nall others, yields the sweetest smell in the air,\\nis the violet, especially the white double vio-\\nlet, which comes twice a year, about the mid-\\ndle of April, and about Bartholomew tide.\\nNext to that is the musk-rose; then the straw-\\nberry leaves dying, with a most excellent cor-\\ndial smell then the flowers of the vines, it is\\na little dust like the dust of a bent, which", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 173\\ngrows upon the cluster in the first coming\\nforth; then sweet-briar, then wall-flowers,\\nwhich are very delightful to be set upon a par-\\nlor or lower chamber window then pinks and\\ngilliflowers, especially the matted pink and\\nclove gilliflower then the flowers of the lime-\\ntree then the honeysuckles, so they be some-\\nwhat afar off. Of bean-flowers I speak not,\\nbecause they are field flowers; but those which\\nperfume the air most delightfully, not passed\\nby as the rest, but being trodden upon and\\ncrushed, are there; that is, burnet, wild thyme,\\nand water- mints; therefore you are to set\\nwhole alleys of them, to have the pleasure\\nwhen you walk or tread.\\nFor gardens (speaking of those which are in-\\ndeed prince-like, as we have done of buildings)\\nthe contents ought not well to be under thirty\\nacres of ground, and to be divided into three\\nparts; a green in the entrance, a heath, or\\ndesert, in the going forth, and the main gar-\\nden in the midst, besides alleys on both sides\\nand I like well that four acres of ground be\\nassigned to the green, six to the heath, four\\nand four to either side, and twelve to the main\\ngarden. The green hath two pleasures: the\\none, because nothing is more pleasant to the\\neye than green grass kept finely shorn the\\nother, because it will give you a fair alley in\\nthe midst, by which you may go in front upon\\na stately hedge, which is to enclose the garden\\nbut because the alley will be long, and in\\ngreat heat of the year, or day, you ought not\\nto buy the shade in the garden by going in the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "174 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nsun through the green, therefore you are, of\\neither side the green, to plant a covert alley,\\nupon carpenter s work, about twelve foot in\\nheight, by which you may go in shade into the\\ngarden. As for the making of knots, or fig-\\nures, with divers colored earths, that they may\\nlie under the windows of the house on that\\nside which the garden stands, they be but toys;\\nyou may see as good sights many times in tarts.\\nThe garden is best to be square, encompassed\\non all the four sides with a stately arched\\nhedge, the arches to be upon pillars of carpen-\\nter s work, of some ten foot high, and six foot\\nbroad, and the spaces between of the same\\ndimension with the breadth of the arch. Over\\nthe arches let there be an entire hedge of\\nsome four foot high, framed also upon carpen-\\nter s work and upon the upper hedge, over\\nevery arch, a little turret, with a belly enough\\nto receive a cage of birds: and over every\\nspace between the arches some other little fig-\\nure, with broad plates of round colored glass\\ngilt, for the sun to play upon but this hedge,\\nI intend to be raised upon a bank, not steep\\nbut gently slope, of some six foot, set all with\\nflowers. Also I understand, that this square\\nof the garden should not be the whole breadth\\nof the ground, but to leave on either side\\nground enough for diversity of side alleys, unto\\nwhich the two covert alleys of the green may\\ndeliver you, but there must be no alleys with\\nhedges at either end of this great enclosure;\\nnot at the hither end, for letting your prospect\\nupon this fair hedge from the green; nor at the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 175\\nfurther end, for letting your prospect from\\nthe hedge through the arches upon heath.\\nFor the ordering of the ground within the\\ngreat hedge, I leave it to variety of device\\nadvising, nevertheless, that whatsoever form\\nyou cast it into first, it be not too bushy, or\\nfull of work: wherein I, for my part, do not\\nlike images cut out in juniper or other garden\\nstuff; they be for children. Little low hedges,\\nround like wells, with some pretty pyramids, I\\nlike well and in some places fair columns,\\nupon frames of carpenter s work. I would\\nalso have the alleys spacious and fair. You\\nmay have closer alleys upon the side grounds,\\nbut none in the main garden. I wish also, in\\nthe very middle, a fair mount, with three\\nascents and alleys, enough for four to walk\\nabreast; which I would have to be perfect cir-\\ncles, without any bulwarks or embossments;\\nand the whole mount to be thirty foot high,\\nand some fine banqueting-house with some\\nchimneys neatly cast, and without too much\\nglass.\\nFor fountains, they are a great beauty\\nand refreshment; but pools mar all, and\\nmake the garden unwholesome and full of\\nflies and frogs. Fountains I intend to be of\\ntwo natures: the one that sprinkleth or\\nspouteth water: the other a fair receipt of\\nwater, of some thirty or forty foot square, but\\nwithout fish, or slime, or mud. For the first,\\nthe ornaments of images, gilt or of marble,\\nwhich are in use, do well: but the main mat-\\nter is so to convey the water, as it never stay,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "176 BACON S ESSAYS.\\neither in the bowls or in the cistern: that the\\nwater be never by rest discolored green, or\\nred, or the like, or gather any mossiness or pu-\\ntrefaction; besides that, it is to be cleaned\\nevery day by the hand also some steps up to\\nit, and some fine pavement about it doth well.\\nAs for the other kind of fountain, which we\\nmay call a bathing-pool, it may admit much\\ncuriosity and beauty, wherewith we will not\\ntrouble ourselves: as, that the bottom be finely\\npaved, and w r ith images: the sides, likewise;\\nand withal embellished with colored glass, and\\nsuch things of lustre encompassed also with\\nfine rails of low statures: but the main point\\nis the same which we mentioned in the former\\nkind of fountain which is, that the water be\\nin perpetual motion, fed by a water higher\\nthan the pool, and delivered into it by fair\\nspouts, and then discharged away under ground\\nby some equality of bores, that it stay little\\nand for fine devices, of arching waters without\\nspilling, and making it rise in several forms\\n(of feathers, drinking-glasses, canopies, and\\nthe like) they be pretty things to look upon,\\nbut nothing to health and sweetness.\\nFor the heath, which was the third part of\\nour plot, I wish it to be framed as much as\\nmay be to a natural wildness. Trees I would\\nhave none in it, but some thickets made only of\\nsweet-briar and honeysuckle, and some wild\\nvine amongst; and the ground set with violets,\\nstrawberries, and primroses; for these are\\nsweet, and prosper in the shade; and these to\\nbe in the heath here and there, not in any or-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 177\\nder. I like also little heaps, in the nature of\\nmole-hills (such as are in wild heaths), to be\\nset, some with wild thyme, some with pinks,\\nsome with germander, that gives a good flow-\\ner to the eye; some with periwinkle, some\\nwith violets, some with strawberries; some\\nwith cowslips, some with daisies, some with\\nred roses, some with lilium convallium, some\\nwith sweet- Williams red, some with bear s\\nfoot, and the like low flowers, being withal\\nsweet and sightly; part of which heaps to be\\nwith standards of little bushes pricked upon\\ntheir top, and part without the standards to\\nbe roses, juniper, holly, barberries (but here\\nand there, because of the smell of their blos-\\nsoms), red currants, gooseberries, rosemary,\\nbays, sweet-briar, and such like: but these\\nstandards to be kept with cutting that they\\ngrow not out of course.\\nFor the side grounds, you are to fill them\\nwith variety of alleys, private, to give a full\\nshade; some of them, wheresoever the sun be.\\nYou are to frame some of them likewise for\\nshelter, that when the wind blows sharp, you\\nmay walk as in a gallery: and those alleys\\nmust be likewise hedged at both ends, to keep\\nout the wind; and these closer alleys must be\\never finely graveled, and no grass, because of\\ngoing wet. In many of these alleys, likewise,\\nyou are to set fruit-trees of all sorts, as well\\nupon the walls as in ranges, and this should be\\ngenerally observed, that the borders wherein\\nyou plant your fruit-trees be fair, and large,\\nand low, and not steep; and set with fine flow-\\n12 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "178 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ners, but thin and sparingly lest they deceive\\nthe trees. At the end of both the side grounds\\nI would have a mount of some pretty height,\\nleaving the wall of the enclosure breast-high,\\nto look abroad into the fields.\\nFor the main garden I do not deny but there\\nshould be some fair alleys ranged on both\\nsides, with fruit-trees, and some pretty tufts of\\nfruit-trees and arbors with seats, set in some\\ndecent order; but these to be by no means set\\ntoo thick, but to leave the main garden so as\\nit be not close, but the air open and free. For\\nas for shade, I would have you rest upon the\\nalleys of the side grounds, there to walk, if\\nyou be disposed, in the heat of the year or\\nday but to make account that the main gar-\\nden is for the more temperate parts of the\\nyear, and, in the heat of summer for the morn-\\ning and the evening or overcast days.\\nFor aviaries, I like them not, except they\\nbe of that largeness as they may be turfted,\\nand have living plants and bushes set in them;\\nthat the birds may have more scope and natu-\\nral nesting, and that no foulness appear in the\\nfloor of the aviary. So I have made a plat-\\nform of a princely garden, partly by precept,\\npartly by drawing; not a model, but some gen-\\neral lines of it and in this I have spared for\\nno cost but it is nothing for great princes,\\nthat for the most part taking advice with work-\\nmen with no less cost set their things together,\\nand sometimes add statues and such things,\\nfor state and magnificence, but nothing to the\\ntrue pleasure of a garden.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 179\\nXLVIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF NEGOTIATING.\\nIt is generally better to deal by speech than\\nby letter, and by the mediation of a third than\\nby a man s self. Letters are good, when a\\nman would draw an answer by letter back\\nagain; or when it may serve for a man s justi-\\nfication afterward to produce his own letter;\\nor where it may be danger to be interrupted,\\nor heard by pieces. To deal in person is good,\\nwhen a man s face breedeth regard, as com-\\nmonly with inferiors; or in tender cases when\\na man s eye upon the countenance of him with\\nwhom, he speaketh, may give him a direction\\nhow far to go and generally where a man will\\nreserve to himself liberty, either to disavow or\\nto expound. In choice of instruments, it is\\nbetter to choose men of a plainer sort, that are\\nlike to do that, that is committed to them, and\\nto report back again faithfully the success, than\\nthose that are cunning to contrive out of other\\nmen s business somewhat to grace themselves,\\nand will help the matter in report, for satisfac-\\ntion sake. Use also such persons as affect the\\nbusiness wherein they are employed, for that\\nquickeneth much and such as are fit for the\\nmatter, as bold men for expostulation, fair-\\nspoken men for persuasion, crafty men for in-\\nquiry and observation, froward and absurd men\\nfor business that doth not well bear out itself.\\nUse also such as have been lucky and prevailed\\nbefore in things wherein you have employed\\nthem for that breeds confidence, and they will\\nstrive to maintain their prescription. It is", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "180 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbetter to sound a person with whom one deals\\nafar off than to fall upon the point at first, ex-\\ncept you mean to surprise him by some short\\nquestion. It is better dealing with men in\\nappetite, than with those that are where they\\nwould be. If a man deal with another upon\\nconditions, the start of first performance is all:\\nwhich a man cannot reasonably demand, except\\neither the nature of the thing be such, which\\nmust go before or else a man can persuade\\nthe other party, that he shall still need him in\\nsome other thing; or else that he be counted\\nthe honester man. All practice is to discover,\\nor to work. Men discover themselves in trust,\\nin passion, at unawares; and of necessity,\\nwhen they would have somewhat done, and\\ncannot find an apt pretext. If you would work\\nany man, you must either know his nature and\\nfashions, and so lead him or his ends, and so\\npersuade him or his weakness and disadvan-\\ntages, and so awe him, or those that have\\ninterest in him, and so govern him. In deal-\\ning with cunning persons, we must ever con-\\nsider their ends, to interpret their speeches\\nand it is good to say little to them, and that\\nwhich they least look for. In all negotiations\\nof difficulty, a man may not look to sow and\\nreap at once but must prepare business, and\\nso ripen it by degrees.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 181\\nXLVIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FOLLOWERS AND\\nFRIENDS.\\nCostly followers are not to be liked; lest\\nwhile a man maketh his train longer, he make\\nhis wings shorter. I reckon to be costly, not\\nthem alone which charge the purse, but\\nwhich are wearisome and importune in suits.\\nOrdinary followers ought to challenge no\\nhigher conditions than countenance, recom-\\nmendation, and protection from wrongs. Fac-\\ntious followers are worse to be liked, which\\nfollow not upon affection to him with whom\\nthey range themselves, but upon discontent-\\nment conceived against some other; where-\\nupon commonly ensueth that ill intelligence,\\nthat we many times see between great person-\\nages. Likewise glorious followers, who make\\nthemselves as trumpets of the commendation\\nof those they follow, are full of inconveniences,\\nfor they taint business through want of secrecy\\nand they export honor from a man and make\\nhim a return in envy. There is a kind of fol-\\nlowers, likewise, which are dangerous, being\\nindeed espials; which inquire the secrets of the\\nhouse, and bear tales of them to others; yet\\nsuch men, many times, are in great favor; for\\nthey are officious, and commonly exchange\\ntales. The following by certain estates of\\nmen answerable to that which a great person\\nhimself prof esse th (as of soldiers to him that\\nhath been employed in the wars, and the like)\\nhath ever been a thing civil and well taken\\neven in monarchies, so it be without too much", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "182 BACON S ESSAYS.\\npomp or popularity, but the most honorable\\nkind of following, is to be followed as one that\\napprehendeth to advance virtue and desert in all\\nsorts of persons; and yet where there is no\\neminent odds in sufficiency it is better to take\\nwith the more passable, than w r ith the more\\nable and besides, to speak truth in base times,\\nactive men are of more use than virtuous. It\\nis true, that in government, it is good to use\\nmen of one rank equally for to countenance\\nsome extraordinary, is to make them insolent\\nand the rest discontent; because they may\\nclaim a due but contrariwise in favor, to use\\nmen with much difference and election is good\\nfor it maketh the persons preferred more\\nthankful, and the rest more officious because\\nall is of favor. It is good discretion not to\\nmake too much of any man at the first because\\none cannot hold out that proportion. To be\\ngoverned (as we call it) by one, is not safe\\nfor it shows softness, and gives a freedom to\\nscandal and disreputation for those that would\\nnot censure, or speak ill of a man immediately,\\nwill talk more boldly of those that are so great\\nwith them, and thereby wound their honor;\\nyet to be distracted with many, is worse; for\\nit makes men to be of the last impression, and\\nfull of change. To take advice of some few\\nfriends is over honorable; for lookers-on many\\ntimes see more than gamesters: and the vale\\nbest discovereth the hill. There is little\\nfriendship in the world, and least of all between\\nequals, which was wont to be magnified.\\nThat that is, is between superior and inferior", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 183\\nwhose fortunes may comprehend the one the\\nother.\\nXLIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SUITORS.\\nMany ill matters and projects are under-\\ntaken; and private suits do putrefy the public\\ngood. Many good matters are undertaken\\nwith bad minds; I mean not only corrupt\\nminds, but crafty minds; that intend not per-\\nformance. Some embrace suits, which never\\nmean to deal effectually in them but if they\\nsee there may be life in the matter, by some\\nother means they will be content to win a\\nthank, or take a second reward, or at least, to\\nmake use in the meantime of the suitor s\\nhopes. Some take hold of suits only for an\\noccasion to cross some other, or to make an\\ninformation, whereof they could not otherwise\\nhave apt pretext, without care what become\\nof the suit when that turn is served; or, gen-\\nerally to make other men s business a kind of\\nentertainment to bring in their own: nay,\\nsome undertake suits with a full purpose to let\\nthem fall to the end to gratify the adverse\\nparty, or competitor. Surely there is in some\\nsort a right in every suit; either a right of\\nequity, if it be a suit of controversy, or a right\\nof desert, if it be a suit of petition. If affec-\\ntion lead a man to favor the wrong side in just-\\nice, let him rather use his countenance to com-\\npound the matter than to carry it. If affection\\nlead a man to favor the less worthy in desert,\\nlet him do it without depraving or disabling", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "184 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe better deserver. In suits which a man\\ndoth not well understand, it is good to refer\\nthem to some friend of trust and judgment,\\nthat may report w r hether he may deal in them\\nwith honor: but let him choose well his refer-\\nendaries, for else he may be led by the nose.\\nSuitors are so distasted with delays and abuses\\nthat plain dealing in denying to deal in suits\\nat first, and reporting the success barely, and\\nin challenging no more thanks than one hath\\ndeserved, is grown not only honorable but also\\ngracious. In suits of favor, the first coming\\nout to take little place so far forth considera-\\ntion may be had of his trust, that if intelligence\\nof the matters could not otherwise have been\\nhad but by him, advantage be not taken of the\\nnote, but the party left to his other means;\\nand in some sort recompensed for his discovery.\\nTo be ignorant of the value of a suit, is sim-\\nplicity; as well as to be ignorant of the right\\nthereof, is want of conscience. Secrecy in\\nsuits is a great mean of obtaining; for voicing\\nthem to be in forwardness may discourage some\\nkind of suitors; but doth quicken and awake\\nothers: but timing of the suit is the principal;\\ntiming I say not only in respect of the person\\nthat should grant it, but in respect of those\\nwhich are like to cross it. Let a man, in the\\nchoice of his mean, rather choose the fittest\\nmean, than the greatest mean; and rather\\nthem that deal in certain things, than those\\nthat are general. The reparation of a denial\\nis sometimes equal to the first grant, if a man\\nshow himself neither dejected nor discontented.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 185\\nIniquum petas, ut aequum feras, M is a good\\nrule, where a man hath strength of favor; but\\notherwise a man were better rise in his suit\\nfor he that would have ventured at first to have\\nlost the suitor, will not, in the conclusion, lose\\nboth the suitor and his own former favor.\\nNothing is thought so easy a request to a great\\nperson, as his letter; and yet, if it be not in a\\ngood cause, it is so much out of his reputation.\\nThere are no worse instruments than these\\ngeneral contrivers of suits for they are but a\\nkind of poison and infection to public proceed-\\nings.\\nL.\u00e2\u0080\u0094OF STUDIES.\\nStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and\\nfor ability. Their chief use for delight, is in\\nprivateness and retiring: for ornament, is in\\ndiscourse and for ability, is in the judgment\\nand disposition of business; for expert men\\ncan execute, and perhaps judge of particulars,\\none by one but the general counsels, and the\\nplots and marshaling of affairs come best from\\nthose that are learned. To spend too much\\ntime in stories is sloth: to use them too much\\nfor ornament, is affectation; to make judg-\\nment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a\\nscholar: they perfect nature, and are perfected\\nby experience: for natural abilities are like\\nnatural plants, that need pruning by study;\\nand studies themselves do give forth directions\\ntoo much at large, except they be bounded in\\nby experience. Crafty men contemn studies,\\nsimple men admire them, and wise men use", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "186 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthem for they teach not their own use but\\nthat is a wisdom; without them and above\\nthem, won by observation. Read not to con-\\ntradict and confute, nor to believe and take for\\ngranted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to\\nweigh and consider. Some books are to be\\ntasted, others to be swallowed, and some few\\nto be chewed and digested that is, some books\\nare to be read only in parts others to be read\\nbut not curiously and some few to be read\\nwholly, and with diligence and attention.\\nSome books also may be read by deputy, and\\nextracts made of them by others; but that\\nwould be only in the less important arguments\\nand the meaner sort of books; else distilled\\nbooks are, like common distilled waters, flashy\\nthings. Reading maketh a full man confer-\\nence a ready man and writing an exact man\\nand, therefore, if a man write little, he had\\nneed have a great memory; if he confer little,\\nhe had need have a present wit; and if he read\\nlittle, he need have much cunning, to seem to\\nknow that he doth not. Histories make men\\nwise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile;\\nnatural philosophy, deep moral, grave logic\\nand rhetoric, able to contend Abeunt studia\\nin mores, nay, there is no stand or impedi-\\nment in the wit, but may be wrought out by\\nfit studies: like as diseases of the body may\\nhave appropriate exercises; bowling is good,\\nfor the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs\\nand breast, gentle walking for the stomach,\\nriding for the head and the like; so if a man s\\nwit be wandering, let him study the mathe-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 187\\nmatics; for in demonstrations, his wit be\\ncalled away never so little, he must begin\\nagain if his wit be not apt to distinguish or\\nfind difference, let him study the schoolmen\\nfor they are Cymini sectores. If he be not\\napt to beat over matters and to call up one\\nthing to prove and illustrate another, let him\\nstudy the lawyers cases: so every defect of the\\nmind may have a special receipt.\\nLI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FACTION.\\nMany have an opinion not wise, that for a\\nprince to govern his estate, or for a great per-\\nson to govern his proceedings, according to the\\nrespect of factions, is a principal part of policy\\nwhereas, contrariwise, the chiefest wisdom is\\neither, in ordering those things which are gen-\\neral, and wherein men of several factions do\\nnevertheless agree, or in dealing with corres-\\npondence to particular persons, one by one\\nbut I say not, that the consideration of factions\\nis to be neglected. Mean men in their rising\\nmust adhere; but great men that have strength\\nin themselves, were better to maintain them-\\nselves indifferent and neutral: yet even in\\nbeginners, to adhere so moderately, as he be\\na man of the one faction, which is most pas-\\nsable with the other, commonly giveth best\\nway. The lower and weaker faction is the\\nfirmer in conjunction; and it is often seen, that\\na few that are stiff, do tire out a great number\\nthat are more moderate. When one of the\\nfactions is extinguished, the remaining subdi-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "188 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nvideth; as the faction between Lucullus and\\nthe rest of the nobles of the senate (which\\nthey called opti mates held out a while\\nagainst the faction of Pompey and Caesar but\\nwhen the senate s authority was pulled down,\\nCaesar and Pompey soon after brake. The\\nfaction or party of Antonius and Octavianus\\nCaesar, against Brutus and Cassius, held out\\nlikewise for a time but when Brutus and Cas-\\nsius were overthrown, then soon after Antonius\\nand Octavianus brake and subdivided. These\\nexamples are of wars, but the same holdeth\\nin private factions: and therefore, those that\\nare seconds in factions, do many times, when\\nthe faction subdivideth, prove principals; but\\nmany times also they prove ciphers and cash-\\niered; for many a man s strength is in opposi-\\ntion; and when that faileth, he groweth out of\\nuse. It is commonly seen, that men once\\nplaced, take in with the contrary faction to\\nthat by which they enter; thinking, belike,\\nthat they have the first sure, and now are\\nready for a new purchase. The traitor in fac-\\ntion lightly goeth away with it, for when mat-\\nters have stuck long in balancing, the winning\\nof some one man casteth them, and he getteth\\nall the thanks. The even carriage between\\ntwo factions proceedeth not always of modera-\\ntion, but of a trueness to a man s self, with end\\nto make use of both. Certainly, in Italy, they\\nhold it a little suspect in popes, when they\\nhave often in their mouth Padre comune:\\nand take it to be a sign of one that meaneth to\\nrefer all to the greatness of his own house.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 189\\nKings had need beware how they side them-\\nselves and made themselves as of a faction or\\nparty; for leagues within the state are ever\\npernicious to monarchies; for they raise an\\nobligation paramount to obligation of sov-\\nereignty, and make the king tanquam unus\\nex nobis; as was to be seen in the League of\\nFrance. When factions are carried too high\\nand too violently, it is a sign of weakness in\\nprinces, and much to the prejudice both of\\ntheir authority and business. The motions of\\nfactions under kings ought to be like the mo-\\ntions (as the astronomers speak) of the inferior\\norbs, which may have their proper motions,\\nbut yet still are quietly carried by the higher\\nmotion of primum mobile.\\nLIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF CEREMONIES AND RESPECTS.\\nHe that is only real, had need have exceed-\\ning great parts of virtue; as the stone had\\nneed to be rich that is set without foil but if a\\nman mark it well, it is in praise and commen-\\ndation of men, as it is in gettings and gains:\\nfor the proverb is true, That light gains make\\nheavy purses M for light gains come thick,\\nwhereas great come but now and then: so it is\\ntrue, that small matters win great commenda-\\ntion, because they are continually in use and\\nin note: whereas the occasion of any great\\nvirtue cometh but on festivals therefore it doth\\nmuch add to a man s reputation, and is (as\\nQueen Isabella said) like perpetual letters com-\\nmendatory, to have good forms; to attain", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "190 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthem, it almost sufficeth not to despise them;\\nfor so shall a man observe them in others;\\nand let him trust himself with the rest for if\\nhe labor too much to express them, he shall\\nlose their grace which is to be natural and\\nunaffected. Some men s behavior is like a\\nverse, wherein every syllable is measured;\\nhow can a man comprehend great matters,\\nthat breaketh his mind too much to small\\nobservations? Not to use ceremonies at all is\\nto teach others not to use them again and so\\ndiminisheth respect to himself; Especially they\\nbe not to be omitted to strangers and formal\\nnatures: but the dwelling upon them, and\\nexalting them above the moon, is not only\\ntedious, but doth diminish the faith and credit\\nof him that speaks; and, certainly, there is a\\nkind of conveying of effectual and imprinting\\npassages amongst compliments, which is of\\nsingular use, if a man can hit upon it.\\nAmongst a man s peers, a man shall be sure of\\nfamiliarity; and therefore, it is good a little to\\nkeep state; amongst a man s inferiors, one\\nshall be sure of reverence and therefore it is\\ngood a little to be familiar. He that is too\\nmuch in anything, so that he giveth another\\noccasion of satiety, maketh himself cheap. To\\napply one s self to others is good; so it be with\\ndemonstration, that a man doth it upon regard,\\nand not upon facility. It is a good precept,\\ngenerally in seconding another, yet to add\\nsomewhat of one s own: as if you will grant\\nhis opinion, let it be with some distinction; if\\nyou will follow his motion, let it be with con-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 191\\ndition if you allow his counsel, let it be with\\nalleging further reason. Men had need beware\\nhow they be too perfect in compliments for\\nthey be never so sufficient otherwise, their\\nenviers will be sure to give them that attribuie,\\nto the disadvantage of their greater virtues.\\nIt is loss also in business to be too full of\\nrespects, or to be too curious in observing times\\nand opportunities. Solomon saith, He that\\nconsidereth the wind shall not sow, and he that\\nlooketh to the clouds shall not reap. A\\nwise man will make more opportunities than\\nhe finds. Men s behavior should be like their\\napparel, not too straight or point device, but\\nfree for exercise or motion.\\nLIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF PRAISE.\\nPraise is the reflection of virtue but it is\\nglass, or body, which giveth the reflection. If\\nit be from the common people, it is commonly\\nfalse and naught, and rather followeth vain\\npersons than virtuous; for the common people\\nunderstand not many excellent virtues: the\\nlowest virtues draw praise from them, the\\nmiddle virtues work in them astonishment or\\nadmiration; but of the highest virtues they\\nhave no sense or perceiving at all; but shows\\nand species virtutibus similes, serve best\\nwith them. Certainly, fame is like a river,\\nthat beareth up things light and swollen, and\\ndrowns things weighty and solid; but if per-\\nsons of quality and judgment concur, then it\\nis (as the Scripture saith), Nomen bonum", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "192 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ninstar unguenti fragrantis: it filleth all round\\nabout, and will not easily away for the odors\\nof ointments are more durable than those of\\nflowers. There be so many false points of\\npraise, that a man may justly hold it a suspect.\\nSome praises proceed merely of flattery and\\nif he be an ordinary flatterer, he will have cer-\\ntain common attributes, which may serve every\\nman if he be a cunning flatterer, he will fol-\\nlow the arch-flatterer, which is a man s self,\\nand wherein a man thinketh best of himself,\\ntherein the flatterer will uphold him most:\\nbut if he be an impudent flatterer, look wherein\\na man is conscious to himself that he is most\\ndefective, and is most out of countenance in\\nhimself, that will the flatterer entitle him to,\\nperforce, spreta conscientia. Some praises\\ncome of good wishes and respects, which is a\\nform due in civility to kings and great persons,\\nlaudando praecipere; when by telling men\\nwhat they are they represent to them what\\nthey should be; some men are praised malic-\\niously to their hurt, thereby to stir envy and\\njealously toward them; Pessimum genus\\ninimicorum laudantium; insomuch as it was\\na proverb amongst the Grecians that, he that\\nwas praised to his hurt, should have a push rise\\nupon his nose; as we say, that a blister will\\nrise upon one s tongue that tells a lie; cer-\\ntainly, moderate praise, used with opportunity,\\nand not vulgar, is that which doth the good.\\nSolomon saith, He that praiseth his friend\\naloud, rising early, it shall be to him no better\\nthan a curse. Too much magnifying of man", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "6\\nK 1 H\\n/mm\\n1 M\\nMm\\nr y\\nMl.\\n4\\nf -j^H^^,\\nA X\\n^tigfei\\nlA^gvj\\nH\\n*^\u00c2\u00a7K *4\\n8 V\\nPraise is the reflection of virtu;\\nBacon s Essays.\\nPage 19L", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 193\\nor matter doth irritate contradiction, and pro-\\ncure envy and scorn. To praise a man s self\\ncannot be decent, except it be in rare cases\\nbut to praise a man s office or profession, he\\nmay do it with good grace, and with a kind of\\nmagnanimity. The cardinals of Rome, which\\nare theologues, and friars, and schoolmen,\\nhave a praise of notable contempt and scorn\\ntoward civil business; for they call all tem-\\nporal business of wars, embassages, judica-\\nture, and other employments, sbirrerie, which\\nis tmder-sheriffries, as if they were but mat-\\nters for under-sheriffs and catchpoles though\\nmany times those under-sheriffries do more\\ngood than their high speculations. St. Paul,\\nwhen he boasts of himself, he doth oft inter-\\nlace, I speak like a fool; but speaking of his\\ncalling, he saith, Magnificabo apostolatum\\nmeum.\\nLIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF VAIN-GLORY.\\nIt was prettily devised of iEsop, the fly sat\\nupon the axle-tree of the chariot-wheel, and\\nsaid, What a dust do I raise? So are there\\nsome vain persons, that whatsoever goeth\\nalone, or moveth upon greater means, if they\\nhave never so little hand in it, they think it is\\nthey that carry it. They that are glorious must\\nneeds be factious; for all bravery stands upon\\ncomparisons. They must needs be violent to\\nmake good their own vaunts; neither can they\\nbe secret, and therefore not effectual; but\\naccording to the French proverb, 4i Beaticoup\\n13 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "194 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nde bruit, peu de fruit; much bruit, little\\nfruit. Yet, certainly, there is use of this\\nquality in civil affairs where there is an opin-\\nion and fame to be created, either of virtue or\\ngreatness, these men are good trumpeters.\\nAgain, as Titus Livius noteth, in the case of\\nAntiochus and the JEtolians, there are some-\\ntimes great effects of cross lies as if a man\\nthat negotiates between two princes, to draw\\nthem to join in a war against the third, doth\\nextol the forces of either of them above meas-\\nure, the one to the other and sometimes he\\nthat deals between man and man, raiseth his\\nown credit with both, by pretending greater\\ninterest than he hath in either; and in these,\\nand the like kinds, it often falls out, that some-\\nwhat is produced of nothing; for lies are. suf-\\nficient to breed opinion, and opinion brings on\\nsubstance. In military commanders and sol-\\ndiers, vain-glory is an essential point for as\\niron sharpens iron, so by glory, one courage\\nsharpeneth another. In cases of great enter-\\nprise upon charge and adventure, a composi-\\ntion of glorious natures doth put life into busi-\\nness and those that are of solid and sober na-\\ntures, have more of the ballast than of the sail.\\nIn fame of learning, the flight will be slow\\nwithout some feathers of ostentation: Qui\\nde contemnenda gloria libros scribunt, nomen\\nsuum inscribunt. Socrates, Aristotle, Galen,\\nwere men full of ostentation certainly, vain-\\nglory helpeth to perpetuate a man s memory;\\nand virtue was never so beholden to human\\nnature, as it received its due at the second", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 195\\nhand. Neither had the fame of Cicero, Sen-\\neca, Plinius Secundus, borne her age so well if\\nit had not been joined with some vanity in\\nthemselves; like unto varnish, that makes ceil-\\nings not only shine, but last. But all this\\nwhile, when I speak of vain-glory, I mean not\\nof that property that Tacitus doth attribute to\\nMucianus, Omnium, quae dixenat feceratque,\\narte quadam ostentator: for that proceeds not\\nof vanity, but of natural magnanimity and\\ndiscretion; and, in some persons, is not only\\ncomely, but gracious; for excusations, cessions,\\nmodesty itself, well governed, are but arts of\\nostentation and amongst those arts there is\\nnone better than that which Plinius Secundus\\nspeaketh of, which is to be liberal of praise\\nand commendation to others, in that wherein\\na man s self hath any perfection: for, saith\\nPliny very wittily, 4 In commending another,\\nyou do yourself right; for he that you com-\\nmend is either superior to you in that you com-\\nmend, or inferior: if he be inferior, if he be to\\nbe commended, you much more; if he be\\nsuperior, if he be not to be commended, you\\nmuch less. Glorious men are the scorn of\\nwise men, the admiration of fools, the idols of\\nparasites, and the slaves of their own vaunts.\\nLV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF HONOR AND REPUTATION.\\nThe winning of honor is but the revealing of\\na man s virtue and worth without disadvan-\\ntage for some in their actions do woo and\\naffect honor and reputation; which sort of\\nmen are commonly much talked of, but in-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "196 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nwardly little admired: and some, contrariwise,\\ndarken their virtue in the show of it; so as\\nthey be undervalued in opinion. If a man per-\\nform that which hath not been attempted\\nbefore, or attempted and given over, or hath\\nbeen achieved, but not with so good circum-\\nstance, he shall purchase more honor than by\\naffecting a matter of greater difficulty or vir-\\ntue, wherein he is but a follower. If a man so\\ntemper his actions, as in some one of them he\\ndoth content every faction or combination of\\npeople, the music will be the fuller. A man\\nis an ill husband of his honor that entereth\\ninto any action, the failing wherein may dis-\\ngrace him more than the carrying of it through\\ncan honor him. Honor that is gained and\\nbroken upon another hath the quickest reflec-\\ntion, like diamonds cut with facets; and, there-\\nfore, let a man contend to excel any competi-\\ntors of his in honor, in outshooting them, if he\\ncan, in their own bow. Discreet followers and\\nservants help much to reputation: Omnis\\nfama a domesticis emanat. Envy, which is\\nthe canker of honor, is best extinguished by\\ndeclaring a man s self in his ends, rather to\\nseek merit than fame: and by attributing a\\nman s successes rather to Divine providence\\nand felicity, than to his own virtue or policy.\\nThe true marshaling of the degrees of sover-\\neign honor are these: in the first place are\\nconditores imperiorum, founders of states\\nand commonwealths; such as were Romulus,\\nCyrus, Caesar, Ottoman, Ismael: in the second\\nplace are legislatores, lawgivers, which are", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 197\\nalso called second founders, or perpetui prin-\\ncipes, because they govern by their ordi-\\nnances after they are gone such were Lycur-\\ngus, Solon, Justinian, Edgar, Alphonsus of\\nCastile the Wise, that made the 4i Siete Parti-\\ndas: in the third place are 44 liberatores, or\\n44 salvatores, such as compound the long\\nmiseries of civil wars, or deliver their countries\\nfrom servitude of strangers or tyrants; as\\nAugustus Caesar, Vespasianus, Aurelianus,\\nTheodoricus, King Henry the Seventh of Eng-\\nland, King Henry the Fourth of France: in\\nthe fourth place are 44 propagatores, or pro-\\npugnatores imperii/ such as in honorable wars\\nenlarged their territories, or make noble\\ndefense against invaders; and, in the last\\nplace, are 44 patres patriae, which reign justly\\nand make the times good wherein they live\\nboth which last kinds need no examples, they\\nare in such number. Degrees of honor in sub-\\njects are, first, 44 participes curarum, those\\nupon whom princes do discharge the greatest\\nweight of their affairs; their right hands, as\\nwe call them the next are 44 duces belli/ great\\nleaders; such as are princes lieutenants, and\\ndo them notable services in the wars; the third\\nare 44 gratiosi, favorites; such as exceed not\\nthis scantling, to be solace to the sovereign,\\nand harmless to the people: and the fourth,\\n44 negotiis pares: such as have great places\\nunder princes, and execute their places with\\nsufficiency. There is an honor, likewise,\\nwhich may be ranked amongst the greatest,\\nwhich happeneth rarely; that is, of such as", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "198 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nsacrifice themselves to death or danger for the\\ngood of their country as was M. Regulus, and\\nthe two Decii.\\nLVL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF JUDICATURE.\\nJudges ought to remember that their office is\\njus dicere, and not jus dare, to interpret\\nlaw, and not to make law, or give law else\\nwill it be like the authority claimed by the\\nChurch of Rome, which, under pretext of\\nexposition of Scripture, doth not stick to add\\nand alter, and to pronounce that which they\\ndo not find, and by show of antiquity to intro-\\nduce novelty. Judges ought to be more\\nlearned than witty, more reverend than\\nplausible, and more advised than confident.\\nAbove all things, integrity is their portion and\\nproper virtue. Cursed (with the law) is he\\nthat removeth the landmark. M The mislayer\\nof a mere stone is to blame; but it is the un-\\njust judge that is the capital remover of land-\\nmarks, when he defineth amiss of lands and\\nproperty. One foul sentence doth more hurt\\nthan many foul examples; for these do but\\ncorrupt the stream, the other corrupteth the\\nfountain: so saith Solomon, Fons turbatus at\\nvena corrupta est Justus cadens in, causa sua\\ncoram adversario. The office of judges may\\nhave reference unto the parties that sue, unto\\nthe advocates that plead, unto the clerks and\\nministers of justice underneath them, and to\\nthe sovereign or state above them.\\nFirst, for the causes or parties that sue.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 199\\n44 There be (saith the Scripture) that turn\\njudgment into wormwood; and surely there\\nbe, also, that turn it into vinegar; for injustice\\nmaketh it bitter, and delays make it sour.\\nThe principal duty of a judge is to suppress\\nforce and fraud; whereof force is the more\\npernicious when it is open, and fraud when it\\nis close and disguised. Add thereto conten-\\ntious suits, which ought to be spewed out, as\\nthe surfeit of courts. A judge ought to pre-\\npare his way to a just sentence, as God useth\\nlo prepare his way, by raising valleys and\\ntaking down hills: so when there appeareth\\non either side a high hand, violent prosecution,\\ncunning advantages taken, combination,\\npower, great counsel, then is the virtue of a\\njudge seen to make inequality equal; that he\\nmay paint his judgment as upon an even\\nground. Qui fortiter emungit, elicit san-\\nguinem, and where the wine-press is hard\\nwrought, it yields a harsh wine, that tastes of\\nthe grape-stone. Judges must beware of hard\\nconstructions, and strained inferences; for\\nthere is no worse torture than the torture of\\nlaws: especially in case of laws penal, they\\nought to have care that that which was meant\\nfor terror be not turned into rigor and that\\nthey bring not upon the people, that shower\\nwhereof the Scripture speaketh, Pluet super\\neos laqueos; for penal laws, pressed, are a\\nshower of snares upon the people: therefore,\\nlet penal laws, if they have been sleepers of\\nlong, or if they be grown unfit for the present\\ntime, be by wise judges confined in the execu-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "200 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ntion: Judicis officium est, ut res, ita tempora\\nrerum, etc. In causes of life and death,\\njudges ought (as far as the law permitteth) in\\njustice to remember mercy, and to cast a\\nsevere eye upon the example, but a merciful\\neye upon the person.\\nSecondly, for the advocates and counsel that\\nplead. Patience and gravity of hearing is an\\nessential part of justice; and an overspeaking\\njudge is no well-tuned cymbal. It is no grace\\nto judge first to find that which he might have\\nheard in due time from the bar; or to show\\nquickness of conceit in cutting off evidence or\\ncounsel too short, or to prevent information by\\nquestions, though pertinent. The parts of a\\njudge in hearing are four: to direct the evi-\\ndence to moderate length, repetition, or im-\\npertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select,\\nand collate the material points of that which\\nhath been said and to give the rule, or sen-\\ntence. Whatsoever is above these is too much,\\nand proceedeth either of glory, and willingness\\nto speak, or of impatience to hear, or of short-\\nness of memory, or of want of a staid and\\nequal attention. It is a strange thing to see\\nthat the boldness of advocates should prevail\\nwith judges; whereas they should imitate God,\\nin whose seat they sit, who represseth the\\npresumptuous, and giveth grace to the modest:\\nbut it is more strange, that judges should have\\nnoted favorites, which cannot but cause multi-\\nplication of fees, and suspicion of by-ways.\\nThere is due from the judge to the advocates\\nsome commendation and gracing, where causes", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 201\\nare well handled and fair pleaded, especially\\ntoward the side which obtaineth not; for that\\nupholds in the client the reputation of his\\ncounsel, and beats down in him the conceit of\\nhis cause. There is likewise due to the public\\na civil reprehension of advocates, where there\\nappeareth cunning counsel, gross neglect,\\nslight information, indiscreet pressing, or an\\nover-bold defense; and let not the counsel at\\nthe bar chop with the judge, nor wind himself\\ninto the handling of the cause anew after the\\njudge hath declared his sentence; but, on the\\nother side, let not the judge meet the cause\\nhalf-way, nor give occasion to the party to say\\nhis counsel or proofs were not heard.\\nThirdly, for that that concerns clerks and\\nministers. The place of justice is a hallowed\\nplace; and, therefore, not only the bench, but\\nthe foot-pace and precincts, and purprise there-\\nof ought to be preserved without scandal and\\ncorruption; for, certainly, M Grapes (as the\\nScripture saith) will not be. gathered of thorns\\nor thistles; neither can justice yield her fruit\\nwith sweetness amongst the briars and bram-\\nbles of catching and polling clerks and minis-\\nters. The attendance of courts is subject to\\nfour bad instruments: first, certain persons\\nthat are sower of suits, which make the court\\nswell, and the country pine the second sort is\\nof both those that engage courts in quarrels or\\njurisdiction, and are not truly amici curiae,\\nbut parasiti curiae, in puffing a court up\\nbeyond her bounds for their own scraps and\\nadvantage the third sort is of those that may\\n14 Brecon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "202 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbe accounted the left hands of courts: persons\\nthat are full of nimble and sinister tricks and\\nshifts, whereby they pervert the plain and\\ndirect courses of courts, and bring justice into\\noblique lines and labyrinths and the fourth is\\nthe poller and exacter of fees: which justifies\\nthe common resemblance of the courts of jus-\\ntice to the bush, whereunto while the sheep\\nflies for defense in weather, he is sure to lose\\npart of his fleece. On the other side, an\\nancient clerk, skilful in precedents, wary in\\nproceeding, and understanding in the business\\nof the court, is an excellent finger of a court,\\nand doth many times point the way to the\\njudge himself.\\nFourthly, for that which may concern the\\nsovereign and estate. Judges ought, above\\nall, to remember the conclusion of the Roman\\nTwelve Tables, Salus populi suprema lex;\\nand to know that laws, except they be in order\\nto that end, are but things captious, and ora-\\ncles not well inspired: therefore, it is a happy\\nthing in a state, when kings and states do\\noften consult with judges; and again, when\\njudges do often consult with the king and state\\nthe one, when there is matter of law interven-\\nient in business of state; the other, when there\\nis some consideration of state intervenient in\\nmatter of law; for many times the things de-\\nduced to judgment may be meum and\\ntuum when the reason and consequence\\nthereof may trench to point of estate I call\\nmatter of estate, not only the parts of sover-\\neignty, but whatsoever introduceth any great", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 203\\nalteration, or dangerous precedent; or con-\\ncerneth manifestly any great portion of people\\nand let no man weakly conceive that just laws\\nand true policy have any antipathy for they\\nare like the spirits and sinews, that one moves\\nwith the other. Let judges also remember,\\nthat Solomon s throne was supported by lions\\non both sides let them be lions, but yet lions\\nunder the throne being circumspect that they\\ndo not check or oppose any points of sover-\\neignty. Let not judges also be so ignorant of\\ntheir own right, as to think there is not left to\\nthem, as a principal part of their office, a wise\\nuse and application of laws; for they may\\nremember what the apostle saith of a greater\\nlaw than theirs. Nos scimus quia lex bona\\nest, modo quis ea utatur legitime.\\nLVIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF ANGER.\\nTo seek to extinguish anger utterly is but a\\nbravery of the Stoics. We have better oracles\\nBe angry, but sin not: let not the sun go\\ndown upon your anger. Anger must be lim-\\nited and confined both in race and in time.\\nWe will speak first how the natural inclination\\nand habit, to be angry, may be tempered\\nand calmed; secondly, how the particular\\nmotions of anger may be repressed, or, at least,\\nrefrained from doing mischief thirdly, how to\\nraise anger or appease anger in another.\\nFor the first, there is no other way but to\\nmeditate and ruminate well upon the effects\\nof anger, how it troubles man s life: and the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "204 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nbest time to do this, is to look back upon\\nanger when the fit is thoroughly over. Seneca\\nsaith well, that anger is iike a ruin, which\\nbreaks itself upon that it falls. The Scripture\\nexhorteth us to possess our souls in patience;\\nwhosoever is out of patience is out of posses-\\nsion of his soul. Men must not turn bees;\\nAnimasque in vulnere ponunt.\\nAnger is certainly a kind of baseness; as it\\nappears well in the weakness of those subjects\\nin whom it reigns: children, women, old folks,\\nsick folks. Only men must beware that they\\ncarry their anger rather with scorn than with\\nfear so that they may seem rather to be above\\nthe injury than below it; which is a thing\\neasily done, if a man will give law to himself\\nin it.\\nFor the second point, the causes and motives\\nof anger are chiefly three first, to be too sen-\\nsible of hurt; for no man is angry that feels\\nnot himself hurt; and therefore tender and\\ndelicate persons must needs be oft angry, they\\nhave so many things to trouble them, which\\nmore robust natures have little sense of the\\nnext is, the apprehension and construction of\\nthe injury offered, to be, in the circum-\\nstances thereof, full of contempt for contempt\\nis that which putteth an edge upon anger, as\\nmuch, or more, than the hurt itself; and,\\ntherefore, when men are ingenious in picking\\nout circumstances of contempt, they do kindle\\ntheir anger much lastly, opinion of the touch\\nof a man s reputation doth multiply and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 205\\nsharpen anger; wherein the remedy is, that a\\nman should have, as Gonsalvo was wont to\\nsay, Telam honoris crassiorem. But in all\\nretrainings of anger, it is the best remedy to\\nwin time, and to make a man s self believe\\nthat the opportunity of his revenge is not yet\\ncome but that he foresees a time for it, and\\nso to still himself in the meantime, and re-\\nserve it.\\nTo contain anger from mischief, though it\\ntake hold of a man, there be two things\\nwhereof you must have special caution: the\\none, of extreme bitterness of words, especially\\nif they be aculeate and proper; for communia\\nmaledicta are nothing so much; and again\\nthat in anger a man reveals no secrets; for\\nthat it makes him not fit for society the other\\nthat you do not peremptorily break off in any\\nbusiness in a fit of anger; but howsoever you\\nshow bitterness, do not act anything that is\\nnot revocable.\\nFor raising and appeasing anger in another,\\nit is done chiefly by choosing of times, when\\nmen are frowardest and worst disposed to in-\\ncense them; again, by gathering (as we\\ntouched before) all that you can find out to\\naggravate the contempt; and the two remedies\\nare by the contraries the former to take good\\ntimes, when first to relate to a man an angry\\nbusiness; for the first impression is much; and\\nthe other is, to sever, as much as may be, the\\nconstruction of the injury from the point of\\ncontempt; imputing it to misunderstanding,\\nfear, passion, or what you will.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "236 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nLVIIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF VICISSITUDE OF THINGS.\\nSolomon saith, There is no new thing upon\\nthe earth so that as Plato had imagination\\nthat all knowledge was but remembrance so\\nSolomon giveth his sentence, That all nov-\\nelty is but oblivion; whereby you may see,\\nthat the river of Lethe runneth as well above\\nground as below. There is an abstruse astrol-\\noger that saith, if it were not for two things\\nthat are constant (the one is, that the fixed\\nstars ever stand at like distance one from an-\\nother, and never come nearer together, nor go\\nfurther asunder; the other, that the diurnal\\nmotion perpetually keepeth time), no indi-\\nvidual would last one moment: certain it is,\\nthat the matter is in a perpetual flux, and\\nnever at a stay. The great winding-sheets that\\nbury all things in oblivion are two; deluges\\nand earthquakes. As for conflagrations and\\ngreat droughts, they do not merely dispeople,\\nbut destroy. Phaeton s car went but a day;\\nand the three years drought in the time of\\nElias was but particular, and left people alive.\\nAs for the great burnings by lightnings, which\\nare often in the West Indies, they are but nar-\\nrow; but in the other two destructions, by del-\\nuge and earthquake, it is further to be noted,\\nthat the remnant of people which happen to be\\nreserved, are commonly ignorant and moun-\\ntainous people, that can give no account of the\\ntime past so that the oblivion is all one as if\\nnone had been left. If you consider well\\nof the people of the West Indies, it is very", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 207\\nprobable that they are a newer, or a younger\\npeople than the people of the old world and\\nit is much more likely that the destruction that\\nhath heretofore been there, was not by earth-\\nquakes (as the Egyptian priest told Solon, con-\\ncerning the island of Atlantis, that it was swal-\\nlowed by an earthquake), but rather that it\\nwas desolated by a particular deluge for earth-\\nquakes are seldom in those parts; but on the\\nother side, they have such pouring rivers, as\\nthe rivers of Asia, and Africa, and Europe, are\\nbut brooks to them. Their Andes, likewise,\\nor mountains, are far higher than those with\\nus; whereby it seems, that the remnants of\\ngeneration of men were in such a particular\\ndeluge saved. As for the observation that\\nMachiavel hath, that the jealousy of sects doth\\nmuch extinguish the memory of things; tra-\\nducing Gregory the Great, that he did what in\\nhim lay to extinguish all heathen antiquities;\\nI do not find that those zeals do any great\\neffects, nor last long; as it appeared in the\\nsuccession of Sabinian, who did revive the for-\\nmer antiquities.\\nThe vicissitude, or mutations, in the supe-\\nrior globe, are no fit matter for this present\\nargument. It may be, Plato s great year, if\\nthe world should last so long, would have some\\neffect, not in renewing the state of life indi-\\nviduals (for that is the fume of those that con-\\nceive the celestial bodies have more accurate\\ninfluences upon these things below, than in-\\ndeed they have), but in gross. Comets, out of\\nquestion, have likewise power and effect over", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "208 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthe gross and mass of things; but they are\\nrather gazed, and waited upon in their jour-\\nney, than wisely observed in their effects;\\nespecially in their respective effects; that is,\\nwhat kind of comet for magnitude, color, ver-\\nsion of the beams, placing in the region of\\nheaven, or lasting, produceth what kind of\\neffects.\\nThere is a toy, which I have heard, and I\\nwould not have it given over, but waited upon\\na little. They say it is observed in the Low\\nCountries (I know not in what part), that every\\nfive and thirty years the same kind and suit of\\nyears and weather comes about again; as great\\nfrosts, great wet, great droughts, warm win-\\nters, summers with little heat, and the like;\\nand they call it the prime it is a thing I do\\nthe rather mention, because, computing back-\\nward, I have found some concurrence.\\nBut to leave these points of nature, and to\\ncome to men. The greatest vicissitude of\\nthings amongst men, is the vicissitude of sects\\nand religions: for those orbs rule in men s\\nminds most. The true religion is built upon\\nthe rock the rest are tossed upon the waves\\nof time. To speak, therefore, of the causes of\\nnew sects, and to give some counsel concern-\\ning them, as far as the weakness of human\\njudgment can give stay to so great revolutions.\\nWhen the religion formerly received is rent\\nby discords, and when the holiness of the pro-\\nfessors of religion is decayed and full of scan-\\ndal, and withal the times be stupid, ignorant,\\nand barbarous, you may doubt the springing", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 209\\nup of a new sect if then also there should\\narise any extravagant and strange spirit to\\nmake himself author thereof: all which points\\nheld when Mahomet published his law. If a\\nnew sect have not two properties, fear it not,\\n-for it will not spread: the one is the supplant-\\ning or the opposition of authority established\\nfor nothing is more popular than that; the\\nother is the giving license to pleasures and a\\nvoluptuous life: for as for speculative heresies\\n(such as were in ancient times the Arians,\\nand now the Arminians), though they work\\nmightily upon men s wits, yet they do not pro-\\nduce any great alterations in states; except it\\nbe by the help of civil occasions. There be\\nthree manner of plantations of new sects: by\\nthe power of signs and miracles by the elo-\\nquence and wisdom of speech and persuasion\\nand by the sword. For martyrdoms, I reckon\\nthem amongst miracles, because they seem to\\nexceed the strength of human nature; and I\\nmay do the like of superlative and admirable\\nholiness of life. Surely there is no better way\\nto stop the rising of new sects and schisms,\\nthan to reform abuses; to compound the\\nsmaller differences; to proceed mildly and not\\nwith sanguinary persecutions; and rather to\\ntake off the principal authors, by winning and\\nadvancing them, than to enrage them by vio-\\nlence and bitterness.\\nThe changes and vicissitude in wars are\\nmany: but chiefly in three things: in the seats\\nor stages of the war, in the weapons, and in\\nthe manner of the conduct. Wars, in ancient\\n14 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "210 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ntimes, seemed more to move from east to\\nwest; for the Persians, Assyrians, Arabians,\\nTartars (which were the invaders), were all\\neastern people. It is true, the Gauls were\\nwestern but we read but of two incursions of\\ntheirs: the one to Gallo-Graecia, the other to\\nRome: but east and west have no certain\\npoints of heaven; and no more have the wars,\\neither from the east or west, any certainty of\\nobservation; but north and south are fixed;\\nand it hath seldom or never been seen that the\\nfar southern people have invaded the northern,\\nbut contrariwise; whereby it is manifest that\\nthe northern tract of the world is in nature\\nthe more martial region be it in respect of\\nthe stars of that hemisphere, or of the great\\ncontinents that are upon the north whereas\\nthe south part, for aught that is known, is\\nalmost all sea; or (which is most apparent) of\\nthe cold of the northern parts, which is that\\nwhich, without aid of discipline, doth make the\\nbodies hardest, and the courage warmest.\\nUpon the breaking and shivering of a great\\nstate and empire, you may be sure to have\\nwars: for great empires, while they stand, do\\nenervate and destroy the forces of the natives\\nwhich they have subdued, resting upon their\\nown protecting forces and then, when they fail\\nalso all goes to ruin, and they become a prey;\\nso was it in the decay of the Roman empire,\\nand likewise in the empire of Almaigne, after\\nCharles the Great, every bird taking a feather;\\nand were not unlike to befall to Spain, if it\\nshould break. The great accessions and unions", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 211\\nof kingdoms do likewise stir up wars for when\\na state grows to an over-power, it is like a great\\nflood, that will be sure to overflow as it hath\\nbeen seen in the states of Rome, Turkey,\\nSpain, and others. Look when the w r orld hath\\nfewest barbarous people, but such as com-\\nmonly will not marry, or generate, except\\nthey know means to live (as it is almost every-\\nwhere at this day, except Tartary), there is no\\ndanger of inundations of people; but when\\nthere be great shoals of people, which go on to\\npopulate, without foreseeing means of life and\\nsustentation, it is of necessity that once in an\\nage or two they discharge a portion of their\\npeople upon other nations, which the ancient\\nnorthern people were wont to do by lot cast-\\ning lots what part should stay at home, and\\nwhat should seek their fortunes. When a war-\\nlike state grows soft and effeminate, they may\\nbe sure of a war for commonly such states\\nare grown rich in the time of their degenerat-\\ning: and so the prey invite th, and their decay\\nin valor encourageth a war.\\nAs for the weapons, it hardly falleth under\\nrule and observation: yet we see even they\\nhave returns and vicissitudes; for certain it is,\\nthat ordnance was known in the city of Oxi-\\ndraces, in India; and was that which the Mace-\\ndonians called thunder and lightning, and\\nmagic; and it is well known that the use of\\nordnance hath been in China above two thou-\\nsand years. The conditions of weapons, and\\ntheir improvements are, first, the fetching afar\\noff; for that outruns the danger, as it is seen", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "212 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nin ordnance and muskets; secondly, the\\nstrength of the percussion, wherein likewise\\nordnance do exceed all arietations, and ancient\\ninventions the third is, the commodious use\\nof them as that may serve in all weathers, that\\nthe carriage may be light and manageable,\\nand the like.\\nFor the conduct of the war: at the first,\\nmen rested extremely upon number; they did\\nput the wars likewise upon main force and\\nvalor, pointing days for pitched fields, and so\\ntrying it out upon an even match and they\\nwere more ignorant in ranging and arraying\\ntheir battles. After they grew to rest upon\\nnumber, rather competent than vast, they\\ngrew to advantages of place, cunning diver-\\nsions, and the like, and they grew more skilful\\nin the ordering of their battles.\\nIn the youth of a state, arms do flourish in\\nthe middle age of a state, learning; and then\\nboth of them together for a time; in the de-\\nclining age of a state, mechanical arts and\\nmerchandise. Learning hath its infancy when\\nit is but beginning, and almost childish then\\nits youth, when it is luxuriant and juvenile;\\nthen its strength of years, when it is solid and\\nreduced and, lastly, its old age, when it waxeth\\ndry and exhaust; but it is not good to look too\\nlong upon these turning wheels of vicissitude,\\nlest we become giddy; as for the philology of\\nthem, that is but a circle of tales, and there-\\nfore not fit for this writing.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 213\\nA FRAGMENT OF AN ESSAY OF FAME.\\nThe poets make Fame a monster: they de-\\nscribe her in part finely and elegantly, and in\\npart gravely and sententiously they say. Look\\nhow many feathers she hath, so many eyes\\nshe hath underneath, so many tongues, so\\nmany voices, she pricks up so many ears.\\nThis is a flourish; there follow excellent\\nparables; as that she gathereth strength in\\ngoing, that she goeth upon the ground, and\\nyet hideth her head in the clouds; that in the\\nday-time she sitteth in a watch-tower, and\\nflieth most by night; that she mingleth things\\ndone with things not done and that she is a\\nterror to great cities; but that which passeth\\nall the rest is, they do recount that the earth\\nmother of the giants that made war against\\nJupiter, and were by him destroyed, there-\\nupon in anger brought forth Fame; forcer-\\ntain it is, that rebels, figured by the giants, and\\nseditious fames and libels are but brothers and\\nsisters, masculine and feminine; but now if a\\nman can tame this monster, and bring her to\\nfeed at the hand and govern her, and with her\\nfly other ravening fowl, and kill them, it is\\nsomewhat worth but we are infected with the\\nstyle of the poets. To speak now in a sad and\\nserious manner, there is not in all the politics\\na place less handled, and more worthy to be\\nhandled, than this of fame. We will therefore\\nspeak of these points: what are false fames,\\nand what are true fames, and how they may\\nbe best discerned how fames may be sown", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "214 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nand raised; how they may be spread and mul-\\ntiplied; and how they may be checked and\\nlaid dead; and other things concerning the\\nnature of fame. Fame is of that force, as there\\nis scarcely any great action wherein it hath\\nnot a great part, especially in the war. Muci-\\nanus undid Vitellius by a fame that he scat-\\ntered, that Vitellius had in purpose to remove\\nthe legions of Syria into Germany, and the le-\\ngions of Germany into Syria; whereupon the\\nlegions of Syria were infinitely inflamed.\\nJulius Caesar took Pompey unprovided, and\\nlaid asleep his industry and preparations by\\na fame that he cunningly gave out, how\\nCaesar s own soldiers loved him not; and being\\nwearied with the wars, and laden with the\\nspoils of Gaul, would forsake him as soon as he\\ncame into Italy. Livia settled all things for\\nthe succession of her son Tiberius, by continu-\\nally giving out that her husband Augustus was\\nupon recovery and amendment; and it is a\\nusual thing with the bashaws to conceal the\\ndeath of the Grand Turk from the janisaries\\nand men of war, to save the sacking of Con-\\nstantinople, and other towns, as their manner\\nis. Themistocles made Xerxes, king of\\nPersia, post apace out of Graecia, by giving out\\nthat the Grecians had a purpose to break his\\nbridge of ships which he had made athwart\\nHessespont. There be a thousand such like\\nexamples, and the more they are, the less they\\nneed to be repeated, because a man meeteth\\nwith them everywhere therefore let all wise\\ngovernors have as great a watch and care over", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 215\\nfames, as they have of the actions and designs\\nthemselves.\\nOF A KING.\\ni. A king is a mortal God on earth, unto\\nwhom the living God hath lent his own name\\nas a great honor; but withal told him, he\\nshould die like a man, lest he should be proud\\nand flatter himself, that God hath, with his\\nname, imparted unto him his nature also.\\n2. Of all kind of men, God is the least\\nbeholden unto them; for he doth most for\\nthem, and they do, ordinarily, least for him.\\n3. A king .that would not feel his crown\\ntoo heavy for him, must wear it every day;\\nbut if he think it too light, he knoweth not of\\nwhat metal it is made.\\n4. He must make religion the rule of gov-\\nernment, and not to balance the scale; for he\\nthat casteth in religion only to make the\\nscales even, his own weight is contained in\\nthose characters: Mene, mene, tekel, uphar-\\nsin: He is found too light, his kingdom shall\\nbe taken from him. M\\n5. And that king that holds not religion the\\nbest reason of state, is void of all piety and\\njustice, the supporters of a king.\\n6. He must be able to give counsel himself,\\nbut not rely thereupon; for though happy\\nevents justify their counsels, yet it is better\\nthat the evil event of good advice be rather\\nimputed to a subject than a sovereign.\\n7. He is the fountain of honor, which\\nshould not run with a waste-pipe, lest the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "216 BACON S ESSAYS.\\ncourtiers sell the water, and then, as Papists\\nsay of their holy wells, it loses the virtue.\\n8. He is the life of the law, not only as he\\nis Lexloquens himself, but because he animateth\\nthe dead letter, making it active toward all his\\nsubjects proemio et poena.\\n9. A wise king must do less in altering his\\nlaws than he may; for new government is ever\\ndangerous. It being true in the body politic,\\nas in the corporal, that om?iis subita immutatio est\\npericidosa; and though it be for the better,\\nyet it is not without a fearful apprehension\\nfor he that changeth the fundamental laws of\\na kingdom, thinketh there is no good title to\\na crown, but by conquest.\\n10. A king that setteth to sale seats of jus-\\ntice, oppresseth the people for he teacheth his\\njudges to sell justice, and pretio porata pretio\\nvenditor justitia.\\n11. Bounty and magnificence are virtues\\nvery regal, but a prodigal king is nearer a\\ntyrant than a parsimonious; for store at home\\ndraweth not his contemplations abroad, but\\nwant supplieth itself of what is next, and many\\ntimes the next way. A king therein must be\\nwise, and know what he may justly do.\\n12. That king which is not feared, is not\\nloved; and he that is well seen in his craft,\\nmust as well study to be feared as loved; yet\\nnot loved for fear, but feared for love.\\n13. Therefore, as he must always resemble\\nHim whose great name he beareth, and that\\nas in manifesting the sweet influence of his\\nmercy on the severe stroke of his justice some-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 217\\ntimes, so in this not to suffer a man of death\\nto live, for besides that the land doth mourn,\\nthe restraint of justice toward sin doth more\\nretard the affection of love, than the extent of\\nmercy doth inflame it; and sure, where love\\nis [ill] bestowed, fear is quite lost.\\n14. His greatest enemies are his flatterers;\\nfor though they ever speak on his side, yet\\ntheir words still make against him.\\n15. The love which a king oweth to a weal\\npublic should not be overstrained to any one\\nparticular; yet that his more especial favor\\ndo reflect upon some worthy ones, is somewhat\\nnecessary, because there are few of that\\ncapacity.\\n16. He must have a special care of five\\nthings, if he would not have his crown to be\\nbut to him infclix felicitas.\\nFirst, that simulate! sanctitas be not in the\\nchurch for that is dupex iuiqiritas.\\nSecondly, that imttilis ccquiias set not in the\\nchancery for that is inepia misericordia.\\nThirdly, that utilis irdquitas keep not the\\nexchequer for that is crudele latrochrium.\\nFourthly, that fidelis temeritas be not his\\ngeneral, for that would bring but scram poen-\\nitentiam.\\nFifthly, that i?ifi delis pnidentia be not his\\nsecretary; for that is angids sub viridi herba.\\nTo conclude: as he is of the greatest power,\\nso he is subject to the greatest cares, made the\\nservant of his people, or else he were without\\na calling at all.\\nHe, then, that honoreth him not is next an", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "218 BACON S ESSAYS.\\natheist, wanting the fear of God in his\\nheart.\\nON DEATH.\\ni. I have often thought upon death, and I\\nfind it the least of all evils. All that which\\nis past is as a dream and he that hopes or de-\\npends upon time coming, dreams waking. So\\nmuch of our life as we have discovered is\\nalready dead; and all those hours which we\\nshare, even from the breasts of our mothers,\\nuntil we return to our grandmother the earth,\\nare part of our dying days, whereof even this\\nis one, and those that succeed are of the same\\nnature, for we die daily and as others have\\ngiven place to us, so we must in the end give\\nway to others.\\n2. Physicians in the name of death include\\nall sorrow, anguish, disease, calamity, or what-\\nsoever can fall in the life of man, either griev-\\nous or unwelcome. But these things are\\nfamiliar unto us, and we suffer them every\\nhour; therefore we die daily, and I am older\\nsince I affirmed it.\\n3. I know many wise men that fear to die;\\nfor the change is bitter, and flesh would refuse\\nto prove it: besides, the expectation brings\\nterror, and that exceeds the evil. But I do not\\nbelieve that any man fears to be dead, but\\nonly the stroke of death and such are my\\nhopes, that if heaven be pleased, and nature\\nrenew but my lease for twenty-one years\\nmore, without asking longer days, I shall be\\nstrong enough to acknowledge without mourn-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 219\\ning, that I was begotten mortal. Virtue\\nwalks not in the highway, though she go per\\nalta; this is strength and the blood of virtue,\\nto contemn things that be desired, and to\\nneglect that which is feared.\\n4. Why should man be in love with his\\nfetters, though of gold? Art thou drowned in\\nsecurity? Then I say thou art perfectly dead.\\nFor though thou movest, yet thy soul is buried\\nwithin thee, and thy good angel either for-\\nsakes his guard or sleeps. There is nothing\\nunder heaven, saving a true friend (who can-\\nnot be counted within the number of mova-\\nbles), unto which my heart doth lean. And\\nthis dear freedom hath begotten me this\\npeace, that I mourn not for that end which\\nmust be, nor spend one wish to have one\\nminute added to the uncertain date of my\\nyears. It was no mean apprehension of\\nLucian, who says of Menippus, that in his\\ntravels through hell, he knew not the kings of\\nthe earth from the other men but only by\\ntheir louder cryings and tears, which were\\nfostered in them through the remorseful\\nmemory of the good days they had seen, and\\nthe fruitful havings which they so unwillingly\\nleft behind them: he that was well seated,\\nlooked back at his portion, and was loath to\\nforsake his farm; and others, either minding\\nmarriages, pleasures, profit or preferment,\\ndesired to be excused from death s banquet:\\nthey had made an appointment with earth,\\nlooking at the blessings, not the hand that\\nenlarged them, forgetting how unclothedly", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "220 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthey came hither, or with what naked orna-\\nments they were arrayed.\\n5. But were we servants of the precept\\ngiven, and observers of the heathens rule,\\nmemento mori, and not become benighted with\\nthis seeming felicity, we should enjoy it as\\nmen prepared to lose, and not wind up our\\nthoughts upon so perishing a fortune: he that\\nis not slackly strong (as the servants of pleas-\\nure), how can he be found unready to quit the\\nveil and false visage of his perfection? The\\nsoul having shaken off her flesh, doth then\\nset up for herself, and contemning things that\\nare under, shows what finger hath enforced\\nher; for the souls of idiots are of the same\\npiece with those of statesmen, but now and\\nthen nature is at a fault, and this good guest\\nof ours takes soil in an imperfect body, and so\\nis slackened from showing her wonders, like an\\nexcellent musician which cannot utter himself\\nupon a defective instrument.\\n6. But see how I am swerved, and lose my\\ncourse, touching at the soul that doth least\\nhold action with death, who hath the surest\\nproperty in this frail act; his style is the end\\nof all flesh, and the beginning of incorruption.\\nThis ruler of monuments leads men for the\\nmost part out of this world with their heels\\nforward, in token that he is contrary to life,\\nwhich being obtained, sends men headlong\\ninto this wretched theater, where being arrived,\\ntheir first language is that of mourning. Nor\\nin my own thoughts, can I compare men more\\nfitly to anything than to the Indian fig-tree,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 221\\nwhich, being ripened to his full height, is said\\nto decline his branches down to the earth,\\nwhereof she conceives again, and they become\\nroots in their own stock.\\nSo man, having derived his being from the\\nearth, first lives the life of a tree, drawing his\\nnourishment as a plant, and made ripe for\\nearth, he tends downward, and is sowed again\\nin his mother the earth, where he perisheth\\nnot, but expects a quickening.\\n7. So we see death exempts not a man from\\nbeing, but only presents an alteration; yet\\nthere are some men (I think) that stand other-\\nwise persuaded. Death finds not a worse\\nfriend than an alderman, to whose door I\\nnever knew him welcome but he is an im-\\nportunate guest, and will not be said nay.\\nAnd though they themselves shall affirm\\nthat they are not within, yet the answer will\\nnot be taken; and that which heightens their\\nfear is, that they know they are in danger to\\nforfeit their flesh, but are not wise of the pay-\\nment-day, which sickly uncertainty is the occa-\\nsion that (for the most part) they step out of\\nthis world unfurnished for their general ac-\\ncount, and being all unprovided, desire yet to\\nhold their gravity, preparing their souls to\\nanswer in scarlet.\\nThus I gather, that death is unagreeable to\\nmost citizens, because they commonly die\\nintestate; this being a rule, that when their\\nwill is made, they think themselves nearer a\\ngrave than before: now they, out of the wis-\\ndoms of thousands, think to scare destiny,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "222 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nfrom which there is no appeal, by not making\\na will, or to live longer by protestation of their\\nunwillingness to die. They are for the most\\npart well made in this world (accounting their\\ntreasures by legions, as men do devils) their\\nfortune looks toward them, and they are will-\\ning to anchor at it, and desire (if it be possible)\\nto put the evil day far off from them, and to\\nadjourn their ungrateful and killing period.\\nNo, these are not the men which have\\nbespoken death, or whose looks are assured\\nto entertain a thought of him.\\n8. Death arrives gracious only to such as\\nsit in darkness, or lie heavy burthened with\\ngrief and irons to the poor Christian, that sits\\nbound in the galley; to despairful widows,\\npensive prisoners, and deposed kings; to them\\nwhose fortune runs back, and whose spirits\\nmutiny: unto such death is a redeemer, and\\nthe grave a place for retiredness and rest.\\nThese wait upon the shore of death, and\\nwaft unto him to draw near, wishing above all\\nothers to see his star, that they might be led\\nto his place; wooing the remorseless sisters to\\nwind down the watch of their life, and to\\nbreak them off before the hour.\\n9. But death is a doleful messenger to a\\nusurer, and fate untimely cuts their thread;\\nfor it is never mentioned by him, but when\\nrumors of war and civil tumults put him in\\nmind thereof.\\nAnd when many hands are armed, and the\\npeace of a city in disorder, and the foot of the\\ncommon soldiers sounds an alarm on his stairs,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 223\\nthen perhaps such a one (broken in thoughts\\nof his moneys abroad, and cursing the monu-\\nments of coin which are in his house) can be\\ncontent to think of death, and (being hasty of\\nperdition) will perhaps hang himself, lest his\\nthroat should be cut provided that he may do\\nit in his study, surrounded with wealth, to\\nwhich his eye sends a faint and languishing\\nsalute, even upon the turning off; remember-\\ning always, that he have time and liberty, by\\nwriting, to depute himself as his own heir.\\nFor that is a great peace to his end, and\\nreconciles him wonderfully upon the point.\\n10. Herein we all dally with ourselves, and\\nare without proof of necessity. I am not of\\nthose, that dare promise to pine away myself\\nin vain glory, and I hold such to be but feat\\nboldness, and then that dare commit it, to be\\nvain. Yet for my part, I think nature should\\ndo me great wrong, if I should be so long in\\ndying, as I was in being born.\\nTo speak truth, no man knows the lists of\\nhis own patience nor can divine how able he\\nshall be in his sufferings, till the storm come\\n(the perfectest virtue being tried in action)\\nbut I would (out of a care to do the best busi-\\nness well) ever keep a guard, and stand upon\\nkeeping faith and a good conscience.\\nii. And if wishes might find place, I would\\ndie together, and not my mind often, and my\\nbody once that is, I would prepare for the\\nmessengers of death, sickness and affliction,\\nand not wait long, or be attempted by the\\nviolence of pain.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "224 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nHerein I do not profess myself a Stoic, to\\nhold grief no evil, but opinion, and a thing\\nindifferent.\\nBut I consent with Caesar, that the suddenest\\npassage is easiest, and there is nothing more\\nawakens our resolve and readiness to die than\\nthe quieted conscience, strengthened with\\nopinion, that wc shall be well spoken of upon\\nearth by those that are just, and of the family\\nof virtue; the opposite whereof is a fury to\\nman, and makes even life unsweet.\\nTherefore, what is more heavy than evil\\nfame deserved? Or likewise, who can see worse\\ndays, than he that yet living doth follow at\\nthe funerals of his own reputation?\\nI have laid up many hopes, that I am privi-\\nleged from that kind of mourning, and could\\nwish the like peace to all those with whom I\\nwage love.\\n12. I might say much of the commodities\\nthat death can sell a man; but briefly, death\\nis a friend of ours; and he that is not ready to\\nentertain him, is not at home. Whilst I am,\\nmy ambition is not to fore-flow the tide; I\\nhave but so to make my interest of it as I may\\naccount for it; I would wish nothing but what\\nmight better my days, not desire any greater\\nplace than the front of good opinion. I make\\nnot love to the continuance of days, but to the\\ngoodness of them nor wish to die, but refer\\nmyself to my hour, which the great dispenser\\nof all things hath appointed me yet as I am\\nfrail and suffered for the first fault, were it\\ngiven me to choose, I should not be earnest", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 225\\nto see the evening of my age that extremity\\nof itself being a disease, and a mere return\\ninto infancy: so that if perpetuity of life\\nmight be given me, I should think what the\\nGreek poet said, Such an age is a mortal\\nevil, And since I must needs be dead, I\\nrequire it may not be done before mine ene-\\nmies, that I be not stript before I be cold;\\nbut before my friends. The night was even\\nnow: but that name is lost; it is not now late,\\nbut early. Mine eyes begin to discharge\\ntheir watch, and compound with this fleshy\\nweakness for a time of perpetual rest and I\\nshall presently be as happy for a few hours,\\nas I had died the first hour I was born.\\n15 Baccn", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST EDITION.\\n1597-\\n227", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "ESSAYS,\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094OP STUDIES.\\nStudies serve for pastimes, for ornaments,\\nfor abilities; their chief use for pastimes is in\\nprivateness and retiring; for ornaments in dis-\\ncourse; and for ability in judgment; for expert\\nmen can execute, but learned men are more fit\\nto judge and censure. To spend too much\\ntime in them is sloth to use them too much\\nfor ornament is affectation; to make judgment\\nwholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar;\\nthey perfect nature, and are themselves per-\\nfected by experience; crafty men contemn\\nthem, wise men use them, simple men admire\\nthem for they teach not their own use, but\\nthat there is a wisdom without them and above\\nthem won by observation. Read not to con-\\ntradict nor to believe, but to weigh and con-\\nsider. Some books are to be tasted, others to\\nbe swallowed, and some few to be chewed and\\ndigested that is, some are to be read only in\\nparts, others to be read but curiously, and\\nsome few to be read wholly with diligence and\\nattention. Reading maketh a full man, con-\\nference a ready, and writing an exact man;\\ntherefore, if a man write little, he had need of\\na great memory; if he confer little, he had\\n229", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nneed of a present wit and if he read little, he\\nhad need have much cunning to seem to know\\nthat he doth not know. Histories make wise\\nmen; poets witty; the mathematics subtile;\\nnatural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic\\nand rhetoric able to contend.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF DISCOURSE.\\nSome, in their discourse, desire rather com-\\nmendation of wit in being able to hold all\\narguments than of judgment in discerning what\\nis true, as if it were a praise to know what\\nmight be said, and not what should be thought;\\nsome have certain commonplaces and themes\\nwherein they are good and want variety, which\\nkind of poverty is for the most part tedious,\\nand now and then ridiculous; the honorablest\\npart of talk is to give the occasion, and again\\nto moderate and pass to somewhat else; it is\\ngood to vary, and mix speech of the present\\noccasion with arguments, tales with reasons,\\nasking of questions with telling of opinions,\\nand jest with earnest; but somethings are\\nprivileged from jest namely, religion, matters\\nof State, great persons, all men s present busi-\\nness of importance, and any case that deserves\\npity. He that questioneth much shall learn\\nmuch and content much, especially if he apply\\nhis questions to the skill of the party of whom\\nhe asketh, for he shall give them occasion to\\nplease themselves in speaking, and himself\\nshall continually gather knowledge if some-\\ntimes you dissemble your knowledge of that", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 231\\nyou are thought to know, you shall be thought\\nanother time to know that which you know\\nnot. Speech of a man s self is not good often,\\nand there is but one thing wherein a man may\\ncommend himself with good grace, and that is\\ncommending virtue in another; especially if it\\nbe such a virtue as whereunto himself pretend-\\neth. Discretion of speech is more than elo-\\nquence, and to speak agreeably to him with\\nwhom we deal is more than to speak in good\\nwords or in good order. A good continued\\nspeech, without a good speech of interlocution,\\nshows slowless; and a good second speech\\nwithout a good set speech shows shallowness.\\nTo use too many circumstances ere one comes\\nto the matter is wearisome, and to use none at\\nall is blunt.\\nIll\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF CEREMONIES AND RESPECTS.\\nHe that is only real needed exceeding great\\nparts of virtue, as the stone had need to be\\nexceeding rich that it set without foil; but\\ncommonly it is in praise as it is in gain, for as\\nthe proverb is true that light gains make\\nheavy purses, because they come thick, whereas\\nthe great come but now and then so it is as\\ntrue that small matters win great commenda-\\ntion because they are continually in use and in\\nnote, whereas the occasion of any great virtue\\ncometh but on holidays. To attain good forms\\nit sufficeth not to despise them, for so shall a\\nman observe them in others, and let him trust\\nhimself with the rest for if he care to express", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthem he shall lose their grace, which is to be\\nnatural and unaffected. Some men s behavior\\nis like a verse, wherein every syllable is\\nmeasured. How can a man observe great mat-\\nter that breaketh his mind too much in small\\nobservations? Not to use ceremonies at all is\\nto teach others not to use them again, and so\\ndiminish his respect; especially they are not to\\nbe omitted to strangers and strange natures.\\nAmong a man s equals a man shall be sure of\\nfamiliarity, and therefore it is good a little to\\nkeep state among a man s inferiors a man shall\\nbe sure of reverence, and therefore it is good\\na little to be familiar. He that is too much in\\nanything, so that he giveth another occasion of\\nsatiety, maketh himself cheap. To apply one s\\nself to others a\u00c2\u00a7 good, so it be with demonstra-\\ntion that a dan does it upon regard, and not\\nupon facility. It is a good precept generally\\nin seconding another, yet to add somewhat of\\nhis own if you grant his opinion, let it be\\nwith some distinction if you will follow his\\nmotion, let it be with condition if you allow\\nhis counsel, let it be with alleging farther\\nreason.\\nIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FOLLOWERS AND FRIENDS.\\nCostly followers are not to be liked, lest while\\na man maketh his train longer he maketh his\\nwings shorter. I reckon to be costly not them\\nalone which charge the purse, but which are\\nwearisome and importunate in suits. Ordi-\\nnary followers ought to challenge no higher", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 233\\nconditions than countenance, recommendation,\\nand protection from wrong 1 Factious follow-\\ners are worse to be liked which follow not upon\\nr.ffection to him with whom they range them-\\nselves, but upon some discontentment received\\nagainst some others, whereupon commonly\\nensueth that ill intelligence that many times\\nwe see between great personages the follow-\\ning of certain states answerable to that which\\na great personage himself professeth, as of sol-\\ndiers to him that hath been employed in the\\nwars; and the like hath ever been a thing civil,\\nand well taken even in monarchies, so it be\\nwithout too much pomp or popularity. But\\nthe most honorable kind of following is to be\\nfollowed, as one that intendeth to advance vir-\\ntue and desert in all sorts of persons and yet\\nwhere there is no imminent odds in sufficiency,\\nit is better to take with the more passable than\\nwith the more able. In government of charge\\nit is good to use men of one rank equally; for\\nto countenance some extraordinarily is to make\\nthem insolent and the rest discontent, because\\nthey may claim a due. But in favors to use\\nmen with much difference and election is good,\\nfor it maketh the persons preferred more thank-\\nful and the rest affectious, because all is of\\nfavor. It is good not to make too much of any\\nman at first, because one cannot hold out that\\nproportion. To be governed by one is not\\ngood, and to be distracted by man}?- is worse\\nbut to take advice of friends is ever honorable:\\nfor lookers on many times see more than game-\\nsters, and the vale best discovereth the hill.\\n16 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "234 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nThere is little friendship in the world, and\\nleast of all between equals; that which is, is\\nbetween superior and inferior, whose fortunes\\nmay comprehend the one the other.\\nV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF SUITORS.\\nMany ill matters are undertaken, and many\\ngood matters with ill minds; some embrace\\nsuits which never mean to deal effectually in\\nthem, but if they see there may be life in\\nthe matter by some other mean, they will\\nbe content to win a thank, or take a second\\nreward. Some take hold of suits only for an\\noccasion to cross some others, or to make an\\ninformation, whereof they could not otherwise\\nhave apt pretext, without care of what become\\nof the suit when that turn is served; nay, some\\nundertake suits with a full purpose to let them\\nfall to the end to gratify the adverse party, or\\ncompetitor. Surely there is in sort a right in\\nevery suit, either a right of equity, if it be a\\nsuit of controversy, or a right of desert, if it be\\na suit of petition if affection lead a man to\\nfavor the wrong side, in justice rather let him\\nuse his countenance to compound the matter\\nthan to carry it; if affection lead a man to\\nfavor the less worthy in desert, let him do\\nwithout depraving or disabling the better\\ndeserver in suits which a man doth not under-\\nstand, it is good to refer them to some friend\\nof his, of trust and judgment, that may report\\nwhether he may deal in them with honor.\\nSuitors are so distasted with delays and abuses", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 235\\nthat plain dealing in denying to deal in suits at\\nfirst, and reporting the success barely, and in\\nchallenging no mdre thanks than one hath\\ndeserved, is grown not only honorable, but also\\ngracious; in suits of favor the first coming\\nought to take but little place, so far forth con-\\nsideration may be had of his trust, that if intel-\\nligence of the matter could not otherwise have\\nbeen had but by him, advantage be not taken\\nof the note to be ignorant of the value of a\\nsuit is simplicity, as well as to be ignorant of\\nthe right thereof is want of conscience secrecy\\nin suits is a great mean of obtaining for voic-\\ning them to be in forwardness may discourage\\nsome kind of suitors, but doth quicken and\\nawake others but timing of suits is the prin-\\ncipal; timing, I say, not only in respect of the\\nperson that should grant it, but in respect of\\nthose which are like to cross it; nothing is\\nthought so easy a request to a great man as his\\nletter, and yet not in an ill cause, it is so much\\nout of his reputation.\\nVI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF EXPENSE.\\nRiches are for spending, and spending for\\nhonor and good action; therefore, extraordi-\\nnary expense must be limited by the worth of\\nthe occasion for voluntary undoing may be as\\nwell for a man s country as for the kingdom of\\nheaven; but ordinary expense ought to be\\nlimited by a man s estate, and governed with\\nsuch regard as it be within his compass, and\\nnot subject to deceit, and abuse of servants,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nand ordered by the best show, that the bills\\nmay be less than the estimation abroad. It is\\nno baseness for the greatest to descend and\\nlook into their own estate some forbear it not\\nof negligence alone, but doubting to bring\\nthemselves into melancholy in respect they\\nshall find it broken; but wounds cannot be\\ncured without searching he that cannot look\\ninto his own estate had need both to choose\\nwell those whom he employeth and change\\nthem often for new men are more timorous\\nand less subtile; in clearing of a man s estate\\nhe may as well hurt himself in being too sud-\\nden as in letting it run out too long; for hasty\\nselling is commonly as disadvantageable as\\ninterest; he that hath a state to repair may not\\ndespise small things and commonly it is less\\ndishonor to abridge petty charges than to stoop\\nto petty gettings a man ought warily to begin\\ncharges which begun must continue, but in\\nmatters that return not he may be more\\nliberal.\\nVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF REGIMEN OF HEALTH.\\nThere is a wisdom in this beyond the rules\\nof physic; a man s own observation, what he\\nfinds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the\\nbest physic to preserve health, but it is a safer\\nconclusion to say this agreeth well with me,\\ntherefore I will continue it; I find no offense\\nof this, therefore I may use it for strength of\\nnature in youth passeth over many excesses,\\nwhich are owing a man till his age; discern of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 237\\nthe coming on of years, and think not to do the\\nsame things still. Beware of any sudden\\nchange in any great point of diet, and if\\nnecessity enforce it, fit the rest to it; to be free-\\nminded and cheerfully disposed at hours of\\nmeat, and of sleep and of exercise, is the best\\nprecept of long lasting. If you fly physic in\\nhealth altogether, it will be too strong for your\\nbody when you shall need it; if you make it\\ntoo familiar it will work no extraordinary effect\\nwhen sickness cometh; despise no new acci-\\ndent in the body, but ask opinion of it; in sick-\\nness principally respect health, and in health\\naction; for those that put their bodies to\\nendure in health, may in most sicknesses which\\nare very sharp be cured only with diet and\\ngood tending. Physicians are some of them so\\npleasing to the humors of the patient they press\\nnot the true cure of the disease; and some\\nothers so regular in proceeding according to art\\nfor the disease as they respect not sufficiently\\nthe condition of the patient. Take one of a\\nmild temper, and forget not to call as well the\\nbest acquainted with your body as the best\\nreputed of for his faculty.\\nVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF HONOR AND REPUTATION.\\nThe winning of honor is but the revealing of\\na man s virtue and worth without disadvant-\\nage; for some in their actions do affect honor\\nand reputation, which sort of men are much\\ntalked of, but inwardly little admired; and\\nsome darken their virtue in the show of it, so", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "238 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nthat they be undervalued in opinion. If a man\\nperform that which hath not been attempted\\nbefore, or attempted and given over, or hath\\nbeen achieved, but not with so good circum-\\nstance, he shall purchase more honor than by\\neffecting a matter of greater difficulty wherein\\nhe is but a follower. If a man so temper his\\nactions as in some of them he do content every\\nfaction, the music will be the fuller. A man\\nis an ill husband of his honor that entereth into\\nany action the failing wherein may disgrace him\\nmore than the carrying it through can honor\\nhim. Discreet followers help much to reputa-\\ntion Envy, which is the canker of honor, is\\nbest bistinguished by declaring a man s self in\\nhis ends, rather to seek merit than fame, and\\nby attributing a man s success rather to Prov-\\nidence and felicity than to his own virtue and\\npolicy. The true marshalling of the degrees of\\nsovereign honor are these In the first place,\\nCo?iditores, founders of states; in the second\\nplace are Legislatives, lawgivers, which are also\\ncalled second founders; or Perpetui principes,\\nbecause they govern by their ordinances after\\nthey are gone in the third place are Liber atores,\\nsuch as compound the long miseries of civil\\nwars or deliver their country from the servi-\\ntude of strangers or tyrants; in the fourth\\nplace are Propagatores, or Propugnatores imperii^\\nsuch as in honorable wars enlarge their terri-\\ntories, or make noble defense against the\\ninvaders and in the last place are Patriae patres,\\nwhich reign justly, and make the times good\\nwherein they live. Degrees of honor in sub-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 239\\njects are, first Participes curarutn, those upon\\nwhom princes do discharge the greatest weight\\nof their affairs, their right hands as we call\\nthem the next are Duces belli, great leaders,\\nsuch as are princes lieutenants, and do them\\nnotable service in the wars; the third are\\nGratiosi favorites, such as exceed not this scant-\\nling to be solace to their sovereign and harm-\\nless to the people and the fourth are called\\nNegotiis pares, such as have great places under\\nprinces, and execute their places with suffi-\\nciency.\\nIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF FACTION.\\nMany have a new wisdom, otherwise called\\na fond opinion, that for a prince to govern his\\nestate, or for a great person to govern his\\nproceedings according to the respect of faction,\\nis the principal part of policy. Whereas, con-\\ntrariwise, the chiefest wisdom is either in\\nordering those things which are general, and\\nwherein men of several factions do neverthe-\\nless agree, or in dealing with correspondent\\npersons one by one. But I say not that the con-\\nsideration of factions is to be neglected. Mean\\nmen must adhere, but great men, that have\\nstrength in themselves, were better to main-\\ntain themselves indifferent and neutral; yet,\\neven in beginners, to adhere so moderately as\\nhe be a man of the one faction which is pas-\\nsablest with the other, commonly giveth best\\nway. The lower and weaker faction is the\\nfirmer in condition. When one of the factions", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240 BACON S ESSAYS.\\nis extinguished, the remaining subdivideth,\\nwhich is good for a second. It is commonly\\nseen that men once placed take in with the\\ncontrary faction to that by which they enter.\\nThe traitor in factions lightly goeth away with\\nit, for when matters have stuck long in balanc-\\ning, the winning of some one man casteth\\nthem, and he getteth all the thanks.\\nX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OF NEGOTIATING.\\nIt is better generally to deal by speech than\\nby letters, and by the mediation of a third\\nthan by one s self. Letters are good, when a\\nman would draw an answer by letter back\\nagain, or when it may serve for a man s justi-\\nfication afterward to produce his own letter.\\nTo deal in person is good, where a man s face\\nbreeds regard, as commonly with inferiors.\\nIn choice of instruments, it is better to choose\\nmen of a plainer sort, that are likely to do that\\nwhich is committed unto them, and to report\\nback again faithfully the success, than they\\nthat are cunning to contrive out of other men s\\nbusiness somewhat to grace themselves, and\\nwill help the matter in report for satisfaction s\\nsake. It is better to sound a person with\\nwhom one dealeth afar off than to fall upon\\nthe point at first, except you mean to surprise\\nhim by some short question. It is better deal-\\ning with men of appetite than with those\\nwho are where they would be. If a man deal\\nwith another upon conditions, the start, or first\\nperformance, is all which a man can reason-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "BACON S ESSAYS. 241\\nably demand, except either the nature of the\\nthing be such which must go before; or else a\\nman can persuade the other party that he\\nshall need him in some other thing, or else that\\nhe be counted the honester man. All practice\\nto discover, or to make men discover them-\\nselves in trust, in passion, at unawares, and of\\nnecessity, where they would have somewhat\\ndone and cannot find an apt pretext. If you\\nwould work any man, you must either know\\nhis nature and fashions, and so lead him or\\nhis ends, and so win him; or his weaknesses or\\ndisadvantages, and so awe him; or those that\\nhave interest in him, and so govern him. In\\ndealing with cunning persons, we must ever\\nconsider their ends to interpret their speeches,\\nand it is good to say little unto them, and that\\nwhich they least look for.\\n16 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE LAST EDITION\\n1625.\\n243", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE MY VERY GOOD LORD\\nTHE\\nDUKE OF BUCKINGHAM,\\nhis grace, lord high admiral of england.\\nExcellent Lord:\\nSolomon says, A good name is as a pre-\\ncious ointment; and I assure myself such will\\nyour Grace s name be with posterity, for your\\nfortune and merit both have been eminent,\\nand you have planted things that are like to\\nlast. I do now publish my Essays, which of all\\nmy other works have been most current, for\\nthat, as it seems, they come home to men s\\nbusiness and bosoms. I have enlarged them,\\nboth in number and weight, so that the} r are,\\nindeed, a new work. I thought it, therefore,\\nagreeable to my affection and obligation to\\nyour Grace to prefix your name before them,\\nboth in English and in Latin. For I do con-\\nceive that the Latin volume of them (being in\\nthe universal language) may last as long as\\nbooks last. My Instauration I dedicated to\\nthe King; my History of Henry the Seventh\\n(which I have now also translated into Latin)\\nand my Portions of Natural History to the\\nPrince, and these I dedicated to your Grace,\\nbeing of the best fruits that by the good in-\\ncrease which God gives to my pen and labors I\\ncould yield. God lead your Grace by the hand.\\nYour Grace s most obliged and faithful\\nservant, Fr. St. Alban.\\n244", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "THE WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nA SERIES OF MYTHOLOGICAL FABLES.\\nPREFACE.\\nThe earliest antiquity lies buried in silence\\nand oblivion, excepting the remains we have\\nof it in sacred writ. This silence was succeed-\\ned by poetical fables, and these, at length, by\\nthe writings we now enjoy: so that the con-\\ncealed and secret learning of the ancients\\nseems separated from the history and knowl-\\nedge of the following ages by a veil, or parti-\\ntion wall of fables, interposing between the\\nthings that are lost and those that remain.\\nMany may imagine that I am here entering\\nupon a work of fancy, or amusement, and\\ndesign to use a poetical liberty, in explaining\\npoetical fables. It is true, fables in general\\nare composed of ductile matter, that may be\\ndrawn into great variety by a witty talent or\\nan inventive genius, and be delivered of plaus-\\nible meanings which they never contained.\\nBut this procedure has already been carried to\\nexcess; and great numbers, to procure the\\nsanction of antiquity to their own notions and\\ninventions, have miserably wrested and abused\\nthe fables of the ancients.\\n245", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "246 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nNor is this only a late or infrequent practice,\\nbut of ancient date, and common even to this\\nday. Thus Chrysippus, like an interpreter of\\ndreams, attributed the opinions of the Stoics to\\nthe poets of old and the chemists, at present,\\nmore childishly apply the poetical transforma-\\ntions to their experiments of the furnace.\\nAnd though I have well weighed and considered\\nall this, and thoroughly seen into the levity\\nwhich the mind indulges for allegories and\\nallusions, yet I cannot but retain a high value\\nfor the ancient mythology. And, certainly, it\\nwere very injudicious to suffer the fondness\\nand licentiousness of a few to detract from the\\nhonor of allegory and parable in general.\\nThis would be rash and almost profane for\\nsince religion delights in such shadows and dis-\\nguises, to abolish them were, in a manner, to\\nprohibit all intercourse betwixt things divine\\nand human.\\nUpon deliberate consideration, my judgment\\nis that a concealed instruction and allegory\\nwas originally intended in many of the ancient\\nfables. This opinion may, in some respect, be\\nowing to the veneration I have for antiquity,\\nbut more to observing that some fables discover\\na great and evident similitude, relation, and\\nconnection with the thing they signify, as well\\nin the structure of the fable as in the propriety\\nof the names whereby the persons or actors are\\ncharacterized; insomuch, that no one could\\npositively deny a sense and meaning to be\\nfrom the first intended, and purposely shad-\\nowed out in them. For who can hear that", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 247\\nFame, after the giants were destroyed, sprung\\nup as their posthumous sister, and not apply it\\nto the clamor of parties and the seditious\\nrumors which commonly fly about for a time\\nupon the quelling of insurrections? Or who\\ncan read how the giant Typhon cut out and\\ncarried away Jupiter s sinews which Mercury\\nafterward stole and again restored to Jupiter\\nand not presently observe that this allegory\\ndenotes strong and powerful rebellions, which\\ncut away from kings their sinews, both of\\nmoney and authority; and that the way to\\nhave them restored is by lenity, affability, and\\nprudent edicts, which soon reconcile, and, as\\nit were, steal upon the affections of the sub-\\nject? Or who, upon hearing that memorable\\nexpedition of the gods against the giants, when\\nthe braying of Silenus* ass greatly contributed\\nin putting the giants to flight, does not clearly\\nconceive that this directly points at the mon-\\nstrous enterprises of rebellious subjects, which\\nare frequently frustrated and disappointed by\\nvain fears and empty rumors?\\nAgain, the conformity and purport of the\\nnames is frequently manifest and self-evident.\\nThus Metis, the wife of Jupiter, plainly signi-\\nfies counsel; Typhon, swelling; Pan, univer-\\nsality; Nemesis, revenge, etc. Nor is it a\\nwonder, if sometimes a piece of history or\\nother things are introduced, by way of orna-\\nment; or if the times of the action are con-\\nfounded or if part of one fable be tacked to\\nanother or if the allegory be new turned for\\nall this most necessarily happen, as the fables", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "248 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nwere the inventions of men who lived in differ-\\nent ages and had different views some of them\\nbeing ancient, others more modern; some\\nhaving an eye to natural philosophy, and others\\nto morality or civil policy.\\nIt may pass for a further indication of a con-\\ncealed and secret meaning, that some of these\\nfables are so absurd and idle in their narration\\nas to show and proclaim an allegory, even afar\\noff. A fable that carries probability with it may\\nbe supposed invented for pleasure, or in imita-\\ntion of history but those that could never be\\nconceived or related in this way must surely\\nhave a different use. For example, what a\\nmonstrous fiction is this, that Jupiter should\\ntake Metis to wife, and as soon as he found her\\npregnant eat her up, whereby he also con-\\nceived, and out of his head brought forth\\nPallas armed. Certainly no mortal could, but\\nfor the sake of the moral it couches, invent\\nsuch an absurd dream as this, so much out of\\nthe road of thought!\\nBut the argument of most weight with me\\nis this, that many of these fables by no means\\nappear to have been invented by the persons\\nwho relate and divulge them, whether Homer,\\nHesiod, or others; for if I were assured they\\nfirst flowed from those later times and authors\\nthat transmit them to us, I should never expect\\nanything singularly great or noble from such\\nan origin. But whoever attentively considers\\nthe thing, will find that these fables are deliv-\\nered down and related by those writers, not as\\nmatters then first invented and proposed, but", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 249\\nas things received and embraced in earlier ages.\\nBesides, as they are differently related by\\nwriters nearly of the same ages, it is easily\\nperceived that the relators drew from the com-\\nmon stock of ancient tradition, and varied but\\nin point of embellishment, which is their own.\\nAnd this principally raises my esteem of these\\nfables, which I receive not as the product of\\nthe age, or invention of the poets, but as sacred\\nrelics, gentle whispers, and the breath of\\nbetter times, that from the traditions of more\\nancient nations came, at length, into the flutes\\nand trumpets of the Greeks. But if any one\\nshall, notwithstanding this, contend that alle-\\ngories are always adventitious, or imposed up-\\non the ancient fables, and no way native or\\ngenuinely contained in them, we might here\\nleave him undisturbed in that gravity of judg-\\nment he affects (though we cannot help\\naccounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic),\\nand if it were worth the trouble, proceed to\\nanother kind of argument.\\nMen have proposed to answer two different\\nand contrary ends by the use of parable for\\nparables serve as well to instruct or illustrate\\nas to wrap up and envelop, so that though, for\\nthe present, we drop the concealed use, and\\nsuppose the ancient fables to be vague, inde-\\nterminate things, formed for amusement, still\\nthe other use must remain, and can never be\\ngiven up. And every man of any learning,\\nmust readily allow that this method of instruct-\\ning is grave, sober, or exceedingly useful, and\\nsometimes necessary in the sciences, as it opens", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "250 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nan easy and familiar passage to the human un-\\nderstanding, in all new discoveries that are\\nabstruse, and out of the road of vulgar opinions.*\\nHence, in the first ages, when such inventions\\nand conclusions of the human reason as are\\nnow trite and common were new and little\\nknown, all things abounded with fables, para-\\nbles, similes, comparisons and illusions, which\\nwere not intended to conceal, but to inform\\nand teach, while the minds of men continued\\nrude and unpracticed in matters of subtility\\nand speculation, or even impatient, and in a\\nmanner incapable of receiving such things as\\ndid not directly fall under and strike the senses.\\nFor as hieroglyphics were in use before writing,\\nso were parables in use before arguments.\\nAnd even to this day, if any man would let new\\nlight in upon the human understanding, and\\nconquer prejudice, without raising contests,\\nanimosities, opposition, or disturbance, he\\nmust still go in the same path, and have\\nrecourse to the like method of allegory, meta-\\nphor, and allusion.\\nTo conclude, the knowledge of the early ages\\nwas either great or happy; great, if they by\\ndesign made this use of trope and figure hap-\\npy if while they had other views, they afforded\\nmatter and occasion to such noble contempla-\\ntions. Let either be the case, our pains, per-\\nhaps, will not be misemployed, whether we\\nillustrate antiquity or things themselves.\\nThe like, indeed, has been attempted by\\nothers; but to speak ingenuously, their great\\nand voluminous labors have almost destroyed", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 251\\nthe energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing,\\nwhile being unskilled in nature, and their\\nlearning no more than that of commonplace,\\nthey have applied the sense of the parables to\\ncertain general and vulgar matters, without\\nreaching to their real purport, genuine inter-\\npretation, and full depth. For myself, there-\\nfore, I expect to appear new in these common\\nthings, because, leaving untouched such as are\\nsufficiently plain and open, I shall drive only\\nat those that are either deep or rich.\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CASSANDRA, OR DIVINATION.\\nEXPLAINED OF TOO FREE AND UNSEASONABLE\\nADVICE.\\nThe poets relate that Apollo, falling in love\\nwith Cassandra, was still deluded and put off\\nby her, yet fed with hopes, till she had got\\nfrom him the gift of prophecy; and having\\nnow obtained her end, she flatly rejected his\\nsuit. Apollo, unable to recall his rash gift,\\nyet enraged to be outwitted by a girl, annexed\\nthis penalty to it, that though she should\\nalways prophecy true, she should never be\\nbelieved; whence her divinations were always\\nslighted, even when she again and again pre-\\ndicted the ruin of her country.\\nExplanation. This fable seems invented to\\nexpress the insignificance of unseasonable ad-\\nvice. For they who are conceited, stubborn,\\nor intractable, and listen not to the instruc-\\ntions of Apollo, the god of harmony so as to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "252 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nlearn and observe the modulations and meas-\\nures of affairs, the sharps and flats of discourse,\\nthe difference between judicious and vulgar\\nears, and the proper times of speech and\\nsilence, let them be ever so intelligent, and\\never so frank of their advice or their counsels\\never so good and just, yet all their endeavors,\\neither of persuasion or force, are of little sig-\\nnificance, and rather hasten the ruin of those\\nthey advise. But, at last, when the calami-\\ntous event has made the sufferers feel the effect\\nof their neglect they too late reverence their\\nadvisers, as deep, foreseeing, and faithful\\nprophets.\\nOf this we have a remarkable instance in\\nCato of Utica, who discovered afar off, and\\nlong foretold the approaching ruin of his coun-\\ntry, both in the first conspiracy, and as it was\\nprosecuted in the civil war between Caesar and\\nPompey, yet did no good the while, but rather\\nhurt the commonwealth, and hurried on its\\ndestruction, which Cicero wisely observed in\\nthese words: Cato, indeed, judges excellently,\\nbut prejudices the state for he speaks as in the\\ncommonwealth of Plato, and not as in the dregs\\nof Romulus.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TYPHON, OR A REBEL.\\nEXPLAINED OF REBELLION.\\nThe fable runs, that Juno, enraged at Jupi-\\nter s bringing forth Pallas without her assist-\\nance, incessantly solicited all the gods and\\ngoddesses, that she might produce without", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 253\\nJupiter; and having by violence and importun-\\nity obtained the grant, she struck the earth,\\nand thence immediately sprung up Typhon, a\\nhuge and dreadful monster, whom she com-\\nmitted to the nursing of a serpent. As soon as\\nhe was grown up, this monster waged war on\\nJupiter, and taking him prisoner in the battle,\\ncarried him away on his shoulders, into a re-\\nmote and obscure quarter: and there cutting\\nout the sinews of his hands and feet, he bore\\nthem off leaving Jupiter behind miserably\\nmaimed and mangled.\\nBut Mercury afterward stole these sinews\\nfrom Typhon, and restored them to Jupiter.\\nHence, recovering his strength, Jupiter again\\npursues the monster; first wounds him with a\\nstroke of his thunder, when serpents arose\\nfrom the blood of the wound; and now the\\nmonster being dismayed, and taking to flight,\\nJupiter next darted Mount ^Etna upon him,\\nand crushed him with the weight.\\nExplanation. This fable seems designed\\nto express the various fates of kings, and the\\nturns that rebellions sometimes take in king-\\ndoms. For princes may be justly esteemed\\nmarried to their states, as Jupiter to Juno;\\nbut it sometimes happens, that being depraved\\nby long wielding of the sceptre, and growing\\ntyrannical, they would engross all to them-\\nselves, and slighting the counsel of their sen-\\nators and nobles, conceive by themselves; that\\nis, govern according to their own arbitrary\\nwill and pleasure. This inflames the people,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "254 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand makes them endeavor to create and set\\nup some head of their own. Such designs are\\ngenerally set on foot by the secret motion and\\ninstigation of the peers and nobles, under\\nwhose connivance the common sort are pre-\\npared for rising whence proceeds a swell in\\nthe state, which is appositely denoted by the\\nnursing of Typhon. This growing posture of\\naffairs is fed by the natural depravity, and\\nmalignant dispositions of the vulgar, which to\\nkings is an envenomed serpent. And now the\\ndisaffected, uniting their force, at length\\nbreak out into open rebellion, which, produc-\\ning infinite mischiefs, both to prince and peo-\\nple, is represented by the horrid and multiplied\\ndeformity of Typhon, with his hundred heads,\\ndenoting the divided powers; his flaming\\nmouths, denoting fire and devastation; his\\ngirdle of snakes, denoting sieges and destruc-\\ntion; his iron hands, slaughter and cruelty;\\nhis eagle s talons, rapine, and plunder; his\\nplumed body, perpetual rumors, contradictory\\naccounts, etc. And sometimes these rebellions\\ngrow so high, that kings are obliged, as if car-\\nried on the backs of the rebels, to quit the\\nthrone, and retire to some remote and obscure\\npart of their dominions, with the loss of their\\nsinews, both of money and majesty.\\nBut if now they prudently bear this reverse\\nof fortune, they may, in a short time, by the\\nassistance of Mercury, recover their sinews\\nagain; that is, by becoming moderate and\\naffable reconciling the minds and affections of\\nthe people to them, by gracious speeches and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 255\\nprudent proclamations, which will win over\\nthe subjects cheerfully to afford new aids and\\nsupplies, and add fresh vigor to authority.\\nBut prudent and wary princes here seldom in-\\ncline to try fortune by a war, yet do their\\nutmost, by some grand exploit, to crush the\\nreputation of the rebels: and if the attempt\\nsucceeds, the rebels, conscious of the wound\\nreceived, and distrustful of their cause, first\\nbetake themselves to broken and empty\\nthreats, like the hissings of serpents; and\\nnext, when matters are grown desperate, to\\nflight. And now, when they thus begin to\\nshrink, it is safe and seasonable for kings to\\npursue them with their forces, and the whole\\nstrength of the kingdom thus effectually\\nquashing and suppressing them, as it were by\\nthe weight of a mountain.\\nIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE CYCLOPS, OR THE MINIS-\\nTERS OF TERROR.\\nEXPLAINED OF BASE COURT OFFICERS.\\nIt is related that the Cyclops, for their sav-\\nageness and cruelty, were by Jupiter first\\nthrown into Tartarus, and there condemned to\\nperpetual imprisonment: but that afterward,\\nTellus persuaded Jupiter it would be for his\\nservice to release them, and employ them in\\nforging thunderbolts. This he accordingly\\ndid; and they, with unwearied pains and dil-\\nigence, hammered out his bolts, and other in-\\nstruments of terror, with a frightful and con-\\ntinual din of the anvil.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "256 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nIt happened long after, that Jupiter was\\ndispleased with ^Esculapius, the son. of\\nApollo, for having, by the art of medicine, re-\\nstored a dead man to life; but concealing his\\nindignation, because the action in itself was\\npious and illustrious, he secretly incensed the\\nCyclops against him, who, without remorse,\\npresently slew him with their thunderbolts; in\\nrevenge whereof, Apollo, with Jupiter s con-\\nnivance, shot all them dead with his arrows.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to point at\\nthe behavior of princes, who, having cruel,\\nbloody, and oppressive ministers, first punish\\nand displace them; but afterward, by the ad-\\nvice of Tellus, that is, some earthly-minded\\nand ignoble person, employ them again, to\\nserve a turn, when there is occasion for cruelty\\nin execution, or severity in exaction but these\\nministers being base in their nature, whet by\\ntheir former disgrace, and well aware of what\\nis expected from them, use double diligence in\\ntheir office till, proceeding unwarily, and over\\neager to gain favor they sometimes, from the\\nprivate nods, and ambiguous orders of their\\nprince, performed some odious or execrable\\naction: when princes, to decline the envy\\nthemselves, and knowing they shall never want\\nsuch tools at their back, drop them, and give\\nthem up to the friends and followers of the\\ninjured person thus exposing them, as sacri-\\nfices to revenge and popular odium; whence\\nwith great applause, acclamations, and good\\nwishes to the prince, these miscreants at last\\nmeet with their desert.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 257\\nIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NARCISSUS, OR SELF-LOVE.\\nNarcissus is said to have been extremely\\nbeautiful and comely, but intolerably proud\\nand disdainful; so that, pleased with himself,\\nand scorning the world, he led a solitary life\\nin the woods; hunting only with a few follow-\\ners, who were his professed admirers, among\\nwhom the nymph Echo was his constant atten-\\ndant. In this method of life it was once his fate\\nto approach a clear fountain, where he laid\\nhimself down to rest, in the noonday heat;\\nwhen, beholding his image in the water, he fell\\ninto such a rapture and admiration of himself,\\nthat he could by no means be got away, but\\nremained continually fixed and gazing, till at\\nlength he was turned into a flower, of his own\\nname, which appears early in the spring, and\\nis consecrated to the infernal deities, Pluto,\\nProserpine, and the Furies.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to paint\\nthe behavior and fortune of those who, for\\ntheir beauty, or other endowments, wherewith\\nnature (without any industry of their own) has\\ngraced and adorned them, are extravagantly\\nfond of themselves for men of such a disposi-\\ntion generally affect retirement, and absence\\nfrom public affairs; as a life of business must\\nnecessarily subject them to many neglects and\\ncontempts, which might disturb and ruffle\\ntheir minds; whence such persons commonly\\nlead a solitary, private, and shadowy life see\\nlittle company, and those only such as highly\\n17 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nadmire and reverence them or, like an echo,\\nassent to all they say.\\nAnd they who are depraved, and rendered\\nstill fonder of themselves by this custom, grow\\nstrangely indolent, inactive, and perfectly\\nstupid. The Narcissus, a spring flower, is an\\nelegant emblem of this temper, which at first\\nflourishes, and is talked of, but when ripe,\\nfrustrates the expectation conceived of it.\\nAnd that this flower should be sacred to the\\ninfernal powers, carries out the allusion still\\nfurther; because men of this humor are per-\\nfectly useless in all respects: for whatever\\nyields no fruit, but passes, and is no more, like\\nthe way of a ship in the sea, was by the\\nancients consecrated to the infernal shades and\\npowers.\\nV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE RIVER STYX, OR LEAGUES.\\nEXPLAINED OF NECESSITY, IN THE OATHS OR\\nSOLEMN LEAGUES OF PRINCES.\\nThe only solemn oath, by which the gods\\nirrevocably obliged themselves, is a well-\\nknown thing, and makes a part of many\\nancient fables. To this oath they did not\\ninvoke any celestial divinity, or divine attri-\\nbute, but only called to witness the river Styx\\nwhich, with many meanders, surrounds the\\ninfernal court of Dis. For this form alone, and\\nnone but this, was held inviolable and oblig-\\natory and the punishment of falsifying it, was\\nthat dreaded one of being excluded, for a cer-\\ntain number of years, the table of the gods.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 259\\nExplanation. This fable seems invented\\nto show the nature of the compacts and con-\\nfederacies of princes; which, though ever so\\nsolemnly and religiously sworn to, prove but\\nlittle the more binding for it: so that oaths in\\nthis case seem used, rather for decorum, repu-\\ntation, and ceremony, than for fidelity, secur-\\nity, and effectuating. And though these oaths\\nwere strengthened with the bonds of affinity,\\nwhich are the links and ties of nature, and\\nagain, by mutual services and good offices, yet\\nwe see all this will generally give way to\\nambition, convenience, and the thirst of\\npower: the rather, because it is easy for\\nprinces, under various specious pretences to\\ndefend, disguise, and conceal their ambitious\\ndesires, and insincerity; having no judge to\\ncall them to account. There is, however, one\\ntrue and proper confirmation of their faith,\\nthough no celestial divinity; but that great\\ndivinity of princes, Necessity; or, the danger\\nof the state and the securing of advantage.\\nThis necessity is elegantly represented by\\nStyx, the fatal river, that can never be crossed\\nback. And this deity it was, which Iphicrates\\nthe Athenian invoked in making a league: and\\nbecause he roundly and openly avows what\\nmost others studiously conceal, it may be\\nproper to give his own words. Observing\\nthat the Lacedaemonians were inventing and\\nproposing a variety of securities, sanctions, and\\nbonds of alliance, he interrupted them thus:\\nThere may indeed, my friends, be one bond\\nand means of security between us; and that is,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nfor you to demonstrate you have delivered into\\nour hands, such things as that if you had the\\ngreatest desire to hurt us, you could not be\\nable. Therefore, if the power of offending\\nbe taken away, or if by a breach of compact\\nthere be danger of destruction or diminution\\nto the state or tribute, then it is that covenants\\nwill be ratified, and confirmed, as it were by\\nthe Stygian oath, while there remains an\\nimpending danger of being prohibited and ex-\\ncluded the banquet of the gods; by which ex-\\npression the ancients denoted the rights and\\nprerogatives, the affluence, and the felicities,\\nof empire and dominion.\\nVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PAN, OR NATURE.\\nEXPLAINED OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.\\nThe ancients have, with great exactness, de-\\nlineated universal nature under the person of\\nPan. They leave his origin doubtful; some\\nasserting him the son of Mercury, and others\\nthe common offspring of all Penelope s suitors.\\nThe latter supposition doubtless occasioned\\nsome later rivals to entitle this ancient fable\\nPenelope a thing frequently practiced when\\nthe earlier relations are applied to more mod-\\nern characters and persons, though sometimes\\nwith great absurdity and ignorance, as in the\\npresent case; for Pan was one of the most\\nancient gods, and long before the time of\\nUlysses; besides, Penelope was venerated by\\nantiquity for her matronal chastity. A third\\nsort will have him the issue of Jupiter and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 261\\nHybris, that is, Reproach. But whatever his\\norigin was, the Destinies are allowed his\\nsisters.\\nHe is described by antiquity, with pyramidal\\nhorns reaching up to heaven, a rough and\\nshaggy body, a very long beard, of a biform\\nfigure, human above, half brute below, ending\\nin goat s feet. His arms, or ensigns of power,\\nare a pipe in his left hand, composed of seven\\nreeds; in his right a crook; and he wore for his\\nmantle a leopard s skin.\\nHis attributes and titles were the god of\\nhunters, shepherds, and all the rural inhabi-\\ntants; president of the mountains; and, after\\nMercury, the next messenger of the gods. He\\nwas also held the leader and ruler of the\\nNymphs, who continually danced and frisked\\nabout him, attended with the Satyrs and their\\nelders, the Sileni. He had also the power of\\nstriking terrors, especially such as were vain\\nand superstitious; whence they came to be\\ncalled panic terrors.\\nFew actions are recorded of him, only a\\nprincipal one is, that he challenged Cupid at\\nwrestling, and was worsted. He also caught\\nthe giant Typhon in a net, and held him fast.\\nThey relate further of him, that when Ceres,\\ngrowing disconsolate for the rape of Proserpine\\nhid herself, and all the gods took the utmost\\npains to find her, by going out different ways\\nfor that purpose, Pan only had the good fortune\\nto meet her, as he was hunting, and discovered\\nher to the rest. He likewise had the assurance\\nto rival Apollo in music, and in the judgment", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "262 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nof Midas was preferred; but the judge had,\\nthough with great privacy and secrecy, a pair\\nof asses ears fastened on him for his sentence.\\nThere is very little said of his amours which\\nmay seem strange among such a multitude of\\ngods, so profusely amorous. He is only re-\\nported to have been very fond of Echo, who\\nwas also esteemed his wife and one nymph\\nmore, called Syrinx, with the love of whom\\nCupid inflamed him for his insolent challenge;\\nso he is reported once to have solicited the moon\\nto accompany him apart into the deep woods.\\nLastly, Pan had no descendant, which also is\\na wonder, when the male gods were so ex-\\ntremely prolific; only he was the reputed\\nfather of a servant-girl called Iambe, who used\\nto divert strangers with her ridiculous prattling\\nstories.\\nThis fable is perhaps the noblest of all\\nantiquity, and pregnant with the mysteries and\\nsecrets of nature. Pan, as the name imports,\\nrepresents the universe, about whose origin\\nthere are two opinions, viz., that it either\\nsprung from Mercury, that is, the divine word,\\naccording to the Scriptures and philosophical\\ndivines, or from the confused seeds of things.\\nFor they who, allow only one beginning of all\\nthings, either ascribe it to God or, if they\\nsuppose a material beginning, acknowledge it\\nto be various in its powers; so that the whole\\ndispute comes to these points; viz., either that\\nnature proceeds from Mercury, or from Pene-\\nlope and all her suitors.\\nThe third origin of Pan seems borrowed by", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 263\\nthe Greeks from the Hebrew mysteries, either\\nby means of the Egyptians or otherwise; for it\\nrelates to the state of the world, not in its first\\ncreation, but as made subject to death and cor-\\nruption after the fall and in this state it was\\nand remains, the offspring of God and Sin, or\\nJupiter and Reproach. And, therefore, these\\nthree several accounts of Pan s birth may seem\\ntrue, if duly distinguished in respect of things\\nand times. For this Pan, or the universal\\nnature of things, which we view and contem-\\nplate, had its origin from the divine Word and\\nconfused matter, first created by God himself,\\nwith the subsequent introduction of sin and\\nconsequently corruption.\\nThe Destinies, or the natures and fates of\\nthings, are justly made Pan s sisters, as the\\nchain of natural causes links together the rise,\\nduration, and corruption the exaltation, degen-\\neration, and working; the processes, the effects,\\nand changes, of all that can any way happen\\nto things.\\nHorns are given him, broad at the roots, but\\nnarrow and sharp at the top, because the\\nnature of all things seems pyramidal for indi-\\nviduals are infinite, but being collected into a\\nvariety of species, they rise up into kinds, and\\nthese again ascend, and are contracted into\\ngenerals, till at length nature may seem col-\\nlected to a point. And no wonder if Pan s\\nhorns reach to the heavens, since the sublim-\\nities of nature, or abstract ideas, reach in a\\nmanner to things divine; for there is a short", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "264 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand ready passage from metaphysics to natural\\ntheology.\\nPan s body, or the. body of nature, is, with\\ngreat propriety and elegance, painted shaggy\\nand hairy, as representing the rays of things;\\nfor rays are as the hair, or fleece of nature,\\nand more or less worn by all bodies. This evi-\\ndently appears in vision, and in all effects or\\noperations at a distance: for whatever operates\\nthus may be properly said to emit rays. But\\nparticularly the beard of Pan is exceeding long,\\nbecause the rays of the celestial bodies pene-\\ntrate, and act to a prodigious distance, and\\nhave descended into the interior of the earth\\nso far as to change its surface and the sun\\nhimself, when clouded on its upper part, ap-\\npears to the eye bearded.\\nAgain, the body of nature is justly described\\nbiform, because of the difference between its\\nsuperior and inferior parts, as the former, for\\ntheir beauty, regularity of motion, and in-\\nfluence over the earth, may be properly rep-\\nresented by the human figure, and the latter,\\nbecause of their disorder, irregularity, and\\nsubjection to the celestial bodies, are by the\\nbrutal. This biform figure also represents the\\nparticipation of one species with another; for\\nthere appear to be no simple natures but all\\nparticipate or consist of two: thus man has\\nsomewhat of the brute, the brute somewhat of\\nthe plant, the plant somewhat of the mineral\\nso that all natural bodies have really two\\nfaces, or consist of a superior and an inferior\\nspecies.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 265\\nThere lies a curious allegory in the making\\nof Pan goat-footed, on account of the motion\\nof ascent which the terrestrial bodies have\\ntoward the air and heavens; for the goat is a\\nclambering creature, that delights in climbing\\nup rocks and precipices and in the same man-\\nner the matters destined to this lower globe\\nstrongly affect to rise upward, as appears from\\nthe clouds and meteors.\\nPan s arms, or the ensigns he bears in his\\nhands, are of two kinds the one an emblem of\\nharmony, the other of empire. His pipe, com-\\nposed of seven reeds, plainly denotes the con-\\nsent and harmony, or the concords and dis-\\ncords of things, produced by the motion of the\\nseven planets. His crook also contains a fine\\nrepresentation of the ways of nature, which\\nare partly straight and partly crooked; thus the\\nstaff, having an extraordinary bend toward\\nthe top, denotes that the works of Divine\\nProvidence are generally brought about by\\nremote means, or in a circuit, as if somewhat\\nelse were intended rather than the effect pro-\\nduced, as in the sending of Joseph into Egypt,\\netc. So likewise in human government, they\\nwho sit at the helm manage and wind the\\npeople more successfully by pretext and oblique\\ncourses, than they could by such as are direct\\nand straight; so that, in effect, all scepters are\\ncrooked at the top.\\nPan s mantle, or clothing, is with great in-\\ngenuity made of a leopard s skin, because of\\nthe spots it has, for in like manner the heavens\\nare sprinkled with stars, the sea with islands,\\n18 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "266 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nthe earth with flowers, and almost each parti-\\ncular thing is variegated or wears a mottled\\ncoat.\\nThe office of Pan could not be more lively\\nexpressed than by making him the god of hun-\\nters; for every natural action, every motion\\nand process, is no other than a chase thus arts\\nand sciences hunt out their works, and human\\nschemes and counsels their several ends and\\nall living creatures either hunt out their ail-\\nment, pursue their prey, or seek their pleas-\\nures, and this in a skilful and sagacious man-\\nner. He is also styled the god of the rural\\ninhabitants, because men in this situation live\\nmore according to nature than they do in cities\\nand courts, where nature is so corrupted with\\neffeminate arts, that the saying of the poet\\nmay be verified\\npars minima est ipsa puella sui.\\nHe is likewise particularly styled President of\\nthe Mountains, because in mountains and lofty\\nplaces the nature of things lies more open and\\nexposed to the eye and the understanding.\\nIn his being called the messenger of the gods,\\nnext after Mercury, lies a divine allegory, as\\nnext after the Word of God, the image of the\\nworld is the herald of the Divine power and\\nwisdom, according to the expression of the\\nPsalmist, the heavens declare the glory of\\nGod, and the firmament showeth his handi-\\nwork.\\nPan is delighted with the company of the\\nNymphs; that is, the souls of all living creat-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 267\\nures are the delight of the world; and he is\\nproperly called their governor, because each of\\nthem follows its own nature as a leader, and all\\ndance about their own respective rings, with\\ninfinite variety and never-ceasing motion.\\nAnd with these continually join the Satyrs and\\nSileni that is youth and age for all things\\nhave a kind of young, cheerful, and dancing\\ntime and again their time of slowness, totter-\\ning, and creeping. And whoever, in a true\\nlight, considers the motions and endeavors of\\nboth these ages, like another Democritus, will\\nperhaps find them as odd and strange as the\\ngesticulations and antic motions of the Satyrs\\nand Sileni.\\nThe power he had of striking terrors contains\\na very sensible doctrine; for nature has im-\\nplanted fear in all living creatures; as well to\\nkeep them from risking their lives as to guard\\nagainst injuries and violence; and yet this\\nnature or passion keeps not its bounds, but with\\njust and profitable fears always mixes such as\\nare vain and senseless; so that all things, if\\nwe could see their insides, would appear full\\nof panic terrors. Thus mankind, particularly\\nthe vulgar, labor under a high degree of super-\\nstitions, which is nothing more than a panic\\ndread that principally reigns in unsettled and\\ntroublesome times.\\nThe presumption of Pan in challenging\\nCupid to the conflict, denotes that matter has\\nan appetite and tendency to a dissolution of the\\nworld, and falling back to its first chaos again,\\nunless this depravity and inclination were re", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "268 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nstrained and subdued by a more powerful con-\\ncord and agreement of things, properly ex-\\npressed by Love or Cupid; it is, therefore, well\\nfor mankind, and the state of all things, that\\nPan was thrown and conquered in the struggle.\\nHis catching and detaining Typhon in the\\nnet receive a similar explanation; for what-\\never vast and unusual swells, which the word\\nTyphon signifies, may sometimes be raised in\\nnature, as in the sea, the clouds, the earth, or\\nthe like, yet nature catches, entangles, and\\nholds all such outrages and insurrections in her\\ninextricable net, wove as it were of adamant.\\nThat part of the fable which attributes the\\ndiscovery of lost Ceres to Pan while he was\\nhunting a happiness denied the other gods,\\nthough they diligently and expressly sought\\nher contains an exceedingly just and prudent\\nadmonition viz. that we are not to expect the\\ndiscovery of things useful in common life, as\\nthat of corn, denoted by Ceres, from abstract\\nphilosophies, as if these were the gods of the\\nfirst order no, not though we used our utmost\\nendeavors this way but only from Pan, that\\nis, a sagacious experience and general knowl-\\nedge of nature, which is often found, even by\\naccident, to stumble upon such discoveries\\nwhile the pursuit was directed another way.\\nThe event of his contending with Apollo in\\nmusic affords us a useful instruction, tnat may\\nhelp to humble the human reason and judg-\\nment, which is too apt to boast and glory in\\nitself. There seem to be two kinds of har-\\nmony the one of Divine Providence, the other", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 269\\nof human reason; but the government of the\\nworld, the administration of its affairs, and the\\nmore secret Divine judgments, sound harsh\\nand dissonant to human ears or human judg-\\nment; and though this ignorance be justly\\nrewarded with asses ears, yet they are put on\\nand worn, not openly, but with great secrecy;\\nnor is the deformity of the things seen or ob-\\nserved by the vulgar\\nWe must not find it strange if no amours\\nare related of Pan besides his marriage with\\nEcho; for nature enjoys itself, and in itself\\nall other things. He that loves desires enjoy-\\nment, but in profusion there is no room for\\ndesire; and therefore Pan, remaining content\\nwith himself, has no passion unless it be for\\ndiscourse, which is well shadowed out by Echo\\nor talk, or when it is more accurate, by Syrinx\\nor writing. But Echo makes a most excellent\\nwife for Pan, as being no other than genuine\\nphilosophy, which faithfully repeats his words,\\nor only transcribes exactly as nature dictates;\\nthus representing the true image and reflec-\\ntion of the world without adding a tittle.\\nIt tends also to the support and perfection\\nof Pan or nature to be without offspring for\\nthe world generates in its parts, and not in the\\nway of a whole, as wanting a body external to\\nitself wherewith to generate.\\nLastly, for the supposed or spurious prattl-\\ning daughter of Pan, it is an excellent addition\\nto the fable, and aptly represents the talkative\\nphilosophies that have at all times been stir-\\nring, and filled the world with idle tales, being", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\never barren, empty, and servile, though some-\\ntimes indeed diverting and entertaining, and\\nsometimes again troublesome and importunate.\\nVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PERSEUS, OR WAR.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE PREPARATION AND CONDUCT\\nNECESSARY TO WAR.\\n44 The fable relates, that Perseus was dis-\\npatched from the east by Pallas, to cut off\\nMedusa s head, who had commmitted great\\nravage upon the people of the west; for this\\nMedusa was so dire a monster as to turn into\\nstone all those who but looked upon her. She\\nwas a Gorgon, and the only mortal one of the\\nthree, the other two being invulnerable.\\nPerseus, therefore, preparing himself for this\\ngrand enterprise, had presents made him\\nfrom three of the gods: Mercury gave him\\nwings for his heels; Pluto, a helmet; and\\nPallas, a shield and a mirror. But though he\\nwas now so well equipped, he posted not\\ndirectly to Medusa, but first turned aside to\\nthe Greae,who were half-sisters to the Gorgons.\\nThese Greae were grayheaded, and like old\\nwomen from their birth, having among them\\nall three but one eye, and one tooth, which, as\\nthey had occasion to go out, they each wore\\nby turns, and laid them down again upon\\ncoming back. This eye and this tooth they\\nlent to Perseus, who now judging himself\\nsufficently furnished, he, without futher stop,\\nflies swiftly away to Medusa, and finds her\\nasleep. But not venturing his eyes, for fear", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 271\\nshe should awake, he turned his head aside,\\nand viewed her in Pallas mirror; and thus\\ndirecting his stroke, cut off her head; when\\nimmediately, from the gushing blood, there\\ndarted Pegasus, winged. Perseus now in-\\nserted Medusa s head into Pallas shield, which\\nthence retained the faculty of astonishing and\\nbenumbing all who looked on it.\\nThis fable seems invented to show the pru-\\ndent method of choosing, undertaking, and\\nconducting a war and, accordingly, lays down\\nthree useful precepts about it, as if they were\\nthe precepts of Pallas.\\n(i) The first is, that no prince should be\\nover-solicitous to subdue a neighboring nation\\nfor the method of enlarging an empire is very\\ndifferent from that of increasing an estate.\\nRegard is justly had to contiguity, or ad-\\njacency, in private lands and possessions; but\\nin the extending of empire, the occasion, the\\nfacility and advantage of a war are to be re-\\ngarded instead of vicinity. It is certain that\\nthe Romans, at the time they stretched but\\nlittle beyond Liguria to the west, had by their\\narms subdued the provinces as far as Mount\\nTaurus to the east. And thus Perseus readily\\nundertook a very long expedition even from\\nthe east to the extremities of the west.\\nThe second precept is, that the cause of the\\nwar be just and honorable; for this adds alac-\\nrity both to the soldiers and people who find\\nthe supplies; procures aids, alliances, and\\nnumerous other conveniences. Now there is\\nno cause of war more just and laudable than", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "272 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nthe suppressing of tyranny, by which a people\\nare dispirited, benumbed, or left without life\\nand vigor, as at the sight of Medusa.\\nLastly, it is prudently added, that as there\\nwere three of the Gorgons, who represent war,\\nPerseus singled her out for his expedition that\\nwas mortal; which affords this precept, that\\nsuch kinds of war should be chosen as may be\\nbrought to a conclusion, with pursuing vast\\nand infinite hopes.\\nAgain, Perseus setting-out is extremely well\\nadapted to his undertaking, and in a manner\\ncommands success; he received dispatch from\\nMercury, secrecy from Pluto, and foresight\\nfrom Pallas. It also contains an excellent\\nallegory, that the wings given him by Mer-\\ncury were for his heels, not for his shoulders;\\nbecause expedition is not so much required in\\nthe first preparations for war, as in the subse-\\nquent matters, that administer to the first; for\\nthere is no error more frequent in war, than,\\nafter brisk preparations, to halt for subsidiary\\nforces and effective supplies.\\nThe allegory of Pluto s helmet, rendering\\nmen invisible and secret, is sufficiently evident\\nof itself; but the mystery of the shield and\\nthe mirror lies deeper, and denotes that not\\nonly a prudent caution must be had to defend,\\nlike the shield, but also such an address and\\npenetration as may discover the strength, the\\nmotions, the counsels, and designs of the\\nenemy like the mirror of Pallas.\\nBut though Perseus may now seem ex-\\ntremely well prepared, there still remains the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 273\\nmost important thing of all; before he enters\\nupon the war, he must of necessity consult\\nthe Greae. These Greae are treasons; half,\\nbut degenerate sisters of the Gorgons, who are\\nrepresentatives of war: for wars are generous\\nand noble but treasons base and vile. The\\nGreae are elegantly described as hoary-headed,\\nand like old women from their birth; on\\naccount of the perpetual cares, fears, and\\ntrepidations attending traitors. Their force,\\nalso, before it breaks out into open revolt, con-\\nsists either in an eye or a tooth; for all fac-\\ntion, alienated from a state, is both watchful\\nand biting; and this eye and tooth are, as it\\nwere, common to all disaffected; because\\nwhatever they learn and know is transmitted\\nfrom one to another, as by the hands of fac-\\ntion. And for the tooth, they all bite with the\\nsame; and clamor with one throat; so that\\neach of them singly expresses the multitude.\\nThese Greae, therefore, must be prevailed\\nupon by Perseus to lend him their eye and\\ntheir tooth the eye to give him indications,\\nand make discoveries; the tooth for sowing\\nrumors, raising envy, and stirring up the\\nminds of the people. And when all these\\nthings are thus disposed and prepared, then\\nfollows the action of the war.\\nHe finds Medusa asleep; for whoever under-\\ntakes a war with prudence, generally falls\\nupon the enemy unprepared, and nearly in a\\nstate of security; and here is the occasion for\\nPallas mirror: for it is common enough,\\nbefore the danger presents itself, to see exactly\\n18 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "274 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\ninto the state and posture of the enemy; but\\nthe principal use of the glass is, in the very\\ninstant of danger, to discover the manner\\nthereof, and prevent consternation; which is\\nthe thing intended by Perseus turning his\\nhead aside, and viewing the enemy in the\\nglass.\\nTwo effects here follow the conquest: i.\\nThe darting forth of Pegasus; which evi-\\ndently denotes fame, that flies abroad, pro-\\nclaiming the victory far and near. 2. The\\nbearing of Medusa s head in the shield, which\\nis the greatest possible defense and safeguard;\\nfor one grand and memorable enterprise,\\nhappily accomplished, bridles all the motions\\nand attempts of the enemy, stupefies disaffec-\\ntion, and quells commotions.\\nVIII. ENDYMION, OR A FAVORITE.\\nEXPLAINED OF COURT FAVORITES.\\nThe goddess Luna is said to have fallen in\\nlove with the shepherd Endymion, and to\\nhave carried on her amours with him in a new\\nand singular manner; it being her custom,\\nwhile he lay reposing in his native cave, under\\nMount Latmus, to descend frequently from\\nher sphere, enjoy his company while he slept,\\nand then go up to heaven again. And all this\\nwhile, Endymion s fortune was no way preju-\\ndiced by his inactive and sleepy life, the god-\\ndess causing his flocks to thrive, and grow so\\nexceeding numerous, that none of the other\\nshepherds could compare with him.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 275\\nExplanation. This fable seems to describe\\nthe tempers and dispositions of princes, who,\\nbeing thoughtful and suspicious, do not easily\\nadmit to their privacies such men as are pry-\\ning, curious, and vigilant, or, as it were, sleep-\\nless; but, rather, such as are of an easy, oblig-\\ning nature, and indulge them in their pleas-\\nures, without seeking anything further; but\\nseeming ignorant, insensible, or, as it were,\\nlulled asleep before them. Princes usually\\ntreat such persons familiarly; and, quitting\\ntheir throne like Luna, think they may with\\nsafety unbosom to them. This temper was\\nvery remarkable in Tiberius, a prince exceed-\\ning difficult to please, and who had no favorites\\nbut those that perfectly understood his way,\\nand, at the same time, obstinately dissembled\\ntheir knowledge, almost to a degree of stu-\\npidity.\\nThe cave is not improperly mentioned in\\nthe fable; it being a common thing for the\\nfavorites of a prince to have their pleasant\\nretreats, whither to invite him, by way of\\nrelaxation, though without prejudice to their\\nown fortunes; these favorites usually making\\na good provision for themselves.\\nFor though their prince should not, perhaps,\\npromote them to dignities, yet, out of real\\naffection, and not only for convenience, they\\ngenerally feel the enriching influence of his\\nbounty.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "276 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nIX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094THE SISTER OF THE GIANTS,\\nOR FAME.\\nEXPLAINED OF PUBLIC DETRACTION.\\nThe poets relate, that the giants, produced\\nfrom the earth, made war upon Jupiter and\\nthe other gods, but were repulsed and con-\\nquered by thunder; whereat the earth, pro-\\nvoked, brought forth Fame, the youngest sister\\nof the giants, in revenge for the death of her\\nsons.\\nExplanation. The meaning of the fable\\nseems to be this: the earth denotes the nature\\nof the vulgar, who are always swelling, and\\nrising against their rulers, and endeavoring\\nat changes. This disposition, getting a fit\\nopportunity, breeds rebels and traitors, who,\\nwith impetuous rage, threaten and contrive\\nthe overthrow and destruction of princes.\\nAnd when brought under and subdued, the\\nsame vile and restless nature of the people,\\nimpatient of peace, produces rumors, detrac-\\ntions, slanders, libels, etc., to blacken those in\\nauthority; so that rebellious actions and sedi-\\ntious rumors, differ not in origin and stock,\\nbut only as it were in sex; treasons and\\nrebellious being the brothers, and scandal or\\ndetraction the sister.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 277\\nX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ACTEON AND PENTHEUS, OR A\\nCURIOUS MAN.\\nEXPLAINED OF CURIOSITY, OR PRYING INTO THE\\nSECRETS OF PRINCES AND DIVINE MYSTERIES.\\nThe ancients afford us two examples for sup-\\npressing the impertinent curiosity of mankind,\\nin diving into secrets and impudently longing\\nand endeavoring to discover them. The one\\nof these is in the person of Acteon, and the\\nother in that of Pentheus. Acteon, undesign-\\nedly chancing to see Diana naked, was turned\\ninto a stag, and torn to pieces byhis own hounds.\\nAnd Pentheus, desiring to pry into the hidden\\nmysteries of Bacchus sacrifice, and climbing\\na tree for that purpose, was struck with a\\nfrenzy. This frenzy of Pentheus caused him\\nto see things double, particularly the sun, and\\nhis own city Thebes, so that running home-\\nward, and immediately espying another\\nThebes, he runs toward that; and thus con-\\ntinues incessantly tending first to the one, and\\nthen to the other, without coming at either.\\nExplanation. The first of these fables may\\nrelate to the secrets of princes, and the second\\nto divine mysteries. For they who are not\\nintimate with a prince, yet against his will\\nhave a knowledge of his secrets, inevitably\\nincur his displeasure; and therefore, being\\naware that they are singled out, and all oppor-\\ntunities watched against them, they lead the\\nlife of a stag, full of fears and suspicions. It\\nlikewise frequently happens that their", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "278 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nservants and domestics accuse them and plot\\ntheir overthrow, in order to procure favor\\nwith the prince; for whenever the king mani-\\nfests his displeasure, the person it falls upon\\nmust expect his servants to betray him, and\\nworry him down, as Acteon was worried by\\nhis own dogs.\\nThe punishment of Pentheus is of another\\nkind for they who, unmindful of their mortal\\nstate, rashly aspire to divine mysteries, by\\nclimbing the heights of nature and philosophy,\\nhere represented by climbing a tree their\\nfate is perpetual inconstancy, perplexity, and\\ninstability of judgment. For as there is one\\nlight of nature, and another light that is\\ndivine, they see, as it were, two sons. And\\nas the actions of life, and the determinations\\nof the will, depend upon the understanding,\\nthey are distracted as much in opinion as in\\nwill and therefore judge very inconsistently,\\nor contradictorily and see, as it were, Thebes\\ndouble for Thebes being the refuge and habi-\\ntation of Pentheus, here denotes the ends of\\nactions; whence they know not what course\\nto take, but remaining undetermined and unre-\\nsolved in their views and designs, they are\\nmerely driven about by every sudden gust\\nand impulse of the mind.\\nXL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ORPHEUS, OR PHILOSOPHY.\\nEXPLAINED OF NATURAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY.\\nIntroduction. The fable of Orpheus,\\nthough trite and common, has never been well", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 279\\ninterpreted, and seems to hold out a picture\\nof universal philosophy; for to this sense may\\nbe easily transferred what is said of his being\\na wonderful and perfectly divine person,\\nskilled in all kinds of harmony, subduing and\\ndrawing all things after him by sweet and\\ngentle methods and modulations. For the\\nlabors of Orpheus exceed the labors of Her-\\ncules, both in power and dignity, as the works\\nof knowledge exceed the works of strength.\\nFable. Orpheus having his beloved wife\\nsnatched from him by sudden death, resolved\\nupon descending to the infernal regions, to\\ntry if, by the power of his harp, he could reob-\\ntain her. And, in effect, he so appeased and\\nsoothed the infernal powers by the melody and\\nsweetness of his harp and voice, that they\\nindulged him the liberty of taking her back,\\non condition that she should follow him\\nbehind, and he not turn to look upon her till\\nthey came into open day; but he through the\\nimpatience of his care and affection, and think-\\ning himself almost past danger, at length\\nlooked behind him, whereby the condition was\\nviolated, and she again precipitated to Pluto s\\nregions. From this time Orpheus grew pen-\\nsive and sad, a hater of the sex, and went into\\nsolitude, where, by the same sweetness of his\\nharp and voice, he first drew the wild beasts of\\nall sorts about him; so that forgetting their\\nnatures, they were neither actuated by re-\\nvenge, cruelty, lust, hunger, or the desire of\\nprey, but stood gazing about him, in a tame\\nand gentle manner, listening attentively to his", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "280 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nmusic. Nay, so great was the power and\\nefficacy of his harmony, that it even caused the\\ntrees and stones to remove, and place them-\\nselves in a regular manner about him. When\\nhe had for a time, and with great admiration,\\ncontinued to do this, at length the Thracian\\nwomen, raised by the instigation of Bacchus,\\nfirst blew a deep and hoarse-sounding horn,\\nin such an outrageous manner, that it quite\\ndrowned the music of Orpheus. And thus\\nthe power which, as the link of their society,\\nheld all things in order, being dissolved, dis-\\nturbance reigned anew; each creature re-\\nturned to its own nature, and pursued and\\npreyed upon its fellow, as before. The rocks\\nand woods also started back to their former\\nplaces; 1 and even Orpheus himself was at last\\ntorn to pieces by these female furies, and\\nhis limbs scattered all over the desert. But,\\nin sorrow and revenge for his death, the\\nriver Helicon, sacred to the Muses, hid its\\nwaters under ground, and rose again in other\\nplaces.\\nExplanation. The fable receives this\\nexplanation. The music of Orpheus is of two\\nkinds one that appeases the infernal powers,\\nand the other that draws together the wild\\nbeasts and trees. The former properly relates\\nto natural, and the latter to moral philosophy,\\nor civil society. The reinstatement and restor-\\nation of corruptible things is the noblest work\\nof natural philosophy; and, in a less degree,\\nthe preservation of bodies in their own state,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 281\\nor a prevention of their dissolution and corrup-\\ntion. And if this be possible, it can certainly\\nbe effected no other way than by proper and\\nexquisite attemperations of nature; as it were\\nby the harmony and fine touching of the harp.\\nBut as this is a thing of exceeding great diffi-\\nculty, the end is seldom obtained; and that,\\nprobably, for no reason more than a curious\\nand unreasonable impatience and solicitude.\\nAnd, therefore philosophy, being almost\\nunequal to the task, has cause to grow sad, and\\nhence betakes itself to human affairs, insinu-\\nating into men s minds the love of virtue,\\nequity, and peace by means of eloquence and\\npersuasion; thus forming men into societies;\\nbringing them under laws and regulations; and\\nmaking them forget their unbridled passions\\nand affections, so long as they harken to pre-\\ncepts and submit to discipline. And thus they\\nsoon after build themselves habitations, form\\ncities, cultivate lands, plant orchards, gardens,\\netc. So that they may not improperly be said\\nto remove and call the trees and stones\\ntogether.\\nAnd this regard to civil affairs is justly and\\nregularly placed after diligent trial made for\\nrestoring the mortal body; the attempt being\\nfrustrated in the end because the unavoidable\\nnecessity of death, thus evidently laid before\\nmankind, animates them to seek a kind of\\neternity by works of perpetuity, character, and\\nfame.\\nIt is also prudently added, that Orpheus was\\nafterward averse to women and wedlock,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "282 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nbecause the indulgence of a married state, and\\nthe natural affections which men have for their\\nchildren, often prevent them from entering\\nupon any grand, noble, or meritorious enter-\\nprise for the public good; as thinking it suffi-\\ncient to obtain immortality by their descend-\\nants, without endeavoring at great actions.\\nAnd even the works of knowledge, though\\nthe most excellent among human things, have\\ntheir periods; for after kingdoms and common-\\nwealths have flourished for a time, disturb-\\nances, seditions, and wars, often arise, in the\\ndin whereof, first the laws are silent, and not\\nheard; and then men return to their own\\ndepraved natures whence cultivated lands and\\ncities soon become desolate and waste. And if\\nthis disorder continues, learning and philosophy\\nis infallibly torn to pieces; so that only some\\nscattered fragments thereof can afterward be\\nfound up and down, in a few places, like planks\\nafter a shipwreck. And barbarous times suc-\\nceeding, the river Helicon dips underground;\\nthat is, letters are buried, till things having\\nundergone their due course of changes, learn-\\ning rises again, and shows its head, though sel-\\ndom in the same place, but in some other\\nnation.\\nXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CCELUM, OR BEGINNINGS.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE CREATION, OR ORIGIN OF ALL\\nTHINGS.\\nThe poets relate, that Coelum was the most\\nancient of all the gods; that his parts of gen-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 283\\neration were cut off by his son Saturn; that\\nSaturn had a numerous offspring, but devoured\\nall his sons as soon as they were born that\\nJupiter at length escaped the common fate;\\nand when grown up, drove his father Saturn\\ninto Tartarus; usurped the kingdom; cut off\\nhis father s genitals, with the same knife where-\\nwith Saturn had dismembered Coelum, and,\\nthrowing them into the sea, thence sprung\\nVenus.\\nBefore Jupiter was well established in his\\nempire, two memorable wars were made upon\\nhim the first by the Titans, in subduing of\\nwhom, Sol, the only one of the Titans who\\nfavored Jupiter, performed him singular serv-\\nice; the second by the giants, who being\\ndestroyed and subdued by the thunder and\\narms of Jupiter, he now reigned secure.\\nExplanation. This fable appears to be an\\nenigmatical account of the origin of all things,\\nnot greatly differing from the philosophy after-\\nward embraced by Democritus, who expressly\\nasserts the eternity of matter, but denies the\\neternity of the world; thereby approaching to\\nthe truth of sacred writ, which makes chaos, or\\nuninformed matter, to exist before the six\\ndays works.\\nThe meaning of the fable seems to be this:\\nCoelum denotes the concave space, or vaulted\\nroof that incloses all matter, and Saturn the\\nmatter itself, which cuts off all power of gener-\\nation from his father; as one and the same\\nquality of matter remains invariably in nature,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "284 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nwithout addition or diminution. But the agi-\\ntations and struggling motions of matter, first\\nproduced certain imperfect and ill-joined com-\\nposition of things, as it were so many first rudi-\\nments, or essays of worlds till, in process of\\ntime, there arose a fabric capable of preserv-\\ning its form and structure. Whence the first\\nage was shadowed out by the reign of Saturn;\\nwho, on account of the frequent dissolutions,\\nand short durations of things, was said to\\ndevour his children. And the second age was\\ndenoted by the reign of Jupiter; who thrust,\\nor drove those frequent and transitory changes\\ninto Tartarus a place expressive of disorder.\\nThis place seems to be the middle space,\\nbetween the lower heavens and the internal\\nparts of the earth, wherein disorder, imperfec-\\ntion, mutation, mortality, destruction, and cor-\\nruption are principally found.\\nVenus was not born during the former gen-\\neration of things, under the reign of Saturn\\nfor while discord and jar had the upper hand\\nof concord and uniformity in the matter of the\\nuniverse, a change of the entire structure was\\nnecessary. And in this manner things were\\ngenerated and destroyed, before Saturn was\\ndismembered. But when this manner of gen-\\neration ceased, there immediately followed\\nanother, brought about by Venus, or a perfect\\nand established harmony of things; whereby\\nchanges were wrought in the parts, while the\\nuniversal fabric remained entire and undis-\\nturbed. Saturn, however, is said to be thrust\\nout and dethroned, not killed, and become", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 285\\nextinct; because, agreeably to the opinion of\\nDemocritus, the world might relapse into its\\nold confusion and disorder, which Lucretius\\nhoped would not happen in his time.\\nBut now, when the world was compact, and\\nheld together by its own bulk and energy, yet\\nthere was no rest from the beginning; for first,\\nthere followed considerable motions and dis-\\nturbances in the celestial regions, though so\\nregulated and moderated by the power of the\\nSun, prevailing over the heavenly bodies, as\\nto continue the world in its state. Afterward\\nthere followed the like in the lower parts, by\\ninundations, storms, winds, general earth-\\nquakes, etc., which, however, being subdued\\nand kept under, there ensued a more peaceable\\nand lasting harmony, and consent of things.\\nIt may be said of this fable, that it includes\\nphilosophy; and again, that philosophy includes\\nthe fable; for we know, by faith, that all these\\nthings are but the oracle of sense, long since\\nceased and decayed; but the matter and fabric\\nof the world being justly attributed to a creator.\\nXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROTEUS, OR MATTER.\\nEXPLAINED OF MATTER AND ITS CHANGES.\\nProteus, according to the poets was Nep-\\ntune s herdsman; an old man, and a most\\nextraordinary prophet, who understood things\\npast and present, as well as future so that\\nbesides the business of divination, he was the\\nrevealer and interpreter of all intiquity, and\\nsecrets of every kind. He lived in a vast cave,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "286 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nwhere his custom was to tell over his herd of\\nsea-calves at noon, and then to sleep. Who-\\never consulted him, had no other way of obtain-\\ning an answer, but by binding him with man-\\nacles and fetters when he, endeavoring to free\\nhimself, would change into all kinds of shapes\\nand miraculous forms as of fire, water, wild\\nbeasts, etc. till at length he resumed his own\\nshape again.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to point at\\nthe secrets of nature, and the states of matter.\\nFor the person of Proteus denotes matter, the\\noldest of all things, after God himself; that\\nresides, as in a cave, under the vast concavity\\nof the heavens. He is represented as the serv-\\nant of Neptune, because the various operations\\nand modifications of matter are principally\\nwrought in a fluid state. The herd, or flock of\\nProteus, seems to be no other than the several\\nkinds of animals, plants, and minerals, in\\nwhich matter appears to diffuse and spend\\nitself; so that after having formed these sev-\\neral species, and as it were finished its task, it\\nseems to sleep and repose without otherwise\\nattempting to produce any new ones. And\\nthis is the moral of Proteus counting his herd,\\nthen going to sleep.\\nThis is said to be done at noon, not in the\\nmorning or evening; by which is meant the\\ntime best fitted and disposed for the produc-\\ntion of species, from a matter duly prepared,\\nand made ready beforehand, and now lying in\\na middle state, between its first rudiments and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 287\\ndecline; which, we learn from sacred history,\\nwas the case at the time of the creation; when\\nby the efficacy of the divine command, matter\\ndirectly came together, without any transfor-\\nmation of intermediate changes, which it\\naffects; instantly obeyed the order, and ap-\\npeared in the form of creatures.\\nAnd thus far the fable reaches of Proteus,\\nand his flock, at liberty and unrestrained.\\nFor the universe, with the common structures\\nand fabrics of the creatures, is the face of mat-\\nter, not under constraint, or as the flock wrought\\nupon and tortured by human means. But if\\nany skilful minister of nature shall apply force\\nto matter, and by design torture and vex it, in\\norder to its annihilation, it, on the contrary,\\nbeing brought under this necessity, changes\\nand transforms itself into a strange variety of\\nshapes and appearances; for nothing but the\\npower of the Creator can annihilate, or truly\\ndestroy it; so that at length, running through\\nthe whole circle of transformations, and com-\\npleting its period, it in some degree restores\\nitself, if the force be continued. And that\\nmethod of binding, torturing, or detaining, will\\nprove the most effectual and expeditious, which\\nmakes use of manacles and fetters; that is,\\nlays hold and works upon matter in the extrem-\\nest degrees.\\nThe addition in the fable that makes Proteus\\na prophet, who had the knowledge of things\\npast, present, and future, excellently agrees\\nwith the nature of matter; as he who knows\\nthe properties, the changes, and the processes", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "288 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nof matter, must of necessity understand the\\neffects and sum of what it does, has done, or\\ncan do, though his knowledge extends not to\\nall the parts and particulars thereof.\\nXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEMNON, OR A YOUTH TOO\\nFORWARD.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE FATAL PRECEPITANCY OF\\nYOUTH.\\nThe poets made Memnon the son of Aurora,\\nand bring him to the Trojan war in beautiful\\narmor, and flushed with popular praise where,\\nthirsting after further glory, and rashly hurry-\\ning on to the greatest enterprises, he engages\\nthe bravest warrior of all the Greeks, Achilles,\\nand falls by his hand in single combat. Jup-\\niter, in commiseration of his death, sent birds\\nto grace his funeral, that perpetually chanted\\ncertain mournful and bewailing dirges. It is\\nalso reported, that the ways of the rising sun,\\nstriking his statue, used to give a lamenting\\nsound.\\nExplanation. This fable regards the un-\\nfortunate end of those promising youths,\\nwho, like sons of the morning, elate with empty\\nhopes and glittering outsides, attempt things\\nbeyond their strength; challenge the bravest\\nheroes; provoke them to the combat; and\\nproving unequal, die in their high attempts.\\nThe death of such youths seldom fails to\\nmeet with infinite pity; as no mortal calamity\\nis more moving and afflicting than to see the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 289\\nflower of virtue cropped before its time. Nay,\\nthe prime of life enjoyed to the full, or even\\nto a degree of envy, does not assuage or mod-\\nerate the grief occasioned by the untimely\\ndeath of such hopeful youths; but lamenta-\\ntions and bewailings fly, like mournful birds,\\nabout their tombs, for a long while after;\\nespecially upon all fresh occasions, new com-\\nmotions, and the beginning of great actions,\\nthe passionate desire of them is renewed, as by\\nthe sun s morning rays.\\nXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TYTHONUS, OR SATIETY.\\nEXPLAINED OF PREDOMINANT PASSIONS.\\nIt is elegantly fabled by Tythonus, that being\\nexceedingly beloved by Aurora, she petitioned\\nJupiter that he might prove immortal, thereby\\nto secure herself the everlasting enjoyment of\\nhis company; but through female inadvertence\\nshe forgot to add, that he might never grow\\nold so that, though he proved immortal, he\\nbecame miserably worn and consumed with age,\\ninsomuch that Jupiter, out of pity, at length\\ntransformed him to a grasshopper.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to contain\\nan ingenious description of pleasure; which at\\nfirst, as it were in the morning of the day, is so\\nwelcome that men pray to have it everlasting,\\nbut forget that satiety and weariness of it will,\\nlike old age, overtake them, though they think\\nnot of it; so that at length, when their appetite\\nfor pleasurable actions is gone, their desires\\n19 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "290 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand affections often continue whence we com-\\nmonly find that aged persons delight them-\\nselves with the discourse and remembrance of\\nthe things agreeable to them in their better\\ndays. This is very remarkable in men of a\\nloose, and men of a military life; the former\\nwhereof are always talking over their amours,\\nand the latter the exploits of their youth like\\ngrasshoppers, that show their vigor only by\\ntheir chirping.\\nXVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JUNO S SUITOR, OR BASENESS.\\nEXPLAINED OF SUBMISSION AND ABJECTION.\\nThe poet tells us that Jupiter, to carry on\\nhis love intrigues, assumed many different\\nshapes; as of a bull, an eagle, a swan, a golden\\nshower, etc. but when he attempted Juno, he\\nturned himself into the most ignoble and ridic-\\nulous creature even that of a wretched, wet,\\nweather-beaten, affrighted, trembling, and half-\\nstarved cuckoo.\\nExplanation. This is a wise fable, and\\ndrawn from the very entrails of morality.\\nThe moral is, that men should not be conceited\\nof themselves, and imagine that a discovery of\\ntheir excellences will always render them\\nacceptable for this can only succeed accord-\\ning to the nature and manners of the person\\nthey court, or solicit who, if he be a man not\\nof the same gifts and endowments, but alto-\\ngether of a haughty and contemptuous\\nbehavior, here represented by the person of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 291\\nJuno, they must entirely drop the character\\nthat carries the least show of worth, or grace-\\nfulness if they proceed upon any other foot-\\ning, it is downright folly; nor is it sufficient to\\nact the deformity of obsequiousness, unless\\nthey really change themselves, and become\\nabject and contemptible in their persons.\\nXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CUPID, OR AN ATOM.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE CORPUSCULAR PHILOSOPHY.\\nThe particulars related by the poets of\\nCupid, or Love, no not properly agree to the\\nsame person; yet they differ only so far, that\\nif the confusion of persons be rejected, the\\ncorrespondence may hold. They say, that\\nLove was the most ancient of all the gods, and\\nexisted before everything else, except Chaos,\\nwhich is held coeval therewith. But for Chaos,\\nthe ancients never paid divine honors, nor gave\\nthe title of a god thereto. Love is represented\\nabsolutely without progenitor, excepting only\\nthat he is said to have proceeded from the egg\\nof Nox but that himself begot the gods, and\\nall things else, on Chaos. His attributes are\\nfour, vix. i, perpetual infancy; 2, blindness;\\n3, nakedness; and 4, archery.\\nThere was also another Cupid, or Love, the\\nyoungest son of the gods, born of Venus; and\\nupon him the attributes of the elder are trans-\\nferred with some degree of correspondence.\\nExplanation. This fable points at, and\\nenters, the cradle of nature. Love seems to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "292 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nbe the appetite, or incentive, of the primitive\\nmatter; or, to speak more distinctly, the nat-\\nural motion, or moving principle, of the orig-\\ninal corpuscles, or atoms; this being the most\\nancient and only power that made and wrought\\nall things out of matter. It is absolutely with-\\nout parent, that is, without cause for causes\\nare as parents to effects; but this power or\\nefficacy could have no natural cause; for,\\nexcepting God, nothing was before it: and\\ntherefore it could have no efficient in nature.\\nAnd as nothing is more inward with nature, it\\ncan neither be a genius nor a form; and,\\ntherefore, whatever it is, it must be somewhat\\npositive, though inexpressible. And if it were\\npossible to conceive its modus and process, yet\\nit could not be known from its cause, as being,\\nnext to God, the cause of causes, and itself\\nwithout a cause. And perhaps we are not to\\nhope that the modus of it should fall or be\\ncomprehended, under human inquiry. Whence\\nit is properly feigned to be the egg of Nox, or\\nlaid in the dark.\\nThe divine philosopher declares, that God\\nhas made everything beautiful in its season:\\nand has given over the world to our disputes\\nand inquiries: but that man cannot find out\\nthe work which God has wrought, from its\\nbeginning up to its end. Thus the summary\\nor collective law of nature, or the principle of\\nlove, impressed by God upon the original\\nparticles of all things, so as to make them\\nattack each other and come together, by the\\nrepetition and multiplication whereof all the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 293\\nvariety in the universe is produced, can scarce\\npossibly find full admittance into the thoughts\\nof men, though some faint notion may be had\\nthereof. The Greek philosophy is subtile, and\\nbusied in discovering the material principles of\\nthings, but negligent and languid in discover-\\ning the principles of motion, in which the\\nenergy and efficacy of every operation consists.\\nAnd here the Greek philosophers seem per-\\nfectly blind and childish for the opinion of the\\nPeripatetics, as to the stimulus of matter, by\\nprivation, is little more than words, or rather\\nsound than signification. And they who refer\\nit to God, though they do well therein, yet\\nthey do it by a start, and not by proper degrees\\nof assent for doubtless there is one summary,\\nor capital law, in which nature meets, subordi-\\nnate to God, viz., the law mentioned in the\\npassage above quoted from Solomon; or the\\nwork which God has wrought from its begin-\\nning up to its end.\\nDemocritus, who further considered this sub-\\nject, having first supposed an atom, or cur-\\npuscle, of some dimension or figure, attributed\\nthereto an appetite, desire, or first motion\\nsimply, and another comparatively, imagining\\nthat all things properly tended to the center of\\nthe world; those containing more matter fall-\\ning faster to the center, and thereby remov-\\ning, and in the shock driving away, such as\\nheld less. But this is a slender conceit, and\\nregards too few particulars; for neither the\\nrevolutions of the celestial bodies, nor the con-\\ntractions and expansions of things, can be re-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "294 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nduced to this principle. And for the opinion\\nof Epicurus, as to the declination and fortui-\\ntous agitation of atoms, this only brings the\\nmatter back again to a trifle, and wraps it up\\nin ignorance and night.\\nCupid is elegantly drawn a perpetual child\\nfor compounds are larger things, and have\\ntheir periods of age; but the first seeds or\\natoms of bodies are small, and remain in a\\nperpetual infant state.\\nHe is again justly represented naked; as all\\ncompounds may properly be said to be dressed\\nand clothed, or to assume a personage; whence\\nnothing remains truly naked, but the original\\nparticles of things.\\nThe blindness of Cupid, contains a keep\\nallegory; for this same Cupid, Love, or appe-\\ntite of the world, seems to have very little fore-\\nsight, but directs his steps and motions con-\\nformably to what he finds next him, as blind\\nmen do when they feel out their way which\\nrenders the divine and overruling Providence\\nand foresight the more surprising as by a cer-\\ntain steady law, it brings such a beautiful\\norder and regularity of things out of what\\nseems extremely casual, void of design, and,\\nas it were, really blind.\\nThe last attribute of Cupid is archery, viz.,\\na virtue or power operating at a distance for\\neverything that operates at a distance, may\\nseem, as it were, to dart, or shoot with arrows.\\nAnd whoever allows of atoms and vacuity,\\nnecessarily supposes that the virtue of atoms\\noperates at a distance for without this opera-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 295\\ntion, no motion could be excited, on account of\\nthe vacuum interposing, but all things would\\nremain sluggish and unmoved.\\nAs to the other Cupid, he is properly said to\\nbe the youngest son of the gods, as his power\\ncould not take place before the formation of\\nspecies, or particular bodies. The description\\ngiven us of him transfers the allegory to mor-\\nality, though he still retains some resemblance\\nwith the ancient Cupid; for as Venus univer-\\nsally excites the affection of association and\\nthe desire of procreation, her son Cupid applies\\nthe affection to individuals; so that the gen-\\neral disposition proceeds from Venus, but the\\nmore close sympathy from Cupid. The for-\\nmer depends upon a near approximation of\\ncauses, but the latter upon deeper, more neces-\\nsitating, and uncontrollable principles, as if\\nthey proceeded from the ancient Cupid, on\\nwhom all exquisite sympathies depend.\\nXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DIOMED, OR ZEAL.\\nEXPLAINED OF PERSECUTION, OR ZEAL FOR\\nRELIGION.\\nDiomed acquired great glory and honor at\\nthe Trojan war, and was highly favored by\\nPallas, who encouraged and excited him by no\\nmeans to spare Venus, if he should causally\\nmeet her in fight. He followed the advice\\nwith too much eagerness and intrepidity, and\\naccordingly wounded that goddess in her hand.\\nThis presumptuous action remained unpunished\\nfor a time, and when the war was ended he", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "296 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nreturned with great glory and renown to his\\nown country, where, finding himself embroiled\\nwith domestic affairs, he retired into Italy.\\nHere also at first he was well received and\\nnobly entertained by King Daunus, who, be-\\nsides other gifts and honors, erected statues\\nfor him over all his dominions. But upon the\\nfirst calamity that afflicted the people after the\\nstranger s arrival, Daunus immediately re-\\nflected that he entertained a devoted person in\\nhis palace, an enemy to the gods, and one who\\nhad sacrilegiously wounded a goddess with his\\nsword, whom it was impious but to touch. To\\nexpiate, therefore, his country s guilt, he,\\nwithout regard to the laws of hospitality, which\\nwere less regarded by him than the laws of\\nreligion, directly slew his guest, and com-\\nmanded his statues and all his honors to be\\nrazed and abolished. Nor was it safe for\\nothers to commiserate or bewail so cruel a des-\\ntiny; but even his companions in arms, while\\nthey lamented the death of their leader, and\\nfilled all places with their complaints, were\\nturned into a kind of swans, which are said, at\\nthe approach of their own death, to chant\\nsweet melancholy dirges.\\nExplanation. This fable intimates an ex-\\ntraordinary and almost singular thing, for no\\nhero besides Diomed is recorded to have\\nwounded any of the gods. Doubtless we have\\nhere described the nature and fate of a man\\nwho professedly makes any divine worship or\\nsect of religion, though in itself vain and light,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Wounded that goddess in her hand. Page 295.\\nBacon s Ess", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 297\\nthe only scope of his actions, and resolves to\\npropagate it by fire and sword. For although\\nthe bloody dissensions and differences about\\nreligion were unknown to the ancients, yet so\\ncopious and diffusive was their knowledge,\\nthat what they knew not by experience they\\ncomprehended in thought and representation.\\nThose, therefore, who endeavor to reform or\\nestablish any sect of religion, though vain,\\ncorrupt, and infamous (which is here denoted\\nunder the person of Venus), not by the force\\nof reason, learning, sanctity of manners, the\\nweight of arguments, and examples, but would\\nspread or extirpate it by persecution, pains,\\npenalties, tortures, fire, and sword, may per-\\nhaps, be instigated hereto by Pallas, that is, by\\ncertain rigid, prudential consideration, and a\\nseverity of judgment, by the vigor and efficacy\\nwhereof they see thoroughly into the fallacies\\nand fictions of the delusions of this kind; and\\nthrough aversion to depravity and a well-meant\\nzeal, these men usually for a time acquire\\ngreat fame and glory, and are by the vulgar,\\nto whom no moderate measures can be accept-\\nable, extolled and almost adored, as the only\\npatrons and protectors of truth and religion,\\nmen of any other disposition seeming, in com-\\nparison with these, to be lukewarm, mean-\\nspirited, and cowardly. This fame and felic-\\nity, however, seldom endures to the end but\\nall violence, unless it escapes the reverses and\\nchanges of things by untimely death, is com-\\nmonly unprosperous in the issue; and if a\\nchange of affairs happens, and that sect of\\n20 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "298 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nreligion which was persecuted and oppressed\\ngains strength and rises again, then the zeal\\nand warm endeavors of this sort of men are\\ncondemned, their very name becomes odious,\\nand all their honors terminate in disgrace.\\nAs to the point that Diomed should be slain\\nby his hospitable entertainer, this denotes that\\nreligious dissensions may cause treachery,\\nbloody animosities, and deceit, even between\\nthe nearest friends.\\nThat complaining or bewailing should not,\\nin so enormous a case, be permitted to friends\\naffected by the catastrophe without punish-\\nment, includes this prudent admonition, that\\nalmost in all kinds of wickedness and deprav-\\nity men have still room left for commiseration,\\nso that they who hate the crime may yet pity\\nthe person and bewail his calamity, from a\\nprinciple of humanity and good nature; and to\\nforbid the overflowings and intercourses of pity\\nupon such occasions were the extremest of\\nevils yet in the cause of religion and impiety\\nthe very commiserations of men are noted and\\nsuspected. On the other hand, the lamenta-\\ntions and complainings of the followers and\\nattendants of Diomed, that is, of men of the\\nsame sect or persuasion, are usually very\\nsweet, agreeable, and moving, like the dying\\nnotes of swans or the birds of Diomed. This\\nalso is a noble and remarkable part of the alle-\\ngory, denoting that the last words of those who\\nsuffer for the sake of religion strongly affect\\nand sway men s minds, and leave a lasting im-\\npression upon the sense and memory.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 299\\nXIX. DAEDALUS, OR MECHANICAL\\nSKILL.\\nEXPLAINED OF ARTS AND ARTISTS IN KINGDOMS\\nAND STATES.\\nThe ancients have left us a description of\\nmechanical skill, industry, and curious arts\\nconverted to ill uses, in the person of Daedalus,\\na most ingenious but execrable artist. This\\nDaedalus was banished for the murder of his\\nbrother artist and rival, yet found a kind re-\\nception in his banishment from the kings and\\nstates where he came. He raised many in-\\ncomparable edifices to the honor of the gods,\\nand invented many new contrivances for the\\nbeautifying and ennobling of cities and public\\nplaces, but still he was most famous for wicked\\ninventions. Among the rest, by his abomina-\\nble industry and destructive genius, he assisted\\nin the fatal and infamous production of the\\nmonster Minotaur, that devourer of promising\\nyouths. And then to cover one mischief with\\nanother, and provide for the security of his\\nmonster, he invented and built a labyrinth a\\nwork infamous for its end and design, but\\nadmirable and prodigious for art and work-\\nmanship. After this, that he might not only\\nbe celebrated for wicked inventions, but be\\nsought after, as well for prevention as for in-\\nstruments of mischief, he formed that ingeni-\\nous device of his clew, which led directly\\nthrough all the windings of the labyrinth.\\nThis Daedalus was persecuted by Minos with\\nthe utmost severity, diligence, and inquiry; but", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "300 WISDOM. OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nhe always found refuge and means of escap-\\ning. Lastly, endeavoring to teach his son\\nIcarus the art of flying, the novice, trusting\\ntoo much to his wings, fell from his towering\\nflight, and was drowned in the sea.\\nExplanation. The sense of the fable runs\\nthus. It first denotes envy, which is contin-\\nually upon the watch, and strangely prevails\\namong excellent artificers for no kind of peo-\\nple are observed to be more implacably and\\ndestructively envious to one another than\\nthese.\\nIn the next place, it observes an impolitic\\nand improvident kind of punishment inflicted\\nupon Daedalus, that of banishment; for good\\nworkmen are gladly received everywhere, so\\nthat banishment to an excellent artificer is\\nscarce any punishment at all; whereas other\\nconditions of life cannot easily flourish from\\nhome. For the admiration of artist is propa-\\ngated and increased among foreigners and\\nstrangers; it being a principle in the minds of\\nmen to slight and despise the mechanical oper-\\nators of their own nation.\\nThe succeeding part of the fable is plain,\\nconcerning the use of mechanic arts, whereto\\nhuman life stands greatly indebted, as receiv-\\ning from this treasury numerous particulars\\nfor the service of religion, the ornament of\\ncivil society, and the whole provision and\\napparatus of life; but then the same magazine\\nsupplies instruments of lust, cruelty and death.\\nFor, not to mention the arts of luxury and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 301\\ndebauchery, we plainly see how far the busi-\\nness of exquisite poisons, guns, engines of war,\\nand such kind of destructive inventions, ex-\\nceeds the cruelty and barbarity of the Mino-\\ntaur himself.\\nThe addition of the labyrinth contains a\\nbeautiful allegory, representing the nature of\\nmechanic arts in general; for all ingenious\\nand accurate mechanical inventions may be\\nconceived as a labyrinth, which, by reason of\\ntheir subtility, intricacy, crossing, and interfer-\\ning with one another, and the apparent resem-\\nblances they have among themselves, scarce\\nany power of the judgment can unravel and\\ndistinguish; so that they are only to be under-\\nstood and traced by the clew of experience.\\nIt is no less prudently added, that he who\\ninvented the windings of the labyrinth, should\\nalso show the use and management of the\\nclew; for mechanical arts have an ambiguous\\nor double use, and serve as well to produce as\\nto prevent mischief and destruction; so that\\ntheir virtue almost destroys or unwinds itself.\\nUnlawful arts, and, indeed, frequently arts\\nthemselves, are persecuted by Minos, that is,\\nby laws, which prohibit and forbid their use\\namong the people; but notwithstanding this,\\nthey are hid, concealed, retained, and every-\\nwhere find reception and skulking-places; a\\nthing well observed by Tacitus of the astrol-\\nogers and fortune tellers of his time. These,\\nsays he, are a kind of men that will always\\nbe prohibited, and yet will always be retained\\nin our city.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "302 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nBut lastly, all unlawful and vain arts, of\\nwhat kind soever, lose their reputation in tract\\nof time grow contemptible and perish, through\\ntheir over-confidence, like Icarus; being com-\\nmonly unable to perform what they boasted.\\nAnd to say the truth, such arts are better sup-\\npressed by their own vain pretensions, than\\nchecked or restrained by the bridle of laws.\\nXX. ERICTHONIUS, OR IMPOSTURE.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE IMPROPER USE OF FORCE IN\\nNATURAL PHILOSOPHY.\\nThe poets feign that Vulcan attempted the\\nchastity of Minerva, and impatient of refusal,\\nhad recourse to force; the consequence of\\nwhich was the birth of Ericthonius, whose\\nbody from the middle upward was comely and\\nwell-proportioned, but his thighs and legs\\nsmall, shrunk, and deformed, like an eel.\\nConscious of his defect, he became the inventor\\nof chariots, so as to show the graceful, but\\nconceal the deformed part of his body.\\nExplanation. This strange fable seems to\\ncarry this meaning. Art is here represented\\nunder the person of Vulcan, by reason of the\\nvarious uses it makes of fire and nature under\\nthe person of Minerva, by reason of the indus-\\ntry employed in her works. Art, therefore,\\nwhenever it offers violence to nature, in order\\nto conquer, subdue, and bend her to its pur-\\npose, by tortures and force of all kinds, seldom\\nobtains the end proposed; yet upon great", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 303\\nstruggle and application, there proceed certain\\nimperfect births, or lame abortive works,\\nspecious in appearance, but weak and unstable\\nin use; which are, nevertheless, with great\\npomp and deceitful appearances, triumphantly\\ncarried about, and shown by impostors. A\\nprocedure very familiar, and remarkable in\\nchemical productions, and new mechanical in-\\nventions; especially when the inventors rather\\nhug their errors than improve upon them, and\\ngo on struggling with nature, not courting her.\\nXXL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEUCALION, OR RESTITUTION.\\nEXPLAINED OF A USEFUL HINT IN NATURAL\\nPHILOSOPHY.\\nThe poets tell us, that the inhabitants of the\\nold world being totally destroyed by the uni-\\nversal deluge, excepting Deucalion and\\nPyrrha, these two desiring with zealous and\\nfervent devotion to restore mankind, received\\nthis oracle for answer, that they should suc-\\nceed by throwing their mother s bones behind\\nthem. This at first cast them into great sor-\\nrow and despair, because, as all things were\\nleveled by the deluge, it was in vain to seek\\ntheir mother s tomb; but at length they un-\\nderstood the expression of the oracle to signify\\nthe stones of the earth, which is esteemed the\\nmother of all things.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to reveal a\\nsecret of nature, and correct an error familiar\\nto the mind; for men s ignorance leads them", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "304 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nto expect the renovation or restoration of\\nthings from their corruption and remains, as\\nthe phoenix is said to be restored out of its\\nashes; which is a very improper procedure be-\\ncause such kind of materials have finished\\ntheir course, and are become absolutely unfit\\nto supply the first rudiments of the same\\nthings again whence, in cases of renovation,\\nrecourse should be had to more common prin-\\nciples.\\nXXIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NEMESIS, OR THE VICISSI-\\nTUDE OF THINGS.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE REVERSES OF FORTUNE.\\nNemesis is represented as a goddess vener-\\nated by all, but feared by the powerful and the\\nfortunate. She is said to be the daughter of\\nNox and Oceanus. She is drawn with wings,\\nand a crown; a javelin of ash in her right\\nhand; a glass containing Ethiopians in her\\nleft and riding upon a stag.\\nExplanation. The fable receives this ex-\\nplanation. The word Nemesis manifestly sig-\\nnifies revenge, or retribution for the office of\\nthis goddess consisted in interposing, like the\\nRoman tribunes, with an I forbid it in all\\ncourses of constant and perpetual felicity, so\\nas not only to chastise haughtiness, but also to\\nrepay even innocent and moderate happiness\\nwith adversity, as if it were decreed, that none\\nof the human race should be admitted to the\\nbanquet of the gods, but ior sport. And, in-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 305\\ndeed, to read over that chapter of Pliny\\nwherein he has collected the miseries and mis-\\nfortunes of Augustus Caesar, whom of all man-\\nkind one would judge most fortunate as he\\nhad a certain art of using and enjoying pros-\\nperity, with a mind no way tumid, light,\\neffeminate, confused, or melancholic one can\\nnot but think this is a very great and powerful\\ngoddess, who could bring such a victim to her\\naltar.\\nThe parents of this goddess were Oceanus\\nand Nox; that is, the fluctuating change of\\nthings, and the obscure and secret divine de-\\ncrees. The changes of things are aptly repre-\\nsented by the Ocean, on account of its perpet-\\nual ebbing and flowing; and secret providence\\nis justly expressed by Night. Even the hea-\\nthens have observed this secret Nemesis of the\\nnight, or the difference between divine and\\nhuman judgment.\\nWings are given to Nemesis, because of the\\nsudden and unforeseen changes of things; for,\\nfrom the earliest account of time, it has been\\ncommon for great and prudent men to fall by\\nthe dangers they most despised. Thus Cicero,\\nwhen admonished by Brutus of the infidelity\\nand rancor of Octavius, coolly wrote back, I\\ncannot, however, but be obliged to you, Bru-\\ntus, as I ought, for informing me, though of\\nsuch a trifle.\\nNemesis also has her crown, by reason of the\\ninvidious and malignant nature of the vulgar,\\nwho generally rejoice, triumph, and crown\\n20 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "306 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nher, at the fall of the fortunate and the power-\\nful. And for the javelin in her right hand, it\\nhas regard to those whom she has actually\\nstruck and transfixed. But whoever escapes her\\nstroke, or feels no actual calamity or misfor-\\ntune, she affrights with a black and dismal\\nsight in her left hand; for doubtless, mortals\\non the highest pinnacle of felicity have a pros-\\npect of death, diseases, calamities, perfidious\\nfriends, undermining enemies, reverses of for-\\ntune, etc., represented by the Ethiopians in her\\nglass. Thus Virgil, with great elegance,\\ndescribing the battle of Actium, says of Cleo-\\npatra, that 44 she did not yet perceive the two\\nasps behind her; but soon after, which way\\nsoever she turned, she saw whole troops of\\nEthiopians still before her.\\nLastly, it is significantly added, that Neme-\\nsis rides upon a stag, which is a very long-lived\\ncreature; for though perhaps some, by an\\nuntimely death in youth, may prevent or es-\\ncape this goddess, yet they who enjoy a long\\nflow of happiness and power, doubtless become\\nsubject to her at length, and are brought to\\nyield.\\nXXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ACHELOUS, OR BATTLE.\\nEXPLAINED OF WAR BY INVASION.\\nThe ancients relate that Hercules and\\nAchelous being rivals in the courtship of\\nDeianira, the matter was contested by single\\ncombat; when Achelous having transformed\\nhimself, as he had power to do, into various", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 307\\nshapes, by way of trial at length, in the form\\nof a fierce wild bull, prepares himself for the\\nfight; but Hercules still retains his human\\nshape, engages sharply with him, and in the\\nissue broke off one of the bull s horns; and\\nnow Achelous, in great pain and fright, to\\nredeem his horn, presents Hercules with the\\ncornucopia.\\nExplanation. This fable relates to military\\nexpeditions and preparations; for the prepara-\\ntion of war on the defensive side, here denoted\\nby Achelous, appears in various shapes, while\\nthe invading side has but one simple form,\\nconsisting either in an army, or perhaps a\\nfleet. But the country that expects the inva-\\nsion is employed in infinite ways, in fortifying\\ntowns, blockading passes, rivers, and ports,\\nraising soldiers, disposing garrisons, building\\nand breaking down bridges, procuring aids,\\nsecuring provisions, arms, ammunition, etc.\\nSo that there appears a new face of things\\nevery day; and at length, when the country is\\nsufficiently fortified and prepared, it represents\\nto the life the form and threats of a fierce\\nfighting bull.\\nOn the other side, the invader presses on to\\nthe fight, fearing to be distressed in an\\nenemy s country. And if after the battle he\\nremains master of the field, and has now\\nbroke, as it were, the horn of his enemy, the\\nbesieged, of course, retire inglorious, affrighted\\nand dismayed, to their stronghold, there en-\\ndeavoring to secure themselves and repair their", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "308 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nstrength; leaving, at the same time, their\\ncountry a prey to the conqueror, which is well\\nexpressed by the Amalthean horn, or corn-\\nucopia.\\nXXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DIONYSUS, OR BACCHUS.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE PASSIONS.\\nThe fable runs, that Semele, Jupiter s mis-\\ntress, having- bound him by an inviolable oath\\nto grant her an unknown request, desired he\\nwould embrace her in the same form and man-\\nner he used to embrace Juno; and the promise\\nbeing irrevocable, she was burned to death\\nwith lightning in the performance. The em-\\nbryo, however, was sewed up, and carried in\\nJupiter s thigh till the complete time of its\\nbirth but the burden thus rendering the father\\nlame, and causing him pain, the child was\\nthence called Dionysus. When born, he was\\ncommitted, for some years, to be nursed by\\nProserpina; and when grown up, appeared\\nwith so effeminate a face that his sex seemed\\nsomewhat doubtful. He also died and was\\nburied for a time, but afterward revived.\\nWhen a youth, he first introduced the cultiva-\\ntion and dressing of vines, the method of pre-\\nparing wine, and taught the use thereof;\\nwhence becoming famous, he subdued the\\nworld, even to the utmost bounds of the Indies.\\nHe rode in a chariot drawn by tigers. There\\ndanced about him certain deformed demons\\ncalled Cobali, etc. The Muses also joined in\\nhis train. He married Ariadne, who was", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 309\\ndeserted by Theseus. The ivy was sacred to\\nhim. He was also held the inventor and in-\\nstitutor of religious rites and ceremonies, but\\nsuch as were wild, frantic, and full of corrup-\\ntion and cruelty. He had also the power of\\nstriking men with frenzies. Pentheus and\\nOrpheus were torn to pieces by the frantic\\nwomen at his orgies; the first for climbing a\\ntree to behold their outrageous ceremonies,\\nand the other for the music of his harp. But\\nthe acts of this god are much entangled and\\nconfounded with those of Jupiter.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to contain\\na little system of morality, so that there is\\nscarce any better invention in all ethics. Un-\\nder the history of Bacchus is drawn the nature\\nof unlawful desire or affection, and disorder\\nfor the appetite and thirst of apparent good is\\nthe mother of all unlawful desires, though\\never so destructive, and all unlawful desires\\nare conceived in unlawful wishes or requests,\\nrashly indulged or granted before they are\\nwell understood or considered, and when the\\naffection begins to grow warm, the mother of\\nit (the nature of good) is destroyed and burned\\nup by the heat. And while an unlawful de-\\nsire lies in the embryo, or unripened in the\\nmind, w r hich is its father, and here represented\\nby Jupiter, it is cherished and concealed,\\nespecially in the inferior part of the mind, cor-\\nresponding to the thigh of the body, where\\npnin twitches and depresses the mind so far as\\ntojenderits resolutions and actions imperfect", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "310 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand lame. And even after this child of the\\nmind is confirmed, and gains strength by con-\\nsent and habit, and comes forth into action, it\\nmust still be nursed by Proserpina for a time;\\nthat is, it skulks and hides its head in a clan-\\ndestine manner, as it were under ground, till\\nat length, when the checks of shame and fear\\nare removed, and the requisite boldness\\nacquired, it either assumes the pretext of some\\nvirtue, or openly despises infamy. And it is\\njustly observed, that every vehement passion\\nappears of a doubtful sex, as having the\\nstrength of a man at first, but at last the im-\\npotence of a woman. It is also excellently\\nadded, that Bacchus died and rose again for\\nthe affections sometimes seem to die and be\\nno more but there is no trusting them, even\\nthough they were buried, being always apt\\nand ready to rise again whenever the occasion\\nor object offers.\\nThat Bacchus should be the inventor of wine\\ncarries a fine allegory with it; for every affec-\\ntion is cunning and subtile in discovering a\\nproper matter to nourish and feed it and of\\nall things known to mortals, wine is the most\\npowerful and effectual for exciting and inflam-\\ning passions of all kinds, being indeed like a\\ncommon fuel to all.\\nIt is again with great elegance observed of\\nBacchus, that he subdued provinces, and un-\\ndertook endless expeditions, for the affections\\nnever rest satisfied with what they enjoy, but\\nwith an endless and insatiable appetite thirst\\nafter something further. And tigers are pret-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 311\\ntily feigned to draw the chariot for as soon as\\nany affection shall, from going on foot, be\\nadvanced to ride, it triumphs over reason, and\\nexerts its cruelty, fierceness, and strength\\nagainst all that oppose it.\\nIt is also humorously imagined, that ridicu-\\nlous demons dance and frisk about this cha-\\nriot for every passion produces indecent, dis-\\norderly, interchangeable, and deformed mo-\\ntions in the eyes, countenance, and gesture, so\\nthat the person under the impulse, whether of\\nanger, insult, love, etc., though to himself he\\nmay seem grand, lofty, or obliging, yet in the\\neyes of other appears mean, contemptible, or\\nridiculous.\\nThe Muses also are found in the train of\\nBacchus, for there is scarce any passion with-\\nout its art, science, or doctrine to court and\\nflatter it but in this respect the indulgence of\\nmen of genius has greatly detracted from the\\nmajesty of the Muses, who ought to be the\\nleaders and conductors of human life, and not\\nthe handmaids of the passions.\\nThe allegory of Bacchus falling in love with\\na cast mistress is extremely noble; for it is\\ncertain that the affections always court and\\ncovet what has been rejected upon experience.\\nAnd all those who by serving and indulging\\ntheir passions immensely raise the value of\\nenjoyment, should know, that whatever they\\ncovet and pursue, whether riches, pleasure,\\nglory, learning, or anything else, they only\\npursue those things that have been forsaken", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "312 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand cast off with contempt by great numbers\\nin all ages, after possession and experience.\\nNor is it without a mystery that the ivy was\\nsacred to Bacchus, and this for two reasons:\\nfirst, because ivy is an evergreen, or flourishes\\nin the winter; and, secondly, because it winds\\nand creeps about so many things, as trees,\\nwalls, and buildings, and raises itself above\\nthem. As to the first, every passion grows\\nfresh, strong, and vigorous by opposition and\\nprohibition, as it were by a kind of contrast or\\nantiperistasis, like the ivy in the winter. And\\nfor the second, the predominant passion of\\nthe mind throws itself, like the ivy, round all\\nhuman actions, entwines all our resolutions,\\nand perpetually adheres to, and mixes itself\\namong, or even overtops them.\\nAnd no wonder that superstitious rites and\\nceremonies are attributed to Bacchus, when\\nalmost every ungovernable passion grows\\nwanton and luxuriant in corrupt religions nor\\nagain, that fury and frenzy should be sent and\\ndealt out by him, because every passion is a\\nshort frenzy, and if it be vehement, lasting,\\nand take deep root, it terminates in madness.\\nAnd hence the allegory of Pentheus and\\nOrpheus being torn to pieces is evident: for\\nevery headstrong passion is extremely bitter,\\nsevere, inveterate, and revengeful upon all\\ncurious inquiry, wholesome admonition, free\\ncounsel, and persuasion.\\nLastly, the confusion between the persons of\\nJupiter and Bacchus will justly admit of an\\nallegory, because noble and meritorious actions", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 313\\nmay sometimes proceed from virtue, sound\\nreason, and magnanimity, and sometimes\\nagain from a concealed passion and secret\\ndesire of ill, however they may be extolled and\\npraised, insomuch that it is not easy to distin-\\nguish between the acts of Bacchus and the acts\\nof Jupiter.\\nXXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ATALANTA AND HIPPOMENES,\\nOR GAIN.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE CONTEST BETWEEN ART AND\\nNATURE.\\nAtalanta, who was exceeding fleet, con-\\ntended with Hippomenes in the course, on con-\\ndition that if Hippomenes won, he should\\nespouse her, or forfeit his life if he lost. The\\nmatch was very unequal, for Atalanta had\\nconquered numbers, to their destruction.\\nHippomenes, therefore, had recourse to strat-\\nagem. He procured three golden apples, and\\npurposely carried them with him they started\\nAtalanta outstripped him soon; then Hippo-\\nmenes bowled one of his apples before her,\\nacross the course, in order not only to make\\nher stoop, but to draw her out of the path.\\nShe, prompted by female curiosity, and the\\nbeauty of the golden fruit, starts from the\\ncourse to take up the apple. Hippomenes, in\\nthe meantime, holds on his way, and steps\\nbefore her; but she, by her natural swiftness,\\nsoon fetches up her lost ground, and leaves\\nhim again behind. Hippomenes, however,\\nby rightly timing his second and third throw,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "314 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nat length won the race, not by his swiftness,\\nbut his cunning.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to contain\\na noble allegory of the contest between art and\\nnature. For art, here denoted by Atalanta,\\nis much swifter, or more expeditious in its\\noperations than nature, when all obstacles and\\nimpediments are removed, and sooner arrives\\nat its end. This appears almost in every in-\\nstance. Thus fruit comes slowly from the\\nkernel, but soon by inoculation or incision;\\nclay, left to itself, is a long time in acquiring a\\nstony hardness, but is presently burnt by fire\\ninto brick. So again in human life, nature is\\na long while in alleviating and abolishing the\\nremembrance of pain, and assuaging the\\ntroubles of the mind but moral philosophy,\\nwhich is the art of living, performs it presently.\\nYet this prerogative and singular efficacy of art\\nis stopped and retarded to the infinite detri-\\nment of human life, by certain golden apples\\nfor there is no one science or art that con-\\nstantly holds on its true and proper course to\\nthe end, but they are all continually stopping\\nshort, forsaking the track, and turning aside\\nto profit and convenience, exactly like Ata-\\nlanta. Whence it is no wonder that art gets\\nnot the victory over nature, nor, according to\\nthe condition of the contest, brings her under\\nsubjection; but, on the contrary, remains sub-\\nject to her, as a wife to a husband.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 315\\nXXVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROMETHEUS, OR THE STATE\\nOF MAN.\\nEXPLAINED OF AN OVERRULING PROVIDENCE, AND\\nOF HUMAN NATURE.\\nThe ancients relate that man was the work\\nof Prometheus, and formed of clay; only the\\nartificer mixed in with the mass, particles\\ntaken from different animals. And being\\ndesirous to improve his workmanship, and\\nendow, as well as create, the human race, he\\nstole up to heaven with a bundle of birch-rods,\\nand kindling- them at the chariot of the Sun,\\nthence brought down fire to the earth for the\\nservice of men.\\nThey add, that for this meritorious act Pro-\\nmetheus was repaid with ingratitude by man-\\nkind, so that, forming a conspiracy, they\\narraigned both him and his invention before\\nJupiter. But the matter was otherwise re-\\nceived than they imagined; for the accusation\\nproved extremely grateful to Jupiter and the\\ngods, insomuch that, delighted with the action,\\nthey not only indulged mankind the use of\\nfire, but moreover conferred upon them a most\\nacceptable and desirable present, viz., perpet-\\nual youth.\\nBut men, foolishly overjoyed hereat, laid\\nthis present of the gods upon an ass, who, in\\nreturning back with it, being extremely\\nthirsty, strayed to a fountain. The serpent,\\nwho was guardian thereof, would not suffer\\nhim to drink, but upon condition of receiving\\nthe burden he carried, whatever it should be.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "316 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nThe silly ass complied, and thus the perpetual\\nrenewal of youth was, for a drop of water,\\ntransferred from men to the race of serpents.\\nPrometheus, not desisting from his unwar-\\nrantable practices, though now reconciled to\\nmankind after they were thus tricked of their\\npresent, but still continuing inveterate against\\nJupiter, had the boldness to attempt deceit,\\neven in a sacrifice, and is said to have once\\noffered up two bulls to Jupiter, but so as in the\\nhide of one of them to wrap all the flesh and fat\\nof both, and stuffing out the other hide only\\nwith the bones; then in a religious and devout\\nmanner, gave Jupiter his choice of the two.\\nJupiter, detesting this sly fraud and hypoc-\\nrisy, but having thus an opportunity of punish-\\ning the offender, purposely chose the mock\\nbull.\\nAnd now giving way to revenge, but finding\\nhe could not chastise the insolence of Prome-\\ntheus without afflicting the human race (in the\\nproduction whereof Prometheus had strangely\\nand insufferably prided himself), he com-\\nmanded Vulcan to form a beautiful and grace-\\nful woman, to whom every god presented a\\ncertain gift, whence she was called Pandora.\\nThey put into her hands an elegant box, con-\\ntaining all sorts of miseries and misfortunes;\\nbut Hope was placed at the bottom of it. With\\nthis box she first goes to Prometheus, to try if\\nshe could prevail upon him to receive and open\\nit; but he, being upon his guard, warily re-\\nfused the offer. Upon this refusal, she comes\\nto his brother Epimetheus, a man of a very", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 317\\ndifferent temper, who rashly and inconsider-\\nately opens the box. When finding all kinds\\nof miseries and misfortunes issued out of it, he\\ngrew wise too late, and with great hurry and\\nstruggle endeavored to clap the cover on again\\nbut with all his endeavor could scarce keep in\\nHope, which lay at the bottom.\\nLastly, Jupiter arraigned Prometheus of\\nmany heinous crimes: as that he formerly\\nstole fire from heaven; that he contemptuously\\nand deceitfully mocked him by a sacrifice of\\nbones; that he despised his present, adding\\nwithal a new crime, that he attempted to rav-\\nish Pallas; for all which he was sentenced to\\nbe bound in chains, and doomed to perpetual\\ntorments. Accordingly, by Jupiter s com-\\nmand, he was brought to Mount Caucasus, and\\nthere fastened to a pillar so firmly that he\\ncould no way stir. A vulture or eagle stood\\nby him, which in the day-time gnawed and\\nconsumed his liver; but in the night the\\nwasted parts were supplied again; whence\\nmatter for his pain w r as never wanting.\\nThey relate, however, that his punishment\\nhad an end; for Hercules sailing the ocean, in\\na cup, or pitcher, presented him by the Sun,\\ncame at length to Caucasus, shot the eagle\\nwith his arrow, and set Prometheus free. In\\ncertain nations, also, there were instituted par-\\nticular games of the torch, to the honor of\\nPrometheus, in which they who ran for the\\nprize carried lighted torches; and as any one\\nof these torches happened to go out, the bearer\\nwithdrew himself, and gave way to the next;", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "318 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nand that person was allowed to win the prize\\nwho first brought in his lighted torch to the\\ngoal.\\nExplanation. This fable contains and en-\\nforces many just and serious considerations;\\nsome whereof have been long since well ob-\\nserved, but some again remain perfectly un-\\ntouched. Prometheus clearly and expressly\\nsignifies ProvideAce; for of all the things in\\nnature, the formation and endowment of man\\nwas singled out by the ancients, and esteemed\\nthe peculiar work of Providence. The reason\\nhereof seems, i. That the nature of man in-\\ncludes a mind and understanding, which is the\\nseat of Providence. 2. That it is harsh and\\nincredible to suppose reason and mind should\\nbe raised, and drawn out of senseless and irra-\\ntional principles; whence it becomes almost\\ninevitable that providence is implanted in the\\nhuman mind in conformity with, and by the\\ndirection and the design of the greater over-\\nruling Providence. But, 3. The principal\\ncause is this: that man seems to be the thing\\nin which the whole world centers, with respect\\nto final causes; so that if he were away, all\\nother things would stray and fluctuate, with-\\nout end or intention, or become perfectly dis-\\njointed and out of frame; for all things are\\nmade subservient to man, and he receives use\\nand benefit from them all. Thus the revolu-\\ntions, places, and periods, of the celestial\\nbodies, serve him for distinguishing times and\\nsesons, and for dividing the world into differ-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANXIENTS. 319\\nent regions; the meteors afford him prognos-\\ntications of the weather; the winds sail our\\nships, drive our mills, and move our machines;\\nand the vegetables and animals of all kinds\\neither afford us matter for houses and habita-\\ntions, clothing, food, physic, or tend to ease or\\ndelight, to support or refresh us: so that\\neverything in nature seems not made for itself,\\nbut for man.\\nAnd it was not without reason added, that\\nthe mass of matter whereof man was formed\\nshould be mixed up with particles taken from\\ndifferent animals and wrought in with the\\nclay, because it is certain that of all things in\\nthe universe man is the most compounded and\\nre-compounded body; so that the ancients not\\nimproperly styled him a Microcosm, or little\\nworld within himself. For although the\\nchemists have absurdly, and too literally\\nwrested and perverted the elegance of the\\nterm microcosm, while they pretend to find all\\nkind of mineral and vegetable matters, or\\nsomething corresponding to them, in man,\\nyet it remains firm and unshaken that the\\nhuman body is of all substances the most mixed\\nand organical; whence it has surprising\\npowers and faculties for the powers of simple\\nbodies are but few, though certain and quick\\nas being little broken or weakened, and not\\ncounterbalanced by mixture: but excellence\\nand quantity of energy reside in mixture and\\ncomposition.\\nMan, however, in his first origin, seems to\\nbe a defenseless, naked creature, slow in", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "320 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nassisting himself, and standing in need of\\nnumerous things. Prometheus, therefore,\\nhastened to the invention of fire, which sup-\\nplies and administers to nearly all human uses\\nand necessities, insomuch that, if the soul may-\\nbe called the form of the forms, if the hand may\\nbe called the instrument of instruments, fire\\nmay, as properly, be called the assistant of\\nassistants, or the helper of helps; for hence\\nproceed numberless operations, hence all the\\nmechanic arts, and hence infinite assistances\\nare afforded to the sciences themselves.\\nThe manner wherein Prometheus stole this\\nfire is properly described from the nature of\\nthe thing; he being said to have done it by\\napplying a rod of birch to the chariot of the\\nSun; for birch is used in striking and beating,\\nwhich clearly denotes the generation of fire\\nto be from the violent percussions and colli-\\nsions of bodies; whereby the matters struck\\nare subtilized, rarefied, put into motion, and\\nso prepared to receive the heat of the celestial\\nbodies; whence they, in a clandestine and\\nsecret manner, collect and snatch fire, as it\\nwere by stealth, from the chariot of the Sun.\\nThe next is a remarkable part of the fable,\\nwhich represents that men, instead of grati-\\ntude and thanks, fell into indignation and ex-\\npostulation, accusing both Prometheus and his\\nfire to Jupiter and yet the accusation proved\\nhighly pleasing to Jupiter; so that he, for this\\nreason, crowned these benefits of mankind\\nwith a new bounty. Here it may seem strange\\nthat the sin of ingratitude to a creator and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 321\\nbenefactor, a sin so heinous as to include\\nalmost all others, should meet with approba-\\ntion and reward. But the allegory has another\\nview, and denotes that the accusation and\\narraignment, both of human nature and\\nhuman art among mankind, proceeds from a\\nmost noble and laudable temper of the mind,\\nand tends to a very good purpose; whereas\\nthe contrary temper is odious to the gods, and\\nunbeneficial in itself. For they who break\\ninto extravagant praises of human nature, and\\nthe arts in vogue, and who lay themselves out\\nin admiring the things they already possess,\\nand will needs have the sciences cultivated\\namong them, to be thought absolutely perfect\\nand complete, in the first place, show little\\nregard to the divine nature, while they extol\\ntheir own inventions almost as high as his\\nperfection. In the next place, men of this\\ntemper are unserviceable and prejudicial in\\nlife, while they imagine themselves already got\\nto the top of things, and there rest, with-\\nout further inquiry. On the contrary, they\\nwho arraign and accuse both nature and art,\\nand are always full of complaints against\\nthem, not only preserve a more just and\\nmodest sense of mind, but are also perpetually\\nstirred up to fresh industry and new discov-\\neries. Is not, then, the ignorance and fatality\\nof mankind to be extremely pitied, while they\\nremain slaves to the arrogance of a few of\\ntheir own fellows, and are dotingly fond of\\nthat scrap of Grecian knowledge, the Peripa-\\ntetic philosophy; and this to such a degree, as\\n21 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "322 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nnot only to think all accusation or arraignment\\nthereof useless, but even hold it suspect and\\ndangerous? Certainly the procedure of Em-\\npedocles, though furious but especially that\\nof Democritus (who with great modesty com-\\nplained that all things were abstruse; that\\nwe know nothing; that truth lies hid in deep\\npits; that falsehood is strangely joined and\\ntwisted along with truth, etc.) is to be pre-\\nferred before the confident, assuming, and\\ndogmatical school of Aristotle. Mankind are,\\ntherefore, to be admonished, that the arraign-\\nment of nature and of art is pleasing to the\\ngods; and that a sharp and vehement accusa-\\ntion of Prometheus, though a creator, a foun-\\nder, and a master, obtained new blessings and\\npresents from the divine bounty, and proved\\nmore sound and serviceable than a diffusive\\nharangue of praise and gratulation. And let\\nmen be assured that the fond opinion that they\\nhave already acquired enough, is a principal\\nreason why they have acquired so little.\\nThat the perpetual flower of youth should\\nbe the present which mankind received as a\\nreward for their accusation, carries this moral;\\nthat the ancients seem not to have despaired\\nof discovering methods, and remedies, for\\nretarding old age, and prolonging the period\\nof human life, but rather reckoned it among\\nthose things which, through sloth and want\\nof diligent inquiry, perish and come to noth-\\ning, after having been once undertaken than\\namong such as are absolutely impossible, or\\nplaced beyond the reach of the human power.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 323\\nFor they signify and intimate from the true\\nuse of fire, and the just and strenuous accusa-\\ntion and conviction of the errors of art, that\\nthe divine bounty is not wanting to men in\\nsuch kind of presents, but that men indeed are\\nwanting to themselves, and lay such an inesti-\\nmable gift upon the back of a slow-paced ass;\\nthat is, upon the back of the heavy, dull,\\nlingering thing, experience; from whose\\nsluggish and tortoise-pace proceeds that\\nancient complaint of the shortness of life, and\\nthe slow advancement of arts. And certainly\\nit may well seem, that the two faculties of\\nreasoning and experience are not hitherto\\nproperly joined and coupled together, but to\\nbe still new gifts of the gods, separately laid,\\nthe one upon the back of a light bird, or ab-\\nstract philosophy, and the other upon an ass,\\nor slow-paced practice and trial. And yet good\\nhopes might be conceived of this ass, if it\\nwere not for his thirst and the accidents of\\nthe way. For we judge, that if any one would\\nconstantly proceed, by a certain law and\\nmethod, in the road of experience, and not by\\nthe way thirst after such such experiments as\\nmake for profit or ostentation, nor exchange\\nhis burden, or quit the original design for the\\nsake of these, he might be a useful bearer of\\na new and accumulated divine bounty to man-\\nkind.\\nThat this gift of perpetual youth should pass\\nfrom men to serpents, seems added by way of\\nornament, and illustration to the fable; per-\\nhaps intimating, at the same time, the shame", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "324 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nit is for men, that they, with their fire, and\\nnumerous arts, cannot procure to themselves\\nthose things which nature has bestowed upon\\nmany other creatures.\\nThe sudden reconciliation of Prometheus to\\nmankind, after being disappointed of their\\nhopes, contains a prudent and useful admoni-\\ntion. It points out the levity and temerity of\\nmen in new experiments, when, not presently\\nsucceeding, or answering to expectation, they\\nprecipitantly quit their new undertakings,\\nhurry back to their old ones, and grow recon-\\nciled thereto.\\nAfter the fable has described the state of\\nman, with regard to arts and intellectual mat-\\nters it passes on to religion for after the invent-\\ning and settling of arts, follows the establish-\\nment of divine w T orship, which hypocrisy\\npresently enters into and corrupts. So that\\nby the two sacrifices we have elegantly painted\\nthe person of a man truly religious and of a\\nhypocrite. One of these sacrifices contained\\nthe fat, or the portion of God, used for burn-\\ning and incensing; thereby denoting affection\\nand zeal, offered up to his glory. It likewise\\ncontained the bowels, which are expressive of\\ncharity, along with the good and useful flesh.\\nBut the other contained nothing more than\\ndry bones, which nevertheless stuffed out the\\nhide, so as to make it resemble a fair, beautiful\\nand magnificent sacrifice; hereby finely denot-\\ning the external and empty rights and barren\\nceremonies, wherewith men burden and stuff\\nout the divine worship things rather in-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 325\\ntended for show and ostentation than conduc-\\ning to piety. Nor are mankind simply content\\nwith this mock- worship of God, but also impose\\nand father it upon him, as if he had chosen\\nand ordained it. Certainly the prophet, in the\\nperson of God, has a fine expostulation, as to\\nthis matter of choice: Is this the fasting\\nwhich I have chosen, that a man should afflict\\nhis soul for a day, and bow down his head\\nlike a bulrush? 1\\nAfter thus touching the state of religion,\\nthe fable next turns to manners, and the con-\\nditions of human life. And though it be a\\nvery common, yet it is a just interpretation,\\nthat Pandora denotes the pleasures and licen-\\ntiousness which the cultivation and luxury of\\nthe arts of civil life introduce, as it were, by\\nthe instrumental efficacy of fire; whence the\\nworks of the voluptuary arts are properly\\nattributed to Vulcan, the God of fire. And\\nhence infinite miseries and calamities have\\nproceeded to the minds, the bodies, and the\\nfortunes of men, together with a late repen-\\ndance; and this not only in each man s partic-\\nular, but also in kingdoms and states; for\\nwars, and tumults, and tyrannies, have all\\narisen from this same fountain, or box of Pan-\\ndora.\\nIt is worth observing, how beautifully and\\nelegantly the fable has drawn two reigning\\ncharacters in human life, and giving two\\nexamples, or tablatures of them, under the\\npersons of Prometheus and Epimetheus. The\\nfollowers of Epimetheus are improvident, see", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "326 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nnot far before them, and prefer such things as\\nare agreeable for the present; whence they\\nare oppressed with numerous straits, diffi-\\nculties, and calamities, with which they almost\\ncontinually struggle; but in the meantime\\ngratify their own temper, and, for want of a\\nbetter knowledge of things, feed their minds\\nwith many vain hopes; and as with so many\\npleasing dreams, delight themselves, and\\nsweeten the miseries of life.\\nBut the followers of Prometheus are the\\nprudent, wary men, that look into futurity, and\\ncautiously guard against, prevent, and under-\\nmine many calamities and misfortunes. But\\nthis watchful, provident temper, is attended\\nwith a deprivation of numerous pleasures, and\\nthe loss of various delights, while such men\\ndebar themselves the use even of innocent\\nthings, and what is still worse, rack and torture\\nthemselves with cares, fears, and disquiets;\\nbeing bound fast to the pillar of necessity, and\\ntormented with numberless thoughts (which\\nfor their swiftness are well compared to an\\neagle), that continually wound, tear, and\\ngnaw their liver or mind, unless, perhaps, they\\nfind some remission by intervals, or, as it\\nwere, at nights; but then new anxieties,\\ndreads, and fears, soon return again, as it\\nwere in the morning. And therefore, very\\nfew men, of either temper, have secured to\\nthemselves the advantages of providence, and\\nkept clear of disquiets, troubles, and misfor-\\ntunes.\\nNor indeed can any man obtain this end", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 327\\nwithout the assistance of Hercules; that is,\\nof such fortitude and constancy of mind as\\nstands prepared against every event, and\\nremains indifferent to every change looking\\nforward without being daunted, enjoying the\\ngood without disdain, and enduring the bad\\nwithout impatience. And it must be observed,\\nthat even Prometheus had not the power to\\nfree himself, but owed his deliverance to\\nanother; for no natural in bred force and forti-\\ntude could prove equal to such a task. The\\npower of releasing him came from the utmost\\nconfines of the ocean, and from the sun that\\nis, from Apollo, or knowledge; and again,\\nfrom a due consideration of the uncertainty,\\ninstability, and fluctuating state of human life,\\nwhich is aptly represented by sailing the\\nocean. Accordingly, Virgil has prudently\\njoined these two together, accounting him\\nhappy who knows the causes of things, and\\nhas conquered all his fears, apprehensions,\\nand superstitions.\\nIt is added, with great elegance, for support-\\ning and confirming the human mind, that the\\ngreat hero who thus delivered him sailed the\\nocean in a cup or pitcher, to prevent fear or\\ncomplaint; as if, through the narrowness of\\nour nature, or a too great fragility thereof,\\nwe were absolutely incapable of that fortitude\\nand constancy to which Seneca finally alludes,\\nwhen he says, It is a noble thing, at once to\\nparticipate in the frailty of man and the\\nsecurity of a god.\\nWe have hitherto, that we might not break", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "328 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nthe connection of things, designedly omitted\\nthe last crime of Prometheus that of attempt-\\ning the chastity of Minerva which heinous\\noffense it doubtless was that caused the pun-\\nishment of having his liver gnawed by the\\nvulture. The meaning seems to be this that\\nwhen men are puffed up with arts and knowl-\\nedge, they often try to subdue even the divine\\nwisdom and bring it under the dominion of\\nsense and reason, whence inevitably follows a\\nperpetual and restless rending and tearing of\\nthe mind. A sober and humble distinction\\nmust, therefore, be made between divine and\\nhuman things, and between the oracles of sense\\nand faith, unless mankind had rather choose\\na heretical religion, and a fictitious and\\nromantic philosophy.\\nThe last particular in the fable is the Games\\nof the Torch, instituted to Prometheus, which\\nagain relates to arts and sciences, as well as\\nthe invention of fire, for the commemoration\\nand celebration whereof these games were\\nheld. And here we have an extremely pru-\\ndent admonition, directing us to expect the\\nperfection of the sciences from succession, and\\nnot from the swiftness and abilities of any\\nsingle person; for he who is fleetest and\\nstrongest in the course may perhaps be less\\nfit to keep his torch alight, since there is\\ndanger of its going out from too rapid as well\\nas from too slow a motion. But this kind of\\ncontest, with the torch, seems to have been\\nlong dropped and neglected; the sciences\\nappearing to have flourished principally in", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 329\\ntheir first authors, as Aristotle, Galen, Euclid,\\nPtolemy, etc. while their successors have done\\nvery little, or scarce made any attempts. But\\nit were highly to be wished that these games\\nmight be renewed, to the honor of Prome-\\ntheus or human nature, and that they might\\nexcite contest, emulation, and laudable en-\\ndeavors, and the design meet with such success\\nas not to hang tottering, tremulous, and\\nhazarded, upon the torch of any single person.\\nMankind, therefore, should be admonished to\\nrouse themselves, and try and exert their own\\nstrength and chance, and not place all their\\ndependence upon a few men, whose abilities\\nand capacities, perhaps, are not greater than\\ntheir own.\\nThese are the particulars which appear\\nto us shadowed out by this trite and vulgar\\nfable, though without denying that there may\\nbe contained in it several intimations that\\nhave a surprising correspondence with the\\nChristian mysteries. In particular, the voyage\\nof Hercules, made in a pitcher, to release\\nPrometheus, bears an allusion to the word of\\nGod, coming in the frail vessel of the flesh to\\nredeem mankind. But we indulge ourselves\\nno such liberties as these, for fear of using\\nstrange fire at the altar of the Lord.\\n22 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "330 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nXXVII. ICARUS AND SCYLLA AND\\nCHARYBDIS, OR THE MIDDLE WAY.\\nEXPLAINED OF MEDIOCRITY IN NATURAL AND\\nMORAL PHILOSOPHY.\\nMediocrity, or the holding a middle course,\\nhas been highly extolled in morality, but\\nlittle in matters of science, though no less\\nuseful and proper here; while in politics it is\\nheld suspected and ought to be employed with\\njudgment. The ancients described medi-\\nocrity in manners by the course prescribed\\nto Icarus; and in matters of the understand-\\ning by the steering between Scylla and Charyb-\\ndis, on account of the great difficulty and\\ndanger in passing those straits.\\nIcarus, being to fly across the sea, was\\nordered by his father neither to soar too high\\nnor to fly too low, for, as his wings were\\nfastened together with wax, there was danger\\nof its melting by the sun s heat in too high a\\nflight, and of its becoming less tenacious by\\nthe moisture if he kept too near the vapor of\\nthe sea. But he with a juvenile confidence,\\nsoared aloft, and fell down headlong.\\nExplanation. The fable is vulgar, and\\neasily interpreted for the path of virtue lies\\nstraight between excess on the one side, and\\ndefect on the other. And no wonder that\\nexcess should prove the bane of Icarus, exult-\\ning in juvenile strength and vigor; for excess\\nis the natural vice of youth, as defect is that\\nof old age and if a man must perish by either,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 331\\nIcarus chose the better of the two; for all\\ndefects are justly esteemed more depraved than\\nexcesses. There is some magnanimity in\\nexcess, that, like a bird, claims kindred with\\nthe heavens; but defect is a reptile, that\\nbasely crawls upon the earth. It was excel-\\nlently said by Heraclitus, A dry light makes\\nthe best soul; for if the soul contracts moist-\\nure from the earth, it perfectly degenerates\\nand sinks. On the other hand, moderation\\nmust be observed, to prevent this fine light\\nfrom burning, by its too great subtility and\\ndryness. But these observations are common.\\nIn matters of the understanding, it requires\\ngreat skill and a particular facility to steer\\nclear of Scylla and Charybdis. If the ship\\nstrikes upon Scylla, it is dashed in pieces\\nagainst the rocks; if upon Charybdis, it is\\nswallowed outright. This allegory is preg-\\nnant with matter; but we shall only observe\\nthe force of it lies here, that a means be ob-\\nserved in every doctrine, and science, and in\\nthe rules and axioms thereof, between the\\nrocks of distinctions and the whirlpools of\\nuniversalities; for these two are the bane and\\nshipwreck of fine geniuses and arts.\\nXXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPHINX, OR SCIENCE.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE SCIENCES.\\nThey relate that Sphinx was a monster, var-\\niously formed, having the face and voice of a\\nvirgin, the wings of a bird, and the talons of\\na griffin. She resided on the top of a moun-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "332 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\ntain, near the city Thebes, and also beset the\\nhighways. Her manner was to lie in ambush\\nand seize the travelers, and having them in\\nher power, to propose to them certain dark and\\nperplexed riddles, which it was thought she\\nreceived from the Muses, and if her wretched\\ncaptives could not solve and interpret these\\nriddles, she w r ith great cruelty fell upon them,\\nin their hesitation and confusion, and tore them\\nto pieces. This plague,, having reigned a long\\ntime, the Thebans at length offered their king-\\ndom to the man who could interpret her riddles,\\nthere being no other way to subdue her,\\nCEdipus, a penetrating and prudent man,\\nthough lame in his feet, excited by so great a\\nreward, accepted the condition, and with a good\\nassurance of mind, cheerfully presented him-\\nself before the monster, who directly asked\\nhim, What creature that was, which being\\nborn four-footed, afterward became two-footed,\\nthen three-footed, and lastly four-footed again?\\nCEdipus, with presence of mind, replied it was\\nman, who, upon his first birth and infant state,\\ncrawled upon all fours in endeavoring to walk;\\nbut not long after went up-right upon his two\\nnatural feet; again, in old age walked three-\\nfooted, with a stick; and at last, growing\\ndecrepit, lay four-footed confined to his bed;\\nand having by this exact solution obtained the\\nvictory, he slew the monster, and, laying the\\ncarcass upon an ass, led her away in triumph,\\nand upon this he was, according to the agree-\\nment, made king of Thebes.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 333\\nExplanation. This is an elegant, instruc-\\ntive fable, and seems invented to represent\\nscience, especially as joined with practice.\\nFor science may, without absurdity, be called\\na monster, being strangely gazed at and\\nadmired by the ignorant and unskilful. Her\\nfigure and form is various, by reason of the\\nvast variety of subjects that science considers;\\nher voice and countenance are represented\\nfemale, by reason of her gay appearance and\\nvolubility of speech; wings are added, because\\nthe sciences and their inventions run and fly\\nabout in a moment, for knowledge, like light\\ncommunicated from one torch to another, is\\npresently caught and copiously diffused sharp\\nand hooked talons are elegantly attributed to\\nher, because the axioms and arguments of\\nscience enter the mind, lay hold of it, fix it\\ndown, and keep it from moving or slipping\\naway. This the sacred philosopher observed,\\nwhen he said, The words of the wise are like\\ngoads or nails driven far in. Again, all\\nscience seems placed on high, as it were on the\\ntops of mountains that are hard to climb; for\\nscience is justly imagined a sublime and lofty\\nthing, looking down upon ignorance from an\\neminence, and at the same time taking an\\nextensive view on all sides, as is usual on the\\ntops of mountains. Science is said to beset the\\nhighways, because through all the journey and\\nperegrination of human life there is matter and\\noccasion offered of contemplation.\\nSphinx is said to propose various difficult\\nquestions and riddles to men, which she received", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "334 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nfrom the Muses; and these questions, so long\\nas they remain with the Muses, may very well\\nbe unaccompanied with severity, for while\\nthere is no other end of contemplation and\\ninquiry but that of knowledge alone, the\\nunderstanding is not oppressed, or driven to\\nstraits and difficulties, but expatiates and\\nranges at large, and even receives a degree of\\npleasure from doubt and variety but after the\\nMuses have given over their riddles to Sphinx,\\nthat is to practice, which urges and impels to\\naction, choice, and determination, then it is\\nthat they become torturing, severe, and try-\\ning, and, unless solved and interpreted,\\nstrangely perplex and harass the human mind,\\nrend it every way, and perfectly tear it to\\npieces. All the riddles of Sphinx, therefore,\\nhave two conditions annexed, viz., dilaceration\\nto those who do not solve them, and empire to\\nthose that do. For he who understands the\\nthing proposed obtains his end, and every arti-\\nficer rules over his work.\\nSphinx has no more than two kinds of riddles,\\none relating to the nature of things, the\\nother to the nature of man; and corres-\\npondent to these, the prizes of the solution are\\ntwo kinds of empire the empire over nature,\\nand the empire over man. For the true and\\nultimate end of natural philosophy is dominion\\nover natural things, natural bodies, remedies,\\nmachines, and numberless other particulars,\\nthough the schools contended with what spon-\\ntaneously offers, and swollen with their own", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 335\\ndiscourses, neglect, and in a manner despise,\\nboth things and works.\\nBut the riddle proposed to CEdipus, the\\nsolution whereof acquired him the Theban king-\\ndom, regarded the nature of man, for he who\\nhas thoroughly looked into and examined\\nhuman nature, may in a manner command his\\nown fortune, and seems born to acquire\\ndominion and rule. Accordingly, Virgil pro-\\nperly makes the arts of government to be the\\narts of the Romans. It was, therefore,\\nextremely apposite in Augustus Caesar to use\\nthe image of Sphinx in his signet, whether this\\nhappened by accident or by design; for he of\\nall men was deeply versed in politics, and\\nthrough the course of his life very happily\\nsolved abundance of new riddles with regard\\nto the nature of man; and unless he had done\\nthis with great dexterity and ready address, he\\nwould frequently have been involved in immi-\\nnent danger, if not destruction.\\nIt is with the utmost elegance added in the\\nfable, that when Sphinx was conquered, her\\ncarcass was laid upon an ass for there is noth-\\ning so subtile and abstruse, but after being\\nonce made plain, intelligible, and common, it\\nmay be received by the slowest capacity.\\nWe must not omit that Sphinx was conquered\\nby a lame man, and impotent in his feet; for\\nmen usually make too much haste to the solu-\\ntion of Sphinx s riddles; whence it happens,\\nthat she prevailing, their minds are rather\\nracked and torn by disputes, than invested with\\ncommand by works and effects.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "336 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nXXIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROSERPINE, OR SPIRIT.\\nEXPLAINED OF THE SPIRIT INCLUDED IN NATURAL\\nBODIES.\\nThey tell us, Pluto having, upon that memor-\\nable division of empire among the gods,\\nreceived the infernal regions for his share,\\ndespaired of winning any one of the goddesses\\nin marriage by an obsequious courtship, and\\ntherefore through necessity resolved upon\\na rape. Having watched his opportunity, he\\nsuddenly seized upon Proserpine, a most\\nbeautiful virgin, the daughter of Ceres, as she\\nwas gathering narcissus flowers in the meads\\nof Sicily, and hurrying her to his chariot, car-\\nried her with him to the subterraneal regions,\\nwhere she was treated with the highest rever-\\nence, and styled the Lady of Dis. But Ceres\\nmissing her only daughter, whom she ex-\\ntremely loved, grew pensive and anxious\\nbeyond measure, and taking a lighted torch in\\nher hand, wandered the world over in quest of\\nher daughter but all to no purpose, till, sus-\\npecting she might be carried to the infernal\\nregions, she, with great lamentation and abun-\\ndance of tears, importuned Jupiter to restore\\nher; and with much ado prevailed so far as to\\nrecover and bring her away, if she had tasted\\nnothing there. This proved a hard condition\\nupon the mother, for Proserpine was found to\\nhave eaten three kernels of a pomegranate.\\nCeres, however, desisted not, but fell to her\\nentreaties and lamentations afresh, insomuch\\nthat at last it was indulged her that Proserpine", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 337\\nshould divide the year between her husband\\nand her mother, and live six months with the\\none and as many with the other. After this,\\nTheseus and Perithous, with uncommon audac-\\nity, attempted to force Proserpine away from\\nPluto s bed, but happening to grow tired in\\ntheir journey, and resting themselves upon a\\nstone in the realms below, they could never\\nrise from it again, but remain sitting there\\nforever. Proserpine, therefore, still continued\\nqueen of the lower regions, in honor of whom\\nthere was also added this grand privilege, that\\nthough it had never been permitted any one to\\nreturn after having once descended thither, a\\nparticular exception was made, that he who\\nbrought a golden bough as a present to Pros-\\nerpine, might on that condition descend and\\nreturn. This was an only bough that grew in\\na large dark grove, not from a tree of its own,\\nbut like the mistletoe, from another, and when\\nplucked away a fresh one always shot out in\\nits stead.\\nExplanation. This fable seems to regard\\nnatural philosophy, and searches deep into that\\nrich and fruitful virtue and supply in subter-\\nraneous bodies, from whence all the things\\nupon the earth s surface spring, and into which\\nthey again relapse and return. By Proserpine,\\nthe ancients denoted that ethereal spirit shut\\nup and detained within the earth, here repre-\\nsented by Pluto the spirit being separated\\nfrom the superior globe, according to the ex-\\npression of the poet. This spirit is conceived as\\n22 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "338 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nravished, or snatched up by the earth, because\\nit can no way be detained, when it has time and\\nopportunity to fly off, but is only wrought to-\\ngether and fixed by sudden intermixture an d\\ncomminution, in the same manner as if one\\nshould endeavor to mix air with water, which\\ncannot otherwise be done than by a quick and\\nrapid agitation, that joins them together in\\nfrontwhiletheairis thus caught up by the water.\\nAnd it is elegantly added, that Proserpine was\\nravished while she gathered narcissus flowers,\\nwhich have their name from numbness or\\nstupefaction for the spirit we speak of is in\\nthe fittest disposition to be embraced by terres-\\ntrial matter when it begins to coagulate, or\\ngrow torpid as it were.\\nIt is an honor justly attributed to Proserpine,\\nand not to any other wife of the gods, that of\\nbeing the lady or mistress of her husband,\\nbecause the spirit performs all its operations in\\nthe subterraneal regions, while Pluto, or the\\nearth, remains stupid, or as it were ignorant of\\nthem.\\nThe ether, or the efficacy of the heavenly\\nbodies, denoted by Ceres, endeavors with infin-\\nite diligence to force out this spirit, and restore\\nit to its pristine state. And by the torch in the\\nhand of Ceres, or the ether, is doubtless meant\\nthe sun, which disperses light over the whole\\nglobe of the earth, and if the thing were pos-\\nsible, must have the greatest share in recover-\\ning Proserpine, or reinstating the subterraneal\\nspirit. Yet Proserpine still continues and\\ndwells below, after the manner excellently", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 339\\ndescribed in the condition between Jupiter and\\nCeres. For first, it is certain that there are\\ntwo ways of detaining the spirit, in solid and\\nterrestrial matter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the one by condensation or\\nobstruction, which is mere violence and impris-\\nonment; the other by administering a proper\\naliment, which is spontaneous and free. For\\nafter the included spirit begins to feed and\\nnourish itself, it is not in a hurry to fly off,\\nbut remains as it were fixed in its own earth.\\nAnd this is the moral of Proserpine s tasting\\nthe pomegranate; and were it not for this, she\\nmust long ago have been carried up by Ceres,\\nwho with her torch wandered the world over,\\nand so the earth have been left without its\\nspirit. For though the spirit in metals and\\nminerals may perhaps be, after a particular\\nmanner, wrought in by the solidity of the mass,\\nyet the spirit of vegetables and animals has\\nopen passages to escape at, unless it be will-\\ningly detained, in the way of sipping and tast-\\ning them.\\nThe second article of agreement, that of Pros-\\nerpine s remaining six months with her mother\\nand six with her husband, is an elegant descrip-\\ntion of the division of the year; for the spirit\\ndiffused through the earth lives above-ground\\nin the vegetable world during the summer\\nmonths, but in the winter returns under-ground\\nagain.\\nThe attempt of Theseus and Perithous to\\nbring Proserpine away denotes that the more\\nsubtile spirits, which descend in many bodies\\nto the earth, may frequently be unable to drink", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "340 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nin, unite with themselves, and carry off the\\nsubterraneous spirit, but on the contrary be\\ncoagulated by it, and rise no more, so as to\\nincrease the inhabitants and add to the domin-\\nion of Proserpine.\\nThe alchemists will be apt to fall in with our\\ninterpretation of the golden bough, whether\\nwe will or no, because they promise golden\\nmountains, and the restoration of natural\\nbodies from their stone, as from the gates of\\nPluto; but we are well assured that their the-\\nory has no just foundation, and suspect they\\nhave no very encouraging or practical proofs\\nof its soundness. Leaving, therefore, their\\nconceits to themselves, we shall freely declare\\nour own sentiments upon this last part of the\\nfable. We are certain from numerous figures\\nand expressions of the ancients, that they\\njudge the conservation, and in some degree\\nthe renovation, of natural bodies to be no des-\\nperate or impossible thing, but rather abstruse\\nand out of the common road than wholly im-\\npracticable. And this seems to be their opin-\\nion in the present case, as they have placed this\\nbough among an infinite number of shrubs, in\\na spacious and thick wood. They supposed it\\nof gold, because gold is the emblem of dura-\\ntion. They feigned it adventitious, not native,\\nbecause such an effect is to be expected from\\nart, and not from any medicine or any simple\\nor mere natural way of working.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 341\\nXXX. -METIS, OR COUNSEL.\\nEXPLAINED OF PRINCES AND THEIR COUNCIL.\\nThe ancient poets relate that Jupiter took\\nMetis to wife, whose name plainly denotes\\ncounsel, and that he, perceiving she was preg-\\nnant by him, would by no means wait the time\\nof her delivery, but directly devoured her;\\nwhence himself also became pregnant, and\\nwas delivered in a wonderful manner for he\\nfrom his head or brain brought forth Pallas\\narmed.\\nExplanation. This fable, which in its lit-\\neral sense appears monstrously absurd, seems\\nto contain a state secret, and shows with what\\nart kings usually carry themselves toward their\\ncouncil, in order to preserve their own author-\\nity and majesty not only inviolate, but so as to\\nhave it magnified and heightened among the\\npeople. For kings commonly link themselves\\nas it were in a nuptial bond to their council,\\nand deliberate and communicate with them\\nafter a prudent and laudable custom upon mat-\\nters of the greatest importance, and at the\\nsame time justly conceiving this no diminution\\nof their majesty; but when the matter once\\nripens to a decree or order, which is a kind of\\nbirth, the king then suffers the council to go\\non no further, lest the act should seem to de-\\npend upon their pleasure. Now, therefore,\\nthe king usually assumes to himself whatever\\nwas wrought, elaborated, or formed, as it\\nwere, in the womb of the council (unless it be", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "342 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\na matter of an invidious nature, which he is\\nsure to put from him), so that the decree and\\nthe execution shall seem to flow from himself.\\nAnd as this decree or execution proceeds with\\nprudence and power, so as to imply necessity,\\nit is elegantly wrapped up under the figure of\\nPallas armed.\\nNor are kings content to have this seem the\\neffect of their own authority, free will, and\\nuncontrollable choice unless they also take the\\nwhole honor to themselves, and make the peo-\\nple imagine that all good and wholesome\\ndecrees proceed entirely from their own head,\\nthat is, their own sole prudence and judgment.\\nXXXI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE SIRENS, OR PLEASURES.\\nEXPLAINED OF MEN S PASSION FOR PLEASURES.\\nIntroduction. The fable of the Sirens is,\\nin a vulgar sense, justly enough explained of\\nthe pernicious incentives to pleasure, but the\\nancient mythology seems to us like a vintage\\nill-pressed and trod, for though something has\\nbeen drawn from it, yet all the more excellent\\nparts remain behind in the grapes that are\\nuntouched.\\nFable. The sirens are said to be the\\ndaughters of Achelous and Terpsichore, one\\nof the Muses. In their early days they had\\nwings, but lost them upon being conquered by\\nthe Muses, with whom they rashly contended:\\nand with the feathers of these wings the\\nMuses made themselves crowns, so that from", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 343\\nthis time the Muses wore wings on their heads,\\nexcepting only the mother to the Sirens.\\nThese Sirens resided in certain pleasant\\nislands, and when, from their watch-tower,\\nthey saw any ship approaching, they first\\ndetained the sailors by their music, then,\\nenticing them to shore, destroyed them.\\nTheir singing was not of one and the same\\nkind, but they adapted their tunes exactly to\\nthe nature of each person, in order to captivate\\nand secure him. And so destructive had\\nthey been, that these islands of the Sirens\\nappeared, to a very great distance, white with\\nthe bones of their unburied captives.\\nTwo different remedies were invented to\\nprotect persons against them, the one by\\nUlysses, the other by Orpheus. Ulysses com-\\nmanded his associates to stop their ears close\\nwith wax; and he, determining to make the\\ntrial, and yet avoid the danger, ordered him-\\nself to be tied fast to a mast of the ship, giving\\nstrict charge not to be unbound, even though\\nhimself should entreat it; but Orpheus, with-\\nout any binding at all, escaped the danger, by\\nloudly chanting to his harp the praises of the\\ngods, whereby he drowned the voices of the\\nSirens.\\nExplanation. This fable is of the moral\\nkind, and appears no less elegant than easy to\\ninterpret. For pleasures proceed from plenty\\nand affluence, attended with activity or exulta-\\ntion of the mind. Anciently their first incen-\\ntives were quick, and seized upon the men as", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "344 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nif they had been winged, but learning and\\nphilosophy afterward prevailing, had at least\\nthe power to lay the mind under some re-\\nstraint, and make it consider the issue of\\nthings, and thus deprived pleasures of their\\nwings.\\nThis conquest redounded greatly to the\\nhonor and ornaments of the Muses; for after\\nit appeared, by the example of a few, that\\nphilosophy could introduce a contempt of\\npleasures, it immediately seemed to be a sub-\\nlime thing that could raise and elevate the\\nsoul, fixed in a manner down to the earth, and\\nthus render men s thoughts, which reside in\\nthe head, winged as it were, or sublime.\\nOnly the mother of the Sirens was not thus\\nplumed on the head, which doubtless denotes\\nsuperficial learning, invented and used for\\ndelight and levity; an eminent example\\nwhereof we have in Petronius, who, after re-\\nceiving sentence of death, still continued his\\ngay frothy humor, and, as Tacitus observes,\\nused his learning to solace or divert himself,\\nand instead of such discourses as give firmness\\nand constancy of mind, read nothing but loose\\npoems and verses. Such learning as this seems\\nto pluck the crowns again from the Muses\\nheads, and restore them to the Sirens.\\nThe Sirens are said to inhabit certain islands,\\nbecause pleasures generally seek retirement,\\nand often shun society. And for their songs,\\nwith the manifold artifice and destructiveness\\nthereof, this is too obvious and common to\\nneed explanation. But that particular of the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS. 345\\nbones stretching like white cliffs along the\\nshores and appearing afar off contains a more\\nsubtile allegory, and denotes that the examples\\nof others calamity and misfortunes, though\\never so manifest and apparent, have yet but\\nlittle force to deter the corrupt nature of man\\nfrom pleasures.\\nThe allegory of the remedies against the\\nSirens is not difficult, but very wise and noble:\\nit proposes, in effect, three remedies, as well\\nagainst subtile as violent mischiefs, two drawn\\nfrom philosophy and one from religion.\\nThe first means of escaping is to resist the\\nearliest temptations in the beginning, and dil-\\nigently avoid and cut off all occasions that may\\nsolicit or sway the mind and this is well rep-\\nresented by shutting up the ears, a kind of rem-\\nedy to be necessarily used with mean and vul-\\ngar minds, such as the retinue of Ulysses.\\nBut nobler spirits may converse, even in the\\nmidst of pleasures, if the mind be well guarded\\nwith constancy and resolution. And thus some\\ndelight to make a severe trial of their own vir-\\ntue, and thoroughly acquaint themselves with\\nthe folly and madness of pleasures, without\\ncomplying or being wholly given up to them\\nwhich is what Solomon professes of himself\\nwhen he closes the account of all the numerous\\npleasures he gave a loose to with this expres-\\nsion, But wisdom still continued with me.\\nSuch heroes in virtue may, therefore, remain\\nunmoved by the greatest incentives to pleas-\\nure, and stop themselves on the very precipice\\nof danger; if, according to the example of", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "346 WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS.\\nUlysses, they turn a deaf ear to pernicious\\ncounsel, and the flatteries of their friends and\\ncompanions, which have the greatest power to\\nshake and unsettle the mind.\\nBut the most excellent remedy, in every\\ntemptation, is that of Orpheus, who, by loudly\\nchanting and resounding the praises of the\\ngods, confounded the voices and kept himself\\nfrom hearing the music of the Sirens; for\\ndivine contemplations exceed the pleasures of\\nsense, not only in power, but also in sweetness.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS.\\nOMITTING THOSE KNOWN TO BE SPURIOUS.\\nQueen Elizabeth, the morrow of her corona-\\ntion (it being the custom to release prisoners at\\nthe inauguration of a prince), went to the\\nchapel; and in the great chamber, one of her\\ncourtiers, who was well known to her, either\\nout of his motion, or by the instigation of a\\nwiser man, presented her with a petition; and\\nbefore a great number of courtiers, besought\\nher with a loud voice, that now this good time,\\nthere might be four or five principal prisoners\\nmore released; those were the four evangelists\\nand the apostle St. Paul, who had been long\\nshut up in an unknown tongue, as it were in\\nprison; so as they could not converse with the\\ncommon people. The queen answered very\\ngravely, that it was best first to inquire of\\nthem, whether they would be released or no.\\nQueen Ann Bullen, at the time when she\\nwas led to be beheaded in the Tower, called\\none of the king s privy chamber to her, and\\nsaid unto him, Commend me to the king, and\\ntell him, that he hath ever been constant in his\\ncourse of advancing me from a private gen-\\ntlewoman he made me a marchioness and from\\na marchioness a queen; and now, that he hath\\n347", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "348 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nleft no higher degree of earthly honor, he in-\\ntends to crown my innocency with the glory\\nof martyrdom.\\nA great officer in France was in danger to\\nhave lost his place but his wife by her suit and\\nmeans-making, made his peace; whereupon a\\npleasant fellow said, that he had been crushed,\\nbut that he saved himself upon his horns.\\nWhen the archduke did raise his siege from\\nthe Grave, the then secretary came to Queen\\nElizabeth. The queen (having first intelli-\\ngence thereof) said to the secretary, Wote you\\nthat the archduke is risen from the Grave?\\nHe answered, What, without the trumpet of\\nthe archangel? The queen replied, Yes;\\nwithout sound of trumpet.\\nThe council did make remonstrance unto\\nQueen Elizabeth of the continual conspiracies\\nagainst her life and, namely, that a man was\\nlately taken, who stood ready in a very dan-\\ngerous and suspicious manner to do the deed\\nand they showed her the weapon wherewith\\nhe thought to have acted it. And, therefore,\\nthey advised her, that she should go less\\nabroad to take the air, weakly attended, as\\nshe used. But the queen answered, that she\\nhad rather be dead than put in custody.\\nHenry the Fourth of France his queen was\\nyoung with child; Count Soissons, that had his\\nexpectation upon the crown, when it was twice\\nor thrice thought that the queen was with child", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 349\\nbefore, said to some of his friends, that it was\\nbut with a pillow. This had some ways come\\nto the king s ear; who kept it till such time as\\nthe queen waxed great: then he called the\\nCount of Soissons to him, and said, laying his\\nhand upon his queen s belly, Come, cousin,\\nis this a pillow? The Count of Soissons\\nanswered, Yes, sire, it is a pillow for all\\nFrance to sleep upon.\\nQueen Elizabeth was wont to say, upon the\\ncommission of sales, that the commissioners\\nused her like strawberry wives, that layed two\\nor three great strawberries at the mouth of their\\npot, and all the rest were little ones; so they\\nmade her two or three good prizes of the first\\nparticulars, but fell straightways.\\nQueen Elizabeth used to say of her instruc-\\ntions to great officers, that they were like to\\ngarments, strait at the first putting on, but did\\nby and by wear easy enough.\\nA great officer at court, when my lord of\\nEssex was first in trouble and that he, and\\nthose that dealt for him, would talk much of\\nmy lord s friends, and of his enemies, answered\\nto one of them: I will tell you, I know but\\none friend and one enemy my lord hath; and\\nthat one friend is the queen, and that one enemy\\nis himself.\\nThe book of deposing King Richard the\\nSecond, and the coming in of Henry the Fourth,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "350 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nsupposed to be written by Dr. Hayward, who\\nwas committed to the Tower for it, had much\\nincensed Queen Elizabeth, and she asked Mr.\\nBacon, being then of her counsel learned,\\nwhether there were any treason contained in it?\\nWho tending to do him a pleasure, and to take\\noff the queen s bitterness with a merry conceit,\\nanswered, No, madam, for treason I cannot\\ndeliver an opinion that there is any, but very\\nmuch felony. The queen apprehending it\\ngladly, asked, how; and wherein? Mr. Bacon\\nanswered, Because he had stolen many of his\\nsentences and conceits out of Cornelius Taci-\\ntus.\\nQueen Elizabeth was dilatory enough in\\nsuits, of her own nature; and the lord treas-\\nurer Burleigh being a wise man, and willing\\ntherein to feed her humor, would say to her,\\nMadam, you do well to let suitors stay; for I\\nshall tell you, bis dat, qui cito dat; if you grant\\nthem speedily, they will come again the\\nsooner.\\nSir Nicholas Bacon, who was keeper of the\\ngreat seal of England, when Queen Elizabeth,\\nin her progress, came to his house at Gorham-\\nbury, and said to him, My lord, what a little\\nhouse have you gotten! answered her,\\nMadam, my house is well; but it is you that\\nhave made me too great for my house.\\nThe lord-keeper Sir Nicholas Bacon was\\nasked his opinion by Queen Elizabeth, of one", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 351\\nof these monopoly licenses. And he answered,\\n4 Madam, will you have me speak the truth?\\nLicentia omnes deteriores sumus? we are\\nall the worse for licenses.\\nMy lord of Essex at the succor of Rouen,\\nmade twenty-four knights, which at that time\\nwas a great number. Divers of those gentle-\\nmen were of weak and small means; which,\\nwhen Queen Elizabeth heard, she said, My\\nlord might have done well to have built his\\nalmshouse, before he made his knights.\\nThe deputies of the reformed religion, after\\nthe massacre which was at Paris upon St. Bar-\\ntholomew s day, treated with the king and\\nqueen-mother, and some other of the council,\\nfor a peace. Both sides were agreed upon the\\narticles. The question was, upon the security\\nfor the performance. After some particulars\\npropounded and rejected, the queen-mother\\nsaid, Why is not the word of a king sufficient\\nsecurity? One of the deputies answered,\\nNo, by St. Bartholomew, madam.\\nWhen peace was renewed with the French\\nin England divers of the great counselors\\nwere presented from the French with jewels;\\nthe Lord Henry Howard, being then Earl of\\nNottingham and a counselor, was omitted.\\nWhereupon the king said to him, My lord,\\nhow happens it that you have not a jewel as\\nwell as the rest? My lord answered, accord-\\ning to the fable in yEsop, Non sum gallus,\\nitaque non reperi gemmam,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "352 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nThere was a minister deprived for noncon-\\nformity, who said to some of his friends, that\\nif they deprived him, it should cost a hundred\\nmen s lives. The party understood it, as being\\na turbulent fellow, he would have moved sedi-\\ntion, and complained of him whereupon being\\nconvented and opposed upon that speech, he\\nsaid his meaning was, that if he lost his bene-\\nfice, he would practice physic, and then he\\nthought he should kill a hundred men in time.\\nSecretary Bourn s son kept a gentleman s\\nwife in Shropshire, who lived from her hus-\\nband with him when he was weary of her, he\\ncaused her husband to be dealt with to take\\nher home, and offered him five hundred pounds\\nfor reparation the gentleman went to Sir H.\\nSidney, to take his advice upon this offer, tell-\\ning him that his wife promised now a new life;\\nand to tell him truth, five hundred pounds\\nwould come well with him. By my truth,\\nsaid Sir Henry Sidney, take her home and\\ntake the money: then whereas other cuckolds\\nwear their horns plain, vou may wear yours\\ngilt.\\nWhen Rabelais, the great jester of France,\\nlay on his death-bed, and they gave him the\\nextreme unction, a familiar friend of his came\\nto him afterward, and asked him how he did.\\nRabelais answered, Even going my journey,\\nthey have greased my boots already.\\nThales, as he looked upon the stars, fell into", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 353\\nthe water whereupon it was after said, that if\\nhe had looked into the water, he might have\\nseen the stars; but looking- up to the stars he\\ncould not see the water.\\nMaster Mason, of Trinity College, sent his\\npupil to another of the fellows, to borrow a\\nbook of him, who told him, t4 I am loth\\nto lend my books out of my chamber; but\\nif it pleases thy tutor to come and read it\\nhere, he shall as long as he will. It was\\nwinter, and some days after the same fellow\\nsent to Mr. Mason to borrow his bellows but\\nMr. Mason said, I am loth to lend my bel-\\nlows out of my chamber; but if thy tutor\\nwould come and use it here, he shall as long\\nas he wiH.\\nIn Flanders, by accident, a Flemish tiler fell\\nfrom the top of a house upon a Spaniard, and\\nkilled him, though he escaped himself; the\\nnext of the blood prosecuted his death with\\ngreat violence, and when he was offered pecu-\\nniary recompense, nothing would serve him\\nbut lex talionis; whereupon the judge said to\\nhim, that if he did urge that sentence, it must\\nbe, that he should go up to the top of the house,\\nand then fall down upon the tiler.\\nThere was a young man in Rome, that was\\nvery like Augustus Caesar; Augustus took\\nknowledge of him, and sent for the man, and\\nand asked him, was your mother never at\\nRome? He answered, No, sir, but my\\nfather was.\\n23 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "354 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nAgesilaus, when one told him there was one\\ndid excellently counterfeit a nightingale, and\\nwould have had him heard him, said, Why,\\nI have heard the nightingale herself.\\nThere was a captain sent to an exploit by\\nhis general with forces that were not likely to\\nachieve the enterprise; the captain said to\\nhim, Sir, appoint but half so many.\\nWhy? saith the general. The captain an-\\nswered, Because it is better that few die than\\nmore.\\nThere was a harbinger who had lodged a\\ngentleman in a very ill room, who expostulated\\nwith him somewhat rudely; but the harbinger\\ncarelessly said, You will reap pleasure from\\nit when you are out of it. M\\nThere is a Spanish adage, Love without\\nend hath no end; meaning, that if it were\\nbegun not upon particular ends it would last.\\nA company of scholars going together to\\ncatch conies, carried one scholar with them,\\nwhich had not much more wit than he was\\nborn with and to him they gave in charge that\\nif he saw any, he should be silent, for fear of\\nscaring them. But he no sooner espied a com-\\npany of rabbits before the rest, but he cried\\naloud, Eccemulticuniculi, which in English\\nsignifies, behold many conies; which he had\\nno sooner said, but the conies ran to their bur-\\nrows; and he being checked by them for it an-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 355\\nswered, Who the devil would have thought\\nthat the rabbits understood Latin?\\nSolon compared the people unto the sea, and\\norators and counselors to the winds for that\\nthe sea would be calm and quiet, if the winds\\ndid not trouble it.\\nA man being very jealous of his wife, inso-\\nmuch that which way soever she went, he\\nwould be prying at her heels; and she being\\nso grieved thereat, in plain terms told him, that\\nif he did not for the future leave off his pro-\\nceedings in that nature, she would graft such\\na pair of horns upon his head, that should hin-\\nder him from coming out of any door in the\\nhouse.\\nA tinker passing Cheapside with his usual\\ntone, Have you any work for a tinker? an\\napprentice standing at a door opposite to a pil-\\nlor there set up, called the tinker, with an in-\\ntent to put a jest upon him, and told him, that\\nhe should do very well if he would stop those\\ntwo holes in the pillory; to which the tinker\\nanswered, that if he would put his head and\\nears a while in that pillory, he would bestow\\nboth brass and nails upon him to hold him in,\\nand give him his labor into the bargain.\\nWhitehead, a grave divine, was much\\nesteemed by Queen Elizabeth, but not pre-\\nferred, because he was against the government\\nof bishops: he was of a blunt stoical nature", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "356 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nhe came one day to the queen, and the queen\\nhappened to say to. him, I like thee the bet-\\nter, Whitehead, because thou livest unmar-\\nried! He answered, In troth, madam, I\\nlike you the worse for the same cause.\\nDoctor Laud said, that some hypocrites, and\\nseeming mortified men, that held down their\\nheads like bulrushes, were like the little\\nimages that they place in the very bowing of\\nthe vaults of churches, that look as if they held\\nup the church, but are but puppets.\\nThere was a lady of the west country, that\\ngave great entertainment at her house to most\\nof the gallant gentlemen thereabouts, and\\namong others, Sir Walter Raleigh was one.\\nThis lady, though otherwise a stately dame,\\nwas a notable good housewife; and in the\\nmorning betimes, she called to one of her\\nmaids, that looked to the swine, and asked,\\nAre the pigs served? Sir Walter Raleigh s\\nchamber was fast by the lady s, so as he heard\\nher; a little before dinner, the lady came down\\nin great state into the great chamber, which\\nwas full of gentlemen: and as soon as Sir\\nW alter set eye upon her, Madam, said he,\\nare the pigs served? The lady answered,\\nYou know best whether you have had your\\nbreakfast.\\nThere were fishermen drawing the river at\\nChelsea; Mr. Bacon came thither by chance in\\nthe afternoon, and offered to buy their draught", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 357\\nthey were willing. He asked them what they\\nwould take? They asked thirty shillings.\\nMr. Bacon offered them ten. They refused it.\\n44 Why, then, saith Mr. Bacon, I will be only\\na looker on. They drew, and caught nothing.\\nSaith Mr. Bacon, 44 Are not you mad fellows\\nnow, that might have had an angel in your\\npurse, to have made merry withal, and to have\\nwarmed you thoroughly, and now you must go\\nhome with nothing? Aye, but, saith the\\nfisherman, we had hope then to make a bet-\\nter gain of it. Saith Mr. Bacon, Well, my\\nmaster, then I ll tell you, hope is a good break-\\nfast, but it is a bad supper.\\nMr. Bacon, after he had been vehement in\\nParliament against depopulation and inclosures;\\nand that soon after the queen told him, that she\\nhad referred the hearing of Mr. Mill s cause to\\ncertain counselors and judges; and asked him\\nhow he liked of it? answered, 44 0h, Madam! my\\nmind is known; I am against all inclosures,\\nand especially against inclosed justice.\\nWhen Sir Nicholas Bacon, the lord-keeper,\\nlived, every room in Gorhambury was served\\nwith a pipe of water from the ponds, distant\\nabout a mile off. In the lifetime of Mr. An-\\nthony Bacon, the water ceased. After whose\\ndeath, his lordship coming to the inheritance,\\ncould not recover the water without infinite\\ncharge; when he was lord chancelor he built\\nVerulam House, close by the pond-yard, for\\na place of privacy, when he was called upon to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "358 APOPHTHEGMS.\\ndispatch any urgent business. And being*\\nasked why he built that house there, his lord-\\nship answered that since he could not carry\\nthe water to his house he would carry his\\nhouse to the water.\\nZelim was the first of the Ottomans that did\\nshave his beard, whereas his predecessors\\nwore it long. One of his bashaws asked him\\nwhy he altered the custom of his predeces-\\nsors? He answered: M Because you bashaws\\nmay not lead me by the beard as you did\\nthen.\\nCharles, king of Sweden, a great enemy of\\nthe Jesuits, when he took any of their col-\\nleges, he would hang the old Jesuits and put\\nthe young to his mines, saying, that since they\\nwrought so hard above ground he would try\\nhow they could work under ground.\\nIn chancery, at one time when the counsel of\\nthe parties set forth the boundaries of the land\\nin question, by the plot and the counsel of one\\npart said, We lie on this side, my lord; and\\nthe counsel of the other part said, And we\\nlie on this side: the lord chancelor Hatton\\nstood up and said, If you lie on both sides,\\nwhom will you have me to believe?\\nSir Thomas More had only daughters, at the\\nfirst, and his wife did ever pray for a boy. At\\nlast she had a boy, which, being come to man s\\nestate, proved but simple. Sir Thomas said to", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 359\\nhis wife, Thou prayedst so long for a boy\\nthat he will be a boy as long as he lives.\\nSir Thomas More, on the day that he was\\nbeheaded, had a barber sent to him, because\\nhis hair was long; which was thought would\\nmake him more commiserated with the people.\\nThe barber came to him, and asked him\\nwhether he would be pleased to be trimmed?\\nIn good faith, honest fellow, saith Sir\\nThomas, the king and I have a suit for my\\nhead: and till the title be cleared, I will do\\nno cost upon it.\\nMr. Bettenham said that virtuous men were\\nlike some herbs and spices that give not out\\ntheir sweet smell till they be broken or\\ncrushed.\\nThere was a painter become a physician,\\nwhereupon one said to him: You have done\\nwell; for before, the faults of your work were\\nseen, but now they are unseen.\\nThere was a gentleman that came to the tilt\\nall in orange-tawny, and ran very ill. The\\nnext day he came again all in green, and ran\\nworse. There was one of the lookers-on\\nasked another, What is the reason that this\\ngentleman changeth his colors? The other\\nanswered, Sure, because it may be reported\\nthat the gentleman in the green ran worse\\nthan the gentleman in the orange-tawny.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "360 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nSir Thomas More had sent him by a suitor\\nin chancery two silver flagons. When they\\nwere presented by the gentleman s servant,\\nhe said to one of his men, Have him to the\\ncellar, and let him have of my best wine:\\nand turning to the servant, said, Tell thy\\nmaster, if he like it, let him not spare it.\\nMichael Angelo, the famous painter, paint-\\ning in the pope s chapel the portraiture of hell\\nand damned souls, made one of the damned\\nsouls so like a cardinal that was his enemy, as\\neverybody at first sight knew it. Whereupon\\nthe cardinal complained to Pope Clement,\\nhumbly praying it might be defaced. The\\npope said to him, Why, you know very well\\nI have power to deliver a soul out of purga-\\ntory, but not out of hell.\\nSir Nicholas Bacon, when a certain nimble-\\nwitted counselor at the bar, who was forward\\nto speak, did interrupt him often, said unto\\nhim, There s a great difference betwixt you\\nand me: a pain to me to speak, and a pain to\\nyou to hold your peace.\\nThe same Sir Nicholas Bacon, upon bills\\nexhibited to discover where lands lay, upon\\nproof that they had a certain quantity of land,\\nbut could not set it forth, was wont to say,\\nAnd if you cannot find your land in the\\ncountry, how will you have me find it in chan-\\ncery?", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 361\\nThere was a king of Hungary took a bishop\\nin battle, and kept him prisoner; whereupon\\nthe pope writ a monitory to him, for that he\\nhad broken the privilege of holy church, and\\ntaken his son. The king sent an embassage to\\nhim, and sent withal the armor wherein the\\nbishop was taken, and this only in writing,\\nVide num haec sit vestis filii tui Know\\nnow whether this be thy son s coat.\\nSir Amyas Pawlet, when he saw too much\\nhaste made in any matter, was wont to say,\\n44 Stay a while, that we may make an end the\\nsooner.\\nA master of the request to Queen Elizabeth\\nhad divers times moved for an audience, and\\nbeen put off. At last he came to the queen\\nin a progress, and had on a new pair of boots.\\nThe queen, who loved not the smell of new\\nleather, said to him, Fie, sloven, thy new\\nboots stink. 4 Madam, said he, 44 it is not\\nmy new boots that stink, but it is the stale\\nbills that I have kept so long.\\nQueen Isabella of Spain used to say, whoso-\\never hath a good presence and a good fashion,\\ncarries continual letters of recommendation.\\nIt was said of Augustus, and afterward the\\nlike was said of Septimus Severus, both which\\ndid infinite mischief in their beginnings, and\\ninfinite good toward their ends, that they\\nshould either have never been born or never\\ndied.\\n24 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "362 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nConstantine the Great, in a kind of envy,\\nhimself being a great builder, as Trajan like-\\nwise was, would call Trajan parietaria wall-\\nflower, because his name was upon so many\\nwalls.\\nEthelwold, bishop of Winchester, in a\\nfamine, sold all the rich vessels and orna-\\nments of the church to relieve the poor with\\nbread; and said: There was no reason that\\nthe dead temples of God should be sumptu-\\nously furnished, and the living temples suffer\\npenury.\\nAfter a great fight there came to the camp\\nof Gonsalvo, the great captain, a gentleman\\nproudly horsed and armed Diego de Mendoza,\\nasked the great captain, Who s this? Who\\nanswered, 4t It is St. Ermin, who never appears\\nbut after a storm.\\nThere was one that died greatly in debt;\\nwhen it was reported in some company, where\\ndivers of his creditors casually were, that he\\nwas dead; one began to say, Well, if he be\\ngone, then he hath carried five hundred ducats\\nof mine with him into the other world, and\\nanother said, And two hundred of mine;\\nand the third spake of great sums of his.\\nWhereupon, one that was among them, said,\\nI perceive now, that though a man cannot\\ncarry any of his own with him into the next\\nworld, yet he may carry away that which\\nis another man s.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 363\\nBresquet, jester to Francis the First of\\nFrance, did keep a calendar of fools, where-\\nwith he did use to make the king sport; telling\\nhim ever the reason why he put any one into\\nhis calendar. When Charles the Fifth, em-\\nperor, upon confidence of the noble nature of\\nFrancis, passed through France, for the ap-\\npeasing of the rebellion of Gaunt, Bresquet\\nput him into his calendar. The king asked\\nhim the cause. He answered, Because you\\nhave suffered at the hands of Charles the\\ngreatest bitterness that ever prince did from\\nanother, nevertheless he would trust his per-\\nson into your hands. M Why, Bresquet, said\\nthe king, what wilt thou say, if thou seest\\nhim pass back in as great safety, as if he\\nmarched through the midst of Spain? Saith\\nBresquet, Why then I will put him out, and\\nput in you.\\nWhen my lord president of the council came\\nfirst to be lord treasurer, he complained to my\\nlord chancelor of the troublesomeness of the\\nplace, for that the exchequer was so empty.\\nThe lord chancelor answered, My lord, be of\\ngood cheer for now you shall see the bottom\\nof your business at the first.\\nRabelais tells a tale of one that was very\\nfortunate in compounding differences. His\\nson undertook the said course, but could never\\ncompound any. Whereupon he came to his\\nfather, and asked him, what art he had to\\nreconcile differences? He answered, he had", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "364 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nno other but this: to watch when the two\\nparties were much wearied and their hearts\\nwere too great to seek reconcilement at one\\nanother s hand; then to be a means between\\nthem, and upon no other terms. After which\\nthe son went home, and prospered in the same\\nundertakings.\\nAlonso Cartilio w T as informed by his steward\\nof the greatness of his expense, being such as\\nhe could not hold out therewith. The bishop\\nasked him, wherein it chiefly arose? His\\nsteward told him, in the multitude of his\\nservants. The bishop bade him to make him\\na note of those that were necessary, and those\\nthat might be spared. Which he did. And\\nthe bishop taking occasion to read it before\\nmost of his servants, said to his steward,\\n44 Well, let these remain, because I have need\\nof them and these others also, because they\\nhave need of me.\\nMr. Bettenham, reader of Gray s-Inn, used\\nto say, that riches were like muck; when it lay\\nupon a heap, it gave but a stench, and ill-odor;\\nbut when it was spread over the ground, then\\nit was cause of much fruit.\\nGalba succeeded Nero, and his age being\\ndespised, there was much license and con-\\nfusion in Rome during his empire whereupon\\na senator said in full senate, it were better to\\nlive where nothing is lawful, than where all\\nthings are lawful.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 365\\nChilon said, that kings friends and favorites\\nwere like casting counters; that sometimes\\nstood for one, sometimes for ten, sometimes\\nfor a hundred.\\nDiogenes begging, as divers philosophers\\nthen used, did beg more of a prodigal man than\\nof the rest which were present. Whereupon\\none said to him, See your baseness, that\\nwhen you find a liberal mind, you will take\\nmost of him. No, said Diogenes, but I\\nmean to beg of the rest again.\\nThemistocles, when an ambassador from a\\nmean estate did speak great matters, said to\\nhim, Friend, thv words would require a\\ncity.\\nCaesar Borgia, after long division between\\nhim and the lords of Romagna, fell to accord\\nwith them. In this accord there was an article\\nthat he should not call them at any time all\\ntogether in person. The meaning was, that\\nknowing his dangerous nature, if he meant\\nthem treason, he might have opportunity to\\noppress them altogether at once. Neverthe-\\nless, he used such fine art, and fair carriage,\\nthat he won their confidence to meet all\\ntogether in council at Cinigaglia, where he\\nmurdered them all. This act, when it was\\nrelated unto Pope Alexander, his father, by a\\ncardinal, as a thing happy, but very perfidi-\\nous, the pope said, It was they that broke\\ntheir covenant first, in coming all together.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "366 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nClodius was acquitted by a corrupt jury, that\\nhad palpably taken shares of money before\\nthey gave their verdict; they prayed of the\\nsenate a guard, that they might do their con-\\nsciences, for that Clodius was a very seditious\\nyoung nobleman. Whereupon all the world\\ngave him for condemned. But acquitted he\\nwas. Catulus, the next day seeing some of\\nthem that had acquitted him together, said to\\nthem, What made you ask of us a guard?\\nWere you afraid your money should have been\\ntaken from you?\\nAt the same judgment, Cicero gave in evi-\\ndence upon oath; and when the jury, which\\nconsisted of fifty-seven, had passed against his\\nevidence, one day in the senate Cicero and\\nClodius being in altercation, Clodius upbraided\\nhim, and said, The jury gave you no credit.\\nCicero answered, Five and twenty gave me\\ncredit; but there were two and thirty that\\ngave you no credit, for they had their money\\nbeforehand.\\nDiogenes having seen that the kingdom of\\nMacedon, which before was contemptible and\\nlow, began to come aloft, when he died, was\\nasked how he would be buried? He answered,\\nWith my face downward; for within a while\\nthe world will be turned upside down, and\\nthen I shall lie right. M\\nCato the elder was wont to say, that the\\nRomans were like sheep; a man could better\\ndrive a flock of them, than one of them.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 367\\nWhen Lycurgus was to reform and alter the\\nstate of Sparta; in consultation, one advised,\\nthat it should be reduced to an absolute pop-\\nular equality; but Lycurgus said to him, Sir,\\nbegin it in your own house/\\nBion, that was an atheist, was showed in a\\nport city, in a temple of Neptune, many tables\\nof pictures of such as had in tempests made\\ntheir vows to Neptune, and were saved from\\nshipwreck: and was asked, How say you now?\\nDo you not acknowledge the power of the\\ngods? But saith he, Ay; but where are\\nthey painted that have been drowned after\\ntheir vows?\\nCicero was at dinner, where there was an\\nancient lady that spake of her own years, and\\nsaid, she was but forty years old. One that\\nsat by Cicero sounded him in the ear and said,\\nShe talks of forty years old; but she is far\\nmore, out of question. Cicero answered him\\nagain, I must believe her; for I have heard\\nher say so many times these ten years.\\nThere was a soldier that vaunted before\\nJulius Caesar of the hurts he had received in\\nhis face. Julius Caesar, knowing him to be\\nbut a coward, told him, You were best take\\nheed next time you run away, how you look\\nback.\\nVespasian asked of Apollonius what was the\\ncause of Nero s ruin? Who answered, Nero", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "368 APOPHTHEGMS.\\ncould tune the harp well, but in government\\nhe did always wind up the strings too high, or\\nlet them down too low.\\nAntisthenes being asked of one, what learn-\\ning was most necessary for man s life, an-\\nswered, To unlearn that which is nought.\\nDiogenes, when mice came about him, as he\\nwas eating, said, I see that even Diogenes\\nnourisheth parasites.\\nHeraclitus the obscure said, The dry light\\nis the best soul; meaning, when the faculties\\nintellectual are in vigor, not drenched, or as it\\nwere blooded by the affections.\\nOne of the philosophers was asked, in what a\\nwise man differed from a fool. He answered,\\nSend them both naked to those that know\\nthem not, and you shall perceive.\\nThere was a law made by the Romans\\nagainst the bribery and extortion of the gov-\\nernors of provinces. Cicero saith, in a speech of\\nhis to the people, that he thought the prov-\\ninces would petition to the state of Rome to\\nhave that law repealed. For, saith he,\\nbefore the governors did bribe and extort as\\nmuch as was sufficient for themselves; but\\nnow they bribe and extort as much as may be\\nenough, not only for themselves, but for the\\njudges and jurors, and magistrates.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 369\\nAristippus sailing in a tempest, showed signs\\nof fear. One of the seamen said to him, in an\\ninsulting manner, u We that are plebeians are\\nnot troubled you that are a philosopher are\\nafraid. Aristippus answered, that There is\\nnot the like wager upon it, for you to perish\\nand for me.\\nIt fell out so, that as Livia went abroad in\\nRome, there met her naked young men that\\nwere sporting in the streets, which Augustus\\nwent about severely to punish in them but\\nLivia spake for them, and said, It was no\\nmore to chaste women, than so many statues.\\nPhilip of Macedon was wished to banish one\\nfor speaking ill of him. But Philip answered,\\nBetter he speak where we are both known\\nthan where we are both unknown.\\nLucullus entertained Pompey in one of his\\nmagnificent houses; Pompey said, This is a\\nmarvelous fair and stately house for the sum-\\nmer; but methinks it should be very cold for\\nwinter/ Lucullus answered, Do you not\\nthink me as wise as divers fowls are, to\\nchange my habitation in the winter season?\\nPlato entertained some of his friends at a\\ndinner, and had in the chamber a bed, or\\ncouch, neatly and costly furnished. Diogenes\\ncame in, and got up upon the bed, and tram-\\npled it, saying, I trample upon the pride of\\nPlato. Plato mildly answered, But with\\ngreater pride, Diogenes.\\n24 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "370 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nPompey being commissioner for sending\\ngrain to Rome in time of dearth, when he\\ncame to the sea, found it very tempestuous\\nand dangerous, insomuch as those about him\\nadvised him by no means to embark; but\\nPompey said, It is of necessity that I go, not\\nthat Hive.\\nDemosthenes was upbraided by ^Eschines\\nthat his speeches did smell of the lamp. But\\nDemosthenes said, Indeed, there is a great\\ndeal of difference between that which you and\\nI do by lamp-light.\\nDemades the orator, in his age, was talka-\\ntive, and would eat hard: Antipater would say\\nof him, that he was like a sacrifice, that noth-\\ning was left of it but the tongue and the\\npaunch.\\nPhilo Judaeus saith, that the sense is like the\\nsun for the sun seals up the globe of heaven\\nand opens the globe of earth; so the sense\\ndoth obscure heavenly things and reveals\\nearthly things.\\nAlexander, after the battle of Granicum, had\\nvery great offers made him by Darius; consult-\\ning with his captains concerning them, Par-\\nmenio said, Sure, I would accept of these\\noffers if I were as Alexander. Alexander\\nanswered, So would I if I were as Parmenio.\\nAugustus Caesar would say, that he won-\\ndered that Alexander feared he should want", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 371\\nwork, having no more worlds to conquer, as if\\nit were not as hard a matter to keep as to\\nconquer.\\nAntigonus, when it was told him that the\\nenemy had such volleys of arrows that they\\ndid hide the sun, said, That falls out well,\\nfor it is hot weather, and so we shall fight in\\nthe shade.\\nCato the elder, being aged, buried his wife,\\nand married a young woman. His son came\\nto him, and said, Sir, what have I offended,\\nthat you have brought a step-mother into your\\nhouse? The old man answered, Nay, quite\\ncontrary, son thou pleaseth me so well, as I\\nshould be glad to have much more such.\\nCrassus the orator had a fish which the Ro-\\nmans call Muraena, that he made very tame\\nand fond of him; the fish died, and Crassus\\nwept for it. One day, falling in contention\\nwith Domitius in the senate, Domitius said,\\nFoolish Crassus, you wept for your Muraena.\\nCrassus replied, That s more than you did\\nfor your two wives.\\nPhilip Alexander s father, gave sentence\\nagainst a prisoner what time he was drowsy,\\nand seemed to give small attention. The pris-\\noner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I\\nappeal. The king, somewhat stirred, said,\\nTo whom do you appeal? The prisoner\\nanswered, From Philip when he gave no ear\\nto Philip when he shall give ear.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "372 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nThere was a philosopher that disputed with\\nAdrian the emperor, and did it but weakly.\\nOne of his friends that stood by, afterward\\nsaid to him, Methinks you were not like\\nyourself last day, in argument with the em-\\nperor; I could have answered better myself.\\nWhy, said the philosopher, would you have\\nme contend with him that commands thirty\\nlegions?\\nWhen Alexander passed into Asia, he gave\\nlarge donations to his captains and other prin-\\ncipal men of virtue; insomuch as Parmenio\\nasked him, Sir, what do you keep for your-\\nself? He answered, Hope.\\nThere was one that found a great mass of\\nmoney digged underground in his grand-\\nfather s house, and being somewhat doubtful\\nof the case, signified it to the emperor, that he\\nhad found such treasure. The emperor, made\\na rescript thus: Use it. He writ back again,\\nthat the sum was greater than his state or con-\\ndition could use. The emperor writ a new\\nrescript, thus: Abuse it.\\nJulius Caesar, as he passed by, was, by accla-\\nmation of some that stood in the way, termed\\nking, to try how the people would take it. The\\npeople showed great murmur and distaste at\\nit. Caesar finding where the wind stood,\\nslighted it, and said, I am not king, but\\nCaesar; as if they had mistaken his name;\\nfor rex was a surname among the Romans, as\\nking is with us.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 373\\nWhen Croesus, for his glory, showed Solon\\nhis great treasures of gold, Solon said to him,\\n44 If another king come that hath better iron\\nthan you, he will be master of all this gold.\\nAristippus, being reprehended of luxury, by\\none that was not rich, for that he gave six\\ncrowns for a small fish, answered, 44 Why, what\\nwould you have given? The other said,\\n4 Some twelve pence. Aristippus said again,\\n44 And six crowns is no more with me.\\nPlato reprehended severely a young man for\\nentering into a dissolute house. The young\\nman said to him, 44 Why do you reprehend so\\nsharply for so small a matter? Plato replied,\\n44 But custom is no small matter.\\nArchidamus, king of Lacedaemon, having\\nreceived from Philip, king of Macedon (after\\nPhilip had won the victory of Chaeronea, upon\\nthe Athenians), proud letters, writ back to\\nhim, that if he measured his own shadow, he\\nwould find it no longer than it was before his\\nvictory.\\nPyrrhus, when his friends congratulated to\\nhim his victory over the Romans, under the\\nconduct of Fabricius, but with great slaughter\\nof his own side, said to them again, 44 Yes, but\\nif we have such another victory, we are un-\\ndone.\\nPlato was wont to say of his master Socrates,\\nthat he was like the apothecaries gallipots,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "374 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nthat had on the outside apes, owls, and satyrs,\\nbut within, precious drugs.\\nAlexander sent to Phocion a great present\\nof money. Phocion said to the messenger,\\n44 Why doth the king send to me, and to none\\nelse? The messenger answered, Because\\nhe takes you to be the only good man in\\nAthens. Phocion replied, If he thinks so,.\\npray let him suffer me to be so still.\\nAt a banquet, where those that were called\\nthe seven wise men of Greece were invited by\\nthe ambassador of a barbarous king, the ambas-\\nsador related, that there was a neighbor\\nmightier than his master, who picked quarrels\\nwith him, by making impossible demands;\\notherwise threatening war; and now at that\\npresent had demanded of him to drink up the\\nsea. Whereunto one of the wise men said,\\nI would have him undertake it. Why,\\nsaid the ambassador, how shall he come off?\\nThus, saith the wise man; let the king first\\nstop the rivers which run into the sea, which\\nare no part of the bargain, and then your mas-\\nter will perform it.\\nHanno the Carthaginian was sent commis-\\nsioner by the state, after the second Cartha-\\nginian war, to supplicate for peace, and in the\\nend obtained it yet one of the sharper sena-\\ntors said, You have often broken with us the\\npeace, whereunto you have sworn I pray, by\\nwhat god will you swear? Hanno answered,", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 375\\n44 By the same gods that punished the former\\nperjury so severely.\\nOne of the seven was wont to say, that laws\\nwere like cobwebs, where the small flies were\\ncaught, and the great brake through.\\nLouis the Eleventh of France, having much\\nabated the p^eatness and power of the peers,\\nnobility, and court of parliament, would say,\\nthat he had brought the crown out of ward.\\nThere was a cowardly Spanish soldier, that\\nin a defeat that the Moors gave, ran away with\\nthe foremost. Afterward, when the army\\ngenerally fled, this soldier was missing.\\nWhereupon it was said by some, that he was\\nslain. 44 No, sure, said one, 4 he is alive; for\\nthe Moors eat no hare s flesh.\\nOne was saying that his great-grandfather,\\nand grandfather, and father, died at sea. Said\\nan officer, that heard him, 4i And I were as you,\\nI would never come at sea. Why, said he,\\n44 where did your great-grandfather, and grand-\\nfather, and father die? He answered,\\n44 Where, but in their beds? He answered,\\n44 And I were as you, I would never come in\\nbed.\\nThere was a dispute, whether great heads or\\nlittle heads had the better wit? And one said,\\n44 It must needs be the little; for that it is a\\nmaxim, Omne majus continet in se minus.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "376 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nSir Thomas More, when the counsel of the\\nparty pressed him for a longer day to perform\\nthe decree, said, Take St. Barnaby s day,\\nwhich is the longest day in the year/ Now,\\nSt. Barnaby s day was within a few days fol-\\nlowing.\\nThere was an Epicurean vaunted that divers\\nof other sects of philosophers did after turn\\nEpicureans; but there was never any Epicu-\\nreans that turned to any other sect. Where-\\nupon a philosopher, that was of another sect,\\nsaid, the reason was plain, for that cocks may\\nbe made capons; but capons could never be\\nmade cocks.\\nChilon would say, that gold was tried with\\nthe touchstone, and men with gold.\\nMr. Popham (afterward Lord Chief Justice\\nPopham), when he was speaker, and the House\\nof Commons had sat long, and done in effect\\nnothing, coming one day to Queen Elizabeth,\\nshe said to him, Now, Mr. Speaker, what hath\\npassed in the Commons House? He an-\\nswered, If it please your Majesty, seven\\nweeks.\\nThemistocles, in his lower fortune, was in\\nlove with a young gentleman who scorned him\\nbut when he grew to his greatness, which was\\nsoon after, he sought him Themistocles said,\\nWe are both grown wise, but too late.\\nAristippus was earnest suitor to Dionysius\\nfor some grant, who would give no ear to his", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 377\\nsuit. Aristippus fell at his feet, and then\\nDionysius granted it. One that stood by said\\nafterward to Aristippus, You, a philosopher,\\nand be so base as to throw yourself at the\\ntyrant s feet to get a suit! Aristippus an-\\nswered, The fault is not mine; but the fault\\nis in Dionysius, that carries his ears in his\\nfeet.\\nSolon being asked, whether he had given the\\nAtheians the best laws, answered, The best\\nof those that they would have received/\\nOne said to Aristippus, Tis a strange\\nthing, why men should rather give to the poor,\\nthan to philosophers. He answered, Be-\\ncause they think themselves may sooner come\\nto be poor, than to be philosophers.\\nTrajan would say of the vain jealousy of\\nprinces, that seek to make away those that\\naspire to their succession, that there was never\\nking that did put to death his successor.\\nAlexander used to sav of his two friends,\\nJ 7\\nCraterus and Hephaestion, that Hephaestion\\nloved Alexander, and Craterus loved the kine.\\nir\\nOne of the fathers saith, that there is but\\nthis difference between the death of old men\\nand young men that old men go to death, and\\ndeath comes to young men.\\nJason the Thessalian was wont to say, that\\nsome things must be done unjustly, that many\\nthings may be done justly.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "378 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nDemetrius, king of Macedon, would at times\\nretire himself from business, and give himself\\nwholly to pleasures. On one of those his re-\\ntirings, giving out that he was sick, his father,\\nAntigonus, came on the sudden to visit him,\\nand met a fair dainty youth coming out of his\\nchamber. When Antigonus came in, Deme-\\ntrius said, Sir, the fever left me right now.\\nAntigonus replied, I think it was he that I\\nmet at the door.\\nCato major would say, that wise men learned\\nmore by fools, than fools by wise men.\\nWhen it was said to Anaxagoras, The\\nAthenians have condemned you to die, he\\nreplied, And nature them.\\nAlexander, when his father wished him to\\nrun for the prize of the race of the Olympian\\ngames (for he was very swift), he answered,\\nhe would, if he might run with kings.\\nAntigonus used often to go disguised, and to\\nlisten at the tents of his soldiers; and at a time\\nheard some that spoke very ill of him.\\nWhereupon he opened the tent a little, and said\\nto them, If you would speak ill of me, you\\nshould go a little farther off.\\nAristippus said, that those that studied par-\\nticular sciences, and neglected philosophy,\\nwere like Penelope s wooers, and made love\\nto the waiting- women.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 379\\nThe ambassadors of Asia Minor came to\\nAntonius, after he had imposed upon them a\\ndouble tax, and said plainly to him, that if he\\nwould have two tributes in one year, he must\\ngive them two seed-times and two harvests.\\nAn orator of Athens said to Demosthenes,\\nThe Athenians will kill you if they wax\\nmad. Demosthenes replied, And they will\\nkill you if they be in good sense.\\nEpictetus used to say, that one of the vulgar,\\nin any ill that happens to him, blames others;\\na novice in philosophy blames himself; and a\\nphilosopher blames neither the one nor the\\nother.\\nCato the elder, what time many of the\\nRomans had statues erected in their honor,\\nwas asked by one, in a kind of wonder, why he\\nhad none? He answered, he had much rather\\nmen should ask and wonder why he had no\\nstatue, than why he had a statue.\\nA certain friend of Sir Thomas More, taking\\ngreat pains about a book, which he intended to\\npublish (being well conceited of his own wit,\\nwhich no man else thought worthy of com-\\nmendation), brought it to Sir Thomas More to\\nperuse it, and pass his judgment upon it, which\\nhe did; and finding nothing therein worthy\\nthe press, he said to him, with a grave coun-\\ntenance, that if it were in verse, it would be\\nmore worthy. Upon which words, he went", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "380 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nimmediately and turned it into verse, and then\\nbrought it to Sir Thomas again; who, looking\\nthereon, said soberly, Yes, marry, now it is\\nsomewhat; for now it is rhyme; whereas be-\\nfore, it was neither rhyme nor reason.\\nSir Henry Wotton used to say, that critics\\nwere like brushers of noblemen s clothes.\\nPhocion the Athenian (a man of great sever-\\nity, and noways flexible to the will of the\\npeople), one day; when he spake to the people,\\nin one part of his speech, was applauded;\\nwhereupon, he turned to one of his friends, and\\nasked, What have I said amiss?\\nDiogenes was one day in the market-place,\\nwith a candle in his hand, and being asked\\nwhat he sought, he said, he sought a man.\\nQueen Elizabeth was entertained by my\\nLord Burleigh at Theobalds and at her going\\naway, my lord obtained of the queen to make\\nseven knights. They were gentlemen of the\\ncountry, of my lord s friends and neighbors.\\nThey were placed in a rank, as the queen\\nshould pass by the hall; and to win antiquity\\nof knighthood, in order as my lord favored,\\nthough, indeed, the more principal gentlemen\\nwere placed lowest. The queen was told of it,\\nand said nothing; but when she went along,\\nshe passed them all by as far as the screen, as\\nif she had forgot it; and when she came to\\nthe screen, she seemed to take herself with the", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 381\\nmanner, and said, t4 I had almost forgot what I\\npromised. With that she turned back, and\\nknighted the lowest first, and so upward.\\nWhereupon Mr. Stanhope, of the privy\\nchamber, a while after told her, Your\\nMajesty was too fine for my Lord Burleigh.\\nShe answered, lt I have but fulfilled the Scrip-\\nture the first shall be the last, and the last\\nfirst/\\nBion was sailing, and there fell out a great\\ntempest, and the mariners that were wicked\\nand dissolute fellows called upon the gods but\\nBion said to them, Peace, let them not know\\nyou are here.\\nThe Turks made an expedition into Persia\\nand because of the strait jaws of the moun-\\ntains of Armenia, the bashaw consulted which\\nway they should get in. One that heard the\\ndebate said, Here s much ado how you shall\\nget in but I hear nobody take care how you\\nshall get out.\\nPhilip, king of Macedon, maintained argu-\\nments with a musican, in points of his art,\\nsomewhat peremptorily; but the musician said\\nto him, God forbid, sire, your fortune were\\nso hard, that you should know these things\\nbetter than myself.\\nPace the fool was not suffered to come at\\nQueen Elizabeth, because of his bitter humor.\\nYet at one time, some persuaded the queen", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "382 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nthat he should come to her; undertaking for\\nhim, that he should keep within compass so\\nhe was brought to her, and the queen said,\\n44 come on, Pace, now we shall hear of our\\nfaults. Saith Pace, 44 I do not use to talk of\\nthat that all the town talks of.\\nAfter the defeat of Cyrus the younger, Fal-\\ninus was sent by the king to the Grecians (who\\nhad for their part rather victory than other-\\nwise), to command them to yield their arms;\\nwhich, when it was denied, Falinus said to\\nClearchus, 44 Well, then, the king lets you\\nknow, that if you remove from the place where\\nyou are now encamped, it is war if you stay,\\nit is truce. What shall I say you will do?\\nClearchus answered, 4 It please th us, as it\\npleaseth the king. 44 How is that? saith\\nFalinus. Saith Clearchus, 4 If we remove, war;\\nif we stay, truce: and so would not disclose\\nhis purpose.\\nNero was wont to say of his master Seneca,\\nthat his style was like mortar without lime.\\nA seaman coming before the judges of the\\nAdmiralty for admittance into an office of a\\nship bound for the Indies, was by one of the\\njudges much slighted, as an insufficient person\\nfor that office he sought to obtain; the judge\\ntelling him, that he believed he could not say\\nthe points of his compass. The seaman\\nanswered, that he could say them, under favor,\\nbetter than he could say his Paternoster. The\\njudge replied, that he would wager twenty shil-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 383\\nlings with him upon that. The seaman taking\\nhim up, it came to trial and the seaman began,\\nand said all the points of his compass very\\nexactly; the judge likewise said his Paternos-\\nter; and when he had finished it, he required\\nthe wager according to agreement, because the\\nseaman was to say his compass better than he\\nhis Paternoster, which he had not performed.\\n44 Nay, I pray sir, hold, quoth the seaman,\\n44 the wager is not finished, for I have but half\\ndone; and so he immediately said his compass\\nbackward very exactly which the judge failing\\nof in his Paternoster, the seaman carried away\\nthe prize.\\nSir Fulke Grevil had much and private access\\nto Queen Elizabeth, which he used honorably,\\nand did many men good; yet he would say\\nmerrily of himself, that he was like Robin\\nGoodfellow for when the maids spilt the milk\\npans, or kept any racket, they would lay it\\nupon Robin so what tales the ladies about the\\nqueen told her, or other bad offices that they\\ndid. they would put it upon him.\\nCato said, the best way to keep good acts in\\nmemory, was to refresh them with new.\\nAristippus said, he took money of his friends,\\nnot so much to use it himself, as to teach them\\nhow to bestow their money.\\nA strumpet said to Aristippus, that she was\\nwith child by him; he answered, 44 You know\\nthat no more, than if you went through a hedge", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "384 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nof thorns, you could say, this thorn pricked\\nme.\\nDemocritus said, that truth did lie in the\\nprofound pits, and when it was got, it needed\\nmuch refining.\\nDiogenes said of a young man that danced\\ndaintily, and was much commended, Tis\\nbetter, the worse.\\nDiogenes seeing one that was a bastard cast-\\ning stones among the people, bade him take\\nheed he hit not his father.\\nPlutarch said well, It is otherwise in a com-\\nmonwealth of men than of bees; the hive of a\\ncity or kingdom is in best condition, when\\nthere is least of noise or buzz in it.\\nThe same Plutarch said of men of weak\\nabilities set in great place, that they were like\\nlittle statues set on great bases, made to appear\\nthe less by their advancement.\\nHe said again, Good fame is like fire: when\\nyou have kindled it, you may easily perserve it\\nbut if you once extinguish it, you will not\\neasily kindle it again.\\nQueen Elizabeth, seeing Sir Edward in\\nher garden, looked out at her window, and\\nasked him in Italian, What does a man think\\nof when he thinks of nothing? Sir Edward\\n(who had not had the effect of some of the\\nqueen s grants so soon as he had hoped and\\ndesired) paused a little, and then made an-", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 385\\nswer, Madame, hethinksof a woman s prom-\\nise/ The queen shrunk in her head, but was\\nheard to say, Well, Sir Edward, I must not\\nconfute you. Anger makes dull men witty, but\\nit keeps them poor.\\nWhen any great officer, ecclesiastical or civil,\\nwas to be made, the queen would inquire after\\nthe piety, integrity, and learning of the man.\\nAnd when she was satisfied in these qualifica-\\ntions, she would consider of his personage.\\nAnd upon such an occasion she pleased once to\\nsay to me, Bacon, how can the magistrate\\nmaintain his authority when the man is\\ndespised?\\nIn eighty-eight, when the queen went from\\nTemple Bar along Fleet Street, the lawyers\\nwere ranked one side, and the companies\\nof the city on the other; said Master Bacon to\\na lawyer that stood next to him, Do but\\nobserve the courtiers if they bow first to the\\ncitizens, they are in debt; if first to us, they\\nare in law.\\nA Grecian captain advising the confederates\\nthat were united against the Lacedaemonians,\\ntouching their enterprise, gave opinion, that\\nthey should go directly upon Sparta, saying,\\nthat the state of Sparta was like rivers strong\\nwhen they had run a great way, and weak\\ntoward their head.\\nOne was examined upon certain scandalous\\nwords spoken against the king. He confessed\\nthem, and said, It is true, I spake them, and\\n25 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "386 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nif the wine had not failed, I had said much\\nmore.\\nCharles the Bald allowed one whose name\\nwas Scottus to sit at the table with him for his\\npleasure. Scottus sat on the other side of the\\ntable. One time the king, being merry with\\nhim, said to him, What is there between Scot\\nand sot? Scottus answered, The table\\nonly.\\nThere was a marriage made between a widow\\nof great wealth and a gentlemen of great house\\nthat had no estate or means. Jack Roberts\\nsaid that marriage was like a black pudding:\\nthe one brought blood, and the other brought\\nsuet and oatmeal.\\nDiogenes was asked in a kind of scorn, What\\nwas the matter that philosophers haunted rich\\nmen, and not rich men philosophers? He\\nanswered. Because the one knew what they\\nwanted, the other did not.\\nDemetrius, King of Macedon, had a petition\\noffered him divers times by an old woman, and\\nanswered, he had no leisure. Whereupon the\\nwoman said aloud, Why, then, give over to\\nbe king?\\nWhen King Edward the Second was among\\nhis torturers, who hurried him to and fro, that\\nno man should know where he was, they set\\nhim down upon a bank; and one time, the\\nmore to disguise his face, shaved him, and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 387\\nwashed him with cold water of a ditch by.\\nThe king said, Well, yet I will have warm\\nwater for my beard; and so shed abundance\\nof tears.\\nKing James was wont to be very earnest with\\nthe country gentlemen to go from London to\\ntheir country houses. And sometimes he\\nwould say thus to them: Gentlemen, at Lon-\\ndon you are like ships at sea, which show like\\nnothing; but in your country villages you are\\nlike ships in a river, which look like great\\nthings.\\nCount Gondomar sent a compliment to my\\nLord St. Alban, wishing him a good Easter.\\nMy lord thanked the messenger, and said he\\ncould not at present requite the count better\\nthan in returning him the like that he wished\\nhis lordship a good Passover.\\nMy Lord Chancelor Elsmere, when he had\\nread a petition which he disliked, would say,\\nWhat, you would have my hand to this now?\\nAnd the party answering Yes, he would say\\nfurther, Well, so you shall; nay, you shall\\nhave both my hands to it. And so would,\\nwith both his hands, tear it in pieces.\\nSir Francis Bacon was wont to say of an\\nangry man who suppressed his passion, that he\\nthought worse than he spoke and of an angry\\nman that would chide, that he spoke worse than\\nhe thought.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "388 APOPHTHEGMS.\\nWhen Mr. Attorney Coke, in the Exchequer,\\ngave high words to Sir Francis Bacon, and\\nstood much upon the higher place, Sir Francis\\nsaid to him, Mr. Attorney, the less you speak\\nof your own greatness, the more I shall think\\nof it; and the more, the less.\\nSir Francis Bacon (who was always for mod-\\nerate counsels), when one was speaking of such\\na reformation of the Church of England as\\nwould in effect make it no church, said thus to\\nhim; Sir, the subject we talk of is the eye of\\nEngland, and if there be a speck or two in the\\neye, we endeavor to take them off; but he\\nwere a strange oculist who would pull out the\\neye.\\nThe same Sir Francis Bacon was wont to say,\\nthat those who left useful studies for useless\\nscholastic speculations were like the Olympic\\ngamesters, who abstained from necessary\\nlabors, that they might be fit for such as were\\nnot so.\\nThe Lord St. Alban, who was not overhasty\\nto raise theories, but proceeded slowly by\\nexperiments, was wont to say to some philos-\\nophers, who would not go his pace, Gentle-\\nmen, nature is a labyrinth, in which the very\\nhaste you move with will make you lose your\\nway.\\nThe same lord, when a gentleman seemed\\nnot much to approve of his liberality to his", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "APOPHTHEGMS. 389\\nretinue, said to him 4 Sir, I am all of a piece\\nif the head be lifted up, the inferior parts of\\nthe body must, too.\\nThe Lord Bacon was wont to commend the\\nadvice of the plain old man at Buxton, that sold\\nbesoms a proud, lazy young fellow came to him\\nfor a besom upon trust to whom the old man\\nsaid, Friend, hast thou no money? Borrow\\nof thy back, and borrow of thy belly, they ll\\nne er ask thee again. I shall be dunning thee\\nevery day.\\nJack Weeks said of a great man (just then\\ndead), who pretended to some religion, but was\\nnone of the best livers, Well, I hope he is in\\nheaven. Every man thinks as he wishes but if\\nhe be in heaven, twere pity it were known.\\nHis lordship, when he had finished this col-\\nlection of apophthegms, concluded thus:\\nCome, now all is well; they say, he is not a\\nwise man that will lose his friend for his wit;\\nbut he is less a wise man that will lose his\\nfriend for another man s wit.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA;\\nOR,\\nELEGANT SENTENCES.\\nAleator, quanto in arte est melior tanto est\\nnequior A gamester, the greater master he is\\nin his art, the worse man he is.\\nArcum, intensio frangit; animum, remissio\\nMuch mending breaks the bow much unbend-\\ning the mind.\\nBis vincit, qui se vincit in victoria He con-\\nquers twice, who restrains himself in victory.\\nCum vitia prosint, peccat qui recte facit If\\nvices were profitable, the virtuous man would\\nbe the sinner.\\nBene dormit, qui non sentit quod male dor-\\nmiat He sleeps well, who is not conscious that\\nhe sleeps ill.\\nDeliberare utilia, mora est tutissima To\\ndeliberate about useful things is the safest\\ndelay.\\nDolor decrescit. ubi quo crescat non habet\\nThe flood of grief decreaseth, when it can\\nswell no higher.\\n390", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA. 391\\nEtiam innocentes cogit mentiri dolor Pain\\nmakes even the innocent man a liar.\\nEtiam celeritas in desiderio, mora est In\\ndesire, swiftness itself is delay.\\nEtiam capillus turns habet umbram suam\\nEven a single hair casts a shadow.\\nFidem qui perdit, quose servat in reliquum?\\nHe that has lost his faith, what staff has he\\nleft?\\nFormosa facies muta commendatio est A\\nbeautiful face is a silent commendation.\\nFortuna nimium quern fovet, stultum facit\\nFortune makes him fool, whom she makes her\\ndarling.\\nFortuna obesse nulli contenta est semel\\nFortune is not content to do a man one ill turn.\\nFacit gratum fortuna, quern nemo videt\\nThe fortune which nobody sees makes a man\\nhappy and unenvied.\\nHeu! quam miserum est ab illo laedi, de\\nquo non possis queri Oh what a miserable\\nthing it is to be injured by those of whom we\\ncannot complain.\\nHomo toties moritur quoties amittit suos\\nA man dies as often as he loses his friends.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "392 ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA.\\nHaeredis. fletus sub. persona risus est The\\ntears of an heir are laughter under a mask.\\njuncundum nihilest, nisi quod reficit vari-\\netas Nothing is pleasant which is not spiced\\nwith variety.\\nInvidiam ferre, aut fortis, aux felix potest\\nHe may be envied, who is either courageous or\\nhappy.\\nIn malis sperare bonum, nisi innocens, nemo\\npotest In adversity, only the virtues can enter-\\ntain hope.\\nIn vindicando, criminosa est celeritas In\\nrevenge, haste is criminal.\\nIn calamitoso risus etiam injuria est In\\nmisfortune, even to smile is to offend.\\nImprobe Neptunum accusat, qui iterum\\nnaufragium facit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He accuseth Neptune un-\\njustly, who incurs shipwreck a second time.\\nMultis minatur, qui uni facit injuriam He\\nthat injures one, threatens many.\\nMora omnis ingrata est, sed facit sapientiam\\nAll delay is unpleasant, but we are the wiser\\nfor it.\\nMori est f elicis antequam mortem invocet\\nHappy he who dies ere he calls on death.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA, 393\\nMalus ubi bonum se simulet, tunc est pessi-\\nmus A bad man is worst when he pretends to\\nbe a saint.\\nMagno cum periculo custoditur, quod multis\\nplacet Lock and key will scarce keep that\\nsecure which pleases everybody.\\nMale vivunt qui se semper victuros putant\\nThey live ill, who think to live forever.\\nMale secum agit aeger, medictim qui\\nhaeredem facit That sick man does ill for\\nhimself, who makes his physician his heir.\\nMultos timere debet, quern multi timent\\nHe of whom many are afraid, ought himself to\\nfear many.\\nNulla tam bona est fortuna, de qua nil possis\\nqueri There s no fortune so good, but it has\\nits alloy.\\nPars beneficii est quod petitur, si bene neges\\nThat is half granted which is denied graci-\\nously.\\nTimidus vocat se cautum, parcum sordidus\\nThe coward calls himself a cautious man and\\nthe miser says, he is frugal.\\nO vita! misero longa, felici brevis life!\\nan age to the miserable, a moment to be\\nhappy.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "394 ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA.\\nThe following are sentences extracted from\\nthe writings of Lord Bacon:\\nIt is a strange desire which men have, to\\nseek power and lose liberty.\\nChildren increase the cares of life: but they\\nmitigate the remembrance of death.\\nRound dealing is the honor of man s nature\\nand a mixture of falsehood is like alloy in gold\\nand silver, which may make the metal work\\nthe better, but it debaseth it.\\nDeath openeth the gate to good fame, and\\nextinguisheth envy.\\nRevenge is a kind of wild justice, which the\\nmore a man s nature runs to, the more ought\\nlaw to weed it out.\\nHe that studieth revenge, keepeth his own\\nwounds green.\\nIt was a high speech of Seneca (after the\\nmanner of the Stoics), that the good things\\nwhich belong to prosperity are to be wished\\nbut the good things which belong to a dversity\\nare to be admired.\\nHe that cannot see well, let him go softly.\\nIf a man be thought secret, it inviteth dis-\\ncovery as the more close air sucketh in the\\nmore open.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA. 395\\nKeep your authority wholly from your chil-\\ndren, not so your purse.\\nMen of noble birth are noted to be envious\\ntoward new men when they rise. For the dis-\\ntance is altered; and it is like a deceit of the\\neye, that when others come on, they think\\nthemselves go back.\\nAs in nature things move more violently to\\ntheir place, and calmly in their place so vir-\\ntue in ambition is violent in authority, settled\\nand calm.\\nBoldness in civil business, is like pronuncia-\\ntion in the orator of Demosthenes; the first,\\nsecond, and third thing.\\nBoldness is blind: whereof tis ill in counsel,\\nbut good in execution. For in counsel it is\\ngood to see dangers, in execution not to see\\nthem, except they be very great.\\nWithout good-nature, man is but a better\\nkind of vermin.\\nGod never wrought miracles to convince\\natheism, because his ordinary works convince\\nit.\\nThe great atheists indeed are hypocrites, who\\nare always handling holy things, but without\\nfeeling, so as they must needs be cauterized in\\nthe end.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "396 ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA.\\nThe master of superstition is the people.\\nAnd in all superstition, wise men follow fools.\\nIn removing superstitions, care should be\\nhad, that (as it fareth in ill purgings) the good\\nbe not taken away with the bad; which com-\\nmonly is done, when the people is the phy-\\nsician.\\nHe that goeth into a country before he hath\\nsome entrance into the language, goeth to\\nschool, and not to travel.\\nIt is a miserable state of mind (and yet it is\\ncommonly the case of kings) to have few\\nthings to desire, and many to fear.\\nDepression of the nobility may make a king\\nmore absolute, but less safe.\\nAll precepts concerning kings are, in effect,\\ncomprehended in these remembrances: Re-\\nmember thou art a man; remember thou art\\nGod s vicegerent. The one bridleth their\\npower, and the other their will.\\nThings will have their first or second agita-\\ntion. If they be not tossed upon the arguments\\nof counsel, they will be tossed upon the waves\\nof fortune.\\nThe true composition of a counselor, is\\nrather to be skilled in his master s business\\nthan his nature for then he is like to advise\\nhim, and not to feed his humor.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA. 397\\nFortune sometimes turneth the handle of the\\nbottle, which is easy to be taken hold of; and\\nafter the belly, which is hard to grasp.\\nGenerally it is good to commit the beginning\\nof all great actions to Argus with a hundred\\neyes; and the ends of them to Briareus with a\\nhundred hands first to watch and then to speed.\\nThere is a great difference between a cun-\\nning man and a wise man. There be that can\\npack the cards, who yet can t play well; they\\nare good in canvasses and factions, and yet\\notherwise mean men.\\nExtreme self-lovers will set a man s house on\\nfire, though it were but to roast their eggs.\\nNew things, like strangers, are more ad-\\nmired and less favored.\\nIt were good that men, in their innovations,\\nwould follow the example of time itself, which\\nindeed innovateth greatly, but quietly, and by\\ndegrees scarce to be perceived.\\nThey that reverence too much old time, are\\nbut a scorn to the new.\\nThe Spaniards and Spartans have been noted\\nto be of small dispatch. Mi venga la muerte\\nde Spagna Let my death come from Spain;\\nfor then it, will be sure to be long a-coming.\\nYou had better take for business a man\\nsomewhat absurd, than over-formal.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "39S ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA.\\nThose who want friends to whom to open\\ntheir griefs, are cannibals of their own hearts.\\nNumber itself importeth not much in armies,\\nwhere the people are of weak courage; for (as\\nVirgil says) it never troubles a wolf how many\\nthe sheep be.\\nLet states that aim at greatness, take heed\\nhow their nobility and gentry multiply too fast.\\nIn coppice woods, if you leave your staddles\\ntoo thick, you shall never have clean under-\\nwood, but shrubs and bushes.\\nA civil war is like the heat of a fever but a\\nforeign war is like the heat of exercise, and\\nserveth to keep the body in health.\\nSuspicions among thoughts are like bats\\namong birds, they ever fly by twilight.\\nBase natures, if they find themselves once\\nsuspected, will never be true.\\nMen ought to find the difference between\\nsaltness and bitterness. Certainly he that\\nhath a satirical vein, as he maketh others\\nafraid of his wit, so he had need be afraid of\\nothers memory.\\nDiscretion in speech is more than eloquence.\\nMen seem neither well to understand their\\nriches, nor their strength of the former they\\nbelieve greater things than they should, and", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA. 399\\nof the latter much less. And from hence fatal\\npillars have bounded the progress of learning.\\nRiches are the baggage of virtue they can\\nnot be spared nor left behind, but they hinder\\nthe march.\\nGreat riches have sold more men than ever\\nthey have bought out.\\nHe that defers his charity till he is dead, is\\n(if a man weighs it rightly) rather liberal of\\nanother man s than of his own.\\nAmbition is like choler; if he can move, it\\nmakes men active if it be stopped, it becomes\\na dust, and makes men melancholy.\\nTo take a soldier without ambition, is to\\npull off his spurs.\\nSome ambitious men seem as screens to\\nprinces in matters of danger and envy. For\\nno man will take such parts, except he be like\\nthe seel d dove, that mounts and mounts, be-\\ncause he can not see about him.\\nPrinces and states should choose such minis-\\nters as are more sensible of duty than rising;\\nand should discern a busy nature from a will-\\ning mind.\\nA man s nature runs either to herbs or\\nweeds; therefore, let him seasonably water the\\none, and destroy the other.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "400 ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA.\\nIf a man look sharp and attentively, he\\nshall see fortune; for though she be blind,\\nshe is not invisible.\\nUsury bringeth the treasure of the realm or\\nstate into a few hands; for the usurer being at\\ncertainties, and the others at uncertainties; at\\nthe end of the game most of the money will be\\nin the box.\\nBeauty is best in a body that hath rather\\ndignity of presence, than beauty of aspect.\\nThe beautiful prove accomplished, but not of\\ngreat spirit; and study, for the most part,\\nrather behavior than virtue.\\nThe best part of beauty, is that which a pic-\\nture cannot express.\\nHe who builds a fair house upon an ill seat,\\ncommits himself to prison.\\nIf you would work on any man, you must\\neither know his nature and fashions, and so\\nlead him or his ends, and so persuade him or\\nhis weaknesses and disadvantages, and so awe\\nhim or those that have interest in him, and\\nso govern him.\\nCostly followers (among whom we may reck-\\non those who are importunate in suits) are not\\nto be liked; lest while a man maketh his train\\nlonger, he maketh his wings shorter.\\nFame is like a river, that beareth up things\\nlight and swollen, and drowns things weighty\\nand solid.", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "ORNAMENTA RATIONALIA. 4U1\\nSeneca saith well, that anger is like rain,\\nthat breaks itself upon that it falls.\\nExcusations, cessions, modesty itself well\\ngoverned, are but arts of ostentation.\\nHigh treason is not written in ice; that\\nwhen the body relenteth, the impression\\nshould go away.\\nme best governments are always subject to\\nbe like the fairest crystals, when every icicle\\nor grain is seen, which in a fouler stone is\\nnever perceived.\\nIn great places ask counsel of both times-\\nof the ancient time what is best, and of the\\nlatter time what is fittest.\\nThe virtue of prosperity is temperance, of\\nadversity fortitude, which in morals is the\\nmore heroical virtue. Prosperity is the bless-\\ning of the Old Testament, adversity the bless-\\ning of the New, which carrieth the greater\\nbenediction and the clearer revelation of God s\\nfavor.\\n28 Bacon", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "W. B. CONKEY COMPANY S PUBLICATIONS\\nR4.\\n67.\\n68.\\n69.\\n73.\\n74.\\n75.\\n76.\\n77.\\nAbbe Constantin Halevy\\nAdventures of a Brownie. ..Muiock\\nAll Aboard Optic\\nAlice s Adventures in Wonderland\\nCarroll\\nAn Attic Philosopher in Paris\\nSou vestre\\nAutobiography of Benjamin\\nFranklin\\nAutocrat of the Breakfast Table\\nHolmes\\nBacon s Essays Bacon\\nBarrack Room Ballads. .Kipling\\nBeside the Bonnie Brier Bush\\nMaclaren\\nBlack Beauty Sewall\\nBlithedale Romance. .Hawthorne\\nBoat Ci ub Optic\\nBracebridge Hall Irving-\\nBrooks Addresses\\nBrowning s Poems Browning\\nChiide Harold s Pilgrimage\\nByron\\nChild s History of England\\nDickens\\nCranf ord Gaskell\\nCrown of Wild Olives Buskin\\nDaily Food for Christians\\nDepartmental Ditties. .Kipling\\nDolly Dialogues Hope\\nDream Life Mitchell\\nDrummond s Addresses\\nDrummond\\nEmerson s Essays, Vol. 1\\nEmerson\\nEmerson s Essays^ Vol. 2\\nEmerson\\nEthics of the Dust ..Ruskin\\nEvangeline Longfellow\\nFlower Fables A_lcott\\nGold Dust Yonge\\nHeroes and Hero Worship. Carlyle\\nHiawatha Longfellow\\nHouse of Seven Gables\\nHawthorne\\nHouse of the Wolf Weyman\\nIdle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow\\nJerome\\nIdylls of the King Tennyson\\nImitation of Christ\\nThos. a Kempis\\nIn Memoriam Tennyson\\nJohn Halifax Muiock\\nKept for the Master s Use\\nHavergal\\nKidnapped Stevenson\\nKing of the Golden River.. Ruskin\\nLaddie\\nLady of the Lake Scott\\nLalla Rookh Moore\\nLet Us Follow Him.. .Sienkiewicz\\nLight of Asia Arnold\\n78. Light That Failed. .Kipling\\n79. Locksley Hall Tennyson\\n80. Longfellow s Poems\\nLongfellow\\n81. Lorna Doone Blackmore\\n82. Lowell s Poems Lowell\\n83. Lucile Meredith\\n88. Marmion Scott\\n89. Mosses from an Old Manse\\nHawthorne\\n93. Natural Law in the Spiritual\\nWorld Drummond\\n94. Now or Never Optic\\n97. Paradise Lost Milton\\n98. Paul and Virginia\\nSaint Pierre\\n99. Pilgrim s Progress Bunyan\\n100. Plain Tales fr- _u the Hills\\nKipling\\n101. Pleasures ^f Life Lubbock\\n102. Prince of the House of David\\nIngraham\\n103. Princess Tennyson\\n104. Prueand I Curtis\\n107. Queen of the Air Ruskin\\n110. Rab and His Friends. ..Brown\\n111. Representative Men Emerson\\n112. Reveries of a Bachelor\\nMitchell\\n113. Rollo in Geneva Abbott\\n114. Rollo in Holland Abbott\\n115. Rollo in London Abbott\\n118. Rollo in Naples Abbott\\nli7. Roilo in Paris Abbott\\n118. Rollo in Rome Abbott\\n119. Rollo in Scotland Abbott\\n120. Rollo in Switzerland. .Abbott\\n121. Rollo on the Atlantic. ..Abbott\\n122. Rollo on the Rhine Abbott\\n123. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam\\nFitzgerald\\n128. Sartor Resartus Carlyle\\n129. Scarlet Letter Hawthorne\\n180 Sesame and Lilies Ruskin\\n131. Sign of the Four Doyle\\n132. Sketch Book Irving\\n133. Stickit Minister Crockett\\n140. Tales from Shakespeare\\nC. and Mary Lamb\\n141. Tanglewood Tales. .Hawthorne\\n142. True and Beautiful Ruskin\\n143. Three Men in a Boat. .Jerome\\n144. Through the Looking Glass\\nCarrol J\\n145. Treasure Island Stevenson\\n146. Twice Told Tales. .Hawthorne\\n150. Uncle Tom s Cabin Stowe\\n154. Vicar of Wakefield. .Goldsmith\\n158. Whittier s Poems Whittier\\n159. Wide, Wide World Warner\\n160. Window in Thrums Barrie\\n161. Wonder Book Hawthorne\\nC 94 8 9 1\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "t o.\\n*\u00c2\u00b04\\nof\\nV THE?* V\\na\\nDeacidified using the Bookkeeper proc\\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: Feb. 2009\\nj^T 51 ORLDLEAl COLLECTION\\nPreservationTechnologi\\n9\\n111 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\nrTOA\\\\ -7-7Q.0111", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "rt ^_\\n^.as*.\\no\\nHECKMAN\\ng^ N. MANCHESTER\\nINDIANA 46962", "height": "3643", "width": "2219", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3863", "width": "2431", "jp2-path": "essaysorcounsels00bac_0422.jp2"}}