{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3834", "width": "2488", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ",0\\n,4 0,\\n^K\\nf: jP-n*..\\n45\u00c2\u00b0^\\nwO* .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^1.\\n.sf^s** A* *j(iOOfc \u00c2\u00bb*^5IIEsr\u00c2\u00ab a\\ni\\nip\\nj^\\nA\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^0\\n.0\\n^y\\nV", "height": "3640", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "o_\\nV ^0\\no.\\n0*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n*..\\nV- -v*^\\nV\\n:iS\u00c2\u00ab-. ^^v\\no^\\n%t\\n0^ .o*^-*. ^0.\\n0, A.\\n.0^ o\\n=u\\nA^ A\\no\\n^0^\\n-oK", "height": "3640", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3615", "width": "1898", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3615", "width": "1898", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "China s\\nOpen Door\\nA Sketch of Chinese Life\\nand History i^\\nBy ROUNSE VELLE WILDMAN, M.A.\\nConsul General of the United States at Hong Kong,\\nAuthor of Tales of Malayan Coast, etc.\\nWith an Introduction by\\nCharles Denby\\nFormer U.S. Mmister to China.\\nILL USTRA TED\\nBoston: Lothrop Publishing Compa\\nny", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "38567\\nLibrary of Gon^.r\u00c2\u00abs\u00c2\u00ab\\nAUG 25 1900\\nSECCMP COfV.\\nOdive.fld t i\\nORDER DIVISION,\\nSEP 6 1900\\nCOPYRIGHT, 1900,\\nB Y\\nLOTHROP PUBLISHING COMPANY.\\nALL RIGHTS RESERVED\\n74311\\ns^^^", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTEH PAGE\\nI. A Word at the Open Door 1\\nII. As TO THE Proper Eeading op Chinese His-\\ntory 4\\nIII. Erom Euh-hi to Confucius 42\\nIV. From the Tsin to the Tang Dynasties 63\\nV. From Wu the Empress to the Last of the\\nMings 80\\nVI. The Rise of the Manchu Dynasty 115\\nVII. From Chien Lung to Hienfung 136\\nVIII. From the Taiping Rebellion to the Chufoo\\nConvention 160\\nIX. Tung Chi and the Regency 184\\n/X. The Reign op Kwang Su 205\\nXL The Commercial Outlook 216\\nXII. Canton, the Typical City 228\\nXIII.^Peking, the Capital City 270\\nXIV. The Boxer Uprising 301", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,\\nFACING\\nLi Hung Chang Frontispiece\\nAs Old as China. The Wheelbarrow a Mode of\\nTravel in China in Use for Ages 12\\nConfucian Temple. Hall of Classics. Imperial\\nPavilion. Forbidden City, Peking 54\\nGreat Wall of China Looking North-east 116\\nStreet Scene in Tientsin 150\\nPanorama op Hong Kong 170\\nStreet in the Concession, Shanghai 190\\nThe Typical Chinese City, Canton on the Pearl.\\n*The Streetless City stretches away with its\\nMaze of Shipping, broken Here and There by\\nTHE Towering Pawn-Shops and the Open Spaces\\nabout Yamens and Temples 230\\nThe Cangue A Form of Chinese Punishment. It\\nIS the Absence of Nerves that enables the\\nChinese to endure Pain as Well as Toil 266\\nCamel Train. Outside the Peking Wall. Mili-\\ntary Gate, showing Moat 274\\nThe Examination Halls, Peking, where the Best\\nStudent is esteemed the Greatest Man in\\nChina 294\\nA Bird s-Eye View from the Gulf of Pechili to\\nPeking. Showing the Route of the Relief\\nExpedition of 1900 310", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nTHIS book is a fit and much needed suc-\\ncessor to the Middle Kingdom, by\\nDoctor S. S. Williams. As a digest of\\ninformation touching China, the Middle King-\\ndom must always rank first among the books\\nwhich treat of that empire. Next to it this book\\nwill take its place in literature.\\nSplendid as Williams s history is, the student\\nsometimes complains of dryness; but no such\\ncharge can be made against the accomplished au-\\nthor of this book, to whom experience in many\\nforms of writing has taught the lesson that the\\nfirst requisite of success is to please the reader.\\nIn this, Mr. Wildman has preeminently succeeded.\\nThis book is written in pure English. It is clear\\nand concise in language, easy to understand, and\\nopens up vistas of information which, until now,\\nhave been unknown to the general reader. At\\nthe beginning the keynote is struck the author\\nknows his subject. One sees plainly that he has\\nnot drawn his description from books or from the", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "viii INTR OB UCTION,\\nchance observations of the hurrying tourist, but\\nfrom the passing of many clays among the Chinese,\\nand the watching, during many years, their actual\\nlife and the political phases of the imperial gov-\\nernment. The author s own sound declaration is\\nthat to understand Chinese history you must know\\nthe people. Knowing them, he has built up, stej)\\nby step, a succinct history of China from its early\\ndays down to the ujirisal of the Boxers. I shall\\nnot undertake in this introduction to review, page\\nby page, the contents of this volume, but simply\\nto draw attention to the starting-point and the\\nsuccessive stages of historic lore which, in admira^\\nble sequence, are brought to our attention.\\nAt the beginning it is asserted that the charac-\\nteristics and peculiarities of the Chinese must be\\nunderstood in order to judge them aright, and then\\nfollows a succi]ict, but complete description of\\nthese characteristics. Lying at the bottom of\\nChinese character is respect for face. The for-\\neign resident of China knows that he must not\\nreprove his boy before strangers, that he must\\nnot unjustly punish him. Once, on one of our\\nmen-of-war, when a servant, as the other servants\\nbelieved, was wrongfully discharged, every China-\\nman aboard the ship left. The author illustrates\\nthis underlying principle by many examples, and", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION, ix\\nhe carries his observance into the highest realms\\nof governmental polity. I well remember that\\nthe members of the Tsung Li Yamen complained\\nthat some foreign representative made them lose\\nface by pounding on the table and bawling at\\nthem. The portion of the book which discusses\\nface is somewhat new in its treatment, and\\nshould be carefully considered, because it fur-\\nnishes an explanation of many events in Chinese\\nliistory wliich, before, were obscure.\\nTo the Chinese, as Mr. Wildman intimates,\\nface takes the place of patriotism. The dis-\\ncussion of politics, except in the secret societies,\\nhas been an unknown art in China. The struggle\\nfor existence has been too intense to waste time\\non the doings of the mandarins or the foreigners.\\nWell does the author say that, in place of patriot-\\nism, you find untiring industry, marvelous econ-\\nomy, filial piety, and a calm respect for law.\\nAmericans are the most wasteful people in the\\nworld. I look out now from my window over\\nthousands and thousands of acres on which the\\ntall corn is waving its silken tassel. When Oc-\\ntober comes the harvesters will drive wagons\\nalong the rows, and they will pull the ears only,\\nand leave the shuck, the fodder, and the stack un-\\ntouched. Cattle will be turned in to feed on", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X INTRODUCTION.\\nthese during the winter, but they will destroy\\nmore than they eat. In China each blade of grass\\nis uprooted and put to some use. At Swatow\\nonce there were many refugees, Christians, who\\nhad refused to contribute to the fund for the gods\\nand the temples. The missionaries were paying\\nthe adults for their support a Mexican dollar a\\nmonth then about seventy-five cents of our\\nmoney and it sufficed. But the author has told\\nof this better than I can.\\nThe dress, the manners, the customs, of the\\nChinese are described with a master s hand. On\\nthis plan of picturing the common every-day\\ndoings of his countrymen Macaulay wrote his\\nhistory.\\nAncestral worship the fundamental principle\\nof Chinese policy is well and forcibly explained.\\nChinese conservatism, which has held China fixed\\nas the northern star, while the nations around her\\nhave tottered and fallen, is thoroughly elucidated.\\nHaving pictured the Chinaman as he is, the\\nauthor takes up the history of China from the re-\\nmotest period, and brings it down to the present\\ntime. It is not necessary for me to follow him\\nthrough the various dynasties whose chronicles\\nare touched on sufficiently to fill out the great\\npicture of China. From the reign of Fuh-hi, 2852", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTR OD UCTION, xi\\nB. c, the contemporaneous history of China com-\\nmenced, and thenceforward the historical records\\nare complete. The author pays admirable tribute\\nto Confucius. Nowhere is there a more correct\\nestimate of the character of the sage. Through\\nthe great invasion of the Mongols, who conquered\\nChina in 1276, and the conquest of the Manchus\\nin 1644, the book goes on, reading like the pages\\nof a historical romance. Names that you have\\nbarely heard in your life, for instance, those of\\nKublai Khan, Marco Polo, the Chaus and the\\nHans, stand out here in interesting portrayal. It\\nis wonderful what a mass of information has\\nbeen collected in this book. Incidentally we learn\\nabout Burmah, Korea, Siam, Tonquin, Thibet,\\nJapan, in fact the whole of Asia. It cannot be\\nexpected that I should agree with everything that\\nthe author says but as I am not reviewing his\\nbook, I do not feel called upon to specify the\\npoints wherein I differ with him. They are not\\nmany. He treats, I think, the missionaries rather\\ncavalierly, and does not give them as a class the\\ncredit they deserve. It is strongly brought out\\nin this book that China has never lost its indi-\\nviduality. Indeed, the Chinese have absorbed\\ntheir conquerors. Nominally the Manchu dynasty\\nreigns to-day; but the fate of China will be deter-", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "xii INTR OB UCTION,\\nmined by the people, and, excepting twenty mil-\\nlions of Manchus, they are Chinese.\\nOn the opium question the author is lenient.\\nIt will not do to compare opium with alcohol.\\nThe drug is always simply brutalizing, and dele-\\nterious. All things are either good or bad,\\nand the use of opium is unquestionably bad.\\nIt is the curse of China. I cannot too highly\\ncommend the author s history of what may be\\ncalled our own times in China say from 1842\\ndown to 1900. A correct and most interesting\\naccount is given of a period which has been\\ntreated with accuracy by Williams, but to whose\\ntreatment Mr. Wildman has added the touches of\\nglowing and sparkling style. He has brought\\nout many new facts, and his chronology of events\\nis perfect. In the sweep of this panoramic book,\\nwe come at last to the reign of Hienfeng, the\\nTaiping Rebellion, the making of the treaties of\\n1857, the advance on Peking in 1859, the re-\\npulse of the allies at Taku, the renewal of the\\nattack in 1860, the taking of Peking, the rati-\\nfication of the treaties, the induction of China\\ninto the family of nations, and the outbreak of\\n1900. A fund of anecdote and character paint-\\ning is found in these pages, much of which is\\nabsolutely new. Alas, in some respects, books", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION, xlil\\nabout China will have to be rewritten! Japan\\nturned a new leaf when she taught the sleeping\\ngiant what modern fire-arms could accomplish.\\nMr. Wildman describes Eastern diplomacy with\\nmany touches of satire, but recent events have\\nchanged its tone. New men are coming on the\\nstage and if China is not to be partitioned, she\\nwill demand the rights which international law\\ninsures then there will be no more pictures of\\nvacillation, evasion, trickery, but a stand-up fight\\nfor justice, in which the conscience of the world\\nwill be at her back.\\nBooks on China are greatly confined to disqui-\\nsitions. The tenderfoot seems driven to ad-\\nvising China. He sees at a glance how necessary\\nare schools, railroads, trained soldiers, and espe-\\ncially is he conscious of the bad morality of the\\nChinese officials. When a gentleman, who wanted\\nto sell something, once gave me a splendid\\nessay, showing up all Chinese corruptions, and\\nasked me to translate it and send it to the\\nYamen, I inquired whether, if he wanted to sell\\nlocomotives in England, he would prepare an\\nelaborate attack on the House of Lords, and\\nprimogeniture, and the Prince of Wales and all\\nthe officials. He said he did not think he would,\\nand then I asked him why he did this thing", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "xiv INTR OB UCTION,\\nin China. He did not have any satisfactory an-\\nswer.\\nMr. Wildman has not fallen into this error.\\nThe book is valuable, because it tells you accu-\\nrately, with dates, things you know, and many\\nthings that you do not know. From 1860 to the\\nsummer of 1900 the history is minutely accurate.\\nThe old, spectacular, historic Li stands out in his\\nwell-knoAvn lineaments, and the Semiramis of\\nChina, the Empress-Regent Tzi Tsu, fills some\\npages of description. The treatment of Korea,\\nthe episode mth France, the Japanese war, are\\nall told of, with many side-lights which illumine\\nthe bare facts. At the last we have the account\\nof the seizure of Chinese territory by Germany,\\nRussia, England, and France, and a luminous\\nrecital of the conduct of our Government touch-\\ning the Open Door, and we are brought down\\nto the beginning of the Boxer movement.\\nWith this uprisal for a text, some future writer\\nwill unravel the tangled skein of the Chinese\\nsituation.\\nMr. Wildman s position as consul at Hong-\\nkong has given him great facilities to acquire\\nknowledge as to trade, and the steps necessary\\nto secure it. His chapter on that subject will be\\nworth the price of this book to the merchant.", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTR OD UCTION. xv\\nTrade is a field which the ordinary tourist leaves\\nseverely alone. There is more competition in\\nChina than in almost any land on the globe.\\nThe syndicates of many nations are on the ground,\\nand, since the appearance of the Germans in the\\narena, prices are cut to the lowest figure. China\\nis overrun with articles marked, Made in Ger-\\nmany but goods of English and American make\\nexcel them in quality. Labels are counterfeited,\\nbut I always found the Chinese officials ready to\\narrest and punish the offenders. There was, at\\nTientsin, a notable case involving the putting of\\nIndian Head labels on cotton cloth made in\\nChina.\\nOne of the most readable and most accurate\\nchapters in the book is the one on Canton. This\\nbewildering bazaar city is described in the most\\npleasing style. It is a vast show-shop, where\\nsilverware, jewelry, articles in ivory, embroideries,\\nrare furniture, everything that the mind can con-\\nceive of, is made under your very eye. You may\\nstand in a street six feet wide, and watch the\\nevolution under the workman s hand of the most\\nprecious curios, and when they are finished you\\ncan buy them at reasonable prices.\\nCanton is the most interesting city in China, or,\\nperhaps, in its own realm of the manufacture of", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "xvi INTRODUCTION,\\nobjects of art, in the world. It is the typical city\\nof the empire as Peking is its metropolis. A\\nchapter on the capital city of China, supplied at\\nMr. Wildman s request, embodies my own study\\nof Peking, and will, it is hoped, fall in line with\\nthe other descriptive matter.\\nThis book is a splendid production. It does\\nhonor to the learning, the faculty of composition,\\nand the indefatigable industry of the author.\\n(1/k.a.^^J^ Gb", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Chinas Open Door.\\nI.\\nA WORD AT THE OPEN BOOR.\\nCHINESE HISTORY becomes interesting\\nwhen you know, or think you know, the\\nChinese. Even a superficial acquaintance\\nexplains many things in their national records that\\non first introduction strikes one as both inane and\\nimpossible. Chinese history cannot be compared\\nwith that of other nations any more than you can\\nparallel the character of the Chinese with that of\\nany contemporary race. It is a repetition of it-\\nself, many times repeated. The same causes have\\nproduced the same effects for four thousand years.\\nThe causes lie in the character of the Chinese, and\\nare seemingly unchangeable. The Chinamen of\\n3000 B.C. are the identical Chinamen that greeted\\nus at the opening of the Treaty Ports. A story\\nlike Mark Twain s delightful A Yankee in\\nKing Arthur s Court would be impossible from", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "2 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\na Cliinese standpoint. If Confucius had returned\\nto China a thousand years after his death, he\\nwould have found everything substantially as he\\nleft it. The greatest change in Chinese life was\\nwrought by Confucius himself. He remodeled\\nthe entire system of thought, and gave his country-\\nmen an intellectual life, a feat that, to one who\\nhas lived among the Chinese and daily experienced\\ntheir inertia, suspicion, and conservatism, seems\\nlittle short of the miraculous.\\nIt is not necessary, however, to personally know\\nthe Chinese to admire and marvel at their history\\nwhen taken as a grand result, an accomplished\\nfact. Since the dawn of history China has been\\na civilized and religious nation with a written his-\\ntory. She has had a continuous national life, and\\nhas never been driven from her Garden of\\nEden. She has had wars as sanguinary, as ad-\\nmirably conducted, and of as great magnitude, as\\nany of the nations have had from Egypt to Amer-\\nica. Her arms have generally been successful;\\nbut if she were conquered it meant the absorption\\nof her conquerors. There have been good kings\\nand bad kings in tiresome rotation; there have\\nbeen famines and floods but there has been no per-\\nmanent decay or death in her national life up to\\nthe coming of the European. And who knows", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "A WORD AT THE BOOR, 3\\nbut that the break up of China will be but\\nanother case of Chinese history repeating itself,\\nand that she will absorb the white man as fast as\\nhe gains admission to her walled cities, and so\\nestablish within the next century and what is\\na century to Cliina a new dynasty that will\\ninsure her existence as a nation for another thou-\\nsand years.\\nWhy have not other nations of the past discov-\\nered the secret of China s everlasting life, and\\nmodeled their own upon it? It is because the\\nsecret lives in every Chinaman s face, in his every\\nact, a secret only to those who will not see.\\nThe Egyptian, the Persian, and the Greek would\\nhave to be born a Chinaman in order to take ad-\\nvantage of this the so-styled secret they would\\nhave to possess fully the Chinese character, which\\nis as different from their own in every point of\\ncontact as is the atmosphere of Mars from that of\\nthe earth.\\nIf Chinese character can be given an individu-\\nality and pictured so that the reader will know\\nand see the Chinaman as we know and see him in\\nChina, then Chinese history will have a throb and\\nChinese life a fascination. We will be standing\\nbefore China s slowly opening door with one foot\\nwithin the threshold.", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\n11.\\nAS TO THE PROPER READING OF\\nCHINESE HISTORY,\\nTHE Westerner must assume a new view\\nin attempting to understand the his-\\ntory of China. He must first know of\\nChinese peculiarities and characteristics, and this,\\nof itself, is a new study. For instance, to the\\nOccidental the performance of saving Face\\nis a comedy. We attend its rehearsal on the\\nstreet and in our own compounds until its plot\\nbecomes so familiar that it fails to arrest our\\nattention unless we happen to remember that the\\nimpassioned actors are giving us an object lesson\\nthat typifies one of the all-controlling features of\\nChinese life. When there is bad blood between\\nAh Ming our boy and Chung the Cookee they\\ndo not come immediately to blows, which would\\nbe dangerous. They go into the street, and\\ncommence to revile each other and each other s\\nancestors at the top of their voices. As a crowd\\ncollects they grow more intense, and every minute", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SAVING face:* 5\\nthreaten to spring at each other s throat. When\\nthey have worked themselves up to a pitch of\\nmaniacal delirium that promises apoplexy, two\\nmen step out of the crowd, and grasp the boy and\\nthe cookee by the arm. Both go through a fierce\\ntheati ical struggle for freedom. Then they turn the\\nphials of their wrath on their peacemakers, and to\\nthe simple on-looker it would seem that the keep-\\ners of peace would be killed for their pains. In\\nthe meantime Ming and his peacemaker, and\\nChung and his, are some rods apart, and separated\\nby an interested crowd. Then with a final appal-\\nling burst they tear away from their guardians,\\nand depart calmly on their separate pidgins.\\nThey have let their bad blood preserve their face,\\nand, save for mutual hoarseness, are unhurt. Time\\nand again I have watched one of these theatrical\\nexhibitions. In the gathering crowd will often be\\none or more native policemen. No one smiles,\\nunless some mishap occurs, then every one will\\nscream with laughter. No one thinks of interfer-\\ning until the right moment, and every one knows\\nexactly what the end will be. It is purely a\\nforensic contest. A boat-woman whose husband\\nhas corrected her in the morning and put her in a\\ntemper, will v/ait until he is out of sight, and then\\ngo to the most crowded spot along the wharves.", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "6 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nascend a pile of lumber, and commence to revile\\nher daughter-in-law, who is not present, or any\\nmember of the crowd who may address a scoffing\\nword to her. She will go on for an hour, jesticu-\\nlating, running through the entire gamut of the\\nDelsarte school, until the audience leave, or it is\\ntime for her to get back to her boat. She has\\nasserted her rights to the free speech which her\\nhusband denied her, and said all the things to the\\nworld at large that she would like to have said\\nto him. Her face is saved. The saving of\\nface starts at the Pink Palace at Peking, and goes\\nall through Chinese life. It has changed history,\\nwrecked dynasties, remade religions, and caused a\\nmultitude of law-suits. Its complexities and rami-\\nfications are beyond the comprehension of the\\nWesterner. An Occidental synonym might be\\nprestige, in its commonest definition. A China-\\nman who loses his face loses his credit, his stand-\\ning, his prestige among his fellows, and becomes\\nthe laughing-stock of the meanest coolie. In\\n1796 Lord Macartney was sent to Peking by the\\nBritish government to try and open diplomatic\\nintercourse. The Emperor Chien Lung feared to\\nrefuse to receive the ambassador but he saved his\\nface before his people by flying over the vessel on\\nwhich the noble lord ascended the Peiho, a flag,", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "FACE IN CHINESE HISTORY. 7\\nwhich read in Chinese Tribute Bearer from the\\nCountry of England. In June, 1873, the Em-\\nperor Tung Chih, to the gratification of the for-\\neign ministers, graciously condescended to reoeive\\nthem in audience. It was looked upon for the\\nmoment as a triumph of Western diplomacy and\\nfirmness until it was discovered that Frederick E.\\nLow, the American minister, and the ministers\\nfor England, France, Russia, Netherlands, and\\nJapan, had been received by the Son of Heaven in\\nthe Pavilion of Purple Light, where his majesty re-\\nceived the envoys of tributary states. Again the\\nChinese face had been saved. The suicide of gal-\\nlant Admiral Ting, after the occupation of Port Ar-\\nthur, was but the last of a long succession of like\\ncases of saving face by means of death. This char-\\nacteristic is not confined to individuals it governs\\nthe attitude of one village or clan towards another,\\nand the strife that takes place to preserve the bal-\\nance of face often becomes a vendetta that lasts for\\ngenerations. The history of China when read in\\nthe light of a knowledge of this national charac-\\nteristic will reveal the reason for many acts that\\nbefore seemed without sense or rhyme.\\nIt must be borne in mind, however, that this\\nstruggle to preserve face is nt t to be confounded\\nwith patriotism or love of country. There is no", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "8 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nNational Face that the 400,000,000 of China are\\nsworn to protect with their Kves. With them it\\nis every man for himself, and the country for it-\\nself. I will wager that the Japanese-Chinese war,\\na historical fact, is not known to one-tenth of the\\npopulation of China and if they did know of it,\\nthey would not feel any more interest in it than\\ndid those who were supposed to have taken an\\nactive part in the campaign. Public spirit is ab-\\nsolutely wanting. In its place is a deep-seated in-\\ndifference, that is tempered with a calm respect for\\nlaw and power. The law may be bad and the\\npower tyrannical, but that is no business of those\\nwho have to obey. The life of China has been pre-\\nserved through the centuries by moral rather than\\nphysical forces. Early in 1898, just after Russia\\nhad occupied Port Arthur, Germany Kia Chou,\\nEngland Wei Hai Wai, and France Kwang\\nChowan, and it looked as though the dismember-\\nment of China was at hand, a delegation of rich\\nmerchants from Canton waited upon me by a pre-\\nvious appointment, and proposed to buy from the\\nviceroy of the Two Kwangs, and from the indi-\\nvidual owners, all the property on the Honam side\\nof Canton, build wharves, reclaim the waste land,\\nand then remove all their big mercantile interests\\nthere. In fact, they proposed to create a rival to", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "LACK OF PATRIOTISM, 9\\nCanton, and then cede it to the United States if\\nwe would give it the protection of our flag. If\\nwe deemed it not feasible to go into inland China,\\nthey further proposed to buy a large island adja-\\ncent to Hong Kong and make it their emporium.\\nIn reply to my many questions they showed no\\nlove foi their own flag, or interest in the break-\\nup of China, further than it affected their per-\\nsons.\\nI was in San Francisco during the Chinese-\\nJapanese War. The little colony of Japanese in\\nthat city raised a patriotic fund, and offered their\\nservices to their fatherland, while Chinatown,\\nnumbering over 70,000 souls and representing\\nmany millions of capital, did nothing nor made\\nany pretensions. The Chinaman pays his taxes,\\nand submits to all the squeezes, and rightly\\nconsiders it as so much money lost, as it never\\nreappears in roads, canals, or public buildings.\\nHe does not even have police protection or jus-\\ntice for it. There is no such thing as politics\\nin the empire outside the court, where it is noth-\\ning more than intrigue. Appointments to office\\nare either the result of literary examinations or\\ncourt favoritism. Even the claim of a success-\\nful candidate at a triennial examination has to\\nbe backed by a substantial kumshaw at Peking", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "10 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nbefore he obtains the coveted official appoint-\\nment. The salaries of all officials in Cliina are\\nmerely nominal, and in themselves would not be\\nworth the endeavor of an honest man to obtain.\\nThe government is in a sense patriarchal, and\\nlike all patriarchs is supposed to be old enough,\\nwise enough, and strong enough to do without\\nthe advice of its children. In the war of 1860\\nbetween England and China, the invading army\\nemployed Chinese not only for carrying baggage\\nand throwing up intrenchments, but a corps of\\nseveral thousand strong was carefully drilled to\\nplant scaling-ladders and handle ammunition and\\nat the storming of the Taku forts it showed un-\\nexpected bravery and an exultant pride in the\\nsuccess of its new master. Patriotism in its na-\\ntive land was an unknown quantity, while rations\\nand good pay were something that every China-\\nman could understand. Curiously enough Chi-\\nnese officialdom did not look upon the members\\nof this corps as actual traitors, and the only pun-\\nishment they received was to have their queus\\ncut off. The Chinese government itself, the mo-\\nment the war was over, turned around and begged\\nof their conquerors the loan of a number of Eng-\\nlish officers to drill their men so that they would\\nequal this corj)s of, what the world would style.", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ECONOMY A SCIENCE. 11\\ntraitors and renegades. When Knblai Khan was\\nstrugglmg for the conquest of China, he found his\\nprogress stopped by the strongly fortified city of\\nSiang Yang on the bank of the Han River. His\\ngeneral, Ashu, soon discovered that its capture\\nwithout the aid of ships would be impossible.\\nHe set about the construction of a fleet of war-\\njunks. The Mogul soldiers were, however, not\\nsailors and proclamations were posted all over the\\nenemy s country, offering good wages and good\\nrewards for men who were able to manage ships.\\nMore than 70,00 Chinese responded, and enlisted\\nto fight their own fatherland under the banners\\nof its most inveterate enemy.\\nChina has no national airl\\nThe very absence of patriotism shows again that\\ncomparisons with China are only possible by con-\\ntrast, and that patriotism is not necessary to in-\\nsure the existence of a nation. There are other\\ncharacteristics that take its place, among which\\nare untiring industry, marvelous economy, filial\\npiety, and, as has been before said, a calm respect\\nfor law. No Occidental can comprehend the full\\nsignificance of Chinese economy. Economy to the\\nChinese is more than a moral principle. It is an\\nart and a science that has been perfected through\\nthe centuries. They realize better than we that the", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "12 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nLord made nothing without a purpose, and they\\nhave discovered what we have not the purpose.\\nThe animal and vegetable kingdoms are as open\\nbooks to the most ignorant villagers. Every weed\\nhas its use, and no part of the animal goes to\\nwaste. Two cents a day is a fair estimate per\\nhead of what it costs to feed 390,000,000 of\\nChina s 400,000,000. Rice, beans, garden vege-\\ntables, supplemented with any kind of fish, make\\nup their daily diet; and as simple as this is,\\noften ten mouths have to be fed from a little\\nplat of ground the size of a New England farm-\\nyard, and the water with which to irrigate it\\nbrought from a long distance. Again, the soil\\nhas to be often literally made, and when made,\\nheld in place by embankments for fear that dur-\\ning the rainy season it will be washed over on a\\nneighbor s land. They rake the seas with the\\nsame untiring thoroughness with which they cul-\\ntivate the land and I often wonder when I see\\nthem returning with a catch of fish none of\\nwhich are larger than a corkscrew if any ever\\nescape to become respectable in size. The mo-\\nment the tide goes out no matter what the hour\\nthe muddy ocean reaches are swarming with\\n(lelvers for mussels, crabs, and seaweed. Men,\\nv/omen, and children, each armed with a board", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "UNCHANGEABLENESS OF CHINA. 13\\nskate, that will bear the weight of one leg while\\nthey propel themselves over the mud with the\\nother, explore every inch of space for anything\\nthat can be eaten. I have watched them on a\\ncold, bitter morning thus gleaning, the women\\ncarrying their month-old babies on their backs by\\nthe side of their bags of sea-plunder. The chilling\\nwater was up to the children s bare feet, and a\\nwind was blowing in shore that made me turn\\nback on my bicycle, and ride a mile to get warm.\\nA pagoda stood against the sky above a bunch of\\nlow-spreading banyans, and a little colony of junks\\nswung idly on the incoming tide, their great mat-\\nting sails slowly drying in the early morning sun.\\nIt was a picture for the artist and the political\\neconomist. The grinding industry and dwarfing\\neconomy of it all was, however, horribly revolting.\\nIf any one benefited by these hardships, in this\\ngeneration or the next, there would be some hope\\nfor the betterment of the race but the Chinese\\ncoolie lives and dies by rule as his ancestors have\\nbeen doing for six thousand years. If all our mis-\\nsionaries in all our treaty ports could teach them,\\nby precept or example, that cleanliness is next to\\nGodliness, they would do more for China than even\\nConfucius did. They would bring about a reform\\nin the lives of Chinamen and in the body politic that", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwould mean the opening of China s ports to West-\\nern civihzation and Western trade. As long as\\nthe Chinese are content to live in huts with their\\npigs and their fowls, and sleep and eat in their\\nown filth, it is hard to open their eyes to the de-\\nsirability of a clean heart or of American-made\\nprints. I have been in country districts of China\\nthat were almost idealic in their beauty; every\\ninch of cultivatable land was blooming with gen-\\nerous crops, dotted at intervals with workers, their\\nbacks bent over a paddy-field, and on the lands of\\nthe foot-hills which were non-productive stood the\\nstone huts of the population. From a distance\\nthe houses looked substantial, clean, and inviting.\\nA group of a half-dozen would be sheltered by the\\nbranches of a guard of massive trees. The whole\\nscene was charming; but, as you drew near, the\\nbeauty of the place faded away into a picture of\\nsuch unnecessary uncle anliness and squalor, that\\nyou were conquered by the usual disgust. There\\nwas no reason for it, as all about there were hun-\\ndreds of dry acres, and scores of clumps of trees.\\nThe land could be had rent free, and the soil is\\nhealthy and yet they would all huddle together,\\nmen, children, pigs, and fowls, with possibly\\na shaggy China pony and a half dozen mangy\\ncurs. Under these conditions it is not long: be-", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "NEGLECT OF SANITARY LAWS, 15\\nfore even a sanitarium would become a pest-hole.\\nI have been in a mandarin s palace that cost\\na lac of dollars, and had him point out to me\\nwith pride his artificial fish-pond, supremely un-\\nconscious that a dead hen and a decayed cat\\nwere floating on its surface among the lily pads\\nand lotus blooms. In the great central hall\\nthe hall of his ancestors he pointed out price-\\nless stone pictures, thousand-year-old vases, and\\nexquisite black-wood carvings, while I held my\\nnose over a pool of malarious filth that was oozing\\nfrom under the steps ten feet away. The result\\nis plague, smallpox, and enteric fever. In Hong\\nKong it is a fight day by day to keep the Chinese\\nhouses in any thing like a sanitary condition.\\nChinese who have lived a dozen years under\\nBritish laws, and Chinese who were born under\\nthem, and have seen each recurring scourge of\\nthe plague, and are fully aware that it breeds in\\nfilth, yet practice every deception to relieve them-\\nselves of the house-to-house brigade. They\\nknow that the plague seldom attacks Europeans,\\nand never invades the clean European residential\\ndistricts. They know the efficacy of chloride of\\nlime, of whitewash, and of pure water, and still\\nevery day the English Magistrate s Court is\\ncrowded with Chinese who have been trying to", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "16 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nevade the simple sanitary laws of the colony. If\\na Chinaman is taken with the plague the fact is\\nconcealed from the authorities, and the sick man\\nis smuggled on a Canton boat, and conveyed to\\nhis native village, where, to his great satisfac-\\ntion, he is pei:mitted to die like a dog. He has\\nthus saved his Hong Kong domicile from fumiga-\\ntion and lime-washing, and has reduced the cost\\nof his funeral expenses by taking himself to his\\nfamily burial lot. The fact that plague germs\\nare in the house, and that the lack of fumigation\\nmay cause the death of his sorrowing wife and\\nchildren, is neither considered by the living nor\\nthe dead, as it conflicts with their system of\\neconomy.\\nComparisons are odious surely as between the\\nChinese and any other nation. It is the old\\nproposition of teaching your grandmother to\\nsuck eggs. The Chinese have no idea of our\\nstandard of comfort. We wear a hat in all sea-\\nsons of the year. They ask why we should wear\\na hat any more in summer than heavy gloves.\\nIf the sun is too hot and you are delicate, there\\nis always the umbrella if it is too cold, there is\\nalways the hood. Ah Choy, the consular shroff,\\ngoes down to the Chinese gold-shop to change\\nour gold coin into silver, in the heat of the day.", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "AH CHOW THE CONSERVATIVE. 17\\nThe thermometer registers 100\u00c2\u00b0. I do not believe\\nhe feels it, but if the sun gets in his old eyes he\\nholds up his fan. His poll is cleanly shaven\\nevery morning, so there is no hair to protect his\\nshining skull. At first I never expected to see\\nhim return alive from one of these expeditions.\\nI wear a cork helmet and an umbrella, but since,\\nI have discovered that the only time he ever pro-\\ntects his head is when it rains. He may wear a\\nrimless cap in the office or house to do some one\\nhonor, but never in the street. After thirty-five\\nyears association with the Europeans of Hong\\nKong, Ah Choy still wears cotton clothes, sleeps\\non a wooden pillow, eats with chop-sticks, uses\\npaper-soled shoes, and continues to be just as\\nuncomfortable as any native of the Sun On dis-\\ntrict who has never been in an English colony,\\nor an American consulate. It is this absolute\\nabsence of any standard of comparison between\\nthe Chinese and the American that makes it im-\\npossible to hold him up to scorn. When the\\nchild starts in life wearing a pair of bifurcated\\nbags filled with sand in the place of diapers, one\\ncannot but despair of ever teaching the parents\\nthat cleanliness is next to godhness in their\\nhomes, even if you could dismiss for the time\\ntheir inherent ideas of economy. In discussing", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "18 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe economies of the Chinese, there is no place\\nwhere you can stop. After eleven years of ex-\\nperience I am amazed every day at some new\\nexample. Nothing is lost. Every animal is eaten,\\nregardless of the cause of his demise. The sar-\\ndine and fruit cans that we extravagantly throw\\ninto the dump are born again as tin cups and\\ncooking utensils. The weed that cannot be eaten\\nis used as fuel to cook the weed that may be\\nedible. In the autumn the leaves of trees are\\ngathered by children who are too young to labor,\\nand pounded into bricks, and dried for their winter\\nfuel. Even the exploded firecrackers that are\\nused at Chinese New Year and on religious festi-\\nvals are collected for the same purpose. If they\\nburn any oil at night, it is simply a taper sus-\\npended in a tumbler of peanut-oil and water.\\nIt may be put down as an axiom that there are\\nno idle people in China. A visitor in Canton or\\nPeking may be struck with many cases of coolies\\nor shopkeepers sleeping in the street or in their\\nstalls regardless of the deafening babble that sur-\\nrounds them. It is not idleness, however it is a\\nhabit, that is responsible for much of the endur-\\nance of the people.\\nA coolie is sent with a load of soy or fish\\nfrom one part of the city to another. He may", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CHINESE WITHOUT NERVES r 19\\nhave been twelve hours struggling under its ex-\\ncessive load through the congested alleys. When\\nhe arrives at his destination, and his burden has\\nto be weighed, measured, and fought over, and\\nhaggled for, all of which is no business of his,\\nhe squats in an unoccupied space, and goes im-\\nmediately to sleep. It may be for ten minutes,\\nor it may be for an hour. There is very little\\ndifference between day and night in Canton.\\nThe deep hum of its million workers never ceases.\\nThe Chinese sleep when they have nothing else to\\ndo and they sleep the sleep of the just where a\\nwell-bred European dog would not be able to get\\na cat-nap. They can sleep or work in any\\nposition, and keep it up for hours at a time. A\\nnervous Chinaman I have never seen, and an ex-\\nhibition of nerves among either gender is\\nunknown. He is never known to take exercise\\nfor the sake of exercise. My shroff, or cashier,\\nAh Choy, has been sitting, bent over a little desk,\\nfor thirty years, making out consular invoices.\\nHe handles columns of figures, running up into\\nthe millions, on his abacus, making the most deli-\\ncate calculations, while a jabbering, pushing, spit-\\nting mob of coolie runners from the big hongs\\ncrowd his elbows. He works calmly on, day after\\nday, in the same cramped position, on the same", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "20 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nuncomfortable bamboo stool, utterly unconscious\\nof his surroundings, never losing his temper, and\\nseldom making a mistake. I know he never took\\na walk for any purpose other than to save chair-\\nhire, and yet in the four years of my term of\\noffice he has never been away from the consulate\\nfor a day on acount of sickness. Shortly after I\\narrived a wave of pity went over me for Ah Choy\\nand I spoke to his superior, the interpreter, about\\nhis cramped position and long hours of service\\nsuggested that the Government could afford a\\nrespectable office-chair and that the consulate\\nclosed officially at five o clock, p.m. I even inti-\\nmated that Ah Choy had better take the balance\\nof the day for exercise and rest. Interpreter\\nChinn smiled, and promised to speak to Ah Choy.\\nChoy thanked me, but put it all down as an idio-\\nsincrasy of his new chief. This ended my mis-\\nsionary labors in my own office. Why should he\\nwalk when the Government paid for two coolies\\nto do his walking for him Why should he take\\na stated hour to rest when he could sleep at odd\\nminutes with his head cramped down sidewise\\nacross a pile of invoices in a position that would\\nstrangle a man with nerves. It is the absence\\nof nerves that enables the Chinese to endure pain\\nas well as toil. Every missionary doctor or hos-", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "REASON OF TORTURES. 21\\npital surgeon who has worked araong the Chinese\\nrelates incidents of operations that have been per-\\nformed without the use of chloroform that are\\nhardly conceivable. Yet in almost every case the\\nChinaman seemed to experience little pain, and to\\nrecover almost immediately. No nation in the\\nworld has invented such tortures as the Chinese.\\nSimple punishment, such as confinement with hard\\nlabor diversified with twenty strokes of the bam-\\nboo before each meal, would be considered a kind-\\nness by the coolies so long as the chow or food\\nwas equal to the poorest of our prison fares. This\\nabsence of nerves and ability to suffer is a God-\\ngiven gift, and makes the Chinese equal to an\\nexistence that would blot out the European civili-\\nzation in two generations. One cannot but won-\\nder if, in the struggle for the possession of the\\nearth that is now taking place, the white man\\nof nerves may not in the end go down before\\nthe yellow man without nerves.\\nIf to the American the thought that there is no\\npubKc spirit, no love of country, no patriotism,\\namong the Chinese is abhorrent, what must the\\nChinaman, the follower of Confucius, feel when\\nhe is told that there is no such thing as filial piety,\\nas defined by his classics, in America It is little\\nwonder we are looked upon as Barbarians when", "height": "3640", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "22 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nthe Chinese are told that, when our sons grow up,\\nthey leave the roof-tree, go out into the world,\\nmarry, have families without consulting any one,\\ngo to distant countries without the parents con-\\nsent, are not responsible for their father s debts or\\ndeeds their wives do not become the servants\\nof their husband s mother that there is no three-\\nyear term of mourning, etc. for any one in China\\ncan tell you that, of the hundred virtues, filial\\nconduct is the chief that a defect of any virtue\\nwhen traced to its root is a lack of filial piety.\\nBroadly speaking, filial piety takes the place of\\npatriotism. The worship of ancestors calls upon\\nthe descendants to protect, worship, and visit the\\ntombs of the ancestors. It requires that the par-\\nents should be served while they live, and be wor-\\nshiped when dead. It makes sacred any soil in\\nwhich the dead rests. One of the most dangerous\\nmobs that ever occurred in Singapore, while I was\\nthere, was caused by the British authorities legis-\\nlating to remove a Chinese burial-ground for mu-\\nnicipal purposes. The government was to do it\\nat its own expense but this did not meet the ob-\\njection, for no one in Singapore knew who lay in\\nhundreds of the graves. A son, however, in Aus-\\ntralia, Borneo, or America knew; and w^hen he\\nreturned in one year or three to worship at the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "FILIAL PIETT. 23\\ntomb of his father, or possibly to convey the ashes\\nto his ancestral temple in Honam, how was he to\\nidentify his dead among the hundreds that were\\nremoved His face would be lost, his luck\\ngone, his ancestors angry. A wealthy Chinese\\nmerchant from Chicago, who spoke English and\\nhad lived since 1882 in the United States, came\\ninto my office one morning to see if I could aid\\nhim to get his father out of prison in Wuchow.\\nAfter a long conversation I discovered that some\\nreturning Chinaman from Chicago had boasted to\\nthe Wuchow mandarin of the wealth of his old\\nschoolfellow in Chicago. The mandarin was evi-\\ndently envious so, when one of the numerous\\nclan fights occurred in which several onlookers\\nwere killed, he ordered that the father and brother\\nof the Chicago Chinaman should be imprisoned for\\ncomplicity in the murder. They were, however,\\nnotified that on the payment of one thousand taels\\nthey would be released. My informer had imme-\\ndiately sent the money from Chicago, but it had\\nhad no other effect than a summons from the\\nmandarin to appear before him to answer the\\ncharge of having incited the murder. He dared\\nneither refuse the summons nor appear in the man-\\ndarin s Yamen. In the first instance all his family\\nwould be executed, and he would not be permitted", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "24 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nto worship, or to have his body deposited in the\\nancestral temple and in the second instance he\\nwas perfectly sure he would never be allowed to\\nleave the Yamen until he had been squeezed\\nof every cash, and then the chances were that his\\nsacrifices would avail him little. This case is but\\na sample one of dozens that have come under my\\nobservation, and is a fair example of the tremen-\\ndous hold that Chinese officialdom has upon the\\npeople through this mistaken idea of filial piety.\\nFor three thousand years of Chinese history offi-\\ncials were supposed to be promoted in government\\nservice for their filial piety and the purity of their\\ncharacters. Mencius ruled that There are three\\nthings which are unfilial, and to have no posterity\\nis the greatest of them. Hence the custom of\\nchild marriages comes naturally, and is followed\\nby the custom of divorce and concubinage when a\\nwife fails to present her husband with a son. A\\ndischarged sailor of Dewey s flagship was married\\nin my presence to a comely Chinese girl. He left\\nher a few months later, and the young wife came\\nto me with her sad tale. She kept mentioning\\nher children, and asking how she was to provide\\nfor them, as they were large enough to go to\\nschool. At last it occurred to me that it was\\nstrange that she should be the mother of full-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE WORSHIP OF ANCESTORS, 25\\ngrown children, and I asked her if she had been\\nmarried before. She replied quite unconcernedly\\nin the negative. In my position of father confessor\\nI inquired How you catchy children? She an-\\nswered, My buy two piecy boy long time. It\\nseemed that the girl had not married until she\\nwas twenty years of age. Having practically\\ngiven up all hope of marriage, she had bought two\\nbaby boys and adopted them, as she naively ex-\\nplained No got son, how can get chow when\\nmy get old. The boys were her insurance policy\\nfor this life and her hold on the next, for she was\\npreserving tlie line of her ancestors. She, like\\nthousands of others, had no particular means with\\nwhich to provide for the babies when she adopted\\nthem, and now she had still less; yet some how she\\nwould struggle along until her boys are grown,\\nand then the heaviest yoke in China would fall on\\ntheir shoulders, and they would have to take up\\nthe burden of filial piety in all its ramifications.\\nThe worship of ancestors is the true religion of\\nChina, and is to a greater extent responsible for\\nthe uninterrupted progress of China s national\\nlife than any other one thing. It chains the gene-\\nrations of to-day to the generations of the Shun\\ndynasty. It creates a fatherland of tombs that\\nnever releases its sons, and calls them from New", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "26 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nYork, Rio de Janeiro, Paris, and from my servants\\nquarters in Hong Kong, to render the same obei-\\nsance to the shade of the dead as the worshiper\\nexpects from his son when his bones rest in the\\nancestral temple.\\nThe famous general, Chau Pau, was sent by\\nthe Emperor Ling Ti, in A. d. 177, to reduce the\\nfierce Sienpi. On the march his mother was\\nseized and when the two armies confronted each\\nother, the Sienpi placed the old lady in the front\\nrank, and threatened to murder her unless the son\\nsubmitted. Chau Pau had to chose between his\\nemperor and country and his mother. His loyalty\\nto the emperor prevailed, and his mother was bar-\\nbarously murdered before his very eyes. Chau\\nPau won the battle that followed, but he had lost\\nall hope of happiness in the next world. He died\\nshortly afterwards of grief and horror at his posi-\\ntion, saying If I had betrayed my country, I\\nshould have been disloyal. I have been the cause,\\nhowever, of my mother s death, and so I have\\nbeen unfilial. I bartered my soul for the applause\\nof my king. Nearly seven hundred years later,\\nduring the Tang dynasty, a man was tried for the\\nmurder of a man who had killed his father. The\\njudge decided If we put him to death, there is\\nthe danger that we shall do a grievous injury to the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CONSERVATISM INGRAINED. 27\\nfilial sentiment in men, and deter them from doing\\nany thing to avenge the wrongs done to their\\nparents. On the other hand, if he is not punished,\\nwe shall encourage violent acts in the community,\\nand men will be taking the law into their own\\nhands, and filling society with bloodshed. The\\ncase was compromised by the filial murderer s\\nbanishment, and thus the teachings of the Con-\\nfucian classics were reconciled to the laws of the\\nland.\\nThe Chinese may be styled a religious people.\\nIn a large way they recognize a supreme being\\nbut, as has been said, ancestral worship has blotted\\nout the face of God, and made gods of dead rela-\\ntives.\\nWe use the term conservative and conservatism\\nin America, but until you live in China they have\\nno real significance. Chinese conservatism means\\nthat everything is done by rule, and in most in-\\nstances the rule is from two thousand to six thou-\\nsand years old hence it is hallowed by age and\\nassociation. You will not be long in China before\\nyou discover that your ways and the ways of\\nChina do not run along parallel lines. On the\\nfirst day of November all your servants go from\\nwhite into blue clothes. Ask the reason, and you\\nare informed that cold weather has come, although", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "28 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe thermometer may stand 85\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade, or it\\nmay be that it has been cold enough for grate-fires\\nfor ten days. On the first of May the blue is dis-\\ncarded for white, and hot weather has arrived in\\nspite of your own winter clothes. The head of\\nthe house offered our laundryman fifty cents a\\nmonth extra if he would sprinkle her clothes with\\nhis hands instead of with his mouth. He ac-\\ncepted the fifty cents gladly, but continued his\\ngood old ways. An offer of one dollar a month\\nhad no better effect. Since the Spanish- American\\nWar American mercantile firms have sent out\\ntheir agents to try and capture a portion of the\\npresumably large trade of China. The Chinese\\nmerchants received them politely, and gave them\\npermission to consign any and all goods they\\nwished to on commission. It made no difference\\nwhether the goods were steam-engines or curling-\\nirons they would be received if the freight were\\nprepaid, but as for actually buying the things, or\\nhelping to introduce any new American product\\nor invention, that was not to be thought of. It\\nwas not long before the ambitious American\\nexporter discovered that he must either open\\nhis own agency, or give up all hopes of entering\\nthe field. Chinese conservatism they found was\\nan unsurmountable barrier. The literary man", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CONSERVATISM IN LITERATURE, 29\\nranks all other professions in China but, unlike\\nour literary men, he is very seldom a producer of\\noriginal literature. He is merely a student of the\\nclassics. Conservatism in literature is even more\\npronounced than in trade. The writings of Con-\\nfucius and Mencius, commentaries on them, the\\nbook of historical documents, the Shoo King, or\\nBook of History, are the same to-day as they\\nwere five hundred years before Christ, when Con-\\nfucius made them to please his own fancy. They\\ncomprise the curriculum of the universities, and\\nthe winner of the Bachelor of Arts Degree at the\\ntime of Christ would still be able to earn his\\ndegree at the triennial examinations at Canton or\\nPeking to-day. Yet one has no right to laugh at\\na conservatism in literature that has moulded a\\nrace and built up a system of government that\\nhas lived to see the civihzation of Egypt, Greece,\\nand Rome decay. You never hear of a lost\\nart in China. It took a complete overturning of\\nChina, and changed the dynasty, to introduce the\\nqueue, and it will take a revolution and a change\\nof dynasty to abolish it. The American firm that\\nwrote me they were sending out a representa-\\ntive to introduce their superior table cutlery\\ndid not realize that their representative should be\\naccompanied by a line of battle-ships and an army", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "30 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nof invasion. When the knife and fork supplant\\nthe chopsticks, a new dynasty will sit on the\\ndragon throne, and China will have entered upon\\na new chapter of its history. Mahomet might\\nhave made Mahommedanism the state religion of\\nChina with the aid of the cimeter, but once es-\\ntablished it would require the modern missionary\\nwith a maxim gun to displace it. Christ has\\ncommanded that we shall go forth to preach his\\ngospel to all the world. The Christian mission-\\nary in China has to fight ^vith Chinese conserva-\\ntism rather than Chinese infidelism or paganism.\\nBuddhism came to China by royal invitation, and\\nsoon made a place for itself by the side of Taoism;\\nand the two religions ran along side by side\\non the most friendly terms. The Chinaman is\\nentirely impartial in his choice of religions. If\\nhis prayers are not answered in the Buddhist\\ntemple he will simply step across the street and\\nburn twice as many joss-sticks and paper prayers\\nin a taoist. With all their superstition, their run-\\nning after strange gods and ancestral worsliip, the\\nChinese believe in a Supreme Being, and their\\nhistory from mythical and legendary periods is\\nfilled with noble examples of self-sacrifice and\\nreligious fervor, many of which parallel the acts\\nof the Old Testament kings. Tang, who ruled", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "EXAMPLES OF SELF-SACRIFICE, 31\\n1776 years B.C., delivered his nation from a most\\ngrievous drought by offering himself as a sacrifice\\nto the Supreme Being if his people might be\\nsaved. After praying all night in a mulberry\\ngrove his faith was rewarded, and a copious rain\\nfell for hundreds of miles over the dying country.\\nIn memory of God s goodness he composed, like\\nthe old Israelite kings, an ode of thanksgiving,\\nwhich is known as The Great Salvation. The\\nEmperor Kung (b. c. 1401-1373) removed his\\nentire capital from Kingtai in Chihli to Yin,\\na town north of the Yellow River in Honam,\\nbecause the country was not prospering, and\\nrighteousness was declining, and he Avished to\\ncommence over again, and seek purity on virgin\\nsoil. Wu Yih, the emperor who first introduced\\nidols as well as the worship of mountains and\\nstreams, was struck dead by a shaft of Hghtning\\nwhile hunting and all historians agree that it was\\na just punishment by Heaven. The introduction\\nof western medicine, in spite of its ability to\\nrecommend itself by cures which to the Chinese\\nlooked like miracles, finds itself defeated by\\nthis selfsame hide-bound conservatism. In Hong\\nKong the enlightened Chinese merchants have\\nestablished a hospital in which the patients can\\nchoose between Chinese and Western science, and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "32 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nbe treated by either free of expense. Yet not five\\nper cent of the inmates will permit an English\\ndoctor to treat them, even after the Chinese doctor\\nhas given them up. Sir Henry Blake, the gov-\\nernor of this colony, said in November, 1899, at\\nthe laying of the foundation stone of the woman s\\nward The record of the Tung Wah Hospital\\nshows that the proportion of cures effected by\\nwestern methods over Chinese is fifty per cent.\\nMy Number One Boy was looking very sad\\none morning as he served our breakfast. The\\nmistress asked him if he were sick. No, he\\nreplied in Pidgin English, my wife he die two\\nhours. By further questioning, we found that\\nthe Chinese doctor had given his wife up, and\\nthat he was expecting every moment to be notified\\nof her death. The consular surgeon went imme-\\ndiately to the bedside of the dying woman, and\\nfound that she was suffering from a simple stric-\\nture of the bladder, and that the Chinese M.D.\\nhad been dosing her with Ginsing tea and other\\nnostrums that were only hastening the end. An\\nordinary surgical operation relieved her, and in a\\nfew days she was as well as ever. We congratu-\\nlated ourselves that we had at last made one con-\\nvert to Western science, as the boy was most\\ngrateful and complimentary. A few months later", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "NEVER CHANGING FASHIONS, 33\\nthe same boy announced that his baby, a dear\\nlittle tot, was about to die, and that the Chinese\\ndoctor had given it up. We were disgusted, and\\ntold the boy what we thought, among other\\nthings, declaring that he was little better than a\\nmurderer. The child was not too far gone to be\\nsaved by earthly aid, and the education of science\\ntriumphed again.\\nThe fashion in mandarin s clothes and insignia\\nwas introduced by Topa in a.d. 404, and the\\nfashion has never changed. King Topa might\\nimagine himself in his own court should he return\\nto-day. The civil mandarin of the first rank is\\nknown now, as then, by the square embroidered\\npatch on the back and front of his robe, bearing\\nthe cunningly worked figure of a Manchurian\\ncrane, and by the red coral knob on the top of his\\ncap; the military mandarin by the unicorn and\\ncoral knob, and so on down to the tenth or lowest\\nmandarin rank. The fashion in the clothes of\\nthe now dominant Anglo-Saxon race has somewhat\\nmodified since 404, as has its religion and its social\\nceremonial\\nAn American going to France studies and\\nstrives to master French rules of ceremony and\\npoliteness. He may not approve of or see the\\nsense in all that is required of him but when he", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "34 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nis amoJi.g Romans, if he has common sense, he\\nstrives to do as the Romans do. A foreigner,\\nhowever, never takes the trouble to acquaint him-\\nself with Chinese social procedure. It is not\\nnecessary or possible to know the three hundred\\nrules of ceremony or the three thousand rules of\\nbehavior that are laid down in the classics but\\na few general principles would save us from much\\nof the scorn that is attached to the term bar-\\nbarian, and go far toward lubricating the hinges of\\nthe open door. The punctilio of the Spaniard\\nis yet in its childhood as compared to the code of\\nhoary China. Every act of daily life is governed\\nby well-established forms. I fear that there is little\\nsincerity or heart in many of them; but at the\\nsame time, when the Spaniard tells you that his\\nhouse, and all that it contains, is yours, it never\\noccurs to you to actually dispossess him. A\\nChinese merchant comes to the consulate to ask\\nfor information, and brings you a box of cigars\\nas a present or as an acknowledgment of the\\ntrouble he has placed you to. The cigars are\\nManilas, of the cheapest quality. He is per-\\nfectly aware that you will never smoke one of\\nthem he would not himself but he expects you\\nto accept them. You had no right to expect\\nanything, as what you did was part of your day s", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "DEFECT OF CHINESE CHARACTER. 35\\nwork; but he has done the polite thing, and re-\\nlieved himself of all obligations to you. At a\\nwedding the friends of the groom will send bas-\\nkets of impossible cakes or the smallest dried\\nducks, or half of a pig that has died of disease.\\nThe recipient is bound by all the ceremonials of\\npolite behavior to accept them and look grateful,\\nbut both parties know that the gifts will be thrown\\nto the beggars as soon as the groom has taken\\nthe bride to his home. When calling upon a\\nChinese mandarin, it is your fault if you do not\\nknow that it is time to go when the tea is handed\\nround. If you are not aware that it is a mark of\\ndisrespect for your servants to come into your\\npresence with their queues twisted about their\\nheads, so much the worse for you.\\nA Chinaman is intensely curious, but at the\\nsame time he minds his own business. In Amer-\\nica, minding one s business is considered a virtue\\nbut in China it is one of the defects of the\\nChinese character, personal and national. The\\nChinaman is absolutely lacking in sympathy,\\ncharity, and is utterly indifferent as to the fate\\nof his neighbor, the neighboring city, or any-\\nthing in the body politic that does not actually\\ntouch him. The history of China is filled with\\nexamples of disasters, brought on by this un-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "36 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nsympathetic system of minding one s own busi-\\nness. It has made every rebellion possible, and\\nbeen a great factor in the overthrow of dynasties.\\nIt encourages piracy, and protects dishonest offi-\\ncials. What is somebody s business is nobody s.\\nA general raises the standard of revolt and cap-\\ntures a city. A city ten miles removed looks on\\nwith absolute indifference to the horrors of the oc-\\ncupation, knowing full well that its turn will come\\nnext, and also that if the two cities had united\\ntheir forces they could have put down the rebels.\\nWith his reenforcements the victor moves on the\\nnext city in his way, and so on until he is master\\nof an entire province. The adjoining province\\nminds its own business and when the rebel has\\nperfected all his plans, he marches into it, and re-\\nduces it city by city. It is not until his power\\nhas become formidable that the throne deigns to\\nnotice him and then, if he cannot be bought off\\nwith a dukedom or secretly assassinated, a battle\\nis fought that generally decides in one day the\\nfate of the dynasty. The Taiping rebellion could\\nhave been crushed in its infancy, had it been\\nany one s business to have done so. When the\\nChinese fleet surrendered to the Japanese after\\nthe battle of Yalu, one of the Chinese men-of-\\nwar asked to be exempted from the surrender as", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "MINDING ONES BUS IN ESS r 37\\nit belonged to the Southern division, and was in\\nthe fight by mistake, which was literally none of\\nits business. A Chinaman snatched the watch of\\na Portuguese in Glenealy Road, two minutes walk\\nfrom the consular building. There were dozens\\nof coolies passing at the time but no one inter-\\nfered, and the thief paid no more attention to\\nthem than if they were wooden images. The\\nvictim heard one of the onlookers remark as he\\nwas passing, That was a Bold thing to do In\\ncrossing the Johore Straits I saw a sampan upset,\\nand the occupant, who could not swim, slowly\\ndrown in the presence of a half-dozen passing\\nsampans. Of course there are always other rea-\\nsons than that of minding one s business.\\nChinese reasons are many, and not always clear\\nto the Occidental. The rescuer might have been\\ninterfering with fate, or the man might have\\nwanted to die, and the rescuer would have become\\nresponsible for his support during the rest of his\\nnatural life.\\nThe struggle for existence is too intense, too\\nreal, for one man to devote any time or sympathy\\nto the business or sorrows of another. From the\\nthrone to the hovel it is always a question of the\\nsurvival of the fittest. The weak perish, and do\\nso resignedly. It is fate. Outside of the imperial", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "38 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\ncircle, there is no such thing as politics in the\\nempire. The voice of the people is nothing,\\nsimply because the people will not raise their\\nvoice. They are in a sense as cruel to themselves\\nas they are to one another. The triennial exam-\\ninations at Canton are public exhibitions of the en-\\ndurance, conservatism, and cruelty of the Chinese\\nto themselves. Boys twenty years of age and old\\nmen of ninety are huddled together in a thousand\\nstone cells or stalls not fit for a cow, eating, sleep-\\ning, or working on cold or hot, wet or burning\\nstones as the case may be, cramped and uncom-\\nfortable, taxing their mental and physical endu-\\nrance to the breaking limit coming out haggard,\\ndisheveled, many prostrated, and some as corpses,\\na pitiful expose of the lack of human kindness\\nin their characters. The prize-man may later\\nbecome viceroy of Canton, but he does nothing to\\nbetter the condition of the examination hall. He\\nsuffered, let others do the same. This cruel in-\\ndifference on the other hand has been of the\\ngreatest protection to travelers and missionaries\\nin China. As a general proposition, the mission-\\naries have been left too much to themselves by\\nthe surrounding population to make success in\\ntheir profession possible. Missionaries have been\\nmassacred and missions burned, but nine times", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "LACK OF SYMPATHY, 39\\nout of ten it has been on account of some form\\nof insane fear rather than from pure cruelty.\\nThe Chinese have been told that missionaries eat\\nchildren or dissect them, or that their presence is\\nresponsible for a flood, a famine, or a plague. In\\nCalifornia I have seen all the Chinese driven out\\nof a town by a civilized mob, because they worked\\ncheaper and lived cheaper than the members of\\nthe mob. White men are never stoned or de-\\nported in China for commercial reasons. Last\\nyear the viceroy of the Two Kwangs forbade the\\nimportation of kerosene-oil in the West River\\ndistrict, and for a time killed the industry. The\\ncrops failed that year, and the farmers believed\\nthat the soil had been poisoned by the spilling of\\nthe new barbarian oil on the ground. The entire\\npopulation went back to the use of peanut-oil\\nbut they soon realized the difference by compari-\\nson, and now kerosene-oil has obtained a foot\\nhold from which it can never be dislodged.\\nThe Chinese have a remarkable sense of humor,\\neven if it takes a cruel form. Ask a Chinaman\\nthe best of two roads to a town and he will\\ninvariably recommend the worst and longest, and\\nconsider it a good joke. A workman falls from\\na bamboo scaffold and breaks his leg. Immedi-\\nately every other workman will stop and laugh,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "40 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nas though it were the best joke of the season.\\nLieutenant Kirkpatrick Brice, who was of Gen-\\neral Parsons s party in surveying the line of the\\nCanton-Hankow Railway, told me that when they\\nstopped at a village at night the natives gath-\\nered round by the hundred interfering with their\\nwork and movements they soon found that it\\nwas dangerous to try to drive them back, but,\\ninstead, one of their party would suddenly seize\\nupon one of the villagers, and pitch him into\\na mud-hole or a stream. This would cause a\\ntremendous laugh, and afterwards every one w^as\\ngood-natured. A deformed Chinaman is the sub-\\nject of endless jokes and ceaseless mirth. The\\ncolliding of two Chinese rickshaws is a standing\\njoke in the Treaty Ports while a hawker being\\nled to jail by his queue becomes a target for all\\nthe wits along the entire route. The lamenta-\\ntions of Jeremiah would have been impossible in\\nChina. They would have been preserved as an\\nexample, by some humorous Confucius, of his\\nnation s superior method of ridiculing someone\\nelse s misery.\\nTo one who has lived in China for ten years\\nor more there is practically no limit to an article\\ndealing with the character of the Chinese. One\\nthought suggests another until the entire book is", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CHINESE PECULIARITIES. il\\ntoo short to chronicle what one sees around him\\nfrom day to day. Whoever attempts to write\\na chapter on Chinese peculiarities can feel per-\\nfectly certain that it will be skipped by the\\nold residents of China, with the comment that it\\nis superficial and the writer s only hope is that\\nthis brief essay will, in some measure, form as an\\nintroduction of China to a nation that is rapidly\\nbecoming one of the great factors in international\\ndiplomacy.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "42 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nIII.\\nFROM FUH-HI TO CONFUCIUS.\\n[2852 B.C. TO 478 B.C.]\\nTHERE is an indefiniteness regarding the\\nfirst thousand years of Chinese history\\nthat 1 fear has proven a temptation\\nthat most tellers of China s story could not resist.\\nEven the exemplary Confucius was unable to\\nwithstand the opportunity to create out of this\\nlegendary period a few chapters from which he\\ncould point a moral and adorn a tale. The\\nChinese historical writers knew the full value of\\nhaving their novel open so as to catch the\\npublic attention. The emperors, Yau and Shun,\\nwho reigned from B.C. 2356-2205 are as familiar\\npersonages in the daily conversation of every\\nChinese school-boy as are Washington and Lincoln\\nin that of the Americans. Their deeds and lives\\nstand out as shining examples to emperors and\\npeasants. They were blessed with every virtue,\\nand were credited with the highest administrative\\nabilities. They never told a lie, and as far as", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDERS OF CHINA, 43\\nwe know they never made a mistake. They may\\nbe considered historically the founders of the\\nEmpire of China, as they are so accepted by\\nChinese historians. Yet outside of the mere fact\\nthat these two worthies actually lived and ruled\\nwisely, they are both the clever creations of Con-\\nfucius and his distinguished disciple Mencius.\\nConfucius was a worshiper of ancestors and as\\nlong as he had the opportunity of fitting out his\\nnation with ancestors, it is certainly commendable\\nthat he gave them such respectable ones. In\\ndoing so he also gave his people a Golden Age,\\nand quite properly placed it so far back that no\\none outside of China could dispute it, and no one\\nin China would dare.\\nFollowing in the footsteps of Confucius, I think\\nit only fair to start the sons of Shem from the\\nrich basin of the Euphrates, the mother of all\\nraces, and allow them to gradually work northeast\\nto the richer basin of the Yellow River. Like the\\nChaldeans and the Israelites they were a pastoral\\npeople but as they found the country preempted\\nby squatters of other races, which necessitated\\nfierce wars, they were soon forced to cultivate the\\nsoil and three thousand years before Christ we\\nfind records of the weaving of garments from flax,\\nthe planting of mulberry-trees, and the establish-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "44 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nment of fairs where the farmers could congregate\\nand barter.\\nThe period which barbarian historians have pro-\\nfanely styled the mythical commenced with the\\nhewing out of the earth and the heavens by the\\nhard-working, but very homely god, Pan-ku. He\\nis the hero of the Chinese cosmogony; and his\\nstatue, which is to be found in every Chinese\\nhome, represents him with an ax in one hand and\\na chisel in the other striking at the dome above.\\nThree dynasties followed, each reigning for eighteen\\nthousand years, and each of these labored to de-\\nvelop Pan-ku s masterpiece and make it habitable.\\nContemporaneous history of China commences\\nwith the reign of Fuh-hi, 2852 B.C. Thereafter\\nthe kings were men, and the mythical developed\\ninto the legendary. The fables of this early period\\nare not as cleverly pictured as those of corre-\\nsponding periods in Egyptian, Greek, or Eoman\\nhistory, but they are characteristically as interest-\\ning, and in many particulars strangely similar.\\nFuh-hi instituted the laws of marriage, taught men\\nhow to fish with nets and to rear domestic animals.\\nHe invented the lute and the lyre that his people\\nmight be charmed with music, and so enabled them\\nto bear more cheerfully the burdens of life. He\\nestablished family names, and devised the system of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT TU. 45\\nwriting by Chinese characters. His modesty for-\\nbade him to claim any credit for these beneficial\\ninventions, and he gave full glory for them to a\\ndragon-horse that came from out the Yellow River\\nbearing a scroll on its back. Hence to this day\\nthe imperial insignia is the dragon, and the im-\\nperial throne is known as the dragon throne.\\nIt is pleasant to hnger over the records of the\\nkings that succeeded Fuh-hi, as the good they did\\nhas lived after them, and the evil has been buried\\nin their tombs. They worked singly for the up-\\nbuilding of their people, and whatever evil acts are\\nrecorded of them serve only the more vividly to\\nbring out the disinterestedness of their lives. Dur-\\ning the reign of the Great Yu (b.c. 2205-2197)\\noccurred the tremendous overflow of China s sor-\\nrow, the Yellow River, of which Yu recorded how\\ndestructive are the waters of the inundation. They\\nenvelop the mountains, and rise higher than the\\nhills, and they threaten the very heavens, so the\\npeople complain. This is a description which\\nthe vast stream has lived up to ever since. The\\ndiscovery of the manufacture of wines caused this\\nold sage to remark after he recovered from the\\neffects of his first spree The days will come\\nwhen some of my successors through drinking this\\nwill cause infinite sorrow to the nation. Where-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "46 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nupon he promptly banished the unfortunate discov-\\nerer from the country as a dangerous character.\\nWhether it was the too frequent use of this new-\\nfound drink, or simply despair of ever being able\\nto Hve up to the high standard set by Yu, it is\\nsufficient to know that his sixteen successors\\ndegenerated with mathematical precision. Had\\nthe succession to the throne remained as before the\\ndeath of Yu, a reward to the most distinguished\\nand best quahfied man, without regard to rank or\\nfamily, it is possible that the dynasty of Hsai\\nwould still be on the dragon throne. As Yau\\nchose Shun, one of the people, to succeed him, so\\nYu desired that his place be taken by Yih, a man\\nof vast ability and probity but the feudal princes\\nvoted to place Ki, the son of Yu, on the throne,\\nand the hereditary principle was established.\\nIn spite of the cruelty and debauchery of Yu s\\nsuccessors the people did not rebel. It remained,\\nhowever, for a woman, Meihi, wife of the Emperor\\nKwei (B.C. 1818-1766), to pile on the straw that\\nbroke the camel s back. Meihi, the peerless, was\\nthe daughter of the chief of Shih. Her beauty was\\nof the queenly type that conquered men s minds\\nand their passions also. She seldom smiled, but\\nwhen she did it was with a purpose and no man\\ncould stand before the longing that possessed", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "MEIHI, THE PEERLESS. 47\\nhim. The soldier was ready to die to win one\\nmore smile, one more glance, from the veiled eyes.\\nThe student forgot his books, and considered them\\nworthless, as they revealed no; icharm whereby he\\nmight win one sign from the parted lips. Yet\\nmorally Meihi was more base than Cleopatra.\\nShe loved no man she used all and she wrecked\\na dynasty.\\nThe emperor was her slave. He built her a\\npalace of jade, onyx, and gold, surrounded it with\\nsplendid gardens, filled with every costly flower\\nand shrub and rare animal that his empire con-\\ntained. There were grottos and dells, artificial\\nlakes and waterfalls, baths of scented waters,\\nbits of wild forest in which spotted deer roamed\\nand birds from all climes sung. The orgies\\nof this fairy-land filled the nation with dis-\\ngust. At night the trees would be lighted, a\\nlake filled with wine, shrubbery hung with confec-\\ntions, and thousands of naked, dissolute men and\\nwomen would sport about the grounds, dance to\\nthe lyre and the lute, or rush into the lake of\\nwine, and drink until drunk or drowned. Because\\nthe prince of Shang remonstrated, the emperor\\nbuilt an underground palace, where for a month\\nat a time his dissolute court would disappear, and\\nindulge in the wildest debauchery. Finding words", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "48 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nand warnings vain, Tang, the prince of Shang, re-\\nsorted to sterner methods, and placed the crown\\non his own brow, thereby founding the Shang\\ndynasty, which ruled for over six hundred years\\n(B.C. 1766-1122), and which, curiously enough,\\nwas wrecked by a woman under almost similar\\ncircumstances to those just narrated.\\nThe virtuous Tang was succeeded by twenty-\\neight emperors, who, with two exceptions, tried to\\nexcel each other in cruelty and wickedness. One\\nof them, Wu Yih, has the distinction of introdu-\\ncing idols (B.C. 1199-1194) into China. He did\\nthis to show his utter unbelief in God and all\\nreligion. Then, to show his contempt for these\\nfigures of wood and clay, he ordered the bonzes\\nto fight with them to prove that the gods whose\\ncounterfeit presentment they were could not pro-\\ntect themselves.\\nThe Nemesis of the Shang dynasty was Taki,\\nthe companion of the last emperor. Chow Sin, and\\nthe most beautiful woman in Chinese history\\nsince Meihi. If the historical accounts are true,\\nTakai exceeded Meihi both in beauty and general\\nwickedness. She was more than licentious, she\\nwas cruel for the pleasure it gave her. She was\\nCleopatra, Lucretia Borgia, and Catharine in one.\\nHer beauty was so great that when it was ordered", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "TAKI AND THE STAG TOWER, 49\\nthat she should pay the penalty of her sins, no\\none could be found who could stand up before her\\neyes and carry out the sentence. The victorious\\nGeneral Fa sent soldier after soldier to her prison\\nbut each returned, declaring that he could not raise\\nhis hand to disfigure such divine beauty. Fa was\\nafraid to trust himself, and at length dispatched\\nan aged councilor, who covered his own face, and\\ndealt the fatal blow. The popular belief through-\\nout China to-day is, that she was a human incar-\\nnation of a wolf-demon. Many of the licentious\\nsongs of the Chinese are reputed to have been\\ncomposed for Taki. The emperor built for her\\nthe famous Stag Tower, which afterwards be-\\ncame his funeral pyre. It took seven years to\\nerect the Stag Tower, which was more than a\\nmile square, and was surrounded by a vast park.\\nHe built other palaces, that taxed the empire\\nto the very limit, and in the building of which\\nthousands of lives were sacrificed through over-\\nwork and privation. Watching the workmen in\\none of the parks, the empress noticed that in\\nfording an artificial stream of cold spring water\\nthe young men seemed to feel the cold more\\nthan the old. Taki argued that the reason for\\nthis was that the young men had more marrow in\\ntheir bones. The emperor was not convinced and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "50 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nto satisfy himself he ordered his guards to seize a\\nnumber of both young and old and break their\\nlegs so that his doubts might be at rest. All the\\norgies of Meihi were imitated and exaggerated by\\nthis precious couple.\\nThe punishment for such crimes and abuse of\\npower was not only death, but the loss of throne\\nand as the end of every Chinese dynasty has been\\nbrought about through the cruelty or weakness of\\nits representatives, so the inauguration of each\\nnew dynasty has for a time meant reforms and\\ngood times. The founder of the Chow dynast}^\\n(b. c. 1122-255) ranks with the great founders\\nof the Hai and Shang dynasties. The Emperor\\nWu Wang, the first of the Chows, if on the\\ndragon throne to-day, would settle the perplexed\\nquestion of China s future. With a man of\\nhis caliber, activity, and honesty at the helm\\nbacked by a united empire, there would be little\\nneed for international interference. One of the\\nsages has remarked that the king is the dish,\\nand the people the water if the dish is round so\\nwill the water be. Wu Wang found the nation\\nin much worse straits than Kwangsu, the present\\nemperor, found it when he mounted the throne.\\nThe people, however, soon discovered that Wu\\nWang was honest in his reforms, and that his laws", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST OF THE CHOWS, 51\\nwere for the great as well as for the small and\\nthey united to hold up his hands and second\\nevery act. Wu, like William the Conqueror, es-\\ntablished the feudal system in China by dividing\\nhis kingdom among his lieutenants, and bestowing\\nupon them titles of nobility. He subdivided these\\nestates into allotments on which ten families\\nshould reside, and to meet the expenses of the\\nempire put in force the tithing-system. He estab-\\nlished free schools, built homes for the aged and\\ninfirm, and carried out reforms with a firm but just\\nhand in every department of his vast empire.\\nHis fame spread beyond his dominions, and em-\\nbassies from Korea and Cochin-China waited upon\\nhim, and the wild tribes of Tartary and the fron-\\ntier sent him tribute.\\nIn sweeping the augean stables of the last of\\nthe Shang kings, Wu accomplished what is con-\\nsidered, in the case of the present dynasty, impos-\\nsible, by the concert of civilized nations. He\\nproved that the dwarfed and stunted tree of\\nnational life could be made to blossom and bear\\ngood fruit if intelligently and patiently watered\\nand nurtured. China s history is forever repeating\\nitself, and it is possible that the regeneration of the\\nChina of to-day will come from within rather than\\nfrom without. Fortunately for the nation Wu", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "52 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwas succeeded by an able son, who for tliirty-eight\\nyears worked with his famous uncle, the great\\nduke of Chow, to carry on and finish the work of\\nhis illustrious father. Wu, however, made one\\ngreat fatal mistake, in the establishment of the\\nfeudal system a mistake which in China, as in\\nEurope, has caused more bloodshed, oppression,\\nand misery, than any other one institution in the\\nworld s history. It created an excuse for wars that\\nhad not before existed, distracted and disruptured\\nthe empire, destroyed what little national patriotism\\nthere was, and quadrupled the taxation of the people.\\nEmperor after emperor was forced to enter into\\ntreaties and compacts with his own vassals in\\norder to save his throne from the grasp of some\\nambitious vassal, or he was forced to sit quietly\\nby while the great dukes of Chow or Tsin or\\nSung made unrighteous wars on a weaker duke\\nor princeling, or hj force major absorbed his terri-\\ntory and confiscated his revenues. From time to\\ntime there would be a strong emperor like Chau\\nSing who would reduce the factious and rebellious\\nprinces to a state of masked submission, but it\\nwas a fight, veiled or otherwise, that only ended\\nwith the death of one or other of the contestants.\\nThere were centuries when the emperor of China\\nwas merely a man and a name, whom the powerful", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "FEUDALISM IN CHINA. 63\\nprinces indifferently tolerated, and whose title they\\nwould protect or attack as it suited their interests.\\nFollowing the reign of Mu (B.C. 1001-946), to\\nwhom belongs the honor of further debasing the\\nmorals of the people by introducing a regular scale\\nof prices for crimes in the place of the penal code,\\nthe feudal princes, who styled themselves kings,\\nbecame the real power, and the empire was little\\nmore than a confederacy of loosely bound states.\\nThe feudal times of Europe were reproduced in\\nChina and the great lords raised up and threw\\ndown emperors, took the reins of power into their\\nown hands, and made the history of the epoch the\\nnarration of their own petty quarrels and bicker-\\nings. In China as in Europe feudalism developed\\ngreat captains and daring robber-barons. It created\\na so-called age of chivalry, but ground down the\\ncommon people, fostered ignorance, and hindered\\nprogress. One of the heroic characters of this age\\nwas the duke of Shau, who, when the cruelties of\\nthe Emperor Li caused the people to rise in rebel-\\nlion and demand the life of the crown prince as\\npenalty for his father s crimes, took his OAvn son\\nand heir, dressed him in royal robes, and delivered\\nhim to the mob, who tore him to pieces believing\\nhim to be the heir apparent. Li employed a wizard\\nto point out persons in his court and on the street", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "54 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwho spoke disrespectfully of him behind his hack.\\nEvery denunciation meant death. The people\\nwere reduced to such a state of terror that they\\ndared not address each other on the merest subject,\\nand almost universal silence reigned at the capital.\\nThe emperor sneeringly remarked to the Duke of\\nShau, I have stopped the profane talk of my\\npeople, and given them a lesson in good manners.\\nYou have only dammed up the words in their\\nhearts, he replied, and that is a dangerous thing\\neven for a king to do when the waters of a river\\nare obstructed, they will by and by carry every\\nthing before them.\\nIn the midst of times like those of which Men-\\ncius writes, the Royal Ordinances are violated,\\nthe people are oppressed, and the supplies of food\\nand drink flow away like water, Confucius was\\nborn. His birth in the year B.C. 551, was the\\nmost momentous event in all Chinese history, as\\nthe birth of Christ was the most momentous event\\nin the history of the world. I would not presume\\nto compare the works and teachings of Confucius\\nwith those of Christ, neither can there be any just\\ncomparison between Confucius and Mahomet.\\nLike Moses and Solon, Confucius was a lawgiver\\nand yet he was more than a mere lawgiver; he\\nwas a practical philosopher of the Benjamin", "height": "3565", "width": "2161", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3565", "width": "2161", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CONFUCIUS. 55\\nFranklin type, a greater leader than Peter the\\nHermit, and a teacher second only to Christ.\\nBeyond a few fabulous stories about his birth,\\nthere is nothing mythical or legendary in the life\\nof Confucius. His is the one strong, masterful\\nfigure in Chinese history, that stands out clear-cut\\nand distinct against a vast background of medi-\\nocracy and of mythical heroes. His words cannot\\nbe judged by our standards, for their influence\\nappears out of all proportion to our interpretation,\\nbut must be respected in the light of the won-\\nderful changes for the better they have wrought in\\nChinese life and character. It is almost impos-\\nsible to select from the books of Confucius quota-\\ntions expressing to the Chinese all that the Bible\\ndoes to us, or that commend themselves to our minds\\nas either simply instructive or deeply profound.\\nPersonally I prefer Poor Richard s Almanac,\\nwhich only proves the utter hopelessness of recon-\\nciling Chinese methods of thought to American\\nstandards. Virtue, he teaches, is the basis of\\ngood government. All nations admit this axiom,\\nbut the question has always been as to how virtue\\nis to be cultivated. Virtue, Confucius adds,\\nconsists, first, in procuring for the people the\\nthings necessary for their sustenance the\\nruler must also think of rendering them virtuous.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "56 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nand of preserving them from whatever can injure\\nhfe and health. As to the duty of the people he\\nsays:\\nThe services of love and reverence to parents\\nwhen alive, and those of grief and sorrow for\\nthem when dead, these completely discharge the\\nfmidamental duty of living men. He saw a\\nwoman weeping by the roadside, and sent a dis-\\nciple to ascertain the cause. You weep, said\\nthe messenger, as if you had experienced sorrow\\nupon sorrow. I have, said the woman. My\\nfather-in-law was killed here by a tiger, and my\\nhusband also, and now my son has met the same\\nfate. Why, then, do you not move from this\\nplace asked Confucius. Because here there is\\nno oppressive government, answered the woman.\\nTurning to his disciples, Confucius remarked:\\n]My children, remember this, oppressive govern-\\nment is fiercer than a tiger. A very natural\\ndeduction, and one that commends itself to the\\nexperience of every Chinaman who has been un-\\nfortunate enough to get into a magistrate s yamen.\\nConfucius had himself been a magistrate, and\\nknew whereof he talked. As a magistrate, he re-\\nformed not only the entire judiciary of his state,\\nbut introduced most drastic moral reforms, and\\nmade laws in reference to both the living and the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "REFORMER AND DIPLOMAT. 57\\ndead. He arranged that the dependent aged\\nshould be cared for, and that all labor should be\\nallotted according to the physical strength of the\\nworkers the weaklings might braid mats, while\\nthe strong carried bricks so all men labored\\naccording to their capacities and strength. He\\nordered that men and women in walking on the\\npublic roads should take different sides, so that\\nthere should be no promiscuous mingling of the\\nsexes. He decreed that valuables that might\\nhave been dropped by the way should not be\\npicked up by the passer-by, but be left to be found\\nby the owner. He would not permit bad work or\\nshoddy materials to be exposed for sale in the\\nmarket, and reduced the burdensome and lavish\\nexpenditure at funerals. His reforms proved so\\nefficacious that other magistrates imitated him,\\nand after one year Confucius was promoted to\\nminister of justice to the Duke Ting. Not only\\nas a reformer and administrator did Confucius\\nshine, but he showed the highest diplomatic abil-\\nity. He averted a war between the rival states of\\nLu and Tsi, stopped numerous internecine out-\\nbreaks, and made it impossible for ambitious man-\\ndarins to raise the standard of revolt by issuing\\nan order that no yamen should contain coats of\\nmail, and that the walls of numerous turbulent", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "58 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\ncities should be reduced in height. Later, as\\nprime minister, he exercised almost royal powers,\\nand made the Dukedom of Lu the model and envy\\nof the entire empire. Unfortunately, Confucius\\nwas not a god, nor even a king and it was not\\nlong before his patron, the Duke Ting, grew tired\\nof being good, and the ungrateful people became\\nweary of the golden rule. The old rival state of\\nTsi decided to tempt the virtue of the model\\nduke, and sent him as a present eighty beautiful\\nwomen and one hundred and twenty blooded\\nhorses. Confucius vainly urged his duke to re-\\nfuse the gift, and subsequently Confucius resigned\\nhis office, and retired from court. Thereafter he\\ndevoted himself to compiling, editing, and annotat-\\ning the literature of China, and of writing out at\\nlength his own teachings and pliilosophies. He\\ndied in B.C. 478, a natural death a happiness\\nthat rarely came to a public man of the times. A\\ncup of poison or a silk cord, with the compliments\\nof the duke or king, was the usual end of nearly\\nif not quite all the famous statesmen of China to\\nwithin the last three hundred years.\\nConfucius was a sensible, practical, brainy,\\nhard-working statesman and scholar, a statement\\nthat cannot be applied to the long line of empe-\\nrors that insisted on deifying him. He did not", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "CONFUCIUS, 59\\nstrive to build up a religion, or to pose as a god\\nor the prophet of a god. Confucianism became\\none of the mighty religions of the earth through\\nneither the wish nor the fault of the man from\\nwhom it derived its name. It became a religion\\nbecause Confucian philosophy was so much higher,\\nnobler, and purer than the teachings of Buddha\\nor Laotze. The common people understood Con-\\nfucius as the fishermen of Galilee understood\\nJesus, and they saw that Confucius practiced\\nwhat he preached. It was a most natural evolu-\\ntion whereby Confucius became a god and his\\nwritten words a religion, although he himself did\\nnot recognize the existence of a living God, and\\nhis teachings contained no hint of a future life,\\neither in heaven or in hell. When asked his\\nopinion of death he said, How can one know\\ndeath when one does not know life\\nThe teaching of Confucianism on human duty,\\nsays Dr. Legge, is wonderful and admirable.\\nIt is not perfect, indeed but on the last three\\nof the four things which Confucius delighted to\\nteach letters, ethics, devotion of soul, and truth-\\nfulness his utterances are in harmony with both\\nthe law and the gospel. No people, says Mr.\\nMedhurst, whether of ancient or modern times,\\nhas possessed a sacred literature so completely ex-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "60 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nempt as the Chinese from licentious descriptions\\nand from every offensive expression. There is\\nnot a single sentence in the whole of the Sacred\\nBooks and their annotations that may not be read\\naloud in every family circle. Again, in every\\nother non-Christian country, idolatry has been\\nassociated with human sacrifices and with the\\ndeification of vice, accompanied by licentious rites\\nand orgies. No sign of all tliis exists in China.\\nBeautiful as are these tributes, they might with\\nequal justice be applied to Emerson s Essays.\\nBoth philosophers recognized the practical utility\\nof the golden rule as a national policy, but neither\\npromised anything further, or tried to direct any-\\nthing beyond the mind and heart. Confucius\\nmade no promises, like the Bible, of future re-\\nward for doing good, or held up glittering prizes\\nlike Mahomet. He was only a teacher, and taught\\nas best he could the doctrine of sympathy and\\nbenevolence, whereby man might live righteously\\nin this present life, be at peace mth his neighbors,\\nand enjoy the happiness of a good conscience.\\nHe wrote only of what he knew, or of what he or\\nothers had experienced. He had nothing to say\\nof miracles, superstitions, or manifestations, as did\\nthe early writers of the Roman Christian church.\\nWhen questioned regarding supernaturalism, he", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE HOLD OF CONFUCIANISM, 61\\nreplied A superior man does not talk about\\nmysterious powers and supernatural spirits.\\nConfucius, however, believed in good and evil\\nspirits, like all the great scholars of his age, al-\\nthough he would not teach or talk of them. He\\nexactly predicted his own death, because of a\\nreport that a unicorn had been caught during a\\nhunting expedition of the duke, which he con-\\nsidered an evil omen.\\nThe wonder of Confucianism is the hold that\\nit has taken on the Chinese race, and on all other\\nraces that have come directly under its influence.\\nEven the barbaric Mongols from the wild steppes\\nbecame easy converts and seven hundred years\\nafter his death we find the immediate successor of\\nthe grea,t Kublai Khan issuing an edict to hold\\nthe memory of Confucius in the highest rever-\\nence, while the next Mongol emperor ordered that\\nthe Confucian classic on Filial Piety should\\nbe translated into the Mongol language.\\nTo-day the child in China learns his characters\\nfrom the Confucian classics, and the old man dies\\nwith a volume in his hand. The consular inter-\\npreter is a graduate of Yale, and has lived for ten\\nyears in the United States and yet his little son\\nof eight has a private tutor, who comes every day\\nto instruct him in the writings of the master.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "62 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nHe will learn English later, but nothing must\\ninterfere in his being thoroughly grounded in the\\nConfucian classics.\\nI may be repeating myself, but I cannot help\\nimpressing upon the minds of American students\\nthat as Shakspere is the greatest of English\\nwriters, so Confucius is pre-eminently the greatest\\nwriter of another civilization that he was no pre-\\ntender or sham, or even revolutionist, he was\\nsimply one of the great actual characters of\\nhistory, and is no more mythological than his\\ncontemporaries in the religious and philosophical\\nrevival that was at the time sweeping over the\\npagan world, led by Pythagoras in Greece, Eze-\\nkiel and Daniel among the Jews, Gautama in\\nIndia, and Zoroaster in Persia. America and Eu-\\nrope will become better acquainted with China\\nand Chinese history in the next generation, and\\nthen Confucius will be better understood and\\nhonored for himself rather than for the so-called\\nreligion of which he was unwittingly the founder.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE TSIN BTNJSTT. 63\\nIV.\\nFROM THE TSIN TO THE TANG\\nDYNASTIES.\\n[255 B.C. TO 656 A.D.]\\nTHE example and repeated warnings of\\nConfucius did not save the Chow dynasty.\\nIt had become too debased, too licentious,\\nand too effeminate to do more than carry on court\\nintrigue, and plot its own destruction. It, however,\\nwill forever remain famous as having produced the\\nthree greatest minds in Chinese history, Laotze\\n(B.C. 604), the founder of the Taoist philosophy;\\nMencius (B.C. 371), who as a writer and thinker\\nstands only second to Confucius; and Confucius.\\nAround these are grouped a list of distinguished\\nnames in war, diplomacy, and literature, whose\\ndeeds are still sung, and whose words are still\\nhonored.\\nThere is little of interest in the records of the\\nshort-lived Tsin dynasty (b.c. 255-206). Its\\ndoings were but a repetition of the acts of the last\\nof the Sungs, rebellions, murders, court cabals,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "64 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nand wars along the frontier. The Emperor Chung\\nshocked the court ceremonial of his age by taking\\nto himself the editorial AVe and Us in speak-\\ning of himseK; and when it was pointed out to\\nhim that none of his famous predecessors had arro-\\ngated such pompous titles, he modestly replied\\nthat he considered his virtues and achievements\\nequal to any three of the quondam sitters on the\\ndragon throne, and consequently it was only right\\nthat he should address himself in the plural. Be-\\ncause the scholars persisted in drawing invidious\\ncomparisons between himself and the illustrious\\nYau and Shun, and proved their comparisons by\\nquotations from Confucius and Mencius, Chung\\nissued an order that all the classical works in the\\nempire should be burned that if two scholars\\nwere found talking together about the classics they\\nwere to be put to death and that if they were\\nheard expressing their belief that the ancient\\nbooks and customs were superior to those of to-\\nday, they and their families were to be executed.\\nSoon after, finding that the scholars had not im-\\nplicitly obeyed his orders, he decreed that four\\nhundred and sixty of the most eminent be decapi-\\ntated as a gentle reminder, an example of press\\ncensorship that leaves the newspaper men of the\\nSpanish- American war something to be thankful", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE JACKSON OF CHINA. 65\\nfori Chung, or as he called himself, Hwang-ti,\\nwas a hot-headed, sturdy ruler of the General Jack-\\nson type. He believed that the way to resume\\nspecie payments was to resume and when the\\nTartars became extremely troublesome on the\\nnorthern borders it occurred to him that it would\\nbe less worry and expense to employ his army to\\nerect a wall along the entire frontier than to deci-\\nmate it in meeting the hardy Huns in the field.\\nThe wall was completed in five years. It is fifteen\\nhundred miles long, and broad enough for six\\nhorsemen to ride abreast. As the builder of the\\ngreat wall, which has been accounted one of the\\nseven wonders of the world, Chung has written\\nhis name by the side of the architects of the pyra-\\nmids and the hanging gardens of Babylon.\\nWith all his intellect and superb force of char-\\nacter, Chung had his weak points, but he was strong\\neven in them. He had no desire to mount the\\ndragon chariot, and become a guest on high, and\\nhe therefore prosecuted the search for an elixir of\\nlife with a fierce determination that was worthy of a\\nbetter cause. He took all kinds of decoctions, and\\nmust have been a gold-mine to all the quacks and\\npriests in his dominion. The only result was that\\nChung commenced to see visions, and discovered\\nhis nerves. He called a consultation of doctors;", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "66 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nand they decided that he was pursued by malig-\\nnant spirits, and that he must arrange to spend his\\nnights so that no one should know in what part of\\nhis palace he intended to sleep. Chung did not\\nbelieve in half-measures so he built a palace of\\na thousand bedrooms, one for each wife, with a\\ngreat central hall that would seat ten thousand\\npersons. Seven hundred thousand criminals and\\nprisoners were employed in its erection. The\\nscheme worked splendidly, and Chung was able\\nto evade his ghostly pursuers by this game of hide\\nand seek. Unfortunately, however, he grew over-\\nbold in time, and took a tour through his kingdom,\\nduring which he became a guest on high in spite\\nof his costly precautions.\\nIt is to be regretted that none of the vast palaces\\nand mausoleums of which we have record were\\nnot allowed to remain like the pyramids of Egypt.\\nEach dynasty or, often, each new emperor signal-\\nized its or his advent to the throne by destroying\\nall the buildings and monuments of his predeces-\\nsors. It was done as a protest against the extrava-\\ngance of a former reign, and as a promise for the\\nfuture. The son and successor of Chung built a\\npalace under ground for the reception of his\\nfather s body. It was luxurious in the extreme,\\nand adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE HAN DTNASTT, 67\\nWhen completed several hundreds of the most\\nbeautiful of Chung s concubines and their atten-\\ndants were buried with the royal corpse. The\\nbuilding of this vast mausoleum was the last straw\\nthat broke the people s back, and the first act of\\nthe rebel who overthrew the Tsin dynasty was to\\nplunder and burn both the palace and the tomb.\\nThe famous Han dynasty, that directed the des-\\ntiny of 400,000,000 people for 427 years (b.c.\\n20G-A.D. 221), came into royal power through\\nbloodshed and crime, and went out in murder,\\nrebellion, and weakness. The details of each\\nreign are sickening, and a description of the in-\\nhuman cruelties becomes nauseating. It is char-\\nacteristic that the court historian should have\\ndwelt so largely on his nation s crimes, and seemed\\nto gloat and revel in the record of blood and\\nmisery. It is only incidentally that we learn of\\nworthy deeds, great inventions, and kindly actions.\\nThe one glaring picture that is held up to view is\\nalways Nero and the Inquisition. Yet if we give\\none look and pass on, there are other pictures that\\nshed a luster on the Han dynasty that saves one\\nfrom entirely forgetting that the Chinese are\\nhuman after all.\\nThe action of the Emperor Chung was repudi-\\nated, and the edict against literature was removed.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "68 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nFrom secure places of hiding came treasured copies\\nof the classics, and from the memories of the old\\nliterati were written down the sayings of Confucius\\nand Mencius. The impetus thus given to litera-\\nture not only reproduced the ancient, but created\\na new school and from nothing the Imperial\\nLibrary in the next two hundred years amassed\\n3,123 works on the classics, 2,705 on philosophy,\\nand 1,383 on poetry. In B.C. 179, the emperor,\\nWun Ti, established two royal mints, and fixed the\\nvalue of the coins. In a succeeding reign the first\\nproperty tax was promulgated, and everyone was\\nrequired to submit an estimate of the value of his\\nworldly possessions, and pay into the treasury five\\nper cent. The art of making paper from bamboo\\nwas discovered at the end of the first century, A.D.,\\nwhich was quickly followed by the invention of\\nink. To a Han belongs the credit of having intro-\\nduced his people to Buddhism, and of making it the\\ncourt religion. Jesus Christ had been dead sixty-\\nfive years when the emperor Ming Ti sent ambas-\\nsadors to India in search of a new religion. There\\nwas no pretense at conversion, no arguments ad-\\nvanced, no reasons given why all should pin their\\nfaith on the new god Fo which the embassy dis-\\ncovered. Ming Ti treated the subject in the same\\noffhand manner with which lie revised the criminal", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "MING TI SEEKS A NEW RELIGION. 69\\nlaw by making it possible to commute capital\\ncrimes by money payments. The doctrine of the\\ntransmigration of souls amused him, as the scale\\nof rewards and punishments pleased his ministers,\\nand appealed to the popular imagination as it\\npromised a future life. So by a word it was done.\\nHad his ambassadors gone farther, and reached\\nJudea, the same flippant words would have made\\nthe gentle teachings of Jesus Christ the religion of\\nChina, a thought so tremendous in its possibili-\\nties that it makes one stagger to consider it. What\\nwould have been the history of China, the history\\nof Asia, the history of the world to-day had some\\ntraveler told the emperor the story of the miracle\\nof turning water into wine, or of the loaves and\\nfishes, before he had heard of the Indian sage?\\nWhat would Christianity have done for the\\nChinese\\nIn war and diplomacy the Hans left an enviable\\nrecord. They penetrated and subdued the nations\\nup to the shores of the Caspian Sea. Cochin\\nChina and the now famous Liaotung peninsula\\nwere reduced to feudatories, Yunnan was added\\nto the empire, and diplomatic relations were\\nestablished with Turkestan and Arabia.\\nWeak as was the last Han, there was still no\\nman strong enough, by himself, to succeed him.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "70 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nThe dragon throne was a glittering prize that\\ndanced before the eyes of each great feudal lord,\\nand brought about a fierce contest that lasted for\\nforty-three years. Like the War of the Roses\\nand the Thirty Years War, the War of the\\nThree Kingdoms is the unfailing inspiration\\nfor poet and story-teller. It is a period full of\\nromance and heroism and hard fighting and great\\ngeneralship, that reminds one of the stories of\\nthe Iliad, and of King Arthur and the knights of\\nthe Round Table. There were Chinese Glaucuses\\nand Diomeds, Hectors and Ajaxes, and the Chroni-\\ncles of Froissart, and curiously enough literature\\nwalked hand in hand with war. It was a golden\\nage for the literati, as the deeds of leaders and\\nheroes furnished them with stirring themes and\\nabmidant materials. The names of the great\\nrival generals, Chu Kuliang and Szemai, are to\\nthe Chinese what that of Richard Coeur de Lion\\nis to the English, and Sobieski to the Poles. One\\nincident of their picturesque careers has been the\\ninspiration of as many poems and stories as Eng-\\nlish writers have found in the wanderings of\\nRobert Bruce. Szemai had utterly defeated and\\ncut up Chu Kuliang s army, and forced him to\\ntake refuge in the walled city of Hanchung, with\\nonly three followers. The great general was,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CHU KULIJNG AND SZEMAL 71\\nhowever, equal to the occasion. As his rival s\\narmies appeared before the walls he ordered the\\nfour gates of the city to be thrown open, while he\\ncalmly took a position on a tower over the most\\nconspicuous of them, and began to play the guitar.\\nAs the enemy appeared they heard with amaze-\\nment the music, saw the open gates, and looked\\nin vain for the sentinels. Szemai came personally\\nto examine the strange sight, and listened wonder-\\nstruck, to hear his crafty old foe sing joyfully\\nto the accompaniment of his instrument. He\\nseems too happy, does that man, said Szemai,\\nfor our comfort, and he evidently has some deep-\\nlaid scheme in his brain by which he means to\\nbring disaster upon us all. And rather than\\nrisk his freshly won laurels he hastily retreated\\nfrom before Chu Kuliang and his guitar.\\nA nephew of the great Szemai ended the age of\\nchivalry and blood, brought the three kingdoms\\nunder one head, and established the Western Tsin\\ndynasty (a.d. 265-317). The new emperor\\nestablished the Salic Law, declaring that, women\\nshould not reign, nor take any part in public\\nmatters. A good law, no doubt, as Chinese his-\\ntorians aver, but one that the son of Wu Ti found\\nas impossible to put into force as did Adam in the\\ngarden, or Antony in Egypt.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "72 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nAn embassy from the Roman emperor, Theodo-\\nsius, arrived during the reign of Wu Ti, and the\\nmaking of cloth from cotton was introduced.\\nThe Eastern Tsin dynasty broke down from sheer\\nweakness. It produced but one great man, and\\nhe became the founder of the Sung dynasty.\\nAdded to the usual rebellions which distracted\\nevery dynasty, the incursions of Tartars, and\\nOuter Barbarians, as all outsiders from the\\nearliest days have been styled, became more fre-\\nquent and disastrous during the Sungs. Shau Ti,\\nthe second ruler of the Sungs, built a wall six\\nhundred miles in length to protect his northern\\nborders, one of those stupendous undertakings\\nthat only the Chinese would project and carry\\nout.\\nIt is told that, during the wars that the Sungs\\nwaged on one of their great feudatory kings,\\nthe supplies of the royal army were cut off, and a\\nretreat was ordered in the face of a victorious\\nenemy. The retreat was rapidly becoming a\\npanic, and it was only a question of days when\\nthe great army of veterans would become hunted\\nfuo-itives in the wilds of Honan. To avert this\\ncalamity General Tautsi resorted to a thoroughly\\nChinese stratagem. During one night he kept\\nhis half -famished soldiers carrying sand in baskets,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "A MILITARY STRATEGIST, 73\\nand heaping it up by the roadside. As each man\\nwent by the officer in charge the number of loads\\nhe had carried was called out. The sound of\\ntheir voices and the regular tread of the workers\\ncould be heard in the camp of the king of Wei,\\nbut no one could guess what it all meant. Spies\\nwere sent out but the night was dark, and\\nalthough they could more distmctly hear the\\ncalling of numbers and the incessant tramp of\\nmany feet, they could not satisfy the uneasiness\\nof Wei. Just before dawn the Sung general\\nordered that the great heaps of sand be sprinkled\\nwith a thin covering of rice. When the sun\\nbroke out, and the Wei men saw the vast heaps of\\nrice in the opposite camp, they were struck with\\namazement and chagrin. They believed that\\nlarge stores of provisions, and no doubt reenforce-\\nments, had arrived from the capital; and as always\\nwith the Chinese a suspicion immediately becomes\\na fact, the starving Sung army was allowed to\\nescape unmolested.\\nThis is but one of the many incidents that are\\nrelated of the gallant career of the statesman and\\nsoldier, Tautsi. His fame spread far beyond the\\nborders of China, and he was feared by barbarians\\nas well as by his master s unruly vassals. It is\\ntypical, however, of the Chinese character that he", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwent the way of all servants of the state whose\\nservices called for extraordinary rewards mur-\\ndered in cold blood for fear that he might possibly\\naspire to the Royal Yellow. It was as fatal for a\\ngeneral to win a battle as it was for him to lose\\nit. In one case he aroused his master s fear, in\\nthe other his wrath.\\nThe short-lived Tsi dynasty (a.d. 479-502)\\nwas wrecked by a woman. Panfei, the mistress\\nof the Emperor Tung Hwun, the fourth and last\\nof the line, was celebrated for exquisite grace\\nand beauty. For her the emperor built a palace\\nto rival in splendor anything that had preceded\\nit. The walls were rendered perpetually fragrant\\nby a plaster impregnated with musk. The floors\\nwere covered with the most costly designs. One\\nroom was paved with golden lilies, which was re-\\nsponsible for the artificial cramping of the feet of\\nthe women of China. As Panfei danced before\\nthe emperor, he was so charmed with her grace\\nthat he exclaimed, See, every step she takes\\nmakes a lily to grow, so ever after the small foot\\nwas styled the Golden Lily. There is a true\\nsaying in China that, Every pair of golden lilies\\ncosts a jar of tears. Tung Hwun lived and\\nloved, and was murdered by an outraged populace,\\nover-taxed in order that his proud beauty might", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DEPLORABLE DESPOTS. 75\\noutshine Meihi, Taki, and all the beautiful throne\\nrecords of former dynasties.\\nThe fate of Panfei, however, had little effect on\\nthe morals of the three dynasties that followed.\\nFor one hundred and sixteen years, to 618 A.D.,\\nthere is little that can be recorded, except a repe-\\ntition of the deplorable phases of Chinese court\\nhistory, with which the reader is already too\\nfamiliar. One ruler deliberately set fire to the\\nroyal library of one hundred and forty thousand\\nbooks, on the approach of an enemy, because all\\nmy reading and study have availed me nothing\\nin the hour of my extremity. Another built\\na wall three hundred miles in length, extending\\nfrom Chihli to Shansi, in which two million people\\nwere engaged and for his amusement he organ-\\nized a gigantic debating society between the\\npriests of the Taoist and Buddhist faiths. Being\\nin the chair, he decided that the Buddhists had\\nthe best of the argument, and thereupon ordered\\nthe Taoists, on pain of death, to shave their heads\\nand become bonzes. Preferring to lose their hair\\nto their necks, they all cheerfully complied, and\\nthe emperor and the barber wrought an instanta-\\nneous conversion. Another emperor was known\\nas the Merry Monarch, and lived the life of a\\nHaroun-al-Raschid. They had a beggars village", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "76 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nbuilt in the royal gardens, where the mendicants\\nof the city were at liberty to take up their abode\\nat night. His majesty, dressed in rags, and like\\nthe meanest of them, wandered through the streets\\nof the capital with his straw wallet, the beggar s\\nbadge. He would also make his rounds among\\nthe mandarins in the palace, and ladies of the\\nroyal household. Whoever gave him alms he\\nwould reward and surprise with high official posi-\\ntion or costly presents, after he had thrown off\\nthe disguise. In a.d. 852 yellow was adopted\\nas the royal color by the Emperor Kautsu, the\\nfounder of the Sui dynasty, and the one strong\\ncharacter of the period. To the successor of\\nKautsu belongs the reputation of building the\\nvast canal system of China, of being a patron of\\nart and literature, and of being the most reckless\\nand wildly extravagant emperor that ever occupied\\nthe dragon throne. Wang Ti lived a short life\\nand a merry one no expenditure appalled him,\\nand no sacrifice of blood and treasure deterred\\nhim from following to the very end any of his\\nfancies. Even the building of the canal system,\\nthat has made his name famous, was a whim for\\nthe gratification of his own pleasures. He wished\\nto visit all the prominent cities of the empire in\\nthe most comfortable and luxurious way. He", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "IFANG TVS GRAND CANALS, 77\\nordered that canals be immediately dug from the\\nriver Pien, a branch of the Han, in Hupeh, to the\\nriver Sz, a short stream in Shantung; another\\nfrom Sz to communicate with the river Hwai, and\\nthat the existing water-courses be widened. At\\nthe same time he ordered built forty thousand\\ndragon boats for the accommodation of his\\nthree thousand concubines and immediate court.\\nThe canals were not mere ditches, but magnificent\\nexamples of both engineering and artistic skill\\nnothing was left unfinished to offend the critical\\neye of the dandy. They were one hundred and\\ntwenty feet wide, lined with cut stone, with paved\\nroads on either side, shaded by full-grown trees.\\nTaskmasters drove the laborers day and night,\\nand of the million men employed it is stated that\\nover forty per cent died. In the first royal jour-\\nney from Lohyang, the capital, to Nanking, the\\nprocession of boats extended for over sixty miles,\\nand eighty thousand soldiers were detailed to drag\\nthem. The royal barge was two hundred feet\\nlong and forty feet high, with four decks. Every\\ndistrict through which they passed was levied\\nupon for provisions to support this immense host\\nin transit. The magnificent pageant swept through\\nthe empire for eight months, the wonder and ruin\\nof all who came within its reach. The vast pal-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "7S CHIN.rS OPEN DOOR.\\naces, gardens, towns, artificial lakes and mountains,\\nthat Wang Ti the niagniticent built in the short\\ntwelve years of his reign were, according to the\\ncustom of the times, destroyed by his successor\\nbut the canals remained a blessinqf to the descend-\\nants of the laborei s who had died in tlieir con-\\nstruction. Nebuchadnezzar, the Pharaohs, Xero,\\nand Louis XIV. were but feeble imitators of this?\\nroyal Chinese spendthrift. Cleopatra s barge and\\nBabylon s hanging gardens were duplicated on a\\nmagnificent scale by Yang Ti. He had a godlike\\ngenius for spending money. In his palace garden,\\nwhich was so great that it contained an artificial\\nlake three miles wide, and three artificial islands\\none htmdred feet high, the flowering shrubs and\\ntrees were kept in perpetual bloom by skilled\\nworkmen, who renewed every fallen flower with\\nsuch exquisite imitation in silk and satin that no\\none could tell the natural from the artificial at a\\nshort distance. After his death, it was discovered\\nthat he had used up all the precious metals in tlie\\nempire, and that money was so scarce that pieces\\nof leather and paper, with their values stamped\\nupon them, had to be used in trade. He took his\\ndethronement with the same gay nonchalance with\\nwhich he had sat upon the throne. To his queen\\nhe said, Jov and sorrow both come to everv man.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "A ROYAL CHESTERFIELD. 79\\nLot us, then, \\\\^/ay c/dch as it co^rJf^s, and make the\\nbest of ]ilV. we earj and of his princely execu-\\ntioners }je asked politely disinterestedly\\nVVliat sin liave I comrnitt^^d that you wish U)\\ntake away my life? Sin, they replied, why,\\nwhat sin is there tljat you liave not heen guilty\\nof? VViiat you say may be true, answered\\nthe royal Chesterfield hand me the silken cord.\\nI have had more pleasure in my life than you can\\nhave at my death.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "80 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nV.\\nFROM WU THE EMPRESS TO THE\\nLAST OF THE MINGS,\\n[A.D. 656 TO A. D. 1644.]\\nTHE house of Tang opened a new era in\\nthe history of China, and marked the close\\nof what might be styled The Middle\\nAges.* It has appropriately been called the Au-\\ngustan age of Chinese literature. Each emperor\\nstrove to outdo his predecessors in the fostering of\\nscholars and the education of the gentry. Great\\nlibraries were established, schools sprang up, and\\nin the place of eunuchs and concubines, poets, essay-\\nists, and historians thronged the successive courts.\\nThe complete poems of the Tang dynasty will be\\nfound in the home of every well-to-do Chinaman of\\nto-day. The writings of Confucius were annotated\\nand popularized and in 740 that deathless teacher\\nwas raised to the rank of a prince, and his statue\\nplaced above that of the famous Duke of Chow.\\nThe sixth emperor of the Tangs founded Hanlin", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE AUGUSTAN AGE OF CHINA. 81\\nCollege (a.d. 755), the great post-graduate uni-\\nversity of China. From its fellows most of the\\nministers of state have been chosen. At the time\\nwhen scholars, princes, artists, priests, musicians,\\nplayers of chess, actors, etc., were competing for its\\ndegrees and honors, Europe was just emerging from\\nthe barbarism into which she had been plunged by\\nthe conquest of the Gothic tribes. England was\\ndivided among Saxon princes, and France was in\\nthe rude state which preceded the reign of Charle-\\nmagne. The Emperor Kau Tsu ordered an ex-\\namination of all temples and nunneries, and turned\\nout to earn their own living fully a hundred thou-\\nsand inmates who had been luxuriating in idleness\\nand immorality, while Teh Tsung sent home a\\nthousand ladies of his harem in order to lighten\\nthe burdens of state. War was almost continu-\\nously carried on with the so-called barbarians on\\nthe frontiers, in which the Chinese arms were\\ngenerally successful, and large additions of terri-\\ntory were made.\\nThe attention of Europe was called to China\\nduring this dynasty by two celebrated Arab traders,\\nwhose descriptions of Chinese life might pass for\\npen pictures of the country to-day. They men-\\ntioned the copper money, the rice-wine, and the use\\nof tea as a beverage. They were followed by", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "82 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nenvoys from the pope, who found that the Nes-\\ntorian Christians had already been in the field.\\nThe most remarkable character on the throne, if\\nnot the strongest, was the Empress Wu, whose\\nantecedents and career are almost paralleled by that\\nof the present empress dowager. Although never\\nofficially on the dragon throne, Wu ruled China\\nwith a rod of iron for fifty-four years (656-710).\\nShe permitted no one to stand in her way, and the\\nfour emperors who came within her sphere of in-\\nfluence were mere puppets in her hands. She\\nwas cruel and immoral, and added to the subtle\\ncraft of a woman the intellect of a statesman. She\\nmade her name known and feared to the remotest\\ncorners of the empire, and avenged every outbreak\\nwith a merciless hand. The Kitans and Turco-\\nmans soon learned to dread the length and strength\\nof her arm. She reluctantly resigned the reins of\\npower at the age of eighty, and is known in\\nChinese history by the title of Wu, the Equal of\\nHeaven. The present Empress Dowager Tsu Tsi,\\nwho has ruled China for forty years on much the\\nsame lines as her predecessor, will no doubt be\\nsatisfied with the more modest title of The Equal\\nof Wu. Four of the later Tang emperors died\\nfrom the effects of experimenting with elixirs of\\nimmortality, and it would have been little loss to", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE MEN OF TANCr 83\\nthe nation s history had the last half-dozen been\\ntroubled with the same laudable desire to live\\nten thousand years ten thousand. To be styled\\none of The men of Tang is considered a title\\nof honor but the dynasty, with all its glories, went\\nout in weakness and disgrace, as all the dynasties\\nhave, and as all probably will so long as China is a\\nnation.\\nThe last of the proud Tangs voluntarily\\nresigned the Yellow to the murderer of his own\\nfather and a period of fifty years succeeded, in\\nwhich the great princes disputed the right of each\\nfresh usurper, and a state of turmoil existed similar\\nto that of three centuries before, when the Tsin\\ndynasty was overthrown. Five different families\\nwere represented on the throne by thirteen em-\\nperors an unlucky number, for most of them died\\nunwilHngly. The only event of note that occurred\\nduring these turbulent times was the discovery of\\nthe art of printing, five hundred years before it\\nwas known in Europe. It is very probable that\\nprinting from blocks was in use long prior to this\\ndate but it is not until 932 that the Chinese his-\\ntorian incidentally mentions that the nine classics\\nwere printed by imperial order from wooden blocks,\\nand sold to the public. It is curious that it was\\nnot thought of sufficient interest to record either", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "84 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe inventor s name or to claim the invention :^r\\nthe Emperor Ming Tsung. Under the last but\\none of the rulers of the five dynasties there\\nwas a great scarcity of copper money, owing to the\\nunprecedented casting of idols and statues to\\nancestors. The emperor ordered, to the horror of\\nthe priests, that these idols should be sent to the\\nroyal mint to be re-born as the root of all evil. A\\ndeputation protested against such liberties being\\ntaken with their gods. His majesty listened\\nquietly and replied, The man that does right and\\nbenefits his fellow men is a true reverencer of the\\nidols. The gods have the good of mankind at\\nheart, and therefore they will be quite willing to\\nhave their images broken up. For myself, if my\\ndeath would bring happiness to my people, I\\nwould wilHngly give up my life for them.\\nShih Tsung lived up to his noble sentiments,\\nand died after a severe campaign against the\\nhardy Khitans. He was unable, however, to save\\nhis throne for his son, or to effectually crush these\\nwarlike adventurers, who were destined for a time\\nto become the balance of power in the civil wars\\nduring the Sung dynasty. In 982, during the\\nreign of the second Sung, a deputation from a\\nbarbarian tribe appeared, that were later to\\nsweep the Chinese, the Khitans, and the more", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "A CHINESE REFORMER. 85\\nwarlike Kins before them, and become the actual\\nrulers of the empire. These were the Mongols.\\nThey came to acknowledge the supremacy of\\nChina, and they stayed to overthrow it.\\nChina has never lacked for reformers or at-\\ntempted reforms. As all reforms are pure experi-\\nments, the clever theories of plausible ministers\\nfound pliable material to experiment on among\\nthe patient hordes of the Coolie class. They bore\\nwith the royal reformers, though much like the\\nScotchman who was willing to be convinced, but\\nwould like to see the man who could convince\\nhim. The so-called reforms, however, usually\\nended in great suffering for the benefited, with\\nthe net result that another fine theory had gone\\nwrong.\\nWang Ngan, the prime minister of the Emperor\\nShen Tsung (1068-1086), was a typical repre-\\nsentative of the Chinese reformer. Some of his\\nacts read like a page out of modern history. He\\nhad a commission appointed to tour the country\\ndistricts, and report on the nature of the soil and\\nthe condition of crops, so that he could legislate\\nfor the farmer, and alleviate his condition willy\\nnilly. In the summer of 1069 he promulgated his\\nfirst interesting reform, by proposing that the entire\\ncommerce of the country should be carried on by", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "86 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe state, so that the people would have nothing\\nto do but produce. The national taxes were to be\\npaid in produce and the government was to buy\\nthe surplus, and transport it to sections of the\\ncountry where it would be most in demand. The\\nmiddle man and money lender were immediately\\nwiped out, as predicted by Wang; but in their\\nplace sprang up an army of officials, who were\\ncharged with the carrying out of this gigantic\\nundertaking. The country swarmed with them\\nand the poor farmers had to entertain them befit-\\nting their rank, and properly bribe them to obtain\\na good price for the produce. More and more of the\\nyield of the empire was consumed in taxes, until at\\nlast the surplus was hardly worth selling, and it\\nwas clearly obvious that the reform needed reform-\\ning. But like the modern professional reformer,\\nWang was equal to the occasion. If the agricultur-\\nists had lost money by his first attempt to make\\nthem rich, he was now prepared to advance them\\nmoney against their crops, which was to be repaid\\ntwice a year at the modest interest of twenty-four\\npercent. He modified this later by making a State\\nLoan, compulsory both to rich and poor, at the\\nslightly increased rate of thirty-three and a third\\nper cent per annum. This reform came harder at\\nfirst on the rich than on the poor, as the poor", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "WANG AND THE REFORMERS. 87\\nborrowed with no hope of repaying but when a\\ndrought came the officials, who were bound to de-\\nliver or pay into the treasury the interests on their\\nloans, found that there were no crops upon which\\nto levy, and began to torture the people then all\\nclasses united in a wail of lamentation, that reached\\neven the dragon throne. The reform was con-\\nsequently suspended, whereupon heavy rains fell\\nthroughout the empire. Nothing daunted, Wang\\nproduced from his sleeve another reform that came\\nnear being the last straw. This was styled the\\nMilitary Enrollment Act, which divided the\\npeople of the empire into divisions of ten families,\\nsomething after the old Jewish law. All able-\\nbodied men were to continue their labor, and at\\nthe same time hold themselves in readiness for an\\ninstant call. Like the man who called wolf when\\nthere was no wolf, practice summons, or false calls\\nbecame so frequent that able-bodied men by the\\nthousands voluntarily maimed themselves, and even\\ncut off their arms and legs so as not to be subject\\nto the whim of the great reformer. Wang went on\\nwith a whole series of reforms, more or less ingen-\\nious, which are interesting to the reader rather than\\nto the sufferer. If the American would-be reformer,\\nwith a bright new idea upon which he wishes to\\nexperiment, will study the history of China, the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "88 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nchances are that he will find that his particular\\npet reform has been thoroughly tried a thousand\\nyears before he discovered it. Wang was a firm\\nbeliever in himself. In 1074 the Khitans sent\\nambassadors, and demanded the cession of two\\nhundred li of Chinese territory. Wang consid-\\nered this very bad taste on the part of the bar-\\nbarians, but advised compliance for, he argued,\\nwhen my reforms commence to work they will\\nmake the nation strong, and we shall demand it\\nback again with large additions. Wang s faith,\\nhowever, did not move the mountain; and the first\\nact of the famous Empress Kau, on the death of\\nthe Emperor Shen Tsung, was to dismiss Wang\\nfrom office, and reform his reforms.\\nThe last one hundred and seventy-five years of\\nthe Sung dynasty were filled with wars mthin and\\nwithout. The hardy Khitan Tartars went down\\nbefore their more hardy relatives, the Khin Tartars\\nand they in t-urn were thoroughly subjugated by\\nthe Mongol Tartars under the lead of their famous\\nkhans, Genghis and Kublai. To the world at\\nlarge there are not more than five names in all\\nChinese history that come easily to the lips,\\nthese two great khans, Confucius, Mencius, and\\nLi Hung Chang and they belong to the world s\\npantheon of history-makers. Genghis easily ranks", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "GENGHIS THE MONGOL. 89\\nwith Alexander and Napoleon, and the territories\\nhe overran and conquered were greater than the\\ncombined areas and population of the empires of\\nAlexander and Napoleon. His life is one of the\\ngreat historical romances of the world s story, and\\na romance in which the chief actor never permits\\nthe interest to flag. As leader of the Mongol\\nTartars he swept everything from the Danube to\\nthe Pacific, from the unbroken ice of the arctic to\\nthe snow-peaks of the Himalayas, and might, with\\nmuch more right than Alexander, have sighed for\\nmore worlds to conquer. It is noteworthy that of\\nall the races with which he battled, from Cracow\\nto Peking, embracing forty conquered kingdoms,\\nthe only nation which withstood his consum-\\nmate generalship was the Chinese. One cannot\\nbut wonder what would have been the fate of\\nAlexander the Great had he been told, when he\\nstood on the banks of the Indus, sorrowing be-\\ncause the world was so small, that there was an\\nempire north of his greater than Persia, and more\\nwarlike and richer than India. Genghis, the\\ncurse of God, died at the age of sixty-six, in\\n1227, and bequeathed the conquest of the Manchus\\nto his son. Okkodai was a worthy successor of a\\ngreat father. He organized his armies for the\\nconquest of China with ability and energy, and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "90 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nlaid siege to Kaif ungf u the Kin capital, a\\ncity of 11,200,000 inhabitants. The investment\\nlasted for three months and so great were the\\nnumbers and resources wdthin, that it is a ques-\\ntion if the Mongols could have reduced it had the\\nKin general been worthy of his foUoAvers. With\\nan offer to surrender he sent to the Mongol gen-\\neral five hundred ladies of his king s court and\\nthirty-seven of the royal chariots. The peace\\noffering, however, did not touch the stern nature\\nof Okkodai, as repeated efforts of the Chinese to\\nreach the great Genghis, through woman s charms,\\nhad failed in the past. He gave one look at the\\nassemblage of beauty, and ordered it and the entire\\ncity to be put to the sword. The Tartar states-\\nman and the prime minister for both Genghis and\\nOkkodai, the wise Yeh-lu-chu-tsai, hearing of\\nthe savage order, argued with the khan, The\\nland must have people on it, for if there are no\\ninhabitants in the country it becomes valueless to\\nthe sovereign. His counsel prevailed, and China\\nwas saved from the most gigantic massacre in the\\nannals of the world.\\nThe capture of Kaifungfu, with its incalculable\\nwealth, its vast stores and magnificent buildings,\\npractically ended the Kin djniasty, and obliterated\\nfrom history a remarkable race, who from begin-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE MONGOL CONQUEST. 91\\nnings almost as humble as a tribe of North Ameri-\\ncan Indians, had gradually risen to such might\\nthat they had conquered the warlike Khitans, and\\nso completely possessed the northern part of China,\\nthat the Chinese, with all their vast resources and\\ntheir almost unlimited command of soldiers, had\\nnot been able to wrest it from them.\\nThe Mongols were now free to turn their entire\\nattention to the tottering Chinese throne. To\\nOkkadai, as to Genghis, it seemed like an over-\\nripe fruit, that was to be had for the picking but\\nthe Mongol soon found that he was not dealing\\nwith the Russian or the Persian, but with a race\\nthat knew neither defeat nor despair. It was not\\nfor him to give the coup de grace to the Sungs.\\nIn their decay they held on for sixty years and,\\nhad there been any unity of purpose or apprecia-\\ntion of events, it is questionable if even Kubiai,\\nthe mighty grandson of the mighty Genghis,\\nwould have succeeded. The armies of the Sungs\\nfought well only when they were attacked. The\\ncourt was full of intrigues, and the national policy\\nwas weak and wavering. One figurehead followed\\nanother in rapid succession, and the different capi-\\ntal cities were evacuated as the enemy advanced.\\nKubiai and his great generals, Ashu, Alihaiyai,\\nand Bayan, pressed steadily on. They never", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "92 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwavered in their purpose, they held every advan-\\ntage, and neither Chinese valor nor Sung diplo-\\nmacy could check their course. To the sitters on\\nthe dragon throne the iron khan became the\\nvery impersonation of fate. To bring the two\\nyears siege of the great city of Fanching in Hupeh\\nto a conclusion, Kublai sent to Persia for guns\\nheavier than had ever been used in China, that\\nthrew stones weighing over one hundred and fifty\\npounds. Yuchang, Hanyang, Hankow, Cliiaho-\\nhow, and Nanking fell in rapid succession; and\\nin 1276 the Mongols took the capital, Hangchow,\\nwith the emperor, his mother, his queen, and the\\nroyal household, and made the brothers of the\\ncaptured emperor fugitives, the elder of whom,\\nhowever, was proclaimed emperor, with his new\\ncapital at Foochou.\\nThe duel was nearing an end. For four years\\nthe royal standard of the Sungs was driven from\\nplace to place until the last emperor, Ti Ping, was\\ncornered at the seaport of Yaishan. The Chinese\\nforce, consisting of fifty thousand veterans and one\\nthousand war-junks, under their famous general\\nChang Shih-kieh, were closely blockaded by an\\noverwhelming force. The death struggle lasted\\nfor a month, and the Chinese fought like rats in a\\ntrap, desperately but without hope. The fate of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF TAISHAN. 93\\nthe empire was decided by a tremendous land and\\nsea attack, in which the Chinese were utterly\\ndefeated, and the whole of their fleet captured\\nwith the exception of sixteen junks with which\\ntheir gallant general managed to break through\\nthe lines. When the prime minister saw that the\\nday was lost, he took the young emperor on his\\nback, and sprang into the sea. The body of Ti\\nPing was afterwards picked up, and honorably\\nburied by the Mongol general. Over one hun-\\ndred thousand Chinese and Mongols were killed\\nin this last heroic defense of the boy emperor, and\\nthe dynasty that had ruled China for three hun-\\ndred and twenty years, and next to the Chow\\nwas the most famous in its annals, ended in a\\nglorious defeat. A Chinese historian of the\\nSungs said they gained the empire by the\\nsword and kept it by kindness. Their good-\\nness to the people was not tinged enough\\nwith severity, and so the kingdom was snatched\\nfrom them. Still, through it the empire was main-\\ntained for one hundred and fifty years after it\\nseemed to have slipped from their grasp and it\\ncaused such men as Chang Shih-kieh and Wen\\nTien-siang to cling to them to the very last, and\\nfinally to give their very lives for them.\\nThe adventures of the loyal Chang Shih-kieh", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "94 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nafter the battle of Yaishan were in keeping with\\nthe great name he has made in Chinese history*\\nWith his sixteen junks he hastened to Wang-\\nchow to inquire of the queen dowager if there\\nremained any princes of the royal blood under\\nwhose standard the war could be still carried on.\\nBut the mother s heart was broken and she fol-\\nlowed the example of the last of her sons, and\\nthrew herself into the sea. Chang was unwilling\\nto give up he sailed to Cambodia and appealed\\nto its king for troops and money but finding him-\\nself an unwelcome visitor, he turned northward\\nhoping to seize Canton. As his little squadron\\nwas nearing the coast, signs of an approaching\\ntyphoon caused the men to clamor that he should\\nput into a near-by harbor and there land. Instead,\\nhe ascended a platform high up one of the masts of\\nthe flagship, and burned incense to heaven, and\\ntestified 1 have served the house of Chau to the\\nutmost of my ability; when one emperor disap-\\npeared I set up another, and he also has perished\\nand now to-day I meet this great storm surely it\\nmust be the will of heaven that the Sung dynasty\\nshould perish. So he bravely met his end in one\\nof those fierce and terrible ty^Dhoons that haunt\\nthe China seas.\\nIt was near the end of the Sung dynasty, and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "MARCO POLO, 95\\nabout the time that Edward I. returned to Eng-\\nland from the Holy Land, that Marco Polo visited\\nthe court of Kublai Khan, and gave the European\\nworld the first authentic account of this great un-\\nknown empire, and during the reign of Mangu,\\nKublai s successor, Catholic missionaries presented\\nthemselves at court, and made brief record of\\nwhat they did and saw. Marco Polo s account\\nof the pomp and splendor of the Mongol court, of\\nthe annual feasts and national holidays, of the in-\\ndustries and advanced civilization, filled Europe\\nwith wonder, and demonstrated how little the\\nChinese historians appreciated the true greatness\\nof their nation and the nations that surrounded\\nthem. Even Europe did not realize the signifi-\\ncance of Polo s story, or more justly speaking\\ndiscovery. He told them of the use of bank-\\nnotes, but it took Europe four centuries to under-\\nstand their value to trade. Instead of stealing\\nChina s brains, Europe only coveted her money, a\\nmistake which Kublai did not make in the case of\\nMarco Polo, for he made the Westerner his con-\\nfidant, and drew upon him for European ideas and\\nmethods. He carefully sifted the wheat from the\\nchaff, and planted it in fertile soil. Polo was a\\nman of ability and action, and Kublai was quick\\nto appreciate him. He dispatched him over his", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "96 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nempire in the capacity of a licenced critic, knowing\\nthat Polo, with his unprejudiced eyes, could find\\nmany administrative and political faults that were\\ndamaging the welfare of the people but were\\nhallowed by age and custom. He was a most suc-\\ncessful critic for in liis extended travels through\\nthe provinces of Shansi, Shensi, Szechuan, and\\nYunnan he corrected a vast number of abuses, and\\ncaused the removal of a number of corrupt officials,\\nyet he managed to please alike the emperor, the\\nMandarins, and the people. As a reward he was\\nappointed governor of the city of Yangchow, and\\nmight have become the viceroy of his province\\nhad he been willing to have remained in China\\nbut after three years of gubernatorial power he\\ngrew homesick, and requested leave of absence to\\nvisit Venice. Kublai had no desire to lose so\\nvaluable a servant, and declined to grant his wish.\\nLater, however, it happened that the khan sent\\nhim in charge of a young woman, the bride elect\\nof his great-grandson, Arghun Khan of Persia.\\nThe Mongols were entirely unaccustomed to the\\nsea, and in the choice of ambassadors it was Hob-\\nson s choice. Marco Polo, his father, and his uncle\\nstarted out on their hazardous undertaking in\\n1292, and after a three years voyage they de-\\nlivered the bride to the anxious groom. If we are", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "KUBLJI KHAN. 97\\nto read between the lines in Marco s narrative, it\\nis doubtful if she gave more than an unwilling\\nhand to her royal spouse.\\nMarco Polo s life and adventures in China are\\nas interesting reading as the account of a trip to\\nthe moon could possibly be to-day. China, as\\nlate as 1300, was almost as much of a terra in-\\ncognito as the continent of America was when\\nColumbus landed on its shores. His narrative is\\nthe first view of China through European eyes\\nand, unfortunately, it was considered at the time\\na fairy story rather than a sober recount of facts.\\nMarco Polo s career in this unknown empire forci-\\nbly reminds one of Mark Twain s humorous ad-\\nventures of a Yankee in the court of King Arthur,\\nSith the difference that Marco came in contact\\nfth a civilization that was in many respects su-\\nperior to his own, and with a ruler who, other than\\nbeing a feudal baron, was a statesman, a soldier,\\nand a patron of literature. As Genghis had found\\nit impossible to subdue the Chinese, his more\\nfamous successor and grandson, Kublai, had to\\nacknowledge his inabihty to annex the Japanese\\nIslands. Two great expeditions met with most\\ndisastrous defeat and the ruler of Asia and half\\nof Europe recognized that, however victorious his\\nveterans were on land, they were useless on the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "98 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nsea. In religious matters Kublai was absolutely\\nimpartial. His subjects, Mongol or Chinese, were\\npermitted freedom of worship as long as their faith\\nwas moral; and as for himseK he worshiped by\\nturns in Buddhist, Confucian, and Mohammedan\\ntemples; Marco Polo tells us that he likewise\\nfavored the Christian religion. As for the Tao-\\nists, they were so openly corrupt and fraudulent that\\nKublai ordered a public examination to ascertain\\nwhether there was any truth in their writings on\\ngeomancy, necromancy, and astrology. As a result\\nof which he ordered that all their books be\\nburned, save one classic The Tau-teh, or Way\\nof Virtue. Kublai s religious attitude might have\\nbeen simply a matter of state policy but even so,\\nit did much to consolidate his power for the\\nbenefit of his family, which was the aim of his\\nlife. The khan profited by the experience of his\\nmany unfortunate predecessors, and acknowledged\\nthe fatality of wasting the resources of the empire\\non court orgies, great retinues of dependants and\\nconcubines. Instead, he built the Grand Canal\\n(1282-1289), which connected Canton with Pe-\\nking, and also a system of splendid post^roads,\\nthat were not only a lasting benefit to the people,\\nbut of great strategic value.\\nOnce a year Kublai took a vacation, and es-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE LAST OF THE MONGOLS 99\\ncaped the hot climate of the lowlands and the\\nenervating ceremonials of court life by a hunting\\nexpedition on the cool, bracing steppes of Tartary.\\nHe was a fearless hunter and a most skillful\\nhawker; and he kept his muscles hardened and\\nhis health unimpaired to the day of his death, at\\nthe age of eighty-three, in 1224. He was suc-\\nceeded by his grandson, Timur, who inherited an\\nempire that extended from the China Sea and the\\nIndies to the northern extremity of Siberia, and\\nfrom the eastern shores of Asia to the frontiers\\nof Poland the most magnificent heritage that\\never fell to man.\\nFor seventy-three years the Mongols ruled\\nChina; but the successors of Kublai lacked his\\nknowledge of men and measures and their at-\\ntempts to trample out Chinese customs, and de-\\nprive them of their share in the government of\\nthe country, soon alienated the friends made by\\nthe founder of the Yuen dynasty; the country\\nwas quickly filled with rebellion, and the court\\nwith intrigue and corruption. Shunti, the ninth\\nand last of the Mongols, reigned from 1331 to\\n1366. He left the actual administration of gov-\\nernment to his ministers, and gave himself up to\\nthe joys of doing nothing gracefully. He even\\nneglected the annual hunt, and was a typical\\nl.\u00c2\u00abrc.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "100 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nsample of the usual end of a dynasty. The logi-\\ncal time seemed to have arrived for the overthrow\\nof the Tartars, and all that the sporadic rebellion\\nneeded was a leader to make it succeed.\\nIn the province of Nanking the son of a poor\\nlaborer, who had taken priestly vows, was watch-\\ning the trend of events from his monastery cell.\\nHe soon realized what the Chinese lacked, and\\nmade up his mind that he was the man chosen by\\nGod to deliver the country from its oppressors.\\nCasting aside his cowl for the sword, he sprang\\ninto the breach, and organized a rebelhon that\\nswept every thing before him. With Nanking as\\nhis capital, he gradually stripped the Mongol em-\\nperor of his possessions, until he was able to\\nmarch into Peking practically unopposed. He de-\\nclared himself emperor, under the title of Taitsu,\\nin 1368. Shunti fled to Tartary, the home of his\\ngreat ancestors, and the Ming dynasty (1368-\\n1644) was ushered in.\\nLike the founders of each successive dynasty,\\nTaitsu, or Hung Wu as he was better known in\\nhistory, was a strong man and an eminent ruler.\\nHe had not only to effectually crush the Tartar\\npower, quell local disturbances, but what was\\nmore serious, replace Tartar laws and customs\\nwith the original Chinese. On the whole he was", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE MINGS. 101\\nsuccessful. He commenced in the orthodox way\\nof razing the most magnificent buildings of his\\npredecessors, reducing the size of his harem, and\\ncutting down all unnecessary expenses. He en-\\ncouraged education, and made literary degrees\\nessential to official promotion instead of military\\nrenown as under Mongol rule. He reestablished\\nHanlin College, and made it in fact what it is in\\nname to-day, the Oxford of China. He decreed\\nthat women should no longer become priestesses\\nto Buddha and that no man should take monastic\\nvows under the age of forty. Hung Wu reigned\\nthirty-one years and although the last few years\\nwere tarnished by unjust and savage acts, the\\nglory of his name is safe in Chinese annals.\\nThere is no fixed rule of primogeniture among\\nthe Chinese. An emperor is supposed to know\\nmore about the ability and character of his several\\nsons and grandsons than any one else, and he is\\nleft perfectly free to choose his successor. This\\npractice, as proven by the history of China, has\\nlittle to recommend it, as the choice is either made\\nin the emperor s dotage, or is forced upon him by\\nintriguing ministers or concubines. The founder\\nof the Ming Dynasty, instead of securing the\\nstability of his own house by nominating his war-\\nrior son, the Prince of Yen, succumbed to the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "102 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ncabals of his court, and chose his sixteen-year-old\\ngrandson, Hwei Ti, his successor. There are\\nonly two ways to the throne in China, revolution\\nor birth coupled with luck but the favorite way\\nto reach royal power has always been the securing\\nof the appointment of children to the royal yel-\\nlow. The mother then is doubly empress she\\ncommands the king through her motherhood, and\\nthe people by means of her regency. The boy\\nemperor is as much her slave as his meanest\\nsubject. The Prince of Yen, however, had no in-\\ntention of seeing the throne go uncontested to his\\nyoung nephew, and he himself become the subject\\nof his sister-in-law. The young emperor was no\\nmatch for the fearless soldier; and within four\\nyears Peking was in the hands of Yen, the queen\\ncremated in her own palace, and the boy emperor\\na refugee in a Buddhist monastery in Yunnan,\\nwhere for forty years he remained undiscovered.\\nA weakness for writing poetry, however, caused\\nhis recognition and he was transferred to Peking,\\nwhere he died a state prisoner. It is unfortunate\\nthat his poetry was not equal to his theme for\\nthe glories and miseries of his own strange career\\nsupplied a subject that with skillful handling might\\nhave made his name imperishable, and would have\\nbeen of untold value to the historian.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "TAMERLANE. 103\\nThe Prince of Yen, who took the name Yunglo,\\nchanged the seat of government from Nanking to\\nPeking. In spite of his early cruelties and bar-\\nbarous reprisals, he was, on the whole, a strong\\ncharacter, and his country prospered at home and\\nabroad. He has left, however, the reputation for\\ngreat moderation and justice in administering the\\naffairs of government. In the field he was always\\nthe soldier, grim and unforgiving. The Tartars\\nlearned to fear his northern marches, and he\\nadded Tonquin and Cochin China to the empire.\\nUnder his direction a commission was appointed\\nto comj^ile the first encyclopaedia of literature.\\nIt was completed in 1407, and consisted of 22,877\\nbooks, besides a table of contents which filled sixty\\nvolumes. Two years previous died the most\\ndangerous enemy of the dynasty, the Tartar Khan\\nTimour, or Tamerlane Timur the Lame\\nwhose conquests almost equaled those of the\\nresistless Genghiz. He was at the time of his\\ndeath organizing a vast army for the reconquest of\\nChina, and it is questionable whether Yunglo the\\nMing emperor would have been able to withstand\\nhis hardy legions and consummate generalship.\\nTimour is to-day a greater hero in Mongol eyes\\nthan either of his two great predecessors. About\\nthe fire, when a dozen Mongols are gathered to-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "104 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ngether on the wild steppes, their bards still sing\\nhis praises\\nWe live in our vast plains tranquil and peaceful as sheep,\\nyet our\\nHearts are fervent and full of life the memory of the golden\\nage of\\nTimour is ever present to our minds. Where is the chief who\\nis to place\\nHimself at our head, and render us once more great warriors\\nO great Timour, will thy divine soul soon revive\\nReturn, return we await thee, O Timour\\nTimour s death relieved China forever from fear\\nof Tartar subjugation, but never during the entire\\nMing dynasty was the nation free from \u00c2\u00a3he ravages\\nof these daring freebooters. They were often suc-\\ncessful, and at one time slaughtered over a hundred\\nthousand soldiers, and captured the Chinese Em-\\nperor Changtung. While the Chinese were\\nbattling with their hereditary enemies, and the\\nhistory of the vast empire was doing little more\\nthan sluggishly repeating itself, Columbus was\\ndiscovering America, and the Portuguese were\\nrounding the Cape of Good Hope. Rafael Pres-\\ntello, a lieutenant of Albuquerque, landed, in\\n1516, at the mouth of the Canton River, a few\\nmil 38 from the present site of Hong Kong. His\\nwas the distinction of first flying a European flag\\nin Chinese waters. Prestello, however, was more", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "A PORTUGUESE INVASION. 105\\nmodest than his contemporary Spanish, Portu-\\nguese, and English discoverers in America, and\\nfailed to take possession of all the countries washed\\nby the ocean that lapped the coast in the name of\\nhis august sovereign. It was a momentous\\ntheatrical opportunity lost. With perfect impunity\\nhe might have unfurled the Lusitanian banner on\\nChinese soil, raised his trusted blade above the\\ndamp plumes of his helmet, and laid claim to an\\nempire greater than all Europe, and containing\\nmore wealth than the newly discovered Indies.\\nInstead of writing himself immortal, Prestello\\nsailed calmly back to Malacca and simply reported\\nfavorably on the prospective trade opportunities\\nof the new land. This led to the dispatch of\\nPerez de Andrade for Canton with a squadron of\\neight vessels. His arrival and subsequent trading\\noperations were of much more importance to China\\nin European eyes than it was to the Chinese, in\\nfact his arrival is not even noted in Chinese his-\\ntory. The behavior of himself and his nationals\\nwas such that the new comers were rightfully\\nstyled foreign devils a term of opprobrium\\nthat is still applied to all foreigners. They rifled\\ntombs, invaded temples, robbed, pirated, and acted\\nupon the same lines as did Cortez in Mexico and\\nPizarro in Peru but unfortunately for them they", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "106 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nsoon found that they were dealing with a race that\\nknew how to treat Tartars, and the pirate\\nAndrade was arrested, and beheaded at Peking by\\nthe order of the Emperor Chiaching. Four hun-\\ndred years of commerce and intercourse with\\nEuropean nations have not been sufficient to correct\\nthe impression of foreigners that was obtained from\\nthese early Portuguese navigators. The career\\nof Fernan Mendez Pinto richly merits the castiga-\\ntion it received from the pens of Cervantes and\\nCongreve. These Christian pirates virtually closed\\nthe door in China; and it has taken four centuries,\\nwith an expense of millions of treasure and\\nthousands of lives to force it open ever so little.\\nIt certainly seems like a judgment that little\\nMacao, with its shallow harbor, should represent\\nall that Portugal realized from its vast primal\\nopportunities. The Chinese empire was not ori-\\nginally a hermit nation. It was never a seafaring\\none; it had for centuries carried on free trade\\nwith all the nations that touched its frontiers,\\nand would have welcomed the European trader\\nand enriched him had he but come honestly, and\\nrespected the laws and customs he found. An\\nempire of four hundred millions, trained in war,\\nand inured to every form of military service, was\\nno mark for a few shiploads of piratical adven-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "MACAO 107\\nturers. The Chinese promptly punished them for\\ntheir misdeeds and the Portuguese embassy of\\n1520 was sent under custody from Peking to\\nCanton, where Perez, its chief, was thrown into\\nprison, and ultimately disappeared. The Portu-\\nguese government did not resent this high-handed\\nact, and as a result the numerous foreign embassies\\nthat humbly knocked at the gates of the Pink\\nCity were treated with contempt and cruelty.\\nThe Portuguese were permitted to exist on the\\nrocky peninsula of Macao, much as a pariah dog is\\ntolerated at the back-door. It was not until 1887\\nthat Macao was formally recognized as Portuguese\\nterritory by China, or more than forty years after\\nthe occupation of Hong Kong by the British.\\nTo-day the beautiful old city, which resembles a\\npage out of the Spain of Columbus, is hardly\\nmore than a health resort for the busy merchants\\nof the near-by British colony. The modern steamer\\ncannot get within three miles of its picturesque\\nroadstead, and the grotto of the poet Camoens\\nand the fantan tables are of more profit than its\\ncustom-house. In all these centuries it has not\\nadded one acre of ground to its holdings, and the\\nancient wall across the narrow sandy isthmus still\\nseparates the vegetating civilization of Portugal\\nfrom the vegetating civilization of China.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "108 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nIt may be that there were good Portuguese in\\nChina besides the famous missionary Xavier and\\nMichael Roger, but if so they suffered for the\\niniquities of their compatriots. It was not until\\nthe great Ricci, missionary, scholar, and clock-\\nmaker, arrived in 1582 that any foreigner was per-\\nmitted to enter the walls of Peking. Spanish\\nmissionaries from Manila attempted without suc-\\ncess to impress the Chinese with the falsity of their\\nnative religious belief but after one visit they gave\\nthe project up, and returned to their more congenial\\nfield. They found it quite a different thing to\\nconvert a nation by argument than to convert\\nthem at the point of the sword. They Avere\\nunable to put into operation in China the revival\\nmethods practiced by the holy Catholic church\\nin South America, Mexico, and the Philippine\\nIslands. If we are to judge from results in com-\\nparing the condition of the Chinese with the\\nFilipinos of to-day it is perhaps fortunate that\\nthe Spanish missionaries did not obtain a foothold\\nin the Celestial empire. If there be any choice I\\nprefer an honest pagan to a lying Christian for it\\nwas not long before the Spanish in the Philippines\\ngave the Chinese an object lesson that must have\\nmade them smile at the white man s creed of\\nPeace on earth, and good will towards men.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE MISSIONARIES, 109\\nFor no other reason save the Spanish fear\\nthat too many Chinese were settling in their\\nishinds, they ordered a general massacre of the\\nunoffending settlers, and slaughtered over twenty\\nthousand of them at one time. It is little to be\\nwondered at that in the face of the action of the\\nso-styled Christian Spanish, and so-called Christian\\nPortuguese in Malacca, that even the brilliant John\\nAdam Schall, who was revered by the Ming-\\nemperors for his astronomical learning, made little\\nheadway in enlisting converts. From 1628 to the\\nday of his death in prison, 1666, Schall worked\\nwith untiring zeal for his faith, and never missed\\nan opportunity to preach the word to all who\\nwould listen. Why do you so much trouble\\nyourselves, the Emperor Kangsi asked him,\\nabout a world which you have never entered\\nand intimated that he had better devote his time\\nto making friends with the mammon of unright-\\neousness. Under the leadership of such men as\\nRicci and Schall the Catholics would have made\\nsome permanent progress had the different reli-\\ngious bodies been content to work together for the\\ngeneral good but this seemed impossible. Jesuits\\nand Dominicans quarreled openly, and spent their\\nopportunities in undermining each other s efforts,\\nuntil Kangsi seemed justified in asking them to", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "110 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nmake-up their own minds as to their own teachings\\nbefore trying to become teachers.\\nChina has always been a favorite ground for\\nmissionary endeavor. Save at exceptional periods\\nthe perils of life and health are no greater\\nin China than in other sections of the earth,\\nwhile the pleasure and comfort of living is im-\\nmensely superior to most parts of Africa, to\\nthe Western territories of the United States, or\\nthe frozen regions of the arctic. Missionaries\\nof all denominations live in well-built houses,\\nand are waited upon by native servants who\\nare learning the English language. They take\\ntrips home every two or three years, at one-\\nhalf the regular passenger rates, and manage to\\nlay aside a little money. Their own children are\\noften educated at the expense of their home\\nsocieties, but the great difficulty to their progress\\nhas always been an inability to live contentedly\\nwith one another. They can make friends with\\nthe Chinese, but for members of two rival mis-\\nsionary bodies to mix seems impossible. Even\\nwhile writing this book I had a case reported to\\nme from Swatow, where the quarrel between the\\nProtestant American missionaries and the Chinese\\nFrench missionaries had become so intense that\\nwe considered the advisability of sending a war-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "SCOUTS OF CIVILIZATION. Ill\\nship to Swatow and asking Minister Conger\\nto lay the case before the Tsung li Yumen,\\nor foreign office of China. When the missionary,\\nlike Ricci, devotes himself to translating works\\non Western science into Chinese, or like Schall\\nrearranges the Imperial Calendar, and instructs\\nthe literati in the use of geometrical and\\nastronomical instruments, or like the modern\\nmedical missionary sets a leg or preaches\\nsanitary law, then the missionary soon makes\\na place for himself, and the amount of good\\nhe can do is only limited by his ability for\\nhard labor. Such men are the scouts of civiliza-\\ntion, the drummers of commerce, and deserve\\nevery encouragement and help but there is a\\nclass of missionary that spoils the field, and brings\\ncontempt upon the nation sending them forth to\\nChristianize. They are forever quarreling with\\nthe Chinese, thinking more of standing on treaty\\nrights than of obtaining the good- will of the\\npeople about them, insisting on erecting a\\nchapel on ground that is sacred to some\\nancestral temple, trampling upon old customs,\\nappealing for protection, and sending up, through\\nmissionary journals, long wails over their trials\\nand hardships. Every American and British con-\\nsul in China can supply dozens of cases on both", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "112 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nsides of the shield to verify my experience, but\\nwe have long since found that it is useless to\\npublish them. We can only hope that the de-\\nvoted labors of the many earnest men will tri-\\numph in the end, and that Christianity will be a\\nmighty factor in settling the vexed Chinese ques-\\ntion.\\nIn 1566 Chiaching became a guest on high in\\nspite of his vain attempt to obtain immortality by\\nmeans of elixirs and Taoist charms. His life had\\nnot been so agreeable that one would think he\\nwould have wished to perpetuate it. His reign\\nof forty-five years was filled with domestic out-\\nbreaks and wars with the Mongols and Japanese,\\nthe latter of whom at one time were so successful\\nthat they held Ningpo, Shanghai, and Soochow.\\nAlthough Chiaching effectually defeated the\\nJapanese in 1563, neither he nor his successors\\nwere able to free the coast from their periodical\\nvisitations and in 1592 a force under the com-\\nmand of the famous leader and subsequent Sho-\\ngun Hideyoshi invaded Korea and captured Seoul.\\nIn spite of their successes they were not destined\\nto obtain any firm foothold on the continent, and\\nretired to their islands much as they did in 1894,\\nfor diplomatic reasons. In fact, there are many\\nacts and movements in the Japanese invasion of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE LAST OF THE MINGS. 113\\nKorea in 1592 that closely resemble their descent\\nthree hundred years later.\\nThe reigns of the last three Ming sovereigns,\\nfrom 1573 to 1644, were mainly taken up with\\ntheir combats with the rising Manchu tribes. It\\nwas during this period that the Dutch made their\\nappearance by way of Formosa. They took pos-\\nsession of the Pescadores, and landed at Amoy,\\nfrom whence they penetrated as far as Chang\\nChow and Halting. The Dutch at the time were\\nat war with both the Spanish and Portuguese\\ntheir trading-ships went heavily armed, and sailed\\nas much for prizes as for trade. They defeated\\nthe Portuguese armament, captured Malacca and\\nthe Spice Islands, and in 1622 made an attack on\\nMacao. Being repulsed, with the loss of their\\nadmiral, they returned to the Pescadores in a\\nframe of mind that led easily to a quarrel with\\nthe Chinese and in the engagements that subse-\\nquently took place on the mainland, they were\\ninvariably worsted, and eventually compelled to\\nretreat to Formosa. Like their predecessors the\\nPortuguese, they left a bad impression on the\\nChinese mind, and by their rapacity and cruelty\\nmissed an opportunity of making Holland a world\\npower.\\nIn 1596 Queen Elizabeth dispatched a small", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "114 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nfleet under Benjamin Wood, with letters to the\\nemperor of China, but they never reached their\\ndestination; and not another attempt was made\\nuntil 1637, when Captain Weddell succeeded in\\nreaching Macao. The expedition, however, came\\nto nothing through the jealousy of the Portuguese\\nand the Jesuit missionaries, who egged on the\\nChinese to drive the English ship from the coast.\\nThe Chinese fired without warning, and were well\\npunished by the sturdy old mariner but although\\nthe Chinese were compelled to permit Weddell to\\npurchase full cargoes for his squadron, the out-\\nlook was not promising and this fact, combined\\nwith the great hazards to shipping, because of\\nthe civil wars in England and the war with\\nHolland, stopped all commercial ventures for a\\nquarter of a century.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE MANCHU BTNASTT. 115\\nVL\\nTHE RISE OF THE MANCHU\\nDTNASTT.\\n[A. D. 1676-1722.]\\nCHINA has never for a moment, in its long\\nand eventful history, lost its individuality.\\nThe so-called conquest of the empire by\\nTartars, Mongols, and Manchus proved in the end\\nto be little more than a forced infusion of new\\nblood into the old and worn-out life. The Man-\\nchus, like the Mongols, the Kins, and the Khitans,\\ncame from the north. China s great walls are on\\nthe northern frontier, and all her great battles\\nhave been fought on the line between the empire\\nas it exists to-day and Manchurian Siberia. The\\nbones of countless armies lie on both sides of this\\nshifting line and the Great Wall might stand as\\nthe most gigantic gravestone in history. China\\nhas never been successfully invaded from the\\nsouth. Russia is to-day in the north, France on\\nthe southern frontier. Russia is advancing on the\\nline of Kublai Khan and Nurhachu, and who will", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "116 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\ndare to predict what the next few years will\\ndevelop\\nNurhachu was the Kublai Khan of the new\\npower which to-day rules the destinies of the\\nempire. Like Kublai he welded into a centralized\\npower all the scattered tribes of his race who\\ncovered the territories from the Great Wall to the\\nAmoor, but unlike Kublai he himself never sat on\\nthe coveted throne. His ambition probably would\\nhave been satisfied with the recognized leadership\\nof his own people, had not the Chinese emperor,\\nWanli, interfered by supporting a rival chief.\\nHis first engagement with the dreaded imperial\\ntroops taught him the superiority of his own\\nveterans, and aroused him to the fullness of his\\nown genius. He boldly entered the Liaotung\\npeninsula, and signally defeated an army of a\\nhundred thousand. After successfully crushing\\none army after another he made Moukden his\\ncapital, where he died the following year, 1626,\\nin the sixty-eighth year of his age.\\nSo far the rise of the Manchus had been much\\nlike the rise of the Mongols, a small army of\\nveterans, led by a soldier of ability with a clearly\\ndefined object, was advancing with unerring step\\nthrough a half-hearted, badly organized, and poorly\\ncommanded mob. The Chinese emperor seemed", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION OF THE ^UEUE. 117\\nto feel that fate was crowding him and when the\\nPortuguese envoy from Macao offered to come to\\nhis rescue with two hundred arquebusiers, he\\ngladly accepted the loan. The two hundred men\\nwho were to succor an army of two hundred thou-\\nsand marched across the empire from Macao to\\nPeking, and were there told by Wanli, who had\\nfor the moment recovered from his funk, that\\nthey might leave their guns and return, which\\nthey did at their own expense, and without a\\nthank you. One cannot but speculate as to what\\nwould have been the result had Texeira s little\\nforce been allowed to go to the front. It was not\\nuntil two centuries later that China again ac-\\ncepted the loan of a foreign force to save the\\nroyal descendants of Nurhachu from the rebel-\\nlious Taipings. Chinese historians incidentally\\nnote that it was the custom of the Chinese in-\\nhabitants of conquered \u00e2\u0096\u00a0cities to shave their heads\\nin token of submission to their new masters.\\nThis is the first mention of the now universal\\ncustom of the wearing of the queue by the\\nChinese.\\nNurhachu was succeeded by his fourth son,\\nTientsung, who at once undertook the conquest of\\nKorea, and in 1629, at the head of over a hundred\\nthousand men, began the victorious march into", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "118 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nChina, which ended disastrously before the very\\nwalls of Peking. The last of the Mings, Chwang\\nLich Ti, was, however, fated, although he did sur-\\nvive the Manchu chief, Tientsung, and compelled\\nhim to retire into Mongolia. Two formidable re-\\nbellions, headed by two powerful leaders, Li and\\nChang, were distracting the provinces. Li practi-\\ncally reduced the great states of Shensi, Shansi,\\nand Honam, and felt himself of enough importance\\nin 1644 to proclaim himself emperor of China,\\nand organize a government. From Tung Wan, Li\\nmarched on Peking, capturing all the important\\ncities on the way. The emperor made no deter-\\nmined stand and after a feeble attempt to escape\\nhe hanged himself by his own girdle to a tree,\\nleaving behind a pathetic note My virtue is\\nsmall, and therefore I have incurred the anger of\\nheaven, and so the rebels have captured my\\ncapital. Let them disfigure my corpse, but don t\\nlet them kill one of my people. The tree on\\nwhich he hanged himself was afterwards loaded\\nwith chains in token of the crime it had com-\\nmitted in being instrumental to the death of a\\nson of heaven.\\nAmong the court officials who hastened to pay\\ntheir homage to the usurper was Wu, the father\\nof the celebrated imperial general, Wu Sankwei,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE BEAUTIFUL SLAVE GIRL. 119\\nwho commanded the impregnable fortress of Ning-\\nyuen, which had defied the power of all the armies\\nof the Manchus, and had saved Peking from both\\nNurhachu and Tientsung. The son Wu, with an\\narmy of veterans, was on his way to the capital\\nwhen Peking fell, when he received a letter from\\nhis father urging him to submit to Li. Sankwei\\nwas on the point of obeying his father s com-\\nmands, and about to tender his allegiance to Li,\\nwhen he heard that a beautiful slave-girl belonging\\nto him had been seized, and presented to one of Li s\\nofficers. Sankwei loved the girl and in his love\\nhe forgot filial obedience, his own future, and the\\nsafety of his family. This slave-girl, who is his-\\ntorically nameless, gave the present dynasty its\\nthrone. But for her the Manchus would have\\nremained to this day a league of scattered tribes\\nof malcontents on the frontier of China. Sank-\\nwei never saw her again; but he burned on her\\ngrave a dynasty, a city, and gave a vast empire to\\na small body of foreigners. The queue that every\\nChinaman wears might justly be claimed as a\\nbadge of mourning for the beautiful slave-girl of\\nthe general, Sankwei. In his grief and anger he\\nwrote two letters that sealed the fate of Li and\\nof Chinese nationality one upbraiding his father\\nfor not protecting his mistress, the other to Dor-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "120 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ngun, the Manchu regent, inviting him to join him\\nin the subjugation of the empire. The Manchus\\ndid not hesitate, but pushed their army forward\\nby forced marches to a junction with Sankwei. Li,\\nastonished at the turn of affairs, and determined\\nto crush the man who dared dispute his title,\\nadvanced rapidly with tAvo hundred thousand\\npicked infantry and twenty thousand cavalry. In\\nthe front line he marched the aged father of Sank-\\nwei, who by all decrees of Confucius, Sankwei\\nwas bound to obey, even to the sacrifice of his\\nown life and honor. The father not only ordered,\\nbut pleaded with him to submit but the vision of\\nthe outraged girl steeled the heart of his son, and\\nhe stood helpless while his father was murdered\\nbefore his eyes. The battle that followed was\\none of the most fiercely contested as well as one\\nof the most noted in history. Sankwei was out-\\nmatched and outnumbered, but not outgeneraled.\\nHe fought with his troops like the very spirit of\\nthe fearful storm that raged during the battle\\nbut in spite of his terrific charges he would have\\nbeen compelled to confess defeat, had not the\\nManchu advance guard of twenty thousand vet-\\neran cavalry thrown themselves into the breach\\nwith a rush that was irresistible. The fight,\\nwhich commenced as a duel, ended in a slaughter.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "SANKWEFS REVENGE. 121\\nFor fourteen miles Sankwei pursued the usurper s\\ndisorganized forces, and butchered them by the\\nhundreds. Li stayed in Peking long enough to\\nstrip the palace of its treasures, and to merci-\\nlessly execute all the family of Wu, and set fire\\nto the government buildings. Sankwei, however,\\nwas close on his heels. He left the empire to the\\nManchus, the sacking of the city to the troops,\\nand the bodies of liis family unburied but he\\nswept on, tireless, remorseless, bent solely on re-\\nvenge. His mistress was dead, his father mur-\\ndered, his family obliterated, but Li still lived.\\nBattle succeeded battle. Li, deserted by liis fol-\\nlowers, hunted like a mad dog, with all doors\\nshut to him, and even the necessities of life be-\\ncoming impossible, was killed by the rustics whom\\nhe was plundering for food and Sankwei arrived\\nonly to claim the corpse of the rebel and murderer\\nwho for a few hours had dared to sit on the\\nsacred dragon throne.\\nLeaving Sankwei to avenge the death of his\\nmistress, Dorgun entered Peking, in January,\\n1644. He proclaimed his youthful charge emperor,\\nand issued a proclamation to the people assuring\\nthem that he had come to deliver them, and that\\nthey might return to their daily avocations in\\npeace. He did not, however, offer to restore the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "122 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nthrone to its rightful owners, the Mings, but sent\\npost haste for his six-year-old nephew, and for-\\nmally transferred the Manchu capital from Mouk-\\nden to Peking. The young lord, who adopted\\nthe title of Shunchih, arrived in October, and\\nwith his advent the Manchu or Tsing dynasty\\ncame into being.\\nShunchih reigned eighteen years (1644 to 1662),\\nduring which time he completely crushed the\\nMings, and was able to hand his throne over to\\nhis successor, free from all incumbrances and\\nclaimants. His first act was to dismiss the eu-\\nnuchs from all posts of honor, and debar them for\\nall time from participating in affairs of state.\\nWhile the official class and the common people\\nabout Peking accepted Manchu rule gladly, the\\nsouthern districts of the empire remained true to\\nthe legitimate, if dissolute, Mings. Fu Wang, an\\nignorant, drunken grandson of Wanli, was pro-\\nclaimed emperor at Nanking, and Shih Kofa, a\\nman of incorruptible virtue and great influence,\\nundertook the hopeless task of winning back his\\nthrone for him. Dorgun first tried to open nego-\\ntiations, with this grand old man. He pointed out\\nthe impossibility of ever reinstating the worn-out\\nMings in the affection of the people, and offered\\namnesty to all, and great honors to Shih, if he", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE MANCHU CONQUEST. 123\\nwould give up the struggle. But it was all in\\nvain, and the. regent ordered his armies to advance.\\nThe Manchus were uniformly successful; city\\nafter city fell, the brave Shih lost his life at the\\nfall of Hangchow, and within a year from the\\ncommencement of hostilities Nanking was in their\\npower, and Fu Wang was a prisoner. It need\\nhardly be recorded that Fu Wang was not long\\ncalled upon to endure this disgrace. He was exe-\\ncuted with the usual neatness and dispatch. Fu\\nWang s successor had the pleasure of being called\\nemperor for three days, during which time he dis-\\ntinguished himself by opening the gates of Hang\\nChow to the enemy. Tang Wang, a descendant\\nof Hung Wu, in the ninth generation, next at-\\ntempted the imperial role without success and\\nafter losing Ningpo, Shanghai, Wenchow, and\\nTaichow, he fell into the hands of the conquerors\\nwith the usual unpleasant result.\\nProbably the most famous character of this\\nperiod was Koxinga, variously styled pirate, pa-\\ntriot, admiral, and king. On the ascension of\\nKwei Wang to the so-called throne, Koxinga, who\\nwas in command of the fleets as well as sole pro-\\nprietor, became the main hope of the falling cause.\\nKoxinga was the son of Admiral Chang, whose\\ncareer made a fitting prelude to the more remark-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "124 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nable one of his son. Chang was a native of\\nFuhkin, and in early life professed Christianity\\nto the Catholic missionaries. He was sent to\\nMacao, and from there went to Manila, and later\\nto Japan, in which last clime he married a Japan-\\nese. Koxinga was the fruit of this union. Chang s\\nnext move was not exactly in hne with his reli-\\ngious training. He induced a relative of his wife\\nto intrust him with a rich cargo for the Chinese\\nmarket. The proceeds of the sale of this ship and\\ncargo, which he promptly appropriated, enabled\\nChang to fit out a fleet of piratical junks. By\\nBkillful management he amassed a colossal fortune,\\nand became such a power that the Emperor Shun-\\nchih conferred on him the rank of admiral, and\\nkept him an honored but unwilling guest at Pe-\\nking. The son, Koxinga, declined with thanks\\nthe emperor s invitation to join his father in his\\ngilded cage, and assuming command of the fleet,\\nwhich had grown to over a thousand war-junks,\\nrepaired to the Pescadores and espoused the Ming\\ncause. He was, however, as expensive an ally\\nas he was a troublesome enemy. The Manchus\\ncould not meet him on the sea, and never knew\\nwhen he was going to strike on the coast. Shun-\\nchih gave up the attempt to guard his great coast-\\nline, and issued an edict commanding the natives", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CHINA S NEGATIVE POLICY, 125\\nof the littoral provinces to retire four leagues in-\\nland. The order was carried out to the letter,\\nalthough it turned fishermen into agriculturists,\\nand changed the diet of several millions of people-\\nIt furnishes a curious example of China s historic\\nnegative policy.\\nThe cause of the Mings under the leadership of\\nKwei Wang prospered for a time, and Canton fell\\ninto his hands; but his successes were only momen-\\ntary, as the relentless Wu Sankwei never for a mo-\\nment gave him a breathing-spell. After a series\\nof hard-fought battles the Ming was driven through\\nthe provinces of Kw^eichow and Yunnan, and was\\nforced to beg the protection of the Idng of Bur-\\nmah. Had it not been for the murdered slave-\\ngirl he would have been permitted to remain\\nthere; but Sankwei paid no attention to his pa-\\nthetic letter, reminding him of the honors he had\\nreceived from the last of the Ming emperors, and\\nbegging for his life, but demanded from the king\\nof Burmah his immediate surrender. The king\\nwas easily terrified by the famous general, and\\nhanded over the prince and his entire family.\\nDespairing of his life, Kwei Wang strangled him-\\nself with a silken cord, in May, 1652, thereby\\nonce again cheating Sankwei of his vengeance.\\nIn 1656 the Russian Emperor Alexis, the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "126 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nfather of Peter the Great, sent an embassy to\\nChina, with a view to establishing commercial rela-\\ntions. The Russians, however, were not prepared\\nto do in Rome as the Romans do, and positively\\nrefused to perform the kotow before the Manchu\\nemperor, a ceremony which is the equivalent to an\\nacknowledgment of vassalage, and consists in\\nmaking nine prostrations, touching the ground\\neach time with the forehead. The Russians were\\ndismissed. Shortly after the Dutch sent a similar\\nembassy. Profiting by the example of the Rus-\\nsians, the Dutch submitted to whatever was re-\\nquired. The Chinese emperors hold their levees\\nat daybreak; and the ambassadors were huddled\\ninto a cold outer apartment in their court dresses,\\nand forced to rub shoulders throughout the night\\nwith the tributary envoy of a prince of the south-\\nern Tartars, in a long crimson sheepskin coat,\\ngreat boots, bare arms, and cap surmounted with\\na horse-tail with an ambassador of a Mongol\\nkhan in a blue dress covered with embroidery a\\nrepresentative of the Grand Lama, in yellow robe,\\ncardinal s hat and beads a Korean and a Bur-\\nmese. The Dutch made the kotow with the rest,\\nand delivered their presents. In payment for\\ntheir debasement they received a letter from the\\nemperor, which read You have asked leave to", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "KANGHSI AND KOXINGA. 127\\ncome to trade in my country; but as your country\\nis so far distant, and the winds on the east coast\\nso boisterous and so dangerous to your ships, if\\nyou do think fit to send hither, I desire that it\\nmay be bat once every eight years, and no more\\nthan one hundred men in a company, twenty of\\nwhom may come up to the place where I keep my\\ncourt.\\nShunchih died a natural death, and was suc-\\nceeded by his second son, Kanghsi, one of the\\ngreatest of Chinese monarchs. He was eight\\nyears old when he ascended the throne and the\\nfirst problem that confronted him was the suppres-\\nsion of the pirate king, Koxinga. In 1663 a\\ncombined naval attack of Chinese and Dutch had\\nmade untenable Amoy, his last stronghold on the\\nmainland; so Koxinga embarked an army of\\ntwenty thousand soldiers, and sailed for Formosa,\\nwhere he was joined by large numbers of Ming\\nemigres. He demanded the surrender of the\\nDutch forts. A series of desperate battles fol-\\nlowed, in which the Dutch were worsted, and\\ncompelled to retire to their colonies in Java.\\nKoxinga assumed the sovereignty, and was recog-\\nnized by Europeans as king of Formosa. He was\\nnot content, however, to reign quietly, but kept\\nup his descents on the maritime provinces of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "128 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nChina, an finally, irritated by the conduct of his\\nson, he became mad and died, at the age of thirty-\\neight, from self-inflicted injuries. His demise\\nclosed the career of the premier pirate of all his-\\ntory. He was succeeded by his unfilial son,\\nChing Chin, who continued his father s policy of\\nravaging the coast. The Chinese fully realized\\nthat they were no match for the veteran pirate,\\nand gave up the struggle when they deserted the\\ncoasi line. On the other hand, the pirates were\\nnever able to maintain an equal fight on land.\\nFormosa is an extremely fertile island, and had\\nChing Chin s followers been willing to become\\nagriculturists, the line of Koxinga might have\\nbecome the recognized reigning house but\\nunable to resist a call to arms which promised\\nplunder, the Formosan king threw in his lot with\\nthe famous general and prince, Wu Sankwei, in a\\nrebellion that might have wrecked the Manchu\\ndynasty had Sankwei lived to direct it. Right-\\nfully or wrongfully, Kanghsi did not feel secure\\non the throne that Sankwei had won for his father,\\nso long as that veteran general had such tremen-\\ndous power in the empire. He was the prince\\nviceroy of the great provinces of Kweichow and\\nYunnan, besides possessing the prestige of being\\nthe most able general in Chinese history. Broad-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "SANKWEVS DEFIANCE, 129\\nminded and generous as was the emperor, it\\nmay have been impossible for his Chinese mind\\nto free itself of the suspicion that he would never\\nbe first in the eyes of his subjects while Sankwei\\nlived. Kano^hsi first asked for a son of Sankwei\\nto reside in court. This request was instantly\\ncomplied with. Next, the emperor invited the\\nprince to present himself at the capital. Sankwei\\ndiplomatically pleaded old age, and begged the\\nemperor to accept his compliments and excuse.\\nThe emperor foolishly pressed the point, and or-\\ndered a commission to report on the condition of\\nSankwei s health. The martial spirit of the old\\nlion was aroused at the insult and he turned on\\nthe commission Tell your master, whom I made\\nemperor, that I will come to Peking, but it will be\\nat the head of eighty thousand veterans. Sank-\\nwei knew how to strike, and to strike hard. He\\norganized his viceroyalty into a separate state, and\\nin 1674 all of Southern China fell an easy prey to\\nhis superb military genius. Kanghsi realized his\\nmistake, and tried to open negotiations but, un-\\nfortunately, in the meantime Sankwei s son at\\nPeking had been beheaded by imperial order, and\\nthe stern old general scorned his advances. How-\\never, the emperor was a foeman worthy of Sank-\\nwei s steel and although, like Napoleon, Sankwei", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "130 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nwas always victorious when he led in person, the\\nManchu forces were able to hold his generals in\\ncheck, and the Formosan king was unable to make\\nany headway on land. Still, it was not until the\\ndeath of Sankwei, from paralysis, in October, 1678,\\nthat the Manchu dynasty could feel that it was\\nfinally in possession of the empire. For three years\\nmore the fighting continued, but it was ineffective.\\nKanghsi tarnished his fame by having the body\\nof Sankwei disinterred, and his bones scattered\\nthrough the provinces, and by issuing a decree\\ndebarring forever his descendants from entering\\nliterary examinations or becoming mandarins.\\nKanghsi missed the great opportunity of his reign\\nto ennoble his name forevermore, by erecting a\\ntemple of honor to the grand old general and to\\nthe dead slave-girl who had placed his family on\\nthe throne.\\nWith the suppression of the rebellion Kanghsi\\ndecided to crush the Formosan pirates, so called,\\nwho, during the rebelHon, had possessed themselves\\nof the cities of Amoy and Halting. A force of\\nthirty thousand men and three hundred ships dis-\\nlodged Ching Chin, and compelled him to retire\\nonce more to his island capital, where he died six\\nmonths later. In July, 1683, the Chinese fleet\\nset out for Formosa, and the fate of the buccaneer", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "TOLERANCE TO MISSIONARIES. 131\\nkingdom was decided in a desperate two days\\nland and naval battle. The Manchus were suc-\\ncessful and although Koshwang, the Formosan\\nking, might have held out indefinitely, and have\\ntired the invaders out by carrying on a guerilla\\nwarfare, he preferred the title of duke and a life\\npension with a residence in Peking to a precarious\\nexistence in the mountains. Thus ended the\\nrecord of the greatest and most successful purely\\npiratical adventure in history, with the possible\\nexceptions of the Cortez expedition in Mexico and\\nthat of Pizarro in Peru. Its fate is an example\\nof the impossibility of building up an independent,\\nself-respecting nation from its criminal classes.\\nThe missionaries played a rather important role\\nduring the long reign of Kanghsi. The emperor,\\npersonally, had a perfect contempt for all reli-\\ngions but he was absolutely tolerant, and in spite\\nof the opposition of his officials he permitted\\nfreedom of worship, but forbade proselyting.\\nAs we do not restrain the lamas of Tartary,\\nhe said, or the bonzes of China, from building\\ntemples and burning incense, we cannot refuse\\nthese having their own churches, and publicly\\nteaching their religion, especially as nothing has\\nbeen alleged against it as contrary to law. Were\\nwe not to do this, we should contradict ourselves.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "132 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nWe hold, therefore, that they may biiild temples\\nto the Lord of Heaven, and maintain them wher-\\never they will; and that those who honor them\\nmay freely resort to them to burn incense and to\\nobserve the rites usual to Christianity. Pere\\nVerbiest, a Dutch priest, who was famous for his\\nscientific and philosophic learning, was employed\\nto revise the Chinese calendar, and discovered\\nthat it was an entire month too fast. He was\\nmade president of the Astronomical Board, while\\ntwo Jesuit missionaries, Gerbillon and Pereira,\\nstood equally as high in the emperor s confidence,\\nand in 1689 had the honor of concluding China s\\nfirst treaty with a European power. They might\\nhave done their religion a vast amount of future\\ngood had they been more careful of the treatment\\nof the corrupt officialdom around them but they\\nbelieved that it was their mission to expose fraud\\nin high places as well as low and in the end they\\nmade so many powerful enemies that the mis-\\nsionaries who followed them, and who w^ere not\\ngreat savants, were made to suffer for their im-\\npolitic acts. It was also unfortunate that the\\ndifferent Catholic orders could not live in harmony\\nwith each other. They quarreled so fiercely over\\nthe proper Chinese character for the name of God,\\nthat the viceroy of Canton, in 1716, petitioned", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CHINESE CANNONS. 133\\nthe emperor that he might be empowered to forbid\\nthem to live in his province. The story of the\\ndisputes of the rival orders is very interesting\\nfrom a scholastic point of view, but they were\\nresponsible for the almost utter wreck of the\\nRoman Catholic missions in China.\\nThe invasion of Galdan, the chief of the\\nEleuths, a Kalmuck tribe, with a formidable force,\\ndetermined Kanghsi to settle forever the status of\\nhis troublesome neighbors beyond the great wall\\nand the larger part of the years from 1680 to his\\ndeath in 1723 were filled with battles with these\\nhardy adventurers. Galdan, the greatest of the\\nCentral Asian leaders, was eventually driven to\\nsuicide and his successor, Tseh Wang Putan,\\nwho was made chief by Kanghsi, was afterwards\\ndethroned, with the loss of all his territory. It\\nwas in these sanguinary wars that cannon first\\ncame into use, and they were quite as effective\\nagainst the wild fighters of Tartary as they after-\\nwards became against the savage warriors of North\\nAmerica.\\nKanghsi died near the close of 1722, of a cold\\ncontracted while hunting. He had reigned sixty-\\none years, and he left a name in Chinese history\\nthat ranks him alongside of the great Yau and\\nShun. He was a man of great natural ability, a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "134 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nwise ruler, and a distinguished scholar. His dic-\\ntionary is still the standard one of China, and his\\nSixteen Maxims is part of the course of study-\\nin every Chinese school. During his reign a\\nregular trade in tea sprang up, and in 1699 a\\nfactory was established in Canton. In 1703, over\\none hundred thousand pounds of tea were ex-\\nported from Canton, and in 1715 the trade had\\nbecome so well established that a regular line of\\nBritish tea-ships was placed in commission. Quite\\na foreign settlement sprang up on the Honan side\\nof Canton, and large fortunes were made, in spite\\nof the jealousy and persecution of the Chinese\\nofficials. The little colony complained bitterly of\\nits precarious situation and the humiliations it had\\nto stand but as long as the trade was so lucrative\\nthe European nations temporized with the Chinese\\nrather than risk the possible breaking off of com-\\nmercial relations. In the end, however, commerce\\nhad to pay dearly for its early weakness and\\ntimidity.\\nYungching, the fourth son of Kanghsi, suc-\\nceeded to the throne. His rule of fourteen years\\nwas uneventful, save for the usual number of\\nrebellions and the annual picnic excursions of the\\nTartars into the northern provinces. The quar-\\nreling Catholic missionaries were formally banished", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "A DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH, 135\\nfrom the empire, and more than three hundred\\nchurches were destroyed. In 1727 Portugal sent\\nan envoy to Peking, which, as usual, resulted in\\nnothing. The same year a Russian embassy was\\nmore successful, in so far as they obtained per-\\nmission for a number of their young men to reside\\nin Peking to study the language, and that Count\\nSava managed to place his credentials directly in\\nthe august hands of the emperor rather than on\\nthe table before the throne. At the time this was\\nconsidered a great diplomatic triumph; and as\\npetty as it may seem, it may be looked upon as\\none of the steps that led to China s eventual recog-\\nnition of the equality of all nations. The last\\nstep in this whimsical procession towards the\\nthrone was taken last year by Prince Henry of\\nPrussia, when his personal call on the Emperor\\nof China was returned in person by the Son of\\nHeaven.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "136 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nVII.\\nFROM CHI EN LUNG TO HIENFUNG.\\n[A.D. 1735-A.D. 1851.]\\nWHEN Chien Lung ascended the throne\\nin 1735 at the age of twenty-five, he\\nmade a public vow that, should he,\\nlike his illustrious grandfather Kanghsi, be per-\\nmitted to complete the sixtieth year of his reign,\\nhe would show his gratitude to Heaven by resign-\\ning the crown to his heir, as an acknowledgment\\nthat he had been favored to the full extent of his\\nwishes. Not one person who was present at the\\nHall of Imperial Ancestors when the vow was\\nmade, lived to see it fulfilled but it was thus\\nkept to the very hour and minute, and it is the\\nonly example in Chinese history where a monarch\\nvoluntarily laid down the royal yellow.\\nIt was not in longevity alone that Chien Lung\\nresembled his great sire. He was a strong char-\\nacter, a great ruler, and a patron of education.\\nHis reign was disturbed with rebellions and foreign", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "RETURN OF THE TOURGOTS, 137\\nwars but the rebellions were not aimed at his\\nadministration, and the wars with Nepal, Burma,\\nand Turkestan were not of his seeking, although\\nhe never turned aside when once engaged until he\\nwas indisputably master of the field. He was\\nharsh with the Catholics, but, as he said, no more\\nso than the Catholics would be with the mission-\\naries of the Grand Lama of Thibet, should he\\nsend them to Europe to proselyte and stir up\\nstrife. His court and table were always open to\\nmissionaries of ability and Jesuits like Castiglione\\nand Attiret, who were artists and skilled workers,\\nwere treated with the greatest distinction. One\\nof the most remarkable and romantic incidents of\\nhis long reign was the return of the self-exiled\\ntribe of Tourgots from the steppes of the Kirghez\\nin Russia, where they had fled to be free from\\nearly Mongol invasion. The return of this tribe\\nof six hundred thousand people to their father-\\nland in 1772 is a most thrilling story, as told by\\nDe Quincey in his The Flight of a Tartar\\nTribe.\\nIn his war with the Gurkhas of Nepal, it seems\\nthat the British in India made a demonstration\\nthat very much aided and gratified the Chinese,\\nand the British Government thought this a good\\ntime to try to obtain some concessions that would", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "138 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nrelieve the deplorable situation at Canton. Lord\\nMacartney, late governor of Madras, at the head\\nof an imposing suite, and carrying an entire ship-\\nload of presents, arrived at Canton in 1793. He\\nwas received by the Chinese with the greatest dis-\\ntinction, and by the governors of all the cities on\\nhis way to Peking. His reception at the capital\\nand at the emperor s summer palace at Jehol was\\nmost flattering although the fact that the flag on\\nthe vessel on which he voyaged up the Peiho bore\\nthe legend, Tribute-Bearer from the country of\\nEngland, marred the joy of the occasion.\\nAll English histories of China devote more\\nspace to a narrative of the account of this mission\\nthan they do to the rest of the sixty years reign\\nof Chien Lung but other than being a most gor-\\ngeous picnic excursion for Macartney, and a vast\\nexpense to the English government, not one single\\nthing was gained, commercially or diplomatically.\\nMacartney was dismissed with sweetly bland con-\\ntempt, and his vast array of presents were ac-\\ncepted in the same spirit that Chinese emperors\\nhad been accepting presents from tributary states\\nsince the days of Shun and Yau. Europe was\\nstill valuing China at its own estimate and it is\\ncurious how small an excuse in the beginning of\\n1800 would lead to war in Europe, and yet what", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "A GREAT EMPIRE, 139\\ngross insults the same nations would submit to\\nfrom this haughty Asiatic empire.\\nIn 1796 Chien Lung abdicated on his diamond\\nanniversary, although he had three years yet to\\nlive, long enough to discover that he had made a\\ngreat mistake in his estimate of the character of\\nhis son and successor, Chiaching. For the first\\ntime in Chinese history an emperor was able to\\nturn over to his successor an empire that was at\\nabsolute peace, although its boundaries extended\\nfrom the northern steppes of Mongolia to Cochin\\nChina, and from Formosa to Nepal.\\nIt is a wise father that knows his own son, and\\nChiaching was not long in demonstrating this\\naxiom. He evidently believed that the Tsing\\ndynasty had made such a reputation for ability and\\nvirtue during the reign of its three sovereigns\\nthat it would permit him to enjoy life with per-\\nfect safety and as he saw fit. He surrounded him-\\nself with actors, bon vivants, and flatterers, and\\nthrowing all questions of ceremonial etiquette to\\nthe winds, made wine, women and song, the con-\\ntrolling influences of his court. His orgies did\\nnot rival those of many of his predecessors in\\nmagnificence or costly outlay but he was always\\nthe buffoon, and never the king, and he even car-\\nried his comedians with him when he offered", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "140 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nsacrifices at the temples of heaven and earth.\\nSung, one of his ministers, dared to point out to\\nhis royal master the disastrous effect it would\\nhave upon the nation if its high priest made\\nsport of the holy of holies. The only impression\\nthis reproof made was a peremptory summons for\\nSung to appear in court, and state what punish-\\nment he deserved. A slow and ignominious\\ndeath, which meant quartering, replied the stout-\\nhearted old statesman, who evidently thought that\\nas long as he must die, he might as well ask\\nfor the worst. Choose again, thundered the\\nastonished emperor. Let me be beheaded,\\nwas the answer. Chiaching paused for a moment\\nin deep thought, and a third time put the ques-\\ntion. This time Sung s face beamed with joy, for\\nhe believed that he was to be permitted to die an\\nhonorable death and he almost shouted in his\\nrelief, Let me be strangled. Immediately the\\nemperor dismissed the brave courtier, and made\\nhim governor of the province of Hi, or Chinese\\nSiberia, where he could exercise his great talents\\nin battlino- with the frontier marauders rather than\\nwith the emperor s shortcomings.\\nIt is sad to chronicle that Sung s reproof had\\nno effect. With such a state of affairs in court, it\\nis little wonder that rebellion and insurrection", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE PIRATE INVASION, 141\\nsprang up throughout the empire. China has\\nalways been a fertile soil for the growth of secret\\nsocieties. Their object is primarily purely philan-\\nthropic but in a time like the present reign, when\\nthe official class was given free license to squeeze\\nthe people, they became a theater for ambitious\\nschemers and the base for a revolution.\\nThe insurrection of the White Lily sect swept\\nthe provinces of Honan, Shensi, Kansu, and Sze-\\nchuan, costing thousands of lives, the greatest suf-\\nfering, and an outlay of over a hundred million\\ntaels. Naturally piracy took advantage of this\\nseason of terror and the weakness of the central\\ngovernment, to scour the seas, and ravage the coast-\\ntowns. At one time their force was estimated at\\nseventy thousand men, with eighteen hundred\\njunks and their chief, Chai, made for himself a\\nname almost as terrible as that of the great\\nKoxinga. The imperial navy was so helpless that\\nthe emperor had to petition the despised English\\nin Canton to send the war-ship Mercury to\\nsafeguard the transport of the Siamese tribute\\nfrom Bangkok to the imperial coffers. The\\nEuropean tea-ships gained nothing, however, by\\nthis action, and not only had to protect them-\\nselves from the pirates, but had to submit to all\\nthe petty exactions of the imperial guard-ships.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "142 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nIn 1802 the English occupied Macao to protect\\nit from seizure by the French; and again in 1808\\nAdmiral Drury landed a force to assist the Portu-\\nguese in case the French made the threatened de-\\nscent; and yet in spite of the obligations which\\nboth the Chinese and the Portuguese willingly\\nplaced themselves under to the English, both na-\\ntions vehemently protested and threatened when\\nH. M. S. Doris brought in 1814 the American\\nsailing-ship Hunter into Macao as a prize. The\\nChinese even threatened to shut up the port of\\nMacao to foreign trade unless the English took\\ntheir men-of-war off the coast.\\nThe Russians were no more fortunate in their\\nattempts to open a door into China. In 1805 a\\nRussian embassy reached the great wall, when\\nthey were informed that they might save them-\\nselves the trouble of journeying farther unless\\nthey intended to do the kotow. Count Goloyken\\ndeclined, and immediately retraced his long and\\ntoilsome journey. In 1816 George the Third, not\\nsatisfied with the result of the Macartney picnic,\\ndecided to try once more, and dispatched Lord\\nAmherst at the head of another one. Immediately\\non the arrival of Amherst the question of to\\nkotow, or not to kotow was raised and as\\nAmherst was firm in his refusal, he also had to", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "SUFINENESS OF ENGLAND, 143\\nturn back without gazing on the countenance of\\nthe Son of Heaven. As England did not resent\\nthe failure of the Macartney expedition, the Chi-\\nnese did not think it worth while to be even polite\\nto Amherst; and as the historian of the expedi-\\ntion puts it, the embassy was treated with brutal\\nrudeness and insulting demeanor. When it is re-\\nmembered that England at this time had won the\\nbattle of Waterloo, and was mistress of the seas,\\none cannot but wonder at her supineness in deal-\\ning with the licentious Peking court. Chiaching\\ndied in 1820, at the age of sixty-one, mourned by\\nnone, and execrated by all. It is remarkable that\\nthe consequences of his reign were not more\\nserious, and that more sanguinary outbreaks did\\nnot occur, as the imperial power was little stronger\\nthan that of one of the great viceroys.\\nThe one natural human act of Chiaching s career\\nwas his choice of his own son, Taokwang, as his\\nsuccessor. The choice was in the nature of a\\nreward. In 1813 the palace was invaded by a\\nband of armed men bent on the assassination of\\nthe emperor. The attempt would have been suc-\\ncessful but for young Taokwang, who sprang to\\nhis father s rescue, and in a hand-to-hand fight\\nkilled two of the leaders, while a relative shot a\\nthird. The emperor thus describes the affair:", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "144 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nMy imperial second son seized a matchlock, and\\nshot two of them. For this deliverance I am\\nindebted to the energies of my second son.\\nIn one particular the reign is famous in China s\\nlong history, as during it the official class learned\\nmore surprising tilings than are found in the phi-\\nlosophy of Confucius. It was an iconoclastic era,\\nin which the most revered idols were ruthlessly\\nbroken by the despised outer barbarian. To\\nthe horror of the Son of Heaven he discovered\\nthat the sons of earth not only dared to dispute\\nhis preeminence on this globe, but were prepared\\nto assert their equality. The hermit nation was\\nforced into the world, and the tributary nation\\nfiction and the kotow bugbear were swept into\\nlimbo without regard to their hoary antiquity or\\neminent respectability. The outer barbarian\\nproved to be a veritable bull in a China shop.\\nTaokwang went on to the dread throne of the cen-\\nturies, actually believing himself to be the king of\\nkings, and the most awe-inspiring object on earth\\nhe died a much wiser but sadder man, with his\\nthrone at the mercy of a few English frigates, and\\nhis august self the sport of a thousand English\\nsoldiers. Taokwang might well have believed that\\nafter me the deluge for no man in all history\\never took a fall from such a height in so brief a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "TAOKWANG S SURPRISE. 145\\ntime and the joke of it was that with Taokwang\\nit was so unexpected, and so contrary to the teach-\\nings of the classics, that he really never understood\\nwhat had happened to him up to the day of his\\ndeath. No comic opera was ever half so enter-\\ntaining as his career.\\nThe first years of the new emperor s reign were\\ndisturbed by wars with the tributary tribes of\\nTurkestan, with the Miautze, the highlanders of\\nChina, and with the Formosans, in all of which\\nthe Chinese were successful, in spite of the fact\\nthat justice was on the side of the rebels. Until\\nApril, 1834, all commercial intercourse between\\nEngland and China had been through the East\\nIndia Company; and while the position of the\\nvirtual rulers of all India was most humiliating in\\nChina, still their wrongs were strictly individual,\\nand not national ones. This state of affairs was\\nnot satisfactory to the merchants and on the ex-\\npiration of the East India Company s charter, they\\ninsisted on holding the home government respon-\\nsible for the redress of their injuries, rather than\\ntheir late employers. To meet this new condition of\\naffairs, and to provide for an official representative,\\nthe English government sent out in 1834 Lord\\nNapier as chief superintendent of trade. Napier\\nrefused to communicate with the viceroy through", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "146 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe usuax lorm of petition, but insisted that his\\ncredentials be received as they were written and\\nprepared under the direction of his queen. He\\nproceeded to Canton without asking for a passport\\nat Macao, where he remained three months with-\\nout being officially recognized further than being\\nofficially expelled in August, 1834. As a hint to\\nhasten his departure, all trade was suspended with\\nBritish subjects, Chinese servants were withdrawn\\nfrom the European settlement, and an embargo\\nplaced on provisions. After a hundred years of\\nhumiliation, the British at last made up their\\nminds to resent this last insult, and the British\\nfrigates Imogene and Andromache were\\nordered to Canton. On the way up the river they\\nsilenced the supposedly impregnable Bogue forts\\nwith about as much difficulty as they would have\\nexperienced in knocking down a Malayan stockade.\\nWith the frigate s guns covering the factories\\nat Honan, life and property for the time were safe,\\nbut trade was dead, and provisions were scarce\\nand Lord Napier, believing that discretion was the\\nbetter part of valor, withdrew to Macao, and the\\nimpertinent frigates were ordered down stream, or\\nas the mandarins boastfully expressed it in a\\nmemorial to the emperor, the barbarian eye\\n(Napier) has been driven out, and the two war-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "NO OPIUM TRADE. 147\\nships dragged over the shallows and expelled.\\nNapier died at Macao shortly after his arrival and\\nthe diplomatic victory for the moment remained\\nwith the Chinese, who were openly boastful, and\\ndespised the English for sacrificing their honor to\\nprotect their trade. But they only dimly appre-\\nciated the true character of the men with whom\\nthey were dealing and Confucius had neglected\\nto include among his stories the tale of the last\\nstraw that broke the camel s back.\\nThe Chinese government, however, had two\\ncomplaints against the foreign trade in China\\nwhich they brought forward with more or less\\nshow of reason. They complained of the vast\\namount of silver that was lost to the empire con-\\nsequent upon the trade with Europe, which\\namounted to over sixty million taels annually,\\nand also of the illicit trade in opium, foreign\\ndirt, which was fast growing to vast proportions.\\nOne of the so-called crimes which has been laid\\nat Britain s door was this forcing of opium upon\\nChina. It is a long story, and both sides have\\nbeen ably handled by eminent writers but after a\\ncareful study of all the causes that led to the first\\nand second wars in China, and the opening of the\\ntreaty ports, I think that England stood strictly\\nwithin her rights, and that opium was only an", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "148 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nincident rather than the cause of the final clash.\\nHad the Chinese been in earnest in their desire to\\nprohibit the importation of opium from India,\\nthey would have forbidden the cultivation of\\npoppy in their own provinces.\\nWhile I am an enemy of any drug or liquor that\\ndestroys manhood, I must assert that opium is less\\nharmful to the Chinese than alcohol is to the Anglo-\\nSaxon a pipe of opium taken after a hard day s\\nwork seems to be beneficial rather than destruc-\\ntive. The opium trade was a problem which cost\\nthe British government quite as many sleepless\\nnights as it did the Chinese. Lord Palmerston\\nand all the members of liis cabinet thoroughly dis-\\napproved of it, and officially let it be known that\\nEnglish subjects carried it on at their own risk.\\nIt had, however, become so mixed up with legiti-\\nmate trade that any drastic measures for its sup-\\npression would cause great hardships, and bring\\nruin to many of the pioneer English hongs in\\nChina. If the English government persisted in\\ndriving their own people out of business, it simply\\nmeant that the Dutch, French, and Americans\\nwould become their heirs. Sir G. Robinson, who\\nsucceeded Davis as superintendent of trade, be-\\ncame so exasperated at his inability to satisfy\\neither the Chinese or his own people, that in", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "SUPERINTENDENT OF TRADE. 149\\nFebruary, 1836, he wrote Lord Palmerston sug-\\ngesting that the growth of the poppy should be\\ndiscontinued m India. The failure of the English\\nto keep opium out of China is about similar to\\nour attempts to keep fire-water from the\\nAmerican Indians.\\nIn 1836 Captain Elliot, R.N., was appointed\\nsuperintendent of trade and although he was a\\nmuch stronger and more able man than his prede-\\ncessors, he weakly consented to petition to the\\nviceroy for permission to reside outside of Canton,\\nthus for the time surrendering the point which\\nhad caused Lord Napier s downfall. The viceroy\\nrightfully considered this as a great diplomatic\\nvictory, after England had demonstrated her supe-\\nriority in war, and in his dispatch to the emperor\\nsaid that the troubles with the barbarians were\\nover, and that, as an inferior race, they would\\nhenceforth meekly occupy the position which they\\nought to be content to accept. In the meantime\\nthe opium question had caused much wrangling\\nin the Peking cabinet. Some were for legalizing\\nthe drug, others were for its total exclusion. In\\n1839 the anti-opium party became supreme, and\\nLin was appointed with full powers to suppress\\nthe traffic. Eight days after his arrival in Canton\\n(March 18, 1839) Lin ordered that all opium in", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "150 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nthe foreign factories should be delivered to him.\\nFollowing up his order, he surrounded the foreign\\ngod owns with his braves, lined the water-front\\nwith war-junks, and ordered the Chinese servants\\nto again withdraw from the service of the barbari-\\nans. By the 4th of May, there being no alter-\\nnative, 20,283 chests of opium were handed over\\nto Lin but every concession made by the Euro-\\npeans for the sake of trade only brought with it\\nfresh humiliation. After obtaining the opium\\nand partially destroying it, the wily Lin over-\\nreached himself in demanding that sixteen of the\\nleading merchants should be turned over to him for\\npunishment for having engaged in illegal trade.\\nThe English declined, and left Canton in a\\nbody for jNlacao. Here, however, they found that\\nthey were unwelcome guests and on the 26th\\nAugust, 1839, they, with all they possessed, de-\\nparted for the rocky, inhospitable, pirate-invested\\nisland of Hong Kong. This was, however, going\\na step farther than Lin had intended, as he had\\nno wish to actually lose the lucrative English\\ntrade. He promptly entered into negotiations\\nwith Elliot for the return of the obstinate barba-\\nrians to Canton, where it would be easier for\\nhim to squeeze them to his heart s content.\\nThe English were foolishly about to consent to", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "BATTLE OF CHUNPL 151\\nreturn, when Lin again overreached himself by\\ninsisting that the English merchants should sign\\na bond consenting to come under Chinese law,\\nand to be tried and punished by it. On receipt\\nof Elliot s refusal, he and his fugitive colony were\\nordered to leave Chinese soil within three days.\\nHaving nowhere to go, they decided to once more\\nappeal to arms. An engagement took place be-\\ntween Lin s fleet of war-junks and fire-ships and\\nH. B. M. s Volage and Hyacinth on Novem-\\nber 3, 1839, at Chunpi, in which the Chinese were\\nbadly worsted. Lin was in no way shocked at\\nthe result, but immediately placed a price upon\\nElliot s head. By this time the English govern-\\nment at home had discovered that if it ever in-\\ntended to do anything to protect its interests in\\nChina, it must commence at once or give up the\\nstruggle.\\nIn 1841 Sir Gordon Bremer blockaded Canton,\\noccupied Tinghai on the island of Chusan, and\\nthen proceeded to the mouth of the Peiho, where\\nCaptain Elliot was met by Kishen, the imperial\\ncommissioner, who was successful in inducing the\\nfleet to return to Canton. Here the talk con-\\ntinued for six weeks with no result, until on the\\n6th of January, 1841, Elliot grew tired of the\\ndiplomatic delays, and did the only thing that", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "152 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nChinese statesmen understand sent an ultima-\\ntum, and demanded an answer within twelve\\nhours. No reply being received, the English\\nships opened fire on the forts at Chuenti and\\nTaikoh, reducing both places in an hour, and in-\\nflicting a loss of five hundred killed and two hun-\\ndred wounded, and the destruction of sixteen\\nwar-.junks. This proceeding was a great shock to\\nthe Canton officials and they made haste to enter\\ninto a treaty whereby Hong Kong was ceded to\\nthe English, six million dollars paid for the opium\\ndestroyed, and they graciously condescended to\\nrecognize English officials on terms of equality.\\nCanton was also to become an open treaty port.\\nWhen the Son of Heaven heard of this treaty\\nhe was thunderstruck. Kishen was promptly\\narrested, and carried a prisoner to Peking. The\\ntreaty was disavowed, and fifty thousand dollars\\nwas placed on the heads of Captain Elliot, Sir\\nGordon Bremer, and Mr. Morrison. This time\\nthe English did not hesitate. They stormed and\\ntook the famous Bogue forts, and the guns of\\nthe squadron were trained on the city of Canton.\\nThis was going too far and rather than have the\\nmatch touched to them, the Chinese officials were\\nwilling that their august sovereign should be\\nthunderstruck the second time. Another treaty", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH CONQUEST. 153\\nwas entered into but it soon became clear to the\\nEnglish that the maintenance of peace was impos-\\nsible until the Chinese were thoroughly con-\\nvinced of the superiority of the European methods\\nof making war. What had taken place in Canton\\nmost profoundly shocked his majesty, but he\\nascribed the defeat of the Chinese to the inca-\\npacity of his leaders then, Canton was a long\\nway from Peking, and the impression made by\\nthe foreigners was not near enough at home. To\\ncorrect this fault the British fleet sailed north-\\nward on August 21, 1842, taking Amoy on the\\nway, and retaking Tinghai. They next reduced\\nChenhai, to the great surprise of Viceroy Yukien,\\nand occupied Ningpo without firing a shot. The\\nemperor and his hide-bound cabinet were begin-\\nning to grow nervous but it was not until\\nWusung and Shanghai had fallen chat Taokwang\\ncommenced to think seriously of effectually crush-\\ning the impertinent barbarians.\\nOn the 3d August the fleet started up the\\nYangtse-Kiang for the ancient capital of Nan\\nking, and on the 9th the debarkation of troops\\nbegan. The imperial commissioners, Ilipu, Kiying,\\nand Niukien, seeing that the game was up, asked J\\nfor an armistice and another treaty was signed\\nwhich was genuine, and the first war with China", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "154 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ncame to an end. This treaty of August 29, 1842,\\nopened to the world the great ports of Canton,\\nAmoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai; gave\\nHong Kong to the British, along with a war in-\\ndemnity of $20,000,000.\\nOn July 3, 1844, a treaty of peace, amity, and\\ncommerce was concluded between the United\\nStates and China by Caleb Gushing for the United\\nStates, and Tsiyeng, of the imperial house, a vice-\\nguardian of the heir apparent, governor-general of\\nthe two Kwangs, and superintendent-general of\\nthe trade and foreign intercourse of the five ports,\\non the part of China. The treaty was, however,\\nnot signed without the usual attempt of evasion\\nand procrastination. When Mr. Cushing arrived\\nin February, 1844, on the United States ship\\nBrandywine, he took up his residence in Macao.\\nHe was at once informed, in a most solemn and\\nimpressive manner, that he would on no account\\nbe allowed to proceed to Peking, as the United\\nStates had never yet sent tribute to the Son of\\nHeaven, and could not therefore be included\\namong the tributary states.\\nThis impertinence came a little late; and al-\\nthough negotiations were impeded by a riot, in\\nwhich an American killed a Chinaman, the treaty\\nwas finally concluded without the United States", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "FOREIGN RELATIONS. 155\\nhaving to acknowledge the superiority of the Chi-\\nnese emperor. However, on account of the bad\\nblood that had arisen over the matter, President\\nTyler conceded the withdrawal of Mr. Gushing,\\nwho left Macao for the United States on August\\n27, 1844.\\nHe was succeeded by Alexander H. Everett,\\nwho was taken ill on the way, and returned imme-\\ndiately to the United States. During his absence,\\nCommander James Biddle, U. S. Navy, and Peter\\nParker, were in charge of the legation. Mr,\\nEverett returned to China in October, 1846, and\\nremained until June, 1847. Mr. Parker was again\\nin charge of the legation, from that date until the\\narrival of Mr. John W. Davis, August 24, 1848.\\nIn 1844 United States consulates were established\\nat Hong Kong and Canton, with Thomas W. Wal-\\ndron and Paul S. Forbes respectively as consuls.\\nOn October 23, 1844, a treaty was signed be-\\ntween China and France, similar to those en-\\ntered into by England and the United States.\\nThe Chinese officials at Canton, however, did not\\ntake kindly to the provisions of these treaties, and\\nmobs and murders were quite the order of the\\nday. The Bogue forts had to be, for the third\\ntime, reduced. It is worth recording here, that in\\nJuly, 1844, a Chinese mob at Canton would have", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "156 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nburned the foreign factories, but for the interfer-\\nence of the American frigate St. Louis, which\\nwent to their relief from Whampoa, a port of\\ncall distant fifteen miles from Canton. The Eng-\\nlish at the time had a strong fleet at Hong Kong,\\nbut for some reason they took no interest in these\\nrepeated calls for protection from the Canton mer-\\nchants. However, before the death of Taokwang,\\nin 1850, the empire had begun to accommodate\\nitself to the new state of affairs, and the foreign\\ndevils had made themselves quite at home within\\nthe five treaty ports.\\nFrom this date on, China may be considered as\\nbelonging to the sisterhood of nations, and her\\nhistory a part of the world s history. Although\\nfrom an international point of view the most inter-\\nesting event of Taokwang s reign w^as the strug-\\ngle that led up to the opening of the treaty ports,\\nit must not be understood that it was free from in-\\nternal rebellions, secret societies, insurrections, and\\ncourt cabals. In fact, the seeds of the great\\nTaiping rebellion, that shook the empire to its\\nvery center, were sown and nurtured during the\\nlast years of his reign. The murder of the gover-\\nnor of Macao, M. Amaral, which was incited by\\nthe Canton viceroy, was the means of losing to\\nChina the suzerainty of the Portuguese colony.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN COMMERCE. 157\\nThe American trade to China commenced\\nshortly after the Revolutionary War. The first\\nrecorded facts regarding it date from the season\\nof 178^-1785, at which time two American ships,\\nthe Empress of China, John Green, master, with\\nMajor Samuel Shaw of Boston, late aide-de-camp\\nto General Knox, as supercargo, and the Pallas,\\nwhich was consigned to Robert Morris, one of\\nthe signers of the Declaration of Independence,\\nwere loaded at Canton for the United States.\\nAmong the other cargo they carried 880,100\\npounds of tea. The next season there was only\\none vessel at Canton, which exported 695,000\\npounds of tea. In 1786-1787 there were six\\nships engaged in the trade viz., Hope, Ex-\\nperiment, Grand Turk, Jenny, Washing-\\nton, and Asia, which carried tea to the extent\\nof 1,181,860 pounds.\\nDuring the season of 1832-1833 there were\\nfifty-nine American ships at Canton. The car-\\ngoes they brought are rather interesting, as they\\nshow to a certain extent what demand had devel-\\noped among the Chinese for American goods.\\nThe principal items were quicksilver, lead, iron,\\ncopper, tin-plates, opium, ginseng, rice, broad-\\ncloth, camlets, chintzes, cambrics, velvets, bomba-\\nzettes, fancy handkerchiefs, Hnen, cotton drilling.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "158 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nyarn, and prints, sea-otter, fox anc! seal skins,\\npearl shells, sandalwood, cochineal, music-boxes,\\nclocks, and watches. If we add to this list\\nAmerican flour and kerosene oil, it will cover all\\nour exports to the China of to-day. Evidently\\nthese early Boston merchants had a keen eye for\\nChinese peculiarities, and, unlike many of our mod-\\nern merchants, did not waste their time and money\\nin trying to sell them something they did not\\nwant.\\nThe growth of trade between the United States\\nand Canton was steady and encouraging. In\\n1805 American sailing-vessels brought into the\\ncountry $5,326,358 worth of American goods,\\nand bought $5,127,000 worth of tea, silk, camphor,\\netc. In 1833 these imports had increased to\\n18,362,971, and the exports to America to $8,372,-\\n175. Mr. Forbes remained consul at Canton\\nuntil 1855, when he was succeeded by Oliver H.\\nPerry of Massachusetts.\\nIt is interesting to note in this connection that\\nthe first official commercial trade report on China\\nthat was ever submitted to the United States\\nCongress was written by Major Shaw, the talented\\nsupercargo of the Empress of China. His ship\\narrived in New York, ]\\\\Iay 11, 1785, and shortly\\nafter Shaw addressed an able and very interesting", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE SHAW TREATY. 159\\nhistory of the voyage to John Jay, secretary of\\nstate, and an earnest worker for American develop-\\nment. Mr. Jay laid the Shaw treaty before Con-\\ngress, and that body resolved That Congress\\nfeels a peculiar satisfaction in the successful issue\\nof this first effort of the citizens of America to\\nestablish a direct trade with China, which does so\\nmuch honor to its undertakers and conductors.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "160 CHIN J S OPEN DOOR.\\nVIII.\\nFROM THE TAIPING REBELLION\\nTO THE CHUFOO CONVENTION.\\n[A.D. 1857 -A.D. 1876.]\\nWHEN Hienfung came to the throne he\\nfound himseK confronted with pro-\\nbably the last of the old-fashioned\\nrebellions that will ever devastate all China.\\nTo-day all parts of the empire are connected\\nby the telegraph, steamers force the currents\\nof the swiftest rivers, and a small body of\\nill-paid imperial troops, with modern arms in\\ntheir hands, would soon, if they did not decide\\nto join hands with the rebels, quiet a mob of\\npeasantry armed with scythes and gingalls.\\nBefore the introduction of the telegraph a\\nleader like Hung Hsiutsuan, the Heavenly\\nKing of the Taipings, could collect about him a\\nfew thousand malcontents, swoop down on a city,\\nadd it to his force, and continue without much\\nopposition until one or more provinces and an\\narmy of 200,000 men stood at his back, before", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE TAIPING REBELLION, 161\\nthe imperial ears at Peking had received a hint as\\nto the disturbance. It will be noted that nearly\\nall Chinese rebellions originate in a frontier or\\nremote province. The neighborhood of Canton\\nhas always been a fertile germinating ground. The\\nraison d etre for a rebellion is always plunder the\\nexcuse, reform, and the overthrow of the ruling\\ndynasty.\\nThe Taipings cry was, Down with the Tar-\\ntar. Their platform was purity and their\\nleader professed to be a Christian, and to receive\\nrevelations direct from God. He called his sect\\nthe Association of the Almighty. Starting in\\nthe neighborhood of Canton, the rebels occupied\\nthe cities of Lienchow, Yunganchow, and Nanking.\\nThe Viceroy Yeh of Canton was thoroughly\\nalarmed, and prepared for a vigorous defense but\\nHung feared to risk a set-back, and marched from\\nKwangtung province into Hunan, and on March\\n8, 1853, established himself in Nanking, which\\nhe made his capital. Hung proclaimed himself\\nemperor, and by the same authority created five\\nof his chiefs princes of the new Taiping dynasty.\\nThe luxury of the palaces of Nanking proved too\\nmuch for this son of the soil and fanatical dreamer,\\nand as a factor in the subsequent events he was\\nlost. Two months later a force was dispatched", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "162 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nto storm Peking, for without possession of the\\nimperial city no rebel king could stand before his\\nfollowers as a king in anything more than name.\\nIt was a perilous undertaking, and Hung and his\\ngenerals ought to have been contented with one-\\nhalf of the empire. The distance was over one\\nthousand miles and even if the imperial troops\\nwere paralyzed with fear, there were great rivers\\nto ford and mountains to cross without pontoon-\\ntrains, engineer corps, or commissariat.\\nThe march was a daring one, yet it reflects\\nmore discredit on the imperial forces than on the\\ninvaders. In six months time the rebels had\\ntraversed four provinces, taken twenty-six cities,\\nsubsisted on the enemy, and finally intrenched\\nthemselves near Tientsin, within a hundred miles\\nof Peking. Here, however, they found their\\nCapua, and seemed to lose all desire to possess\\nthe capital. For two years this vast army gave\\nitself up to raids and wholesale robberies, at the\\nend of which time it drifted back to Nanking a\\ndisorganized mass. It was at this time that the\\nnow celebrated statesman, Li Hung Chang, first\\ncame on the scene as colonel of a volunteer regi-\\nment. He did not, however, have an opportunity\\nto make a reputation as a soldier.\\nNot satisfied with the lessons that had been", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "ALLIES ENTER PEKING, 163\\ntaught them by the first real contest with West-\\nern arms, or deterred by the victorious march of\\nthe Taipings, China rushed blindly into a war\\nwith England and France that revealed to the\\nworld all her rottenness and sham.\\nThe day the allies entered Peking, and put the\\ntorch to the emperor s palace, the carefully built up\\nprestige of China departed from her high estate\\nshe fell to the level of her tributary nations of\\nKorea, Burma, and Turkestan. For two hundred\\nyears she had treated the Occidentals as the dirt\\nunder her feet, and had looked upon all the earth\\nas little more than barbarian frontiers. As in her\\nprevious wars with the Kins, the Khitans, and the\\nMongols, the Son of Heaven was not permitted to\\nbe disturbed in his fancied security until his\\nsacred person was in actual momentary danger;\\nand then, as usual, he ignominiously fled, and per-\\nmitted events to take their own course. The\\nEnglish soon discovered that taking and retaking\\nthe defenses of Canton, the occupation of small\\ntracts of territory like Hong Kong Island, or the\\nplacing of a ransom on the provincial capital itself,\\nmade little impression on the imperial court, and\\nif they ever expected to be fully recognized as an\\nequal, and be protected in trade, the final battle\\nmust be fought in Peking itself so in 1856 and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "164 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\n1857, when the Viceroy Yeh of Canton, under in-\\nstructions from the Peking government, inaugur-\\nated a high-handed and brutal pohcy in his dealings\\nwith the foreign merchants, the British govern-\\nment did not rest with the capture of the Bogue\\nforts, the occupation of Canton, and the banish-\\nment of the haughty Yeh. The time had come\\nwhen China must be forced to enter into a treaty\\nthat forever safeguarded the rights of all foreign-\\ners, or fight. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, repre-\\nsenting the English and French forces, addressed\\na letter to Yu, the first member of the Privy\\nCouncil, demanding that a commission should\\nmeet at Shanghai to discuss conditions of peace.\\nMr. William B. Reed, American minister, and\\nhis Russian colleague, wrote the council in the\\nsame line. The reply was, as might be expected,\\nevasive and unsatisfactory. The British fleet,\\nearly in May, 1857, under the command of Ad-\\nmiral Sir Michael Seymour, proceeded to the\\nPeiho, reduced the Taku forts, and anchored be-\\nfore Tientsin. The ease with which the impreg-\\nnable Taku forts had been knocked to pieces by\\nthe English guns caused great consternation in\\nPeking and the emperor made haste to conclude\\na treaty with Lord Elgin, whereby the English\\nwere permitted to have a resident minister in", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "BOMBARDMENT OF TAKU. 1G5\\nPeking, the ports of Newchwang, Tengchow,\\nFormosa, Swatow, and Kienchow were opened,\\nand the opium traffic was legalized. The treaty\\nwas signed on June 26, 1857. The United States,\\nFrance, and Russia completed similar treaties im-\\nmediately after.\\nThe Chinese, however, considered that the treaty\\nhad been wrung from them by force, and its ratifi-\\ncation was evaded and delayed. In Canton mobs\\nwere incited to murder foreigners, and a reward\\nof thirty thousand dollars was placed on the head\\nof the British consul, Harry Parks. As a last\\nresource, the wily Celestial tried to induce the\\nEnglish and French to have their treaties ratified\\nat Shanghai instead of at Peking; but Messrs.\\nBruce and Bourboulon declined, and ordered their\\nallied forces to assemble off the mouth of the\\nPeiho. The Chinese, finding that evasion was no\\nlonger possible, determined once more to try their\\nfortunes on the battlefield. The allies soon dis-\\ncovered that, while they had been making useless\\ntreaties, the enemy had been working day and\\nnight on the defenses of Taku, and blocking the\\nriver with massive booms, iron stakes, and rafts.\\nOn the night of June 23, 1859, one of the booms\\nwas blown up and the next day the British fleet,\\nunder Admiral Hope, attempted to force the pas-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "166 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nsage, while a force of six hundred marines and\\nengineers stormed the forts. Both attacks were\\nunsuccessful, and the British were repulsed with\\nvery severe losses. It was during this engage-\\nment that the now famous phrase, blood is\\nthicker than water, was born. The American\\ncommodore, Tatnal, was present at the engage-\\nment and seeing that the battle was going badly\\nfor the English, and that their gunboats were\\nbeing rapidly disabled by the heavy fire from the\\nforts, was unable to stand calmly by and see the\\nmen of his own flesh and blood mowed down.\\nHe ordered his flagship to tow the English boats\\ninto action, and to remain under fire as long as\\nthere was anyone to rescue. When called upon\\nfor an explanation of his conduct, he replied that\\nblood was thicker than water.\\nThe initial success of the Chinese was the very\\nworst thing that could have happened to them. It\\nconvinced them that their former reverses had\\nbeen simply the result of bad leadership, and con-\\nfirmed them in their determination to repudiate\\nthe treaty. Mr. John E. Ward, who in 1859 had\\nsucceeded Mr. Reed as American minister, was\\ninvited by the governor-general of Chihli to come\\nto Pehtang, who promised to send him in safety\\nto Peking, where the ratifying of the treaty could", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "MR, WARD S TRIAL, 167\\nbe discussed. The viceroy was as good as his\\nword as far as sending him to Peking was con-\\ncerned but it was done only to amuse the people\\nalong the route by making a spectacle of one of\\nthe hated barbarians. Not a word was said re-\\ngarding the ratification of the treaty; and after\\nbeing made grave sport of by the imperial com-\\nmissioner at Peking, he was returned right side\\nup with care, to Pehtang, where he foolishly con-\\nsented to ratify the treaty on August 16, 1859.\\nIt was a weak and unnecessary concession\\non his part, as he should have stood out with\\nthe English and French plenipotentiaries, and\\nordered, if necessary, the American squadron to\\njoin with the allies in forcing the Celestials to\\nabide by the strict letter of the law. A ridiculous\\nrumor, illustrated by appropriate pictures, respect-\\ning this journey, was circulated in Paris, to the\\neffect that Mr. Ward and his party were conducted\\nfrom the coast in an immense box, or traveling-\\nchamber, drawn over land by oxen, and then put\\non a raft to be towed up the river and imperial\\ncanal as far as the gate of the capital. Fortu-\\nnately for the future of trade in China, the Eng-\\nlish and French ministers would not submit to the\\nindignities enjoyed by Mr. Ward and in March,\\n1860, the English minister, Bruce, presented an", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "168 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nultimatum, demanding reparation for the treacher-\\nous attack at Taku, and an immediate fulfillment\\nof the treaty. The ultimatum only provoked a\\nsneer from Peking; and by August 12 of the\\nsame year a force of thirteen thousand English,\\nunder Sir Hope Grant, seven thousand French,\\ncommanded by General Montauban, and two thou-\\nsand five hundred Cantonese Coolies, advanced\\nfrom the land side on the Taku forts.\\nThe attack was without precedent in Chinese\\nmilitary science, certainly it was only the fair\\nthing for the barbarians to attack as they had\\nbefore, on the river front. The Chinese general,\\nSankolinsin, was thunderstruck when he saw the\\nallied force on land, and marching rapidly on the\\nundefended side of his forts but like a good Chi-\\nnese general he immediately wrote his imperial\\nkinsman and master that the barbarians had landed\\nwith his full knowledge and consent, as he wished\\nto entice them away from their ships, and then\\noverwhelm them. The Son of Heaven readily saw\\nthe astuteness of the scheme, and Sankolinsin\\nmight have won a peacock feather and a yellow\\njacket had the last part of his plan of campaign\\nworked as well as the first. Unfortunately for him,\\nhowever, he did not take the allies into his confi-\\ndence and they, not understanding his wily strat-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE OF TIENTSIN. 169\\nQgj^ never stopped in their march until the Taku\\nforts were in their hands. The battle was a stub-\\nbornly contested one, the Chinese standing to\\ntheir guns manfully, even after their officers had\\ndeserted. The allies occupied Tientsin, and de-\\nclined to receive any overtures from the imperial\\ncommissioners as long as the Cliinese forces were\\npreparing to resist their advance to the capital.\\nOn the 9th of September the allies left Tientsin\\nfor Tungchow and on the way they were met by\\nTsai, prince of I, who was most convincing in his\\nprotestations that the Son of Heaven was anxious\\nfor an honorable peace. Unfortunately again for\\nChinese diplomacy, Consul Parkes, on an early\\nmorning ride, discovered that the troops of the\\namusing Sankolinsin were so disposed in ambush\\nthat they would be able to fire upon the allies\\nnext proposed camp from three sides. Parkes dis-\\npatched his companion, Loch, to warn Sir Hope\\nGrant, while he hurried to the quarters of the\\nPrmce of I to demand an explanation. His\\ntemerity cost liim his liberty and nearly his life\\nand the Chinese forces, throwing off all pretenses\\nof peace, fought the battle of Changchiawan, in\\nwliich they suffered a crushing defeat. Sankolin-\\nsin made a last stand at Palichiao on September\\n21, but he was not able to turn the allies from", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "170 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nPeking. In the meantime the emperor had fled\\nto Jehol, and left his brother, Prince Kung, in\\ncommand. Kung informed Elgin and Gros that\\nhe had full power to conclude a treaty, and asked\\nfor an armistice. The commissioners, however,\\nhad had quite enough of Chinese diplomacy, and\\ndeclined to cease hostilities until Consul Parkes\\nand his associates were released. No answer was\\nmade and the order was given to march on Peking,\\nand occupy the emperor s summer palace, Yuen-\\nMing- Yuen. This had the desired effect, as far as\\nsuch of the prisoners were concerned, as had been\\nfortunate enough to live through the hardships,\\nbrutality, and tortures of their prisons.\\nThe sight of the sufferings of the survivors\\nof the original thirty aroused such indignatioa\\nthroughout the allied army that the commissioners\\nin addition to the one hundred thousand pounds\\nthat they demanded as an indemnity for the fam-\\nilies of the murdered men, decided to destroy the\\nbeautiful summer palace. This was done after\\nthe occupation of Peking. The game was now\\nentirely in the hands of the allies and it is hardly\\nnecessary to state that the Tientsin treaty was\\nratified within the sacred walls of Peking, in spite\\nof the theatrical raving of the imperial coward at\\nJehol. A convention was also signed whereby", "height": "3516", "width": "2224", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3516", "width": "2224", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CESSION OF HONG KONG. 171\\nChina paid eight million taels for war expenses,\\nand ceded to Great Britain the Kowloon coast-\\nline, directly opposite to Hong Kong. The Eng-\\nlish were entirely too modest in their demands in\\nthis cession. Had they taken ten times as much\\nterritory on the mainland, it would have saved\\nthem much future trouble. The size of the ces-\\nsion, however, was controlled by the range of the\\ncannon of 1860, the best of which would carry\\nlittle farther than across the strait which separates\\nthe mainland from the island of Hong Kong.\\nWith this narrow strip added to the colony, the\\nEnglish military experts of the time announced\\nthat Hong Kong was strategically secure. Less\\nthan twenty years after, it was discovered that\\nHong Kong was at the mercy of the modern\\nguns of a fleet lying perfectly protected by\\na range of intervening mountains seven miles\\ndistant. The result was that England was forced\\nin 1898 to ask, or rather demand, the lease of an\\nadditional area of territory embracing Mir s and\\nDeep Bays. Any demand for territory after the\\nfall of Peking would have been speedily met by\\nthe emperor, and England might have added half\\nthe delta of the Pearl River to her list of colonial\\npossessions. Even in the cession of the last four\\nhundred square miles England erred in taking", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "172 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\neither too little or too much. For military pur-\\nposes half the territory would have been sufficient,\\nand easily defended; for agricultural purposes,\\ntwo hundred square miles additional would have\\nmade the new territory self-supporting. However,\\nthe Englishman is a thorough-going colonist, and\\na believer in good roads; and the ink was hardly\\ndry on the so-called lease before a small army of\\nChinese coolies were cutting a great turnpike\\nthrough the very heart of the sterile peninsula,\\nand the forestry department was planting trees by\\nthe thousands over the barren red hills. In April,\\n1898, my big tug-boat, the Fame, was nearly\\nwrecked in trying to carry dispatches to Dewey s\\nfleet, which lay in Chinese waters but seven miles\\naway as the crow flies, but fifty miles by sea.\\nWithin three months after the occupation of this\\nmountainous, roadless stretch of land, I rode my\\nbicycle in an hour to the shore of Mir s Bay, over\\na broad macadamized road. Yet we refuse to\\ntake advantage of England s colonial experiencQ\\nin solving our troubles in the Philippines.\\nIn passing upon Russia s course in Chma from\\nthe same date (1860) no like hesitancy or lack of\\npolicy can be laid at her door. From the day\\nwhen she obtained her foothold on the uninhabited\\nsteppes between Usuri and the ocean, she never", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "RUSSIAN EXPANSION. 173\\nwavered in her iinmistakable determination to\\nobtain an open seaport on the Pacific. In the be-\\nginning Russia may not have appreciated the\\nwealth and possibilities of the land that she was\\nabsorbing from year to year, but that was a\\nquestion that she could well afford to leave for\\nfuture investigation. She expanded on the line of\\nleast resistance, and all was fish that came to her\\nnet. Neither did Russia worry herself regarding\\nthe populating or improving of these vast tracts,\\nand until twenty years ago the land remained as\\nshe found it. Her clearly defined poHcy has\\nalways been to never look a gift-horse in the\\nmouth, and to thankfully receive every thing that\\ncame her way. The freedom of the serf, which at\\nthe time was looked upon as the harmless fad of\\nan amiable emperor, supplied the wanting popula-\\ntion. The freed peasantry of Russia eagerly ac-\\ncepted government aid to get away from their\\nformer masters, and the traditions of their old\\nland of bondage and in a surprisingly short time\\nthey transformed Siberia from a penal colony\\nto a prosperous dependency that is fast becoming\\nto the empire what Australia is to Great Britain.\\nThe net result of this onward policy to-day is\\nthe practically completed trans-Siberian railway\\nand the acquisition of Port Arthur and Tailewan", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "174 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nto-morrow it may be Peking and the Yangtsze\\nvalley. Great Britain, Germany, and France lease\\na few hundred square miles each and while they\\nare arguing over the terms, Russia quietly extends\\nher frontiers to cover half the province.\\nThe fortunes of the Taipings rose and fell from\\nyear to year. They were at high tide in 1860 and\\nthe Manchus, despairing of ever regaining their\\nsway, appealed to the foreigners with whom they\\nhad lately been at war to come to their assistance.\\nAt the suggestion of Li Hung Chang, now viceroy,\\nthe Chinese merchants of Shanghai organized\\nthemselves into a patriotic association, raised a\\nfund, and engaged two Americans, Ward and\\nBurgevine, to form a foreign legion, for the protec-\\ntion of the city, and conduct operations against the\\nrebels. Under the able leadership of Ward, the\\never victorious army of four hundred adven-\\nturers, of all nationalities, captured a number of\\ncities, and obtained as their reward a large amount\\nof plunder but in spite of high pay and rich\\npickings. Ward found it necessary to lead every\\nattack in person in order to make his rabble fight\\nand in the storming of the city of Tzuki he was\\nmortally wounded. He was succeeded by his\\nlieutenant, Burgevine, who made war upon the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CHINESE GORDONr 175\\npurse of the patriotic association rather than upon\\nthe common enemy, and ended by being dismissed\\nfrom his command before he had fought a battle.\\n^^e was replaced by Major Gordon, who was lent\\nby the British general, Stavely, and new life was\\ngiven to the discordant element of the ever vic-\\ntorious army. Gordon s first point of attack was\\nFushan, which fell an easy prey, and brought about\\nthe capitulation of Changshu. Li Hung Chang\\nwas naturally delighted with his allies, and the\\nemperor conferred upon Gordon the rank of\\ngeneral in the Chinese service, a distinction of\\nwhich Li would like to have relieved him a little\\nlater, in company with his head.\\nThe capture of Taitsang and Kunshan opened\\nthe way to the important city of Soochow. On a\\npromise from Gordon that all the lives of the rebel\\ncommanders would be spared, the city capitulated.\\nLi, however, paid no attention to his subordinate s\\nplighted word, and had them all promptly exe-\\ncuted. When the report of Li s bloodthirsty\\ntreachery was brought to Gordon, he was so\\nenraged that he grasped a rifle, and started for\\nhead-quarters. Li, however, did not await his call,\\nand precipitately decamped before Gordon arrived.\\nGordon was not a philosopher, and not being\\nwilling to overlook Li s act as an interesting", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "176 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nChinese characteristic, sent in his resignation. I\\nthought of this episode in Li s checkered career as\\nI talked with the famous Chinaman one day in\\nHong Kong, when he was on his way to Canton\\nto act as viceroy of the Two Kwangs. Li had\\nbeen descanting for an hour upon the injustice we\\nwere doing his countrymen by excluding them\\nfrom the Philippines. His last words to me were,\\nTell General Otis that Li Hung Chang asks him\\nto be kind to the Chinese. I could not but\\nsmile at the pathos in his voice in the light of his\\nhistory.\\nFor the fall of Soochow, Li received from the\\nemperor the yellow jacket that he lost at the\\nclose of the late Japanese war. He was also\\nordered to hand Gordon ten thousand taels and\\nthe military button of the first rank. Li did as\\nordered, and his envoys were received by Gordon\\nwith a walking-stick, and Avere soundly thrashed out\\nof his tent. Li humbled himself, and begged\\nGordon to consider his resignation. In a short\\ncampaign Gordon reduced the Taiping king, and\\nstripped him of all his possessions save Nanking.\\nThe imperial army under Tseng Kwofan, the\\nfather of the late Marquis Tseng, who afterwards\\nrepresented China at the court of St. James, took\\nthat city by assault. The heavenly king", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "LI HUNG CHANG. 177\\npoisoned himself with gold leaf, and his heir was\\nbeheaded in an attempt to escape. The great\\nTaiping rebellion was at an end, but China had\\nlearned nothing. Li disbanded the ever victorious\\narmy in June, 1864, in spite of Gordon s protest;\\nand when the Japanese war broke out they were\\nas absolutely unprepared to meet the conditions as\\nthough they were still living in the pastoral age.\\nLi s name as a statesman was made by General\\nGrant, who stated that Li and Bismarck were the\\ntwo greatest minds that he met during his trip\\nround the world. Li, however, has never shown\\nany great ability save as a trimmer. To-day\\nas viceroy of Canton he is not able to suppress\\nthe petty piracy on the West River, but looks to\\nEngland for police protection for his inland trade,\\nand plays fast and loose with promises of protec-\\ntion to imprisoned ministers and beleaguered for-\\neigners. It is small wonder that for the safety of\\nthe legations shut up in Peking the British govern-\\nment seriously considered holding the crafty old\\nviceroy as hostage in Shanghai for the safety of\\nthe fugitives in Peking.\\nThe Chinese have added the bust of Marco Polo\\nto their pantheon of five hundred idols in Can-\\nton, but alongside of Confucius and Polo they\\nshould place Gordon and Ward. The present dy-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "178 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nnasty owes more to these last men than they can\\never repay, although during their lifetime they\\ntried systematically to detract from their glory,\\nand rob them of all credit. Ward gave up his life\\nin their cause, and Gordon refused the proposal of\\nBurgevine to turn the ever victorious army\\nagainst the imperialists, and acting with the Taip-\\nings grasp the tottering throne for themselves.\\nThey could have done it, and Gordon knew it\\nwhen he was tempted. Burgevine knew the\\nChinese character better than Gordon, and did not\\npermit any qualms of conscience to stand in his\\nway. Had Gordon consented, the entire Chinese\\nproblem would have been solved without the aid\\nof the so-called diplomacy of the western nations.\\nGordon declined, and died a dog s death in Khar-\\ntoom. Li lived to profit by Gordon s honesty\\nand generosity.\\nHienfung did not return to Peking after the\\nratification of the Tientsin Treaty. He was too\\nbadly upset by the impertinence of the barbarians\\nand although strongly urged by Prince Kung to\\ndo so, he remained at Jehol until his death, on\\nAugust 22, 1861. As his heir was only six years\\nold. Prince Kung, who had come to an understand-\\ning with the empress, was left practically supreme\\nin the conduct of affairs, although he formed a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CHINESE DIPLOMACrr 179\\nCouncil of Regency, in which he was associated\\nwith the two empress dowagers, the widow of\\nHienfung, and the mother of the young emperor,\\na concubine, but the ruling power in China\\nin 1900.\\nUntil the young emperor, Tung Chih, reached\\nhis sixteenth birthday, all questions as to the\\nright of foreign ministers to be received by the\\nemperor, according to the terms of the treaty,\\nwere foolishly held in abeyance. The war of\\n1860 had taught the Chinese that they were\\npowerless in the hands of the barbarians and yet\\nbefore the ink was dry on the treaty, secret in-\\nstructions were issued to the provincial govern-\\nment to disregard it as far as possible, especially\\nthe clause that, the Chinese authorities shall at\\nall times afford the fullest protection to the\\npersons and property of British subjects. In\\ndiplomacy the Oriental has always, in the begin-\\nning, been more than a match for the Occidental.\\nMetternich or Talleyrand might have met Li Hung\\nChang, or the smooth oily talkers of Aguinaldo s\\ncabinet, on equal terms, but I doubt it. The\\nOriental s idea of diplomacy is to fool his adver-\\nsary for the time being, regardless of the future.\\nThe Chinaman goes through life trying to fool\\nhis God with simple devices, and to draw the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "180 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nwool over the eyes of his superiors. There is\\nonly one kind of diplomacy that either the\\nChinese or the Filipino understands, and that\\nis brute force. You may temper it mth justice,\\nbut the force must be plainly in evidence. Sweet\\nwords and assurances of esteem are not believed\\nby the Orientals, and are accepted as an indis-\\nputable evidence of weakness. This phase of\\ndiplomacy is unexpected and childlike, and it\\ndoes not take the Occidental diplomat long to\\nvalue it at its real worthj but by the time he\\ncomes to understand the Oriental, he is with-\\ndrawn, and a successor arrives who has to com-\\nmence in the Kindergarten class, much to the\\ndelight of his interested opponents.\\nThe real reason for the establishment of the\\nTsung li Yamen, or Foreign Office, was to provide\\nan air-cushion against which the missiles thrown\\nby the foreign ministers at the August Lofty\\nOne, would be received with the least amount\\nof friction. It is the same to-day in the Philip-\\npine Islands. Each new general or commission\\ncannot believe that the Filipino is as black as\\nhe is painted by those who know him best, or that\\nhe is an absolute stranger to the truth, and his\\nargument commences on that basis. By the time\\nhe finds that he has been making a fool of him-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "JNSON BURLINGAME, 181\\nself, and that the sweet-spoken little Filipino is\\nas unconverted as ever, his tenure of office ex-\\npires, or he resigns, and goes home in disgust.\\nIt was right in line with this class of diplomacy\\nthat Prince Kung, in 1867, persuaded Mr. Anson\\nBurlingame, the United States Minister at Peking,\\nto resign, and accept a mission to all Europe,\\nwhose object really was to tell the world how\\nfoolish it was to expect the Chinese to carry\\nout to the letter the obnoxious Tientsin Treaty,\\nand also to inform Europe how wise, generous,\\nand high-spirited the dear Chinese really were, and\\nhow sadly they were misunderstood. He was also\\nto promise that if they were left alone they would,\\nof their own sweet will, do far more to improve\\nfriendly relations than if they were continually\\nbrow-beaten and made to live up to their promises.\\nMr. Burlingame was a man of much eloquence\\nand great enthusiasm, and was fast making con-\\nverts in high places, when in June, 1870, the\\nterrible Tientsin massacre occurred, which was so\\nrevolting in its details that what little progress\\nthe mission had made was irretrievably lost. On\\naccount of a rumor that children were put to\\ndeath in the French Foundling Hospital, for the\\nsake of their eyes, which were made into opium,\\na mob burned the hospital, outraged and mur-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "182 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ndered the Sisters of Mercy, burned the French\\nConsulate, shot the consul, and murdered in the\\nmost cruel manner eighteen Frenchmen and two\\nRussians.\\nOne would think after paying for this outrage\\nan indemnity of half a million dollars, and send-\\ning an embassy to France to make a public\\napology, that the Chinese authorities at least\\nwould have published in their Official Gazette\\nthe fact that foreign Sisters of Mercy did not\\nmanufacture opium out of children s eyes. And\\nyet, strange as it may seem, they took exactly\\nthe opposite course, and encouraged the fanati-\\ncism of the common people. This attitude re-\\nsulted in the deplorable murder of Mr. INIargary,\\nof the British consular service, on February 20,\\n1875, at Momein. With the full consent of the\\nChinese authorities, and supplied with proper\\npassports, Mr. Margary and Colonel Brown were\\ntraveling through Yunnan, reporting on the trade\\npossibilities of the country after the ravages of\\nthe recent Mohammedan rebellion. Their mission\\nwas distinctly a peaceful one, and they were\\nneither spies nor were they accused of being such.\\nTheir murder was the simple outburst of the\\nfanaticism of the Chinese and had the latter been\\nApaches, instead of a refined, intelligent, and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THE CHEFOO CONVENTION. 183\\ncivilized nation, according to Mr. Anson Bur-\\nlingame, they could not have behaved in a more\\nbarbarous manner. British remonstrances were\\nmet by the Peking officials with prevarications\\nand delays; and it was not until Sir Thomas\\nWade lowered the Legation Flag, and started to\\nleave the country, that the Tsung li Yamen awoke\\nto the idea that their bluff was about to be\\ncalled. Further than this, the mother of Tung\\nChi had no desire to once more flee from Peking\\nto escape the guns of the hated foreigner. Li\\nHung Chang was dispatched in hot haste to over-\\ntake Wade, and come to an understanding at\\nany cost.\\nThe results of the Chefoo Convention were\\nthe sending of a Chinese minister to England, the\\nsettlement of compensation for the murder, the\\nopening of four new ocean treaty ports, and\\nsix on the Yangtsze. Again had history re-\\npeated itself, and the Chinese had shown that\\nthey understood the nature of an ultimatum, even\\nif they could not appreciate the benefits of West-\\nern civilization.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "184 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nIX.\\nTUNG CHI AND THE REGENCY.\\n[A.D. 1876 -A.D. 1898.]\\nTHE marriage of Tung Chi, on October\\n16, 1872, to Aluteh, and the attain-\\nment of his majority on February 23,\\n1873, was looked upon as a favorable occasion\\nfor the pressing of the audience question by the\\nresident foreign ministers. After considerable\\npressure, the long delayed event took place\\nand on the 29th of June, 1873, the American\\nminister, Mr. Frederick F. Low, and the ministers\\nfor Germany, France, England, and Japan, were\\ngraciously admitted to the celestial presence.\\nThe ceremony, however, was largely discounted\\nby the fact that they were received in the Pavil-\\nion of Purple Light, outside the palace where the\\nenvoys of tributary states had deposited their\\nofferings from time immemorial. In order to save\\nthe august Face, a report was disseminated\\nthroughout the provinces that Sir Thomas Wade,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE DOOR SLOIVLT OPENS. 185\\nthe British minister, was so overcome with fear in\\nthe presence of the Son of Heaven that he fell\\ndown speechless and trembling on being addressed\\nby the emperor. However, the door was being\\nforced slowly open, although in a way that was\\nnot always creditable to the Europeans.\\nThe year 1873 saw the suppression of the Mo-\\nhammedan rebellion in Kansuh, and the stamping\\noiit of the terrible Panthay uprising in Yunnan.\\nThe following year complications occurred in For-\\nmosa with the Japanese because of the murder\\nof fifty-four Japanese sailors by the Formosans.\\nUnable to obtain satisfaction from the Chinese, the\\nJapanese landed a force in Formosa, and war would\\nhave immediatelv followed but for the arbitration\\nof Sir Thomas Wade.\\nTung Chi did not live long to enjoy his lease of\\nsupreme power. He showed a disposition to ex-\\nercise the imperial prerogative of doing as he\\npleased, and died conveniently of the small-pox on\\nthe 12th of January, 1875. The only person who\\nnow stood between the empress mother, Tsu Tsi,\\nand her ambition was Aluteh and her unborn cliild.\\nBut Fate, which, as has often been said, is under\\ngovernment control in China, interposed, and the\\ngirl widow was saved many years of persecution\\nby a premature death. Knowing how necessary", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "186 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nit was to the success of Tsu Tsi s policy that the\\nyoung empress should die, no one was surprised,\\nand no inconvenient questions were asked.\\nThe transfer of the imperial yellow from the\\nshoulders of one royal puppet to another created\\nhistorically a new reign otherwise it was an event\\nwithout significance in Peking. The old triumvi-\\nrate had simply chosen a new figure-head for the\\nJunk of State. The officers, the crew, and the pilot\\nwere the same. So sure were the two empress-\\ndowagers that Aluteh would die of a broken\\nheart before the dehvery of her unborn child,\\nthat they did not even wait for the event to take\\nplace, but without regard to time-honored customs\\nchose Tung Chi s successor. The three-year old\\nson of Prince Chun, a younger brother of Prince\\nKung, was raised to the unenviable position, and\\ngiven the ironical title of Kwang Su, brilliant\\nsuccession. Having now guaranteed the perma-\\nnency of the Regency by this successful coup d Stat\\nfor another term of years, Tsu Tsi felt that she\\nwas fully capable of conducting the affairs of state\\nwithout the aid of her dowager consort. So, as\\nmight have been expected, that August Lady died\\nin 1881 of heart failure, which nobody can deny,\\nand the ex-concubine of Hienfung became the su-\\npreme director of the empire, and as such made a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "RISE OF TSU TSL 187\\nplace for herself in history by the side of the great\\nEmpress Wu. Tsu Tsi s favorite, Li Hung Chang,\\nwas at once put in training to succeed Prince\\nKung; and in July, 1884, the trouble with France\\nin Tonking furnished an opportunity to dispose of\\nthe veteran statesman.\\nLi s elevation was contrary to precedent, as the\\npost had always been filled by a Manchu but Tsu\\nTsi could not be expected to respect the customs\\nof a nation that permitted itself to be ruled by a\\nwoman of her character and antecedents. She even\\ncalled Prince Chun, the father of the emperor, to\\nserve under Li as first minister of state, although\\naccording to ancestral rites a father cannot take\\norders from his son. Prince Chun accepted the\\npost; but instead of playing the docile subject of\\nthe royal dummy, he asserted his rights as a father\\nand an ancestor, and acquired an influence for\\ngood over the half-grown boy. In this he was\\nassisted by the Marquis Tseng, who had just re-\\nturned from the Court of St. James with his head\\nfilled with nineteenth century ideas. Together\\nthey schemed to woo the boy from the corrupting\\ninfluences of the dowager and Li, and through him\\nto inaugurate a more enlightened pohcy in China.\\nThe fashion of sending a dangerous noble his silken\\ncord had become unfashionable in China since the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "188 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\narrival of the barbarians but the fashion of djdng\\nof broken heart and heart failure served the\\nsame purpose. In 1890 Marquis Tseng, in the\\nprime of life, and while in splendid health, died,\\nand a few months later Prince Chun passed away.\\nThe power of the Dowager Empress was not\\nagain questioned, until the shock of the Japanese\\nwar loosened for a time her grasp upon the throne.\\nA year after the placing of Kwang Su on the\\nthrone, the government found itself face to face\\nwith a Mohammedan rebellion. The inhabitants\\nof Turkestan had never been happy in their vas-\\nsalage, and since the last abortive attempt in 1825\\nto obtain their independence under the leadership\\nof Jehangir, a descendant of their royal line, the\\npeople had been preparing for another trial. A son\\nof Jehangir had headed a rebellion, and with the aid\\nof his able general, Yakoob Khan, driven the Chi-\\nnese out of Khokand, and for a time re-established\\nhis line. But in 1866 Yakoob deposed his king,\\nand placed the crown on his own brow, and became\\nknown as The Champion Father. He subdued\\nWestern Kashgaria, reduced the neighboring\\ntribes, and created for himself an empire that bade\\nfair to be permanent. The Russians, pretending\\nto believe that the imperial troops were not able\\nto re-assert their sovereignty over this section,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "THE CHAMPION FATHERr 189\\nserved notice on the Chinese government that they\\nintended to occupy the trade routes until such\\ntime as China was able to protect them. A Rus-\\nsian force seized Kuldja and its tributary country,\\nand held it until 1881, when it was surrendered to\\nChina, with the exception of a strip of territory on\\ntiie extreme western boundary of the provmce of\\nHi. She also exacted the payment of a war indem-\\nnity of 9,000,000 roubles.\\nYakoob Khan s example was followed by the\\nDunganis tribe of eastern Turkestan, which over-\\nran the Tienshan mountains, and flowed into the\\nprovinces of Kansuh and Shensi. These uninter-\\nrupted successes aroused the imperial government\\nto the seriousness of the situation, and General\\nTso was dispatched with a big force to try and\\nsave western China to the empire. By the end of\\n1876 he had driven the Dunganis out of China,\\nand practically ended the rebelhon. The Cham-\\npion Father did not await the Chinese attack,\\nbut advanced with his entire force, nearly a thou-\\nsand miles, to meet Tso. He was completely de-\\nfeated for his pains in two battles. He escaped\\nto Korla, where he died in May, 1877. With his\\ndemise his empire came to an end. Tso was re-\\nwarded with the viceroyalty of the two Kiang\\nprovinces.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "190 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nChina has from time immemorial been subject\\nto famines, and the cause has usually been too\\nmuch or too little water; but until the famine of\\n1878, during which some 8,000,000 died, their\\nfull significance had never been brought to the\\nnotice of America and Europe. For four years\\nno rain had fallen in the Provinces of Shansi and\\nShensi, and the raising of the commonest necessi-\\nties of life was impossible. Li Hung Chang was\\ndeputed by the regents to take charge of the dying\\nmillions, and subscription papers were circulated\\nall over the world. The foreign relief committee\\nin Shanghai raised 204,560 taels, a portion of\\nwhich it is to be hoped reached the masses, al-\\nthough peculation among the distributers was rife.\\nIn 1881 the emperor gave Korea formal permis-\\nsion to contract treaties with foreign countries.\\nAdmiral Shufeldt, on the part of the United\\nStates, had, however, already entered into a treaty\\nof peace, amity, and commerce with Korea, in\\n1882 Japan, in 1876 and England, in 1883.\\nChina hoped by this concession to place Korea on\\nsuch a basis that by means of treaties she could\\nin a measure enter the family of nations, and be\\nfreed from all danger of Russian aggression. The\\nUnited States so far recognized Korea as to ac-\\ncredit Lucius H. Foote as minister to that coun-", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3516", "width": "2174", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "WAR WITH FRANCE. 191\\ntry. In 1885 the Koreans made an attack on the\\nJapanese legation, and drove them out of the\\ncountry. Japan promptly demanded an apology\\nand indemnity and an agreement was entered\\ninto between China and Japan that neither should\\nsend troops to Korea without first informing the\\nother a ridiculous engagement that led to seri-\\nous consequences.\\nChina had barely escaped a war with Japan\\nover one of her feudatory states, when she was\\nplunged into a war with France over another.\\nFor fully a century France had looked upon\\nAnnam as within her sphere of influence, and\\nFrench missionaries had been working among the\\nAnnamese with indifferent success. In 1858\\nFrance seized Saigon, and made it her base for\\ncommercial operations in Cochin China. It was\\nnot long before complications arose between the\\ninvaders and the suzerain states, and in 1882 the\\nFrench decided definitely to annex Tongkin.\\nThe capital town of Hanoi was captured, and\\nthe important towns of Sontay and Bacinh in-\\nvested. Li Hung Chang urged the regents to\\nmake peace with France, and he was empowered\\nto confer with Captain Fournier of the French\\nnavy. A treaty was entered into that only lacked\\nthe date as to when it should go into effect to make", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "192 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nit perfect. As it was, the French troops tried to\\ntake possession of Langson, and precipitated an\\nengagement with the Chinese, in which the French\\nwere badly defeated. This led to the reopening\\nof hostilities. No one will ever know whether\\nthe omission of the necessary date in the treaty\\nwas an oversight, or another sample of Chinese\\ndiplomacy. General Negrier captured Langson on\\nFebruary 13, 1885, and Admiral Courbet unsuc-\\ncessfully bombarded Kelung on the northern\\ncoast of Formosa, after which he sailed for Foo-\\nchow, where he utter destroyed the Chinese fleet.\\nReturning to Formosa the French admiral suc-\\nceeded, after five attempts, in reducing Kelung,\\nand later occupied the Pescadores. In Tongking\\nthe French land forces were able to make but little\\nheadway against the Black Flags, and the war\\ndegenerated into a guerilla campaign. By this\\ntime both sides were thoroughly tired of the war.\\nIt had cost China 60,000,000 taels, and the loss of\\nher Foochow fleet, and had been a heavy drain on\\nthe French treasury. A treaty was signed on\\nJune 9, 1885, that gave France the sovereignty of\\nTongking.\\nThe year after this treaty, China lost another\\nfeudatory by the occupation of upper Burmah by\\nGreat Britain; and on March 17, 1890, China s", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "RECEPTION OF FOREIGNERS. 193\\nback door was crowded open by the establishment\\nof a trade route from India into Thibet.\\nIn 1884 Kwang Su was married to a daughter\\nof the dowager empress s brother, and the foreign\\nministers took advantage of the occasion to press\\nthe audience question with the usual result, that\\nin 1891 they were again graciously received by\\nthe Son of Heaven in the Palace of Tributary Na-\\ntions. It was for the last time, however as, im-\\nmediately afterwards, the diplomatic corps passed\\nresolutions to forego the ceremony rather than\\nsubmit to the indignity. This was exactly the\\nshow of firmness that the Chinese needed; and\\nin the following year, when the Austrian min-\\nister came to present his credentials, he was\\nreceived in one of the minoi halls of the pal-\\nace itself, as a little later was the British repre-\\nsentative. The question, however, settled itself\\non the conclusion of the Japanese war, with a\\nsuddenness that would have been tragic had it not\\nbeen laughable. For two hundred years Western\\ndiplomacy had exhausted itself in its endeavors to\\nbe recognized but when it became a matter of\\n.personal interest to the Chinese, the long coveted\\nprivilege was granted without the asking. China\\nat last condescended to recognize the equality of\\nall nations at a time when she was inferior even to", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "194 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nher former tributary states. In May, 1898, Prince\\nHenry of Prussia was received by the emperor\\nstanding, and had his call returned and I would\\nnot be surprised to be told by the next distin-\\nguished globe trotter that while doing Peking,\\nhe had been invited to drink tea with the August\\nand only Son of Heaven.\\nA war between China and Japan was inevitable.\\nTheir hatred of each other was of no sudden\\ngrowth, but had been cultivated for centuries. On\\nthe Chinese side it was an outspoken contempt\\nfor the dwarfs on the Japanese it was a settled\\ndetermination to avenge a long series of insult and\\nimpositions. The Chinese sent troops into Korea\\nin 1894, without notifying Japan according to the\\ntreaty of May, 1895. The Japanese were pre-\\npared, and promptly resented this last ins alt by\\nsending five thousand men under General Oshima\\nto the mainland. The empress rather welcomed\\nthe prospect of war, as a successful one would add\\nluster to her sixtieth birthday, which she was pre-\\nparing to celebrate with unparalleled magnificence\\nin the fall of the year. The entire empire was\\ninvited to contribute generously to the fete\\nand up to the outbreak of the war, tribute and\\npresents from all the provinces were on their way\\nto Peking. It was her intention to make her", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "TFAR WITH JAPAN, 195\\nbirthday the most remarkable celebration of its\\nkind in the long history of the empire. Li Hung\\nChang realized that China was not prepared for a\\nwar but Tsu Tsi was determined to chastise the\\ninsolent pygmies, and at the same time become\\nthe Semiramis of China.\\nThe Japanese quietly held their ground; and\\non the 25th of July, one of their cruisers,\\nthe Nanawa, encountered the chartered English\\ntransport Kowshing, carrying eleven thousand\\nChinese troops, and safeguarded by two men-\\nof-war approaching the Korean coast. Here,\\nagain, was an example of a contemptuous\\nbreach of the treaty of China. The captain\\nof the Nanawa did not hesitate and in less\\nthan an hour one of the Chinese men-of-war\\nwas a wreck, and the Kowshing had gone to\\nthe bottom with its human freight. On August\\n1, 1894, war was formally declared; and the\\nChinese had the bad taste to refer in their royal\\nproclamation to the Japanese as the Dwarfs.\\nBoth sides dispatched large reenforcements to\\nKorea and the first encounter at Asam, in Korea,\\nwas the first of a series of brilliant victories that\\nplaced Japan among the first-class powers of the\\nworld. At Pingyang, on September 15, the\\nChinese were defeated with a loss of over six", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "196 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthousand men, and large quantities of arms and\\nprovisions were captured. Ttie remnants of their\\ndemoralized army fled to the north, plundering\\nand terrorizing the very people whom they were\\nsupposed to protect from a merciless invader.\\nTwo days later the Japanese and Chinese fleets\\nencountered each other at the mouth of the Yalu\\nRiver. Each fleet consisted of twelve ships,\\nalthough the Chinese was supplemented with six\\ntorpedo boats. The Chinese admiral, Ting,\\nsteamed out of the harbor and boldly engaged the\\nenemy. The battle began about ten o clock in\\nthe morning and lasted for six hours. It will\\nalways be historical, as being the first general\\nnaval battle between modern fleets. Ting was a\\nbrave man, and fought his ships well but he was\\noutmaneuvered by the swifter Japanese cruisers,\\nand at the end of the engagement he had lost five\\nof his ships, and the balance were in full flight.\\nThe Japanese were so badly punished that they\\nwere unable to follow up their victory, and Ting\\ntook the remnant of his fleet into Port Arthur.\\nWith the Chinese fleet placed on the defensive,\\nthe Japanese had simply the disorganized Chinese\\nland forces to deal with. Count Cayama arrived at\\nKinchow (October 24), thirty-four miles south of\\nPort Arthur, and Marshal Yamagata hurried", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CAPTURE OF PORT ARTHUR, 197\\nnorthward with his victorious army, occupied\\nWiju, crossed the Yalu, joined forces with General\\nNodzu, and on the 25th of October signally de-\\nfeated the Chinese at Hushan. On the 5th and\\n6th of November, Kinchow and Talienwan sur-\\nrendered to Oyama, and so opened the door to\\nPort Arthur. Port Arthur, which was supposed\\nto be, and should have been, impregnable to a land\\nattack, was carried by assault on the 21st of No-\\nvember, with a loss to the invaders of only four\\nhundred men. The news was received all over\\nthe world with unbounded astonishment. Nature\\nhad fortified the fort, and Li Hung Chang had\\nspent large sums in filling it with the most modern\\nguns. Nothing but the most arrant cowardice or\\nunpatriotic treachery can explain its surrender.\\nOyama did not rest on his laurels, but immedi-\\nately marched north into Manchuria, capturing\\nFuchow and Kaipingchow. The old empress\\nby this time had all the glory of a foreign war\\nthat she cared for and on the advice of Li Hung\\nChang two foolish attempts were made to turn the\\nwar into diplomatic channels by dispatching un-\\naccredited peace embassies to Japan. Quite\\nrightly no attention was paid to them by the\\nJapanese and the invaders advanced on Wei-hai-\\nwei, which was guarded by what was left of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "198 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nTing s fleet. The fortress surrendered, and its\\nguns were turned on the Chinese ships, while the\\nJapanese fleet under Admiral Ito blocked the har-\\nbor entrance. On February 7 Ting realized that\\nhis cause was hopeless. He signified his intention\\nto surrender, and then committed suicide. He\\nwas the only great character on the Chinese side\\nduring the shameful war, and had he lived he\\nwould have paid for his bravery with his life in\\nPeking. Ito sent his remains in a Japanese man-\\nof-war to Chefoo awarding the just tribute of\\nan honorable enemy to a brave man.\\nThe Dowager Empress was now thoroughly\\nfrightened. As the concubine of Hienfung, she\\nhad accompanied him in exile to Jehol in 1860,\\nand she had no desire to repeat the journey after\\nher thirty years of supreme pov/er. She ordered\\nher favorite Li Hung Chang to proceed to Japan\\nmth full plenipotentiary powers, and to conclude\\na treaty at any cost. Li told Colonel Charles\\nDenby, the American minister, that he had a pre-\\nsentiment that he would never return alive and\\nhis presentiment was so far verified by an attempt\\non his life by a crazy Japanese. He was shot in\\nthe face, and will carry the ugly scar to his grave.\\nOn October 17 a treaty of peace was signed by\\nthe contracting powers, whereby the Liatung", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "TREATY WITH JAPAN. 199\\nPeninsula, including Port Arthur, Formosa, and\\nthe Pescadores, was ceded to Japan, and a war\\nindemnity of two hundred million taels was\\nawarded. Although there was a strong party in\\nPeking that protested against the ratification of\\nthe humiliating terms, the emperor signed it on\\nMay 8, and gave as an excuse his filial love and\\ntender solicitude for the Dowager Empress, the\\nvenerable lady who, if hostilities were renewed,\\nand Peking threatened by the Japanese, would\\nhave to seek refuge in flight, and have been ex-\\nposed once more to the hardships of a long and\\narduous journey.\\nRussia, Germany, and France, for purely selfish\\nmotives, remonstrated so strongly against the\\ncession of Liatung, that the Japanese foolishly\\nwithdrew, accepting in lieu a further indemnity\\nof thirty million taels. Japan had to occupy\\nFormosa by force of arms, and has virtually had\\nto hold it ever since by the same means but the\\nwar was closed, and the nations involved were left\\nto accommodate themselves to their new condi-\\ntions.\\nIt soon became apparent why China s three\\nEuropean friends did not want Japan to have a\\nfoothold on the continent. Russia showed her\\nhand first by seizing Port Arthur, although Count", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "200 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nMouravieff had positively assured the British\\ngovernment that the presence of Russian war-\\nships in Port Arthur in December, 1897, was due\\nsolely to the convenience of wintering there. It\\nis now an open secret that the Russian admiral\\nhad orders to retire from Port Arthur, should Sir\\nClaude INIacdonald, the British minister, decline to\\nbelieve the fairy tale, and order a British fleet to\\nthe same convenient winter resort. Russia, in\\naddition, demanded the right to build the Siberian\\nrailway through Manchuria to Vladivostock, with\\na branch line to Kirin Mukden and Port Arthur.\\nFrance required, as her quid pro quo^ the con-\\nstruction of a railway to meet the French railway\\non the frontier, and so join Tongking with Nanning\\non the West River, thereby tapping the provinces\\nof Yunnan and Szechuen. She also demanded\\nthe lease of Kwangchow on the Lienchow Penin-\\nsula, opposite the Island of Hainan. Germany\\nfirst asked certain mining and financial privileges\\nand later, as a lesson to China that the lives of her\\nmissionaries must be respected. Admiral Von\\nDiedrichs steamed into Kiaochow Bay, on the\\nShangtung coast, and forcibly leased the har-\\nbor, village, and neighboring coast. Russia ob-\\ntained Port Arthur and Talienwan, on the same\\nliberal terms and England, horror-stricken at the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "LEASES AND LAND GRABS. 201\\nreckless way in which her rivals hustled the\\ndread Son of Heaven, made a grab for Wei-hai-wei\\nand the lease of the Kowloon Peninsula opposite\\nHong Kong.\\nThe partition of China stopped with these\\nleases, although Italy occupied, and then asked\\nfor, Samun Bay. After she had surveyed the\\nharbor, Italy found that she had drawn a blank\\nthe Italian minister at Peking was relieved, and\\nthe successor of the great Roman empire smothered\\nher desire for Chinese colonies.\\nThe outbreak of the Spanish-American war in\\n1898 drew the attention of the world from Cliina,\\nand gave her for a short time a lease of what\\nshe needed very much life. The coming of the\\nAmericans to the Phihppines introduced a new\\nelement into the Chinese question that was puz-\\nzling, and the powers desisted for a time until they\\nhad taken our measure. The trip of Lord Charles\\nBeresford through China in 1899, and his subse-\\nquent visit to Washington, aroused the United\\nStates to the necessity of protecting our trade\\ninterest in China by insisting on an open door.\\nOn September 6, 1899, secretary John Hay com-\\nmunicated with the United States representatives\\nin Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and Japan,\\nnotifying them of the desire of the United States", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "202 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nrelative to the open door policy. Ambassador\\nChoate s note to the British government succinctly\\nexpressed the attitude of America.\\nHe said: The president understands that it is\\nthe settled policy and purpose of Great Britain not\\nto use any privilege received from China to exclude\\nany commercial rivals. The United States gov-\\nernment cannot conceal their apprehensions of the\\ndanger of complication arising between the treaty\\npowers which may imperil the rights assured to the\\nUnited States by treaty. The United States hope\\nto retain China as an open market for the world s\\ncommerce, to remove dangerous sources of inter-\\nnational irritation, and thereby hasten united\\naction by the powers at Peking to promote ad-\\nministrative reforms so greatly needed for strength-\\nening the imperial government, and maintaining\\nthe integrity of China, in which the United States\\nbeheve the whole western world is alike concerned.\\nThe United States believe that such a result would\\nbe greatly aided and advanced by declarations on\\nthe part of the powers claiming spheres in China,\\nrespecting their intentions with regard to the\\ntreatment of foreign trade and commerce in those\\nspheres and the United States consider that the\\npresent is a very favorable moment for informing\\nGreat Britain of the desire of the United States", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE OPEN BOORr 203\\nthat Great Britain should make a declaration on\\nher own part, and lend her powerful support in the\\neffort to obtain from each power having spheres a\\ndeclaration to the effect that it will in no wise in-\\nterfere with any treaty port or any vested interest\\nwithin any so-called sphere of interest or leased\\nterritory that it may have in China that the\\nChinese treaty tariff of the time being shall apply\\nto all merchandise landed at or shipped to all\\nsuch ports as are within such sphere, unless\\nthey be free ports, no matter to what nationality\\nthey may belong, and that duties so leviable shall\\nbe collected by the Chinese government that the\\npower approached will levy no higher harbor dues\\non vessels of another nationality frequenting any\\nport in such sphere than shall be levied on vessels\\nof its own nationality, nor any higher railroad\\ncharges over lines built, controlled, or operated in\\nits sphere on merchandise belonging to citizens or\\nsubjects of other nationalities than are levied on\\nsimilar merchandise belonging to its own citizens.\\nAll the nations replied favorably and on March\\n20, 1900, Colonel Hay was able to notify the\\nUnited States representatives abroad that the\\npowers addressed had accepted, and that he would\\nconsider their consent final and definite. The\\nresult of the negotiations may be considered a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "204 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ndiplomatic triumph for America as Great Britain,\\nRussia, Germany, and France have been at a vast\\nexpense of blood and treasure in opening China s\\ndoor, and the expense of keeping it open is no\\nsmall figure. The policing of the inland rivers,\\nthe maintaining of consuls wherever there is hope\\nof trade, the exploring of possible trade routes, and\\nthe support of cruisers to guarantee life and\\nproperty along the coast, represent an outlay in\\nwhich the United States does not share, but by\\nthis agreement hopes to benefit.\\nBefore the Spanish-American war the powers\\nwould have laughed at such a one-sided proposi-\\ntion but at this time, when no one knows what a\\nday may bring forth, the powers have a right to\\nfeel that the victory is theirs in so much as they\\nhave made the United States a party to the future,\\nand at the same time forced her to acknowledge\\nand overlook the crimes of the past. An upris-\\ning, a rebellion, a palace intrigue, that endangers\\ntrade or life, means that the United States must\\nsend troops up the Peiho and constitute itself one\\nof the policemen of China. With a base at Manila\\nwe are in a position to fulfill our part of the con-\\ntract, but 1 fear that time may convince us that\\nwe have married in haste to repent at leisure.\\nThe Boxer rebellion, so-called, is but a foretaste.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE REIGN OF KWANG SU, 205\\nX.\\nTHE REIGN OF KWANG SU,\\n[A. D. 1898 TO A. B. 1900.]\\n1\\n^HE result of the Japanese war was a bitter\\nblow to the pride of the old empress and\\nher favorite, Li Hung Chang. For the\\ntime it completely dethroned the petticoat gov-\\nernment, and gave Kwang Su a chance to put\\ninto practice some of the lessons he had learned\\nfrom his unfortunate father and the Marquis\\nTseng. He surrounded himself with men of lib-\\neral education and modern ideas, chief among\\nwhom was a Cantonese, Kang-Yu-Wei, who is\\nknown for his learning, both in western literature\\nand in the classics, as the Modern Sage. He\\nwas appointed Secretary of the Tsung-li-Yamen.\\nThe court squabbles between the young em-\\nperor and the old empress came to a cUmax\\nimmediately after the seizure of Kiaochow; and\\non the February following all the world knew that\\nKwang Su was the real ruler of China, and that", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "206 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nthe long-looked-for Europeanizing of the coun-\\ntry was to commence. The vermillion pencil did\\nnot hesitate. Edict after edict appeared in its\\nsacred color which threatened to do for China\\nwhat had already been accomplished in Japan.\\nNo useless custom or absurd ceremony, no matter\\nhow hallowed by age, escaped its editing and\\nwhile the literati held up their hands in horror, all\\nthe world laughed.\\nKwang Su deserves a place in history as the\\nprize iconoclast. He sent a cold shiver down the\\nspine of the literati by declaring that a man s fit-\\nness for office should not depend upon his ability\\nto write a poem, or upon the elegance of his pen-\\nmanship. He suggested that there were other\\nqualifications for office that would be taken into\\nconsideration other than a parrot-like acquaintance\\nwith the classics. He ordered the establishment\\nof a university for the study of western science in\\nPeking, and a board of translation for the publica-\\ntion of western books in the Chinese language. A\\nthorough reorganization of the army was proposed\\nand young Manchus were urged to travel abroad,\\nand learn foreign manners and customs. Liberal\\nnewspapers were started, and by an edict over six\\nthousand officials who were holding sinecures at\\nPeking were turned out of office. During Sep-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE COUP D ETAT. 207\\ntember, 1898, every day brought forth a new and\\nstartling edict regarding railways, mines, news-\\npapers, manufactories and strangely enough, the\\nyoung emperor over-reached himself in his enthu-\\nsiasm, by proposing to issue an edict forbidding\\nthe pigtail, and substituting European for native\\ndress. This was too much. The literati argued\\nthat at the rate at which the emperor was going,\\nit might be expected that he would do away with\\nchop-sticks, and inaugurate daily baths. In truth\\nthe royal informer had gone too fast. In a few\\nmonths he had managed to array against liimself\\nthe corrupt bureaucracy, the peculating army,\\nthe hide-bound literati, and lastly, he had fright-\\nened the common people. Leading and directing\\nall these antagonistic elements was the crafty old\\nempress dowager and her equally crafty hench-\\nman, Li Hung Chang.\\nA catastrophe was inevitable and on the 21st\\nof September, 1898, the world was given to\\nunderstand that a coup d etat had taken place in\\nPeking, and that the empress dowager had once\\nmore resumed the control of the government.\\nShortly afterwards, as might have been expected,\\nifc was noted in the Peking Gazette that the em-\\nperor was seriously ill, and for a time it was\\nthought he was dead. The foreign legations ten-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "208 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\ndered the services of their physicians and the\\nBritish minister was instructed to inform, She\\nwho must be obeyed, that the premature death\\nof the emperor would create a bad impression in\\nEurope and America, and might lead to complica-\\ntions. Kwang Su recovered immediately.\\nExperience had taught Tsu Tsi nothing, and\\nshe came back into power worse than when she\\nwent out. Adversity had hardened her, and she\\nwas burning for revenge. At once she went to\\nthe extreme in her frantic efforts to stamp out the\\nseeds of reform, and bring to death the reformers.\\nWhenever she had them in her power she exe-\\ncuted them without mercy; and in June, 1900,\\nher minister in Washington, who had been given a\\ndegree of LL.D. by one of our foolish colleges, re-\\nreported against certain Chinese merchants in the\\nUnited States, whose only crimes were their sign-\\ning of a petition humbly praying that their empe-\\nror die not of a broken heart. The wives and\\nfamilies in China of these men were imprisoned\\nand robbed because of this show of patriotism on\\nthe part of their husbands in Chicago and San\\nFrancisco. If the Boxer rebellion, which soon\\nafter broke out and laid waste the country be_\\ntween Tientsin and Peking, were to be successful,\\nit would be no more than the old empress should", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "WILES OF THE DOWAGER, 209\\nexpect if she would ever stop to consider herself\\nas others see her. Kang Wu Wei escaped from\\nPeking, and was conveyed to Hong Kong in a\\nBritish man-of-war. Shortly afterwards he pro-\\nceeded to Singapore, where he ran less danger\\nof being kidnapped into Chinese territory.\\nIt took but a few days to undo all that Kwang\\nSu had attempted and the implacable old woman\\nand her faithful man Friday, were speedily try-\\ning to make themselves believe that they were\\nliving in the days of the Empress Wu. In order\\nto close the eyes of the foreign legation at Peking,\\nor, what was more important, their mouths, Tsu\\nTsi had the supreme assurance to graciously\\nconsent to receive the wives of the ministers in,\\naudience. It is regrettable to record that the\\nw^omen invited accepted with alacrity, and that a\\nbig social fight was made to obtain invitations for\\nthe wives of the secretaries of the legations as\\nwell. The old empress, however, would not in-\\nclude them, as her game was to receive through\\nthe wives of the foreign ministers a recognition\\nas the real ruler of China. To have made it a\\nsocial event would have destroyed the object\\naimed at. She who was a usurper, in the very\\nface of the fact that Kwang Su s wife was the\\nactual empress of China, must have laughed in her", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "210 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nsleeve, and regretted that it was not as easy to\\ndefeat the hated barbarians in war as it was in\\ndiplomacy.\\nYet with all her assurances and smiles, the\\ndowager had never forgiven Kwang Su for the\\nshock his twentieth century ideas had given her.\\nShe was biding her time, and carefully preparing\\nfor her palace coup d etat. Early in January,\\n1900, Li Hung Chang was dispatched to Canton\\nas viceroy of the two Kwangs because he was\\ntoo famiharly known to the Western countries\\nto look well as a party to an old-fashioned court\\nmurder. On January 24, 1900, the news was\\nflashed from Peking that Kwang Su had resigned\\nhis crown, and that Put Sing, the infant son of\\nPrince Tuan, had been recognized in his place.\\nA storm of disapproval shook the empire. A few\\ndays later the report was sent out that Kwang Su\\nhad died. In this the old dowager had overreached\\nherself. If she had simply started the report in\\norder to feel the public pulse, and ascertain how her\\nsubjects would accept the death of the emperor,\\nthe result must have startled her more than the\\nJapanese war. Even the inert mass of the Chinese\\nempire was for the moment galvanized into what\\nlooked like opposition. The foreign ministers, or\\nat least those representing the cause of order", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "PERSECUTION OF FOREIGNERS, 211\\nAmerica (Mr. Edwin H. Conger), Great Britain,\\nand Germany, whose services are sometimes useful\\nwhen France or Russia asks a little too much,\\nprotested; and petitions, very humbly worded\\nindeed, but not altogether despised, came rumbling\\nin from the provinces, and from the Chinese in\\nAmerica and Australia. Li Hung Chang, with\\nhis characteristic instinct for evasion, would not\\ndeclare himself one way or the other and for the\\ninstant affairs looked very black. Nominally the\\nyoung emperor still sat on the dishonored throne\\nof his ancestors but everything was being done\\nto lower his prestige, and to treat him as a mere\\nintruder and usurper, a course which the empress\\ndowager failed to perceive would not relieve her\\nfrom the pressure of Western civilization, but\\nwas actually hastening the dissolution of the em-\\npire.\\nOutrages on subjects of powerful states, though\\nat the time they may seem a glorious assertion of\\nindependence, and may for a while go unpunished,\\nhave in the end proved bad policy. Yet China has\\nnever learned by experience. Outrages of this\\nsort led to the first war of 1842 and the opening\\nof the five ports. A renewal of those outrages\\nbrought about the second and third wars, and the\\nopening of the northern and Yangtsze ports.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "212 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nThe massacres in Szechuen and Fulikin called for\\nstill further demands, and the attempts to oust\\nthe Japanese from Korea only ended in the loss of\\nFormosa and Shing King. Outrages in Shantung\\nbrought the Germans and this led to the military\\noccupation by Russia of Manchuria and Liaotung,\\nthe cession of Weihaiwei and Kowloon to England,\\nand, as a counterpoise, of Kwangchow to France.\\nAll these events happened within the lifetime\\nof the empress dowager, and should have been\\nenough to have taught her sufficient wisdom to\\ndissuade her from continuing so losing a game.\\nThere seems, however, to attend the old age of\\nnations, as of individuals, a period of dotage,\\nwhen old habits become tyrants, and reason grows\\ntoo feeble to arrest the inevitable decay. When\\nChina was young and vigorous her envoys and\\nships were to be found all over Asia. She carried\\nher trade even as far as Zanzibar and the east\\ncoast of Africa, and met on equal terms the Arab\\nmerchant, then the great trader of the world.\\nShe had then no pro- nor anti-foreign party, and\\nthe wayfarer from abroad was hospitably received\\nin her ports. While such is the aspect of China\\ntowards foreign nations, at home the present\\npretense of government is insidiously sapping the\\nfoundations of law and order. It has been un-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE MOB IN CHINA. 213\\nceasingly fanning the flame of dissatisfaction.\\nThe mob in China, like that in every other coun-\\ntry, cares for nothing but plunder and it is easy\\nto direct its fury against the foreigner, whether it\\nbe the Jew in Russia or the missionary in China.\\nIn the metropolitan province itself men like\\nGeneralissimo Junglu and Kangyi have been at\\nwork for years fomenting trouble, but it is in\\nShantung and Kwangtung that the effects of such\\nteachings are most seriously felt. The chiefs of\\nthe present Boxer uprising are nothing more\\nthan disciples of the empress s favorites. They\\nforget, however, that with the first taste for blood\\nthe mob changes from the willing tool into a wild,\\nunthinking beast. A ruler like Li Hung Chang\\nmight be expected to have learned the first prin-\\nciples of settled government but affairs have\\nproceeded so far that Kwangtung broke in a blaze\\nof rebellion, and all authority was openly defied.\\nPiracy was everywhere and even the presence of\\nEnglish river gunboats on the West River, above\\nCanton, had little if any effect. It needed\\nmeasures stronger than the old viceroy cared to\\nincur the expense of to restore his province\\nto anything Kke order. Twelve years ago the\\nprovince of Shantung v/as probably the most\\ncontented of the eighteen. To-day, owing to the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "214 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nexample set in Peking, it is a hotbed of factions,\\nand the Imperial Government is openly defied.\\nAs a result, one foreigner (Rev. Mr. Brooks) has\\nbeen barbarously murdered and every mail brings\\nreports of the kilHng or persecuting of mission-\\naries, prospectors, and railway surveyors.\\nUnfortunately China, in her long political career,\\nhas never evolved any self-acting check on mis-\\nrule r and the sole remedy has ever been rebellion\\nor conquest. A nation has the government it best\\ndeserves. If China were worthy of a good gov-\\nernment it would have it. Such was the deliber-\\nate statement of General Gordon on returning\\nfrom his last visit to Peking. The position of\\naffaire in Peking has not altered for the better\\nsince then, and to-day is not very unlike what\\nit was in the last days of the Mings, when\\nthe progress of the Manchu arms was fostered\\nmore by treachery than by prowess. This state-\\nment practically brings Chinese history up to\\ndate of the Boxer uprising. Beyond that,\\nin spite of all the half -known but dramatic hap-\\npenings, is little more than prophecy and while it\\nis perfectly safe to predict the future of China by\\nher past, there is no value in such predictions, and\\nvery little of interest. Half the books that are\\nbeing written on China to-day are made up of the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE SICK MAN OF ASIAr 215\\nprophetic visions of some distinguished traveler,\\nwho has lived a few months or a year in her\\nopen treaty ports. As the sick man of Asia,\\nChina has been blessed with a host of doctors,\\nand one can safely predict that their prescriptions\\nwill certainly either kill or cure.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "216 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nXL\\nTHE COMMERCIAL OUTLOOK,\\nE\\nVERY writer on Chinese conditions de-\\nvotes at least one chapter to the comroer-\\ncial outlook as he sees it, or to pointing\\nout the openings for American goods in the Ori-\\nental market. For years our efficient consuls along\\nthe Yellow Sea have been filling the Consular\\nReports with the result of their careful study\\nand investigations of the subject. Dr. Morrison,\\nthe famous commissioner of the London Times\\nat Peking, has gone over the question again and\\nagain, and returned officials have delivered hun-\\ndreds of lectures before chambers of commerce\\nand boards of trade in America. During the past\\nthree years, I have written enough on this subject\\nto fill many chapters, and all of us have said or\\nwritten more or less the same tiling.\\nTrade in China is not to be picked up like gold\\nnuggets in the Klondike. The Chinese will need", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "TRADE IN CHINA. 217\\nto be educated to the use of American prints and\\nlabor-saving machinery, just as their taste was\\ncultivated for Indian opium, before we can sell\\nthem the products of our looms and rolling-mills.\\nThe American house that sends an agent out here\\nwith a box of samples, and expects to work up a\\nbusiness that will demand the services of a fleet of\\nsteamships, on the mere investment of a ticket\\nfrom San Francisco to Hong Kong, will be sadly\\ndiscouraged with the results. In this story of the\\nhistory of China, I hope I have impressed the\\nreader with at least one Chinese characteristic,\\nconservativeness. It is all very well to deal in\\nbig round figures, and to make glittering promises\\nas to future trade possibilities but judging the\\nfuture by the past, it will be some years before we\\ncan persuade the Chinaman to discard the chop-\\nsticks for the knife and fork, or his cheap, comfort-\\nable dress for New England shoddy. In three\\nhundred years of intercourse with Europe and\\nAmerica, we have been able to introduce three\\narticles, opium, kerosene, and flour, although\\nthere is at present a very respectable trade done\\nin steel and prints.\\nThere is no possible way of carrying the Chi-\\nnese market by storm. It must be studied, nursed,\\nand coaxed. The rich Chinese appreciate Pari-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "218 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nsian novelties and jewelry, and are large buyers\\nof music-boxes, mechanical toys, phonographs,\\nfancy watches, ornamental clocks, etc. but they\\nhave an utter contempt for American beds or\\nsteam-drills. In order to sell carriages, the Chi-\\nnese must first be taught the advantages of good\\nroads. It is not because of a lack of example\\nthat they do not build them but they have been\\nable to get along very well for three thousand\\nyears without them, and unless they are forced to\\nconstruct them, they will probably continue in the\\ngood old way. The splendid roads that the Eng-\\nlish are building in the new Kowloon territory-\\nrun flush up to the Chinese quarter, but not an\\ninch farther.\\nThe commercial conversion of China will be\\nmuch easier to accomplish than its religious con-\\nversion but it cannot be brought about by a flood\\nof circulars in the English language, or by flowery\\neditorials in the American newspapers. So far,\\nthe Americans have not taken hold of the trade\\nproblem in a sensible, determined manner and I\\ndo not believe that we ever will, until the time\\narrives when we must have a foreign market for\\nour surplus productions. To-day prices are so\\nhigh in America, both for manufactured articles\\nand for labor, that there is little or no incentive", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "FOREIGN MISCONCEPTIONS. 219\\nto compete for the Chinese market against the\\nEnglish and Germans.\\nOur chambers of commerce urge the building of\\ngigantic trunk-lines from one end of China to the\\nother, as though it were a simple proposition\\nthat required only money and they naturally\\nurge that China will, of course, be delighted to\\nhave any country or syndicate expend ^100,000,000\\nfor their benefit. They forget, however, that every\\nconcession to build a railroad, to navigate a ship\\nin the inland waters, or to even buy Chinese pro-\\nducts, has been obtained at the muzzle of the\\ngun. The history of the little railroad from\\nWusung to Shanghai, a distance of twelve miles,\\nis an object lesson in Chinese appreciation of\\nWestern efforts to introduce Western methods.\\nThe completion of the enterprise in 1875 was\\nheralded all over Europe as the entering wedge\\ninto the Chinese markets. During its building\\nthe Chinese officials did not object, as they did\\nnot realize what was taking place but as soon as\\nthe train began to run, then they understood what\\nthe foreigners meant by an entering wedge. A\\nChinaman was found who, for a small sum to his\\nfamily, was willing to throw himself under the\\nwheels of the cars. The Literati immediately de-\\nmanded a life for a life the minds of the vil-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "220 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nlagers were filled with the absurd tale that the\\nnoise of the engine disturbed the Fuiigsui, or\\nspirits of the air and, crazed with fear, they cre-\\nated such a series of disturbances that the only\\nway out was to sell the railroad to the Chinese\\ngovernment, who immediately tore up the rails,\\nand obliterated the roadbed.\\nThere have been two short lines built in China\\nsince but the only successful railroad building is\\ndone by the Russians, and they are backed by the\\nentire force of the Russian army and navy. Con-\\nfucius has warned his countrymen against new\\ndevices from abroad, and the people will have to\\nbe educated away from Confucianism before they\\nwill of their own notion take kindly to railroads\\nin China. The English made the usual mistake\\nin submitting to the prejudices of the Chinese.\\nHad Sir Thomas Wade insisted on the integrity of\\nthe little Wusung line, and a gunboat stationed\\noff Shanghai, Confucius s maxim would have been\\ncast into limbo, and railroads would to-day spider-\\nweb China from end to end.\\nWhile we have been idly dreaming of railroad\\nbuilding and scrambling for mining concessions in\\nthe unopened empire, the Germans have come\\ninto the field, gone to work intelligently, and\\ncreated a market for themselves. It is a peculiar", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "ADVERTISING AND SAMPLES. 221\\nmarket, and not one that they themselves prob-\\nably expected to find but it was the outgrowth\\nof the wants of the people. For example, they\\nsaw that they could soon create a demand for\\ncheap lamps. The Chinese were quick to recog-\\nnize the benefits of American kerosene and the\\nStandard Oil Company might have doubled their\\nexport if they had years ago given away one\\nhundred thousand cheap tin lamps like those the\\nGermans are now selling for from fifty cents to\\none dollar and a half (Mexicans).\\nThe advertising of Chinese goods by the Chinese\\nis, whenever possible, done by free distribution of\\nsamples. A drug-store opens in Canton, and starts\\nout to sell the same old panacea under a new name.\\nThe first year they may spend ten thousand dollars\\n(Mexicans) in the distribution of samples. In fact,\\nthey really invest all their capital in this kind of\\nadvertising. Their stock is almost worth nothing,\\nbut I know of drug-firms in Canton that could\\nsell their sign-boards (trade-marks) for one hun-\\ndred thousand taels at any time, who commenced\\nin this way a few years ago. The Chinese never\\nbuy without first testing; and if the article is\\nsatisfactory, it requires an earthquake to turn\\nthem to a rival article not even a big saving in\\nprice will do it. A number of years ago the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "222 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\neagle brand of American milk became popular\\namong the Chinese of Canton and Hong Kong.\\nTo-day it is manufactured in Canton by the thou\u00c2\u00b0\\nsands the milk, label, trade-mark, all, being coun-\\nterfeited. The milk is diluted and poor but the\\nChinese keep on buying, because of the eagle\\non the label.\\nThe Germans are supplying the Chinese with\\nlamps, cheap tools, buttons, glass, jewelry, thread,\\nqueuestrings, watches, powder, and guns. A lead-\\ning firm in Hong Kong offered to place an order\\nfor fifty thousand dollars worth of powder with\\nany American firm that would sell as good and\\ncheap a gunpowder as the Germans. I took sam-\\nples, and sent them on to Cahfornia, and obtained\\nsamples and prices in return. The quality of the\\nAmerican powder was all right, but the price\\nwas twenty per cent too high. The manufacturer\\nwanted protection prices in a free port. We for-\\nget in America that, if we wish to sell in these\\nmarkets, we have got to compete with free-trade\\ncountries and with free-trade prices. For which\\nreason, I repeat, we will not do much more than\\ntalk, until we get to the point of needing a foreign\\nmarket to absorb our surplus. As yet the Ameri-\\ncan merchants are not in earnest and the talk of\\nour doing in the next five years a trade with China", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL COMMISSIONS. 223\\namounting to two hundred and fifty million dol-\\nlars a year sounds well, but it is sheer nonsense.\\nThe report of a commercial commission will not\\ncontain anything that has not been said and resaid\\nby the consuls of all nations during the past ten\\nyears, or more than was lately reported by the\\ncommission from the Philadelphia Museum. If\\nany commission is to be sent to China, it should\\nbe a political one, a committee from Congress,\\nwhose recommendations would be accepted in\\nAmerica, and whose opinion would be feared in\\nChina. Lord Charles Beresford s mission, al-\\nthough not political, was accepted as such by the\\nChinese and his voice in parliament was re-\\nspectfully listened to, and his advice followed.\\nOn two occasions -once on his outward, and\\nonce on his return trip I went carefully over\\nwith him the results of his investigations; and\\nhis summing up of the entire trade situation was\\nsimply what every foreigner knows in China,\\nthe fear of the warship is the beginning of\\ntrade.\\nYou can t sell goods if the Chinese won t look\\nat them. The West River, from Canton to Nan-\\nking, was opened to foreign trade three years ago\\nbut the Chinese have hedged it around with so\\nmany petty restrictions, and permitted it to be-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "224 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ncome the haunt of pirates, that, so far, they have\\nbeen able to defeat the object of the treaty. The\\nBritish are forced to keep three gunboats patrol-\\nling the three hundred miles between Canton and\\nWuchow, in order to protect what little trade they\\nhave. In the early part of 1898 the officials\\nfound that the people were consuming large quan-\\ntities of American kerosene oil, and that the busi-\\nness had so grown that a small American steamer\\nwas daring to make regular trips between Hong\\nKong and Wuchow. The Chinese could not,\\nunder the treaty, forbid the import of foreign\\ngoods, so they caused it to be known that if any\\nof the oil w^as spilled on the ground it would\\nruin the crop. A panic ensued among the rus-\\ntics and to allay the excitement, the viceroy was\\nasked to prohibit the importation of oil as a war\\nmeasure. For a time the people returned to the\\ncandle-wick, dipped in a saucer of peanut oil;\\nbut the contrast was too great and as there had\\nbeen no failure of crops, they so clamored for\\nkerosene that the edict was revoked.\\nAbout the same time the Italian consul, who\\nwas a merchant-consul of Hong Kong, established\\nan agency for the sale of all kinds of Italian goods\\nin Wuchow. His consular title protected his go-\\ndown; and the first year, while he was getting", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "POSITION OF IMPORTERS, 225\\nestablished, and really losing money, no oppo-\\nsition was shown to his enterprise. The end of\\nthe second year found him opening a lucrative\\ntrade witii a net profit for the year of seventeen\\nthousand dollars (Mexicans). Immediately petty\\npersecutions of all kinds commenced. At the\\nbeginning of the third year the head of the firm\\nresigned his consular functions, whereupon a para-\\ngraph appeared in the Chinese papers of Hong\\nKong, that he had been dismissed from office in\\ndisgrace, and warning all Chinese against doing\\nbusiness with him. The article, as was afterwards\\nproven in the Hong Kong courts, was inspired by\\nthe Wuchow officials, thoroughly frightened the\\nChinese, and the Italian house was compelled to\\ntake up its agency. A suit was brought in the\\nHong Kong Supreme Court for Ubel, and a judg-\\nment was awarded the ItaKan.\\nThese examples might be multiplied by hun-\\ndreds, but they go to show the position Chinese\\ntake toward foreign imports. They are not stand-\\ning with outstretched hands praying for our canned\\nasparagus and our high silk hats, as our news-\\npapers and orators picture, nor will junketing\\ncommissions bring about a desire for them. The\\nbest advice I can give to merchants who honestly\\nwish to compete for China s trade, is to imitate", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "226 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nthe methods of the old-established English and\\nGerman firms. Gunboats, earnestness, diplomacy,\\nwill give us our place in the Chinese market.\\nLi Hung Chang grew very pathetic in picturing\\nthe sorrows we are causing his people by exclud-\\ning them from America, and especially the Philip-\\npine Islands, forgetting or ignoring the fact that\\nChina is a sealed nation to the American. There\\nare seventy thousand Chinese in San Francisco\\nalone, against three thousand whites of all nation-\\nalities, in all China outside of the treaty ports.\\nLet Li open his country to the world, and then he\\nmay talk of invidious distinctions. The life of\\na foreigner is unsafe ten miles from Canton, and\\nyet the viceroy dwelt with sad emphasis on the\\nwoes of a few laundrymen who were snow-balled\\nin San Francisco by some children during the one\\nfall of snow of the year. During my call on the\\nprefect of Fatshan, a city of two millions, twenty\\nmiles from Canton, I was guarded by one hundred\\nand fifty soldiers armed with mausers, and the\\nviceroy heaved a big sigh of relief when I re-\\nturned to Canton alive and uninjured.\\nChina should not be permitted to continue a\\nhermit nation in this twentieth century. If the\\nconcert of nations agrees to preserve its integrity,\\nlet them first force open the door, and then nail it", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "LET IN THE SUNLIGHT, 227\\nback to the wall, so that the pure sunlight of modern\\ncivilization can pour in. Then, and not until\\nthen, will the boasted open-door policy mean\\nanything, and all trade will have a fair field\\nwithout fear or favor.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "228 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nXIL\\nCANTON, THE TYPICAL CITY,\\nCANTON in China the China of to-day\\nand the China of a thousand years. The\\npost-office address of Hong Kong is\\nChina; but it is no more the real thing than\\nis Singapore or Chinatown in San Francisco.\\nI had read of Canton with its crowded streets\\nI had heard of Canton with its smells, with its\\nexecution ground, its pagoda, its yamens, and of\\nshameen but who can describe Canton as it is\\nNo one not even the kodak. Yet this wonderful\\ncity is less than a hundred miles up the broad\\nPearl from Hong Kong and English civilization.\\nThousands of tourists visit it yearly, and a hue of\\nMississippi passenger steamers daily ply between\\nthe two antagonistic civilizations.\\nWe boarded one evening one of the big side-\\nwheelers, that had come up from New Orleans,\\naround the Horn we were prepared to be disap-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE APPROACH TO CANTON. 229\\npointed, to be disgusted, to put up with whatever\\ncame in our way, but we did not dare hope for\\neither amusement or instruction. We thought\\nwe knew what to expect.\\nThe evening sun was lying full in the mouth of\\nthe sulphur channel as we boarded the big side-\\nwheeler, Honan, and slowly worked ahead\\namong a wilderness of junks and house-boats.\\nThe evening gun heralded the approach of less\\ngorgeous color in the channel ahead, and lights\\nbegan to flicker in the fishing- villages on either\\nhand. We drew out our chairs to the deck and\\nenjoyed it all, the soft night breeze laden now\\nand again with puffs of burning joss-sticks, the\\npurpling twilight full of strange moving objects,\\nthe islands like huge jade-stones floating upon\\na faintly moonlit sea, and the sense that with\\neach churn of the twin-wheels we were drawing\\nnearer the heart of the least understood empire on\\nearth. Here we were on the other side of the\\nball, just as we imagined we would be in our school^\\ndays should we dig a well straight down, down,\\nuntil we struck daylight, quite the same as the\\nirreverent oil-prospector in Pennsylvania painted\\nabove his derrick, We re going to drill till we\\nstrike oil, hell, or China. In our geographies\\nthere was a wood-cut of a Chinese mandarin, in", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "230 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nflowing robes, walking sedately by the side of\\ntwo naked coolies carrying boxes of tea on a pole\\nbetween them. It had been my ambition as a boy,\\nto slip up behind that mandarin, and snip off his\\nluxuriant queue with a pair of scissors.\\nAs we steamed into the entrance of the great\\nriver the famous Bogue forts loomed above us on\\neither hand. For centuries they awed the navies\\nof the Western World; but after Captain Elliot\\nhad dropped a few hundred pounds of British iron\\ninto their midst, they lost their invulnerable char-\\nacter, and became but mild sport in the hands of\\nof succeeding fleets. American engineers and\\nAmerican cannon could give them back their de-\\nparted prowess, and again their ramparts would\\ncommand the entrance to the fertile plains of the\\nKwang-tung province. The old walls of brick and\\nmortar that have been thrice battered, ramble up\\nand down the precipitous sides of the hills, and\\npreserve the pictures queness of the Bogue, and\\nrecall the days of the East India Company.\\nHere and there a fine six- or nine-storied pagoda\\nrises above the interminable fields of rice, as use-\\nless as the ramparts of the Bogue, but answering\\nthe same purpose. They were originally erected\\nas an abode for the spirits of the air, but once\\nfinished they were left for the spirits to do their", "height": "3478", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3478", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "RIVER LIFE, 231\\nown cleaning and housekeeping. The ones we in-\\nvaded in Canton had not been set to rights since\\nthe days of the Ming dynasty. Our first surprise\\ncame when we were within a few miles of Canton.\\nWe flattered ourselves that we had seen high-class\\nriver-life in Japan, Shanghai, and Hong Kong\\nbut here again our pride went before a fall. We\\nentered a wilderness of boats, the homes of three\\nhundred thousand people, streets of boats and\\nmiles of boats. Sampans, express-boats, flower-\\nboats, junks, fish-boats, house-boats, and man-\\nwheel-boats. We never tired of watching these\\nlast. They were big wedge-shaped cargo lorchas,\\nfifty or more feet long. Across the stern swung a\\ngreat paddle-wheel, which was worked by forty or\\nfifty naked slaves on a treadmill. The workers\\nare locked in a cage and like the prisoners on\\nthe treadmills they could only keep on walking,\\nwalking, mile after mile sometimes one way,\\nsometimes the other, as came the word of com-\\nmand. It was wonderful how they dodged here\\nand there, forward and backward, elbowing down\\na long lane of boats, and backing up to a wharf.\\nA mandarin man- wheel-boat dashed by with a\\nclash of gongs and a salvo of yells. Yellow and\\nred dragon flags bedecked it, and through the open\\nbull s-eye windows we caught a glimpse of black-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "232 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nwood and Chinese gilding, stone pictures, paper\\nscreens. Ranged along the bank were the flower-\\nboats, ornately carved and resplendent in green\\nand gold, the homes of women who are not per-\\nmitted to live within the city walls.\\nNearly everything in the Hong Kong market\\ncomes from Canton. As we stood on the deck of\\nthe Honan watching the river life, we noticed\\nnearing us below a line of boats, deep sunk in\\nthe water. In a moment they were fastened to\\nthe steamer, the flooring of each thrown back, ex-\\nposing as many floating fish-ponds. There were\\nlive fish of all sizes and all shapes, from the min-\\nnow-like whitebait to big red fellows that required\\nall the agility and strength of their captors to\\nmanage. Each boat was divided in three com-\\npartments. Then commenced a scene of well-\\nordered confusion. The naked coolies stood waist\\ndeep in the chaos of struggling, writhing fish, fill-\\ning basket after basket, pitching it to their mates\\nin the bow, who in turn tossed it to the coolies\\nabove, and from there into a tank of fresh water.\\nThe fish arrived eight hours later a little seasick\\nand shopworn, but alive for tlie Hong Kong-\\nmarket.\\nFrom a distance, or from a point of vantage.\\nCanton is one vast sea of roofs. Not a street, and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "TEN-STORIED PAWNSHOPS. 233\\nonly here and there a clump of trees, break the\\nendless glaze of its tiled roofs. The only objects\\nthat rise above the expanse are the great ten-sto-\\nried square granite pawnshops, veritable strong-\\nholds where the rich deposit their jewels and\\nclothing, and the poor sell their precious bits of\\njade. They are warehouses and pawnshops in\\none, and are protected from mobs by guards on\\nthe roof armed with gigantic syringes and buckets\\nof vitriol.\\nI dread to invade Canton with the pen, as I\\nmust confess I feared the first plunge into it with\\nmy chair. My description must fall as far short\\nof the reality as my wildest imagination did of the\\nmaelstrom that I found myself in, fifty steps from\\nthe Shameen gate.\\nWhen we speak of narrow streets, the com-\\nparison that comes to the mind is some of the old\\ncow-paths of Boston, the alleys or lanes off Cheap-\\nside and the Strand in London, or possibly the\\nJuden-Stras^e of Frankfort, or some Continental\\ncity. I was prepared for narrow streets but I\\nhad no idea that when our chair crossed the little\\nbridge through the guarded iron gates that pro-\\ntect Shameen, the little island refuge of the Euro-\\npeans, and entered what seemed to be the door of\\na house, that I was traversing a hona fide street.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "234 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nThe chair was a few inches wider than my body,\\nand yet I had to keep my elbows close to my\\nsides to keep them out of the shops on either\\nside. Mark Twain has remarked that you could\\nnot throw a brick-bat in Rome without breaking\\na church window; but in Canton you have to\\nchoose your place to knock the ashes off your\\ncigar, or they will alight in a dish of soy or dried\\nduck on the one hand, or a pile of wonderfully\\nwrought silk embroidery on the other. The shops\\nhave no windows or doors. From your chair you\\ncan pick their goods up on either side. Once in\\na while a sickly pencil of sunlight finds its way\\ndown through the little space above our heads,\\nmore seldom a breath of fresh air. Lacquered\\nsigns vidth golden legends hang downward bearing\\nthe mottoes or trade-marks of the shops, Ever-\\nlasting Love, Benevolence and Love, Ten\\nThousand-fold Peace, Thousand Beatitudes,\\nThe Saluting Dragon, The Dragon is Re-\\npose, etc., legends meant to entice the buyers,\\nand blind the spirits to the words that are said\\nand the things that are done within. The Chi-\\nnese credit their gods with the attributes of men.\\nI say gods, for Chinese, whether they are styled\\nBuddhist or Taoist, are as pantheistic as the old\\nGreeks. They have gods for all wants and a new", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SIGNBOARDS. 235\\none is born to suit any new demand. A China-\\nman will lay as clever plans to cheat or fool some\\nparticular god as to blind the eyes of a rival firm.\\nWhen the typhoon signal is up on the Kowloon\\npeninsula across from Hong Kong, dozens of little\\npaper junks will be thrown overboard to float\\ngayly away on the crest of the wave. It is to\\nfool the god of the storm into thinking each tiny\\ncounterfeit presentment is the original so he will\\nsatisfy his wrath on it while the master of the\\nreal junk sails safely away, laughing slyly at the\\nimpotent lashing of the tricked monster.\\nThese Canton sign-boards hang down as thick\\nas stalactites, and keep one eternally dodging as\\nyou go swiftly along the streets. At points the\\nso-called lanes open up to a width of six feet, wide\\nenough for two chairs to pass but usually in one\\nstreet the chairs all go in the same direction,\\nwhile in a parallel one they go in the other. The\\nthousands of pedestrians hug the side walls as we\\npass, or crowd into an open shop.\\nIf we wish to turn about, it is necessary to in-\\nvade one of these shops with our chairs, and swing\\nit carefully around and if we wish to stop, our\\ncoolies, with great shouting and gesticulating, halt\\nthe always onward procession while we descend\\nthen our chairs go on a block or more to an open", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "236 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nspace where they can be clear of the marchers.\\nThe fronts of the silver and silk shops are pro-\\ntected by heavy wooden bars set in the sill and\\nlintel like stancheons in a cattle stable. One of\\nthese is removed to admit us, and put quickly back\\nin place. A sea of upturned faces, is jammed\\nagainst and between the bars, and watches every\\nmovement. The shops are all alike, from the en-\\ntrance, possibly ten feet by ten with joss altar in\\nthe rear but in the larger shops you pass back of\\nthe altar, and enter the real show-rooms, large,\\nroomy, and cool, away from the awful din of the\\ncongested street. There is nothing to see, every-\\nthing neatly folded, and placed away in locked\\ncupboards. You ask for silk, embroideries, fur,\\nsilver, ivory, jade, and a door opens, and you are\\ndeluged with the wealth of the Idngs, and at such\\nridiculous prices that you spend every cent. In\\nsome of the shops you go up two and three stories\\ninto sunlit rooms, full of beautiful Canton ware,\\nrare Kienlung vases, crackle-jars, fire-color porce-\\nlain josses, china dragons.\\nIt is the street-life however, that is the most\\nfascinating, the most appalling. Thousands of\\ndried ducks, looking as though they had gone\\nthrough a letter-press, hang above your head for\\na mile. Restaurants, butcher-shops, silk-stores,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "STREET LIFE, 237\\nblacksmiths shops, bamboo-workers, blackwood\\nfurniture go-downs, shoe-marts, image-makers,\\nivory-carvers, book-stalls, jade-stone rooms, second-\\nhand-clothes houses, rattan-factories, and every-\\nthing rub shoulders, and carry on business in\\npeace of mind and a tremendous noise. Crowds\\nfollow you everywhere for miles. Be-di-aggled,\\ndirty, red-coated soldiers of the viceroy or Tartar\\ngeneral s yamen desert their posts to join the\\nprocession. Our coolies go swiftly on, yelling\\nand expostulating, sometimes seemingly to their\\nown destruction, in the camel s eye of the old\\nwalls, sometimes through a crowd that it would\\nnot seem that a respectable fly would attempt, but\\nalways on, for it is our only salvation.\\nIt gives one the horrors to think of being de-\\nserted in the heart of the city. You could wander\\nuntil the gray hairs came, without ever finding\\nyour way out. There is no such thing as a straight\\nline, or a chance to take your bearing from the\\nsun. It is a bedlam, a babel, a chaos, a lunatic\\nasylum, in one, and yet everyone is going sedately\\nabout on his own business. The first day I said\\nI could wander forever through these wonderful\\nthoroughfares the second day my ears ached, and\\nmy brain was dizzy. I was glad to return to the\\nEuropean city of refuge, Shameen.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "238 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nShameen is an artificial oval island, a half a\\nmile long and some three hundred yards in\\nbreadth. It is made up of the English and French\\nconcessions. Its south bund bounds the harbor,\\nand a deep stone-lined canal separates it from the\\ncity. Two iron bridges with heavy gates connect\\nit with the mainland, and a guard of Chinese\\nsoldiers protect it night and day. No Chinaman,\\nunless he has a pass, is allowed to cross at six\\no clock every night, and again at nine the heavy\\ngong beats there is a blare of trumpets a\\ncannon fires the gates are closed, and the for-\\neingner lies down to sleep as safe as though he\\nwere in Hong Kong or New York. The little\\nsettlement is as beautiful as a suburb on the\\nHudson, broad walks shaded with Banyan-trees,\\npretty gardens, broad tennis-courts, a bicycle\\ntrack, and handsome brick houses, make one forget\\nChina. The trees are full of wild pigeons and\\nring-doves, thrushes and blackbirds; and the air is\\nmelodious with the twittering of the fungilla, and\\nthe whistle of the bittern, while sparrows flutter\\nfrom covert to covert. The history of Shameen\\nis the history of Canton for the past two hundred\\nyears, and in a large measure the history of Hong\\nKong. But what was once a prison is now a de-\\nlightful park, a preserve for our own race.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "THE GODS ACCOUNT-BOOK. 239\\nIn spite of appearances we soon found that we\\nwere not wandering aimlessly through this inter-\\nminable network of streets. We had begun to\\nthink that the sights of Canton were kingfisher\\nworkers, rice-paper studios, and a maze of smells,\\nwhen our chairs were set down before some pon-\\nderous gates that swung in the wind, and (so\\nthey were labeled) protected from the rain a col-\\nlection of the halt and the blind.\\nThe cold weather was coming on, and with it\\nthe season of Chinese New Year, and the beggars\\nwere swarming in from the country districts. A\\nfew rods along the wall sat a coolie with a bag\\nthe size of a flour-sack, full of copper cash, tied\\nup in bunches of ten. A line of beggars had\\nformed before him, and as they passed he put into\\neach outstretched hand one of the bunches. He\\nwas one of the retainers of a rich merchant or\\nmandarin, who was desirous of laying up benevo-\\nlence for himself. He cared nothing for the\\nbeggars, and might the next hour trample them\\ndown with his horse but the Chinese believe\\nthat their gods keep an account-book with debit\\nand credit sides. Every good act counterbalances\\na bad one, so in the winter months they lay in a\\nstock of credits for the year s use by distributing\\ncash and rice to the beggars. Every Chinaman", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "240 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nkeeps a ledger on his own account, for fear the\\ngod will overlook a good deed or so and when\\nhe discovers his credits running low, he sends out\\na runner to a temple gate to lay up more merit.\\nThere is where a kodak would have been useful.\\nThe little comedy made us forget for the moment\\nthat we were standing at the dragon gate of the\\nworld famed Examination Hall of Canton,\\nwhere the triennial examinations for the degree of\\nbachelor of arts take place. Next to Peking\\nthis was the greatest university in the world\\nmore students meet within its courts and stone\\ncells than in the halls and corridors of Harvard,\\nYale, Oxford, and all the big universities of\\nAmerica and England put together. Within its\\nprecincts issues affecting, in a greater or less de-\\ngree, the destinies of the empire are determined.\\nEvery male, rich or poor, humble or great, may\\ntry, at the expense of the state, for the coveted\\ndegree of Ku-yan (A.B.). Among the twenty\\nthousand are striplings and their fathers, boys of\\neighteen and sires of eighty.\\nThere are no dormitories to the university.\\nThe student may study wherever he listeth, at the\\nviceroy s literary club, or in the hovel, and come\\nup for his examination whenever he feels qualified.\\nHe may try as often as he chooses, but the rewards", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "THE EXAMINATION HALL. 241\\nare glittering enough to cause everyone of the thou-\\nsands of stone cells that line the broad granite\\nboulevard to be taken. The successful candidates\\nare given government employment, while the\\nthree highest are, in addition to rank and position,\\nawarded settled incomes, so that they are free to\\ncontinue their studies if they do not care for\\npolitical preferment. There is no progression, no\\nadvancement, nothing modern in this university.\\nThe themes and questions are from the classics,\\nthe same to-day as a hundred years ago, the same\\nas five hundred. The honor man, who for the\\ntime being is greater than the viceroy, knows the\\nConfucian Analects, The Doctrine of the\\nMan, the book of Mencius the Ti King, by\\nheart he is able to locate and bound the route of\\nConfucius travels, and explain the superstitions\\nof the stars but he never heard of New York, nor\\nhas the faintest idea of the law of gravitation or\\nthe physical geography of the earth. The chances\\nare, if he came from the interior of China, that he\\nis ignorant of the opium war, the Japanese war,\\nand fondly believes that all kings are still paying\\nhomage to his emperor.\\nA high stone wall incloses the university, from\\nthe dragon gate to the quarter of the examiners\\nand from the yamen of the viceroy stretches a", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "242 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nbroad stone causeway, at right angles to which\\nare closely packed streets or lanes of small open\\nbrick-built cells, measuring five and a half feet\\nlong, three feet eight inches broad, by six feet\\nhigh. In these cells, which contain a bare wooden\\nbench on the one side and a shelf on the other,\\nthe student must stay night and day, for from\\ntwo to three weeks, writing on his themes, and\\nanswering questions. He is allowed to come out\\nupon the central promenade three times a day to\\ncook rice and get water but most of the students\\nbring their provisions already cooked, so as to\\nsave time.\\nThe examinations take place in the fall; the\\nweather is hot, the air from the surrounding city\\nfetid twenty thousand men are crowded in a space\\nlike cattle in a stable and every day one to a dozen\\nworkers break down, and have to be carried out-\\nside the gates. There are always a number of\\ndeaths, and the strain and the heat require\\nphysical staying qualities as well as mental.\\nThe viceroy s temporary yamen is spacious, but\\nfar from attractive when unused. We wandered\\nabout as freely as the trains of beggars and pariah\\ndogs would permit, and we had to accept on faith\\nthe statement of our scrofulous cicerone, that the\\nyamen was very gorgeous during examination time.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "THE TAMEN, 243\\nAll the public buildings in China are erected\\nwith the idea that they are to last forever, and\\nthat any repairs or house-cleaning, beyond the re-\\nnewal of the oiled paper of the windows, is a sin-\\nful extravagance. Nothing but fire could ever\\nclean Canton.\\nWe stopped before the yamen of the Tartar\\nmajor-general. The street here was a httle broader,\\nand before the palace-gate were heaps of offal and\\nrefuse on which a corps of red-coated brigands\\nwere gambling and quarreling. We entered,\\nstepping over an old hag who was skinning a cat,\\nentered a dirty court-yard inhabited by beggars,\\nsoldiers, and smells, through another gate into an\\ninner court, around which were a row of offices\\nfor minor officials. We were allowed to go no\\nfarther. A mandarin came out from beyond the\\ninner court, immaculately dressed in flowing silk\\nskirts, and passed us by without bestowing a\\nglance in our direction. Our mob of begging fol-\\nlowers opened for him to pass, but gave him no\\nmore attention than he gave us.\\nThe yamen was typical of the empire. A\\nBritish army officer who was with the army that\\ncaptured Peking, and entered the emperor s palace\\nin the Pink City, told me that he expected at\\nlast to see something of the magnificence that", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "244 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nrumor claimed surrounded the sacred person of\\nthe emperor. He found the same dirt, squalor,\\ndisorganization, and lack of even the comforts, on\\na grand scale, that he liad grown familiar with in\\nthe yamens and temples of Canton and Nanking.\\nThe Chinese lay out their palaces on a magnifi-\\ncent scale. They take acres of ground in the\\nheart of a city where there is no ground to spare for\\nrespectable streets. The eaves, angles, and corners\\nare filled with the most expensive and most ar-\\ntistic porcelain gargoyles, josses, holy men, and\\ndevils. Whole scenes from the life of Buddha, in\\nbeautiful five-colored porcelain, fill the sides of\\nthe wall. Court scenes, bits in Nirvanah, corners\\nin heaven, peeps into hell, are pictured with the\\nwonderful exactness of detail, and scrupulous\\nnicety as to finish, that distinguish the Chinese\\nartist. The gates of the yamen are wonderfully\\nand fearfully carved, and heroic-sized gods, look-\\ning the picture of the giant in Jack-and-the-\\nBeanstalk, grin at you from either side. Every-\\nthing is done that money, labor, and Chinese taste\\ncan accomplish and then these princely yamens,\\nin every instance, are left to go to decay, the courts\\nto become a dumping-ground for the inmates, the\\ngarden to be used for the same purpose, until\\neverything becomes so filthy that an American", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "THE LITERART CLUB, 245\\nwould not make butter from cows stabled within\\nthe viceregal precincts.\\nThe strange thing is, that of all classes, the\\nChinese seem to be utterly unconscious of the in-\\ncongruity of it all. At the viceroy s Literary\\nClub or the Public Library, where the students\\nare supposed to read and study for the examina-\\ntions, we stood on the veranda above an artisti-\\ncally designed bevy of miniature lakes and moun-\\ntains. Our guide, who for twenty-five years had\\nbeen interpreter of the U. S. Consulate, pointed\\nout with great zest the materials of which the\\nmountains, grottos, and caves were made, as having\\nbeen brought over one thousand miles on the backs\\nof coolies from a sacred mountain in western China,\\nhe claimed that each stone was worth its weight\\nin silver, (it was lava) he called our attention\\nto other things, but he never once noticed that\\nin the shallow water that was so expensively\\nframed was a dead dog, a cart-load of empty cans,\\nbroken jars, and a thick covering of oily green\\nslime. The fact that the money had been spent\\non these acres of rambling buildings was enough.\\nWe did not find one student or reader but this did\\nnot surprise us, as we never found a worshiper in\\nany of the temples in all China.\\nThe temples are in no way comparable to those", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "246 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nof Japan. They are simply vast collections of\\ncourts and quarters for the priests. The central\\ntemple is decorated about its eaves in the same\\nstyle as the yamens. There is no pretense of\\narchitectural decoration or beauty the floors are\\nof hard-beaten earth or flagstones, usually covered\\nwith drying mats or paper; the images of Buddha\\nand the rest usually gigantic in size, and covered\\nwith goldleaf, are arranged round the walls,\\nwith here and there a punk-stick burning before\\na favorite. The priests are almost as ragged, just\\nas dirty, and greater beggars than the professionals\\nthat crowd about the gates. As you go about their\\ndamp, dimly lighted strongholds, they follow you\\nclosely with an always outstretched dirty palm.\\nThere is practically no religion in China. If a\\nChinaman is in trouble, or needs help or face,\\nhe goes to the nearest temple, and prays to any one\\nof the five hundred idols that has the best reputa-\\ntion. If his petition is not answered, he tries an-\\nother, and so on Buddists and Taoists, or even\\nthe gilded image of INIarco Polo, it is all the same\\nto him. If his prayer is finally answered, he be-\\ncomes, for the time being, a patron of the temple\\nof that particular god. Yet everyone studies the\\nConfucius classics from childhood, and quotes\\ntheir beautiful epigrams on all occasions.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "THE EMPEROR S TEMPLE. 247\\nChin Sine, our enthusiastic guide, realized at\\nlast that we were tired of his temples and when\\nthe mistress positively refused to enter The\\nTemple of the God of Literature he begged\\nearnestly that for the good name of the great city,\\nwe should see The Emperor s Temple or Ten\\nThousand Years Palace. Against our better\\njudgment we weakly consented. I hate to explore\\na city, and then have some one exclaim, when I am\\non the other side of the world, Did you see the\\nEmperor s Temple at Canton We came to the\\nusual brick wall lined with beggars and mandarins\\nservants laying up merit, and the usual monu-\\nmental arch, which the guide-books style grand\\nand lofty, with the usual iron-studded gates,\\naswing, and the usual dead dog. Within the\\ngates is an open field of some two acres, where\\nthe retinue wait once a year, on New Year s Day,\\nand pray, while the local representative of the\\nSon of Heaven prostates himself before the\\ncarved facsimile of the dragon throne. The court\\nis overgrown with weeds, and strewn with empty\\ncans, and the royal altar is of the flimsiest painted\\nwood. The insignia and standards of royalty that\\nflank this pretentious erection are such as would\\ncast ridicule on a cheap Chinese theatrical com-\\npany. Even the celebrated tablet that bears the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "248 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\ninscription May the Emperor reign ten thousand\\nyears, ten thousand times ten thousand years, is\\nno improvement on the millions of sign-boards\\namong which we had been dodging during the\\npast few days. Everything, very big, I\\nassured Chue Sine, and he departed satisfied.\\nWe went to no more temples.\\nOur chair stopped before an open space, some\\ntwenty-five yards by ten yards, right in the heart\\nof the city. It was open to the sky only the\\nground was covered with rude earthenware ves-\\nsels drying in the sun. One of the potters rushed\\nforward, motioning us frantically to follow him\\nin preference to any of his co-laborers. We did\\nso, stepping over the half-baked clay pots. From\\nunderneath a pile of rubbish he brought forth a\\nskull, which he displayed with one hand, while the\\nother was outstretched for the usual cumshaw.\\nWhat is this all about I inquired of my in-\\nterpreter, who was smiling blandly from among a\\nbody-guard of naked clay workmen. I noted the\\nlow sheds, the open street, the unobstructed use\\nof ground that must be worth a thousand dollars\\nan inch, for so lowly a purpose, and made up my\\nmind that I was about to stumble upon one more\\nstrange freak of the Chinese character. It is", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "THE EXECUTION GROUND. 249\\nthe execution ground, he replied, amazed at my\\nlacking perspicuity.\\nThe execution ground is the most world-wide\\nfamous spot in Canton, the place of horrible\\ntales and bloody deeds. I had pictured a Gol-\\ngotha, a place of skulls, a sickening Black Hole,\\nflocks of vultures, and herds of rats, and had been\\nsteeling my nerves all day.\\nI found a potter s field, and one skull whose\\ngenuineness I doubted. It was another disen-\\nchantment and yet the spot on which we stood,\\nthis little open lot in the heart of Canton, had\\ndrunk more blood than any other one spot in the\\nworld had felt the pressure of the knees of\\nmore victims than were killed in the Napoleonic\\nwars.\\nAs we stood we were liable to be the unwilling\\nwitness of one or more executions. There is no\\nset time the criminals never know the hour or\\nthe minute; neither does the tourist. The victims\\nare taken from their prison cell in baskets, and\\ndumped on this, their last spot among the living.\\nWith their hands pinioned, they are made to\\nkneel and bend their heads side by side in a\\nlong row. The presiding mandarin enters the\\nopen, preceded by a small table covered with red.\\nThe kneelers are not kept long in suspense. At", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "250 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\na word from the official the naked executionei\\ncommences at one end of the waiting line, and\\nwith his sword mows off the bended necks, as the\\nsmall boy with a switch plays havoc in a meadow\\nof buttercups.\\nIf the Chinese were good Catholics, they would\\ncross themselves whenever they passed this spot\\nand if ghosts of the departed haunt the place\\nof their death, every breath of air must have con-\\ntained millions of their spirits.\\nWhen the haughty Viceroy Yeh found that his\\nsoldiers, his cannon, his fire-ships, his fleet of\\njunks, were as tilings of paper in the hands of the\\nallies without the walls, his savage soul thirsted\\nfor blood. If he could not have the blood of the\\nEnglish, he would have blood so all that Christ-\\nmas day of 1859, and every day after, until a Brit-\\nish marine laid impious hands on his queue, as he\\nwas vainly trying to scale the wall of his own\\nyamen, he watched the heads of kneeling lines of\\nhis own soldiers fall under the hands of his gigan-\\ntic, tireless butcher, until the sandy soil refused to\\ndrink more blood, and the streets ran red.\\nIn the corner of the field were several wooden\\ncrosses, to be used for the milder forms of execu-\\ntion, such as strangulation, and Ling Chi, or\\ncutting into a thousand pieces.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "THE WATER CLOCK, 251\\nBy this time the crowd had wedged in about\\nus until there was no room for our earthly bodies,\\nor for the souls of the departed and there was\\nmuch murmuring because we did not bribe the\\nhead jailer to arrange for an execution. I gave\\nthe curator of the clay skull one hundred cash,\\nand we escaped without stepping on any of the\\npottery.\\nNot so very far from the execution ground\\nbut just how far it would be impossible to state,\\nexcept from the vantage point of a balloon a big\\ntower straddles a bazar-like thoroughfare, and a\\nwinding line of rough stone steps leads two stories\\nto the Water Clock, or Clepsydra. It is running\\nto-day as it has for five hundred years, and with-\\nout a big bulletin board announces the time o\\nday.\\nOn the inner door was a notice that showed\\nthat the keeper realized that the ancient time-\\npiece was a medium of squeeze.\\nIf every body who enter\\nthis room to see pour out\\nleakies of copper pots\\nought to pay us ten cents.\\nWe paid the ten cents after a vigorous protest\\nfrom Chue Sine, the interpreter, and entered a\\ndark room which held three copper vessels, placed", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "252 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\none above the other on a step-like a platform. In\\nthe bottom vessel is a float with an indicator scale\\npassing through it, which, as the water fills the\\nlower vessel, rises and shows the time The small\\nholes in each pot were just large enough to allow\\none drop of water to escape each second. From\\nthe balcony of the tower we could look out on to\\nthe sea of roofs of the streetless city roofs so\\netherial that the wonder is how they withstand a\\nvigorous rainstorm.\\nWe left the viceroy s yamen a little after noon.\\nI incidentally mentioned to Chue that we would\\nbe unable to do any more sight-seeing until we\\nhad partaken of some one s hospitality. The\\nidea was accepted favorably, and our chairs were\\nheaded toward a flight of steps a quarter of a mile\\nor so in length, and a hill where we were informed\\nwas a pagoda. In our American eyes it was only\\nright that we should relieve our bearers by climb-\\nthe steps, but Chue preferred to ride he ex-\\nplained that his trousers were stuffed with goose-\\nfeathers, and it was not comfortable to get unduly\\nwarm. The distance traversed from the moment\\nwe left the foot of the hill until we reached the\\ngates of the big red Five-storied Pagoda was\\nground reserved for military purposes for so called\\ndefense. Fifty years ago the allies proved conclu-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "THE FIVE STORIED PAGODA. 253\\nsively that the Chinese military science was obso-\\nlete that their walls, hills, pagodas, smooth-bore\\ncannons, belonged to the period of the siege of\\nConstantinople and yet to-day these hills within\\nthe walls, embracing acres of the only desirable\\nresidential plots in Canton, are still kept inviolate\\nby the command of some emperor of the Ming\\ndynasty. The defenses of Hong Kong are only\\none hundred miles away they have had no more\\neffect on the science of Chinese warfare than have\\nthe three hundred years of missionary labor on\\nChinese ideas of life and religion.\\nThe pagoda is untenanted save in the fifth\\nstory, where a Chinaman has two small tables and\\na box of tea. Chue Sine had provided us with a\\nlunch from the hotel, and we added it to our host s\\ntea. We paid ten Canton cents each for the use\\nof the rickety table and a much-used table-cloth,\\nand five cents more for a cup of tea made as an\\ninfusion and not a decoction but we paid nothing\\nfor the view, and it was worth the price of the\\npagoda. The pagoda itself is situated directly on\\nthe top of the wall a shining mark for barbarian\\ncannon. Directly below us, within the military\\nreservation, is the government powder factory,\\ndirectly in. line with all the shells that missed the\\npagoda. Whenever the mill accumulates a stock", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "254 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nof powder that excels the demand, and there is\\ndanger of the mill being closed, the balance of\\ntrade is brought their way by the aid of a match.\\nThere have been two explosions within the last\\nsix months.\\nThe streetless city stretched away to the banks\\nof the Pearl, with its maze of shipping, broken\\nhere and there by the towering pawnshops, and\\nthe open space about yamens and temples. With-\\nout the walls the country is brown and hilly, and\\nas destitute of population as though every soul\\ndemanded the protection of the crumbling walls,\\nwhose ponderous gates are still closed at six\\no clock each night with a fanfar of trumpets.\\nFor two hundred years this warlike ceremony, ac-\\ncompanied as it was with a show of such sublime\\nconfidence and high-bred arrogance, impressed\\nand awed England and France. Even when the\\nallies came over the brown hills with scaling-lad-\\nders and hand grenades, the chiefs of the city sat\\nwhere we were drinking tea, and smiled at the\\ninward-rushing band. They did not even pity\\nthem, they were beneath pity. Directly below,\\nat regular intervals, were the cannon that were\\nonly waiting the match to eat them up. Sud-\\ndenly the Foreign Devils were over the walls, and\\nswarming up the steps of the pagoda. The ar-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT DEFENSES. 255\\ntillery had gone off, but no one happened to be\\nwithin range. Afterwards the Tartar general,\\napologizing for his defeat, explained to Peking that\\nthe barbarians did not fight fair. They came in\\nlong, thin lines, at regular distances, half way\\nbetween each cannon; and as the cannon were\\nstationary, and could only be fired straight ahead,\\nand as the barbarians kept out of range, no one\\nwas hurt. We laughed as we walked along the\\nwall past one ancient gun after another. It was\\nall so simple and ingenious, this expecting an\\nenemy to stand up before the mouths of the old\\npieces. The walls, however, are really impressive,\\nbroad enough for a carriage to drive on their top\\nand if they were at Newport or on the Riveira\\nthey would become a famous promenade. There\\nare lots of good building material in them and\\nsome day, when the utilitarians agree to capture\\nCanton, it will go to make a city worthy of so\\ngreat a population.\\nOur pagoda was only five stories high, and\\nquite a youngster in point of years. Five hundred\\nyears does not count for much in China. Later\\nwe visited the most perfect of all pagodas in Can-\\nton, The Flowery Pagoda, which was nine\\nstories, some three hundred feet high, and dates\\nback fourteen hundred years. Each story repre-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "256 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nsents a Buddhist heaven and had it not been for\\nthe quarreling of our chair-coolies over the rem-\\nnants of our lunch, and the yelping of a band of\\nhalf-starved dogs without the walls, our fifth\\nheaven would have been as delightful a place to\\nspend an hour and eat our tiffin in as any well-\\nregulated heathen heaven. Chue was telling us\\nabout his sickness. He was well now and he\\nascribed his cure to Deerhorn and Ginseng.\\nThe medicines he had already shown us in a\\nnative shop. I take three hundred dollars worth\\nof deerhorn and drink nine hundred dollars\\nworth of ginseng; now I well. One deerhorn\\nof the best quality had cost him four hundred\\nand fifty dollars, and one ounce of Manchuria\\nginseng, shaped like a man, a hundred dollars.\\nI advised him to try cow s horn next time, and\\ncatnip tea, but there was no shaking his belief in\\nthe Chinese materia medica, including horned\\ntoads, peppermint-oil, orange-peel, and tigers\\nteeth, although otherwise he was a good Chris-\\ntian. I asked Chue how he became a Christian.\\nI know very nice man in Australia he my\\nfriend he tell me Jesus come to earth to save\\nme I believe him, so I Christian.\\nThe Jews and Canton are strangers. The Chi-\\nnaman leaves no pickings for vultures, rats, or", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CANTONESE ECONOMY. 257\\neven Jews. The chosen people are easily\\nbeaten at their own game by the humblest shop-\\nkeeper, the hardest workers and closest eaters\\non earth. No scrap or beast is despised in their\\nsystem of economy; and their day contains\\ntwenty-four working-hours with no artificial divis-\\nion as to periods of rest. The sounds of toil and\\nbarter go on all night without seeming diminu-\\ntion. Our chair coolies sleep while we eat our\\ntiffin, or wander about the City of the Dead,\\nor invade the dank shadows of a mouldy temple\\nsleep sitting or lying with the innocence of babes,\\nand the cheerful knowledge that they had nothing\\non worth stealing, while we pay for their time, so\\nmaking double w^ages. When tiffin was finished\\nthey quarreled for the ends of crusts and the rich\\nman s crumbs, not that they were hungry, but it\\nwas part of their inborn system of economy.\\nAlthough a self-confessed Christian, Chue could\\nnot understand the mistress s repugnance to dogs\\nas an article of diet. Even she had to confess\\nlater that they did not look half bad as they\\nhung skinned and quartered on the walls along\\nthe street of the butchers, with only the bushy\\ntips of their tails left to distinguish them from\\nthe sheep. There should be no New World s\\nprejudice to dogs meat. We went to a Chinese", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "258 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\ndinner, and enjoyed sharks fins, birds nests, and\\nfungus, and a dish that was called minced quail,\\nbut which my communicative host told me later\\non was an expensive breed of dog that came from\\nNorth China. We ate the menu to its sweet end,\\nand agreed with him when he naively admitted\\nthat European fare might be more substantial,\\nbut for flavor he preferred his own. Sharks\\nfins and birds nests are expensive one dollar a\\npound for the first, and five dollars for the last,\\nwould be considered a luxury by the frequenters\\nof Delmonico s but the very fact that their\\nconsumption is exclusively Chinese makes them,\\nnationally, an economy, gives employment to thou-\\nsands of people, relieves the demand, and thus\\ncheapens beef and horse, the beasts of burden.\\nWe started out one morning to visit the City\\nof the Dead, the Leper Village, and the mint.\\nIt is an hour s ride from the Shameen Gate to the\\ndoor of the mint, outside the walls, within sight\\nof the Five-Storied Pagoda. As we jogged at\\na dog-trot through the maze of streets, we re-\\npeatedly passed through the city walls. The dis-\\nused gates are swung open and in their roomy\\narches peddlers, itinerant restauranters, merchants,\\nand sewing-women sit. Above each gate is a fine", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CHAMBER OVER THE GATE, 259\\nairy room, that faces both ways, and overlooks the\\nsea of roofs. The breeze that we never feel flut-\\nters the bamboo curtains of the muUioned win-\\ndows and the face of a woman of wealth peers\\ndownward, and watches our progress with amused\\nwonder. I got in the habit of looking for these\\nChambers over the Gate, and speculating as to\\ntheir occupants. I asked Chue. He glanced up at\\nsome red signs covered with gilt Chinese charac-\\nters that stood in an umbrella stand by the side of\\nthe window, and replied, Velly large mandarin\\nhave three-bar flag.\\nIt was to a chamber over the gate that David\\ncame to weep for Absalom. I understand it now.\\nIn the courts and rooms of David s yamen, he\\nwas alone, and his grief ever before him. Those\\nthat came to him put on the long face that is sup-\\nposed to accompany sympathy all knew his loss,\\nand all took pains that he should not forget it.\\nHe went to the chamber over the gate where he\\ncould see the workers, the merrymakers the\\nlife of his nation where he could watch tourists\\nfrom Canton and Cairo and Carthage, struofo-ling-\\nwith unaccustomed sights and uncatalogued smells\\nbelow where he could smile, then laugh, and at\\nlast forget my son Absalom. The orientalism\\nof the Bible is forced upon one all over Asia.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "260 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nThe Chamber over the Gate in my boyhood,\\npictures was a very forbidding kind of a prison,\\nand the story of the Blind leading the Blind\\na most questionable undertaking. In Canton, we\\nwere continually running upon lines of blind beg-\\ngars in single file, from the narrowness of the\\nstreets, each with one hand on the other s shoul-\\nders, the other holding a long slim staff, uniting\\nin a kind of blind lock-step. A lone blind beg-\\ngar would soon be knocked down and run over,\\nand it was easy to pass him by without giving\\nalms but six women made a procession that\\nmerited consideration, whatever your intentions\\nmight be.\\nThe Blind leading the Blind how it brings\\nup bits of long-forgotten sermons in the old white\\nmeetin -house, and the lucid explanation of the\\ngood old elder, who had about as much idea of\\nthe real significance of the full orientalism of the\\npicture as the thin front row of squirming young-\\nsters had of the moral of his lesson. We vaguely\\nwondered why the blind didn t go arm in arm, ten\\nabreast if necessary no one would ever run over\\nthem in the dusty, oak-shaded streets of Whites-\\nville.\\nThe Money Changers in the Temple Here\\nthey were in Canton, hundreds of them, with their", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "BIBLICAL ORIENTALISM. 261\\nlittle stands, that you could knock over with your\\nsmallest finger, and send their piles of copper-cash\\nrolling into the crowds under the pedestals of the\\ngods, as were the tables upset in Jerusalem. Not\\nplate glass and marble-countered banks demol-\\nished as I had fondly dreamed on that front row.\\nSo, too, the well-known picture of the Last Sup-\\nper that to-day adorns the spare -room walls\\nof so many country homes is as impossible as it\\nis absurd. Tables have never been popular for\\ndining-purposes in Asia Minor, or knives and forks\\nin common use.\\nI never tired of these excursions through the\\ncentury-old life of this typical city of the Chinese\\nempire. One day we invaded a magistrate s ya-\\nmen, and became interested spectators of the trial\\nof four miserable coolies for piracy and murder.\\nIn this city of two million inhabitants, there are\\nbut two magistrate s yamens, and they only hold\\ncourt in the afternoon, a condition which speaks\\nwell for the general behavior of the people among\\nthemselves. There is nothing imposing in a\\nChinese court and the description of one is a de-\\nscription of all of those to-day, and for the past\\nthousand years. It is a low, one-storied building\\nwith grotesquely carved gates under a red-tiled\\nroof that is surmounted with porcelain dragons.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "262 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nThe gates, however, are only opened for an official\\nwho has the right to enter the presence of the\\nmagistrate in liis sedan chair. On either side of\\nthe big doors are the usual small ones for small\\npeople. Once through them, you come upon an\\nopen court with a stagnant pool in its center, or a\\nneglected shrub. On either side of this court are\\nthe so-called offices of the yamen runners, four\\nfeet by six, with windows of oiled paper. Another\\npair of ponderous wooden gates, carved with green\\nand blue gods, bars your entrance but there are\\nthe usual side portals open.\\nNo one questions you, or interferes with your\\nprogress although you have a feeling that you\\nare doing a bold thing, and taking your life in\\nyour hand. You soon find, however, that you are\\nactually approaching a court of justice which is, as\\nit should be, open to all the world. The magis-\\ntrate s room would probably seat two hundred\\npeople if chairs were provided but there are only\\nthree of these articles in the room, and they stand\\nbehind a common kitchen table covered with\\nturkey-red calico, a yard of which had also been\\nthrown over each of the chairs. The place is about\\nas cheerful as a stable, and a trifle cleaner than a\\nhen-coop. On the walls hang an array of whips,\\nbamboo rods, iron instruments of all sorts, chains,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "COURTS JNB PRISONS. 263\\nand the cangue. There are no pretenses of order\\nor decorum. To the right and left, facing the\\ntable, passages lead off to the cells where the\\nwitnesses and the prisoners are awaiting trial, all\\nhuddled together in their filth.\\nPrisons in China are not places of punishment,\\nbut of detention, which amounts to the same thing.\\nThey are hell-holes, where an innocent man charged\\nwith the crime of alleged disrespect to his ances-\\ntors is squeezed of every cash before he can get\\nbefore the magistrate for trial. Even then, on the\\nbare suspicion that he is holding a bit of property\\nback, he is tortured until in sheer physical\\nanguish he is glad to confess to a crime that\\nhe never committed.\\nChina is a country without lawyers, and without\\njuries. So in theory at least, it is not necessary\\nfor a man to plead pauperism to get before a\\ncourt. In practice, however, the yamen is filled\\nwith a species of lawyers called searchers, who\\naid the judge to find a punishment to fit the\\ncrime, by citing some similar case in the court\\nrecords of the Sung or Ming dynasties. It hardly\\nneed be said that in a list of decisions covering\\ntwo thousand years, the searchers, if well paid by\\nthe defendant, can dig up a precedent which\\nwould justify the magistrate in dismissing the case.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "264 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nIn the rear of the red-covered table were the\\nprivate offices of the officials of the yamen.\\nWhile waiting, we had settled ourselves comfort-\\nably in the straight-backed magisterial chairs, and\\nwatched the rapidly collecting throng. A clerk\\nplaced some papers, a Chinese pen, and a pot of\\nred and black India ink on the table. There was\\na stir about the door that led to the cells, then,\\nmarching to the cheerful accompaniment of\\nchains, five manacled half-naked coolies were\\ndriven into the center of the court, and made to\\nkneel before the table with their foreheads on the\\nfloor. There they remained until the magistrate\\nentered quietly the stage door on the right, and\\nspoke to them. No oath was administered for\\nperjury is not a crime in China, as it is taken for\\ngranted that every man will lie as long as it will\\nbenefit him. The prisoners answered as they\\nknelt, and in spite of their gaunt, haggard appear-\\nance, seemed to be quite cheerful under the cross-\\nexamination. They were charged with having, in\\ncompany with others, robbed a junk up the West\\nRiver, and of having beaten to death a native cus-\\ntoms watcher who in a weak moment had tried to\\nmake them divide their booty with him. There\\nwas no order in the court and the spectators, as\\ndid we ourselves, crowded upon the prisoners, stood", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "DETECTING OLD OFFENDERS, 265\\nbehind the judge, or took any place of vantage we\\nchose. After a few questions, the magistrate, who\\ncarried on his quiet fire of questions as though\\nthere was no one witliin a hundred miles, arose,\\nand passed around to the front of the table. The\\nprisoners evidently understood the situation, as\\none after the other calmly held up the palms of\\nhis hands. The magistrate examined them criti-\\ncally, and said a few words to the clerk, who im-\\nmediately entered them on the records of the\\ncourt. Our conjecture was, He is a palmist,\\nand is reading their character but when he\\nordered his runners to raise their shirts so that he\\nmight examine their backs, his actions became per-\\nfectly clear and reasonable he was looking for the\\nmarks of the bamboo. It simplified matters greatly\\nto know whether they were old offenders or not.\\nThe jailer and executioner stood over them,\\nevidently impatiently waiting for the word to\\napply the bamboo, in order to freshen their mem-\\nories or hasten their confession. He was a per-\\nfect stage villain, with an enormous nose, which\\nhung down to his chin like a great pear. He\\nwas proud of the muscles of his arms, and kept\\nshoving back his loose sleeves. A few weeks be-\\nfore one of our party had seen him behead nine\\nmen without missing a stroke on any one of them.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "266 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nThe magistrate seemed a trifle nervous at our\\npresence, although we tried to impress him with\\nthe idea that we were merely globe-trotters. 1\\nheard one of his clerks whisper to him our names\\nand shortly after the case was remanded, and the\\nmagistrate took French leave of the court. The\\nChinese are becoming sensitive of the criticism of\\nthe foreign devils. We possibly saved the cul-\\nprits for the time from a bambooing, or possibly\\nbeing strung up by the thumbs, but we certainly\\ndid consign them for another week to the living\\ndeath of a Chinese prison.\\nWe met a man in one of the narrow streets\\nwearing a stock, or cangue, on each side of which\\nwere pasted printed notices informing all the\\nworld that he was a thief, and had been caught in\\nthe act. One hand was tied behind him and in\\nthe other he held a bell, which he rang continu-\\nously to attract attention to himself. A policeman\\nfollowed, who from time to time beat him with a\\nbamboo. If some of our high-toned bank wreck-\\ners were driven up and down Wall Street in this\\nfashion, at least one style of crime would become\\nunpopular.\\nIt was some time before I ventured into the\\nstudio of a portrait painter. I had learned to\\ncredit the Chinese with great imitative skill in", "height": "3541", "width": "2123", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "THE CANGUE A FORM OF CHINESE PUNISHMENT.\\nIt is the absence of nerves that enables the Chinese to endnre patn as well as toil.", "height": "3541", "width": "2123", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "IMITATIVE SKILL, 267\\nmany ways. They could take a suit of my best\\nhome-made clothes, and copy it exactly for one-\\ntenth of what I had paid for the original, and at\\nthe same time use the best English and Scotch\\nmaterial, but I did not expect much from them in\\na purely artistic line. I was not impressed with\\ntheir attempts to paint from living sitters. The\\nresult was too much like the old Masters but\\ntheir copying in oil, engravings and photographs,\\non ivory were well done. The portrait of George\\nWashington which they did for me from an old yel-\\nlow frontispiece in the Constitution of the United\\nStates would have done Trumbull or Stuart\\ncredit. It was four feet by three, and the charge\\nwas three dollars gold. There was no excuse for\\nbeing over critical at that price and then I skied\\nit, so that it showed up at least three hundred\\ndollars worth.\\nThe Chinese artist belongs strictly to the\\nPurist School. He believes in detail, and\\nmaintains that the value of his painting lies in\\nthe fact that it shows things as they are he\\nleaves nothing to the imagination. In the picture\\nYee Cheong did for me of the city and island of\\nHong Kong, painted presumably from a boat in\\nthe harbor, he insisted on marking in the zigzag line\\nof the tramway that runs to the peak. I pointed", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "268 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nout to Yee Cheong, who reminded me of the dean\\nof the art department of my Alma Mater, that\\nfrom his presumptive view point it was impos-\\nsible to see the tram-car line, and that from no\\npoint in Hong Kong was it possible to see its\\nentire course. He was imperturbable.\\nPicture no belong Hong Kong side, spose no\\ngot tram-car, he declared. Spose you take\\npicture Melican side. Melican man say Yee\\nCheong no savvy pidgin.\\nI continued the discussion. I complimented\\nthe painting, which was good, and I felt I had\\nconvinced him.\\nCan do, he asserted. Spose you no wanchee\\ntram-car, my no putty, Yee Cheong no putty he\\nchop picture. Maskee.\\nSo the discussion ended. Yee filled in the\\nmist-colored mountains as I ordered, faint and\\nindistinct, etched here and there with higher\\nlights or deeper shadows, just as I had seen\\nit from day to day in all its changeableness.\\nThere was no white line zigzagging up its side,\\nmarking the course of the little railway of which\\nEnglishmen and Chinamen are both so proud\\nbut Maskee Yee Cheong did not honor the\\ncanvas with his name.\\nMaskee expressed Yee Cheong s opinion of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "MASKEEr 269\\nmy stubbornness. I was an outer barbarian,\\nMaskee never mind. I don t care, let it\\npass, and the subject was dismissed. Maskee\\nexpresses a volume. It is the refuge of the China-\\nman. It closes and begins conversation, or it is\\nan entire conversation in itself.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "270 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nXIIL\\nPEKING, THE CAPITAL CITT.\\n[This chapter on Peking was written, at Mr, Wildman s request, by\\nthe Hon. Charles Denhy, for years resident in Peking, and minister of\\nthe United States at the court of the Emperor of China.]\\nA DISTINGUISHED divine, who had hved\\nmany years in China, once told me that\\non a visit to New York he was requested\\nto deliver a lecture on Chinese subjects. He ac-\\ncordingly prepared an elaborate discourse, and was\\nvery much surprised to find that the most of his\\naudience left, and those who remained seemed to\\nbe exceedingly bored. After a little while he was\\nagain invited to lecture. That time he did not\\nwrite a line nor make the least preparation. He\\ngot on his feet, and he told exactly what he per-\\nsonally knew, without ornament or effort. The\\nlife he had led, the people he had met, the scenes\\nin which he had taken part, were described, and\\nthe audience was delighted. He had an ovation.\\nOn the few occasions that it has fallen to my", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "LIFE IN PEKING. 271\\nlot to speak of China, I have profited by this ex-\\nperience with good results and if my readers will\\npardon me, there will be in this chapter no pecu-\\nliar diplomatic disquisition, but simply an account\\nof Peking as it was from 1885 to 1898.\\nIt may be well to preserve the flavor of a\\ndescription which, possibly, no new man may here-\\nafter be able to write. The old charming dehoTi-\\nnaire life, the country life in a city of a million\\npeople, the friendliness of Prince Kung, uncle of\\nthe emperor, and Prince Ching, cousin of the em-\\nperor, and of Li Hung Chang, and, possibly, the\\nscholarly companionship of Sir Robert Hart, will\\nnever be resumed. Prince Kung, for many years\\nhead of the Tsung li Yamen, or foreign office, is\\ndead. The gallant, the genial, the unassuming\\nPrince Ching was reported as badly wounded while\\ndefending the beleaguered foreigners of the lega-\\ntions. Sir Robert Hart, the scholar, the benefactor\\nof China, the son of the Irish miller, whose an-\\ncestors were ennobled for three generations, was\\namong those reported dead wliile Li Hung Chang\\nis in the sere and yellow leaf, seventy-eight years\\nold, decrepit, and distrusted by the foreigner as\\nwell as the native. The empress, too, with a name\\nso long that I can hardly write it, Tszehi Toanyu\\nKangi Chaoyu Chuangcheng Shokung Chinhien", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "272 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nChungsih, has changed her nature. From 1861\\nto 1889 she ruled China strongly but kindly; and\\nbeneath her sway a fair degree of peace and quiet-\\nness prevailed all over the empire, and particularly\\nat Peking. What may happen now lies beyond\\nhuman ken but the life I am going to picture\\nwill, in all probability, not recur again.\\nIn 1885, in September, we went up the muddy\\nPeiho from Tientsin to Tungchow in a house-boat\\ndrawn by men. Many a mile we walked along\\nthe tow-path through the flat fields from which\\nthe crops had been gathered. The river wound\\nabout Hke a ram s horn, and we could beat the\\nboat for hours. We passed by great fleets of\\ncargo-boats, bearing the tribute rice to Peking,\\nwhich often were tied to the banks, which were\\ncrowded with the boatmen and their women and\\nchildren. I am reminded that we saw a curious\\nthing. Men were drawing water from the river,\\nand pouring it over the rice in the holds of the\\nboats. I asked what in the world that process\\nmeant and I was told that it was done to make\\nthe rice weigh more than it would if it were dry,\\nso as to get more pay for the transportation.\\nThus early I was initiated into the mystery of\\nChina as she is.\\nAt Tungchow, a hundred and twenty miles", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "JPPROACHIHG PEKING. 273\\nup, and fourteen miles from Peking, we were\\nmet by chairs and ponies, and started for the\\ncapital. Between Tungchow and Peking there\\nis a stone road. It was paved at some remote\\nperiod with heavy blocks of stone, but very many\\nof them have sunk out of sight. The mind of\\nman cannot conceive the torture of riding over\\nthat road in a springless cart. I did it once,\\nand I have not feared purgatory any more.\\nOn this occasion we traveled over a country\\nroad parallel with the stone road. I call it a road\\nby courtesy, but the roads in China are mere\\ntracks made by the wear of centuries. As we\\nwere in chairs borne by men, of course we were\\nnot incommoded by roughness or inequalities.\\nBy degrees it became apparent that we were\\napproaching a great city. There were files of\\ndonkeys bearing fat Chinamen wheelbaiTows\\nwith passengers balancing themselves on either\\nside great wagons with teams of three, four, six,\\nseven horses, hitched in the most curious manner,\\nsome by ropes tied around the axles. Occasion-\\nally there would be a mule, a horse, and a donkey\\ninscrutably hitched together, but all doing their\\nwork. There were bearers, too, carrying enor-\\nmous burdens, sometimes alone, and sometimes a\\ndozen bearing one load. There were mule-litters,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "274 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\none mule in the shafts in front, and one behind\\nand there were almost innumerable strings of\\ncamels plodding slowly along, each camel attached\\nto the one before him by a string through his\\nnose, while on the head one the driver slept as\\nhappily as he would have done in a bed. Usually\\nthere is one driver for six camels. Mounted cav-\\naliers there were too, some on high-paced ambling\\nmules, others on rough Mongolian ponies, many\\nwearing official hats made of straw and garnished\\nwith red horsehair.\\nLittle attention was paid by these underlings\\nto the foreigner as they passed him. And so\\nwe went on feeling each moment that we were\\nHearing the quaint city which was to be our home\\nfor thirteen years. Close to the bank of the\\ngrand canal, looking at the great barges which\\nconvey merchandise between the locks there\\nbeing a separate fleet for each reach, because boats\\nare not let down from one level to another\\nfinally we came in view of the walls surrounding\\nthe city. It was the beautiful, splendid autumn\\nof North China. The rain had quit falling in\\nAugust; there would be no more until the follow-\\ning July. It was delightful to breathe the pure,\\ninvigorating air, and every object was distinct\\nand clear.", "height": "3553", "width": "2224", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2224", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "UP THE PEIHO. 275\\nThe first sight of the city wall is absorbing by\\nits strangeness and its evident antiquity. One\\nhas to remember that the wall is more than three\\nhundred years old, that it was not intended to\\nresist artillery, but was meant to keep out the\\nraiders who harried the Chinese. On the outer\\nside of the wall one notices towers here and there,\\nwhich are locations for sentries. These towers\\nextend from Peking to the Great Wall of China,\\nand when the enemy came his presence was\\nheralded to the capital by burning wolf s dung on\\nthe top of these towers. As the stranger sees the\\nwall for the first time, there is a weird beauty\\nabout it that comes from its height, and strength,\\nand its antique gracefulness. The crenelated\\nparapets, the bastions succeeding each other along\\nits whole length, its gates, two-storied, with em-\\nbrasures and wooden cannon, the encientes around\\nthe gates, are all novel, and somehow all fit in\\nwith the half-naked donkey drivers, the quaintly\\ndressed riders, and the camels.\\nThere are two cities at Peking, the Tartar and\\nthe Chinese. The Chinese city is south of its\\nmore pretentious neighbor, and its northern wall\\nis for a considerable space the southern wall of\\nthe imperial city. The wall around the Manchu\\ncity is fifty feet high, forty feet wide at the top,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "276 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nand sixty at the bottom. It is riveted with\\nheavy bricks set in cement, which is now as hard\\nas stone, and the interior is of earth. The wall\\naround the Chinese city is thirty feet high, twenty-\\nfive feet thick at the bottom, and fifteen at the\\ntop. The whole circumference is about twenty-\\nfive miles, of which sixteen are around the Tartar\\ncity. This wall is, or was, a godsend to the\\nforeigner. No Chinese was allowed to go upon\\nit; but the foreigner, by paying a small fee, could\\nwalk up an esplanade, and go entirely around if\\nhe pleased. Sometimes parties were made up to\\ndrink tea on the wall, and many a pleasant after-\\nnoon has been spent there. Along the sides grow\\ntrees of considerable size and the walk on top is\\ninvaded by small bushes, its use by the foreigners\\nnot being sufficient to keep down the vegetation.\\nOne passes through a gate in the Chinese city,\\ntravels along a road under the wall for a mile, and\\nenters one of the great nine gates which give en-\\ntrance to the Tartar city. Under the archway the\\ntide of travel has flowed until deep ruts are worn\\nin the stone pavement. A great street stretches\\nout before us, the principal business street the\\nHattamen street as the foreigners call it, because\\nthe gate is named Hattamen. All the gates are\\nclosed at nightfall, and thereafter until morning", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "THE FENGS UL 277\\nare opened only once, at three o clock, for the high\\nofficials to enter. It was on the Hattamen that\\nBaron Ketteler was murdered. The houses are\\nof one story, copying the Tartar tent, and the\\nsigns on the streets hang perpendicularly. No\\ntwo houses are on the same hue. One always\\nprojects farther out, or is set farther in than its\\nneighbor. The object of this is to deflect the\\nbad spirits, who are not able to turn a corner.\\nFor this reason little clay dogs are put on the\\nridges of the houses, sometimes a dozen of them\\nin single file, which drive away or catch the bad\\nspirits. Feng-sui literally wind and water, a\\ngeomantic principle cuts a great figure in China,\\nand no man builds a house without niaking sure of\\ncompliance with its dictates. When foreigners\\nhave sometimes disregarded the Feng-sui, riots\\nresulted.\\nIn ancient times there was a sewerage system,\\ntraces of which are visible but it has long since\\ngone to decay, and now the sides of the streets are\\nreceptacles for all species of offal. It is curious\\nthat the scions of the politest nation in the\\nworld use the streets the sidewalks if there\\nare any for the basest and commonest purposes.\\nSlush is dipped from the cesspools, and thrown\\non the streets to keep down the dust and the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "278 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nalkali so generated is offensive both to eyes and\\nnose. After going a few steps on the street\\nof the Hattamen, one comes to Legation Street, as\\nthe foreignei S call it, but which the Chinese name\\nthe Street of the Subject Nations.\\nOne great and unfortunate difference is to be\\nnoted between Peking and the ports at which\\nforeigners have concessions. At the ports, such\\nas Shanghai, Hankow, Shameen, and other places,\\ntracts of land have been set apart for the foreigners,\\nand on these elegant cities have grown up. There\\nare few handsomer cities than the foreign city of\\nShanghai. Tientsin is a charming place, with its\\npublic gardens, its town hall, recreation ground,\\nelectric light, gas, water-works, improved streets,\\nand a bund on the river. Shameen is on an island\\nin the Pearl River, and is as pretty a spot as one\\never saw. In these concessions the foreigners live,\\neach one owing allegiance to his own country, and\\nresponsible to her laws civilly and criminally but\\nas municipalities the towns are the most perfect\\nspecimens of republics that exist in the world.\\nThey embody exactly the principles of squatter\\nsovereignty, except that the formality must be\\ncomplied with of having the municipal regulations\\napproved by the ministers of the treat}^ powers.\\nChina has absolutely no control over these con-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "THE LEGATIONS, 279\\ncessions. Her legal writs do not run in their\\nlimits. The senior consul must countersign all\\nwarrants. An offender against law must be tried\\nby his own consul. In Shanghai the power of\\nChina to arrest Japanese accused of being spies\\nwas gravely contested.\\nThese little cities and towns are imperiums in\\nimperio they are oases in the vast desert of\\nOriental surroundings. In them the elegances of\\nlife prevail. There are hotels, banks, theaters,\\nclubs, all the paraphernalia with which the\\nWesterner surrounds himself to procure some\\nconsolation for his exile. Nowhere in the world\\nmore than in the far East is the pursuit of\\nrecreation so strenuously followed. The best\\nrider, the champion golf-player, the expert rower,\\nare heroes. To own a stud of ponies for the\\nraces is a patent of nobility, and to be the pos-\\nsessor of a house-boat is an honorable distinction.\\nThese places remind the American of the old\\nlife in the South during the existence of slavery.\\nAn overflow of willing servants, a superabun-\\ndance of riding-horses, chairs for every guest,\\nhospitality without limit, characterize all the\\nlocalities occupied by the foreigner. I have not\\nspace here to describe the kindness, the good\\nfeeling, the hearty welcome, which attend the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "280 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\ncoming of a guest. All the charming entertain-\\nment that refinement, courtesy, and elegance can\\nprovide is lavished on the stranger.\\nBut in Peldng there is no concession. It is\\ncurious that the allies, when they took Peking,\\ndid not seize a portion of the city for the use of\\nthe legations. It could easily have been done\\nwithout harm to anybody. There are many spots\\nin Peking well suited to the establishment of a\\nforeign city. If this plan had been pursued,\\nthere would have been long ago at Peking an\\nelegant quarter where a beautiful object lesson\\nwould have been displayed to the Chinese. A\\nminor Paris, Berlin, or Washington would have\\nfurnished a charming, and possibly a safe, resi-\\ndence for the foreigner. As it is, the legation\\nhouses are set down in the midst of the native\\ndwellings. Adjoining my legation was a shop\\nwhere straw was kept for sale, and the stacks\\nwere higher than our houses and when they\\ncaught fire, it required many hours work to pre-\\nvent our buildings from being burned up. The\\nyamen promised me to require this man to lower\\nhis stacks, but when I saw them last they ^^ere\\nnearly as high as ever. One hundred feet from\\nmy legation, a butcher slaughtered a dozen sheep\\na day in the street. We had to make a circuit", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "MISUSE OF THE STREETS. 281\\nto the middle of the street to avoid treading on\\nthe carcasses.\\nWhile China is the most autocratic country in\\nthe world, it is at the same time the most demo-\\ncratic. Through its length and breadth the people\\nrule. They do not hesitate to drag a magistrate\\nfrom his seat, and cuff and beat him; and when\\nthere is a drouth the gods are put out in the sun\\nto let them see how they enjoy it, and when it\\nrains too long the same gods are lashed with\\nwhips in order to secure dry weather.\\nSo at Peking everybody uses the space in front\\nof his store or dwelling as he pleases, without the\\nslightest regard to the comfort of the general pub-\\nlic. Great logs of wood are sawed on the streets.\\nBooths are erected occupying half the width of\\nsome of the streets. Temporary houses are put\\nup for funerals. All kinds of peddlers occupy\\nevery coign of vantage. The barber plies his trade\\nwherever he can find a place to set down the box he\\ncarries, and on which his customer sits. The tables\\nof the tea-shops take up all the sidewalk. The\\nstreets are public latrines, and the slops are all\\nemptied into them. The walls are besmeared with\\nfilthy advertisements. Here and there localities\\nare used for spreading out and drying manure.\\nThere was a notable one of these places nearly", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "282 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nbehind the German legation which poisoned the\\nair for blocks around. Herr Von Brandt, the\\nGerman minister, strongly attacked this nuisance.\\nHe received many promises, but the pile remains\\nthere yet. The chief use of the space outside of\\nthe city wall is to dry manure. When one com-\\nplains of the horrid sights which are perennially\\nin view, one is told that it is old Chinese cus-\\ntom. I am afraid to say that Peking is the dirtiest\\ncity in the world, because there is Constantinople;\\nbut my opinion is that Peking is the filthiest of\\nthe world s cities. In the street exactly in front\\nof Li Hung Chang s quarters there was a great\\ncesspool into which all the offal of his large house-\\nhold was emptied every day.\\nPeking everywhere gives signs of decay. The\\ngreat Boards where the public business is done\\nresemble the stable-yards of a country inn. The\\nstreets are unpaved and rarely worked. Before\\nthe emperor goes out on the street a thin cover-\\ning of yellow dirt is deposited on it, and this\\nis all the work that is done. In the center of the\\nbroad streets and there are many broad streets\\nin Peking there is a raised embankment of\\nearth, on which, during the heavy rains, the carts\\ntravel. When the deluge comes in July the city\\nis a vast lake. Tradition tells of several people", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "PEKING SOCIETT. 283\\nwho have been drowned in the streets by the over-\\nturning of carts. Around Sir Robert Hart s fine\\nplace there comes in the wet season a vast lake\\nwhich submerges streets and yards. One summer\\nSir Robert picked up in his grounds four fish half\\na foot long. It is a marvel where they came from.\\nIn these days the otherwise endless rounds of din-\\nners ceases. Locomotion becomes practically im-\\npossible.\\nPeking society is composed of the members of\\nthe diplomatic corps, of the imperial maritime\\ncustoms, and of the few other foreigners, such as\\nthe bankers, who reside in the city. To these\\nmust be added the professors of the Tungwan or\\nImperial College,\\nBy an ingenious fiction the members of the\\ndiplomatic body constitute one family. It must\\nbe said that, in general, perfect harmony has pre-\\nvailed in Peking. During a few years, recently,\\ninternational rivalry to secure concessions and\\nthe seizures of the territory of China have pro-\\nduced some friction in social circles but during\\nmy stay no body of people was ever more har-\\nmonious than were we. There was boundless\\nhospitality, absolute equality, and a graceful cos-\\nmopolitan refinement. Every man s position and\\nhis income were known. His place was fixed as", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "284 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nby the laws of the Medes and Persians. Every\\nminister ranked according to his arrival at Peking\\nthe oldest in time was the dean. The ladies took\\nrank according to that of their husbands. On\\nvery rare occasions you might place a colleague at\\ntable below his proper seat, but etiquette required\\nthat you should secure his consent. There was\\nonce nearly a duel because a secretary was put\\nbelow an interpreter. The secretary was ordered\\nto Hayti to avoid bloodshed. Before my time a\\nminister left the table because an inferior was\\nplaced above him. I vainly tried on one occasion\\nto induce one of my colleagues to put an American\\nsenator s wife above the doyenne, who was also\\nan American. He said the rules must be com-\\nplied with, the doyenne must have the first place.\\nAfter all that may be said, this etiquette is a neces-\\nsity where the people of a dozen nationalities\\nmeet together. How else could the complex\\nquestions of social intercourse be settled\\nApart, however, from formal occasions, it must\\nbe said that no attention was paid to personal rank.\\nThe princes, the counts, the barons and baronets,\\nof whom there were many, were simple\\nhuman entities in the merry round of picnics,\\nballs, races, tennis, theatricals, which succeed each\\nother continuously at Peking. I remember that", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "ETI^ETTE OF THE LEGATIONS 285\\none evening at the British legation I saw poor\\nBaron Ketteler who was recently killed ac-\\ncoutred like a strong man, lift up with great exer-\\ntion two big weights marked live thousand pounds\\napiece and a little while later the son of the Brit-\\nish minister picked them both up, and carried them\\nin one hand off the stage. With such fooleries,\\nbut also with much fine music and many charming\\nvaudevilles, the time of the winters was passed.\\nAbsolute freedom of intercourse exists among the\\nlegation people. You can drop in on a colleague\\nat all hours. The ladies are intimate and friendly.\\nCut oft from the world as we were from the\\nmiddle of December to the middle of March, it\\nwas a test of good-fellowship to do something for\\nthe general entertainment. There was the club\\nwith a membership of forty, which changed every\\nyear. Of course there was a bar-room, a billiard-\\nroom, a tennis-court, a reading-room, and library.\\nHere whist reigned in the early hours, sometimes\\nto be superseded by poker later. At the whist-\\ntable the youngest British student was the equal\\nof the oldest diplomat if he played as good a\\ngame. The wife of a Russian prince danced with\\na newly arrived recruit of the imperial maritime\\ncustoms. Let it be said here that Sir Robert\\nHart selected the members of the indoor staff of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "286 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthe customs with great care. They were mostly\\ngraduates of colleges, and some of them bore the\\nmost distinguished names in Europe. In the\\ngeneral they were accomplished young gentlemen,\\nwho spoke all languages, and plaj^ed all musical\\ninstruments. They were absolutely equals in\\nsociety of the secretaries and attaches, except, of\\ncourse, at formal dinners. I wonder if in the\\ncataclysm of China this fine institution is to go\\ndown.\\nTwice a year there were two days racing four\\nmiles from Peking. These were gala days for na-\\ntives as well as for foreigners. The members of\\nthe Tsung li Yamen came themselves, or sent their\\nsecretaries. For miles around countless hordes of\\nChinese came and surrounded the track. There\\nwere none but gentleman riders. Several weeks\\nwere spent in training, and all the temples around\\nthe track were utilized as lodges. This prelimi-\\nnary exercise, and the cessation from alcoholic\\ndrinks and high living made necessary by it, were\\nthe best part of the performances. On these oc-\\ncasions there was a tiffin each day, on wliich there\\nwas toasting, and speaking, and unlimited fun. At\\nthe track there was no rank. The stewards ranked\\nthe ministers, and set the pace for the hilarity.\\nImagine now if you can that the countless Cliinese", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "GALA DATS, 287\\nwho came to see the races, and wrangled and bet,\\nand enjoyed their own games and refreshments,\\nand were as friendly as could be, have burned the\\ngrand stand, and destroyed the stables, and ruined\\nthe track! At the last there was always a\\nrace in which the mafoos hostlers were the\\nriders. They selected the best horses their masters\\nhad, and they rode like monkeys. Each horse knew\\nhis rider because he had trained him, and horse and\\nman did their best to win the prize of silver dol-\\nlars. From the on-looking myriads of Chinese,\\nvociferous acclamations hailed the winner in the\\nrace.\\nThe life in Peking was not, however, all sport,\\nthough no doubt it predominated. There were\\nserious societies, devised for sober and scholarly\\npeople. The missionaries had monthly meetings\\nof a literary society, at which papers were read\\non many interesting subjects, and discussion fol-\\nlowed. When such men as Doctors Martin, Blod-\\ngett, Owen, Sheffield, Lowry, Goodrich, and many\\nothers rose to elucidate some historical or eco-\\nnomic question the hearer was well repaid for the\\nlistening. These gentlemen knew China as they\\nknew their Bible, by heart. They had passed\\ntwenty, thirty, forty, fifty years in the study of its\\nlanguage and history. Intercourse with men of", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "288 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nall nationalities had made them broad and lib-\\neral, while study and the tuition of others had\\nsharpened their naturally fine intellects. As writ-\\ners of books, as teachers, as missionaries, these\\npeople will rank in the forefront of the benefactors\\nof the human race. Alas is this class to die\\nout? Are the sweetness, the gentleness, the self-\\nsacrificing spirit of the missionary, and his learn-\\ning, to be lost to the world?\\nBesides the Missionary Society was the Asiatic\\nSociety, which was opened to the scholars of\\nall nations. Here ministers, secretaries, attaches\\nand interpreters met with the commissioners of\\nthe customs, the missionaries, the bankers, and\\nthe promoters, all equal, and contributing some-\\nthing to the general knowledge. When one was\\nnot a sinalogue, and could not talk of the destruc-\\ntion of the books by an ancient emperor, or of\\nhieroglyphics found in an old temple, or the poet-\\nry of China, or the examination system, or other\\npurely Chinese topics, he might read an essay on\\nEuropean art or literature or history. The use\\nof no language was forbidden, though usually\\nEnglish or French was the spoken tongue. The\\nsociety was a branch of the Asiatic Association\\nof London. Some of its papers would have done\\nhonor to its parent. At the last accounts there", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "THE HILLS. 289\\nwere many members of this association be-\\nleaguered in the British Legation, and, no doubt,\\ndeath has ere this claimed some of them. Among\\nthem was the great teacher and author. Dr. W.\\nA. P. Martin, the foremost American in the far\\nEast.\\nIn the summer the diplomatic people, the mis-\\nsionaries, and the families of the members of the\\ncustoms, scatter to the hills. Twelve miles west\\nof Peking the mountains rise from the flat plains.\\nOne of these peaks is three thousand feet high.\\nOn one spur eight temples are situated. This\\nspur is about fourteen hundred feet high and on\\nits precipitous sides are niched, amid groves of\\nold trees, the charming resorts of the foreigners.\\nThird from the bottom is the American temple,\\nwhich has housed the legation from the time of\\nBurlingame, 1863, to the present. Its Chinese\\nname is Sanshanan, which means Temple of\\nthe Three Hills. When Anson Burlingame was\\ninstalled there. Sir Frederick Bruce, brother of\\nLord Elgin, occupied the temple, which is about\\nfifty yards above it, called the Temple of the\\nSpirit Light. It has a fine pagoda, and a spring\\nof delicious water. On one occasion the two\\nministers and their families ascended a rocky\\neminence near by, on whose side appears the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "290 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nstrong resemblance of a great tiger. Burlingame\\ngot on a huge rock, and delivered a speech replete\\nwith wit, humor, and historic lore, in which he\\nparticularly extolled the Bruces, from him of\\nBannockburn the lion-hearted to Elgin, who\\nmade the treaty of 1861 with China. As he\\nfinished he named the spur on which they stood\\nMount Bruce and this name has among the\\nforeigners superseded the Chinese name, and re-\\nmains in use to-day. Dr. Martin, who was pres-\\nent, records this event. Not to be outdone in\\npoliteness, Bruce named another adjoining moun-\\ntain Mount Burlingame. One may regret that\\nthe foreigner does not even leave to the Chinese\\nthe names of his hills but little do the gay rev-\\nelers at the temples care for the memories of a\\ndecadent race.\\nThe general name for the hills Patachu\\nthe Eight Great Places, remains and the\\nChinese still call the two peaks, one the Tiger s\\nHead, and the other Green Mountain. The\\ntemples all have names, one the Temple of\\nLong Repose, and the highest of all the Pearl\\nGrotto. The hills are part of two great ranges,\\none fringing the Mongolian plateau, the other\\nbounding the highlands of the west, and extending\\nsouth for four hundred miles to the Yellow River.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "LIFE AT THE HILLS. 291\\nIt would take too much space to describe\\nsummer life at the hills. Etiquette is thrown\\naside. The closest intimacy prevails. Picnics,\\nmoonlight suppers, music, trips to places of in-\\nterest, were the order of the day. Latterly\\nGreat Britain built a fine summer house close\\nto the temples, which is reported to have been\\nburned, but one cannot as yet credit any news\\nfrom China. Lest the hills might be accounted\\nan actual paradise, it is proper to record some\\nof their defects. The gnat and mosquito were\\nvery bad, and occasional scorpions were to be\\nfound. Not on Patachu, but at a temple a little\\ndistance away, the second secretary of the Russian\\nlegation one summer killed by actual count one\\nhundred and fifty-seven scorpions. From the\\nhills one sees, eight miles away, the Luckachow\\nbridge, which Marco Polo described in the eleventh\\ncentury, and which is unchanged, except that\\ntwo spans have been added to it.\\nLet us remark, in passing, that this Italian gen-\\ntleman, tourist, and promotor, was reported to\\nbe the greatest liar the world ever produced,\\nexcept Baron Munchausen but so far as I or\\nothers have traced his career in his valuable book,\\nit has been found to be absolutely truthful. At\\naU events, both Munchausen and Polo have been", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "292 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nthrown in the shade by recent performances of\\nShanghai newsmongers.\\nTo the Chinese, Peking is Peiching, the north-\\nern capital. For the sight-seer there are not many\\nplaces of peculiar interest to visit. The Chinese\\nare chary of allowing either their own people or\\nstrangers to penetrate into places of the greatest\\ninterest. The Temple of Heaven, for instance, is\\nclosed and except one dare-devil lieutenant in our\\nnavy, and Prince Henry of Prussia, nobody got\\ninto it while 1 was at Peking. The marble bridge\\nalso was a place of great resort for several years\\nafter 1885 but the empress-regent closed up the\\navenue to it, and no one has seen this beautiful\\nstructure for a long time.\\nIt has always seemed to me that the chief charm\\nof foreign travel was looking at the va et le vient\\nof the people, the contemplation of street-life,\\nwhether on the Strand, or the Champs Elysees, or\\nthe six-feet-wide streets of Canton. At Peking\\none sees representatives of all nationalities, the\\nforeign diplomats of many countries, the Manchu,\\nthe Mongolian, the Korean, the men from Turke-\\nstan and Thibet, Hi, Burmah, Siam, East India,\\nand everywhere in the far East. Monks of all\\nfaiths, and speaking all tongues, are there, from\\nthe Buddhist fanatic parading with an iron spike", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "COSMOPOLITAN PEKING, 293\\nstuck through his cheek, or sitting in a box\\nstudded with sharp nails, to a bishop of the Eng-\\nlish church, in pumps and silk stockings. One\\nsees every species of costume, and all kinds of\\nmounts, from a camel to a donkey. The tea-shops\\nwith their placards, Don t talk about public\\naffairs the Moslem mosques, the great stores\\nwith their open fronts, the eating, the drinking,\\nthe cooking in the streets, are things which always\\nseem new.\\nAmong the things that it is the correct thing\\nto see at Peking are the temples t)f Confucius, the\\nObservatory, and the Examination Hall. The place\\nof most importance, the Temple of Heaven, can only\\nbe seen from the southern wall and the view is\\nfrom a considerable distance. Often and often\\nthese places have been described, yet every gleaner\\nis supposed to gather something of interest. Is it\\nnot curious that China should have so few remains\\nof human art or labor that are worthy of descrip-\\ntion? Almost the only relics of great antiquity\\nare the series of stone drums in the Confucian\\ntemple. According to Williams they were dis-\\ncovered about A.D. 600, in the environs of the\\nancient capital of the Chau dynasty, and have\\nbeen kept in Peking since 1126. They are\\nirregularly shaped pillars, he says, from eighteen", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "294 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nto thirty-five inches high and about twenty-eight\\ninches across. The inscriptions are much worn,\\nbut enough remains to show that they commem-\\norate a great hunt of Suen Wang (B.C. 827) in\\nthe region where they were found.\\nThe scholars of the world will take off their\\nhats reverently in the plain hall, eighty-four feet\\nlong, with a roof supported by pillars forty feet\\nhigh, covering the single room, which is old and\\nunkempt, cheerless, unornamented, but redolent\\nwith the savor of intellectual immortality. The\\ngreat teacher struck the bottom rock underlying\\nall human creeds. Four hundred years before\\nChrist he gave to the world the golden rule Do\\nye not unto others what ye would not they should\\ndo unto you. At a missionary society meeting\\nat Peking, I heard the members argue for several\\nhours which was the better rule, this or the words\\nof Christ Do ye unto others what ye would\\nthey should do unto you and to the credit of\\nthese world s representatives of religious thought,\\nbe it said that they voted by a large majority that\\nthere was no difference in the phrases.\\nThe simplicity of the temple increases our\\nrespect for the great agnostic who pretended\\nnot to tell of the mysteries of the furture life\\nbecause he said, We do not know this life, how", "height": "3503", "width": "2186", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2186", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE EXAMINATION HALL. 2 J5\\ncan we know the other The dust of ages on\\nthe floor, the ceiling, and the tablets do not\\nobscure the fame of the founder of Chinese ethics,\\nthe model philosopher, the moralist, whose teach-\\ning was so pure that the Christian is driven to the\\nwild assertion that his followers learned the golden\\nrule after Christ had uttered it, and then incorpo-\\nrated it into his writings. Suppose they did.\\nThe offense pardons itself, for never did immortal\\nphrase find a more appropriate setting than did\\nthis word talisman of humanity in the utterances\\nof him who stands to-day the moral monitor of his\\nrace. Well might Confucius have said, Homo\\nsum et nihil humanum me alienum puto. I am\\na man, and nothing that is human is indifferent to\\nme.\\nThe Examination Hall teaches profound\\nlessons to the student of history. Here every\\nthird year come the graduates of the provincial\\nexaminations to contest for the degrees which\\nplace their winners on the lowest round of the\\nladder of official place. The buildings are great\\nsheds, divided into eleven thousand compartments,\\nabout six feet high, three feet broad, and six feet\\ndeep, in which old and young, high and low, pass\\nthree days writing essays on which their fate de-\\npends. It is not unusual for men of eighty to be", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "296 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\namong the number, and three generations have\\nbeen at the same time represented in the attend-\\nance. On this system of competitive examination\\nrests to a great extent the permanence of China.\\nIn the Taiping Rebellion in which twenty millions\\nof people lost their lives, not one of the literati of\\nthis institution was found among the rebels. As\\nyou go down the coast of China you see towers\\nhere and there, and you are told that they were\\nerected to commemorate the fact that a boy of\\nthat town carried off the honors at Peking. At\\nthe Confucian temple at Nanking the main gate\\nopens only for the emperor and the graduates of\\nthe examinations. It is a festival in his home\\nvillage when the hero returns, and loyalty to the\\nthrone pervades all his kin and friends. Flimsy\\nwriters, who visit Peking, hear stray stories pro-\\nclaiming that fraud and corruption dominate the\\nliterary proceedings but in fact China guards with\\nthe utmost jealousy every part of the examina-\\ntions, and any official who connived at any decep-\\ntion would lose his head. The system is the\\njewel of her constitution and, if it were extended\\nto cover the elements of modern teaching, it would\\nbe the model for the Avorld s education. How\\nhard it is for this ancient nation to get her dues at\\nthe hands of ignorant, sensational, flighty book-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "OBSERVATORT. 297\\nmakers! A residence of a few days, or even\\nhours, in China Iciys the foundation for a great\\nbook in which the hapless people are derided be-\\ncause they are not like Western people. I be-\\nseech the world to go back to Williams, Martin,\\nEdkins, Blodgett, Wildman, real synalogues\\nmost of whom lived a generation in the country\\nwhich they describe.\\nEverybody goes to see the Observatory. It is\\nnot far from Legation Street. It adjoins the\\ncity wall. No use is made of it now. It was\\nestablished by the Jesuit Fathers more than three\\nhundred years ago, and the great King Louis XIV.\\nsent to it a celestial globe and an azimuth. In\\nthe court-yard below are curious disused instru-\\nments; and above are sidereal globes and triangles,\\nand other things whose names even are unknown.\\nThere is no telescope. There was a clepsydra, or\\nwater-clock, but it has been dry many a year. In\\nfact, in another place a professor of the Tungwen\\ncollege has a tower, and a telescope, and there\\nthe astronomical work goes on in modern style\\nand effect.\\nI might mention other places in Peking, but I\\nam threshing old straw. There is the Drum\\nTower, where the curfew sounded until the\\nstranger came and the Lama Temple, where", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "298 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nHenry Norman was mobbed; the big trees, some\\ninteresting Buddliist and Taoist temples, the\\nFrench, Russian, and English cemeteries, the\\nHanlin Academy, and the six public Boards.\\nTo write of all these would require a book, and\\nbooks on China bid fair to become as common as\\nleaves in Vallembrosa.\\nInside the Tartar city is the imperial city. It\\nis open to the world. In it is a great Catholic\\ncathedral, the Teitang. Inside the imperial city\\nis The Forbidden City where the solitary man\\nlives. His life is laborious. At one o clock in\\nthe morning he commences to receive his high\\nofficials and others who are required to have\\naudience. The members of the Grand Council,\\nwhich is the real governing body of China, go in\\nto see the emperor first in the morning. They\\nare permitted to have cushions on which they\\nkneel during the time that they are in his pres-\\nence. Then, come to wait on him, members of\\nthe Tsung li Yamen, and after that officials of\\nother degrees of rank. All these are required to\\nkneel on the bare floor. I have been told, how-\\never, that many of those who have audience have\\ncushions concealed under their flowing robes on\\nwhich they kneel.\\nAs the temperature in Peking during the win-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "THE IMPERIAL CITY. 299\\nter is very low, and heavy furs are universally\\nworn, the walk from the palace-gate to the house\\nitself, which is about three-quarters of a mile, is\\nvery laborious for the old men who have to take\\nit. This exposure was the cause of the death of\\nMarquis Tseng.\\nFor the first time in the history of China an\\naudience was granted to the foreign ministers in\\nthe precincts of the Forbidden City in 1894. The\\naudience took place in the hall of literary glory.\\nThe occasion was the attainment of sixty years\\nof age by the Empress Dowager, in whose honor\\nautograph letters had been written by the chiefs\\nof states of all the treaty powers. Thus ended\\nthe long contest for a complete recognition of the\\nequality of the powers with China. When it\\nbegan a kotow was demanded. When it\\nended, the foreign representatives stood on the\\nraised dais by the table behind which the emperor\\nsat. I prophesy that before long the dean of the\\ndiplomatic corps will lead the empress the wife\\nof Kwang Su in a stately dance in a hall in the\\nForbidden City to the airs played by Sousa s band.\\nBy degrees foreign methods will have been\\npounded into China, and then what we will\\nhave killed the goose that laid the golden gg\\nAs an equal and active member of the family", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "300 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nof nations her rigj-hts will be the same as ours.\\nShe will exclude whom she pleases, as we exclude\\nher people now. She will forbid foreign ships to\\nsail on her rivers, as do we. She will try Ameri-\\ncans in her own courts, as we try Chinese in ours.\\nBut worst of all, she will become a protection\\ncountry as we have become ore. Her almost\\ninappreciable tariff of five per cent will assume\\nvast proportions, and away will go our markets.\\nIn the Chinese matter let us follow Talleyrand s\\nadvice and go slow. The greatest diplomatist is\\nhe who does as little as he can.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "THE FUTURE OF CHINA. 301\\nXIV.\\nT^\\nTHE BOXER UPRISING,\\n[A.D. 1900.]\\nHE world stood aghast in the midsummer\\n_ of 1900 at the tidings from China. In-\\nformation, more or less reliable, was\\nflashed across the sea that told of riot and mas-\\nsacre, and that hinted at tragedies even worse\\nthan these. In the closing year of the nineteenth\\ncentury Occident and Orient seemed drawing\\ntoward a mighty and bloody struggle.\\nThe Boxers, of which mention was made\\nin preceding chapters, were proclaimed to be the\\ncause of this uprising. It was more than the out-\\nbreak of a fanatical and murderous secret society,\\nhowever it was the protest of conservatism against\\nprogress, of isolation against absorption, of China\\nundivided against Europe and her spheres of\\ninfluence, concessions and leased ports. It\\nwas, indeed, the cry of China for the Chinese\\nthat grew finally into the murderous slogan Death\\nto Foreigners", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "302 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nThe numbers of the foreigners in China had\\nbeen rapidly increasing, Over twenty thousand\\nforeign residents had found homes or business\\nopportunities in the empire, outside of the leased\\nports and the introduction of foreign methods and\\nforeign aggressiveness was not esteemed a benefit\\nby a people whose ways and manners are so\\nabsolutely at variance with those of the outside\\nbarbarians, for which they have no better or\\nmore expressive term than foreign devils.\\nChief among these protesting Orientals were the\\nmembers of the secret society which called itself\\nYi-Ho-Chuan, which being translated means, the\\nFists of Righteous Harmony, or Fists Clenched in\\nRighteous Harmony to drive out the Western\\nInvader. The boxer fights with clediched fists\\ntherefore, to this secret society, pledged to the\\nstrenuous and forcible extermination of the un-\\ndesired foreigner, has been given in English the\\nsimple title of the Boxers.\\nChina is a land of secret societies, even as\\nAmerica is a land of clubs and fraternal organizar\\ntions. Of these societies the oldest is the Triad,\\nsometimes called the Hung League, or the Heaven\\nand Earth Society, having for its symbol, or badge,\\na triangle. Out of this society of the Triad, the\\nBoxers sprang and as many of the secret soci-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "THE BOXERS. 303\\neties of China have for their main objects antago-\\nnism to the imperial house, reform in governmental\\nmethods and resistance to foreign aggression, the\\nchief desires which united the Boxers were secret\\nand open resistance to the dynasty in power, the\\nexpulsion of the Manchu rulers of the land, the\\nremoval by edict or force of all foreigners, and\\nthe establishment of a purely Chinese dynasty\\nupon the dragon throne.\\nThe Boxers are, therefore, not simply a rabble,\\nsprung from the mobs or masses of China s dis-\\ncontents and malcontents. They are but one factor\\nin a mighty nation which finds the world forcing\\nits way through the open door, and seeks to pro-\\ntest against and resist intrusion.\\nThe foreigners must go is the cry of the\\nBoxers; and to compel this withdrawal of the\\noutside barbarians the Boxers and the great\\nconservative element of the Chinese that sympa-\\nthizes with this anti-foreign movement, suddenly\\nfinds itself in arms against the world.\\nChinese diplomacy claims everything and admits\\nnothing. The ruling power that fills the dragon\\nthrone, the mysterious dowager empress and the\\nboy emperor, Kwang Su, protested, as the anti-\\nforeign element began to assert itself in 1900,\\nthat the movement was not countenanced by the", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "304 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nthrone, but was indeed a rebellious utterance\\nagainst the imperial will.\\nGradually, however, the Boxer disturbance grew\\ninto an uprising. Taking its start in the province\\nof Shantung, where the British and Germans had\\nobtained footholds on the land in the concessions\\nof Kiao-chau and Wei-Hai-Wei to the wrath and\\ndespair of all China, the hostility of the Boxers\\ndisplayed itself in anti-foreign and anti-Christian\\nriots, endangering the missionaries and their con-\\nverts, destroying missions and school-buildings,\\nand finally breaking out into open and cruel\\nmassacre.\\nNorth China was drawn into the movement.\\nThe Boxers grew in the size and strength of their\\norganization and instead of being, as the viceroy\\nLi Hung Chang declared, a rabble led away by\\nfanaticism and anti-Christian feehng, the Boxers\\npushed from murder and plunder to organized and\\naggressive assaults upon all foreigners and foreign\\nproperty. Officials, nobles, viceroys, and princes\\nwere in sympathy with, or actually in the leader-\\nship of, the uprising; and even the remarkable\\nwoman who for years has dominated and shaped\\nevents in China was the unavowed, but evident\\nprotector and instigator of China s uprising against\\nthe hated foreigner.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "THE UPRISING OF 1900. 305\\nIn May, 1900, the turbulence and persecutions\\nof the Boxers became too pronounced to be longer\\npermitted by the outside world. Commercial,\\npolitical, and religious interests in the empire\\nwere so seriously jeopardized and threatened, that\\nthe great European powers addressed a joint note\\nof protest and demand to the Tsun-li-Yamen, or\\nforeign office, of the Chinese government.\\nBut the foreign office of China is a diplo-\\nmatic body which, as usual, denies everything,\\npromises much, and does nothing that is expected\\nof it. The protest of the powers, through their\\nministers, met with such indifference and absence\\nof action, that the representatives of the Powers\\ndecided on a demonstration in the harbor of\\nTaku. This was that seaport of Peking, where,\\nin 1857, the adobe forts which the natives con-\\nsidered impregnable had been battered to pieces\\nby the guns of the British navy.\\nGreat Britain and Russia, France and Germany,\\nItaly, Japan, and the United States, dispatched to\\nthe port of Taku one or more of their warships\\nnearest at hand, and prepared to enforce the\\ndemands already made, that China take instant\\nmeasures to suppress the Boxer society, and pro-\\nvide guaranties for the protection of foreign sub-\\njects and citizens in China.\\ncy", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "306 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nWhen this was not done or, rather, when the\\nhalting promises of the diplomats of China s for-\\neign office were shown to be but a mockery of\\naction the allied naval forces at Taku drew from\\neach of the warships a detail of sailors and marines\\nand dispatched them to Peking as additional\\nguards for the foreign ministers, ambassadors, and\\nofficials on duty at the court of Pekin.\\nNaturally resenting this show of force, and re-\\ngarding the whole matter from an altogether\\ndifferent standpoint from that occupied by Euro-\\npeans, the Chinese government objected even\\nwhile seeming to assent to the methods of the\\nforeigners but the people, especially those favor-\\nable to the Boxers, or stirred to anger by their\\nendeavors, raised the alarm that the foreign\\ndevils were preparing to invade the empire, and\\nproceeded to register their protests in blood and\\nplunder.\\nChina is the land of convservatism but, as her\\nstory shows, discord and rebellion have perpetually\\nsmothered beneath her conversatism only to\\nbreak out into revolution, upheaval, and dynastic\\nchanges.\\nInto this tendency toward revolt, there came,\\nthrough years of contact with another civilization,\\na growing element which sought to force China", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "FOR THE RELIEF OF PEKING. 307\\nout of her generations of conservatism, and bring\\nher into step with the enlightened nations of the\\nworld. A powerful reform party, itself in a\\nmeasure a secret society, was organized, and the\\nbest, most intelligent, and most progressive among\\nthe Chinese at home and abroad were enrolled as\\nmembers. This reform party sought especially to\\nfree the young emperor from the domination and\\ncontrol of the despotic empress dowager, and\\nplace China in the same advanced line that Japan\\nhad taken, and which the young emperor had once\\nattempted to occupy. Naturally, the imperious\\nold dowager, a very Empress Wu in methods,\\ncraft, and energy, resented this blow at her power,\\nand, becoming more reactionary than ever in her\\nantagonism to new ideas and reform leaders, per-\\nsecuted, punished, or expelled them from the\\nempire.\\nThe growing number of Christian converts\\namong the Chinese was viewed with alarm by the\\nreactionary party, the imperial government, and\\nthe restless champions of China for the Chinese,\\nsuch as composed the Boxer society. The more\\nChristian converts made, the closer was China\\ndrawn towards the reform party, and especially\\ntoward those foreign devils who were gradu-\\nally forcing their way into China, occupying strips", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "308 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nof territory, and becoming more and more firmly\\nestablished on Chinese soil.\\nThe outbreaks against the missions and the\\nconverts which in May, 1900, precipitated the\\nBoxer trouble, and led to complications with\\nthe representatives of foreign powers in China, in-\\ncreased in intensity, as success in rioting and mas-\\nsacre led to new outbreaks. Although indications\\nof this turbulence had been numerous, few among\\nthe foreign residents of China had any inkling of\\nwhat was in store for them, though some of them\\ndiscovered the gathering cloud, and sought to give\\nwarning.\\nBut the Boxer disturbance, begun in an obscure\\nway, was found to appeal to the masses by its\\nsuccessful harrying of the foreigners it appealed\\nto the ruling classes by the possibilities it opened\\nfor successful resistance to these same foreigners\\nand their final expulsion or extermination. The\\ngovernment of China, while assuring the foreign\\nministers, first, that the Boxers were but a rabble\\nwho need not be feared, and, later, that they would\\nat once be suppressed, secretly countenanced the\\nriotous disturbers, and, as usual, while promising\\none thing did quite another.\\nWhen, at last, the foreign representatives\\nunited for the protection of their respective inter-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "DUPLICITY OF GOVERNMENT 309\\nests and countrymen in China, and the naval\\ndemonstration was made at Taku, and when, a\\nfew days after, the guards about the legations in\\nPeking were strengthened by details from the war-\\nships, the Chinese of the northern provinces\\nbecame more inflamed against the outside barba-\\nrians, and breathed out threatenings and slaugh-\\nter against missionaries, ministers, and marines.\\nAll that was needed for the uprising of the\\nBoxers and their sympathizers was a capable\\nleader. Matters were fast developing that would\\nbring such a leader to the front. Missionaries\\nand railway engineers pioneers of civilization\\nwere threatened, attacked, and obliged to fight or\\nflee refugees hastened to the coast more than a\\nthousand Europeans and Americans were gathered\\nwithin the walls of Peking, under the protection of\\nthe legations and when an open conflict south of\\nPeking, between Boxers and a detail of Cossacks\\nmarcliing to the relief of certain imperiled Belgian\\nrefugees at Pao Ting Fu, led to more excited con-\\nditions among the natives of the provinces along\\nthe Yellow Sea, the consuls at the treaty port of\\nTientsin announced to the admirals at Taku that\\nthe situation was most alarming, and the Pow-\\ners decided to take further steps to protect their\\ninterests and subjects in China.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "310 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nThe rage of the Boxers and their riotous con-\\ntingent was especially directed against the rail-\\nways, which were slowly but surely stretcliing out\\nlines of civilization across the great empire.\\nRails were torn up, stations wrecked, and supplies\\ndestroyed and when at last the chief line of com-\\nmunication between the capital and the sea, be-\\ntween Peking, and Tientsin, was cut, the naval\\nforces of the foreign powers in the harbor of Taku\\ndetermined that something must be done at once.\\nTwo thousand marines and blue-jackets drafted\\nfrom the various warships were placed under the\\ncommand of the senior naval officer. Admiral Sey-\\nmour of the British navy; and on June 10th this\\ninternational column marched out of Tientsin\\non the way to Peking to repair the railway, and\\nthen march to the relief of the foreigners and the\\nlegations who were practically imprisoned in the\\ncapital.\\nThis was taken by the Chinese as an open\\ndefiance. Rioters became fighting-men, and the\\nexpedition under the lead of Seymour was speed-\\nily surrounded by an overwhelming force. Its\\ncommunications with the coast were cut, and for\\ndays not only the ministers and foreigners in\\nPeking, but Admiral Seymour and his little com-\\nmand, were completely lost, while only vague and", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "o/ M* 0;?\u00c2\u00bb//\\nli h Of fh^hin\\nA BIRirS EVE VIEW\\nFROM THE GULF OF PE CHILI TO PEKIN.\\nShowing the route of the Relief Expedition of iqoo.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "SETMOUR S ADVANCE. 311\\nterrible ruraors as to their fate shook the nerves\\nof two continents.\\nThereupon the powers, angered at the indiffer-\\nence of the Chinese government toward its treaty-\\nstipulations, and believing that some base of oper-\\nations was necessary if a conflict with the riotous\\nelements in China was necessary, determined to\\nmake the harbor of Taku such a base. They\\ndemanded of the Chinese commander of the forts\\nat Taku the temporary possession of his defenses,\\nwhich was of course refused and the refusal was\\nemphasized by the guns of the forts firing upon\\nthe foreign warships. This was startlingly like\\nwar but the powers were not at war with China,\\nfor the Chinese government still repudiated the\\nBoxers, and promised their suppression and pun-\\nishment. To attack the forts at Taku would be\\nto lift the trouble out of a riotous disturbance to\\nan actual conflict; and certain of the international\\nnaval commanders, especially Admiral Kempff of\\nthe American navy, did not feel that their orders\\nfrom home authorized them to initiate any act of\\nwar with a country with which my country is at\\npeace.\\nEvents proved the wisdom of Admiral Kempff s\\ncourse but the other commanders decided against\\nhim, and on the 17th of June the foreign warships", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "312 CHINA S OPEN BOOR.\\nattacked the mud forts of Taku and after a bom-\\nbardment of six hours, silenced, captured, and\\noccupied them.\\nIt was a victory for the international fleet, but\\nit had disastrous results. The boom of the for-\\neign guns at the mouth of the Pei-Ho River\\nchanged the condition of things at once. Behind\\nthe adobe walls of Taku were trained artillerists\\nand foreign drilled soldiers of the Chinese army\\nthe attack had been upon government property\\nand it was, as Admiral Kempff declared, an act\\nof war.\\nIt had that effect upon China for even while\\nthe government with characteristic unreliability\\nprotested and promised, it also hurried troops into\\nthe disturbed section. A Chinese army gathered\\nabout Peking; a Chinese army marched toward\\nTientsin and the legations and refugees at\\nPeking as well as Admiral Seymour s relief col-\\numn, were placed in still greater danger.\\nIMore than this, the bombardm.ent of the Taku\\nforts brought to the front a leader for the Chinese\\nforces, the Manchu prince, Tuan, athlete, rough-\\nrider, and frontier fighter, a bitter hater of all for-\\neigners, and a member of the Boxer society.\\nHe speedily became not only the head and\\nleader of the Boxers, but the dominant power at", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "GATHERING OF CHINESE ARMY. 313\\nPeking, overshadowing not only the timid and bull-\\ndozed emperor, but the strenuous empress as well.\\nA great Chinese army of experienced and foreign-,\\ndrilled fighting-men gathered for the defense of\\nthe capital and the extermination of the foreign\\ndevils, and the Chinese situation commanded the\\nattention of the world.\\nThe extermination of the foreign devils\\nseemed but a matter of time and quick action.\\nFor while the powers hesitated over a policy\\nwhich might jeopardize the interests that were\\njealously guarded against each other as well as\\nagainst China, and feared that individual or joint\\naction even, might be bad for commercial and\\npolitical interests, Admiral Seymour s hard-fight-\\ning allies were endeavoring to force their way to\\nthe relief of the refugees in Peking.\\nA great foreign army is marching on Peking,\\nthe Boxers and the Imperial troops alike declared;\\nand looking upon Admiral Seymour s force as the\\nadvance of the great army of invasion, they pre-\\npared to surround, defeat, and exterminate it.\\nThey accomplished the first two plans but it\\nis not easy even for a great Chinese army to ex-\\nterminate a well-led, well-drilled force of allied\\nfighters, selected from the fleets of Great Britain,\\nRussia, Germany, France, the United States, Italy,", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "314 CHINA S OPEN BOOR,\\nAustria, and Japan. Day after day the little army\\nwas attacked day after day they fought off their\\nassailants. With communications cut, the rail-\\nways destroyed, provisions running out, the sick\\nand wounded becoming each day an increasing\\nobstacle to advance, and with a host of aroused,\\nrevengeful, determined, and relentless Chinese en-\\ncirchng and pressing upon them, the allies found\\nadvance in face of such odds impossible, and when\\nwithin twenty-three miles of Peking they deter-\\nmined to withdraw.\\nRetreat was now almost as hard as advance\\nbut, fighting step by step, they slowly fell back\\ntoward Tientsin, and, capturing the imperial\\narsenal above that city, found there sufficient store\\nof rice and ammunition to hold out against tlie\\nbesiegers until a relief force of Americans and\\nRussians, undismayed by a first repulse, forced\\ntheir way through the Chinese hosts, and relieved\\nthe beleagured relief column.\\nThis relieving the relief force which could not\\nrelieve Peking left the endangered foreigners with-\\nin the walls of the capital in still greater peril\\nfor the attempt of the allies aroused the Chinese\\nto fresh anger, and the thousand or more refugees\\nwere practically imj)risoned within the com-\\npounds of the legations, from which communi-", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "ANTI-FOREIGN MOVEMENT. 315\\ncation with the outside world was absolutely\\ndenied them.\\nMeantime reinforcements to the International\\nforces in and about Tientsin swelled the allied\\narmy. Fourteen thousand troops had already been\\nlanded and additional soldiers and seamen, with\\nwarships and supply sliips, were dispatched to the\\nharbor of Taku.\\nThe Chinese also were massing for resistance\\nand Prince Tuan, in command at Peking, with\\nhis soldiers and Boxers quickly invested Tien-\\ntsin. A force of fully a hundred thousand men\\ncontrolled the country about Tientsin, most of\\nthem well drilled, and supplied with all the arms\\nand implements of modern warfare. Inflamed by\\nthese preparations for conflict, all Northern China\\nfraternized with the Boxers and proclamations\\ncalling upon all loyal Chinamen to expel the\\nforeigners were posted throughout the northern\\nprovinces. The treaty ports were threatened,\\nrefugees crowded the foreign settlements, and de-\\nstruction and riot were everywhere imminent.\\nThe anti-foreign movement extended south and\\nwest it broke away from the control of the crafty\\ndowager empress, who had abetted and wished to\\ndirect it, and the influence of Prince Tuan over-\\ntopped all others.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "316 CHINA S OPEN DOOR,\\nIt was clear that the Chinese forces in and\\nabout the native portion of the city of Tientsin\\nmust be assaulted at once, if the loss of pres-\\ntige resulting from the defeat of Seymour s at^\\ntempted relief expedition were to be overcome.\\n--The allies acted at once. Three desperate at-\\ntempts at assault on the native city, and against\\nthe Chinese troops, were made on Monday, Wednes-\\nday, and Friday, the ninth, eleventh, and thir-\\nteenth of July. The Chinese were beaten at the\\narsenal and at the railway station but when, on\\nFriday, the thirteenth, seven thousand allies\\nstormed the walls of the native city held by\\ntwenty thousand Chinese armed with rifled and\\nmachine guns, the allies were repulsed with heavy\\nloss; and the disaster was only retrieved by a\\nsecond desperate assault when, on the 17th of\\nJuly, a breach was made in the walls. Through\\nthis the allies charged, and carried the defenses by\\nstorm, driving out the routed Chinese, and occu-\\npying the native city and its fortifications.\\nThe fall of Tientsin was a double victory for\\nthe allies. It secured and protected their base of\\noperations and concentration, and restored the\\nprestige of their arms, which the Chinese, first\\nvictorious, seemed to have destroyed. At once,\\nas reinforcements began to arrive, dispatched, by", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "FALL OF TIENTSIN. 817\\nthe several governments, an army was concen-\\ntrated for the march on Peking through a country\\nheld by a rapidly increasing Chinese army com-\\nmanded by Prince Tuan, and determined to arrest\\nand drive back the foreign invasion.\\ny Meantime the world waited for tidings from\\nPeking, where the ambassadors and ministers of the\\ngreat powers, and the refugees from beyond the\\ngates, were crowded within the walls of the lega-\\ntions, besieged by a relentless host of Boxers and\\nImperial troops. Tidings came, but none were\\nreliable. Direct information from the beleaguered\\nlegationers could not be obtained and the\\nnews that came through Chinese sources was as\\nconflicting as it was terrible. Details of horrible\\nmassacres, assurances of absolute safety, stories of\\ndetermined resistance, and tales of decimation by\\nattack and starvation, pressed closely upon each\\nother until none knew what to believe, the hope-\\nful hoping, the despondent desponding. After\\ndisheartening delays, and in the face of home op-\\nposition, the allied army at last moved forward\\ntoward Peking and at daybreak on the fifth of\\nAugust, sixteen thousand of them defeated, at\\nPeitsang, ten miles from Tientsin, a great Chi-\\nnese army, which disputed the foreign advance.\\nOn the sixth of August, Yangtsun, the second", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "318 CHINA S OPEN DOOR.\\nstation on the way to Peking, was captured by the\\nallies, and the Chinese showed signs of breaking\\nbefore the advance of the International columns.\\nA victory is for the Chinese the strongest of\\nall arguments. If the advance on the capital\\nprove victorious the end is not far off; but the\\nfate of the imprisoned ones in Peking is still in\\ndoubt; and the dreadful mystery remains a mys-\\ntery even as this book goes to press, although the\\nindications point to lying Chinese rumors and the\\npluck of the legationers.\\nBut victory is no easy task. Even the battles\\nat Peitsang and Yangtsun were won by the In-\\nternational forces at heavy cost and the allies,\\npressing forward in the advance on Peking, pledged\\nto punish and avenge, must face a vast army of\\ndisciplined and undisciplined Chinese troops\\nmassed before the closed door that conceals the\\nfearful mystery of Peking.\\nThus the world waits expectant, while China^\\nso often desolated and so often overrun, yet never\\nconquered or controlled, rouses herself for the\\nfinal conflict between the forces of conservatism\\nand civilization which, through blood and ven-\\ngeance, through diplomacy and death, rages around\\nthe oftrassaulted, desperately defended portal of\\nChina s Open Door.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "As Talked in the Sanctum\\nBy ROUNSEVELLE WILDMAN, U.S. Consul-\\nGeneral at Hong Kong; author of Tales of the\\nMalayan Coast/* etc. I2mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.00\\nMR WILDMAN was at one time editor of a\\nprominent magazine on the Pacific coast. He\\nhere presents, in a charming and attractive volume,\\nthe talks on men and things that occupied himself\\nand his friends the Contributor, the Poet, the\\nReader, the Parson, the Office Boy and others as,\\nday by day, they met to discuss, dissect and talk over\\nthe world and its happenings as these appeared to\\nthe Senate of the editor s sanctum. It is a book\\nthat will be found at once entertaining, amusing,\\nsuggestive, philosophic and delightfully real.\\nTales of the Malayan Coast\\nBy ROUNSEVELLE WILDMAN, Consul-General\\nof the United States at Hong Kong. One volume,\\nJ2mo, illustrated by Henry Sandham, $1.00\\nA NOTABLE collection of Malayan stories and\\nsketches reproducing both the atmosphere and\\nflavor of the Orient, and emphasized also by a dash\\nof American earnestness and vigor. The book is\\ndedicated by permission to Admiral George Dewey,\\nMr. Wildman s friend and hero.", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "Eben Holden.\\nA Tale of the North Country.\\nBy IRVING BACHELLER, author of A Master\\nof Silence/^ I2mot cloth, gilt top, rough edges. $1.50.\\nA REFRESHING story of the plain people of\\ncountry and town. The North Country is the\\nfarm-land of St, Lawrence County in Northern New\\nYork. Uncle Eb, hero, hired-man and border phil-\\nanthropist is a lover of animals, of nature and of all\\ncreation. The scene shifts to New York in war time,\\nand the story of the rout at Bull Run is unsurpassed in\\nrealism. Altogether it is one of the brightest and most\\npopular of recent books, for it appeals to that love of\\nmingling sentiment and humor that all men and women\\nlike.\\nThe Last of the Flatboats.\\nA Story of the Mississippi and its Inter-\\nesting Family of Rivers.\\nBy GEORGE GARY EGGLESTON, author of\\n*The Wreck of the Redbird. J2mo, cloth, illus-\\ntrated by Charlotte Harding. $1.50.\\nTHE story of five western boys who take a flatboat\\non a venture to New Orleans. They are bright,\\napt, and intelligent young fellows, and find fun,\\nadventure, and profit in their scheme. This book is an\\nabsolute storehouse of mid-west facts, but it is also\\nfull of action, manliness, endeavor, and adventure.\\nLOTHROP PUBLISHING COMPANY, BOSTON.\\nH 79 831", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "-i\\n-V --.o .0\\n1-^\\ni.;^*^ V ^^V\\nJ\\n0^ ..-.7\\nv^ PreservationTe\\n5^^vr,\\n^5-\\nj", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "^ov^ :-^l^: o^\\no\\n,H\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3553", "width": "2023", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "iJbJaRV of congmss\\n0Q0l5H736b0", "height": "3892", "width": "2514", "jp2-path": "chinasopendoorsk00wild_0370.jp2"}}