{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3223", "width": "2405", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap. Copyright ]S o.___.\\nShelf Ik\\nUNITED STATES OF A\\niVlERICAy\\n^m^", "height": "3044", "width": "2323", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "ms^y^^mis. 4\\nm,\\nim\\n^m^\\nj^\\n^mi\\nM\\n:\u00c2\u00abi^^-:\u00c2\u00ab\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u009e :f-^\\nmS mgs.-\\nm.: Mi W^^-m^", "height": "3044", "width": "2323", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2995", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "-if),,", "height": "2995", "width": "2193", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Cyrus, Frontispiece\\nDelphic Priestess on the Tripod. {See p. 120.", "height": "3044", "width": "2323", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PHILADELPHIA\\nHENRY ALTEA\\\\US CO/nPANY", "height": "3027", "width": "2312", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "44702\\nILibrsiry of Cona\u00c2\u00bb*\u00c2\u00abse\\n^wu Corns Recened\\nSEP 7 1900\\nCopynght entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nDei ve\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abd to\\nORDt\u00c2\u00ab DIVISION,\\n744f^^\\n:OtJ", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nHerodotus and Xenophon\\n1\\nCHAPTER 11.\\nThe Birth of Cyrus\\n23\\nCHAPTER III.\\nThe Visit to Media\\n51\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nCR(ESUS\\n80\\nCHAPTER V.\\nAccession of Cyrus to the Throne\\n102\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nThe Oracles\\n118\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Conquest of Lydia\\n136\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nThe Conquest of Babylon\\n157\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nThe Restoration of the Jeavs\\n175\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe Story of Panthea\\n193\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nConversations\\n218\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Death of Cyrus\\n234\\n(v)", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nBrother\\nDelphic Priestess on the Tripod\\nMap of Cyrus Expeditions\\nTailpiece\\nCyrus as the Boy Judge\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I.\\nThe Olympian Glames\\nThe Retreat of the Ten Thousand\\nMap of the Persian Empire\\nHeadpiece, Chapter 11.\\nCyrus Attempts to Assassinate his\\nArms and Armor\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\nCyrus Hunting the Stag\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IV.\\nThe Death of Atys\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\nHarpagus and the Infant Cyrus\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VI.\\nThe Site of the Oracle of Dodona,\\nAlexander at the Temple of Jupiter Ammon\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VII.\\nThe Siege of Sardis\\nCroesus Brought before Cyrus\\nCroesus on the Funeral Pile\\nTailpiece\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VIII.\\nFrontispiece.\\npage vi\\nviii\\n1\\nfacing 12\\n20\\n22\\n23\\n31\\n50\\n51\\nTl\\n80\\n99\\n102\\n117\\n118\\nfacing 122\\n135\\n136\\nfacing 148\\n150\\n153\\n156\\n157\\n(Yii)", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VUl\\nILLUSTRATIONS.\\nThe Hanging Gardens of Babylon,\\nBelshazzar s Feast\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX.\\nBaruch Reading the Prophecy\\nEscape of Zedekiah from Jerusalem\\nRebuilding the Temple\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X.\\nThe Jews Groing into Captivity\\nTomb of Abradates and Panthea\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XI.\\nCyrus and his Chiefs\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII.\\nThe Tomb of Cyrus the Great\\nf acini\\npage\\nfacins:\\n164\\n174\\n175\\n180\\n187\\n192\\n193\\n207\\n217\\n218\\n233\\n234\\n251", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nCyrus the Great, founder of the Persian\\nEmpire, although a polytheist and an idolater,\\nappears in history as a monarch wlio consist-\\nently carried out a policy of religious concili-\\nation, after his conquest of Babylonia. At the\\nhead of his horde, augmented by disaffected\\ntribes on the Persian Gulf, he swept down upon\\nBabylon, overturning the empire of Lydia on\\nhis way. Babylon fell, and the Jews who were\\nbewailing their captivity under the hapless\\nBelshazzar were restored to their native coun-\\ntries, and allowed to take their gods with tlieni.\\nThen Cyrus was master of all Asia from the\\nMediterranean to the Hindu Kush, and his hold\\non this territory was much strengthened by his\\nfriendly relations with the Jews and PhcBni-\\ncians. In the Old Testament he is called Shep-\\nherd and the Anointed of Jehovah. His death\\noccurred after he had extended his empire from\\nthe Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the\\nsouth to the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the\\nCaspian in the north.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Cyrxis X\\nCyrus as the Boy Judge. iSee p. 48.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nCHAPTER L\\nHEKODOTUS AND XENOPHON.\\nCyeus was the founder of the ancient Persian\\nempire a monarchy, perhaps, the most\\nwealthy and magnificent which the world has\\never seen. Of that strange and incomprehen-\\nsible principle of human nature, under the\\ninfluence of which vast masses of men, notwith-\\nstanding the universal instinct of aversion to\\ncontrol, combine, under certain circumstances,\\nby millions and millions, to maintain, for\\nmany successive centuries, the representatives\\nof some one great family in a condition of ex-\\nalted, and absolute, and utterly irresponsible\\nascendency over themselves, while they toil\\nfor them, watch over them, submit to endless\\nand most humiliating privations in their be-\\nhalf, and commit, if commanded to do so, the\\nmost inexcusable and atrocious crimes to sus-\\ntain the demigods they have thus made in\\ntheir lofty estate, we have, in the case of this\\nPersian monarchy, one of the most extraordi-\\nnary exhibitions.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nThe Persian monarchy appears, in fact, even\\nas we look back upon it from this remote dis-\\ntance both of space and of time, as a very vast\\nwave of human power and grandeur. It\\nswelled up among the populations of Asia, be-\\ntween the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea,\\nabout five hundred years before Christ, and\\nrolled on in undiminished magnitude and glory\\nfor many centuries. It bore upon its crest the\\nroyal line of Astyages and his successors,\\nCyrus was, however, the first of the princes\\nwhom it held up conspicuously to the admira-\\ntion of the world, and he rode so gracefully\\nand gallantly on the lofty crest that mankind\\nhave given him the credit of raising and sus-\\ntaining the magnificent billow on which he was\\nborneo How far we are to consider him as\\nfounding the monarchy, or the monarchy as\\nraising and illustrating him, will appear more\\nfully in the course of this narrative.\\nContemporaneous with this Persian mon-\\narchy in the East, there flourished in the West\\nthe small but very efficient and vigorous repub-\\nlics of Greece. The Greeks had a written\\ncharacter for their language which could be\\neasily and rapidly executed, while the ordinary\\nlanguage of the Persians was scarcely written\\nat all. There was, it is true, in this latter\\nnation, a certain learned character, which was\\nused by the priests for their mystic records,\\nand also for certain sacred books which consti-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 3\\ntuted the only national archives. It was,\\nhowever, only slowly and with difficulty that\\nthis character could be penned, and, when\\npenned, it was unintelligible to the great mass\\nof the population. For this reason, among\\nothers, the Greeks wrote narratives of the great\\nevents which occurred in their day, which\\nnarratives they so embellished and adorned by\\nthe picturesque lights and shades in which\\ntheir genius enabled them to present the scenes\\nand characters described as to make them uni-\\nversally admired, while the surrounding\\nnations produced nothing but formal govern-\\nmental records, not worth to the community at\\nlarge the toil and labor necessary to decipher\\nthem and make them intelligible. Thus the\\nGreek writers became the historians, not only\\nof their own republics, but also of all the\\nnations around them and with such admirable\\ngenius and power did they fulfill this function,\\nthat, while the records of all other nations\\ncontemporary with them have been almost en-\\ntirely neglected and forgotten, the language of\\nthe Greeks has been preserved among mankind,\\nwith infinite labor and toil, by successive gen-\\nerations of scholars, in every civilized nation,\\nfor two thousand years, solely in order that\\nmen may continue to read these tales.\\nTwo Greek historians have given us a narra-\\ntive of the events connected with the life of\\nCyrus Herodotus and Xenophon. These", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwriters disagree very materially in the state-\\nments which they make, and modern readers\\nare divided in opinion on the question which\\nto believe. In order to present this question\\nfairly to the minds of our readers, we must\\ncommence this volume with some account of\\nthese two authorities, whose guidance, conflict-\\ning as it is, furnishes all the light which we\\nhave to follow.\\nHerodotus was a philosopher and scholar.\\nXenophon was a great general. The one spent\\nhis life in solitary study, or in visiting var-\\nious countries in the pursuit of knowledge\\nthe other distinguished himself in the com-\\nmand of armies, and in distant military expe-\\nditions, which he conducted with great energy\\nand skill. They were both, by birth, men of\\nwealth and high station, so that they occupied,\\nfrom the beginning, conspicuous positions in\\nsociety and as they were both energetic and\\nenterprising in character, they were led, each,\\nto a very romantic and adventurous career, the\\none in his travels, the other in his campaigns,\\nso that their personal history and their ex-\\nploits attracted great attention even while they\\nlived.\\nHerodotus was born in the year 484 before\\nChrist, which was about fifty years after the\\ndeath of the Cyrus whose history forms the\\nsubject of this volume. He was born in the\\nGrecian state of Caria, in Asia Minor, and in", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 5\\nthe city of Halicarnassus. Caria, was in\\nthe southwestern part of Asia Minor,\\nnear the shores of the ^EgeanSea. Herod-\\notus became a student at a very early\\nage. It was the custom in Greece, at that\\ntime, to give to young men of his rank a good\\nintellectual education. In other nations, the\\ntraining of the young men, in wealthy and\\npowerful families, was confined almost exclu-\\nsively to the use of arms, to horsemanship, to\\nathletic feats, and other such accomplishments\\nas would give them a manly and graceful per-\\nsonal bearing, and enable them to excel in the\\nvarious friendly contests of the public games,\\nas well as prepare them to maintain their\\nground against their enemies in personal com-\\nbats on the field of battle. The Greeks, with-\\nout neglecting these things, taught their young\\nmen also to read and to write, explained to\\nthem the structure and the philosophy of lan-\\nguage, and trained them to the study of the\\npoets, the orators, and the historians which\\ntheir country had produced. Thus a general\\ntaste for intellectual pursuits and pleasures\\nwas diffused throughout the community.\\nPublic affairs were discussed, before large\\naudiences assembled for the purpose, by\\norators who felt a great pride and pleasure in\\nthe exercise of the power which they had ac-\\nquired of persuading, convincing, or exciting\\nthe mighty masses that listened to them; and", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 CYRUS THE GREATo\\nat the great public celebrations which were\\ncustomary in those days, in addition to the\\nwrestlings, the races, the games, and the mili-\\ntary spectacles, there were certain literary en-\\ntertainments provided, which constituted an\\nessential part of the public pleasures. Trage-\\ndies were acted, poems recited, odes and lyrics\\nsung, and narratives of martial enterprises and\\nexploits, and geographical and historical\\ndescriptions of neighboring nations, were read\\nto vast throngs of listeners, who, having been\\naccustomed from infancy to witness such per-\\nformances, and to hear them applauded, had\\nlearned to appreciate and enjoy them. Of\\ncourse, these literary exhibitions would make\\nimpressions, more or less strong, on different\\nminds, as the mental temperaments and char-\\nacters of individuals varied. They seem to\\nhave exerted a very powerful influence on the\\nmind of Herodotus in his early years. He\\nwas inspired, when very young, with a great\\nzeal and ardor for the attainment of knowledge\\nand as he advanced toward maturity, he began\\nto be ambitious of making new discoveries,\\nwith a view of communicating to his country-\\nmen, in these great public assemblies, what he\\nshould thus acquire. Accordingly, as soon as\\nhe arrived at a suitable age, he resolved to set\\nout upon a tour into foreign countries, and to\\nbring back a report of what he should see and\\nhear.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 7\\nThe intercourse of nations was, in those\\ndays, mainly carried on over the waters of the\\nMediterranean Sea; and in times of peace,\\nalmost the only mode of communication was\\nby the ships and the caravans of the merchants\\nwho traded from country to country, both by\\nsea and on the -land. In fact, the knowledge\\nwhich one country possessed of the geography\\nand the manners and customs of another, was\\nalmost wholly confined to the reports which\\nthese merchants circulated. When m ilitary\\nexpeditions invaded a territory, the command-\\ners, or the writers who accompanied them,\\noften wrote descriptions of the scenes which\\nthey witnessed in their campaigns, and de-\\nscribed briefly the countries through which\\nthey passed. These cases were, however,\\ncomparatively rare; and yet, when they oc-\\ncurred, they furnished accounts better authen-\\nticated, and more to be relied upon, and ex-\\npressed, moreover, in a more systematic and\\nregular form, than the reports of the mer-\\nchants, though the information which was\\nderived from both these sources combined was\\nvery insufficient, and tended to excite more\\ncuriosity than it gratified. Herodotus, there-\\nfore, conceived that, in thoroughly exploring\\nthe countries on the shores of the Mediterra-\\nnean and in the interior of Asia, examining\\ntheir geographical position, inquiring into\\ntheir history, their institutions, their manners,", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ncustoms, and laws, and writing the results for\\nthe entertainment and instruction of his\\ncountrymen, he had an ample field before him\\nfor the exercise of all his powers.\\nHe went first to Egypt. Egypt had been,\\nuntil that time, closely shut up from the rest\\nof mankind by the jealousy and watchfulness\\nof the government. But now, on account of\\nsome recent political changes, which will be\\nhereafter more particularly alluded to, the way\\nwas opened for travelers from other countries\\nto come in. Herodotus was the first to avail\\nhimself of this opportunity. He spent some\\ntime in the country, and made himself min-\\nutely acquainted with its history, its antiqui-\\nties, its political and social condition at the\\ntime of his visit, and with all the other points\\nin respect to which he supposed that his\\ncountrymen would wish to be informed. He\\ntook copious notes of all that he saw. From\\nEgypt he went eastward into Libya, and thence\\nhe traveled slowly along the whole southern\\nshore of the Mediterranean Sea as far as to the\\nStraits of Gibraltar, noting, with great care,\\neverything which presented itself to his own\\npersonal observation, and availing himself of\\nevery possible source of information in respect\\nto all other points of importance for the object\\nwhich he had in view.\\nThe Straits of Gibraltar were the ends of the\\nearth toward the westward in those ancient", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 9\\ndays, and our traveler accordingly, after reach-\\ning them, returned again to the eastward. He\\nvisited Tyre, and the cities of Phoenicia, on\\nthe eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and\\nthence went still further eastward to Assyria\\nand Babylon. It was here that he obtained\\nthe materials for what he has written in respect\\nto the Medes and Persians, and to the history\\nof Cyrus. After spending some time in these\\ncountries, he went on by land still further to\\nthe eastward, into the heart of Asia. The\\ncountry of Scythia was considered as at the\\nend of the earth in this direction. Herodo-\\ntus penetrated for some distance into the\\nalmost trackless wilds of this remote land,\\nuntil he found that he had gone as far from\\nthe great center of light and power on the\\nshores of the ^gean Sea as he could expect\\nthe curiosity of his countrymen to follow him.\\nHe passed thence round toward the north, and\\ncame down through the countries north of the\\nDanube into Greece, by way of the Epirus and\\nMacedon. To make such a journey as this\\nwas, in fact, in those days, almost to explore\\nthe whole known world.\\nIt ought, however, here to be stated, that\\nmany modern scholars, who have examined,\\nwith great care, the accounts which Herodotus\\nhas given of what he saw and heard in his\\nwanderings, doubt very seriously whether his\\njourneys were really as extended as he pre-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ntends. As his object was to read what he was\\ninteDding to write at great public assemblies\\nin Greece, he was, of course, under every pos-\\nsible inducement to make his narrative as in-\\nteresting as possible, and not to detract at all\\nfrom whatever there might be extraordinary\\neither in the extent of his wanderings or in the\\nwonderfulness of the objects and scenes which\\nhe saw, or in the romantic nature of the adven-\\ntures which he met with in his protracted tour.\\nCicero, in lauding him as a writer, says that\\nhe was the first who evinced the power to\\nadorn a historical narrative. Between adorn-\\ning and emhellisJiiiig, the line is not to be very\\ndistinctly marked; and Herodotus has often\\nbeen accused of having drawn more from his\\nfancy than from any other source, in respect\\nto a large portion of what he relates and de-\\nscribes. Some do not believe that he ever\\neven entered half the countries which he pro-\\nfesses to have thoroughly explored, while others\\nfind, in the minuteness of his specifications,\\nsomething like conclusive proof that he related\\nonly what he actually saw. In a word, the\\nquestion of his credibility has been discussed\\nby successive generations of scholars ever since\\nhis day, and strong parties have been formed\\nwho have gone to extremes in the opinions\\nthey have taken so that, while some confer\\nupon him the title of the father of history,\\nothers say it would be more in accordance with", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPIION. 11\\nhis merits to call him the father of lies. In\\ncontroversies like this, and, in fact, in all con-\\ntroversies, it is more agreeable to the mass of\\nmankind to take sides strongly v^^ith one party\\nor the other, and either to believe or disbelieve\\none or the other fully and cordially. There is\\na class of minds, however, more calm and bet-\\nter balanced than the rest, who can deny them-\\nselves this pleasure, and who see that often,\\nin the most bitter and decided controversies,\\nthe truth lies between. By this class of minds\\nit has been generally supposed that the narra-\\ntives of Herodotus are substantially true,\\nthough in many cases highly colored and em-\\nbellished, or, as Cicero called it, adorned, as,\\nin fact, they inevitably must have been under\\nthe circumstances in which they were written.\\nWe cannot follow minutely the circumstances\\nof the subsequent life of Herodotus. He be-\\ncame involved in some political disturbances\\nand difficulties in his native state after his re-\\nturn, in consequence of which he retired,\\npartly a fugitive and partly an exile, to the\\nisland of Samos, which is at a little distance\\nfrom Caria, and not far from the shore. Here\\nhe lived for some time in seclusion, occupied in\\nwriting out his history. He divided it into\\nnine books, to which, respectively, the names\\nof the nine Muses were afterward given, to\\ndesignate them. The island of Samos, where\\nthis great literary work was performed, is very\\n2-nyru9", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "la CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nnear to PjxtmoH, wliero, a few liiiiidrod years\\nlator, tli(vl iVHiiK(^liHi John, in ji Hiiiiilnr rotire-\\niiK^ni, and in ilu^ iim(^ of ilii^ hjuiu) Ijiiigiuigo iiud\\ncliarjK^ior, wroic^ 11 k^ JJook of ll(W(iliiiioii.\\nWJu^ii a fmv of thn firHt books of liiw liistory\\nwore (H)in|)lei(ul, 1 [(^rodotiiH wont with tlio\\nnianuM(iri|)t to ()lyni|)i;i, ni the grout o(vh^l)r}iti()n\\nof th(^ (Ughty-iirnt ()l.vni| iii(l. Tlio ()Iynipi;i(lH\\nwere i)eriodB recurring at intc^rvalH of about\\nfour y(\u00c2\u00bbHrH. l?y nu^anw of th(nn the (heeks\\nreokonod tlieir time. ^rh(^ Olynipijidn were\\ncc^hibiahnl nslhoy ocivurnul, Avitli gJinuiH, hIiows,\\nsi^eetaeh^s, and ])aradeH, which were conducted\\non so niaiKiiiiuHviit a Hcah^ tliat vast crowds were\\naceTiHtoiiHul to iiMH(^nd)h from every ])jirt of\\n(InuH^o to witn ^MM and join in thom. They\\nwere lu^hl at 01ym])ia, a city on the western\\nside of Clr(Hice. Nothing now remuins to murk\\ntlie s])ot but some hvvoh of confused and unin-\\ntelligible niins.\\nThe personal fame of Herodotus and of his\\ntravels had prcHuuliul Jiim, and when lie arrived\\nat Olympiii h(^ found Hie (mriosity and eager-\\nness of the ptH)plc to lisUvn to his narratives\\nextreme. He read co])ious extriicts from his\\naccounts, so far as he had written them, to the\\nvast assemblios whi(^h conveniul to hear him,\\nand they wt^ro nuu^ivod with unbonndtul ap-\\nl)lause; and inasmuch as tlu^se assemblies\\ncompris(Hl noarly all the statesmen, the gen-\\nerals, the i)hil()S()phors, and the scholars of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\npublic grant of a large sum of money. Dur-\\ning the remainder of his life Herodotus con-\\ntinued to enjoy the high degree of literary re-\\nnown which his writings had acquired for him\\na renown which has since been extended and\\nincreased, rather than diminished, by the lapse\\nof time.\\nAs for Xenophon, the other great historian\\nof Cyrus, it has already been said that he was\\na military commander, and his life was accord-\\ningly spent in a very different manner from that\\nof his great competitor for historic fame. He\\nwas born at Athens, about thirty years after\\nthe birth of Herodotus, so that he was but a\\nchild while Herodotus was in the midst of his\\ncareer. When he was about twenty-two years\\nof age, he joined a celebrated military expedi-\\ntion which was formed in Greece, for the pur-\\npose of proceeding to Asia Minor to enter into\\nthe service of the governor of that country.\\nThe name of this governor was Cyrus and to\\ndistinguish him from Cyrus the Great, whose\\nhistory is to form the subject of this volume,\\nand who lived about one hundred and fifty\\nyears before him, he is commonly called Cyrus\\nthe Younger.\\nThis expedition was headed by a Grecian\\ngeneral named Clearchus. The soldiers and\\nthe subordinate officers of the expedition did\\nnot know for what special service it was de-\\nsigned, as Cyrus had a treasonable and guilty", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 15\\nobject in view, and he kept it accordingly con-\\ncealed, even from the agents who were to aid\\nhim in the execution of it. His plan was to\\nmake war upon and dethrone his brother Ar-\\ntaxerxes, then king of Persia, and consequently\\nhis sovereign. Cyrus was a very young man,\\nbut he was a man of a very energetic and ac-\\ncomplished character, and of unbounded ambi-\\ntion. When his father died, it was arranged\\nthat Artaxerxes, the older son, should succeed\\nhim. Cyrus was extremely unwilling to sub-\\nmit to this supremacy of his brother. His\\nmother was an artful and unprincipled woman,\\nand Cyrus, being the youngest of her children,\\nwas her favorite. She encouraged him in his\\nambitious designs; and so desperate was\\nCyrus himself in his determination to accom-\\nplish them, that it is said he attempted to as-\\nsassinate his brother on the day of his corona-\\ntion. His attempt was discovered, and it\\nfailed. His brother, however, instead of\\npunishing him for the treason, had the gener-\\nosity to pardon him, and sent him to his\\ngovernment in Asia Minor. Cyrus imme-\\ndiately turned all his thoughts to the plan of\\nraising an army and making war upon his\\nbrother, in order to gain forcible possession of\\nhis throne. That he might have a plausible\\npretext for making the necessary military prep-\\narations, he pretended to have a quarrel with\\none of his neighbors, and wrote, hypocriti-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ncally, many letters to the king, affecting solici-\\ntude for his safety, and asking aid. The king\\nwas thus deceived, and made no preparations\\nto resist the force which Cyrus was assem-\\nbling, not having the remotest suspicion that\\nits destiny was Babylon.\\nThe auxiliary army which came from Greece,\\nto enter into Cyrus service under these cir-\\ncumstances, consisted of about thirteen thou-\\nsand men. He had, it was said, a hundred\\nthousand men besides but so celebrated were\\nthe Greeks in those days for their courage,\\ntheir discipline, their powers of endurance, and\\ntheir indomitable tenacity and energy, that\\nCyrus very properly considered this corps as the\\nflower of his army. Xenophon was one of the\\nyounger Grecian generals. The army crossed\\nthe Hellespont, and entered Asia Minor, and,\\npassing across the country, reached at last the\\nfamous pass of Cilicia, in the southwestern\\npart of the country a narrow defile between\\nthe mountains and the sea, which opens the\\nonly passage in that quarter toward the Per-\\nsian regions beyond. Here the suspicions\\nwhich the Greeks had been for some time in-\\nclined to feel, that they were going to make\\nwar upon the Persian monarch himself, were\\nconfirmed, and they refused to proceed. Their\\nunwillingness, however, did not arise from\\nany compunctions of conscience about the guilt\\nof treason, or the wickedness of helping an un-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 17\\ngrateful and unprincipled wretch, whose for-\\nfeited life had once been given to him by his\\nbrother, in making war upon and destroj^ing\\nhis benefactor. Soldiers have never, in any\\nage of the world, anything to do with com-\\npunctions of conscience in respect to the work\\nwhich their commanders give them to perform.\\nThe Greeks were perfectly willing to serve in\\nthis or in any other undertaking; but, since it\\nwas rebellion and treason that was asked of\\nthem, they considered it as specially hazard-\\nous, and so they concluded that they were en-\\ntitled to extra pay. Cyrus made no objection\\nto this demand; an arrangement was made\\naccordingly, and the army went on.\\nArtaxerxes assembled suddenly the whole\\nforce of his empire on the plains of Babylon\\nan immense army, consisting, it is said, of\\nover a million of men. Such vast forces oc-\\ncupy, necessarily, a wide extent of country,\\neven when drawn up in battle array. So great,\\nin fact, was the extent occupied in this case,\\nthat the Greeks, who conquered all that part of\\nthe king s forces which was directly opposed\\nto them, supposed, when night came, at the\\nclose of the day of battle, that Cyrus had been\\neverywhere victorious and they were only un-\\ndeceived when, the next day, messengers came\\nfrom the Persian camp to inform them that\\nCyrus whole force, excepting themselves, was\\ndefeated and dispersed, and that Cyrus him-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nself was slain, and to snmmon them to sur-\\nrender at once and unconditionally to the con-\\nquerors.\\nThe Greeks refused to surrender. They\\nformed themselves immediately into a compact\\nand solid body, fortified themselves as well as\\nthey could in their position, and prepared for\\na desperate defense. There were about ten\\nthousand of them left, and the Persians seem\\nto have considered them too formidable to be\\nattacked. The Persians entered into negotia-\\ntions with them, offering them certain terms on\\nwhich they would be allowed to return peacea-\\nbly into Greece. These negotiations were\\nprotracted from day to day for two or three\\nweeks, the Persians treacherously using toward\\nthem a friendly tone, and evincing a disposition\\nto treat them in a liberal and generous man-\\nner. This threw the Greeks off their guard,\\nand finally the Persians contrived to get Clear-\\nchus and the leading Greek generals into their\\npower at a feast, and then they seized and\\nmurdered them, or, as they would perhaps\\nterm it, executed them as rebels and traitors.\\nWhen this was reported in the Grecian camp,\\nthe whole army was thrown at first into the\\nutmost consternation. They found themselves\\ntwo thousand miles from home, in the heart of\\na hostile country, with an enemy nearly a\\nhundred times their own number close upon\\nthem, while they themselves were without", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON. 19\\nprovisions, without horses, without money; and\\nthere were deep rivers, and rugged mountains,\\nand every other possible physical obstacle to\\nbe surmounted, before they could reach their\\nown frontiers. If they surrendered to their\\nenemies, a hopeless and most miserable slavery\\nwas their inevitable doom.\\nUnder these circumstances, Xenophon, ac-\\ncording to his own story, called together the\\nsurviving officers in the camp, urged them not\\nto despair, and recommended that immediate\\nmeasures should be taken for commencing a\\nmarch toward Greece. He proposed that they\\nshould elect commanders to take the places of\\nthose who had been killed, and that, under\\ntheir new organization, they should imme-\\ndiately set out on their return. These plans\\nwere adopted. He himself was chosen as the\\ncommanding general, and under his guidance\\nthe whole force was conducted safely through\\nthe countless difficulties and dangers which\\nbeset their way, though they had to defend\\nthemselves, at every step of their progress,\\nfrom an enemy so vastly more numerous than\\nthey, and which was hanging on their flanks\\nand on their rear, and making the most inces-\\nsant efforts to surround and capture them.\\nThis retreat occupied two hundred and fifteen\\ndays. It has always been considered as one of\\nthe greatest military achievements that has\\never been performed. It is called in history", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 CVRUS THE GREAT.\\nthe Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Xenophon\\nacquired by it a double immortality. He led\\nthe army, and thus attained to a military re-\\nnown which will never fade and he afterward\\nwrote a narrative of the exploit, which has\\ngiven him an equally extended and permanent\\nliterary fame.\\nSome time after this, Xenophon returned\\nagain to Asia as a military commander, and\\ndistinguished himself in other campaigns. He\\nacquired a large fortune, too, in these wars,\\nand at length retired to a villa, which he built\\nand adorned magnificently, in the neighbor-\\nhood of Olympia, where Herodotus had ac-\\nquired so extended a fame by reading his his-\\ntories. It was probably, in some degree,\\nthrough the influence of the success which had\\nattended the labors of Herodotus in this field,\\nthat Xenophon was induced to enter it. He de-\\nvoted the later years of his life to writing\\nvarious historical memoirs, the two most im-\\nportant of which that have come down to modern\\ntimes are, first, the narrative of his own expe-\\ndition, under Cyrus the Younger, and,\\nsecondly, a sort of romance or tale founded on\\nthe history of Cyrus the Great. This last is\\ncalled the Cyropsedia; and it is from this\\nwork, and from the history written by Herodo-\\ntus, that nearly all our knowledge of the great\\nPersian monarch is derived.\\nThe question how far the stories which He-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HERODOTUS AND XENOPHON, 21\\nrodotus and Xenophon have told us in relating\\nthe history of the great Persian king are true,\\nis of less importance than one would at first\\nimagine for the case is one of those numerous\\ninstances in which the narrative itself, which\\ngenius has written, has had far greater injQu-\\neuce on mankind than the events themselves\\nexerted which the narrative professes to record.\\nIt is now far more important for us to know\\nwhat the story is which has for eighteen hun-\\ndred years been read and listened to by every\\ngeneration of men, than what the actual events\\nwere in which the tale thus told had its origin.\\nThis consideration applies very extensively to\\nhistory, and especially to ancient history.\\nThe events themselves have long since ceased\\nto be of any great interest or importance to\\nreaders of the present day but the accounts^\\nwhetlier they are fictitious or real, partial or\\nimpartial, honestly true or embellished and\\ncolored, since they have been so widely cir-\\nculated in every age and in every nation, and\\nhave impressed themselves so universally and\\nso permanently in the mind and memory of\\nthe whole human race, and have penetrated\\ninto and colored the literature of every civilized\\npeople, it becomes now necessary that every\\nwell-informed man should understand. In a\\nword, the real Cyrus is now a far less infpor-\\ntant personage to mankind than the Cyrus of\\nHerodotus and Xenophon,", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11.\\nTHE BIRTH OF CYRUS.\\nThere are records coming down to us from\\nthe very earliest times of three several king-\\ndoms situated in the heart of Asia Assyria,\\nMedia, and Persia, the two latter of which, at\\nthe period when they first emerge indistinctly\\ninto view, were more or less connected with and\\ndependent upon the former. Astyages was the\\nKing of Media; Cambyses wasthe name of the\\nruling prince or magistrate of Persia. Camby-\\nses married Mandane, the daughter of Astyages\\nand Cyrus was their son. In recounting the\\ncircumstances of his birth, Herodotus relates,\\nwith all seriousness, the following very extra-\\nordinary story\\nWhile Mandane was a maiden, living at her\\nfather s palace and home in Media, Astyages\\nawoke one morning terrified by a dream. He\\nhad dreamed of a great inundation, which over-\\nwhelmed and destroyed his capital, and sub-\\nmerged a large part of his kingdom. The\\ngreat rivers of that country were liable to very\\ndestructive floods, and there would have been\\n3-Oy.\\n23", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nnothing extraordinary or alarming in the king s\\nimagination being haunted, during his sleep,\\nby the image of such a calamity, were it not\\nthat, in this case, the deluge of water which\\nproduced such disastrous results seemed to be,\\nin some mysterious way, connected with his\\ndaughter, so that the dream appeared to portend\\nsome great calamity which was to originate in\\nher. He thought it perhaps indicated that\\nafter her marriage she should have a son who\\nwould rebel against him and seize the supreme\\npower, thus overwhelming his kingdom as the\\ninundation had done which he had seen in his\\ndream.\\nTo guard against this imagined danger, Astya-\\nges determined that his daughter should not\\nbe married in Media, but that she should be\\nprovided with a husband in some foreign land,\\nso as to be taken away from Media altogether.\\nHe finally selected Gambyses, the king of Per-\\nsia, for her husband. Persia was at that time\\na comparatively small and circumscribed do-\\nminion, and Cambyses, though he seems to\\nhave been the supreme ruler of it, was very far\\nbeneath Astyages in rank and power. The\\ndistance between the two countries was con-\\nsiderable, and the institutions and customs of\\nthe people of Persia were simple and rude,\\nlittle likely to awaken or encourage in the\\nminds of their princes any treasonable or am-\\nbitious designs. Astyages thought, therefore,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 25\\nthat in sending Mandane there to be the wife\\nof the king, he had taken effectual precautions\\nto guard against the danger portended by his\\ndream.\\nMandane was accordingly married, and con-\\nducted by her husband to her new home.\\nAbout a year afterward her father had another\\ndream. He dreamed that a vine proceeded\\nfrom his daughter, and, growing rapidly and\\nluxuriantly while he was regarding it, extended\\nitself over the whole land. Now the vine\\nbeing a symbol of beneficence and plenty, As-\\ntyages might have considered this vision as an\\nomen of good still, as it was good which was\\nto be derived in some way from his daughter,\\nit naturally awakened his fears anew that he\\nwas doomed to find a rival and competitor for\\nthe possession of his kingdom in Mandane*s\\nson and heir. He called together his sooth-\\nsayers, related his dream to them, and asked\\nfor their interpretation. They decided that it\\nmeant that Mandane would have a son who\\nwould one day become a king.\\nAstyages was now seriously alarmed, and he\\nsent for Mandane to come home, ostensibly\\nbecause he wished her to pay a visit to her\\nfather and to her native land, but really for the\\npurpose of having her in his power, that he\\nmight destroy her child so soon as one should\\nbe born.\\nMandane came to Media, and was established", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "26 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nby her father in a residence near his palace,\\nand such officers and domestics were put in\\ncharge of her household as Astyages could rely\\nupon to do whatever he should command.\\nThings being thus arranged, a few months\\npassed away, and then Mandane s child was\\nborn.\\nImmediately on hearing of the event, Asty-\\nages sent for a certain officer of his court, an\\nunscrupulous and hardened man, who possessed,\\nas he supposed, enough of depraved and reck-\\nless resolution for the commission of any\\ncrime, and addressed him as follows:\\nI have sent for you,Harpagus,to commit to\\nyour charge a business of very great impor-\\ntance. I confide fully in your principles of\\nobedience and fidelity, and depend upon your\\ndoing, yourself, with your own hands, the\\nwork that 1 require. If you fail to do it, or if\\nyou attempt to evade it by putting it off upon\\nothers, you will suffer severely. I wish you to\\ntake Mandane s child to your own house and\\nput him to death. You may accomplish the\\nobject in any mode you please, and you may\\narrange the circumstances of the burial of the\\nbody, or the disposal of it in any other way,\\nas you think best; the essential thing is, that\\nyou see to it, yourself, that the child is killed.\\nHarpagus replied that whatever the king\\nmight command it was his duty to do, and\\nthat, as his master had never hitherto had oc-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 27\\ncasi on to censure his conduct, he should not\\nfind him wanting now. Harpagus then went\\nto receive the infant. The attendants of Man-\\ndane had been ordered to deliver it to him.\\nNot at all suspecting the object for which the\\nchild was thus taken away, but naturally sup-\\nposing, on the other hand, that it was for the\\npurpose of some visit, they arrayed their un-\\nconscious charge in the most highly-wrought\\nand costly of the robes which Mandane, his\\nmother, had for many months been interested\\nin preparing for him, and then gave him up to\\nthe custody of Harpagus, expecting, doubtless,\\nthat he would be very speedily returned to\\ntheir care.\\nAlthough Harpagus had expressed a ready\\nwillingness to obey the cruel behest of the king\\nat the time of receiving it, he manifested, as\\nsoon as he received the child, an extreme de-\\ngree of anxiety and distress. He immediately\\nsent for a herdsman named Mitridates to come\\nto him. In the meantime, he took the child\\nhome to his house, and in a very excited and\\nagitated manner related to his wife what had\\npassed. He laid the child down in the apart-\\nment, leaving it neglected and alone, while he\\nconversed with his wife in a hurried and anx-\\nious manner in respect to the dreadful situa-\\ntion in which he found himself placed. She\\nasked him what he intended to do. He re-\\nplied that he certainly should not, himself,", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "^8 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ndestroy the child. **It is the son of Man-\\ndane, said he. She is the king s daughter.\\nIf the king should die, Mandane would succeed\\nhim, and then what terrible danger would im-\\npend over me if she should know me to have\\nbeen the slayer of her son! Harpagus said,\\nmoreover, that he did not dare absolutely to\\ndisobey the orders of the king so far as to save\\nthe child s life, and that he had sent for a\\nherdsman, whose pastures extended to wild and\\ndesolate forests and mountains the gloomy\\nhaunts of wild beasts and birds of prey in-\\ntending to give the child to him, with orders\\nto carry it into those solitudes and abandon it\\nthere. His name was Mitridates.\\nWhile they were speaking this herdsman\\ncame in. He found Harpagus and his wife\\ntalking thus together, with countenances ex-\\npressive of anxiety and distress, while the\\nchild, uneasy under the confinement and incon-\\nveniences of its splendid dress, and terrified at\\nthe strangeness of the scene and the circum-\\nstances around it, and perhaps, moreover, ex-\\nperiencing some dawning and embryo emotions\\nof resentment at being laid down in neglect,\\ncried aloud and incessantly. Harpagus gave\\nthe astonished herdsman his charge. He,\\nafraid, as Harpagus had been in the presence\\nof Astyages, to evince any hesitation in respect\\nto obeying the orders of his superior, whatever\\nthey might be, took up the child and bore it\\naway.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CVRUS. 29\\nHe carried it to his hut. It so happened\\nthat his wife, whose name was Spaco, had at\\nthat very time a new-born child, but it was\\ndead. Her dead son had, in fact, been born\\nduring the absence of Mitridates. He had\\nbeen extremely unwilling to leave his home at\\nsuch a time, but the summons of Harpagus\\nmust, he knew, be obeyed. His wife, too, not\\nknowing what could have occasioned so sudden\\nand urgent a call, had to bear, all the day, a\\nburden of anxiety and solicitude in respect to\\nher husband, in addition to her disappointment\\nand grief at the loss of her child. Her anxiety\\nand grief were changed for a little time into\\nastonishment and curiosity at seeing the beau-\\ntiful babe, so magnificently dressed, which her\\nhusband brought to her, and at hearing his ex-\\ntraordinary story.\\nHe said that when he first entered the house\\nof Harpagus and saw the child lying there, and\\nheard the directions which Harpagus gave him\\nto carry it into the mountains and leave it to\\ndie, he supposed that the babe belonged to\\nsome of the domestics of the household, and\\nthat Harpagus wished to have it destroyed in\\norder to be relieved of a burden. The rich-\\nness, however, of the infant s dress, and the\\ndeep anxiety and sorrow which was indicated\\nby the countenances and by the conversation\\nof Harpagus and his wife, and which seemed\\naltogether too earnest to be excited by the con-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "30 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ncerD which they would probably feel for any\\nservant s offspring, appeared at the time, he\\nsaid, inconsistent with that supposition, and\\nperplexed and bewildered hira. He said, more-\\nover, that in the end, Harpagus had sent a man\\nwith him a part of the way when he left the\\nhouse, and that this man had given him a full\\nexplanation of the case. The child was the\\nson of Mandane, the daughter of the king, and\\nhe was to be destroyed by the orders of Asty-\\nages himself, for fear that at some future\\nperiod he might attempt to usurp the throne.\\nThey who know anything of the feelings of\\na mother under the circumstances in which\\nSpaco was placed, can imagine with what\\nemotions she received the little sufferer, now\\nnearly exhausted by abstinence, fatigue, and\\nfear, from her husband s hands, and the heart-\\nfelt pleasure with which she drew him to her\\nbosom, to comfort and relieve him. In an\\nhour she was, as it were, herself his mother,\\nand she began to plead hard with her husband\\nfor his life.\\nMitridates said that the child could not pos-\\nsibly be saved. Harpagus had been most\\nearnest and positive in his orders, and he was\\ncoming himself to see that they had been exe-\\ncuted. He would demand, undoubtedly, to see\\nthe body of the child, to assure himself that it\\nwas actually dead. Spaco, instead of being\\nconvinced by her husband s reasoning, only", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS.\\n33\\nbecame more and more earnest in her desires\\nthat the child might be saved. She rose from\\nher couch and clasped her husband s knees,\\nand begged him with the most earnest entreat-\\nies and with many tears to grant her request.\\nHer husband was, however, inexorable. He\\nsaid that if he were to yield, and attempt to\\nsave the child from its doom, Harpagus would\\nmost certainly know that his orders had been\\ndisobeyed, and then their own lives would be\\nforfeited, and the child itself sacrificed alter all,\\nin the end. r^ ai i. i\\nThe thought then occurred to Spaco that Her\\nown dead child might be substituted for the\\nliving one, and be exposed in the mountains\\nin its stead. She proposed this plan, and,\\nafter much anxious doubt and hesitation the\\nherdsman consented to adopt it. They took\\noff the splendid robes which adorned the living\\nchild, and put them on the corpse, each\\nequally unconscious of the change. The little\\nlimbs of the son of Mandane were then more\\nsimply clothed in the coarse and scanty cover-\\ning which belonged to the new character which\\nhe was now to assume, and then the babe was\\nrestored to its place in Spaco s bosom. Mit-\\nridates placed his own dead child, completely\\ndisguised as it was by the royal robes it wore,\\nin the little basket or cradle in which the other\\nhad been brought, and, accompanied by an at-\\ntendant, whom he was to leave in the forest to", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "34 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nkeep watch over the body, he went away to\\nseek some wild and desolate solitude in which\\nto leave it exposed.\\nThree days passed away, during which the\\nattendant whom the herdsman had left in the\\nforest watched near the body to prevent its\\nbeing devoured by wild beasts or birds of prey,\\nand at the end of that time he brought it home.\\nThe herdsman then went to Harpagus to in-\\nform him that the child was dead, and, in\\nproof that it was really so, he said that if Har-\\npagus would come to his hut he could see the\\nbody. Harpagus sent some messenger in\\nwhom he could confide to make the observa-\\ntion. The herdsman exhibited the dead child\\nto him, and he was satisfied. He reported\\nthe result of his mission to Harpagus, and\\nHarpagus then ordered the body to be buried.\\nThe child of Mandane, whom we may call\\nCyrus, since that was the name which he sub-\\nsequently received, was brought up in the\\nherdsman s hut, and passed everywhere for\\nSpaco s child.\\nHarpagus, after receiving the report of his\\nmessenger, then informed Astyages that his\\norders had been executed, and that the child\\nwas dead. A trusty messenger, he said, whom\\nhe had sent for the purpose, had seen the\\nbody. Although the king had been so earnest\\nto have the deed performed, he found that,\\nafter all, the knowledge that his orders had", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 35\\nbeen obeyed gave liim very little satisfaction.\\nThe fears, prompted by his selfishness and am-\\nbition, which had led him to commit the crime,\\ngave place, when it had been perpetrated, to\\nremorse for his unnatural cruelty. Mandane\\nmourned incessantly the death of her innocent\\nbabe, and loaded her father with reproaches\\nfor having destroyed it, which he found it very\\nhard to bear. In the end, he repented bitterly\\nof what he had done.\\nThe secret of the child s preservation re-\\nmained concealed for about ten years. It was\\nthen discovered in the following manner\\nCyrus, like Alexander, Caesar, William the\\nConqueror, Napoleon, and other commanding\\nminds, who obtained a great ascendency over\\nmasses of men in their maturer years, evinced\\nhis dawning superiority at a very early period\\nof his boyhood. He took the lead of his play-\\nmates in their sports, and made them submit\\nto his regulations and decisions. Not only\\ndid the peasants boys in the little hamlet\\nwhere his reputed father lived thus yield the\\nprecedence to him, but sometimes, when the\\nsons of men of rank and station came out\\nfrom the city to join them in their plays, even\\nthen Cyrus was the acknowledged head. One\\nday the son of an officer of King Astyages\\ncourt his father s name was Artembaris\\ncame out, with other boys from the city, to join\\nthese village boys in their sports. They were", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "36 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nplaying Icing. Cyrus was the king. Herod-\\notus says that the other boys chose him as\\nsuch. It was, however, probably such a sort\\nof choice as that by which kings and emperors\\nare made among men, a yielding more or less\\nvoluntary on the part of the subjects to the\\nresolute and determined energy with which the\\naspirant places himself upon the throne.\\nDuring the progress of the play, a quarrel\\narose between Cyrus and the son of Artem-\\nbaris. The latter would not obey, and Cyrus\\nbeat him. He went home and complained\\nbitterly to his father. The father went to\\nAstyages to protest against such an indignity\\noffered to his son by a peasant boy, and de-\\nmanded that the little tyrant should be pun-\\nished. Probably far the larger portion of in-\\ntelligent readers of history consider the whole\\nstory as a romance but if we look upon it as\\nin any respect true, we must conclude that\\nthe Median monarchy must have been, at that\\ntime, in a very rude and simple condition in-\\ndeed, to allow of the submission of such a\\nquestion as this to the personal adjudication of\\nthe reigning king.\\nHowever this may be, Herodotus states that\\nArtembaris went to the palace of Astyages, tak-\\ning his son with him, to offer proofs of the\\nviolence of which the herdsman s son had been\\nguilty, by showing the contusions and bruises\\nthat had been produced by the blows. *Is", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 37\\nthis the treatment, he asked indignantly, of\\nthe king, when he had completed his state-\\nment, **that my boy is to receive from the son\\nof one of your slaves?\\nAstyages seemed to be convinced that Artem-\\nbaris had just cause to complain, and he sent\\nfor Mitridates and his son to come to him in\\nthe city. When they arrived, Cyrus advanced\\ninto the presence of the king with that coura-\\ngeous and manly bearing which romance writers\\nare so fond of ascribing to boys of noble\\nbirth, whatever may have been the circum-\\nstances of their early training. Astyages was\\nmuch struck with his appearance and air.\\nHe, however, sternly laid to his charge the ac-\\ncusation which Artembaris had brought against\\nhim. Pointing to Artembaris son, all bruised\\nand swollen as he was, he asked, **Is that the\\nway that you, a mere herdsman s boy, dare to\\ntreat the son of one of my nobles?\\nThe little prince looked up into his stern\\njudge s face with an undaunted expression of\\ncountenance, which, considering the circum-\\nstances of the case, and the smallness of the\\nscale on which this embryo heroism was repre-\\nsented, was partly ludicrous and partly sub-\\nlime. My lord, said he, what I have\\ndone I am able to justify. I did punish this\\nboy, and I had a right to do so. I was king,\\nand he was my subject, and he would not obey\\nme. If you think that for this I deserve pun-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "38 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nishment myself, here I am I am ready to\\nsuffer it.\\nIf Astyages had been struck with the appear-\\nance and manner of Cyrus at the commence-\\nment of the interview, liis admiration was\\nawakejiod far more strongly now, at hearing\\nsuch words, uttered, too, in so exalted a tone,\\nfrom such a child. He r(uiiaiued a long time\\nsilent. At last he told Artembaris and his son\\nthat they might retire. He would take the\\naffair, he said, into his own hands, and dispose\\nof it in a just and i)roi)or manner. Astyages\\nthen took the herdsman aside, and asked him,\\nin an earnest tone, whoso boy that was, and\\nwhere he had obtained him.\\nMitridates was terrified. He replied, how-\\never, that the boy was his own son, and that\\nhis mother was still living at home, in the hut\\nwhere they all resided. There seems to have\\nbeen something, however, in his appearance\\nand manner, while making these assertions,\\nwhich led Astyages not to believe what he said.\\nHe was convinced that there was some unex-\\nplained mystery in respect to the origin of the\\nboy, which the herdsman was willfully with-\\nholding. He assumed a displeased and threat-\\nening air, and ordered in his guards to take\\nMitridates into custody. The terrified herds-\\nman then said that lie would explain all, and\\nhe accordingly related honestly the whole\\nstory.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 39\\nAstyages was greatly rejoiced to find that\\nthe child was alive. One would suppose it to\\nbe almost inconsistent with this feeling that he\\nshould be angry with Harpagus for not having\\ndestroyed it. It would seem, in fact, that\\nHarpagus was not amenable to serious censure,\\nin any view of the subject, for he had taken\\nwhat he had a right to consider very elTectual\\nmeasures for carrying the orders of the king\\ninto faithful execution. But Astyages seems\\nto have been one of those inhuman monsters\\nwhich the possession and long-continued exer-\\ncise of despotic power have so often made, who\\ntake a calm, quiet, and deliberate satisfaction\\nin torturing to death any wretched victim\\nwhom they can have any pretext for destroy-\\ning, especially if they can invent some new\\nmeans of torment to give a fresh piquancy to\\ntheir pleasure. These monsters do not act\\nfrom passion. Men are sometimes inclined to\\npalliate great cruelties and crimes which are\\nperpetrated under the influence of sudden\\nanger, or from the terrible impulse of those\\nimpetuous and uncontrollable emotions of the\\nhuman soul which, when once excited, seem to\\nmake men insane; but the crimes of a tyrant\\nare not of this kind. They are the calm, delib-\\nerate, and sometimes carefully economized\\ngratifications of a nature essentially malign.\\nWhen, therefore, Astyages learned that Har-\\npagus had failed of literally obeying his com-\\n-Cyrus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "40 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nmand to destroy, with his own hand, the infant\\nwhich had been given him, although he was\\npleased with the consequences which had re-\\nsulted from it, he immediately perceived that\\nthere was another pleasure besides that he was\\nto derive from the transaction, namely, that of\\ngratifying his own imperious and ungovern-\\nable will by taking vengeance on him who had\\nfailed, even in so slight a degree, of fulfilling\\nits dictates. In a word, he was glad that the\\nchild was saved, but he did not consider that\\nthat was any reason why he should not have\\nthe pleasure of punishing the man who saved\\nhim.\\nThus, far from being transported by any\\nsudden and violent feeling of resentment to an\\ninconsiderate act of revenge, Astyages began,\\ncalmly and coolly, and with a deliberate malig-\\nnity more worthy of a demon than of a man,\\nto consider how he could best accomplish the\\npurpose he had in view. When, at length, his\\nplan was formed, he sent for Harpagus to\\ncome to him. Harpagus came. The king\\nbegan the conversation by asking Harpagus\\nwhat method he had employed for destroying\\nthe child of Mandane, which he, the king, had\\ndelivered to him some years before. Harpagus\\nreplied by stating the exact truth. He said\\nthat, as soon as he had received the infant, he\\nbegan immediately to consider by what means\\nhe could effect its destruction without involv-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 41\\ning himself in the guilt of murder that, finally,\\nhe had determined upon employing the herds-\\nman Mitridates to expose it in the forest till it\\nshould perish of hunger and cold; and, in\\norder to be sure that the king s behest was\\nfully obeyed, he charged the herdsman, he\\nsaid, to keep strict watch near the child till it\\nwas dead, and then to bring home the body.\\nHe had then sent a confidential messenger from\\nhis own household to see the body and pro-\\nvide for its interment. He solemnly assured\\nthe king, in conclusion, that this was the real\\ntruth, and that the child was actually de-\\nstroyed in the manner he had described.\\nThe king then, with an appearance of great\\nsatisfaction and pleasure, informed Harpagus\\nthat the child had not been destroyed after all,\\nand he related to him the circumstances of its\\nhaving been exchanged for the dead child of\\nSpaco, and brought up in the herdsman s hut.\\nHe informed him, too, of the singular manner\\nin which the fact that the infant had been pre-\\nserved, and was still alive, had been dis-\\ncovered. He told Harpagus, moreover, that\\nhe was greatly rejoiced at this discovery.\\nAfter he was dead, as I supposed, said he,\\n**I bitterly repented of having given orders to\\ndestroy him. I could not bear my daughter s\\ngrief, or the reproaches which she incessantly\\nuttered against me. But the child is alive,\\nand all is well and I am going to give a grand", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "42 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nentertainment as a festival of rejoicing on the\\noccasion.\\nAstyages then requested Harpagus to send\\nhis son, who was about thirteen years of age,\\nto the palace, to be a companion to Cyrus,\\nand, inviting him very specially to come to the\\nentertainment, he dismissed him with many\\nmarks of attention and honor. Harpagus\\nwent home, trembling at the thought of the\\nimminent danger which he had incurred, and\\nof the narrow escape by which he had been\\nsaved from it. He called his son, directed\\nhim to prepare himself to go to the king, and\\ndismissed him with many charges in respect to\\nhis behavior, both toward the king and toward\\nCyrus. He related to his wife the conversa-\\ntion which had taken place between himself and\\nAstyages, and she rejoiced with him in the ap-\\nparently happy issue of an affair which might\\nwell have been expected to have been their ruin.\\nThe sequel of the story is too horrible to be\\ntold, and yet too essential to a right under-\\nstanding of the influences and effects produced\\non human nature by the possession and exer-\\ncise of despotic and irresponsible power to be\\nomitted. Harpagus came to the festival. It\\nwas a grand entertainment. Harpagus was\\nplaced in a conspicuous position at the table.\\nA great variety of dishes were brought in and\\nset before the different guests, and were eaten\\nwithout question. Toward the close of the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 43\\nfeast, Astyages asked Harpagus what he\\nthought of his fare. Harpagus, half terrified\\nwith some mysterious presentiment of danger,\\nexpressed himself well pleased with it. Astya-\\nges then told him there was plenty more of the\\nsame kind, and ordered the attendants to bring\\nthe basket in. They came accordingly, and\\nuncovered a basket before the wretched guest,\\nwhich contained, as he saw when he looked\\ninto it, the head, and hands, and feet of his\\nson. Astyages asked him to help himself to\\nwhatever part he liked!\\nThe most astonishing part of the story is\\nyet to be told. It relates to the action of Har-\\npagus in :iuch an emergency. He looked as\\ncomposed and placid as if nothing unusual\\nhad occurred. The king asked him if he knew\\nwhat he had been eating. He said that he\\ndid and that whatever was agreeable to the\\nwill of the king was always pleasing to him\\nIt is hard to say whether despotic power\\nexerts its worst and most direful influences on\\nthose who wield it, or on those who have it to\\nbear on its masters, or on its slaves.\\nAfter the first feelings of pleasure which\\nAstyages experienced in being relieved from\\nthe sense of guilt which oppressed his mind so\\nlong as he supposed that his orders for the mur-\\nder of his infant grandchild had been obeyed,\\nhis former uneasiness lest the child should in\\nfuture years becoftie his rival and competitor", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "44 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nfor the possession of the Median throne, which\\nhad been the motive originally instigating him\\nto the commission of the crime, returned in\\nsome measure again, and he began to consider\\nwhether it was not incumbent on him to take\\nsome measures to guard against such a result.\\nThe end of his deliberations was, that he con-\\ncluded to send for the magi, or soothsayers,\\nas he had done in the case of his dream, and\\nobtain their judgment on the affair in the new\\naspect which it had now assumed.\\nWhen the magi had heard the king s narra-\\ntive of the circumstances under which the dis-\\ncovery of the child s preservation had been\\nmade, through complaints which had been pre-\\nferred against him on account of the manner in\\nwhich he had exercised the prerogatives of a\\nking among his playmates, they decided at\\nonce that Astyages had no cause for any fur-\\nther apprehensions in respect to the dreams\\nwhich had disturbed him previous to his\\ngrandchild s birth. He has been a king, they\\nsaid, *and the danger is over. It is true that\\nhe has been a monarch only in play, but that\\nis enough to satisfy and fulfill the presages of\\nthe vision. Occurrences very slight and tri-\\nfling in themselves are often found to accomplish\\nwhat seemed of very serious magnitude and\\nmoment, as portended. Your grandchild has\\nbeen a king, and he will never reign again.\\nYou have, therefore, no further cause to fear,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE BlR l II OF CYRUS. 4y\\nand may send him to his parents in Persia\\nwith perfect safety.\\nThe king determined to adoi)t this advice.\\nHe ordered the soothsayors, however, not to\\nremit their assiduity and vigilance, and if any\\nsigns or omens shoukl appear to indicate ap-\\nproaching danger, he charged them to give\\nhim immediate warning. This they faithfully\\npromised to do. They felt, they said, a per-\\nsonal interest in doing it; for Cyrus being a\\nPersian prince, his accession to the Median\\nthrone would involve the subjection of the\\nMedes to the Persian dominion, a result which\\nthey wished on every account to avoid. So,\\npromising to watch vigilantly for every indica-\\ntion of danger, they left the presence of the\\nking. The king then sent for Cyrus.\\nIt seems that Cyrus, though astonished at\\nthe great and mysterious changes which had\\ntaken place in his condition, was still ignorant\\nof his true history. Astyages now told him\\nthat he wjis to go into Persia. You will\\nrejoin there, said he, your true parents,\\nwho, you will find, are of very different rank\\nin life from the herdsman whom you have\\nlived with thus far. You will make the jour-\\nney under the cliarge and escort of persons\\nthat I have appointed for the purpose. They\\nwill explain to you, on the way, the mystery\\nin which your parentage and birth seems to\\nyou at present enveloped. You will find that", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "46 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nI was induced many years ago, by the influence\\nof an untoward dream, to treat you injuriously.\\nBut all lias ended well, and you can now go in\\npeace to your proper home.\\nAs soon as the preparations for the journey\\ncould be made, Cyrus set out, under the care\\nof the party appointed to conduct him, and\\nwent to Persia. His parents were at first\\ndumb with astonishment, and were then over-\\nwhelmed with gladness and joy at seeing their\\nmuch-loved and long-lost babe reappear, as if\\nfrom the dead, in the form of this tall and\\nhandsome boy, with health, intelligence, and\\nhappiness beaming in his countenance. They\\noverwhelmed him with caresses, and the heart\\nof Mandane, especially, was filled with pride\\nand pleasure.\\nAs soon as Cyrus became somewhat settled\\nin his new home, his parents began to make\\narrangements for giving him as complete an\\neducation as the means and opportunities of\\nthose days afforded.\\nXenophon, in his narrative of the early life\\nof Cyrus, gives a minute, and, in some re-\\nspects, quite an extraordinary account of the\\nmode of life led in Cambyses court. The\\nsons of all the nobles and officers of the court\\nwere educated together, within the precincts of\\nthe royal palaces, or, rather, they spent their\\ntime together there, occupied in various pur-\\nsuits and avocations, which were intended to", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 47\\ntrain them for the duties of future life, though\\nthere was very little of what would be con-\\nsidered, in modern times, as education. They\\nwere not generally taught to read, nor could\\nthey, in fact, since there were no books, have\\nused that art if they had acquired it. The\\nonly intellectual instruction which they seem\\nto have received was what was called learning\\njustice. The boys had certain teachers, who\\nexplained to them, more or less formally, the\\ngeneral principles of right and wrong, the in-\\njunctions and prohibitions of the laws, and the\\nobligations resulting from them, and the rules\\nby which controversies between man and man,\\narising in the various relations of life, should\\nbe settled. The boys were also trained to\\napply these principles and rules to the cases\\nwhich occurred among themselves, each acting\\nas judge in turn, to discuss and decide the\\nquestions that arose from time to time, either\\nfrom real transactions as they occurred, or\\nfrom hypothetical cases invented to put their\\npowers to the test. To stimulate the exercise\\nof their powers, they were rewarded when they\\ndecided right, and punished when they decided\\nwrong. Cyrus himself was punished on one\\noccasion for a wrong decision, under the fol-\\nlowing circumstances\\nA bigger boy took away the coat of a smaller\\nboy than himself, because it was larger than\\nhis own, and gave him his own smaller coat", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "48 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ninstead. The smaller boy complained of the\\nwrong, and the case was referred to Cyrus for\\nhis adjudication. After hearing the case,\\nCyrus decided that each boy should keep the\\ncoat that fitted him. The teacher condemned\\nthis as a very unjust decision. When you\\nare called upon, said he, to consider a ques-\\ntion of what fits best, then you should deter-\\nmine as you have done in this case but when\\nyou are appointed to decide whose each coat\\nis, and to adjudge it to the proper owner, then\\nyou are to consider what constitutes right\\npossession, and whether he who takes a thing\\nby force from one who is weaker than himself,\\nshould have it, or whether he who made it or\\npurchased it should be protected in his prop-\\nerty. You have decided against law, and in\\nfavor of violence and wrong. Cyrus sen-\\ntence was thus condemned, and he was punished\\nfor not reasoning more soundly.\\nThe boys at this Persian court were trained\\nto many manly exercises. They were taught\\nto wrestle and to run. They were instructed\\nin the use of such arms as were employed in\\nthose times, and rendered dexterous in the use\\nof them by daily exercises. They were taught\\nto put their skill in practice, too, in hunting\\nexcursions, which they took, by turns, with\\nthe king, in the neighboring forest and moun-\\ntains. On these occasions, they were armed\\nwith a bow, and a quiver of arrows, a shield,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE BIRTH OF CYRUS. 49\\na small sword or dagger, which was worn at\\nthe side in a sort of scabbard, and two javelins.\\nOne of these was intended to be thrown, the\\nother to be retained in the baud, for use in\\nclose combat, in case the wild beast, in his\\ndesperation, should advauce to a personal ren-\\ncounter. These hunting expeditions were con-\\nsidered extremely important as a part of the\\nsystem of youthful training. They were often\\nlong and fatiguing. The young men became\\ninured, by means of them, to toil, and priva-\\ntion, and exposure. They had to make long\\nmarches, to encounter great dangers, to engage\\nin desperate conflicts, and to submit sometimes\\nto the inconveniences of hunger and thirst, as\\nwell as exposure to the extremes of heat and\\ncold, and to the violence of storms. All this\\nwas considered as precisely the right sort of\\ndiscipline to make them good soldiers in their\\nfuture martial campaigns.\\nCyrus was not, himself, at this time, old\\nenough to take a very active part in these\\nseverer services, as they belonged to a some-\\nwhat advanced stage of Persian education, and\\nhe was yet not quite twelve years old. He was\\na very beautiful boy, tall and graceful in form,\\nand his countenance was striking and expres-\\nsive. He was very frank and open in his dis-\\nposition and character, speaking honestly, and\\nwithout fear, the sentiments of his heart, in\\nany presence and on all occasions. He was", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "r)0\\nCYRUS rili: CiRKAT.\\noxtrninoly kind-liofirtod, find fimiablo, too, in\\nliLs diHpoHition, avnrH(i to Hn,yiii|^ or doinj^iiny-\\ntliing wlii(5h could give ])jun to tlioso around\\nhim. In fa-ct, tho openneas and cordiality of\\nliiK addroHR and nianinn-H, and the unafFoctod\\ningojuiouHUdHK and Huuituity which charactnr-\\nized hin dinpoHition, niado him a universal\\nfavorite. His frankness, his childish sim-\\n])H(vity, liis vivacity, liis personal grace and\\nl)cauty, and his ^(ujerons and scll -satvrificing\\nspirit, rendered liini tli() object of general ad-\\nmiration througliont the court, and filled Man-\\ndane s heart with maternal gladness and pride.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE VIBIT TO MEDIA.\\nWhen Cyrua was about twelve years old, if\\n:!ie narrative which Xenophon gives of bis\\nhistory is true, he was invited by his grand-\\nfather Aatyagos to make a visit to Media. As\\nhe was about ten years of age, according to\\nHerodotus, when he was restored to his par-\\nents, he could have been residing only two\\nyears in Persia when he received this invita-\\ntion. During this period, Astyages had re-\\nceived, through Mandane and others, very\\nglowing descriptions of the intelligence and\\nvivacity of the young prince, and he naturally\\nfelt a desire to see him once more. In fact,\\nCyrus personal attractiveness and beauty,\\njoined to a certain frank and noble generosity\\nof spirit which he seems to have manifested in\\nhis earliest years, made him a universal favor-\\nite at home, and the reports of these qualities,\\nand of the various sayings and doings on\\nCyrus part, by which his disposition and\\ncharacter were revealed, awakened strongly in\\nthe mind of Astyages that kind of interest\\n51", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "52 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwhich a grandfather is always very prone to\\nfeel in a handsome and precocious grandchild.\\nAs Cyrus had been sent to Persia as soon as\\nhis true rank had been discovered, he had had\\nno opportunities of seeing the splendor of\\nroyal life in Media, and the manners and\\nhabits of the Persians were very plain and\\nsimple. Cyrus was accordingly very much\\nimpressed with the magnificence of the scenes\\nto which he was introduced when he arrived\\nin Media, and with the gayeties and luxuries,\\nthe pomp and display, and the spectacles and\\nparades in which the Median court abounded.\\nAstyages himself took great pleasure in wit-\\nnessing and increasing his little grandson s ad-\\nmiration for these wonders. It is one of the\\nmost extraordinary and beautiful of the pro-\\nvisions which God has made for securing the\\ncontinuance of human happiness to the very\\nend of life, that we can renew, through sym-\\npathy with children, the pleasures which, for\\nourselves alone, had long since, through repe-\\ntition and satiety, lost their charm. The\\nrides,^ the walks, the flowers gathered by the\\nroadside, the rambles among pebbles on the\\nbeach, the songs, the games, and even the\\nlittle picture-book of childish tales, which have\\nutterly and entirely lost their power to aifect\\nthe mind even of middle life, directly and\\nalone, regain their magic influence, and call up\\nvividly all the old emotions, even to the heart", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 53\\nof decrepit age, when it seeks these enjoyments\\nin companionship and sympathy with children\\nor grandchildren beloved. By giving to ns\\nthis capacity for renewing our own sensitive-\\nness to the impressions of pleasure through\\nsympathy with childhood, God has provided a\\ntrue and effectual remedy for the satiety and\\ninsensibility of age. Let any one who is in\\nthe decline of years, whose time passes but\\nheavily away, and who supposes that nothing\\ncan awaken interest in his mind or give him\\npleasure, make the experiment of taking chil-\\ndren to a ride or to a concert, or to see a men-\\nagerie or a museum, and he will find that there\\nis a way by which he can again enjoy very\\nhighly the pleasures which he had supposed\\nwere for him forever exhausted and gone.\\nThis was the result, at all events, in the case\\nof Astyages and Cyrus. The monarch took a\\nnew pleasure in the luxuries and splendors\\nwhich had long since lost their charm for him,\\niu observing their influence and effect upon the\\nmind of his little grandson. Cyrus, as we\\nhave already said, was very frank and open in\\nhis disposition, and spoke with the utmost\\nfreedom of everything that he saw. He was,\\nof course, a privileged person, and could\\nalways say what the feeling of the moment and\\nhis own childish conceptions prompted, with-\\nout danger. He had, however, according to\\nthe account which ^nophon gives, a gre^t", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ndeal of good sense, as well as of sprightliness\\nand brilliancy so that, while his remarks,\\nthrough their originality and point, attracted\\nevery one s attention, there was a native polite-\\nness and sense of propriety which restrained\\nhim from saying anything to give pain. Even\\nwhen he disapproved of and condemned what\\nhe saw in the arrangements of his grandfather s\\ncourt or household, he did it in such a manner\\nso ingenuous, good-natured, and unassum-\\ning, that it amused all and offended none.\\nIn fact, on the very first interview which\\nAstyages had with Cyrus, an instance of the\\nboy s readiness and tact occurred, which im-\\npressed his grandfather very much in his\\nfavor. The Persians, as has been already re-\\nmarked, were accustomed to dress very plainly,\\nwhile, on the other hand, at the Median court\\nthe superior officers, and especially the king,\\nwere always very splendidly adorned. Accord-\\ningly, when Cyrus was introduced into his\\ngrandfather s presence, he was quite dazzled\\nwith the display. The king wore a purple\\nrobe, very richly adorned, with a belt and\\ncollars, which were embroidered highly, and\\nset with precious stones. He had bracelets,\\ntoo, upon his wrists, of the most costly char-\\nacter. He wore flowing locks of artificial hair,\\nand his face was painted, after the Median\\nmanner. Cyrus gazed upon this gay spectacle\\nfor a few moments in silence, and then ex-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 55\\nclaimed: Why, mother! what a handsome\\nman my grandfather is!\\nSuch an exclamation, of. course, made great\\namusement both for the king himself and for\\nthe others who were present and at length,\\nMandane, somewhat indiscreetly, it must be\\nconfessed, asked Cyrus which of the two he\\nthought the handsomest, his father or his\\ngrandfather. Cyrus escaped from the danger\\nof deciding such a formidable question by say-\\ning that his father was the handsomest man\\nin Persia, but his grandfather was the hand-\\nsomest of all the Medes he had e^er seen.\\nAstyages was even more pleased by this proof\\nof his grandson s adroitness and good sense\\nthan he had been with the compliment which\\nthe boy had paid to him and thenceforward\\nCyrus became an established favorite, and did\\nand said, in his grandfather s presence, almost\\nwhatever he pleased.\\nWhen the first childish feelings of excite-\\nment and curiosity had subsided, Cyrus\\nseemed to attach very little value to the fine\\nclothes and gay trappings with which his\\ngrandfather was disposed to adorn him, and to\\nall the other external marks of parade and dis-\\nplay, which were generally so much prized\\namong the Medes. He was much more in-\\nclined to continue in his former habits of plain\\ndress and frugal means than to imitate Median\\nostentation and luxury. There was one pleas-\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyrni", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 CYKUS nil ckkat.\\nMn\\\\ lu^^v^^v u\\\\ lo lOmul in lM\u00c2\u00ab (lin., Mhicli in\\nViVVy In^l ^.V l ll \u00c2\u00bbl VHH lllO 1(W\u00c2\u00bbHUV0 of loRVW-\\ninK ii vi(l\u00c2\u00ab on lioiMobiu lv. Tlu* l\\\\\\\\rHiaiiH, it\\nH MnuH, oiilun lnH n.nHo iluur I onnlr.y avmh ii\\nnuif^U ninl monninimnm ro^ioii, or for Homo\\nt ih\u00c2\u00ab\\\\r oniiHo, woio vt^ry liitla aomiHtonuHl to\\nviiliv. IMu^.v luul vorv Uwv ht^iHon, and il\u00c2\u00bb M\u00c2\u00abA\\nwurn nt) l)0(li( H t l oavnlry in iUoxv aimitvs.\\nThe younK nuvn, iluwoforo, \\\\v\u00c2\u00abM(N noi irninoil io\\ntho art of lH vm nwuiHhi| Faow in tlu ir luint-\\nin^ twtnirHnuirt i\\\\\\\\o\\\\ utMit /ihvuvH vn loot, niul\\nMt\\\\r lU i UHionnul (o nuiko long lunniliOH thron^li\\ntlio ft rt\\\\Hirt nnd ainonK tlu uu\u00c2\u00bbnnia.inB m iliis\\nnwmiKU Itnultul lunivily, too, allilio iinio,\\nil\\\\ hnriliwi t f aims ami pvoviHionH Nvliit h (hov\\nvt\\\\r( t)Mig\u00c2\u00abul t\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb i iur.v. ii vaH. (luMt^l\\\\\u00c2\u00bbio, a\\ni\\\\t\\\\w pKwiHni*^ it (\\\\vruH to nu nnt a. lu vso.\\nllorHonuuiHhip Avas n groal art anu^ng i1u\\nIVlotloM. Thcur lioiHos Nvoi\u00c2\u00bb lu^aniifnl ami tltu^l,\\nami H|)lonili\u00c2\u00bblly oapariHivmul. AMivagOH pvo-\\nvitltnl for (\\\\vnis tlio lu\\\\Ht uninnilrt uhiiOi co\\\\\\\\\\\\d\\nho |utuMir\u00c2\u00ab\\\\il. Mjul lu l oy was vory primil inul\\nliappv in nt*using liiins\u00c2\u00ab\\\\lf in lht\\\\ ntwv aiu iun-\\npliHlitm\\\\nt w hii^li lio tlins had ilu^ tipporlunitv\\nto avqniio. l\\\\ vitlo is always a, ^void stunvtv\\no{ plt\\\\!isnrt^ i l t)ys; but in that porioil o( lln\\\\\\nvorKl, nvIkui phvsit al str(^ngtl\\\\ V2\u00c2\u00bbs st nnu h\\nn\\\\i v\u00c2\u00ab\\\\ in\\\\pnrtanl antl niortx highly vahuHl than\\nlit pvt^s M\u00c2\u00bbt, lu^vs\u00c2\u00bb n)ai\\\\sliip was iv vastly gvtMilov\\n\u00c2\u00bbounn t gra ilioa,tii n ilian ii is now. Covins", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "rill VISIT TO MMMA. fi?\\nfoil iluii l)o IumI, ni i ruii^lo Intip, |iiM. Ini| lo(l\\nIiIh 4\u00c2\u00bb\\\\\\\\ u a.ml (hiiM litinii nX oiiro a, Inr\\nlii)j;iu^r rank iii (lio tunih^ of Itoiiif. iliaii lio luul\\n()(*(Mlpi(Ml Ix^loin for. an Mnoii iut lio luul mito\\niiMU liod (o lio id lioiMo ill i.lio HaJdIn, niul io\\nHlll\u00c2\u00bbi\u00c2\u00abM^i ilin MjMrii. a,ll l illO |M)\\\\V\u00c2\u00abM- of \\\\\\\\lti llOIHt)\\nin liiH own will, (Jh) cioiiraf .t^ (ho ri(i (Mi| ,ili, and\\nili(^ H|M^o(l of iili( ajiinial hootuun, in faoi, aJiiioHi\\npMi Moiwil a,jM(uiKiiioiiM of Ilin own. il fnlt, un-\\n(ior liiif. ;l y, wIkmi Iio wa,M ;a,llo|Hii^;, ovnr ilio\\nplaiiui, \u00c2\u00bbr piirMiiin^ (It^nr in ilio park, or rnn-\\niiiiif. ovor ilio ra,ot \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00aboiirHO wiih IiIh M)nipaiiioiiH,\\na,H if it wa,f\u00c2\u00bb moiho in wl.v-niU(piiin\u00c2\u00abl M(ionfj;ili and\\nHpno l \u00c2\u00bbf \\\\[\\\\H own illMii Iio wan oxmoiMiiifj;, and\\nAviinli, l y Hoinn nuif- ;i i p \u00c2\u00bbwni-, wa,K idiondod l\u00c2\u00bbv\\nno iollMonl(^ oxnrlion. jmhI f\u00c2\u00ab llow(Ml In no\\nfali|. .no.\\nI lin va,rionH oHlcnrH \u00c2\u00bbi,nd hoi ViuiIm hi Aniy-\\nn\\\\j^{\\\\H lioiitinliold, HH \\\\v dl an AHiya^nM liiinHolf,\\nH\u00c2\u00abion li(^|. ;iiiii i fn ^l a, Mij onf.( ini.ninnl. in ilin\\nyouiiij; priiHKu Ma ili iooK a. pliwutum in ox-\\npbuninr- io liiin wlia.i pm iainod io ilioir Hnvnniil\\ndnjiarl inoiiiM, a iid in inaidiinfj; liini wlndnvnr lio\\ndnMii t^l io liwun. IMi Miiilonda iii liif. .linHi ill\\nraiilc in hikiIi a. Iioimnlinld waji llm mp linntt Ol*.\\nIln liiul ilin (ili/y !;n of ilin iaItloH iithl ilin wilio,\\nand idl ilin [niinraJ 211 ra,n^ ;nninnitt of ilin pjklann\\nHonni U lui,vn \\\\uu\\\\{\\\\ nndnr li in d 1 1 nniioii. Tlin\\niiip Ixiainr in AHi.va^^nH romi WI18 H Hn. iia,ii.\\nIln wa,H, liou nni-, l\u00c2\u00abwin ji. fii Mid io lyniH ilniii\\nilin i-(UHi. Tlinin wan noiliiii^ wiiliin lin^ nMi(j;n", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "58 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nof his official duties that he could teach the\\nboy and Cyrus did not like his wine. Be-\\nsides, when Astyages was engaged, it was the\\ncupbearer s duty to guard him from interrup-\\ntion, and at such times he often had occasion\\nto restrain the young prince from the liberty\\nof entering his grandfather s apartments as\\noften as he pleased.\\nAt one of the entertainments which Astyages\\ngave in his palace, Cyrus and Mandane we^-e\\ninvited and Astyages, in order to gratify the\\nyoung prince as highly as possible, set before\\nhim a great variety of dishes meats, and\\nsauces, and delicacies of every kind all served\\nin costly vessels, and with great parade and\\nceremony. He supposed that Cyrus would\\nhave been enraptured with the luxury and\\nsplendor of the entertainment. He did not,\\nhowever, seem much pleased. Astyages asked\\nhim the reason, and whether the feast which\\nhe saw before him was not a much finer one\\nthan he had been accustomed to see in Persia.\\nCyrus said, in reply, that it seemed to him to\\nbe very troublesome to have to eat a little of\\nso many separate things. In Persia they man-\\naged, he thought, a great deal better. And\\nhow do you manage in Persia? asked Asty-\\nages.\\n**Why, in. Persia, replied Cyrus, we have\\nplain bread and meat, and eat it when we are\\nhungry so we get health and strength, and", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA, 59\\nhave very little trouble. Astyages laughed\\nat this simplicity, and told Cyrus that he\\nmight, if he preferred it, live on plain bread\\nand meat while he remained in Media, and\\nthen he would return to Persia in as good\\nhealth as he came.\\nCyrus was satisfied he, however, asked his\\ngrandfather if he would give him all those\\nthings which had been set before him, to dis-\\npose of as he thought proper; and on his\\ngrandfather s assenting, he began to call the\\nvarious attendants up to the table, and to dis-\\ntribute the costly dishes to them, in return, as\\nhe said, for their various kindnesses to him.\\nThis, said he to one, is for you, because\\nyou take pains to teach me to ride; this, to\\nanother, for you, because you gave me a jave-\\nlin this to you, because you serve my grand-\\nfather well and faithfully; and this to you,\\nbecause you honor my mother. Thus he\\nwent on until he had distributed all that he\\nhad received, though he omitted, as it seemed\\ndesignedly, to give anything to the Sacian\\ncupbearer. This Sacian being an officer of\\nhigh rank, of tall and handsome figure, and\\nbeautifully dressed, was the most conspicuous\\nattendant at the feast, and could not, therefore,\\nhave been accidentally passed by. Astyages\\naccordingly asked Cyrus why he had not given\\nanything to the Sacian the servant whom, as\\nhe said, he liked better than all the others.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "aO CYRU8 TllR GRKAT.\\nAnd M luii Ih ilio iohhom, uHkod (lyniH, in\\nropiv, ilwii. l\\\\\\\\iti Hudinn in Nn^li a fuvorito with\\nyonV\\nIhivn vnn noi o1 h\u00c2\u00abmvo\u00c2\u00ab1,* ropllod AHiyn^M^H,\\nliow ^nu nl ullv iind nln^ ;iMilly \\\\u\\\\ immiih out ilut\\nwinn (or \\\\\\\\\\\\i\\\\ i\\\\.\\\\u\\\\ llioii hiiiudH mo (lin tinp?\\nTim HmMJin whh, in I jui, ivnoinnnionly Hoooni-\\nvViHluMl in ioH| \u00c2\u00abM*i 1 i\\\\[o pnrH(\u00c2\u00bbnal j. .raoo and\\ndoxioriiy for \\\\vlii\u00c2\u00bbili \u00c2\u00abiU|tl\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abniioi K in ihoHi^ davH\\n\\\\\\\\/iH i\\\\ nioHt luKldy valnn\u00c2\u00abl, ami wliicli tMuinliiido,\\niu ftu4, HO OHHoniial a pari of Itio (pwdillt^aiionH\\nvf n niHMttvr of tnnonionii^H ai a rt\u00c2\u00bbyal donri in\\nt^Vtvrv a)j[o. (\\\\vrnH, liowovtn inHii^ad of y iold\\ning to iluH ai !;ninon(, Haid, in roply. iiiat lio\\nouuldiunntuutothoroom and p(\u00c2\u00bbur oui lliowino\\nHH wt^ll aH i\\\\\\\\{\\\\ Hiuniin (M nld *h\u00c2\u00bb it, and ho aHlu^d\\nhlH ^^iHMilfuihor Itudlow liim i*) try. AHlyM^JioH\\n(HuiHotitod. vniMihtui took (iio ^;ol lo( of \\\\v mo,\\nand woni oni. In a. tixMumii lio oanio in again,\\nHtopping gnmdl.v, an luuwiiortul, in nnndi ry of\\nilut Mat inn. and with a onniona.iuM^ of aMMnint^d\\ngravdy and Holf iinportantn^ vlii(^li iinitaiod mo\\nwoll tln\u00c2\u00bb air aiul niannnr of thft oui\u00c2\u00bb-l)oarov hh\\ngroatly to anniHo iho \\\\vlndo4*oinpany aMwoinbltHl.\\n(lyruM advant-iul iUun lt vHrd I ho king, anil \\\\n o-\\nHtndod hinj with (ho i*np, iinitaiing, vi(h (l\u00c2\u00bbo\\ngvttoo and dt^xtovity uatvival to oliildbood, all\\ntho ooi oin(\u00c2\u00bbnit H whioh ln luid mum tln\u00c2\u00bb oup-\\nlioavov hiniMolf porfoiin, oxdopt that of iawiing\\n(ho wintv riio king and IVlandaiio langlnul\\nInuutily. OyvuN (hon, thvt vinK o(V hin tt8-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "TMK, VISI r TO Ml iDIA. 61\\nhiiiimmI (^lianMit*^-, juih|m^(1 up into Juh ^miid-\\nliiilinr n ln.| niiul kiMHiul liiiii, and iiiiiiiii^ io ilio\\nui|\u00c2\u00bbhnuinr, \\\\io Hnid, N nv, Sn^inji, you nvn\\niniiiKMl. 1 hIi}i11 )j;ni my f^rnudfatlKvi- io nppoini\\nme iu .yoTir ])lmio. .1 oun IuukI (Jm wiiit^ n,H woll\\naB .you, niid Aviihoiii; ijiHtin^ ii in.vMcir id hII.\\nHut why did .v\u00c2\u00abmi imt IhhIo ii? nnktul Afl-\\ntyjiK^ H; .you Hliould Iihv() luu fomuHl ilmt pjut\\nof ilin diiiy HH vvtill HH ilu^ roHt.\\nIt wuH, in t juit, ii vnry (iHHnntin,! part, of tlin\\nduty of }i oiiplKunHvr t*) ImhIo ilm winn tliid. Ik^\\noftVinul iMvfore preHtintinjj; it 1\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb iho kiiiK- ll\u00c2\u00ab^\\ndid thiH, liownvor, not by pidtin^:; tiio onp t\\nliin lipH, hut hy pouiiiifj; out a liitio of it int\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb\\ntlin paliu of iiin liiUhl. VliiH iniHUnw wuh\\nHiloptnd liy tiuiHc^ nn( i(Md doHjiotM to ^uai d\\na^iiinHt tJui daiij^or of Uun^ ]K)iHonod; fornncvh\\na dau^nr woidd of coniHo l)(^ vory inu(di liiiiin\\niniiod l y loipiiriuj^ th oIVkmw who had thn chh-\\ntody of th Mvin(^ and witlioiit whoHo kno\\\\vlo(ljj;n\\nno foinijjjn HuhHtaiKio ooidd woll ho introdudod\\ninto it, idwayH to h ink ii portion of it hiinH\u00c2\u00ab^lf\\nin)n)(Mliat(dy h ih i4t t\u00c2\u00abuid(^riii^ it t thn kiiifj;.\\nTo Arttyii|j;nH \u00c2\u00abpinHtion why ho ha l not tanhid\\nthe wiuOjClyruH ropliod th/d.h(^waH afraid it wan\\npoinoiind. What Ind you to iuia,fj;in4^ that it\\nwaH poiHonodV a,Hknd hin f^ i aiHH athnr. l n-\\noauH(^ Haid (lyruH, *it wa,H poiHou\u00c2\u00ab^d th\u00c2\u00ab^ otiinr\\n(hiy, wh(vn you made a feaHt for your frinndH,\\non your hiitluhiy. I know hy i\\\\\\\\o ofVndtH. It\\nn\u00c2\u00bba(h\u00c2\u00bb you a.ll 5ra/,y. I ho thinj H tliat you h", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "62 CYKUS nil cki .a I\\nnot allow IIH l) ).yH io do, y \u00c2\u00bbii li l y )urH( IvnH,\\nlor you woi n V(vry nulo hihI iioiHy you nil\\nbuwind iof^ ^ili(U HO iluii nobody dould h(wir or\\nnnddiHinnd wluiii n,ny olli ir ixvrHon Hn,i l. I*I(ih-\\nonily yon vv(vnl, lo HinKiiiK vory ridicidoiiH\\nnijunuvi niid wlmii n HiiiK; ^i uid()d Imh Honj\\nyou n|iplnud(Hl liiiri, ;uid l(f(ilnii Ml iliui Ik^ inid\\nHnii^ Ji dinii H l ly, IIkxi;. nolxxly lin.d pnid ni-\\ni ^Mli HL \u00c2\u00bbll \\\\V Wli i l(^llill)^ siolidH, too, (UKlll\\ndiKwif liin own iiddoid, wiilioiii HniMMMMlin^j; in\\nnuduiig Hitiyliody liMl(wi U iiiiii. IMnully, yon\\n;(\u00c2\u00bbi up n\\\\u\\\\ \\\\n\\\\y[H:\\\\i io diuu o, |)td il Av:i,K otii of\\nn\\\\\\\\ \\\\u\\\\o und iiK^nHiiro; you (^oidd not (nmi niniid\\nor(H)i tmd niiwulily. TIkui, you nil ^4 MWll(Ml to\\nfor^ ^^i who and wlud. you wcu c^. IMui j lK^His\\npMiid no ro^Hird (o yon ;i,Mili(Hi kin^, ImiI lr(^ i((Ml\\nyou in a v ^ry rnniiliaj and liHr(^H|l(H .il nl man-\\niKvr, and y(Ui IrcaliHl ilinin in ilio HanuMvay ho\\n1 ihought ilial ilio Avin(^ iliaJi prodiu^cul IIk^hc^\\n(^(VodliH mnnt luiv( Ixuui poiHonod.\\nOf (\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ont\u00e2\u0080\u00a2M (lyriiH did n(\u00c2\u00bbi H(nionHly ni(^a,n\\nthat li iliouKlii ili wiiu^ luid Ihmui a(^tna.lly\\npoiHoniul. I In wn.H old nnon^li io undinHtund\\nitH nalnvn and ofVtuitH. Il undonhiiHlly in-\\nimulod hin n^ply hh a playTnl nalirc^ upon thn\\nintinuporaio nx(u^HH(^H of liin KmiuH aUKvr H (U)urt.\\nHut havn not yon (uor H(u\\\\n hucIi tliingn lu^-\\nfon^V anlvtul Antya^. ^t^H. |)o(^h not yonr\\nfailuw o\\\\ov driidv w luo until it niakoH liini\\nnunry V\\n**No, n^pliiul (lyruH, indeed ho dooH not.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "nil-: visir lo miodia. IjS\\nI In (Iiiiiks ojily wJkhi ]h) is IhirHiy, niid tli in\\nonly (wiough for liiw lliirHl;, and ho Jk^ in noi\\nhnriiKMl. ll(n.IioiMul(l(i(l, in ;i, (ioiitom])tiiouH\\ntoiK^, ll(^ lijiH IK) Snciuii ciiphdHicvr, you iiuiy\\ntlo])(^ii(l, jiboui /liiii.\\n**WljHt IH ilio I OHHoii, my moii, licn^ ;i.8kfid\\nMiiudniK^, why you dinlilui iliiH SiK-iuii ho\\nluucOiV\\n\\\\VJiy, ovcry iinu^ l.lia,i I \\\\v;uit to (lomo njul\\n\\\\MM) my ^^ruudl jiilHn roplidd OyruH, iliin\\nion./jnx ni;i,n alwn,yH niopM iii and will noi let\\nnu) CMUH) ill. I winli, i;iii(irii,lli(ir, you would\\nhit UHs ha,v i\\\\n) itd 5 ovrr liiiu jiiHt for tliroo\\n1-1\\n;iyH.\\n**Wiiy, w]in,t would you do to himV ankod\\nAHtynK iH.\\n*M woidd irnai liiin jih Ih^ tr udiH inn Jiow,\\nr(V| liod (!yriiM. I u (\u00c2\u00bbuld Hiaiid a,i ilio door,\\nan hn do(iH whdii I wani/ to M)nin in, and wlmn\\nho wan ioiMiiij for hin diniuir, I would ntop\\nliiui aud Ha,y, You (!a,iinot rAymo in now; iio irt\\nbuHy vviUi Honm ukvii.\\nIn Hayiug tliin, (iyiiiH iinitahid, in a, vory\\nlu li(:n)UH nia,nn(u-, tin^ jj;ra,viiy a,n(l di^ nity of\\ntho Sa(;ian H air and rnannnr.\\n.rhdii, iMwioniiniKMJ, whnn 1h\u00c2\u00bb (tanio to\\nHU|)])(vr, 1. would Hay, Min in bathing now; yon\\nniiiHt oni(^ Momn othor tinxr, or oIho, JIo Ih\\ngoinn- Mhinj), and yon will diHturh iiini. So\\nJ. woid l toniH^jit Jiiin a,ll i\\\\\\\\() tiino, a,H ho now\\ntonnojitn nio, in kcM^jjing mo out wlum I want\\nto como aud soo you.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "64 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nSncli conversation as this, half playful, half\\nearnest, of course arausod Astyages and Man-\\ndane very much, as well as all the other listen-\\ners. There is a certain charm in the sim-\\nplicity and confiding frankness of childhood,\\nwhen it is honest and sincere, which in Cyrus*\\ncase was heightcmed by his i)ersonal grace and\\nbeauty. He became, in fact, more and more a\\nfavorite the longer he remained. At length,\\nthe indulgen(;e and the attentions which he\\nreceived began to produce, in some degree,\\ntheir usual injurious effects. Cyrus became\\ntoo talkative, and sometimes he a])peared a\\nlittle vain. Still, there was so much true\\nkindness of heart, such consideration for the\\nfeelings of others, and so rt^sjiectful a regard\\nfor his grandfather, his mother, and his uncle,*\\ntliat his faults Avere overlooked, and he was the\\nlife and soul of the company in all the social\\ngatherings which took place in the ijalaces of\\nthe king.\\nAt length the time arrived for Mandane to\\nreturn to Persia. Astynges proposed that she\\nshould leave Cyrus in Media, to be educated\\nthere under his grandfather s charge. Man-\\nThe uncle here referred to was Mandane s brother.\\nIliH name was Oyaxares. He was at this time a royal\\nprince, the heir apparent to the throne. He figures very\\nconspicuously in the subsecpient portions of Xenophon s\\nhistory as Astyages successor on the throne. Herodotus\\ndoes not mention him at all, but makes Cyrus himself the\\ndirect successor of Astyages.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 65\\ndane replied that she was willing to gratify\\nher father in everything, but she thought it\\nwould be very hard to leave Cyrus behind, un-\\nless he was willing, of his own accord, to stay.\\nAstyages then proposed the subject to Cyrus\\nhimself. If you will stay, said he, *the\\nSacian shall no longer have power to keep you\\nfrom coming in to see me; you shall come\\nwhenever you choose. Then, besides, you\\nshall have the use of all my horses, and of as\\nmany more as you please, and when you go\\nhome at last you shall take as many as you\\nwish with you. Then you may have all the\\nanimals in the park to hunt. You can pursue\\nthem on horseback, and shoot them with bows\\nand arrows, or kill them with javelins, as men\\ndo with wild beasts in the woods. I will pro-\\nvide boys of your own age to play with you,\\nand to ride and hunt with you, and will have\\nall sorts of arms made of suitable size for you\\nto use; and if there is anything else that you\\nshould want at any time, you will only have\\nto ask me for it, and I will immediately pro-\\nvide it.\\nThe pleasure of riding and of hunting in the\\npark was very captivating to Cyrus mind, and\\nhe consented to stay. He represented to his\\nmother that it would be of great advantage to\\nhim, on his final return to Persia, to be a skill-\\nful and powerful horseman, as that would at\\nonce give him the superiority over all the Per-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "66 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nsian youths, for they were very little accus-\\ntomed to ride. His mother had some fears\\nlest, by too long a residence in the Median\\ncourt, her son should acquire the luxurious\\nhabits, and proud and haughty manners, which\\nwould be constantly before him in his grand-\\nfather s example; but Cyrus said that his\\ngrandfather, being imperious himself, required\\nall around him to be submissive, and that\\nMandane need not fear but that he would re-\\nturn at last as dutiful and docile as ever. It\\nwas decided, therefore, that Cyrus should\\nstay, while his mother, bidding her child and\\nher father farewell, went ba^ck to Persia.\\nAfter his mother was gone, Cyrus endeared\\nhimself very strongly to all persons at his\\ngrandfather s court by the nobleness and gen-\\nerosity of character which he evinced, more and\\nmore, as his mind was gradually developed.\\nHe applied himself with great diligence to ac-\\nquiring the various accomplishments and arts\\nthen most highly prized, such as leaping,\\nvaulting, racing, riding, throwing the javelin,\\nand drawing the bow. In the friendly con-\\ntests which took place among the boys, to test\\ntheir comparative excellence in these exercises,\\nCyrus would challenge those whom he knew to\\nbe superior to himself, and allow them to en-\\njoy the pleasure of victory, while he was satis-\\nfied, himself, with the superior stimulus to\\nexertion which he derived from coming thus", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 67\\ninto comparison with attainments higher than\\nhis own. He pressed forward boldly and ar-\\ndently, undertaking everything which promised\\nto be, by any possibility, within his power;\\nand, far from being disconcerted and discour-\\naged at his mistakes and failures, he always\\njoined merrily in the laugh which they oc-\\ncasioned, and renewed his attempts with as\\nmuch ardor and alacrity as before. Thus he\\nmade great and rapid progress, and learned\\nfirst to equal and then to surpass one after\\nanother of his companions, and all without\\nexciting any jealousy or envy.\\nIt was a great amusement both to him and to\\nthe other boys, his playmates, to hunt the\\nanimals in the park, especially the deer. The\\npark was a somewhat extensive domain, but\\nthe animals were soon very much diminished\\nby the slaughter which the boys made among\\nthem. Astyages endeavored to sujjply their\\nplaces by procuring more. At length, how-\\never, all the sources of supply that were con-\\nveniently at hand were exhausted and Cyrus,\\nthen finding that his grandfather was put to\\nno little trouble to obtain tame animals for his\\npark, proposed, one day, that he should be\\nallowed to go out into the forests, to hunt the\\nwild beasts with the men. There are animals\\nenough there, grandfather, said Cyrus, and\\nI shall consider them all just as if you had\\nprocured them expressly for me.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "68 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nIn fact, by this time Cyrus had grown up to\\nbe a tall and handsome young man, with\\nstrength and vigor sufficient, under favorable\\ncircumstances, to endure the fatigues and ex-\\nposures of real hunting. As his person had\\nbecome developed, his mind and manners, too,\\nhad undergone a change. The gayety, the\\nthoughtfulness, the self-confidence, and talka-\\ntive vivacity of his childhood had disappeared,\\nand he was fast becoming reserved^ sedate,\\ndeliberate, and cautious. He no longer enter-\\ntained his grandfather s company by his\\nmimicry, his repartees, and his childish wit.\\nHe was silent; he observed, he listened, he\\nshrank from publicity, and spoke, when he spoke\\nat all, in subdued and gentle tones. Instead of\\ncrowding forward eagerly into his grandfather s\\npresence on all occasions, seasonable and un-\\nseasonable, as he had done before, he now be-\\ncame, of his own accord, very much afraid of\\noccasioning trouble or interruption. He did\\nnot any longer need a Sacian to restrain him,\\nbut became, as Xenophon expresses it, a Sacian\\nto himself, taking great care not to go into his\\ngrandfather s apartments without previously\\nascertaining that the king was disengaged; so\\nthat he and the Sacian now became very great\\nfriends.\\nThis being the state of the case, Astyages\\nconsented that Cyrus should go out with his\\nson Cyaxares into the forests to hunt at the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 69\\nnext opportunity. The party set out, when\\nthe time arrived, on horseback, the hearts of\\nCyrus and his companions bounding, when\\nthey mounted their steeds, with feelings of\\nelation and pride. There were certain attend-\\nants and guards appointed to keep near to\\nCyrus, and to help him in the rough and\\nrocky parts of the country, and to protect him\\nfrom the dangers to which, if left alone, he\\nwould doubtless have been exposed. Cyrus\\ntalked with these attendants, as they rode\\nalong, of the mode of hunting, of the difficul-\\nties of hunting, the characters and the habits\\nof the various wild beasts, and of the dangers\\nto be shunned. His attendants told him that\\nthe dangerous beasts were bears, lions, tigers,\\nboars, and leopards; that such animals as\\nthese often attacked and killed men, and that\\nhe must avoid them; but that stags, wild\\ngoats, wild sheep, and wild asses were harm-\\nless, and that he could hunt such animals as\\nthey as much as he pleased. They told him,\\nmoreover, that steep, rocky, and broken ground\\nwas more dangerous to the huntsman than any\\nbeasts, however ferocious for riders, off their\\nguard, driving impetuously over such ways,\\nwere often thrown from their horses, or fell\\nwith them over precipices or into chasms, and\\nwere killed.\\nCyrus listened very attentively to these in-\\nstructions, with every disposition to give heed", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "70 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nto them but when he came to the trial, he\\nfound that the ardor and impetuosity of the\\nchase drove all considerations of prudence\\nwholly from his mind. When the men got\\ninto the forests, those that were with Cyrus\\nroused a stag, and all set off eagerly in pur-\\nsuit, Cyrus at the head. Away went the stag\\nover rough and dangerous ground. The rest\\nof the party turned aside, or followed cau-\\ntiously, while Cyrus urged his horse forward\\nin the wildest excitement, thinking of nothing,\\nand seeing nothing but the stag bounding be-\\nfore him. The horse came to a chasm which\\nhe was obliged to leap. But the distance was\\ntoo great; he came down upon his knees, threw\\nCyrus violently forward almost over his head,\\nand then, with a bound and a scramble, re-\\ncovered his feet and went on. Cyrus clung\\ntenaciously to the horse s mane, and at length\\nsucceeded in getting back to the saddle, though,\\nfor a moment, his life was in the most immi-\\nnent danger. His attendants were extremely\\nterrified, though he himself seemed to exper-\\nience no feeling but the pleasurable excitement\\nof the chase; for, as soon as the obstacle was\\ncleared, he pressed on with new impetuosity\\nafter the stag, overtook him, and killed him\\nwith his javelin. Then, alighting from his\\nhorse, he stood by the side of his victim, to\\nwait the coming up of the party, his counten-\\nance beaming with an expression of triumph\\nand delight.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "6 Cyrus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 73\\nHis attendants, however, on their arrival,\\ninstead of applauding his exploit, or seeming\\nto share his pleasure, sharply reproved him\\nfor his recklessness and daring. He had en-\\ntirely disregarded their instructions, and they\\nthreatened to report him to his grandfather.\\nCyrus looked perplexed and uneasy. The ex-\\ncitement and the pleasure of victory and suc-\\ncess were struggling in his mind against his\\ndread of his grandfather s displeasure. Just\\nat this instant he heard a new halloo. An-\\nother party in the neighborhood had roused\\nfresh game. All Cyrus* returning sense of\\nduty was blown at once to the winds. He\\nsprang to his horse with a shout of wild en-\\nthusiasm, and rode off toward the scene of\\naction. The game which had been started, a\\nfurious wild boar, just then issued from a\\nthicket directly before him. Cyrus, instead of\\nshunning the danger, as he ought to have done,\\nin obedience to the orders of those to whom\\nhis grandfather had intrusted him, dashed on\\nto meet the boar at full speed, and aimed so\\ntrue a thrust with his javelin against the beast\\nas to transfix him in the forehead. The boar\\nfell, and lay upon the ground in dying strug-\\ngles, while Cyrus heart was filled with joy and\\ntriumph even greater than before.\\nWhen Cyaxares came up, he reproved Cyrus\\nanew for running such risks. Cyrus received\\nthe reproaches meekly, and then asked Cyax-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "74 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nares to give him the two animals that he had\\nkilled he wanted to carry them home to his\\ngrandfather.\\nBy no means, said Cyaxares; **yonr\\ngrandfather would be very much displeased to\\nknow what you had done. He would not only\\ncondemn you for acting thus, but he would re-\\nprove us too, severely, for allowing you to do\\nso.\\nLet him punish me, said Cyrus, if he\\nwishes, after I have shown him the stag and\\nthe boar, and you may jjunish me too, if you\\nthink best; but do let me show them to him.\\nCyaxares consented, and Cyrus made ar-\\nrangements to have the bodies of the beasts\\nand the bloody javelins carried home. Cyrus\\nthen presented the carcasses to his grandfather\\nsaying that it was some game which he had\\ntaken for him. The javelins he did not exhibit\\ndirectly, but he laid them down in a place\\nwhere his grandfather would see them. Asty-\\nages thanked him for his presents, but he said\\nhe had no such need of presents of game as to\\nwish his grandson to expose himself to such\\nimminent dangers to take it.\\nWell, grandfather, said Cyrus, if you\\ndo not want the meat, give it to me, and I will\\ndivide it among my friends. Astyages\\nagreed to this, and Cyrus divided his booty\\namong his companions, the boys, who had be-\\nfore hunted w^ith him in the park. They, of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 75\\ncourse, took their several portions home, each\\none carrying with his share of the gift a glow-\\ning account of the valor and prowess of the\\ngiver. It was not generosity which led Cyrus\\nthus to give away the fruits of his toil, but a\\ndesire to widen and extend his fame.\\nWhen Cyrus was about fifteen or sixteen\\nyears old, his uncle Cyaxares was married,\\nand, in celebrating his nuptials, he formed a\\ngreat hunting party, to go to the frontiers be-\\ntween Media and Assyria to hunt there, where\\nit was said that game of all kinds was very\\nplentiful, as it usually was, in fact, in those\\ndays, in the neighborhood of disturbed and\\nunsettled frontiers. The very causes which\\nmade such a region as this a safe and fre-\\nquented haunt for wild beasts, made it unsafe\\nfor men, and Cyaxares did not consider it pru-\\ndent to venture on his excursion without a con-\\nsiderable force to attend him. His hunting\\nparty formed, therefore, quite a little army.\\nThey set out from home with great pomp and\\nceremony, and proceeded to the frontiers in\\nregular organization and order, like a body of\\ntroops on a- march. There was a squadron of\\nhorsemen, who were to hunt the beasts in the\\nopen parts of the forest, and a considerable\\ndetachment of light-armed footmen also, who\\nwere to rouse the game, and drive them out of\\ntheir lurking places in the glens and thickets,\\nCyrus accompanied this expedition.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "70 rvKu:; riii cim -ap.\\ni(iii i|ii(lni|, iiuilniul of rniit(uii.in^ liiniiinlf niid\\n\\\\i\\\\h \\\\u\\\\,\\\\\\\\y Willi iiiiiil iitK vvild ImumiIh, lo niji,kn jui\\niiKMii Nioii for luiHlnr iiil.oMin inrriiorioH of ilm\\nIVIndtn^, iliiiJ* li ^iliK\u00c2\u00bb OH Xiilioplioii t\\\\| |-nMiinM it,\\nII, iimro iiolilo niil.nr|iritin IIumi l,ii t oilmi V\\\\u\\\\\\nlinMiMiivtM, il llnntiiH, m uiM ifllnd ill (Jin ^rnn.tn|-\\nilMllltliniion of ilio lfi.ii|^ni in liiiviiifj; io ooiit(Ui l\\nWilli iM iiind iiMMi iiirtlM/ul of forodioiiii hnitnrt,\\niiiiid ill iiio liif^ linr viiliin of ilin pri/nit wliioli\\nMmv woiiM olihiiii ill (liirio of riiKMinrui. Tlio\\nidi^iii of ilh^io Itniii^^ luiv iiijiiHii Mt or wroii^ in\\niliJH WHiiioii niid uiiin ovokiMl nf^).;i-niiMi \u00c2\u00bbii iipon\\nilio inniliorinii of n, nnif.diltoiiii^ iuiIkhi imninii\\nlioli lio lui,vo niili^ind Mm iiii ii l oiIIkm oI liio rojai\\nrolihnr liiiiiHnir or of iiin li iMinf iitli.\\n(IvriiH \u00c2\u00abli(itiiiKiiiHlio(l hiinHnlf yorv ioMM| i(m-\\nOllrilv ill ilii/l n\\\\ pntliiinii, nn li Inul doiin ill Uio\\nliuiitiiiK ^^\u00c2\u00ab1ll^llioll hnforo niii\u00c2\u00abl w Ikhi, nt lon^IJi,\\niliiti iitipiiikl \\\\mviy n^iirnuMl Iumim loiulod wiili\\nhooiv, lilio ii\u00c2\u00ablin}j;M of CvniH oxploiirt wniii io\\nPni-niiL (hunliNMori (lutK^fiil. ilwd. if liiri Mmiwiiti\\nlii^l^ ^iiiiiiiif^ lo tMlvo|inrl, nti ii, mmMioi-. mi iiiiliiiirv\\n(nuii|tM/i)j;iiM, ill WHH iiiuo fm- lum io bo riMuillnd.\\nlio iMMuirdiiiKly Honli for liini, inui (^vnin tto^ .nn\\nio nudut |ir(^|\u00c2\u00bbMrn,lioiirt for liiH miiirii.\\nI lio iliiv \u00c2\u00bbf liirt loiwiilun \\\\\\\\m\\\\ ti day of ^voni\\nmuUu^HH Hiid Horrow iuuoiik nil IiIk (MtiniwiiiiouM\\nin Mndin, niid, in fat^i, iuiiomk til ilio nininborN\\nof liiri i nudrailior n lu\u00c2\u00bbiifioliold. Tliov juuunn\\n|Mini ^d liiiii for noiiio diM(aiit-o oii IiIm \\\\\\\\n\\\\\\\\ n.nd", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "TIM visi r r ivii;i i/\\\\.\\n77\\nlook Injivoof lilm, n.tlaHt, wiilnini ili roKv t ftwd\\niiiiiii.V injiiH. (1.yrim diHirihuioil iiinonK ilioin,\\niiH tliny Inl l, him, dim viuinim Hi ii J(^M of valiio\\nwllitlh Ih^ poHtlnHHiMl, HIK lt lUi llili III IIIH, illld\\nnriuuunnlH of viirioiiH liiii lii, ;ui(l tioHily nj-ii ilnH\\nof linHH. Mo ^niXit lllli IVIndliUl inlin, ut luHlt,\\nto H (MuiHin yniitli vviiom Im Huid lin lovnd ilio\\n]ushI nf nil. Tlio iwunn of l\\\\\\\\iH Hpnciul t n.V( iiin\\nAVJI.H Ain,H|\u00c2\u00bbnii. Ati ilmiio liiii IrK ndd pHidnd\\nfroiM liiin, (l.ynm Uutk iiin Inuvn ol IJkmii, oiio\\nby OIKS i^ ili \\\\y jnliirimd, willi imiMy piiinlH of\\nlliH nJIndiiinii I oi- ilidiii, Jiiid Aviili i\\\\. vory hjuI /muI\\nliiijuy linnil.\\nTlin jioyii Hiul yoUUK liinii wlio IumI rn Mdvn(l\\nilloHO lil nHnnl.li i Mtk iliniii JinttHS i^ li*\\\\V W(U 0\\nHO vn.Iiin.l)ln, Uiitl. Uiny or ilinir pjunnln, mippoH-\\niii^j; llud. (,li iy vvnro .ivnii iiiidnr a iiioinnnl/iiy\\niiiipiiliin (d Innlinfj;, illid i\\\\iid i.liny ou^ld. do 1)0\\nr(iiiirim l, Hnni ilmm nil U* Aniyn^tsH. AniyjiK^^H\\nHnni iliniu io Pnniiji,, do l\u00c2\u00bbo inndoind io )y iiin.\\n(lyniHfinnd dli Mit idl IwMik n,f. ,(tiu do li iii )/rM,iid~\\nfn,dlinr, widli n. KwpK^Hd ilinii Im wmild (liHdiilnidQ\\nilmm n.K i- i ilioHo to whom (Jynm IumI ori|\\niindly ^ivnii ilmm, **whi\u00c2\u00abih/ Hn,i l Iw^ f. :ijui l-\\nI ndlmr, you imidi lo, if you wiMh iim ovnr io\\nOiiio io IVIndiiUiK t i^^ ^v u*^ I li^l UoiwiiU\\nHh/uno,\\nHn i1i \\\\h ilio Hiory wln cli X niophon pivnfl of\\n(Jyi llH* vihid do IVIiMliii., and in dn rnm;ud,m niid\\niiuvnidihh) dndniln id in n. fipnciirmu of dh whoh)\\nimiriiiivo whi h il\u00c2\u00bbin audhor hiin K vnu of liin", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "78 CYRUS THE GREAT..\\nhero s life. It is not, at the present day, sup-\\nposed that these, and the many similar stories\\nwith which Xenophon s books are filled, are\\ntrue history. It is not even thonj^ht that Xen-\\noi)hon really intended to offer his narrative as\\nhistory, but rather as an historical romance\\na fiction founded on fact, written to amuse the\\nwarriors of his times, and to serve as a vehicle\\nfor inculcating such principles of philosophy,\\nof morals, and of military science as seemed to\\nhim worthy of the attention of his countrymen.\\nThe story has no air of reality about it from\\nbeginning to end, but only a sort of poetical\\nfitness of one part to another, much more like\\nthe contrived coincidences of a romance writer\\nthan like the real events and ti-ansactions of\\nactual life. A very large portion of the work\\nconsists of long discourses on military, moral,\\nand often metaphysical ijhilosophy, made by\\ngencirals in council, or commanders in conver-\\nsation with each other when going into battle.\\nThe occurrences and incidents out of which\\nthese conversations arise always take place just\\nas they are wanted, and arrange themselves in\\na manner to produce the highest dramatic\\neffect; like the stag, the broken ground, and\\nthe wild boar in Cyrus* hunting, which came,\\none affer another, to furnish the hero with\\npoetical occasions for displaying his juvenile\\nbravery, and to produce the most picturesque\\nand poetical grouping of incidents and events.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 70\\nXenophon too, like other writers of romances,\\nmakes his hero a inodcil of military virtue and\\nmaj^iiaiiimity, according to the ideas of the\\ntiiruiH. He disjjLiys superhuman sagacity in\\ncircumventing his foes, he pcirfornis prodigies\\nof vak)r, lie forms the most sentimental at-\\ntachments, and receives with a romantic conli-\\ndenc^e the adhesions of men who come over to\\nhis side from the cmemy, and who, being trai-\\ntors to old friends, would seem to be only worthy\\nof suspicion and distrust in being received by\\nnew ones. Everything, liowever, results well;\\nall whom he confidc^s in prove worthy all\\nwhom he distrusts prove base. All his friends\\nare generous and noble, and all his enemies\\ntreacherous and crucvl. Every ])rediction\\nwhi(!h ho makes is verified, and all his enter-\\nprises succeed; or if, in any respect, there\\noccurs a partial failure, tlie incident is always\\nof such a charactc^r as to heighten the impres-\\nsion which is made by the final and triumphant\\nsuccess.\\nSuch being the character of Xenophon s tale,\\nor rather drama, we shall content ourselves,\\nafter giving this specimen of it, with adding, in\\nsome subse(juent chai)t(us, a few otlnu* scenes\\nand incidents drawn from his narrative. In\\nthe meantime, in relating the great leading\\nevents of Cyrus life, we shall take Herodotus\\nfor our guide, by following his more sober,\\nand, probably, more trustworthy record.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCECESUS.\\nThe scene of our narrative must now be\\nchanged, for a time, from Persia and Media,\\nin the East, to Asia Minor, in the West, where\\nthe great Croesus, originally King of Lydia,\\nwas at this time gradually extending his empire\\nalong the shores of the^geanSea. The name\\nof Croesus is associated in the minds of men\\nwith the idea of boundless wealth, the phrase\\nas rich as Croesus having been a common\\nproverb in all the modern languages of Europe\\nfor many centuries. It was to this Croesus,\\nKing of Lydia, whose story we are about to\\nrelate, that the proverb alludes.\\nThe country of Lydia, over which this fa-\\nmous sovereign originally ruled, was in the\\nwestern part of Asia Minor, bordering on the\\n^gean Sea. Croesus himself belonged to a\\ndynasty, or race of kings, called the Mermnadse.\\nThe founder of this line was Gyges, who dis-\\nplaced the dynasty which preceded him and\\nestablished his own by a revolution effected in\\na very remarkable manner. The circumstances\\nwere as follows\\n80", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE VISIT TO MEDIA. 81\\nThe name of the last monarch of the old dy-\\nnasty the one, namely, whom Gyges displaced\\nwas Candaules. Gyges was a household ser-\\nvant in Candaules family a sort of slave, in\\nfact, and yet, as such slaves often were in those\\nrude days, a personal favorite and boon com-\\npanion of his master. Candaules was a disso-\\nlute and unprincipled tyrant. He had, how-\\never, a very beautiful and modest wife, whose\\nname was Nyssia. Candaules was very proud\\nof the beauty of his queen, and was always ex-\\ntolling it, though, as the event proved, he\\ncould not have felt for her any true and honest\\naffection. In some of his revels with Gyges,\\nwhen he was boasting of Nyssia s charms, he\\nsaid that the beauty of her form and figure,\\nwhen unrobed, was even more exquisite than\\nthat of her features and, finally, the monster,\\ngrowing more and more excited, and having\\nrendered himself still more of a brute than he\\nwas by nature, by the influence of wine, de-\\nclared that Gyges should see for himself. He\\nwould conceal him, he said, in the queen s\\nbedchamber, while she was undressing for the\\nnight. Gyges remonstrated very earnestly\\nagainst this proposal. It would be doing the\\ninnocent queen, he said, a great wrong. He\\nassured the king, too, that he believed fully all\\nthat he said about Nyssia s beauty, without\\napplying such a test, and he begged him not to\\ninsist upon a proposal with which it would be\\ncriminal to comply.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nThe king, however, did insist upon it, and\\nGyges was compelled to yield. Wliatever is\\noffered as a favor by a half-intoxicated despot\\nto an humble inferior, it would be death to re-\\nfuse. Gyges allowed himself to be placed be-\\nhind a half-opened door of the king s apart-\\nment, when the king retired to it for the night.\\nThere he was to remain while the queen began\\nto unrobe herself for retiring, with a strict in-\\njunction to withdraw at a certain time which\\nthe king designated, and with the utmost cau-\\ntion, so as to prevent being observed by the\\nqueen. Gyges did as he was ordered. The\\nbeautiful queen laid aside her garments and\\nmade her toilet for the night with all the quiet\\ncomposure and confidence which a woman\\nmight be expected to feel while in so sacred\\nand inviolable a sanctuary, and in the presence\\nand under the guardianship of her husband.\\nJust as she was about to retire to rest, some\\nmovement alarmed her. It was Gyges going\\naway. She saw him. She instantly under-\\nstood the case. She was overwhelmed with\\nindignation and shame. She, however, sup-\\npressed and concealed her emotions; she spoke\\nto Candaules in her usual tone of voice, and\\nhe, on his part, secretly rejoiced in the adroit\\nand successful manner in which his little con-\\ntrivance had been carried into execution.\\nThe next morning Nyssia sent, by some of\\nher confidential messengers, for Gyges to come", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 83\\nto her. He came, with some forebodings, per-\\nhaps, but without any direct reason for believ-\\ning that what he had done had been discovered.\\nNyssia, however, informed him that she knew\\nall, and that either he or her husband must\\ndie. Gyges earnestly remonstrated against this\\ndecision, and supplicated forgiveness. He ex-\\nplained the circumstances under which the act\\nhad been performed, which seemed, at least so\\nfar as he was concerned, to palliate the deed.\\nThe queen was, however, fixed and decided.\\nIt was wholly inconsistent with her ideas of\\nwomanly delicacy that there should be two liv-\\ning men who had both been admitted to her\\nbedchamber. *^The king, she said, by\\nwhat he has done, has forfeited his claims to\\nme and resigned me to you. If you will kill\\nhim, seize his kingdom, and make me your\\nwife, all shall be well otherwise you must\\nprepare to die.\\nFrom this hard alternative, Gyges chose to\\nassassinate the king, and to make the lovely\\nobject before him his own. The excitement of\\nindignation and resentment which glowed upon\\nher cheek, and with which her bosom was\\nheaving, made her more beautiful than ever.\\nHow shall our purpose be accomplished?\\nasked Gyges. */The deed, she replied,\\nshall be perpetrated in the very place which\\nwas the scene of the dishonor done to me. I\\nwill admit you into our bedchamber in my", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nturn, and yon shall kill Candaules in his bed.**\\nWhen night came, Njssia stationed Gvges\\nagain behind the same door where the king had\\nplaced him. He had a dagger in his hand.\\nHe waited there till Candaules was asleep.\\nThen, at a signal given him by the queen, he\\nentered, and stabbed the husband in his bed.\\nHe married Nyssia, and possessed himself of\\nthe kingdom. After this, he and his succes-\\nsors reigned for many years over the kingdom\\nof Lydia, constituting the dynasty of the\\nMermnadse, from which, in process of time,\\nKing Croesus descended.\\nThe successive sovereigns of this dynasty\\ngradually extended the Lydian power over the\\ncountries around them. The name of Croesus*\\nfather, who was the monarch that immediately\\npreceded him, was Alyattes. Alyattes waged\\nwar toward the southward, into the territories\\nof the city of Miletus. He made annual in-\\ncursions into the country of the Milesians for\\nplunder, always taking care, however, while\\nhe seized all the movable property that he\\ncould find, to leave the villages and towns, and\\nall the hamlets of the laborers without injury.\\nThe reason for this was, that he did not wish\\nto drive away the population, but to encourage\\nthem to remain and cultivate their lands, so\\nthat there might be new flocks and herds, and\\nnew stores of corn, and fruit, and wine, for\\nhim to plunder from in succeeding years. At", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 85\\nlast, on one of these marauding excuisions,\\nsome fires which were accidentally set in a\\nfield spread into a neighboring town, and de-\\nstroyed, among other buildings, a temple con-\\nsecrated to Minerva. After this, Alyattes\\nfound himself quite unsuccessful in all his ex-\\npeditions and campaigns. He sent to a fam-\\nous oracle to ask the reason.\\nYou can expect no more success, replied\\nthe oracle, until you rebuild the temple that\\nyou have destroyed.\\nBut how could he rebuild the temple? The\\nsite was in the enemy s country. His men\\ncould not build an edifice and defend them-\\nselves, at the same time, from the attacks of\\ntheir foes. He concluded to demand a truce of\\nthe Milesians until the reconstruction should\\nbe completed, and he sent ambassadors to\\nMiletus, accordingly, to make the proposal.\\nThe proposition for a truce resulted in a\\npermanent peace, by means of a very singular\\nstratagem which Thrasybulus, the king of\\nMiletus, practiced upon Alyattes. It seems\\nthat Alyattes supposed that Thrasybulus had\\nbeen reduced to great distress by the loss and\\ndestruction of provisions and stores in various\\nparts of the country, and that he would soon be\\nforced to yield up his kingdom. This was, in\\nfact, the case; but Thrasybulus determined to\\ndisguise his real condition, and to destroy, by\\nan artifice, all the hopes which Alyattes had", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nformed from the supposed scarcity in the city.\\nWhen the herald whom Alyattes sent to Miletns\\nwas about to arrive, Thrasybuhis collected all\\nthe corn, and grain, and other provisions\\nwhich he could command, and had them\\nheaped up in a public part of the city, where\\nthe herald was to be received, so as to present\\nindications of the most ample abundance of\\nfood. He collected a large body of his sol-\\ndiers, too, and gave them leave to feast them-\\nselves without restriction on what he had thus\\ngathered. Accordingly, when the herald came\\nin to deliver his message, he found the whole\\ncity given up to feasting and revelry, and he\\nsaw stores of provisions at hand, which were\\nin process of being distributed and consumed\\nwith the most prodigal profusion. The herald\\nreported this state of things to Alyattes.\\nAlyattes then gave up all hopes of reducing\\nMiletus by famine, and made a permanent\\npeace, binding himself to its stipulations by a\\nvery solemn treaty. To celebrate the event,\\ntoo, he built two temples to Minerva instead of\\none.\\nA story is related by Herodotus of a remark-\\nable escape made by Arion at sea, which oc-\\ncurred during the reign of Alyattes, the father\\nof Croesus. We will give the story as Herod-\\notus relates it, leaving the reader to judge for\\nhimself whether such tales were probably true,\\nor were only introduced by Herodotus into his", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 87\\nnarrative to make his histories more entertain-\\ning to the Grecian assemblies to whom he read\\nthem. Arion was a celebrated singer. He\\nhad been making a tour in Sicily and in the\\nsouthern part of Italy where he had acquired\\nconsiderable wealth, and he was now returning\\nto Corinth. He embarked at Tarentum, which\\nis a city in the southern part of Italy, in a\\nCorinthian vessel, and put to sea. When the\\nsailors found that they had him in their power,\\nthey determined to rob and murder him.\\nThey accordingly seized his gold and silver,\\nand then told him that he might either kill\\nhimself or jump overboard into the sea. One\\nor the other he must do. If he would kill\\nhimself on board the vessel, they would give\\nhim decent burial when they reached the shore.\\nArion seemed at first at a loss how to decide\\nin so hard an alternative. At length he told\\nthe sailors that he would throw himself into\\nthe sea, but he asked permission to sing them\\none of his songs before he took the fatal plunge.\\nThey consented. He accordingly went into tho\\ncabin, and spent some time in dressing himself\\nmagnificently in the splendid and richly-orna-\\nmented robes in which he had been accustomed\\nto appear upon the stage. At length he reap-\\npeared, and took his position on the side of\\nthe ship, with his harp in his hand. He sang\\nhis song, accompanying himself upon the harp,\\nand then, when he had finished his perform^\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyru\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nance, he leaped into the sea. The seamen\\ndivided their plunder and pursued their voyage.\\nArion, however, instead of being drowned,\\nwas taken up by a dolphin that had been\\ncharmed by his song, and was borne by him to\\nTsenarus, which is the promontory formed by\\nthe southern extremity of the Peloponnesus.\\nThere Arion landed in safety. From Tsenarus\\nhe proceeded to Corinth, wearing the same\\ndress in which he had plunged into the sea.\\nOn his arrival, he complained to the king of\\nthe crime which the sailors had committed, and\\nnarrated his wonderful escape. The king did\\nnot believe him, but pi^t him in prison to wait\\nuntil the ship should arrive. When at last the\\nvessel came, the king summoned the sailors\\ninto his presence, and asked them if they knew\\nanything of Arion. Arion himself had been\\npreviously placed in an adjoining room, ready\\nto be called in as soon as his presence was re-\\nquired. The mariners answered to the ques-\\ntion which the king put to them that they had\\nseen Arion in Tarentum, and that they had\\nleft him there. Arion was then himself called\\nin. His sudden appearance, clothed as he\\nwas in the same dress in which the mariners\\nhad seen him leap into the sea, so terrified the\\nconscience-stricken criminals, that they con-\\nfessed their guilt, and were all punished by the\\nking. A marble statue, representing a man\\nseated upon a dolphin, was erected at Taenarus", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 89\\nto commemorate this event, where it remained\\nfor centuries afterward, a monument of the\\nwonder which Arion had achieved.\\nAt length Alyattes died and Croesus suc-\\nceeded him. Croesus exteuded still further\\nthe power and fame of the Lydian empire, and\\nwas for a time very successful in all his mili-\\ntary schemes. By looking upon the map, the\\nreader will see that the ^gean Sea, along the\\ncoasts of Asia Minor, is studded with islands.\\nThese islands were in those days very fertile\\nand beautiful, and were densely inhabited by\\na commercial and maritime people,, who pos-\\nsessed a multitude of ships, and were very\\npowerful in all the adjacent seas. Of course\\ntheir land forces were very few, whether of\\nhorse or of foot, as the habits and manners of\\nsuch a sea-going people were all foreign to\\nmodes of warfare required in land campaigns.\\nOn the sea, however, these islanders were\\nsupreme.\\nCroesus formed a scheme for attacking these\\nislands and bringing them under his sway, and\\nhe began to make preparations for building and\\nequipping a fleet for this purpose, though, of\\ncourse, his subjects were as unused to the sea\\nas the nautical islanders were to military\\noperations on the land. While he was making\\nthese preparations, a certain philosopher was\\nvisiting at his court: he was one of the seven\\nwise men of Greece, who had recently come", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "90 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nfrom the Peloponnesus. Croesus asked him if\\nthere was any news from that country. I\\nheard, said the philosopher, that the inhab-\\nitants of the islands were preparing to invade\\nyour dominions with a squadron of ten thou-\\nsand horse. Croesus, who supposed that the\\nphilosopher was serious, appeared greatly\\npleased and elated at the prospect of his sea-\\nfaring enemies attempting to meet him as a\\nbody of cavalry. No doubt, said the phi-\\nlosopher, after a little pause, you would be\\npleased to have those sailors attempt to con-\\ntend with you on horseback; but do you not\\nsuppose that they will be equally pleased at\\nthe prospect of encountering Lydian landsmen\\non the ocean?\\nCroesus perceived the absurdity of his plan,\\nand abandoned the attempt to execute it.\\nCroesus acquired the enormous wealth for\\nwhich he was so celebrated from the golden\\nsands of the Eiver Pactolus, which flowed\\nthrough his kingdom. The river brought the\\nparticles of gold, in grains, and globules, and\\nflakes, from the mountains above, and the ser-\\nvants and slaves of Croesus washed the sands,\\nand thus separated the heavier deposit of the\\nmetal. In respect to the origin of the gold,\\nhowever, the people who lived upon the banks\\nof the river had a different explanation from\\nthe simple one that the waters brought down\\nthe treasure from the mountain ravines. They", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 91\\nhad a story that, ages before, a certain king,\\nnamed Midas, rendered some service to a god,\\nwho, in return, offered to grant him any favor\\nthat he might ask. Midas asked that the\\npower might be granted him to turn whatever\\nhe touched into gold. The power was be-\\nstowed, and Midas after changing various ob-\\njects around him into gold until he was satis-\\nfied, began to find his new acquisition a source\\nof great inconvenience and danger. His\\nclothes, his food, and even his drink, were\\nchanged to gold when he touched them. He\\nfound that he was about to starve in the midst\\nof a world of treasure, and he implored the god\\nto take back the fatal gift. The god directed\\nhim to go and bathe in the Pactolus, and he\\nshould be restored to his former condition.\\nMidas did so and was saved, but not without\\ntransforming a great portion of the sands of\\nthe stream into gold during the process of his\\nrestoration.\\nCroesus thus attained quite speedily to a\\nvery high degree of wealth, prosperity, and\\nrenown. His dominions were widely extended\\nhis palaces were full of treasures; his court\\nwas a scene of unexampled magnificence and\\nsplendor. While in the enjoyment of all this\\ngrandeur, he was visited by Solon, the cele-\\nbrated Grecian law-giver, who was traveling in\\nthat part of the world to observe the institu-\\ntions and customs of different states. Croesus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "92 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nreceived Solon with great distinction, and\\nallowed liiin all his treasures. At last he one\\nday said to him, You have traveled, Solon,\\nover many countries, and have studied, with a\\ngreat deal of attention and care, all that you\\nhave seen. I have heard great commendations\\nof your wisdom, and I should like very much\\nto know who, of all the persons you have ever\\nknown, has seemed to you most fortunate and\\nhappy.\\nThe king had no doubt that the answer\\nwould he that he himself was the one.\\nI think, replied Solon, after a pause,\\nthat Tellus, an Athenian citizen, was the\\nmost fortunate and happy man I have ever\\nknown.\\nTellus, an Athenian! repeated Croesus\\nsurprised. What was there in his case which\\nyou consider so remarkable?\\nHe was a peaceful and quiet citizen of\\nAthens, said Solon. He lived happily with\\nhis family, under a most excellent government,\\nenjoying for many years all the pleasures of\\ndomestic life. He had several amiable and\\nvirtuous children, who all grew up to maturity,\\nand loved and honored their parents as long as\\nthey lived. At length, when his life was\\ndrawing toward its natural termination, a war\\nbroke out with a neighboring nation, and Tel-\\nlus went with the army to defend his country.\\nHe aided very essentially in the defeat of the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 93\\nenemy, but fell, at last, on the field of battle.\\nHis countrymen greatly lamented his death.\\nThey buried him publicly where he fell, with\\nevery circumstance of honor.\\nSolon was proceeding to recount the domes-\\ntic and social virtues of Tellus, and the peace-\\nful happiness which he enjoyed as the result\\nof them, when Croesus interrupted him to ask\\nwho, next to Tellus^ he considered the most\\nfortunate and happy man.\\nSolon, after a little further reflection, men-\\ntioned two brothers, Cleobis and Bito, private\\npersons among the Greeks, who were celebrated\\nfor their great personal strength, and also for\\ntheir devoted attachment to their mother. He\\nrelated to Croesus a story of a feat they per-\\nformed on one occasion, when their mother, at\\nthe celebration of some public festival, was\\ngoing some miles to a temple, in a car to be\\ndrawn by oxen. There happened to be some\\ndelay in bringing the oxen, while the mother\\nwas waiting in the car. As the oxen did not\\ncome, the young men took hold of the pole of\\nthe car themselves, and walked off at their ease\\nwith the load, amid the acclamations of the\\nspectators, while their mother s heart was\\nfilled with exultation and pride.\\nCroesus here interrupted the philosopher\\nagain, and expressed his surprise that he\\nshould place private men, like those whom he\\nhad named, who possessed no wealth, or prom-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ninencG, \u00c2\u00abr power, before a moBarch like Limy\\noccujiyiug a Btfitionof such high authority and\\nrenown, and j)oBaessing nnch boundless treas-\\nures.\\n*Clroeaua, replied Solon, I see you now,\\nindeed, at tlie heiglit of Imman power and\\ngrandeur. You reign supreme over many\\nnations, and you are in the enjoyment of un-\\nbounded affluence, and every species of luxury\\nand splendor. I cannot, however, decide\\nwhether I am to consider you a fortunate and\\nhappy man, until I know how all this is to end.\\nIf we consider seventy years as the allotted\\nperiod of life, you have a largo portion of your\\nexistence yet to come, and M e cannot with cer-\\ntainty pronounce any man happy till feis life\\nis ended.\\nThis conversation with Solon made a deep\\nimpression upon Crcesus mind, as was after-\\nward proved in a remarkable manner; but the\\nimpression was not a pleasant or a salutary\\none. The king, however, suppressed for the\\ntime the resentment which the presentation of\\nthese unwelcome truths awakened within him,\\nthough he treated Solon afterward with indiff-\\nerence and neglect, so that the philosopher\\nsoon found it best to withdraw.\\nCroesus had two sons. One was deaf and\\ndumb. The other was a young man of un-\\ncommon promise, and, of course, as he only\\ncould succeed his father in the government of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 95\\nthe kiDgdom, he was naturally an object of the\\nking s particular attention and care. His name\\nwas Atys. He was unmarried. He was, how-\\never, old enough to have the command of a\\nconsiderable body of troops, and he had often\\ndistinguished himself in the Lydian cam-\\npaigns. One night the king had a dream\\nabout Atys which greatly alarmed him. He\\ndreamed that his son was destined to die of a\\nwound received from the point of an iron\\nspear. The king was made very uneasy by\\nthis ominous dream. He determined at once\\nto take every precaution in his power to avert\\nthe threatened danger. He immediately de-\\ntached Atys from his command in the army,\\nand made provision for his marriage. He\\nthen very carefully collected all the darts,\\njavelins, and every other iron-pointed weapon\\nthat he could find about the palace, and caused\\nthem to be deposited carefully in a secure\\nplace, where there could be no danger even of\\nan accidental injury from them.\\nAbout that time there appeared at the court\\nof Croesus a stranger from Phrygia, a neigh-\\nboring state, wlio i:)resented himself at the\\npalace and asked for protection. He was a\\nprince of the royal family of Phrygia, and his\\nname was Adrastus. He had had the misfor-\\ntune, by some unhappy accident, to kill his\\nbrother; his father, in consequence of it, had\\nbanished him from his native land, and he\\nwas now homeless, friendless, and destitute.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "96 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nCroesus received him kindly. **Tour family\\nhave always been my friends, said he, and\\nI am glad of the opportunity to make some\\nreturn by extending my protection to any\\nmember of it suffering misfortune. You shall\\nreside in my palace, and all your wants shall\\nbe supplied. Come in, and forget the calam-\\nity which has befallen you, instead of distress-\\ning yourself with it as if it had been a crime.\\nThus Croesus received the unfortunate Ad-\\nrastus into his household. After the prince\\nhad been domiciliated in his new home for\\nsome time, messengers came from Mysia, a\\nneighboring state, saying that a wild boar of\\nenormous size and unusual ferocity had come\\ndown from the mountains, and was lurking in\\nthe cultivated country, in thickets and glens,\\nfrom which, at night, he made great havoc\\namong the flocks and herds, and asking that\\nCroesus would send his son, with a band of\\nhunters and a pack of dogs, to help them de-\\nstroy the common enemy. Croesus consented\\nimmediately to send the dogs and the men, but\\nhe said that he could not send his son. My\\nson, he added, has been lately married, and\\nhis time and attention are employed about\\nother things.\\nWhen, however, Atys himself heard of this\\nreply, he remonstrated very earnestly against\\nit, and begged his father to allow him to go.\\nWhat will the world think of me, said he.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 9?\\nif I shut myself up to these effeminate pur-\\nsuits and enjoyments, and shun those dangers\\nand toils which other men consider it their\\nhighest honor to share? What will my fel-\\nlow-citizens think of me, and how shall I ap-\\npear in the eyes of my wife? She will despise\\nme.\\nCroesus then explained to his son the reason\\nwhy he had been so careful to avoid exposing\\nhim to danger. He related to him the dream\\nwhich had alarmed him. **It is on that ac-\\ncount, said he, that I am so anxious about\\nyou. You are, in fact, my only son, for your\\nspeechless brother can never be my heir.\\nAtys said, in reply, that he was not sur-\\nprised, under those circumstances, at his\\nfather s anxiety but he maintained that this\\nwas a case to which his caution could not\\nproperly apply. You dieamed, he said,\\nthat I should be kiJled by a weapon pointed\\nwith iron; but a boar has no such weapon.\\nIf the dream had portended that I was to per-\\nish by a tusk or a tooth, you might reasonably\\nhave restrained me from going to hunt a wild\\nbeast; but iron-pointed instruments are the\\nweapons of men, and we are not going, in this\\nexpedition, to contend with men.\\nThe king, partly convinced, perhaps, by the\\narguments which Atys offered, and x^artly over-\\nborne by the urgency of his request, finally\\nconsented to his request and allowed him to", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "08 cvKUs Tin-: (irkat.\\ngo. Ho 001181^^0(1 liim, liowever, to the\\nspeciul care of Adinstiis, svlio was likowise to\\n}icconi]iJUiy the oxpoditioii, cluirging Adraatns\\nto ktH p coiistjuitly by liis sido, and to watch\\novor hiiiMviih tlio utiuoHi vigilaiu o and lidolity.\\nThe band of luiutsiiieu was organized, the\\ndogs 1)10 pared, and the train departed. Very\\nsium afterward, a messenger came back from\\ntlie hunting ground, breathless, and with a\\neountenance of extreme ooueern and terror,\\nbringing Uie dreadful tidings that Atys was\\ndead. Athasius himself liad killed him. In\\ntlu ardor of the chase, while the huntsmen luui\\nsurrounded tlie bcmr, and were each intent on\\nliis own personal danger M liile in close combat\\nwith such a. monster, and all were hurling\\ndarts and javelins at their ferocious foe, the\\nspear of Adrastus missed its aim, and entered\\nthe biuly of the unhappy iniuce. He bled to\\ndt ath on the spot.\\nSoon after tlu^ messenger had made known\\nthese terrible tidings, the hunting train, trans-\\nformed now into a funeral procession, ap-\\np(\\\\nreti, lH\\\\ iring the dead body of the king s\\nson, and followed by the wretched Adrastus\\nhimself, who was wringing his hands, and cry-\\ning out incessantly in accents and exclamations\\nof despair. He begged the king io kill liim\\nat once, over the binly of liis son, and tluis\\nimt an end to the unutterable jigcmy that he\\nendured. This second calamitv was more, he", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "LofC.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CRCESUS. 101\\nsaid, than he could bear. He had killed be-\\nfore his own brother, and now he had mur-\\ndered the son of his greatest benefactor and\\nfriend.\\nCroesus, though overwhelmed with anguish,\\nwas disarmed of all resentment at witnessing\\nAdrastus suffering. He endeavored to soothe\\nand quiet the agitation which the unhappy\\nman endured, but it was in vain. Adrastus\\ncould not be calmed. Croesus then ordered\\nthe body of his son to be buried with proper\\nhonorSo The funeral services were performed\\nwith great and solemn ceremonies, and when\\nthe body was interred, the household of Croe-\\nsus returned to the palace, which was now, in\\nspite of all its splendor, shrouded in gloom.\\nThat night at midnight Adrastus, finding\\nhis mental anguish insupportable, retired from\\nhis apartment to the place where Atys had\\nbeen buried, and killed himself over the grave.\\nSolon was wise in saying that he could not\\ntell whether wealth and grandeur were to be\\naccounted as happiness till he saw how they\\nwould end. Croesus was plunged into incon-\\nsolable grief, and into extreme dejection and\\nmisery for a period of two years, in conse-\\nquence of this calamity, and yet this calamity\\nwas only the beginning of the end.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nACCESSION OF CYRUS TO THE THRONE.\\nWhile Croesus had thus, on his side of the\\nRiver Halys which was the stream that\\nmarked the boundary between the Lydian em-\\npire on the west and the Persian and Assyrian\\ndominions on the east been employed in\\nbuilding up his grand structure of outward\\nmagnificence and splendor, and in contending,\\nwithin, against an overwhelming tide of do-\\nmestic misery and woe, great changes had\\ntaken place in the situation and prospects of\\nCyrus. From being an artless and generous-\\nminded child, he had become a calculating,\\nambitious, and aspiring man, and he was pre-\\nparing to take his part in the great public con-\\ntests and struggles of the day, with the same\\neagerness for self-aggrandizement, and the\\nsame unconcern for the welfare and happiness\\nof others, which always characterizes the spirit\\nof ambition and love of power.\\nAlthough it is by no means certain that what\\nXenophon relates of his visit to his grand-\\nfather Astyages is meant for a true narrative\\n102", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 103\\nof facts, it is not at all improbable that such a\\nvisit might have been made, and that occur-\\nrences, somewhat similar, at least, to those\\nwhich his narrative records, may have taken\\nplace. It may seem strange to the reader that\\na man who should, at one time, wish to put\\nhis grandchild to death, should, at another,\\nbe disposed to treat him with such a profusion\\nof kindness and attention. There is nothing,\\nhowever, really extraordinary in this. Nothing\\nis more fluctuating than the caprice of a des-\\npot. Man, accustomed from infancy to govern\\nthose around him by his own impetuous will,\\nnever learns self-control. He gives himself up\\nto the dominion of the passing animal emo-\\ntions of the hour. It may be jealousy, it may\\nbe revenge, it may be parental fondness, it\\nmay be hate, it may be love whatever the\\nfeeling is that the various incidents of life, as\\nthey occur, or the influences, irritating or ex-\\nhilarating, which are produced by food or\\nwine, awaken in his mind, he follows its im-\\npulse blindly and without reserve. He loads\\na favorite with kindness and caresses at one\\nhour, and directs his assassination the next.\\nHe imagines that his infant grandchild is to\\nbecome his rival, and he deliberately orders\\nhim to be left in a gloomy forest alone, to die\\nof cold and hunger. When the imaginary\\ndanger has passed away, he seeks amusement in\\nmaking the same grandchild his plaything,\\n8 Cyrus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "104 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nand overwhelms him with favors bestowed\\nsolely for the gratification of the giver, under\\nthe influence of an affection almost as purely\\nanimal as that of a lioness for her young.\\nFavors of such a sort can awaken no per-\\nmanent gratitude in any heart, and thus it is\\nquite possible that Cyrus might have evinced,\\nduring the simple and guileless days of his\\nchildhood, a deep veneration and affection for\\nhis grandfather, and yet, in subsequent years,\\nwhen he had arrived at full maturity, have\\nlearned to regard him simply in the light of a\\ngreat political potentate, as likely as any other\\npotentate around him to become his rival or\\nhis enemy.\\nThis was, at all events, the result. Cyrus,\\non his return to Persia, grew rapidly in\\nstrength and siature, and soon became highly\\ndistinguished for his personal grace, his win-\\nning manners, and for the various martial ac-\\ncomplishments which he had acquired in Me-\\ndia, and in which he excelled almost all his\\ncompanions. He gained, as such princes\\nalways do, a vast ascendency over the minds\\nof all around him. As he advanced toward\\nmaturity, his mind passed from its interest in\\ngames, and hunting, and athletic sports, to\\nplans of war, of conquest, and of extended\\ndominion.\\nIn the meantime, Harpagus, though he had,\\nOft the time when he endured the horrid pun-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 105\\nisLment which Astyages inflicted upon him,\\nexpressed no resentment, still he had secretly\\nfelt an extreme indignation and anger, and he\\nhad now, for fifteen years, been nourishing\\ncovert schemes and plans for revenge. He re-\\nmained all this time in the court of Astyages,\\nand was apparently his friend. He was, how-\\never, in heart a most bitter and implacable\\nenemy. He was looking continually for a\\nplan or prospect which should promise some\\nhope of affording him his long-desired revenge.\\nHis eyes were naturally turned toward Cyrus.\\nHe kept up a communication with him so far\\nas it was possible, for Astyages watched very\\nclosely what passed between the two countries,\\nbeing always suspicious of plots against his\\ngovernment and crown. Harpagus, however,\\ncontrived to evade this vigilance in some de-\\ngree. He made continual reports to Cyrus of\\nthe tyranny and misgovernment of Astyages,\\nand of the defenselessness of .the realm of\\nMedia, and he endeavored to stimulate his\\nrising ambition to the desire of one day pos-\\nsessing for himself both the Median and Per-\\nsian throne.\\nIn fact, Persia was not then independent of\\nMedia. It was more or less connected with\\nthe government of Astyages, so that Cambyses,\\nthe chief ruler of Persia, Cyrus father, is\\ncalled sometimes a king and sometimes a\\nsatrap^ which last title is equivalent to that of", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "106 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nviceroy or goverDor-general. Whatever his\\ntrue and proper title may have been, Persia\\nwas a Median dependency, and Cyrus, there-\\nfore, in forming plans for gaining possession\\nof the Median throne, would consider himself\\nas rather endeavoring to rise to the supreme\\ncommand in his own native country, than as\\nprojecting any scheme for foreign conquest.\\nHarpagus, too, looked upon the subject in\\nthe same light. Accordingly, in pushing for-\\nward his plots toward their execution, he oper-\\nated in Media as well as Persia. He ascer-\\ntained, by diligent and sagacious, but by very\\ncovert inquiries, who were discontented and ill\\nat ease under the dominion of Astyages, and\\nby sympathizing with and encouraging them,\\nhe increased their discontent and insubmission.\\nWhenever Astyages, in the exercise of his\\ntyranny, inflicted an injury upon a powerful\\nsubject, Harpagus espoused the cause of the\\ninjured man, condemned, with him, the intol-\\nerable oppression of the king, and thus fixed\\nand perpetuated his enmity. At the same\\ntime, he took pains to collect and to dissemi-\\nnate among the Medes all the information\\nwhich he could obtain favorable to Cyrus, in\\nrespect to his talents, his character, and his\\njust and generous spirit, so that, at length, ihe\\nascendency of Astyages, through the instru-\\nmentality of these measures, was very exten-\\nsively undermined, and the way was rapidly", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 107\\nbecoming prepared for Cyrus accession to\\npower.\\nDuring all this time, moreover, Harpagus\\nwas personally very deferential and obsequious\\nto Astyages, and professed an unbounded de-\\nvotedness to his interests. He maintained a\\nhigh rank at court and in the army, and As-\\ntyages relied upon him as one of the most\\nobedient and submissive of his servants, with-\\nout entertaining any suspicion whatever of his\\ntrue designs.\\nAt length a favorable occasion arose, as Har-\\npagus thought, for the execution of his plans.\\nIt was at a time when Astyages had been guilty\\nof some unusual acts of tyranny and oppres-\\nsion, by which he had produced extensive\\ndissatisfaction among his people. Harpagus\\ncommunicated, very cautiously, to the princi-\\npal men around him, the designs that he had\\nlong been forming for deposing Astyages and\\nelevating Cyrus in his place. He found them\\nfavorably inclined to the plan. The way being\\nthus pTepared, the next thing was to contrive\\nsome secret way of communicating with Cyrus.\\nAs the proposal which he was going to make\\nwas that Cyrus should come into Media with\\nas great a force as he could command, and head\\nan insurrection against the government of As-\\ntyages, it would, of course, be death to him to\\nhave it discovered. He did not dare to trust\\nthe message to any living messenger, for fear", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "108 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nof betrayal nor was it safe to send a letter by\\nany ordinary mode of transmission, lest the\\nletter should be intercepted by some of Asty-\\nages* spies, and thus the whole plot be dis-\\ncovered. He finally adopted the following\\nvery extraordinary plan\\nHe wrote a letter to Cyrus, and then taking\\na bare, which some of his huntsmen had caught\\nfor him, he opened the body and concealed the\\nletter within. He then sewed up the skin\\nagain in the most careful manner, so that no\\nsigns of the incision should remain. He de-\\nlivered his hare, together with some nets and\\nother hunting apparatus, to certain trust-\\nworthy servants, on whom he thought he could\\nrely, charging them to deliver the hare into\\nCyrus own hands, and to say that it came from\\nHarpagus, and that it was the request of Har-\\npagus that Cyrus should open it himself and\\nalone. Harpagus concluded that this mode of\\nmaking the communication was safe; for, in\\ncase the persons to whom the hare was in-\\ntrusted were to be seen by any of the spies or\\nother persons employed by Astyages on the\\nfrontiers, they would consider them as hunters\\nreturning from the chase with their game, and\\nwould never think of examining the body of a\\nhare, in the hands of such a party, in search\\nafter a clandestine correspondence.\\nThe plan was perfectly successful. The men\\npassed into Persia without any suspicion.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 109\\nThey delivered the hare to Cyrus, with their\\nmessage. He opened the hare, and found the\\nletter. It was in substance as follows\\n*It is plain, Cyrus, that you are a favorite\\nof heaven, and that you are destined to a great\\nand glorious career. You could not otherwise\\nhave escaped, in so miraculous a manner, the\\nsnares set for you in your infancy. Astyages\\nmeditated your death, and he took such meas-\\nures to effect it as would seem to have made\\nyour destruction sure. You were saved by the\\nspecial interposition of heaven. You are\\naware by what extraordinary incidents you\\nwere preserved and discovered, and what great\\nand unusual prosperity has since attended\\nyou. You know, too, what cruel punishments\\nAstyages inflicted upon me, for my humanity\\nin saving you. The time has now come for\\nretribution. From this time the authority\\nand the dominions of Astyages may be yours.\\nPersuade the Persians to revolt. Put yourself\\nat the head of an army and march into Media.\\nI shall probably myself be appointed to com-\\nmand the army sent out to oppose you. If so,\\nwe will join our forces when we meet, and I\\nwill enter your service. I have conferred with\\nthe leading nobles in Media, and they are all\\nready to espouse your cause. You may rely\\nupon finding everything thus prepared for you\\nhere; come, therefore, without any delay.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "no CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nCyrus was thrown into a fever of excitement\\nand agitation on reading this letter. He deter-\\nmined to accede to Harpagus proposal. He\\nrevolved in his mind for some time the meas-\\nures by which he could raise the necessary\\nforce. Of course he could not openly announce\\nhis plan and enlist an army to effect it, for any\\navowed and public movement of that kind\\nwould be immediately made known to Astyages,\\nwho, by being thus forewarned of his enemies\\ndesigns, might take effectual measures to cir-\\ncumvent them. He determined to resort to\\ndeceit, or, as he called it, stratagem nor did\\nhe probably have any distinct perception of\\nthe wrongfulness of such a mode of proceeding.\\nThe demon of war upholds and justifies false-\\nhood and treachery, in all its forms, on the\\npart of his votaries. He always applauds a\\nforgery, a false pretense, or a lie he calls it a\\nstratagem.\\nCyrus had a letter prepared, in the form of\\na commission from Astyages, appointing him\\ncommander of a body of Persian forces to be\\nraised for the service of the king. Cyrus read\\nthe fabricated document in the public assembly\\nof the Persians, and called upon all the war-\\nriors to join him. When they were organized\\nhe ordered them to assemble on a certain day,\\nat a place that he named, each one provided\\nwith a woodman s ax. When they were thus\\nmustered, he marched them into a forest, and", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. Ill\\nset them at work to clear a piece of ground.\\nThe army toiled all day, felling the trees, and\\npiling them np to be burned. They cleared in\\nthis way, as Herodotus states, a piece of\\nground eighteen or twenty furlongs in extent.\\nCyrus kept them thus engaged in severe and\\nincessant toil all the day, giving them, too,\\nonly coarse food and little rest. At night he\\ndismissed them, commanding them to assemble\\nagain the second day.\\nOn the second day, when they came together,\\nthey found a great banquet prepared for them,\\nand Cyrus directed them to devote the day to\\nfeasting and making merry. There was an\\nabundance of meats of all kinds, and rich wines\\nin great profusion. The soldiers gave them-\\nselves up for the whole day to merriment and\\nrevelry. The toils and the hard fare of the\\nday before had prepared them very effectually\\nto enjoy the rest and the luxuries of this festi-\\nval. They spent the hours in feasting about\\ntheir campfires and reclining on the grass,\\nwhere they amused themselves and one another\\nby relating tales, or joining in merry songs\\nand dances. At last, in the evening, Cyrus\\ncalled them together, and asked them which\\nday they had liked the best. They replied\\nthat there was nothing at all to like in the\\none, and nothing to be disliked in the other.\\nThey had had, on the first day, hard work and\\nbad fare, and on the second, uninterrupted\\nease and the most luxurious pleasures.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "112 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\n**It is indeed so, said Cyrus, **aiid you\\nhave your destiny in your own hands to make\\nyour lives pass like either of these days, just\\nas you choose. If you will follow me, you will\\nenjoy ease, abundance, and luxury. If you\\nrefuse, you must remain as you are, and toil\\non as you do now, and endure your present\\nprivations and hardships to the end of your\\ndays. He then explained to them his de-\\nsigns. He told them that although Media was\\na great and powerful kingdom, still that they\\nwere as good soldiers as the Medes, and with\\nthe arrangements and preparations which he\\nhad made, they were sure of victory.\\nThe soldiers received this proposal with\\ngreat enthusiasm and joy. They declared\\nthemselves ready to follow Cyrus wherever he\\nshould lead them, and the whole body imme-\\ndiately commenced making preparations for\\nthe expedition. Astyages was, of course, soon\\ninformed of these proceedings. He sent an\\norder to Cyrus, summoning him immediately\\ninto his presence. Cyrus sent back word, in\\nreply, that Astyages would probably see him\\nsooner than he wished, and went on vigorously\\nwith his preparations. When all was ready\\nthe army marched, and, crossing the frontiers,\\nthey entered into Media.\\nIn the meantime, Astyages had collected a\\nlarge force, and, as had been anticipated by\\nthe conspirators, he put it under the command", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 113\\nof Harpagus. Harpagus made known his de-\\nsign of going over to Cyrus as soon as he\\nshould meet him, to as large a portion of the\\narmy as he thought it prudent to admit to his\\nconfidence the rest knew nothing of the plan\\nand thus the Median army advanced to meet\\nthe invaders, a part of the troops with minds\\nintent on resolutely meeting and repelling their\\nenemies, while the rest were secretly prepar-\\ning to go over at once to their side.\\nWhen the battle was joined, the honest part\\nof the Median army fought valiantly at first,\\nbut soon, thunderstruck and utterly confounded\\nat seeing themselves abandoned and betrayed\\nby a large body of their comrades, they were\\neasily overpowered by the triumphant Per-\\nsians. Some were taken prisoners some fled\\nback to Astyages; and others, following the\\nexample of the deserters, went over to Cyrus\\ncamp and swelled the numbers of his train.\\nCyrus, thus reinforced by the accessions he\\nhad received, and encouraged by the flight or\\ndispersion of all who still wished to oppose\\nhim, began to advance toward the capital.\\nAstyages, when he heard of the defection of\\nHarpagus and of the discomfiture of his army,\\nwas thrown into a perfect frenzy of rage and\\nhate. The long-dreaded prediction of his\\ndream seemed now about to be fulfilled, and\\nthe magi, who had taught him that when Cyrus\\nhad once been made king of the boys in sport,", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "114 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nthere was no longer any danger of his aspiring\\nto regal power, had proved themselves false.\\nThey had either intentionally deceived him,\\nor they were ignorant themselves, and in that\\ncase they were worthless imposters. Although\\nthe danger from Cyrus approach was immi-\\nnent in the extreme, Astyages could not take\\nany measures for guarding against it until he\\nhad first gratified the despotic cruelty of his\\nnature by taking vengeance on these false pre-\\ntenders. He directed to have them all seized\\nand brought before him, and then, having up-\\nbraided them with bitter reproaches for their\\nfalse predictions, he ordered them all to be\\ncrucified.\\nHe then adopted the most decisive measures\\nfor raising an army. He ordered every man\\ncapable of bearing arms to come forward, and\\nthen, putting himself at the head of the im-\\nmense force which he had thus raised, he ad-\\nvanced to meet his enemy. He supposed, no\\ndoubt, that he was sure of victory but he un-\\nderrated the power which the discipline, the\\nresolution, the concentration, and the terrible\\nenergy of Cyrus troops gave to their formid-\\nable array. He was defeated. His army was\\ntotally cut to pieces, and he himself was taken\\nprisoner.\\nHarpagus was present when he was taken,\\nand he exulted in revengeful triumph over the\\nfallen tyrant s ruin. Astyages was filled with", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 115\\nrage and despair. Harpagus asked him what\\nhe thought now of the supper in which he had\\ncompelled a father to feed on the flesh of his\\nchild. Astyages, in reply, asked Harpagus\\nwhether he thought that the success of Cyrus\\nwas owing to what he had done. Harpagus\\nreplied that it was, and exultingly explained\\nto Astyages the plots he had formed, and the\\npreparations which he had made for Cyrus\\ninvasion, so that Astyages might see that his\\ndestruction had been effected by Harpagus\\nalone, in terrible retribution for the atrocious\\ncrime which he had committed so many years\\nbefore, and for which the vengeance of the\\nsufferer had slumbered, during the long inter-\\nval, only to be more complete and overwhelm-\\ning at last.\\nAstyages told Harpagus that he was a miser-\\nable wretch, the most foolish and most wicked\\nof mankind. He was the most foolish, for\\nhaving plotted to put power into another s\\nhand which it would have been just as easy for\\nhim to have secured and retained in his own;\\nand he was the most wicked, for having be-\\ntrayed his country, and delivered it over to a\\nforeign power, merely to gratify his own pri-\\nvate revenge.\\nThe result of this battle was the complete\\noverthrow of the power and kingdom of As-\\ntyages, and the establishment of Cyrus on the\\nthrone of the united kingdom of Media and", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "116 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nPersia. Cyrus treated his grandfather with\\nkindness after his victory over him. He kept\\nhim confined, it is true, but it was probably\\nthat indirect and qualified sort of confinement\\nwhich is all that is usually enforced in the\\ncase of princes and kings. In such cases, some\\nextensive and often sumptuous residence is\\nassigned to the illustrious prisoner, with\\ngrounds sufficiently extensive to afford every\\nnecessary range for recreation and exercise,\\nand with bodies of troops for keepers, which\\nhave much more the form and appearance of\\nmilitary guards of honor attending on a prince,\\nthan of jailers confining a prisoner. It was\\nprobably in such an imprisonment as this that\\nAstyages passed the remainder of his days.\\nThe people, having been wearied with his des-\\npotic tyranny, rejoiced in his downfall, and\\nacquiesced very readily in the milder and more\\nequitable government of Cyrus.\\nAstyages came to his death many years\\nafterward, in a somewhat remarkable manner.\\nCyrus sent for him to come into Persia, where\\nhe was himself then residing. The officer who\\nhad Astyages in charge, conducted him, on the\\nway, into a desolate wilderness, where he per-\\nished of fatigue, exposure, and hunger. It\\nwas supposed that this was done in obedience\\nto secret orders from Cyrns, who perhaps\\nfound the charge of such a prisoner a burden.\\nThe officer, however, was cruelly punished for", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE.\\nIl7\\nthe act; but even this may have been only for\\nappearances, to divert the minds of men from\\nall suspicion that Cyrus could himself have\\nbeen an accomplice in such a crime.\\nThe whohi revolution which has been de-\\nTlarpagus {iiid tlici hifant Cyrus.\\nscribed in this chapter, from its first inception\\nto its final accom])lishment, was effected in a\\nvery short period of time, and Cyrus thus found\\nhimself very unexpectedly and suddenly ele-\\nvated to a throne.\\nHarpagus continued in his service, and be-\\ncame subsequently one of his most celebrated\\ngenerals.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE ORACLES.\\nAs soon as Cyrus had become established\\non his throne as King of the Medes and Per-\\nsians, his influence and power began to extend\\nwestward toward the confines of the empire of\\nCroesus, King of Lydia. Croesus was aroused\\nfrom the dejection and stupor into which the\\ndeath of his son had plunged him, as related\\nin a former chai)ter by this threatening danger.\\nHe began to consider very earnestly what he\\ncould do to avert it.\\nThe Eiver Halys, a great river of Asia\\nMinor, which flows northward into the Black\\nSea, was the eastern boundary of the Lydian\\nempire. Croesus bgan to entertain the design\\nof raising an army and crossing the Halys, to\\ninvade the empire of Cyrus, thinking that\\nthat would perhaps be safer policy than to\\nwait for Cyrus to cross the Halys, and bring\\nthe war upon him. Still, the enterprise of\\ninvading Persia was a vast undertaking, and the\\nresponsiblity great of being the aggressor in\\nthe contest. After carefully considering the\\n118", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 119\\nsubject in all its aspects, Croesus found him-\\nself still perplexed and undecided.\\nThe Greeks had a method of looking into fu-\\nturity, and of ascertaining, as they imagined,\\nby supernatural means, the course of future\\nevents, which was peculiar to that jjeople; at\\nleast no other nation seems ever to have prac-\\nticed it in the precise form which prevailed\\namong them. It was by means of the oracles.\\nThere were four or five localities in the Grecian\\ncountries which possessed, as the people\\nthought, the property of inspiring persons who\\nvisited them, or of giving to some natural ob-\\nject certain supernatural powers ])y which\\nfuture events could be foretold. The three\\nmost important of these oracles were situated\\nrespectively at Delphi, at Dodona, and at the\\nOasis of Jupiter Ammon.\\nDelphi was a small town built in a sort of\\nvalley, shaped like an amphitheater, on the\\nsouthern side of Mount Parnassus. Mount\\nParnassus is north of the Peloponnesus, not\\nvery far from the shores ot the Gulf of Cor-\\ninth. Delphi was in a jjicturesque and roman-\\ntic situation, with the mountain behind it, and\\nsteep, precipitous rocks descending to the level\\ncountry before. These precipices answered\\ninstead of walls to defend the temple and the\\ntown. In very early times a cavern or fiissure\\nin the rocks was discovered at Delphi, from\\nwhich there issued a stream of gaseous vapor,\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyrus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwhich produced strange effects on those who\\ninhaled it. It was supposed to inspire them.\\nPeople resorted to the place to obtain the bene-\\nfit of these inspirations, and of the knowledge\\nwhich they imagined they could obtain by\\nmeans of them. Finally, a temple was built,\\nand a priestess resided constantly in it, to in-\\nhale the vapor and give the responses. When\\nshe gave her answers to those who came to con-\\nsult the oracle, she sat upon a sort of three-\\nlegged stool, which was called the sacred\\ntripod. These stools were greatly celebrated\\nas a very important part of the sacred appara-\\ntus of the place. This oracle became at last so\\nrenowned, that the greatest potentates, and even\\nkings, came from great distances to consult it,\\nand they made very rich and costly presents at\\nthe shrine when they came. These presents,\\nit was supposed, tended to induce the god\\nwho presided over the oracle to give to those who\\nmade them favorable and auspicious replies.\\nThe deity that dictated the predictions of this\\noracle was Apollo.\\nThere was another circumstance, besides\\nthe existence of the cave, which signalized the\\nlocality where this oracle was situated. The\\npeople believed that this spot was the exact\\ncenter of the earth, which of course they con-\\nsidered as one vast plain. There was an an-\\ncient story that Jupiter, in order to determine\\nthe central point of creation, liberated two", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 121\\neagles at the same time, in opposite quarters\\nof the heavens, that they might fly toward one\\nanother, and so mark the middle point by the\\nplace of their meeting. They met at Delphi.\\nAnother of the most celebrated oracles was\\nat Dodona. Dodona was northwest of Delphi,\\nin the Epirus, which was a country in the\\nwestern part of what is now Turkey in Europe,\\nand on the shores of the Adriatic Sea. The\\norigin of the oracle at Dodona was, as the\\npriestesses there told Herodotus, as follows\\nIn very ancient times, two black doves were set\\nat liberty in Thebes, which was a very vener-\\nable and sacred city of Egypt. One flew to-\\nward the north and the other toward the west.\\nThe former crossed the Mediterranean, and\\nthen continued its flight over the Peloponnesus,\\nand over all the southern provinces of Greece,\\nuntil it reached Dodona. There it alighted\\non a beech tree, and said, in a human voice,\\nthat that spot was divinely appointed for the\\nseat of a sacred oracle. The other dove flew to\\nthe Oasis of Jupiter Ammon.\\nThere were three priestesses at Dodona in\\nthe days of Herodotus. Their names were\\nPromenea, Timarete, and Nicandre. The an-\\nswers of the oracle were, for a time, obtained\\nby the priestesses from some appearances\\nwhich they observed in the sacred beech on\\nwhich the dove alighted, when the tree was\\nagitated by the wind. In later times, how-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "122 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\never, the resposes were obtained in a still more\\nsingular manner. There was a brazen statue\\nof a man, holding a whip in his hand. The\\nwhip had three lashes, which were formed of\\nbrazen chains. At the end of each chain was\\nan astragalus, as it was called, which was\\na row of little knots or knobs, such as were\\ncommonly appended to the lashes of whips\\nused in those days for scourging criminals.\\nThese heavy lashes hung suspended in the\\nhand of the statue over a great brazen caldron,\\nin such a manner that the wind would impel\\nthem, from time to time, against its sides,\\ncausing the caldron to riug and resound like a\\ngong. There was, however, something in this\\nresonance supernatural and divine; for, though\\nit was not loud, it was very long continued,\\nwhen once the margin of the caldron was\\ntouched, however gently, by the lashes. In\\nfact, it was commonly said that if touched in\\nthe morniug, it would be night before the re-\\nverberations would have died entirely away.\\nSuch a belief could be very easily sustained\\namong the common people for a large, open-\\nmouthed vessel like the Dodona caldron, with\\nthin sides formed of sonorous metal, might be\\nkept in a state of continual vibration by the\\nwind alone.\\nThey who wished to consult this oracle came\\nwith rich presents both for the jjriestesses and\\nfor the shrine, and when they had made the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 133\\nofferings, and performed the preliminary cere-\\nmonies required, tliey propounded their ques-\\ntions to the priestesses, who obtained the re-\\nplies by interpreting, according to certain rules\\nwhich they had formed, the sounds emitted by\\nthe mysterious gong.\\nThe second black dove which took its flight\\nfrom Thebes alighted, as we have already said,\\nin the Oasis of Jupiter Amnion. This oasis\\nwas a small fertile spot in the midst of the\\ndeserts of Africa, west of Egypt, about a hun-\\ndred miles from the Nile, and somewhat nearer\\nthan that to the Mediterranean Sea. It was\\nfirst discovered in the following manner: A\\ncertain king was marching across the deserts,\\nand his army, having exhausted their supplies\\nof water, were on the point of perishing with\\nthirst, when a ram mysteriously appeared, and\\ntook a position before them as their guide.\\nThey followed him, and at length came sud-\\ndenly upon a green and fertile valley, many\\nmiles in length. The ram conducted them\\ninto this valley, and then suddenly vanished,\\nand a copious fountain of water sprung up in\\nthe place where he had stood. The king, in\\ngratitude for this divine interposition, conse-\\ncrated the spot and built a temple upon it,\\nwhich was called the temple of Jupiter Am-\\nmon. The dove alighted here, and ever after-\\nward the oracles delivered by the priests of this\\ntemple were considered as divinely inspired.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "124 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nThese three were the moat important ora-\\ncles. There were, however, manj^ others of\\nsubordinate consequence, each of which had\\nits own peculiar ceremonies, all senseless and\\nabsurd. At one there was a sort of oven-\\nshaped cave in the rocks, the spot being in-\\nclosed by an artij cial wall. The cave was\\nabout six feet wide and eight feet deep. The\\ndescent into it was by a ladder. Previously to\\nconsulting this oracle certain ceremonies were\\nnecessary, which it required several days to\\nperform. The applicant was to offer sacrifices\\nto many different deities, and to purify him-\\nself in various ways. He was then conducted\\nto a stream in the neighborhood of the oracle,\\nwhere he was to be annointed and washed.\\nThen he drank a certain magical water, called\\nthe water of forgetfulness, which made him\\nforget all previous sorrows and cares. After-\\nward he drank of another enchanted cup, which\\ncontained the water of remembrance; this was\\nto make him remember all that should be com-\\nmunicated to him in the cave. He then de-\\nscended the ladder, and received within the cave\\nthe responses of the oracle.\\nAt another of these oracles, which was situ-\\nated in Attica, the magic virtue was supposed\\nto reside in a certain marble statue, carved in\\nhonor of an ancient and celebrated prophet,\\nand placed in a temple. Whoever wished to\\nconsult this oracle must abstain from wine for", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 125\\nthree days, and from food of every kind for\\ntwenty-four hours preceding the application.\\nHe was then to offer a ram as a sacrifice and\\nafterward, taking the skin of the ram from the\\ncarcass, he was to spread it out before the\\nstatue, and lie down upon it to sleep.^ The an-\\nswers of the oracle came to him in his dreams.\\nBut to return to Croesus. He- wished to\\nascertain, by consulting some of these oracles,\\nwhat the result of his proposed invasion of the\\ndominions of Cyrus would be, in case he\\nshould undertake it; and in order to determine\\nwhich of the various oracles were most worthy\\nof reliance, he conceived the plan of putting\\nthem all to a preliminary test. He effected\\nthis object in the following manner\\nHe dispatched a number of messengers from\\nSardis, his capital, sending one to each of the\\nvarious oracles. He directed these messengers\\nto make their several journeys with all conven-\\nient dispatch but, in order to provide for any\\ncases of accidental detention or delay, he\\nallowed them all one hundred days to reach\\ntheir several places of destination. On the\\nhundredth day from the time of their leaving\\nSardis, they were all to make applications to\\nthe oracles, and inquire what Croesus, King\\nof Lydia, was doing at that time. Of course\\nhe did not tell them what he should be doing;\\nand as the oracles themselves could not pos-\\nsibly know how he was employed by any", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "12G CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nhuman power, their answers would seem to\\ntest the validity of their claims to powers\\ndivine,\\nCr(X)su8 kept the reckoning of the days him-\\nself with great care, and at the hour appointed\\non the hundredth day, he enqiloyed himself in\\nboiling the liesh of a turtle and of a lamb to-\\ngether in a brazen vessel. The vessel was\\ncovered with a lid, which was also of brass.\\nHe then awaited the return of the messengers.\\nThey came in due time, one after another,\\nbringing the replies which they had severally\\nobtained. The replies were all unsatisfactory,\\nexcept that of the oracle at Delphi. This an-\\nswer was in verse, as, in fact, the responses of\\nthat oracle always were. The priestess who\\nsat upon the trii)odwas accustomed to give the\\nreplies in an incoherent and half-intelligible\\nmanner, as imposters are very apt to do in\\nuttering prophecies, and then the attendant\\npriests and secretaries wrote them out in verse.\\nThe verse which the messenger brought back\\nfrom the Delphic tripod was in Greek; but\\nsome idea of its style, and the import of it,\\nis conveyed by the following imitation:\\nI number the sands, I measure the sea,\\nWhat s hidden to others is known to me.\\nThe himb and the turtle are simmering slow,\\nWith blass above them and brass below.\\nOf course, Croesus decided that the I^oJphic", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 127\\noracle was the one that he must rely upon for\\nguidance in respect to his projected campaign.\\nAnd he now began to prepare to consult it in a\\nmanner corresponding with the vast importance\\nof the subject, and with his own boundless\\nwealth. He provided the naost extraordinary\\nand sumptuous presents. Some of these\\ntreasures were to be deposited in the temple,\\nas sacred gifts, for permanent preservation\\nthere. Others were to be offered as a burnt\\nsacrifice in honor of the god. Among the lat-\\nter, besides an incredible number of living vic-\\ntims, he caused to be prepared a great number\\nof couches, magnificently decorated with sil-\\nver and gold, and goblets and other vessels of\\ngold, and dresses of various kinds richly em-\\nbroidered, and numerous other articles, all in-\\ntended to be used in the ceremonies prelimi-\\nnary to his application to the oracle. When\\nthe time arrived, a vast concourse of peoj^le\\nassembled to witness the spectacle. The\\nanimals were sacrificed, and the people feasted\\non the flesh and when these ceremonies were\\nconcluded, the couches, the goblets, the\\nutensils of every kind, the dresses every-\\nthing, in short, which had been used on the\\noccasion, were heaped up into one great sacri-\\nficial pile, and set on fire. Everything that\\nwas combustible was consumed, while the gold\\nwas melted, and ran into plates of great size,\\nwhich were afterward taken out from the ashes.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "128 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nThus it was the workmanship only of these\\narticles which was destroyed and lost by the\\nfire. The gold, in which the chief value con-\\nsisted, was saved. It was gold from the Pac-\\ntolus.\\nBesides these articles, there were others\\nmade, far more magnificent and costly, for the\\ntemple itself. There was a silver cistern or\\ntank, large enough to hold three thousand gal-\\nlons of wine. This tank was to be used by the\\ninhabitants of Delphi in their great festivals.\\nThere was also a smaller cistern, or immense\\ngoblet, as it might, perhaps, more properly be\\ncalled, which was made of gold. There were\\nalso many other smaller presents, such as\\nbasins, vases, and statues, all of silver and\\ngold, and of the most costly workmanship.\\nThe gold, too, which had been taken from the\\nfire, was cast again, a part of it being formed\\ninto the ima^e of a lion, and the rest into large\\nplates of metal for the lion to stand upon.\\nThe image was then set up upon the plates,\\nwithin the precincts of the temple.\\nThere was one piece of statuary which\\nCroesus presented to the oracle at Delphi,\\nwhich was, in some resi)cts, more extraordi-\\nnary than any of the rest. It was called the\\nbread-maker. It was an image representing a\\nwoman, a servant in the household of Croesus,\\nwhose business it was to bake the bread. Tho\\nreason that induced Croesus to honor this", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 129\\nbread-maker with a statue of gold was, that on\\none occasion during his childhood she had\\nsaved his life. The mother of Croesus died\\nwhen he was young, and his father married a\\nsecond time. The second wife wished to have\\nsome one of Tier children, instead of Croesus\\nsucceed to her husband s throne. In order,\\ntherefore, to remove Croesus out of the way,\\nshe prepared some poison and gave it to the\\nbread-maker, instructing her to put it into the\\nbread which Croesus was to eat. The bread-\\nmaker received the poison and promised to\\nobey. But, instead of doing so, she revealed\\nthe intended murder to Croesus, and gave the\\npoison to the queen s own children. In grati-\\ntude for this fidelity to him, Croesus, when he\\ncame to the throne, caused this statue to be\\nmade, and now he placed it at Delphi, where\\nhe supposed it would forever remain. The\\nmemory of his faithful servant was indeed im-\\nmortalized by the measure, though the statue\\nitself, as well as all these other treasures, in\\nprocess of time disappeared. In fact, statues\\nof brass or of marble generally make far more\\ndurable monuments than statues of gold and\\nno structure or object of art is likely to be very\\npermanent among mankind unless the work-\\nmanship is worth more than the material.\\nCroesus did not proceed himself to Delphi\\nwith these presents, but sent them by the hands\\nof trusty messGDgerR, who were instructed to", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "130 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nperform the ceremonies required, to offer the\\ngifts, and then to make inquiries of the oracle\\nin the following terms.\\n**Croesns, the sovereign of Lydiaandof vari-\\nous other kingdoms, in return for the wisdom\\nwhich has marked your former declarations,\\nhas sent you these gifts. He now furthermore\\ndesires to know whether it is safe for him to\\nproceed against the Persians, and if so,\\nwhether it is best for him to seek the assis-\\ntance of any allies.\\nThe answer was as follows:\\n**If Croesus crosses the Halys, and prose-\\ncutes a war with Persia, a mighty empire will\\nbe overthrown. It will be best for him to form\\nan alliance with the most powerful states of\\nGreece.\\nCroesus was extremely pleased with this re-\\nsponse. He immediately resolved on under-\\ntaking the expedition against Cyrus and to\\nexpress his gratitude for so favorable an an-\\nswer to his questions, he sent to Delphi to in-\\nquire what was the number of inhabitants in\\nthe city, and, when the answer was reported to\\nhim, he sent a present of a sum of money to\\nevery one. The Delphians, in their turn, con-\\nferred special privileges and honors upon the\\nLydians and upon Croesus in respect to their\\noracle, giving them the precedence in all future\\nconsultations, and conferring upon them other\\nmarks of distinction and honor.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 131\\nAt the time when Croesus sent his present to\\nthe inhabitants of Delphi, he took the oppor-\\ntunity to address another inquiry to the oracle,\\nwhich was, whether his power would ever de-\\ncline. The oracle replied in a couplet of Greek\\nverse, similar in its style to the one recorded\\non the previous occasion.\\nIt was as follows\\nWhene er a mule shall mount upon the Median throne^\\nThen, and not till then, shall great Croesus fear to los^\\nhis own.\\nThis answer pleased the king quite as much\\nas the former one had done. The allusion to\\nthe contingency of a mule s reigning in Media\\nhe very naturally regarded as only a rhetorical\\nand mystical mode of expressing an utter im-\\npossibility. Croesus considered himself and\\nthe continuance of his power as perfectly\\nsecure. He was fully confirmed in his deter-\\nmination to organize his expedition without\\nany delay, and to proceed immediately to the\\nproper measures for obtaining the Grecian\\nalliance and aid which the oracle had recom-\\nmended. The plans which he formed, and the\\nevents which resulted, will be described in\\nsubsequent chapters.\\nIn respect to these Grecian oracles, it is\\nproper here to state, that there has been much\\ndiscussion among scholars on the question how\\nthey were enabled to maintain, for so long a", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "132 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nperiod, so extended a credit amoDg a people as\\niDtellectual and welj informed as the Greeks.\\nIt was doubtless by means of a variety of con-\\ntrivances and influences that this end was at-\\ntained. There is a natural love of the marvel-\\nous among the humbler classes in all countries,\\nwhich leads them to be very ready to believe\\nin what is mystic and supernatural; and they\\naccordingly exaggerate and color such real in-\\ncidents as occur under any strange or remark-\\nable circumstances, and invest any unusual\\nphenomena which they witness with a miracu-\\nlous or supernatural interest. The cave at Del-\\nphi might really have emitted gases which\\nwould produce quite striking effects upon\\nthose who inhaled them and how easy it\\nwould be for those who witnessed these effects\\nto imagine that some divine and miraculous\\npowers must exist in the aerial current which\\nproduced them. The priests and priestesses,\\nwho inhabited the temples in which these ora-\\ncles were contained, had of course, a strong\\ninterest in keeping up the belief of their\\nreality in the minds of the community so\\nwere, in fact, all the inhabitants of the cities\\nwhich sprung up around them. They derived\\ntheir support from the visitors who frequented\\nthese places, and they contrived various ways\\nfor drawing contributions, both of money and\\ngifts, from all who came. In one case there\\nwas a sacred stream near an oracle, where per-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES. 133\\nsons, on permission from the priests, were\\nallowed to bathe. After the bathiog, they\\nwere expected to throw pieces of money into\\nthe stream. What afterward, in such cases,\\nbecame of the money, it is not difficult to\\nimagine.\\nNor is it necessary to suppose that all these\\npriests and priestesses were impostors. Hav-\\ning been trained up from infancy to believe that\\nthe inspirations were real, they would continue\\nto look upon them as such all their lives.\\nEven at the present day we shall all, if we\\nclosely scrutinize our mental habits, find our=-\\nselves continuing to take for granted, in our\\nmaturer years, what we inconsiderately im-\\nbibed or were erroneously taught in infancy,\\nand that, often, in cases where the most ob-\\nvious dictates of reason, or even the plain\\ntestimony of our senses, might show us that\\nour notions are false. The priests and priest-\\nesses, therefore, who imposed on the rest of\\nmankind, may have been as honestly and as\\ndeep in the delusion themselves as any of their\\ndupes.\\nThe answers of the oracles were generally\\nvague and indefinite, and susceptible of almost\\nany interpretation, according to the result.\\nWhenever the event corresponded with the\\nprediction, or could be made to correspond\\nwith it by the ingenuity of the commentators,\\nthe story of the coincidence would, of course,\\n10-Cyrua", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "134 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nbe everywhere spread abroad, becomiDg more\\nstriking aud more exact at each repetitioiio\\nWhere there was a failure, it would not be\\ndirect aud absolute, on account of the vague-\\nness and indefiniteness of the response, and\\nthere would therefore be no interest felt in\\nhearing or in circulating the story. The cases,\\nthus, which would tend to establish the truth\\nof the oracle, would be universally known and\\nremembered, while those of a contrary bearing\\nwould be speedily forgotten.\\nThere io no doubt, however, that in many\\ncases the responses were given in collusion\\nwith the one who consulted the oracle, for the\\npurpose of deceiving others. For example, let\\nus suppose that Croesus wished to establish\\nstrongly the credibility of the Delphic oracle\\nin the minds of his countrymen, in order to\\nencourage them to enlist in his armies, and to\\nengage in the enterprise which he was contem-\\nplating against Cyrus with resolution and con-\\nfidence it would have been easy for him to\\nhave let the priestess at Delphi know what he\\nwas doing on the day when he sent to inquire,\\nand thus himself to have directed her answer.\\nThen, when his messengers returned, he would\\nappeal to the answer as proof of the reality of\\nthe inspiration which seemed to furnish it.\\nAlexander the Great certainly did, in this way,\\nact in collusion with the priests at the temple\\nof Jupiter Ammon.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE ORACLES.\\n135\\nThe fact that there have been so many and\\nsuch successful cases of falsehood and impos-\\nture among mankind in respect to revelations\\nAlexander at the Temple of Jupiter Ammon.\\nfrom heaven, is no indication, as some super-\\nficially suppose, that no revelation is true, but\\nis, on the other hand, strong evidence to the\\ncontrary.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VII.\\nnil..\\nA llu,\\nd\\nTHE CONQUEST OF LYDIA.\\nThere were, in fact, three inducements\\nwhich combined their influence on the mind of\\nCroesus, in leading him to cross the Halys, and\\ninvade the dominions of the Medes and Per-\\nsians first, he was ambitious to extend his\\nown empire; secondly, he feared that if he did\\nnot attack Cyrus, Cyrus would himself cross\\nthe Halys and attack him -and, thirdly, he\\nfelt under some obligation to consider himself\\nthe ally of Astyages, and thus bound to es-\\npouse his cause, and to aid him in putting\\ndown, if possible, the usurpation of Cyrus,\\nand in recovering his throne. He felt under\\nthis obligation because Astyages was his\\nbrother-in-law for the latter had married,\\nmany years before, a daughter of Alyattes,\\nwho was the father of Croesus. This, as\\nCroesus thought, gave him a juot title to inter-\\nfere between the dethroned king and the rebel\\nwho had dethroned him. Under the influence\\nof all these reasons combined, and encouraged\\nby the responses of the oracle, he determined\\non attempting the invasion.\\n136", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 137\\nThe first measure which he adopted was to\\nform an alliance with the most powerful of the\\nstates of Greece, as he had been directed to do\\nby the oracle. After much inquiry and con-\\nsideration, he concluded that the Lacedaemo-\\nnian state was the most powerful. Their chief\\ncity was Sparta, in the Peloponnesus. They\\nwere a warlike, stern, and indomitable race of\\nmen, capable of bearing every possible hard-\\nship, and of enduring every degree of fatigue\\nand toil, and they desired nothing but military\\nglory for their reward. This was a species of\\nwages which it was very easy to pay much\\nmore easy to furnish than coin, even for Croe-\\nsus, notwithstanding the abundant supplies of\\ngold which he was accustomed to obtain from\\nthe sands of the Pactolus.\\nCroesus sent ambassadors to Sparta to in-\\nform the people of the plans which he contem-\\nplated, and to ask their aid. He had been in-\\nstructed, he said, by the oracle at Delphi, to\\nseek the alliance of the most powerful of the\\nstates of Greece, and he accordingly made 3,p-\\nplication to them. They were gratified with\\nthe compliment implied in selecting them, and\\nacceded readily to his proposal. Besides,\\nthey were already on very friendly terms with\\nCroesus; for, some years before, they had sent\\nto him to procure some gold for a statue which\\nthey had occasion to erect, offering to give an\\nequivalent for the value of it in such produc-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "138 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ntions as their country afforded. Croesus sup-\\nplied them with the gold that they needed, but\\ngenerously refused to receive any return.\\nIn the meantime, Croesus went on, energet-\\nically, at Sardis, making the preparations for\\nhis campaign. One of his counselors, whose\\nname was Sardaris, ventured, one day, strongly\\nto dissuade him from undertaking the expedi-\\ntion. You have nothing to gain by it, said\\n.he, **if you succeed, and everything to lose if\\nyou fail. Consider what sort of people these\\nPersians are whom you are going to combat.\\nThey live in the most rude and simple man-\\nner, without luxuries, without pleasures, with-\\nout wealth. If you conquer their country,\\nyou will find nothing in it worth bringing\\naway. On the other hand, if they conquer\\nyou, they will come like a vast band of plun-\\nderers into Lydia, where there is everything to\\ntempt and reward them. I counsel you to\\nleave them alone, and to remain on this side\\nthe Halys, thankful if Cyrus will be contented\\nto remain on the other.\\nBut Croesus was not in a mood of mind to\\nbe persuaded by such reasoning.\\nWhen all things were ready, the army com-\\nmenced its march and moved eastward, through\\none province of Asia Minor after another, until\\nthey reached the Halys. This river is a con-\\nsiderable stream, which rises in the interior\\nof the country, and flows northward into the.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 139\\nEuxine Sea. The army encamped on the\\nbanks of it, and some plan was to be formed\\nfor crossing the stream. In accomplishing\\nthis object, Croesus was aided by a very cele-\\nbrated engineer who accompanied his army,\\nnamed Thales. Thales was a native of Mile-\\ntus, and is generally called in history, Thales\\nthe Milesian. He was a very able mathema-\\ntician and calculator, and many accounts re-\\nmain of the discoveries and performances by\\nwhich he acquired his renown.\\nFor example, in the course of Lis travels,\\nhe at one time visited Egypt, and while there,\\nhe contrived a very simple way of measuring\\nthe height of the pyramids. He set up a pole\\non the plain in an upright position, and then\\nmeasured the pole and also its shadow. He\\nalso measured the length of the shadow of the\\npyramid. He then calculated the height of\\nthe pyramid by this proportion as the length\\nof shadow of the pole is to that of the pole\\nitself, so is the length of the shadow of the\\npyramid to its height.\\nThales was an astronomer as well as a phi-\\nlosopher and engineer. He learned more exactly\\nthe true length of the year than it had been\\nknown before and he also made some calcula-\\ntions of eclipses, at least so far as to predict\\nthe year in which they would happen. One\\neclipse which he predicted happened to occur\\non the day of a greaf battle between two con-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "140 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ntending armies. It was cloudy, so that the\\ncombatants conld not see the sun. This cir-\\ncumstance, however, which concealed the\\neclipse itself, only made the darkness which\\nwas caused by it the more intense. The\\narmies were much terrified at this sudden\\ncessation of the light of day, and supposed it\\nto be a warning from heaven that they should\\ndesist from the combat.\\nThales the Milesian was the author of several\\nof the geometrical theorems and demonstra-\\ntions now included in the Elements of Euclid.\\nThe celebrated fifth proposition of the first\\nbook, so famous among all the modern nations\\nof Europe as the great stumbling block in the\\nway of beginners in the study of geometry, was\\nhis. The discovery of the truth expressed in\\nthis proposition, and of the complicated\\ndemonstration which establishes it, was cer-\\ntainly a much greater mathematical perform-\\nance than the measuring of the altitude of the\\nl^yramids by their shadow.\\nBut to return to Croesus. Thales undertook\\nthe work of transporting the army across the\\nriver. He examined the banks, and found, at\\nlength, a spot where the land was low and level\\nfor some distance from the stream. He caused\\nthe army to be brought up to the river at this\\npoint, and to be encamped there, as near to\\nthe bank as possible, and in as compact a form.\\nHe then employed a vast number of laborers to", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 141\\ncut a new channel for the waters, behind the\\narmy, leading out from the river above, and\\nrejoining it again at a little distance below.\\nWhen this channel was finished, he turned the\\nriver into its new course, and then the army\\npassed without difficulty over the former bed\\nof the stream.\\nThe Halys being thus passed, Croesus moved\\non in the direction of Media. But he soon\\nfound that he had not far to go to find his\\nenemy. Cyrus had heard of his plans through\\ndeserters and spies, and he had for some time\\nbeen advancing to meet him. One after the\\nother of the nations through whose dominions\\nhe had passed, he had subjected to his sway,\\nor, at least, brought under his influence by\\ntreaties and alliances, and had received from\\nthem all reinforcements to swell the numbers\\nof his army. One nation only remained the\\nBabylonians. They were on the side of Croe-\\nsus. They were jealous of the growing power\\nof the Mecles and Persians, and had made a\\nleague with Croesus, promising to aid him in\\nthe war. The other nations of the east were\\nin alliance with Cyrus, and he was slowly\\nmoving on, at the head of an immense com-\\nbined force, toward the Halys, at the very\\ntime when Croesus was crossing the stream.\\nThe scoutSj therefore, that preceded the\\narmy of Croesus on its march, soon began to\\nfall back into the camp, with intelligence that", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "142 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nthere was a large armed force coming on to\\nmeet them, the advancing columns filling all\\nthe roads, and threatening to overwhelm them.\\nThe scouts from the army of Cyrus carried\\nback similar intelligence to him. The two\\narmies accordingly halted and began to pre-\\npare for battle. The place of their meeting\\nwas called Pteria. It was in the province of\\nCappadocia, and toward the eastern part of\\nAsia Minor.\\nA great battle was fought at Pteria. It was\\ncontinued all day, and remained undecided\\nwhen the sun went down. The combatants\\nseparated when it became dark, and each with-\\ndrew from the field. Each king found, it\\nseems, that his antagonist was more formid-\\nable than he had imagined, and on the morning\\nafter the battle they both seemed inclined to re-\\nmain in their respective encampments, without\\nevincing any disposition to renew the contest.\\nCroesus, in fact, seems to have considered\\nthat he was fortunate in having so far repulsed\\nthe formidable invasion which Cyrus had been\\nintending for him. He considered Cyrus\\narmy as repulsed, since they had withdrawn\\nfrom the field, and showed no disposition to\\nreturn to it. He had no doubt that Cyrus\\nwould now go back to Media again, having\\nfound how well prepared Croesus had been to\\nreceive him. For himself, he concluded that\\nhe ought to be satisfied with the advantage", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 143\\nwhich he had already gained, as the result of\\none campaign, and return again to Sardis to\\nrecruit his array, the force of which had been\\nconsiderably impaired by the battle, and so\\npostpone the grand invasion till the next sea-\\nson. He accordingly set out on his return.\\nHe dispatched messengers, at the same time, to\\nBabylon, to Sparta, to Egypt, and to other\\ncountries with which he was in alliance, inform-\\ning these various nations of the great battle of\\nPteria and its results, and asking them to send\\nhim, early in the following spring, all the re-\\ninforcements that they could command, to join\\nhim in the grand campaign which he was going\\nto make the next season.\\nHe continued his march homeward without\\nany interruption, sending off, from time to\\ntime, as he was moving through his own do-\\nminions, such portions of his troops as desired\\nto return to their homes, enjoining upon them\\nto come back to him in the spring. By this\\ntemporary disbanding of a portion of his\\narmy, he saved the expense of maintaining\\nthem through the winter.\\nVery soon after Croesus arrived at Sardis,\\nthe whole country in the neighborhood of the\\ncapital was thrown into a state of universal\\nalarm by the news that Cyrus was close at\\nhand. It seems that Cyrus had remained in\\nthe vicinity of Pteria long enough to allow\\nCroesus to return, and to give him time to dis-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "144 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nmiss his troops and establish himself securely\\nin the city. He then suddenly resumed his\\nmarch, and came on toward Sardis with the\\nutmost i^ossible dispatch. Croesus, in fact,\\nhad no announcement of his approach until he\\nheard of his arrival.\\nAll was now confusion and alarm, both\\nwithin and without the city. Cro siis hastily\\ncollected all the forces that he could command.\\nHe sent immediately to the neighboring cities,\\nsummoning all the troops in them to hasten to\\nthe capital. He enrolled all the inhabitants\\nof the city that were capable of bearing arms.\\nBy these means he collected, in a very short\\ntime, quite a formidable force, which he drew\\nup, in battle array, on a great plain cot far\\nfrom the city, and there waited, with much\\nanxiety and solicitude, for Cyrus to cowQ on.\\nThe Lydian army was superior to that of\\nCyrus in cavalry, and as the place where the\\nbattle was to be fought was a plain, which was\\nthe kind of ground most favorable for the\\noperations of that species of force, Cyrus felt\\nsome solicitude in respect to the impression\\nwhich might be made by it on his army.\\nNothing is more terrible than the onset of a\\nsquadron of horse when charging an enemy\\nupon the field of battle. They come in vast\\nbodies, sometimes consisting of many thou-\\nsands, with the speed of the wind, the men\\nflourishing their sabers, and rending the air", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 145\\nwith the most unearthly cries, those in advance\\nbeing driven irresistibly oq by the weight and\\nimpetus of the masses behind. The dreadful\\ntorrent bears down and overwhelms everything\\nthat attempts to resist its way. They trample\\none another and their enemies together promis-\\ncuously in the dust; the foremost of the\\ncolumn press on with the utmost fury, afraid\\nquite as much of the headlong torrent of friends\\ncoming on behind them, as of the line of fixed\\nand motionless enemies who stand ready to re-\\nceive them before. These enemies, stationed\\nto withstand the charge, arrange themselves in\\ntriple or quadruple rows, with the shafts of\\ntheir spears planted against the ground, and\\nthe points directed forward and upward to re-\\nceive the advancing horsemen. These spears\\ntransfix and kill the foremost horses but those\\nthat come on behind, leaping and plunging\\nover their fallen companions, soon break\\nthrough the lines and put their enemies to\\nflight, in a scene of indescribable havoc and\\nconfusion.\\nCroesus had large bodies of horse, while\\nCyrus had no efficient troops to oppose them.\\nHe had a great number of camels in the rear of\\nhis army, which had been employed as beasts\\nof burden to transport the baggage and stores\\nof the army on their march. Cyrus concluded\\nto make the experiment of opposing these\\ncamels to the cavalry. It is frequently said by", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "146 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nthe ancient historians that the horse has a\\nnatural antipathy to the camel, and cannot bear\\neither the smell or the sight of one, though\\nthis is not found to be the case at the present\\nday. However the fact might have been in\\nthis respect, Cyrus determined to arrange the\\ncamels in his front as he advanced into battle.\\nHe accordingly ordered the baggage to be re-\\nmoved, and, releasing their ordinary drivers\\nfrom the charge of them, he assigned each one\\nto the care of a soldier, who was to mount\\nhim, armed with a spear. Even if the sup-\\nposed antipathy of the horse for the camel did\\nnot take effect, Cyrus thought that their large\\nand heavy bodies, defended by the spears of\\ntheir riders, would afford the most effectual\\nmeans of resistance against the shock of the\\nLydian squadrons that he was now able to\\ncommand.\\nThe battle commenced, and the squadrons of\\nhorse came on. But, as soon as they came\\nnear the camels, it happened that, either from\\nthe influence of the antipathy above referred\\nto, or from alarm at the novelty of the spectacle\\nof such huge and misshapen beasts, or else be-\\ncause of the substantial resistance which the\\ncamels and the spears of their riders made to\\nthe shock of their charge, the horses were soon\\nthrown into confusion and put to flight. In\\nfact, a general panic seized them, and they be-\\ncame totally unmanageable. Some threw their", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 147\\nriders; others, seized with a sort of frenzy,\\nbecame entirely independent of control. They\\nturned, and trampled the foot soldiers of their\\nown army under foot, and threw the whole\\nbody into disorder. The consequence was,\\nthat the army of Croesus was wholly defeated\\nthey fled in confusion, and crowded in vast\\nthrongs through the gates into the city, and\\nfortified themselves there.\\nCyrus advanced to the city, invested it\\nclosely on all sides, and commenced a siege.\\nBut the appearances were not very encourag-\\ning. The walls were lofty, thick, and strong,\\nand the numbers within the city were amply\\nsufficient to guard them. Nor was the pros-\\npect much more promising of being soon able\\nto reduce the city by famine. The wealth of\\nCroesus had enabled him to lay up almost in-\\nexhaustible stores of food and clothing, as well\\nas treasures of silver and gold. He hoped,\\ntherefore, to be able to hold out against the\\nbesiegers until help should come from some of\\nhis allies. He had sent messengers to them,\\nasking them to come to his rescue without any\\ndelay, before he was shut up in the city.\\nThe city of Sardis was built in a position\\nnaturally strong, and one part of the wall\\npassed over rocky precipices which were con-\\nsidered entirely impassable. There was a sort\\nof glen or rocky gorge in this quarter, outside\\nof the walls, down which dead bodies were", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "148 CYRUS THE GREAT\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nthrown on one occasion subsequently, at a time\\nwhen the city was besieged, and beasts and\\nbirds of prey fed upon them there undisturbed,\\nso lonely was the place and so desolate. In\\nfact, the walls that crowned these precipices\\nwere considered absolutely inaccessible, and\\nwere very slightly built and very feebly\\nguarded. There was an ancient legend that,\\na long time before, when a certain Males was\\nking of Lydia, one of his wives had a son in\\nthe form of a lion, whom they called Leon, and\\nan oracle declared that if this Leon were car-\\nried around the walls of the city, it would be\\nrendered impregnable, and should never be\\ntaken. They carried Leon, therefore, around,\\nso far as the regular walls extended, When\\nthey came to this precipice of rocks, they re-\\nturned, considering that this part of the city\\nwas impregnable without any such ceremony.\\nA spur or eminence from the mountain of\\nTmolus, which was behind the city, projected\\ninto it at this point, and there was a strong\\ncitadel built upon its summit.\\nCyrus continued the siege fourteen days, and\\nthen he determined that he must, in some way\\nor other, find the means of carrying it by as-\\nsault, and to do this he must find some place\\nto scale the walls. He accordingly sent a\\nparty of horsemen around to explore every\\npart, offering them a large reward if they\\nwould find any place where an entrance could", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyrua", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 149\\nbe effected. The horsemen made the circuit,\\nand reported that their search had been in\\nvain. At length a certain soldier, named\\nHyrseades, after studying for some time the\\nprecipices on the side which had been deemed\\ninaccessible, saw a sentinel, who was stationed\\non the walls above, leave his post and come\\nclimbing down the rocks for some distance to\\nget his helmet, which had accidentally dropped\\ndown. Hyrseades watched him both as he\\ndescended and as he returned. He reflected\\non this discovery, communicated it to others,\\nand the practicability of scaling the rock and\\nthe walls at that point was discussed. In the\\nend, the attempt was made and was successful.\\nHyrgeades went up first, followed by a few\\ndaring spirits who were ambitious of the glory\\nof the exploit. They were not at first observed\\nfrom above. The way being thus shown, great\\nnumbers followed on, and so large a force suc-\\nceeded in thus gaining an entrance that the\\ncity was taken.\\nIn the dreadful confusion and din of the\\nstorming of the city, Croesus himself had a\\nvery narrow escape from death. He was saved\\nby the miraculous speaking of his deaf and\\ndumb son at least such is the story. Cyrus\\nhad given positive orders to his soldiers, both\\nbefore the great battle on the plain and during\\nthe siege, that, though they might slay whom-\\never else they pleased, they must not harm", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "150 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nCroesus, but must take him alive. During the\\ntime of the storming of the town, when the\\nstreets were filled with infuriated soldiers,\\nthose on the one side wild with the excitement\\nof triumph, and those on the other maddened\\nwith rage and despair, a party, rushing along,\\novertook Croesus and his helpless son, whom\\nthe unhappy father, it seems, was making a\\ndesperate effort to save. The Persian soldiers\\nwere about to transfix Croesus with their\\nspears, when the son, who had never spoken\\nbefore, called out, It is Croesus; do not kill\\nhim. The soldiers were arrested by the\\nwords, and saved the monarch s life. They\\nmade him prisoner, and bore him away to\\nCyrus.\\nCroesus had sent, a long time before, to in-\\nquire of the Delphic oracle by what means the\\npower of speech could be restored to his son.\\nThe answer was, that that was a boon which\\nhe had better not ask for the day on which\\nhe should hear his son speak for the first\\ntime would be the darkest and most unhappy\\nday of his life.\\nCyrus had not ordered his soldiers to spare\\nthe life of Croesus in battle from any senti-\\nment of humanity toward him, but because he\\nwished to have his case reserved for his own\\ndecision. When Croesus was brought to him\\na captive, he ordered him to be put in chains,\\nand carefully guarded. As soon as some de-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Cyrus, Jai i.p. mo\\nCroesus Brought Before Cyrus.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 151\\ngree of order was restored in the city, a large\\nfuneral pile was erected, by his directions, in\\na public square, and Croesus was brought to\\nthe spot. Fourteen Lydian young men, the\\nsons, probably, of the most prominent men in\\nthe state, were with him. The pile was large\\nenough for them all, and they were placed upon\\nit. They were all laid upon the wood. Croe-\\nsus raised himself and looked around, survey-\\ning with extreme consternation and horror the\\npreparations which were making for lighting\\nthe pile. His heart sank within him as he\\nthought of the dreadful fate that was before\\nhim. The spectators stood by in solemn\\nsilence, awaiting the end. Croesus broke this\\nawful pause by crying out, in a tone of anguish\\nand despair:\\nOh Solon! Solon! Solon!\\nThe officers who had charge of the execution\\nasked him what he meant. Cyrus, too, who\\nwas himself personally superintending the\\nscene, asked for an explanation. Croesus was,\\nfor a time, too much agitated and distracted to\\nreply. There were difficulties in respect to\\nlanguage, too, which embarrassed the conversa-\\ntion, as the two kings could speak to each other\\nonly through an interpreter. At length Croe-\\nsus gave an account of his interview with\\nSolon, and of the sentiment which the philoso-\\npher had expressed, that no one could decide\\nwhether a man was truly prosperous and", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "152 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nhappy till it was cletGrmined liow his life was\\nto end. Cyrus was greatly interested in this\\nnarrative; but, in the meantime, the interpret-\\ning of the conversation had been slow, a con-\\nsiderable period had elapsed, and the officers\\nhad lighted the fire. The pile had been made\\nextremely combustible, and the fire was rapidly\\nmaking its way through the M hole mass. Cy-\\nrus eagerly ordered it to be extinguished. The\\nefforts which the soldiers made for this pur-\\npose seemed, at first, likely to be fruitless; but\\nthey were aided very soon by a sudden shower\\nof rain, which, coming down from the moun-\\ntains, began, just at this time, to fall; and\\nthus the fiames were extinguished, and Croesus\\nand the captives saved.\\nCyrus immediately, with a fickleness very\\ncommon among great monarchs in the treat-\\nment of both enemies and favorites, began to\\nconsider Croesus as his friend. He ordered\\nhim to be unbound, brought him near his per-\\nson, and treated him with great consideration\\nand honor.\\nCroesus remained after this for a long time,\\nwith Cyrus, and accompanied him in his sub-\\nsequc^nt campaigns. He was very much in-\\ncensed at the oracle at Delphi for having de-\\nceived him by its false responses and predic-\\ntions, and thus led him into the terrible snare\\ninto which he had fallen. He procured the\\nfetters with which he had been chained when", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Oyrua, ji. lan\\nCroesus on the Funeral Pile.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF LYDIA. 155\\nplaced upon the pile, and sent them to Delphi,\\nwith orders that they should be thrown down\\nupon the threshold of the temple the visible\\nsymbol of his captivity and ruin as a re-\\nproach to the oracle for having deluded him\\nand caused his destruction. In doing this,\\nthe messengers were to ask the oracle whether\\nimposition like that which had been practiced\\non Croesus was the kind of gratitude it evinced\\nto one who had enriched it by such a pro-\\nfusion of offerings and gifts.\\nTo this the priests of the oracle said in re-\\nply, that the destruction of the Lydian dynasty\\nhad long been decreed by the Fates, in retri-\\nbution for the guilt of Gyges,the founder of the\\nline. He had murdered his master, and\\nusurped the throne, without any title to it\\nwhatever. The judgments of heaven had been\\ndenounced upon Gyges for this crime, to fall\\non himself or on some of his descendants.\\nThe Pythian Apollo at Delphi had done all in\\nhis power to postpone the falling of the blow\\nuntil after the death of Croesus, on account of\\nthe munificent benefactions which he had made\\nto the oracle but he had been unable to effect\\nit the decrees of Fate were inexorable. All\\nthat the oracle could do was to postpone as it\\nhad done, it said, for three years the execu-\\ntion of the sentence, and to give Croesus warn-\\ning of the evil that was impending. This had\\nbeen done by announcing to him that his cross-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "156\\nCYRUS TIIK GRKAT.\\ninj? the Halys would cmise the destruction of a\\nmighty empire, meauiog that of Lydia, and\\nalso by informing him that when he should\\niiiid a mule uj)()ii the throne of Media he must\\nexj)0(!t to loHe his own. Cyrus, who was de-\\nscended, on the father s side, from the Persian\\nstock, and on the mother s from that of Media,\\nwas the hybrid sovereign represented by the\\nmule.\\nWhen this answer was reported to Crooaus,\\nit is said that he was satisfied with the expla-\\nnations, and admitted that the oracle was\\nriglit, and that he hinjself had been unreason-\\nable and wrong. However this may be, it is\\ncertain that, among mankind at large, since\\nCr(K^sus day, there has been a great dis])osi-\\ntion to overlook whatever of criminality there\\nmay have been in the falsehood and imposture\\nof the oracle, through admiration of the\\nadroitness and dexterity which its ministers\\nevincuul in saving themselves from exposure.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK VIII.\\nTHE CONQUEST OF BABYLON.\\nIn Ijih advauoe toward the (lomiuioiis of\\nCroeans in Asia Minor, Cyrus had passed to\\nthe Dortliward of the groat and celebrated city\\nof l^abylon. J}al)yloii was on the Eiipliratns,\\ntoward the scjiitherii part of Asia. It wan the\\nca[)ital of a hirgo and very fertik) region,\\nwhich extended on botli sides of the Euphrates\\ntoward the Persian Gulf. The limits of the\\ncountry, however, which was subject to J3aby-\\nlon, varied very much at different times, as\\nthey were extended or contracted by nwolutions\\nand wars.\\nTh(3 liiver Euphrates was the great source of\\nfertility f(jr the wiiole region through whic^h it\\nflowed. The country watered ])y this river\\nwas very densely ])o|)ulai Hl, and tlie inhal)i-\\ntants were industrious and peacealile, (ndtivat-\\ning their land, and living cpiietly and hajjpily\\non its fruits. Tlie surface was intersected with\\ncanals, whicli tlie ])eoi)k) had made for convey-\\ning the water of the river over the land for tlie\\npurijose of irrigating it. Some of these canals\\n157", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "158 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwere navigable. There was one great trunk\\nwhich passed from the Euphrates to the Tigris,\\nsupplying many minor canals by the way, that\\nwas navigable for vessels of considerable bur-\\nden.\\nThe traffic of the country was, however,\\nmainly conducted by means of boats of moder-\\nate size, the construction of which seemed to\\nHerodotus very curious and remarkable. The\\ncity was enormously large, and required im-\\nmense supplies of food, which were brought\\ndown in these boats from the agricultural\\ncountry above. The boats were made in the\\nfollowing manner first a frame was built, of\\nthe shape of the intended boat, broad and\\nshallow, and with the stem and stern of the\\nsame form. This frame was made of willows,\\nlike a basket, and, when finished, was covered\\nwith a sheathing of skins. A layer of reeds\\nwas then spread over the bottom of the boat to\\nprotect the frame, and to distribute evenly the\\npressure of the cargo. The boat, thus fin-\\nished, was laden with the produce of the\\ncountry, and was then floated down the river\\nto Babylon. In this navigation, the boatmen\\nwere careful to protect the leather sheathing\\nfrom injury by avoiding all contact with rocks,\\nor even with the gravel of the shores. They\\nkept their craft in the middle of the stream by\\nmeans of two oars, or, rather, an oar and a\\npaddle, which were worked, the first at the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON. 159\\nbows and the second at the stern. The ad-\\nvance of the boat was in some measure acceler-\\nated by these boatmen, though their main\\nfunction was to steer their vessel by keeping it\\nout of eddies and away from projecting points\\nof land and directing its course to those parts\\nof the stream where the current was swiftest,\\nand where it would consequently be borne for-\\nward most rapidly to its destination.\\nThese boats were generally of very consider-\\nable size, and they carried, in addition to their\\ncargo and crew, one or more beasts of burden\\ngenerally asses or mules. These animals\\nwere allowed the pleasure, if any pleasure it\\nwas to them, of sailing thus idly down the\\nstream, for the sake of having them at hand at\\nthe end of the voyage, to carry back again, up\\nthe country, the skins, which constituted the\\nmost valuable portion of the craft they sailed\\nin. In was found that these skins, if care-\\nfully preserved, could be easily transported up\\nthe river, and would answer the purpose of a\\nsecond voyage. Accordingly, when the boats\\narrived at Babylon, the cargo was sold, the\\nboats were broken up, the skins were folded\\ninto packs, and in this form the mules carried\\nthem up the river again, the boatmen driving\\nthe mules as they walked by their side.\\nBabylon was a city of immense extent and\\nmagnitude. In fact, the accounts given of the\\nspace which it covered have often been con-", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "160 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nsidered incredible. These accounts make tbe\\nspace which was included within the walls\\nfour or five times as large as London. A great\\ndeal of this space was, however, occupied by\\nparks and gardens connected with the royal\\npalaces, and by open squares. Then, besides,\\nthe houses occupied by the common people in\\nthe ancient cities were of fewer stories in\\nheight, and consequently more extended on the\\nground, than those built in modern times. In\\nfact, it is probable that, in many instances,\\nthey were mere ranges of huts and hovels, as\\nis the case, indeed, to a considerable extent,\\nin Oriental cities, at the present day, so that\\nit is not at all impossible that even so large an\\narea as four or five times the size of London\\nmay have been included within the fortifica-\\ntions of the city.\\nIn respect to the walls of the city,- very ex-\\ntraordinary and apparently contradictory ac-\\ncounts are given by the various ancient authors\\nwho described them. Some make them\\nseventy-five, and others two or three hundred\\nfeet high. There have been many discussions\\nin respect to the comparative credibility of\\nthese several statements, and some ingenious\\nattempts have been made to reconcile them. It\\nis not, however, at all surprising that there\\nshould be such a diversity in the dimensions\\ngiven, for the walling of an ancient city was\\nseldom of the same height in all places. The", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON. 161\\nstructure necessarily varied according to the\\nnature of the ground, being high wherever the\\nground without was such as to give the enemy\\nan advantage in an attack, and lower in other\\nsituations, where the conformation of the sur-\\nface was such as to afford, of itself, a partial\\nprotection. It is not, perhaps, impossible\\nthat, at some particular points as, for ex-\\nample, across glens and ravines, or along\\nsteep declivities the walls of Babylon may\\nhave been raised even to the very extraordi-\\nnary height which Herodotus ascribes to them.\\nThe walls were made of bricks, and the\\nbricks were formed of clay and earth, which\\nwas dug from a trench made outside of the\\nlines. This trench served the purpose of a\\nditch, to strengthen the fortification when the\\nwall was completed. The water from the\\nriver, and from streams flowing toward the\\nriver, was admitted to these ditches on every\\nside, and kept them always full.\\nThe sides of these ditches were lined with\\nbricks too, which were made, like those of the\\nwalls, from the earth obtained from the exca-\\nvations. They used for all this masonry a\\ncement made from a species of bitumen, which\\nwas found in great quantities floating down one\\nof the rivers which flowed into the Euphrates,\\nin the neighborhood of Babylon.\\nThe Kiver Euphrates itself flowed through\\nthe city. There was a breastwork or low wall\\n12 Cvrus", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "162 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nalong the banks of it on either side, with\\nopenings at the terminations of the streets\\nleading to the water, and flights of steps to go\\ndown. These openings were secured by gates\\nof brass, which, when closed, would prevent an\\nenemy from gaining access to the city from\\nthe river. The great streets, which terminated\\nthus at the river on one side, extended to the\\nwalls of the city on the other, and they were\\ncrossed by other streets at right angles to\\nthem. In the outer walls of the city, at the\\nextremities of all these streets, were massive\\ngates of brass, with hinges and frames of the\\nsame metal. There were a hundred of these\\ngates in all. They were guarded by watch-\\ntowers on the walls above. The watchtowers\\nwere built on both the inner and outer faces of\\nthe wall, and the wall itself was so broad that\\nthere was room between these watchtowers for\\na chariot and four to drive and turn.\\nThe river, of course, divided the city into\\ntwo parts. The king s palace was in the cen-\\nter of one of these divisions, within a vast cir-\\ncular inclosure, which contained the palace\\nbuildings, together with the spacious courts,\\nand parks, and gardens pertaining to them.\\nIn the center of the other division was a cor-\\nresponding inclosure, which contained the\\ngreat temple of Belus. Here there was a very\\nlofty tower, divided into eight separate tow-\\ners one above another, with a winding stair-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON.\\n1G3\\ncase to ascend to the summit. In the upper\\nstory waf? a sort of chapel, with a couch, and\\na table, and other furniture for use in the\\nsacred ceremonies, all of gold. Above this,\\non the highest platform of all, was a grand\\nobservatory, where the l^aby Ionian astrologers\\nmade their celestial observations.\\nThere was a bridge across the river, connect-\\ning one section of the city with the other, and\\nit is said that there was a subterranean passage\\nunder the river also, which was used as a pri-\\nvate communication between two public edifices\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094palaces or citadels\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which were situated\\nnear the extremities of the bridge. All these\\nconstructions were of the most grand and im-\\nposing character. In addition to the archi-\\ntectural magnificence of the buildings, the gates\\nand walls were embellished with a great variety\\nof sculptures: images of animals, of every\\nform and in every attitude and men, single\\nand in groups, models of great sovereigns, and\\nrepresentations of hunting scenes, battle\\nscenes, and great events in the Babylonian\\nhistory.\\nThe most remarkable, however, of all the\\nwondersof Babylon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 though perhaps not built\\ntill after Cyrus time\u00e2\u0080\u0094 were what were called\\nthe hanging gardens. Although called the\\nhanging gardens, they were not suspended in\\nany manner, as the name might denote, but\\nwere supported upon arches and walls. The", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "164 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\narches and walls sustained a succession of ter-\\nraces, rising one above another, with broad\\nflights of steps for ascending to them, and on\\nthese terraces the gardens were made. The\\nupper terrace, or platform, was several hundred\\nfeet from the ground so high, that it was nec-\\nessary to build arches upon arches within, in\\norder to attain the requisite elevation. The\\nlateral thrust of these arches was sustained by\\na wall twenty -five feet in thickness, which sur-\\nrounded the garden on all sides, and rose as\\nhigh as the lowermost tier of arches, upon\\nwhich would, of course, be concentrated the\\npressure and weight of all the pile. The\\nwhole structure thus formed a sort of artificial\\nhill, aquare in form, and rising, in a succes-\\nsion of terraces, to a broad and level area upon\\nthe top. The extent of this grand square upon\\nthe summit was four hundred feet upon each\\nside.\\nThe surface which served as the foundation\\nfor the gardens that adorned these successive\\nterraces and the area above was formed in the\\nfollowing manner Over the masonry of the\\narches there was laid a pavement of broad flat\\nstones, sixteen feet long and four feet wide.\\nOver these there was placed a stratum of\\nreeds, laid in bitumen, and above them another\\nflooring of bricks, cemented closely together,\\nso as to be impervious to water. To make the\\nsecurity complete in this respect, the upper", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON. 165\\nsurface of this brick flooring was covered with\\nsheets of lead, overlapping each other in such\\na manner as to convey all the water which\\nmight percolate through the mold away to the\\nsides of the garden. The earth and mold were\\nplaced upon this surface, thus prepared, and\\nthe stratum was so deep as to allow large trees\\nto take root and grow in it. There was an en-\\ngine constructed in the middle of the upper\\nterrace, by which water could be drawn up\\nfrom the river, and distributed over every part\\nof the vast pile.\\nThe gardens, thus completed, were filled to\\nprofusion with every species of tree, and plant,\\nand vine, which could produce fruit or flowers\\nto enrich or adorn such a scene. Every\\ncountry in communication with Babylon was\\nmade to contribute something to increase the\\nendless variety of floral beauty which was here\\nliterally enthroned. Gardeners of great ex-\\nperience and skill were constantly employed in\\ncultivating the parterres, pruning the fruit\\ntrees and the vines, preserving the walks, and\\nintroducing new varieties of vegetation. In a\\nword, the hanging gardens of Babylon became\\none of the wonders of the world.\\nThe country in the neighborhood of Babylon,\\nextending from the river on either hand, was\\nin general level and low, and subject to inun-\\ndations. One of the sovereigns of the country,\\na queen named Nitocris, had formed the grand", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "166 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ndesign of constructing an immense lake, to take\\noff the superfluous water in case of a flood, and\\nthus prevent an overflow. She also opened a\\ngreat number of lateral and winding channels\\nfor the river, wherever the natural disposition\\nof the surface afforded facilities for doing so,\\nand the earth which was taken out in the\\ncourse of these excavations was employed in\\nraising the banks by artificial terraces, such\\nas are made to confine the Mississippi at New\\nOrleans, and are there called levees. The\\nobject of Nitocris in these measures was two-\\nfold. She wished, in the first place, to open\\nall practicable channels for the flow of the\\nwater, and then to confine the current within\\nthe channels thus made. She also wished to\\nmake the navigation of the stream as intricate\\nand complicated as possible, so that, while the\\nnatives of the country might easily find their\\nway, in boats, to the capital, a foreign enemy,\\nif he should make the attempt, might be con-\\nfused and lost. These were the rivers of\\nBabylon on the banks of which the captive\\nJews sat down and wept when they remembered\\nZion.\\nThis queen Nitocris seems to have been\\nquite distinguished for her engineering and\\narchitectural plans. It was she that built the\\nbridge across the Euphrates, within the city\\nFrom the French word levee, raised.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON, 167\\nand as there was a feeling of jealousy and ill-\\nwill, as usual in such a case, between the two\\ndivisions of the town which the river formed,\\nshe caused the bridge to be constructed with a\\nmovable platform or draw, by means of which\\nthe communication might be cut off at pleas-\\nure. This draw was generally up at night and\\ndown by day.\\nHerodotus relates a curious anecdote of this\\nqueen, which, if true, evinces in another way\\nthe peculiar originality of mind and the in-\\ngenuity which characterized all her operations.\\nShe caused her tomb to be built, before her\\ndeath, over one of the principal gates of the\\ncity. Upon the facade of this monument was\\na very conspicuous inscription to this effect\\n**If any one of the sovereigns, my successors,\\nshall be in extreme want of money, let him\\nopen my tomb and take what he may think\\nproper; but let him not resort to this resource\\nunless the urgency is extreme.\\nThe tomb remained for some time after the\\nqueen s death quite undisturbed. In fact, the\\npeople of the city avoided this gate altogether,\\non account of the dead body deposited above\\nit, and the spot became well-nigh deserted.\\nAt length, in process of time, a subsequent\\nsovereign, being in want of money, ventured\\nto open the tomb. He found, however, no\\nmoney within. The gloomy vault contained\\nnothing but the dead body of the queen, and", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "ICR CYRTTR TTTE CKKAT.\\na labol wiili iliiH iiiHcripiioii If your av;iru;o\\nworci iioi iH iMH!iii;il)l(i ;i,h ii in l);iHn, you would\\nnot liuvo iiiirudod on IIk^ nijioHo of ilin dojid.\\nJi WHH j\u00c2\u00bboi Hur])riHi]iK tiiut (J.yriiH, Ji/iviiig\\nb(Miii HO Hii(U!( HHfui ill Ilin (iniorpriHOH tluiH far,\\nnlioidd now Ix^Kiu io turn Imh ihou^liiH toward\\nihiH Ki ^J Iiah.yloiiian oiM|)ij(\\\\ and to Uh)\\\\ a\\n(IdHirn to hriuK it und(n liiH Hway. Tlu) lirHt\\ntliiiiK, liownvcvr, waH to conliriii njid H(U -iirn Iiim\\nLydiaii concjunMirt. I hi H|)(iiit hoiik^ tiiru^, tlKvn^-\\nfor( in i)\\\\y,n,\\\\\\\\\\\\ /A\\\\\\\\^ and ai ran)j;inj at SardiH,\\ni\\\\u) ;i,n aiiH ol tlio jkuv govdrnnnint whi(vh lici waH\\nto Hnl)Htitnio for tliat of OnxiHUH tluvn^. Ilo\\nd(iHiKMat(Ml (r(vrt;iin poitioiiH of liis army to bo\\nloft for ^^jirriHonH in tlu^ (5on iu(vr Hl oiiicm. J In\\na| |K int(ul INvrninJi olVu^vrH, of ourHci, to (lonj-\\nni.-i.n\u00c2\u00abl tlinM i forcdH; but, aH lio winluMl to con-\\n(uli;i.to tlin hydijuiK, Ik^ ^ippointod many of tlio\\nmuni(^i|)al and (liril olFuMnKof tli(MV)nntry from\\na,monK tluwn. I Ihwc^ would ap|MMir to bo no\\ndanK ^i in doinj.^ thin, as, by KiviiiK tJu^ oom-\\nnijuid of th(i army to INvrHiiinH, Jk^ rcitaiiuMl all\\ntho nm\\\\ powor iliroctly in ITih own liandw.\\nOnn of tli(iH i divil ollicorH, i\\\\u) most import-\\njint, in fact, of all, w.im Uh) jjjrand troannrc^r.\\nTo Jiini (/yiiis commitlnd iJui (iliai^ii of tho\\nntoroH of ^i U[ juid hIIvoi- \\\\vlii(tli (lanu^ into Iuh\\nj)OHH(iHMion id S.-irdiH, .ind of tlu^ rivviMUK^s\\nwliicli w(U o aft viward to juu .ruo. (lyruH a,p-\\n])oinl(id n, Lydian namod TjictyaH to thin trnst,\\nLoping by HU(vh nioaBuros to coiuuliato tLo", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "TIIK CONQUKST OF HAHYLON. l.( 9\\n|)(u)|)l() of ilio r^oiiniry, mtuI io rriak tli(^rn morn\\nroiiiiy to Hubinii to hiH Hwiiy. V\\\\\\\\\\\\]\\\\^h Itniii}^\\ntluiH Hrr;mK Ml, (y.yT iiH, tjil^iriK OroiHiiH with\\nliiiri, Hoi out with tlio iruiiu ariny to n^tiirii\\ntovvjird tli(^ l^lust.\\nAh Hoon ;iH lio li;i(l Idft liy li;i, I*;i( ,tyn,H nx-\\n(iitnd tli(^ liydi. iJiH io rc^volt. V\\\\n) luunn of tlin\\n(!oirririJiH(lnr-iii-(!lii(if of llin inilit;iry fon^c^H\\nwliic.li (lyruH li. id Inft w;iH r;i,l);iliiH. PacdyjiH\\njil)HTi(lonn l tho c/ity Jiud rotinul tow;ird tlin\\n5ojiHt, wIkwo }io coiitriv(Hl to raiHo a Ij^rgo\\nurtny, forirKul partly of JjydijiiiH niid ])M,! ily of\\n})odi iH of fonvij^Fi troopM, wlii(t]i Im wuh oiiahind\\nto liirn l)y innatiH of tlio trnaHiirnH whic li Oyrim\\nliad put uiidnr Jiin (\u00e2\u0080\u00a2,li;u I In tlmii advanctnd\\nto Hardin, took poHH( HHioii of tli(\u00c2\u00bb town, ;uid\\nHliiit ii|, ral)al;iH, wiili Imh l*nrHi;i,ii trooj)H, in\\ntlin nitadnl,\\nWlinn tlin tidinj^H of tlinH(^ (ivnritH n. urin to\\nCyruH, ho was vnry nmch incnnnnd, a,nd dnh^r-\\nTniiind to d(!Htroy th(i ;ii/y. ni;HUH, hownvnr,\\ni\u00c2\u00bbitnr *,(ulnd vnry nariinHtly in its hfihjilf. Iln\\nrn(5orninniidnd that yruM, inntnad of l)iiriiinj.\\nSardiH, nlioidd H(iud a Huni(viniit Uivco to diHarrri\\nthn popuhition, a,nd tli;i,t hn Hhoiild tlnvn njiant\\nHiinh hiWH a,]id rn;i,l(n Hiinh a,rniTij nm intM nH\\nHhoidd turn tiin mindn of thn jxtojiln to habits\\nof luxury and |)I(iaHuro. **J3y doiuK thin,\\nHaid (JroiHUH, tho p(iophi Avill, in a Hhort\\ntinin, bnnoinn ho (incvrv. it^Hl and ho nffnininato\\nthat you will fiavn nothijiji^ to fnar from thnm.", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "no\\n(JYKU:: iiii ;i .i*;ai\\nvi ilil in(ii(1(i(l on jMlnpiiiii. ilmt \\\\A}ii\\\\. Iht\\niiM|i/il lin(| III MnditMMiniiKMl IVIn/iniriMi, /ill oHiiMW\\nol iiiii (M liiy, id 1J|(^ lintul (\u00c2\u00bbf i\\\\, Hii oiifj; fonns with\\nordoi il In I M liiMili U M\u00c2\u00bbl.l llM, In |nliv\u00c2\u00abU* rn,l)j|,liiil\\nIVoiti It ill (huij-MU U Hni/n niid piii in dcuilli idl\\nilin lnM(l(U M ill i/ll(i livdiiui I niinllioii nxcnpiili^\\nI luiiyiiiH. I jiclyiiM vvniii l l n luivcd jJivd, and\\nH Uii II |)i iMiiiiiW to 1 y niii i n I nidini.\\nI lM^iynii did iioi wnii lor ilicinirivjd of IMii,-\\niil (^H. All iiooii im lii^ Ihuud of liiM n.|)|ii oii(di,\\nh(\\\\ (diMiiidoiKMl ilii^ Ki i *l. I xl I1 l iioi ili-\\nWlU dlv in jJin (liiy of (1\\\\ inn, jiiid iioiif. ihi rnfilf^t^\\nilini n. W linii l\\\\l(i,/,ii idM IdmI nwiclicd Miud in n.iid\\nrn iMil/iJiliMlind 1, 1 11^ f,^ov(U iiiu(ud( of y nil I ilmm,\\nlin iiniil iiiiMiiiiwi|j(nrH (.o yiu (lnniniiidiii|.^ ilin\\nHiirriiiitini of ili() fii^iiivi^\\nTIk^ |\u00c2\u00bbno|\u00c2\u00bbln of (lyiiM) \\\\V( rn iilUMU liii ii wlinllior\\nili(\\\\v oiii^jii roiiiply. V\\\\\\\\{\\\\\\\\ f\\\\ii[{\\\\ i\\\\\\\\nX I.Ik^.v\\nlllllHi lll Hi(M)MMI||i Hill OI IkOiK TIkU WMH II V(M\\\\V\\niili(ii(iid /Mid (lolifhr/iiind ot /K^ln iKuir IMilnliiM.\\nTIk^V H(UiI llinMIHWIf~ ;iM H io illiM OI JI.(1l(^ (((MlWUld\\niiifj; Io know wlinliii^r it \\\\V(U o /uMioidiiii. io ili()\\nwill nf ilii^ \\\\y,iH\\\\H oi- not, ilitdi ili ftif.^iiiv(i Hlioitid\\nl n /iiirf(*iidnr(Ml, TIki /iiiMwrr lironc,lii h.uiL\\nw/i.M, (liidi IIk^v inipld tnirr(Mi(l(\u00c2\u00abi liiin.\\nI liny worn iumm n d ii if- I y in. i.Kinc, /i,rrmif- ,tiin(iniM\\nfoi- doiii}. Hum. winwi oim of (Ii(\\\\ (dii /(MiH, a\\nvory |iroininnnl i.nd inllnonii. d mumi, iuuimmI\\nAriMlodioiiM, o\\\\|\u00c2\u00bbr(niM(ul liiniiiolf not MiitiMliod\\nwiili ili(^ rn|)l,N. did ii\u00c2\u00ab)t tliiiilv it |ioMttililo,\\nlutHiud.tliiii ili(\\\\ oniul(UH)uld i-(willv oiiiiS( l tlioiii", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON. 171\\nto deliver up a helpless fugitive tohiseuemiois.\\nThe raesseugers must have misunderstood or\\nmisreported the answer which they had re-\\nceived. He finally persuaded his countrymen\\nto send a second embassy he himself was\\nl)laced at the head of it. On their arrival,\\nArirttodicus addressed the oracle as follows\\nTo avoid a cruel death from the Persians,\\nPactyas, a Lydinn fled to us for refuge. The\\nPersians deinandod that we should surrender\\nhim. Much as we are afraid of their power,\\nwe are still more afraid to deliver up a help-\\nless su})p]iaut for protection without clear and\\ndecided directions from you.\\nThe embassy received to this demand the\\nsame reply as before.\\nStill Aristodicus was not satisfied; and, as\\nif by way of bringing home to the oracle some-\\nwhat more forcibly a sense of the true char-\\nacter of such an action as it seemed to recom-\\nmend, he began to make a circuit in the grove\\nwhich was around the temple in which the\\noracle resided, and to rob and destroy the\\nnests which the birds had built there, allured,\\napparently, by the sacred repose and quietude\\nof the scene. This had the desired effect. A\\nsolemn voice was heard from the interior of\\nthe temple, saying, in a warning tone:\\nImpious man! how dost thou dare to\\nmolest those who have placed themselves under\\nmy protection?", "height": "2996", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "172 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nTo this Aristodicus replied by asking the\\noracle how it was that it watched over and\\nguarded those who sought its own protection,\\nwhile it directed the people of Cyme to aban-\\ndon and betray suppliants for theirs. To this\\nthe oracle answered\\nI direct them to do it, in order that such\\nimpious men may the sooner bring down upon\\ntheir heads the judgments of heaven for having\\ndared to entertain even the thought of deliver-\\ning up a helpless fugitive.\\nWhen this answer was reported to the people\\nof Cyme, they did not dare to give Pactyas up,\\nnor, on the other hand, did they dare to incur\\nthe enmity of the Persians by retaining and\\nprotecting him. They accordingly sent him\\nsecretly away. The emissaries of Mazares,\\nhowever, followed him. They kept constantly\\non his track, demanding him successively of\\nevery city where the hapless fugitive sought\\nrefuge, until, at length, partly by threats and\\npartly by a reward, they induced a certain city\\nto surrender him. Mazares sent him, a\\nprisoner, to Cyrus. Soon after this Mazares\\nhimself died, and Harpagus was appointed\\ngovernor of Lydia in his stead.\\nIn the meantime, Cyrus went on with his\\nconquests in the heart of Asia, and at length,\\nin the course of a few years, he had completed\\nhis arrangements and preparations for the at-\\ntack on Babylon. He advaneed at the head of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF BABYLON. 173\\na large force to the vicinity of the city. The\\nKing of Babylon, whose name was Belshazzar,\\nwithdrew within the walls, shut the gates, and\\nfelt perfectly secure. A simple wall was in\\nthose days a very effectual protection against\\nany armed force whatever, if it was only high\\nenough not to be scaled, and thick enough to\\nresist the blows of a battering-ram. The\\nartillery of modern times would have speedily\\nmade a fatal breach in such structures but\\nthere was nothing but the simple force of man,\\napplied through brazen-headed beams of wood,\\nin those days, and Belshazzar knew well that\\nhis walls would bid all such modes of demoli-\\ntion a complete defiance. He stationed his\\nsoldiers, therefore, on the walls, and his senti-\\nnels in the watchtowers, while he himself, and\\nall the nobles of his court, feeling perfectly\\nsecure in their impregnable condition, and\\nbeing abundantly supplied with all the means\\nthat the whole empire could furnish, both for\\nsustenance and enjoyment, gave themselves up,\\nin their spacious palaces and gardens, to gay-\\nety, festivity, and pleasure.\\nCyrus advanced to the city. He stationed\\none large detachment of his troops at the open-\\ning in the main walls where the river entered\\ninto the city, and another one below, where it\\nissued from it. These detachments were\\nordered to march into the city by the bed of\\nthe river, as soon as they should observe the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "174\\nCYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwater subsiding. He then employed a vast\\nforce of laborers to open new channels, and to\\nwiden and deepen those which had existed be-\\nfore, for the purpose of drawing off the waters\\nfrom their usual bed. When these passages\\nwere thus prepared, the water was let into them\\none night, at a time previously designated,\\nand it soon ceased to flow through the city.\\nThe detachments of soldiers marched in over\\nthe bed of the stream, carrying with them vast\\nnumbers of ladders. With these they easily\\nscaled the low walls which lined the banks of\\nthe river, and Belshazzar was thunderstruck\\nwith the announcement made to him in the\\nmidst of one of his feasts that the Parsians\\nwere in complete and full possession of the\\ncity.\\nBelshazzar s Feast.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK IX.\\nTHE KESTOEATION OF THE JEWS.\\nThe period of the invasion of Babylonia by\\nCyrus, and the taking of the city, was during\\nthe time while the Jews were in captivity\\nthere. Cyrus was their deliverer. It results\\nfrom this circumstance that the name of Cyrus\\nis connected with sacred history more than\\nthat of any other great conqueror of ancient\\ntimes.\\nIt was a common custom in the early ages of\\nthe world for powerful sovereigns to take the\\npeople of a conquered country captive, and\\nmake them slaves. They employed them, to\\nsome extent, as personal household servants,\\nbut more generally as agricultural laborers, to\\ntill the lands.\\nAn account of the captivity of the Jews in\\nBabylon is given briefly in the closing chap-\\nters of the second book of Chronicles, though\\nmany of the attendant circumstances are more\\nfully detailed in the book of Jeremiah. Jere-\\nmiah was a prophet who lived in the time of\\nthe captivity. Nebuchadnezzar, the king of\\n13-Cyrua 175", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "170 CYRUS TTTE GREAT.\\nBabylon, made r j)0}it(Hl iiioiirHionfl into the\\nland \u00c2\u00bbF .IiKhia, HoniniirrKiH oarryinjjj away tlio\\nroi^^niiiK ]n()nar(5li, HoinoiininH di^poHiiig liini\\nand appointing nnotJior sovereign in liin Htnad,\\nHoindtinK^H aHHOHHinK a tax or tribnto u])on tho\\nland, and Honu^tinu^H ])lnndnrinj^ tlm city, and\\ncarry in^ away all tlio i^uid and Hilvnr that lio\\nc5onld iind. Thus the kings and tho people\\nwere kept in a continual state of anxiety and\\nterror for many years, exi)OHKMl incesflantly to\\nthe inroadn of this nation of robbers and ])hin-\\nderers, that had, so unfortunately for them,\\nfound their way across their frontiers. King\\nZedc^kiahwas the last of this oppressed and un-\\nhai)])y line of Jewish kings.\\nTli.e pro])het Jereniiah was accustomed to\\ndenounce the sins of tlie Jewish nation, by\\nwhi(th th(^S(^ ttnribh) ealanntit^s had been\\nbrought upon tlu^m, with gn^at conrage, and\\nwitli an (vIcMiuencui solemn and sublime. He\\ndcelanul tliat the miseries which the pe()])le\\nsullnrcHl wer(^ tlu^ spcu .ial judgnuvnts of h(\u00c2\u00bbiv(ui,\\nand he ])roclaimed re])(^at(Hlly and opeidy, and\\nin tlie most ])ublic placum of the city, still\\nheavier (^n,l;imiti(m which he said were imi)end-\\ning. The peoph) were troubhul and distresscul\\nat these ])roph(^tic warnings, and some of them\\nwere deeply incensed against Jt^rcnniah for\\nuttering them. l ^inally, (m one occasion, he\\ntook liis stand in one of the public courts of\\nthe temple, and, addreswiug the concourse of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 177\\npriests and people that were there, he decLared\\ntliat, unless the nation roi)ont(ul of their sinn\\nand turned to God, the wliole city should l)e\\noverwhelmed. Even the Temple itself, the\\nsacred house of God, should bo destroyed, and\\nthe very site abandoned.\\nThe priests and the people who heard this\\ndenunciation were greatly exasperated. They\\nseized Jeremiali, and brought him before a\\ngn^at judicial assembly for trial. The judges\\nasked him why he uttered such predictions,\\ndeclaring that by doing so he acted like an\\nenemy to his country and atraitor,and that he\\ndeserved to die. The excitement was very\\ngreat against him, and the pojjulace could\\nhardly b(i restrained from open violence. In\\nthe midst of this scene Jeremiah was culm ajid\\nunmoved, and replied to their accusations as\\nfollows\\nEverything which I have said against this\\ncity and this house, I have said by the direc-\\ntion of the Lord Jehovah. Instead of resent-\\ning it, and being angry with me for delivering\\nmy messages, it becomes you to look at your\\nsins, and rei)ent of them, and forsake them.\\nIt may be that by so doing God will have\\nmercy upon you, and will av(irt the calamities\\nwhich otherwise will most certainly come. As\\nfor ruyself, here I am in your hands. You\\ncan deal with me just as you think Ixist. You\\ncan kill me if you will, but you may be assured", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "178 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nthat if you do so, you will briug the guilt and\\nthe consequences of shedding innocent blood\\nupon yourselves and upon this city. I have\\nsaid nothing and foretold nothing but by com-\\nmandment of the Lord.\\nThe speech produced, as might have been\\nexpected, a great division among the hearers.\\nSome were more angry than ever, and were\\neager to put the prophet to death. Others\\ndefended him, and insisted that he should not\\ndie. The latter, for the time, prevailed.\\nJeremiah was set at liberty, and continued his\\nearnest expostulations with the people on ac-\\ncount of their sins, and his terrible annuncia-\\ntions of the imi)ending ruin of the city just as\\nbefore.\\nThese unwelcome truths being so painful for\\nthe i:)eople to hear, other proi)hets soon began\\nto appear to utter contrary predictions, for the\\nsake, doubtless, of the popularity which they\\nshould themselves acquire by their promises\\nof returning peace and prosperity. The name\\nof one of these false prophets was Hananiah.\\nOn one occasion, Jeremiah, in order to present\\nand enforce what he had to say more effectually\\non the minds of the people by means of a\\nvisible symbol, made a small wooden yoke, by\\ndivine direction, and placed it upon his neck,\\nas a token of the bondage which his predic-\\nJeremiah, xxvi., 13-15.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 179\\ntions were threatening. Hananiah took this\\nyoke from his neck and broke it, saying that,\\nas he had thus broken Jeremiah s wooden\\nyoke, so God would break the yoke of Nebu-\\nchadnezzar from all nations within two years;\\nand then, even those of the Jews who had\\nalready been taken captive to Babylon should\\nreturn again in peace. Jeremiah replied that\\nHananiah s predictions were false, and that,\\nthough the wooden yoke was broken, God\\nwould make for Nebuchadnezzar a yoke of\\niron, with which he should bend the Jewish\\nnation in a bondage more cruel than ever.\\nStill, Jeremiah himself predicted that after\\nseventy years from the time when the last great\\ncaptivity should come, the Jews should all be\\nrestored again to their native land.\\nHe expressed this certain restoration of the\\nJews, on one occasion, by a sort of symbol, by\\nmeans of which he made a much stronger im-\\npression on the minds of the people than could\\nhave been done by simple words. There was a\\npiece of land in the country of Benjamin, one\\nof the provinces of Judea, which belonged to\\nthe family of Jeremiah, and it was held in\\nsuch a way that, by paying a certain sum of\\nmoney, Jeremiah himself might possess it, the\\nright of redemption being in him. Jeremiah\\nwas in prison at this time. His uncle s son\\ncame into the court of the prison, and pro-\\nposed to him to purchase the land. Jeremiah", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "180 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ndid SO in the roost public and formal manner.\\nThe title deeds were drawn up and subscribed,\\nwitnesses were summoned, the money weighed\\nand paid over, the whole transaction being\\nregularly completed according to the forms and\\nusages then common for the conveyance of\\nlanded property. When all was finished,\\nJeremiah gave the papers into the hands of his\\nscribe, directing him to put them safely away\\nand preserve them with care, for after a certain\\nperiod the country of Judea would again be\\nrestored to the peaceable possession of the\\nJews, and such titles to land would possess\\nonce more their full and original value.\\nOn one occasion, when Jeremiah s personal\\nliberty was restricted so that he could not\\nutter publicly, himself, his prophetical warn-\\nings, he employed Baruch, his scribe, to write\\nthem from his dictation, with a view of read-\\ning them to the people from some public and\\nfrequented part of the city. The prophecy\\nthus dictated was inscribed upon a roll of\\nparchment. Baruch waited, when he had\\ncompleted the writing, until a favorable oppor-\\ntunity occurred for reading it, which was on\\nthe occasion of a great festival that was held\\nat Jerusalem, and which brought the inhabi-\\ntants of the land together from all i^arts of\\nJudea. On the day of the festival, Baruch\\ntook the roll in his hand, and stationed him-\\nself at a very public place, at the entrance of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 181\\none of the great courts of the temple there,\\ncalling upon the people to hear him, he began\\nto read. A great concourse gathered around\\nhim, and all listened to him with profound at-\\ntention. One of the by-standers, however,\\nwent down immediately into the city, to the\\nking s palace, and reported to the king s coun-\\ncil, who were then assembled there, that a\\ngreat concourse was convened in one of the\\ncourts of the temple, and that Baruch was\\nthere reading to them a discourse or prophecy\\nwhich had been written by Jeremiah. The\\nmembers of the council sent a summons to\\nBaruch to come immediately to them, and to\\nbring his writing with him.\\nWhen Baruch arrived, they directed him to\\nread what he had written. Baruch accord-\\ningly read it. They asked him when and how\\nthat discourse was written. Baruch replied\\nthat he had written it, word by word, from\\nthe dictation of Jeremiah. The officers in-\\nformed him that they should be obliged to\\nreport the circumstances to the king, and they\\ncounseled Baruch to go to Jeremiah and recom-\\nmend to him to conceal himself, lest the king,\\nin his anger, should do him some sudden and\\nviolent injury.\\nThe officers then, leaving the roll in one of\\ntheir own apartments, went to the king, and\\nSee the account of these transactions in the 36th chap-\\nter of Jeremiah.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "182 CYRUS THE GREAT,\\nreported the facts to him. He sent one of his\\nattendants, named Jehudi, to bring the roll.\\nWhen it came, the king directed Jehudi to\\nread it. Jehudi did so, standing by a fire\\nwhich had been made in the apartment, for it\\nwas bitter cold.\\nAfter Jehudi had read a few pages from the\\nroll, finding that it contained a repetition of\\nthe same denunciations and warnings by which\\nthe king had often been displeased before, he\\ntook a knife and began to cut the parchment\\ninto pieces, and to throw it on the fire. Some\\nother persons who were standing by interfered,\\nand earnestly begged the king not to allow the\\nroll to be burned. But the king did not inter-\\nfere. He permitted Jehudi to destroy the\\nparchment altogether, and then sent officers to\\ntake Jeremiah and Baruch, and bring them to\\nhim but they were nowhere to be found.\\nThe prophet, on one occasion, was reduced\\nto extreme distress by the persecutions which\\nhis faithfulness, and the incessant urgency of\\nhis warnings and expostulations had brought\\nupon him. It was at a time when the Chaldean\\narmies had been driven away from Jerusalem\\nfor a short period by the Egyptians, as one\\nvulture drives away another from its prey. Jere-\\nmiah determined to avail himself of the oppor-\\ntunity to go to the province of Benjamin, to\\nvisit his friends and family there. He was\\nintercepted, however, at one of the gates, on", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 183\\nhis way, and accused of a design to make his\\nescape from the citj^, and go over to the Chal-\\ndeans. The prophet earnestly denied this\\ncharge. They paid no regard to his declara-\\ntions, but sent him back to Jerusalem, to the\\nofficers of the king s government, who confined\\nhim in a house which they used as a prison.\\nAfter he had remained in this place of con-\\nfinement for several days, the king sent and\\ntook him from it, and brought him to the\\npalace. The king inquired whether he had\\nany prophecy to utter from the Lord. Jere-\\nmiah replied that the word of the Lord was,\\nthat the Chaldeans should certainly return\\nagain, and that Zedekiah himself should fall\\ninto their hands, and be carried captive to\\nBabylon. While he thus persisted so stren-\\nuously in the declarations which he had made\\nso often before, he demanded of the king that\\nhe should not be sent back again to the house\\nof imprisonment from which he had been\\nrescued. The king said he would not send\\nhim back, and he accordingly directed, in-\\nstead, that he should be taken to the court of\\nthe public prison, where his confinement would\\nbe less rigorous, and there he was to be sup-\\nplied daily with food, so long, as the king ex-\\npressed it, as there should be any food remain-\\ning in the city.\\nBut Jeremiah s enemies were not at rest.\\nThey came again, after a time, to the king, and", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "184 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nrepresented to him that the prophet, by his\\ngloomy and terrible predictions, discouraged\\nand depressed the hearts of the people, and\\nweakened their hands that he ought, accord-\\ningly, to be regarded as a public enemy and\\nthey begged the king to proceed decidedly\\nagainst him. The king replied that he would\\ngive him into their hands, and they might do\\nwith him what they pleased.\\nThere was a dungeon in the prison, the only\\naccess to which was from above. Prisoners\\nwere let down into it with ropes, and left there\\nto die of hunger. The bottom of it was wet\\nand miry, and the prophet, when let down into\\nits gloomy depths, sank into the deep mire.\\nHere he would soon have died of hunger and\\nmisery; but the king, feeling some misgivings\\nin regard to what he had done, lest it might\\nreally be a true prophet of God that he had\\nthus delivered into the hands of his enemies,\\ninquired what the people had done with their\\nprisoner and when he learned that he had\\nbeen thus, as it were, buried alive, he imme-\\ndiately sent officers with orders to take him\\nout of the dungeon. The officers went to the\\ndungeon. They opened the mouth of it.\\nThey had brought ropes with them, to be used\\nfor drawing the unhappy prisoner up, and\\ncloths, also, which he was to fold together\\nand place under his arms, where the ropes\\nwere to pass. These ropes and cloths they let", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 185\\ndown into the dungeon, and called upon Jere-\\nmiah to place them properly around his body.\\nThus they drew him safely up out of the dis-\\nmal den.\\nThese cruel persecutions of the faithful\\nprophet were all unavailing either to silence\\nhis voice or to avert the calamities which his\\nwarnings portended. At the appointed time,\\nthe judgments which had been so long pre-\\ndicted came in all their terrible reality. The\\nBabylonians invaded the land in great force,\\nand encamped about the city. The siege con-\\ntinued for two years. At the end of that time\\nthe famine became insupportable. Zedekiah,\\nthe king, determined to make a sortie, with as\\nstrong a force as he could command, secretly,\\nat night, in hopes to escape with his own life,\\nand intending to leave the city to its fate.\\nHe succeeded in passing out through the city\\ngates with his band of followers, and in\\nactually passing the Babylonian lines; but he\\nhad not gone far before his escape was dis-\\ncovered. He was pursued and taken. The\\ncity was then stormed, and, as usual in such\\ncases, it was given up to plunder and destruc-\\ntion. Vast numbers of the inhabitants were\\nkilled; many more were taken captive; the\\nprincipal buildings, both public and private,\\nwere burned the walls were broken down, aud\\nall the public treasures of the Jews, the gold\\nand silver vessels of the temple, and a vast", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "186 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nquantity of private plunder, were carried away\\nto Babylon by the conquerors. All this was\\nseventy years before the conquest of Babylon\\nby Cyrus.\\nOf course, during the time of this captivity,\\na very considerable portion of the inhabitants\\nof Judea remained in their native land. The\\ndeportation of a whole people to a foreign land\\nis impossible. A vast number, however, of\\nthe inhabitants of the country were carried\\naway, and they remained, for two generations,\\nin a miserable bondage. Some of them were\\nemployed as agricultural laborers in the rural\\ndistricts of Babylon others remained in the\\ncity, and were engaged in servile labors there.\\nThe prophet Daniel lived in the palaces of the\\nking. He was summoned, as the reader will\\nrecollect, to Belshazzar s feast, on the night\\nwhen Cyrus forced his way into the city, to\\ninterpret the mysterious writing on the wall,\\nby which the fall of the Babylonian monarchy\\nwas announced in so terrible a manner.\\nOne year after Cyrus had conquered Baby-\\nlon, he issued an edict authorizing the Jews to\\nreturn to Jerusalem, and to rebuild the city\\nand the temple. This event had been long be-\\nfore predicted by the prophets, as the result\\nwhich God had determined upon for purposes\\nof his own. We should not naturally have ex-\\npected that such a conqueror as Cyrus would\\nfeel any real and honest interest in promoting", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Cyrus, p. i87\\nEscape of Zedekiah from Jerusalem.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 189\\nthe designs of God but still, in the proclama-\\ntion which he issued authorizing the Jews to\\nreturn, he acknowledged the supreme divinity\\nof Jehovah, and says that he was charged by\\nhim with the work of rebuilding his temple,\\nand restoring his worship at its ancient seat\\non Mount Zion. It has, however, been sup-\\nposed by some scholars, who have examined\\nattentively all the circumstances connected\\nwith these transactions, that so far as Cyrus\\nwas influenced by political considerations in\\nordering the return of the Jews, his design\\nwas to re-establish that nation as a barrier be-\\ntween his dominions and those of the Egyp-\\ntians. The Egyptians and the Chaldeans had\\nlong been deadly enemies, and now that Cyrus\\nhad become master of the Chaldean realms, he\\nwould, of course, in assuming their territories\\nand their power, be obliged to defend himself\\nagainst their foes.\\nWhatever may have been the motives of Cy-\\nrus, he decided to allow the Hebrew captives\\nto return, and he issued a proclamation to that\\neffect. As seventy years had elapsed since the\\ncaptivity commenced, about two generations\\nhad passed away, and there could have been\\nvery few then living who had ever seen the\\nland of their fathers. The Jews were, how-\\never, all eager to return. They collected in a\\nvast assembly, with all the treasures which\\nthey were allowed to take, and the stores of\\n14\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyrus", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "190 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nprovisions and baggage, and with horses, and\\nmules, and other beasts of burden to transport\\nthem. When assembled for the march, it was\\nfound that the number, of which a very exact\\ncensus was taken, was forty-nine thousand six\\nhundred and ninety -seven.\\nThey had also with them seven or eight\\nhundred horses, about two hundred and fifty\\nmules, and about five hundred camels. The\\nchief part, however, of their baggage and stores\\nwas borne by asses, of which there were nearly\\nseven thousand in the train. The march of\\nthis peaceful multitude of families men,\\nwomen, and children together burdened as\\nthey went, not with arms and ammunition for\\nconquest and destruction, but with tools and\\nimplements for honest industry, and stores of\\nprovisions and utensils for the peaceful pur-\\nposes of social life, as it was, in its bearings\\nand results, one of the grandest events of his-\\ntory, so it must have presented, in its progress,\\none of the most extraordinary spectacles that\\nthe world has ever seen.\\nThe grand caravan pursued its long and toil-\\nsome march from Babylon to Jerusalem without\\nmolestation. All arrived safely, and the peo-\\nple immediately commenced the work of re-\\npairing the walls of the city and rebuilding the\\ntemple. When, at length, the foundations of\\nthe temple were laid, a great celebration was\\nheld to commemorate the event. This cele-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. 191\\nbration exhibited a remarkable scene of min-\\ngled rejoicing and mourning. The younger\\npart of the population, who had never seen\\nJerusalem in its former grandeur, felt only\\nexhilaration and joy at their re-establishment\\nin the city of their fathers. The work of\\nraising the edifice, whose foundations they had\\nlaid, was to them simply a new enterprise, and\\nthey looked forward to the work of carrying it\\non with pride and pleasure. The old men,\\nhowever, who remembered the former temple,\\nwere filled with mournful recollections of days\\nof prosperity and peace in their childhood,\\nand of the magnificence of the former temple,\\nwhich they could now never hope to see real-\\nized again. It was customary, in those days,\\nto express sorrow and grief by exclamations\\nand outcries, as gladness and joy are ex-\\npressed audibly now.\\nAccordingly, on this occasion, the cries of\\ngrief and of bitter regret at the thought of\\nlosses which could now never be retrieved,\\nwere mingled with the shouts of rejoicing and\\ntriumph raised by the ardent and young, who\\nknew nothing of the past, but looked forward\\nwith hojje and happiness to the future.\\nThe Jews encountered various hindrances,\\nand met with much opposition in their at-\\ntempts to reconstruct their ancient city, and to\\nre-establish the Mosaic ritual there. We\\nmust, however, now return to the history of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "192\\nCYRUS THE GREAT.\\nCyrus, referring the reader for a narrative of\\nthe circuiTi stances connected with the rebuild-\\nis\\nEebuilding the Temple.\\ning of Jerusalem to the very minute account\\ngiven in the sacred books of Ezra and Nehe-\\nmiah.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nTHE STORY OF PANTHEA,\\nIn the preceding chapters of this work, we\\nhave followed maiuly the authority of Herodo-\\ntus, except, indeed, in the account of the visit\\nof Cyrus to his grandfather in his childhood,\\nwhich is taken from Xenophon, We shall, in\\nthis chapter, relate the story of Panthea,\\nwhich is also one of Xenophon s tales. We\\ngive it as a specimen of the romantic narra-\\ntives in which Xenophon s history abounds,\\nand on account of the many illustrations of\\nancient manners and customs which it con-\\ntains, leaving it for each reader to decide for\\nhimself what weight he will attach to its\\nclaims to be regarded as veritable history.\\nWe relate the story here in our own language,\\nbut as to the facts, we follow faithfully the\\ncourse of Xenophon s narratiou.^\\nPanthea was a Susian captive. She was\\ntaken, together with a great many other cap-\\ntives and much plunder, after one of the great\\nbattles which Cyrus fought with the Assyrians.\\nHer husband was an Assyrian general, though\\n193", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "194 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nhe himself was not captured at this time with\\nhis wife. The spoil which came into posses-\\nsion of the army on the occasion of the battle\\nin which Panthea was taken was of great value.\\nThere were beautiful and costly suits of arms,\\nrich tents made of splendid materials and\\nhighly ornamented, large sums of uKmey, ves-\\nsels of silver and gold, and slaves ^some\\nprized for their beauty, and others for certain\\naccomplishments which were higlily valued in\\nthose days. Cyrus ai)p(jinted a sort of com-\\nmission to divide this spoil. He pursued\\nalways a very generous policy on all these oc-\\ncasions, showing no desire to secure such\\ntreasures to himself, but distributing them\\nwith i)rofuse liberality among his olHcers and\\nsoldiers.\\nThe commissioners whom he appointed in\\nthis case divided the spoil among the various\\ngenerals of the army, and among the diilerent\\nbodies of soldiery, with great impartiality.\\nAmong the i)rizes assigned to Cyrus were two\\nsinging women of grtij\u00c2\u00ab,t fame, and this Susian\\nlady. Cyrus tlianluul tlie distributors for the\\nshare of booty whi(5h they had thus assigned to\\nhim, but said that if any of his friends wished\\nfor either of these ca])tives, they could have\\nthem. An officer asked for one of the singers.\\nCyrus gave her to him immediately, saying,\\n*I consider myself more obliged to you for\\nasking her, than you are to me for giving her", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 195\\nto you. As for the Susian lady, Cyrus had\\nnot yet seen her, but he called one of his most\\nintimate and confidential friends to him, and\\nrequested him to take her under his charge.\\nThe name of this officer was Araspes. He\\nwas a Mede, and he had been Cyrus particular\\nfriend and playmate when he was a boy, visit-\\ning his grandfather in Media. The reader will\\nperhaps recollect that he is mentioned toward\\nthe close of our account of that visit, as the\\nspecial favorite to whom Cyrus presented his\\nrobe or mantle when he took leave of his\\nfriends in returning to his native land.\\nAraspes, when he received this charge, asked\\nCyrus whether he had himself seen the lady.\\nCyrus replied that he had not. Araspes then\\nproceeded to give an account of her. The\\nname of her husband was Abradates, and he\\nwas the King of Susa, as they termed him.\\nThe reason why he was not taken prisoner at\\nthe same time with his wife was, that when\\nthe battle was fought and the Assyrian camp\\ncaptured, he was absent, having gone away on\\nan embassage to another nation. This circum-\\nstance shows that Abradates, though called a\\nking, could hardly have been a sovereign and\\nindependent prince, but rather a governor or\\nviceroy those words expressing to our minds\\nmore truly the station of such a sort of king\\nas could be sent on an embassy.\\nAraspes went on to say that, at the time of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "196 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ntheir making the capture, he, with some\\nothers, went into Panthea s tent, where thej\\nfound her and her attendant ladies sitting on\\nthe ground, with veils over their faces, pa-\\ntiently awaiting their doom. Notwithstanding\\nthe concealment produced by the attitudes and\\ndress of these ladies, there was something\\nabout the air and figure of Panthea which\\nshowed at once that she was the queen. The\\nleader of Araspes party asked them all to rise.\\nThey did so, and then the superiority of Pan-\\nthea was still more apparent than before^\\nThere was an extraordinary grace and beauty\\nin her attitude and in all her motions. She\\nstood in a dejected posture, and her counte-\\nnance was sad, though inexpressibly lovely.\\nShe endeavored to appear calm and composed,\\nthough the tears had evidently been falling\\nfrom her eyes.\\nThe soldiers pitied her in her distress, and\\nthe leader of the party attempted to console\\nher, as Araspes said, by telling her that she\\nhad nothing to fear; that they were aware that\\nher husband was a most worthy and excellent\\nman; and although, by this capture, she was\\nlost to him, she would have no cause to regret\\nthe event, for she would be reserved for a new\\nhusband not at all inferior to her former one\\neither in person, in understanding, in rank, or\\nin power.\\nThese well-meant attempts at consolation did", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 197\\nnot appear to have the good effect desired.\\nThey only awakened Panthea s grief and\\nsuffering anew. The tears began to fall again\\nfaster than before. Her grief soon became\\nmore and more uncontrollable. She sobbed\\nand cried aloud, and began to wring her hands\\nand tear her mantle the customary Oriental\\nexpression of inconsolable sorrow and despair.\\nAraspes said that in these gesticulations her\\nneck, and hands, and a part of her face ap-\\npeared, and that she was the most beautiful\\nwoman that he had ever beheldo He wished\\nCyrus to see her.\\nGyrus said: No; he would not see her by\\nany means. Araspes asked him why. He\\nsaid that there would be danger that he should\\nforget his duty to the army, and lose his in-\\nterest in the great military enterprise in which\\nhe was engaged, if he should allow himself to\\nbecome captivated by the charms of such a\\nlady, as he very probably would be if he were\\nnow to visit her. Araspes said in reply that\\nCyrus might at least see her; as to becoming\\ncaptivated with her, and devoting himself to\\nher to such a degree as to neglect his other\\nduties, he could certainly control himself in\\nrespect to that danger. Cyrus said that it was\\nnot certain that he could so control himself\\nand then there followed a long discussion be-\\ntween Cyrus and Araspes, in which Araspes\\nmaintained that every man had the command", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "198 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nof his own heart and affections, and that, with\\nproper determination and energy, he could\\ndirect the channels in which they should run,\\nand confine them within such limits and\\nbounds as he pleased. Cyrus, on the other\\nhand, maintained that human passions were\\nstronger than the human will; that no oue\\ncould rely on the strength of his resolutions to\\ncontrol the impulses of the heart once strongly\\nexcited, and that a man s only safety was in\\ncontrolling the circumstances which tended to\\nexcite them. This was specially true, he said,\\nin respect to the passion of love. The experi-\\nence of mankind, he said, had shown that no\\nstrength of moral principle, no firmness of\\npurpose, no fixedness of resolution, no degree\\nof suffering, no fear of shame, was sufficient to\\ncontrol, in the hearts of men, the impetuosity\\nof the passion of love, when it was once fairly\\nawakened. In a word, Araspes advocated, on\\nthe subject of love, a sort of new school philos-\\nophy, while that of Cyrus leaned very seri-\\nously toward the old.\\nIn conclusion, Cyrus jocosely counseled\\nAraspes to beware lest he should prove that\\nlove was stronger than the will by becoming\\nhimself enamored of the beautiful Susian\\nqueen. Araspes said that Cyrus need not\\nfear; there was no danger. He must be a\\nmiserable wretch indeed, he said, who could\\nnot summon within him sufficient resolution", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 199\\nand energy to control his own passions and\\ndesires. As for himself, b\u00c2\u00a9 was sure that he\\nwas safe.\\nAs usual with those who are self-confident\\nand boastful, Araspes failed when the time of\\ntrial came. He took charge of the royal cap-\\ntive whom Cyrus committed to him with a\\nvery firm resolution to be faithful to his trust.\\nHe pitied the unhappy queen s misfortunes,\\nand admired the heroic patience and gentle-\\nness of spirit with which she bore them. The\\nbeauty of her countenance, and her thousand\\npersonal charms, which were all heightened by\\nthe expression of sadness and sorrow which\\nthey bore, touched his heart. It gave him\\npleasure to grant her every indulgence consist-\\nent with her condition of captivity, and to do\\neverything in his power to promote her wel-\\nfare. She was very grateful for these favors,\\nand the few brief words and looks of kindness\\nwith which she returned them repaid him for\\nhis efforts to please her a thousandfold. He\\nsaw her, too, in her tent, in the presence of\\nher maidens, at all times and as she looked\\nupon him as only her custodian and guard,\\nand as, too, her mind was wholly occupied by\\nthe thoughts of her absent husband and her\\nhopeless grief, her actions were entirely free\\nand unconstrained in his presence. This\\nmade her only the more attractive; every at-\\ntitude and movement seemed to possess, in", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "200 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nAraspes mind, an inexpressible charm. In a\\nword, the result was whatCjrus had predicted.\\nAraspes became wholly absorbed in the inter-\\nest which was awakened in him by the charms\\nof the beautiful captive. He made many reso-\\nlutions, but they were of no avail. While he\\nwas away from her, he felt strong in his deter-\\nmination to yield to these feelings no more;\\nbut as soon as he came into her presence, all\\nthese resolutions melted wholly away, and he\\nyielded his heart entirely to the control of\\nemotions which, however vincible they might\\nappear at a distance, were found, when the\\ntime of trial came, to possess a certain myster-\\nious and magic power, which made it most\\ndelightful for the heart to yield before them in\\nthe contest, and utterly impossible to stand\\nfirm and resist. In a word, when seen at a\\ndistance, love appeared to him an enemy which\\nhe was ready to brave, and was sure that he\\ncould overcome but when near, it transformed\\nitself into the guise of a friend, and he ac-\\ncordingly threw down the arms with which he\\nhad intended to combat it, and gave himself\\nup to it in a delirium of pleasure.\\nThings continued in this state for some\\ntime. The army advanced from post to post,\\nand from encampment to encampment, taking\\nthe captives in their train. New cities were\\ntaken, new provinces overrun, and new plans\\nfor future conquests were formed. At last", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 201\\na case occurred in which Cyrus wished to send\\nsome one as a spy into a distant enemy s\\ncountry. The circumstances were such that it\\nwas necessary that a person of considerable\\nintelligence and rank should go, as Cyrus\\nwished the messenger whom he should send to\\nmake his way to the court of the sovereign,\\nand become personally acquainted with the\\nleading men of the state, and to examine the\\ngeneral resources of the kingdom. It was a\\nvery different case from that of an ordinary\\nspy, who was to go into a neighboring camp\\nmerely to report the numbers and disposition\\nof an organized army. Cyrus was uncertain\\nwhom he should send on such an embassy.\\nIn the meantime, Araspes had ventured to\\nexpress to Panthea his love for her. She was\\noffended. In the first place, she was faithful\\nto her husband, and did not wish to receive\\nsuch addresses from any person. Then, be-\\nsides, she considered Araspes, having been\\nplaced in charge of her by Cyrus, his master,\\nonly for the purpose of keeping her safely, as\\nguilty of a betrayal of his trust in having\\ndared to cherish and express sentiments of\\naffection for her himself. She, however, for-\\nbore to reproach him, or to complain of him\\nto Cyrus. She simply repelled the advances\\nthat he made, supposing that, if she did this\\nwith firmness and decision, Araspes would feel\\nrebuked and would say no more. It did not,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "202 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nhowever, produce this effect. Araspes con-\\ntinued to importune her with declarations of\\nlove, and at length she felt compelled to ap-\\npeal to Cyrus.\\nCyrus, instead of being incensed at what\\nmight have been considered a betrayal of trust\\non the part of Araspes, only laughed at the\\nfailure and fall in which all his favorite s\\npromises and boastings had ended. He sent\\na messenger to Araspes to caution him in re-\\ngard to his conduct, telliDg him that he ought\\nto respect the feelings of such a woman as\\nPanthea had proved herself to be. The mes-\\nsenger whom Cyrus sent was not content with\\ndelivering his message as Cyrus had dictated\\nit. He made it much more stern and severe.\\nIn fact, he reproached the lover, in a very\\nharsh and bitter manner, for indulging such a\\npassion. He told him that he had betrayed a\\nsacred trust reposed in him, and acted in a\\nmanner at once impious and unjust. Araspes\\nwas overwhelmed with remorse and anguish,\\nand with fear of the consequences which might\\nensue, as men are when the time arrives for\\nbeing called to account for transgressions\\nwhich, while they were committing them, gave\\nthem little concern.\\nWhen Cyrus heard how much Araspes had\\nbeen distressed by the message of reproof\\nwhich he had received, and by his fears of\\npunishment, he sent for him. Araspes came.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 303\\nCyrus told him that he had no occasion to be\\nalarmed. I do not wonder, said he, at\\nthe result which has happened. We all know\\nhow difficult it is to resist the influence which\\nis exerted upon our minds by the charms of a\\nbeautiful woman, when we are thrown into cir-\\ncumstances of familiar intercourse with her.\\nWhatever of wrong there has been ought to be\\nconsidered as more my fault than yours. I\\nwas wrong in placing you in such circum-\\nstances of temptation, by giving you so beau-\\ntiful a woman in charge.\\nAraspes was very much struck with the gen-\\nerosity of Cyrus, in thus endeavoring to soothe\\nhis anxiety and remorse, and taking upon him-\\nself the responsibility and the blame. He\\nthanked Cyrus very earnestly for his kindness;\\nbut he said that, notwithstanding his sover-\\neign s willingness to forgive him, he felt still\\noppressed with grief and concern, for the\\nknowledge of his fault had been spread abroad\\nin the army his enemies were rejoicing over\\nhim, and were predicting his disgrace and\\nruin; and some persons had even advised him\\nto make his escape, by absconding before any\\nworse calamity should befall him.\\n^If this is so, said Cyrus, *it puts it in\\nyour power to render me a very essential serv-\\nice. Cyrus then explained to Araspes the\\nnecessity that he was under of finding some\\nconfidential agent to go on a secret mission", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "204 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\ninto the enemy s country, and the importance\\nthat the messenger should go under such cir-\\ncumstances as not to be suspected of being Cy-\\nrus friend in disguise. You can pretend to\\nabscond, said he; it will be immediately\\nsaid that you tied for fear of my displeasure.\\nI will pretend to send in pursuit of you. The\\nnews of your evasion will spread rapidly, and\\nwill be carried, doubtless, into the enemy s\\ncountry so that, when you arrive there, they\\nwill be prepared to welcome you as a deserter\\nfrom my cause, and a refugee.\\nThis plan was agreed upon, and Araspes\\nprepared for his departure. Cyrus gave him\\nhis instructions, and they concerted together\\nthe information fictitious, of course which\\nhe was to communicate to the enemy in respect\\nto Cyrus situation and designs. When all was\\nready for his departure, Cyrus asked him how\\nit was that he was so willing to separate him-\\nself thus from the beautiful Panthea. He said\\nin reply, that when he was absent from Panthea,\\nhe was capable of easily forming any determi-\\nnation, and of pursuing any line of conduct that\\nhis duty required, while yet, in her presence,\\nhe found his love for her, and the impetuous\\nfeelings to which it gave rise, wholly and\\nabsolutely uncontrollable.\\nAs soon as Araspes was gone, Panthea, who\\nsupposed that he had really fled for fear of the\\nindignation of the king, in consequence of his", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 205\\nunfaithfulness to his trust, sent to Cyrus a\\nmessage, expressing her regret at the unworthy\\nconduct and the flight of Araspes, and saying\\nthat she could, and gladly would, if he con-\\nsented, repair the loss which the desertion of\\nAraspes occasioned by sending for her own\\nhusband. He was, she said, dissatisfied with\\nthe government under which he lived, having\\nbeen cruelly and tyrannically treated by the\\nprince. *If you will allow me to send for\\nhim, she added, I am sure he will come\\nand join your army and I assure you that\\nyou will find him a much more faithful and\\ndevoted servant than Araspes has been.\\nCyrus consented to this proposal, and Pan-\\nthea sent for Abradates. Abradates came at\\nthe head of two thousand horse, which formed\\na very important addition to the forces under\\nCyrus command. The meeting between Pan-\\nthea and her husband was joyful in the ex-\\ntreme. When Abradates learned from his\\nwife how honorable and kind had been the\\ntreatment which Cyrus had rendered to her, he\\nwas overwhelmed with a sense of gratitude, and\\nhe declared that he would do the utmost in his\\npower to requite the obligations he was under.\\nAbradates entered at once, with great ardor\\nand zeal, into plans for making the force which\\nhe had brought as efiicient as possible in the\\nservice of Cyrus. He observed that Cyrus was\\ninterested, at that time, in attempting to build\\n15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cyrus", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "206 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nand equip a corps of armed chariots, such as\\nwere often used in fields of battle in those\\ndays. This was a very expensive sort of force,\\ncorresponding, in that respect, with the artil-\\nlery used in raodern times. The carriages\\nwere heavy and strong, and were drawn gener-\\nally by two horses. They had short, scythe-\\nlike blades of steel projecting from the axle-\\ntrees on each side, by which the ranks of the\\nenemy were mowed down when the carriages\\nwere driven among them. The chariots were\\nmade to contain, besides the driver of the\\nhorses, one or more warriors, each armed in\\nthe completest manner. These warriors stood\\non the floor of the vehicle, and fought with\\njavelins and spears. The great plains which\\nabound in the interior countries of Asia were\\nvery favorable for this species of warfare.\\nAbradates immediately fitted up for Cyrus a\\nhundred such chariots at his own expense, and\\nprovided horses to draw them from his own\\ntroop. He made one chariot much larger than\\nthe rest, for himself, as he intended to take\\ncommand of this corps of chariots in person.\\nHis own chariot was to be drawn by eight\\nhorses. His wife Panthea was very much in-\\nterested in these preparations. She wished to\\ndo something herself toward the outfit. She\\naccordingly furnished, from her own private\\ntreasures, a helmet, a corslet, and arm-pieces\\nof gold. These articles formed a suit of", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. ^09\\narmor sufficient to cover all tliat part of the\\nbody which would be exposed in standing in\\nthe chariot. She also provided breast-pieces\\nand side-pieces of brass for the horses. The\\nwhole chariot, thus equipped, with its eight\\nhorses in their gay trappings and resplendent\\narmor, and with Abradates standing within it,\\nclothed in his panoply of gold, presented, as\\nit drove, in the sight of the whole army,\\naround the plain of the encampment, a most\\nimposing spectacle. It was a worthy leader,\\nas the spectators thought, to head the formid-\\nable column of a hundred similar engines\\nwhich were to follow in its train. If we\\nimagine the havoc which a hundred scythe-\\narmed carriages would produce when driven,\\nwith headlong fury, into dense masses of men,\\non a vast open plain, we shall have some idea\\nof one item of the horrors of ancient war.\\nThe full splendor of Abradates equipments\\nwere not, however, displayed at first, for Pan-\\nthea kept what she had done a secret for a\\ntime, intending to reserve her contribution for\\na parting present to her husband when the\\nperiod should arrive for going into battle.\\nShe had accordingly taken the measure for her\\nwork by stealth, from the armor which Abra-\\ndates was accustomed to wear, and had caused\\nthe artificers to make the golden pieces with\\nthe utmost secrecy. Besides the substantial\\ndefenses of gold which she provided, she added", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "$10 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nvarious other articles for ornament and deco-\\nration. There was a purple robe, a crest for\\nthe helmet, which was of a violet color,\\nplumes, and likewise bracelets for the wrists.\\nPanthea kept all these things herself until the\\nday arrived when her husband was going into\\nbattle for the first time with his train, and\\nthen, when he went into his tent to prepare\\nhimself to ascend his chariot, she brought\\nthem to him.\\nAbradates was astonished when he saw them.\\nHe soon understood how they had been pro-\\nvided, and he exclaimed, with a heart full of\\nsurprise and pleasure, *And so, to provide me\\nwith this splendid armor and dress, you have\\nbeen depriving yourself of all your finest and\\nmost beautiful ornaments!\\nNo, said Panthea, you are yourself my\\nfinest ornament, if you appear in other people s\\neyes as you do in mine, and I have not de-\\nprived myself of you.\\nThe appearance which Abradates made in\\nother people s eyes was certainly very splendid\\non this occasion. There were many specta-\\ntors present to see him mount his chariot and\\ndrive away but so great was their admiration\\nof Panthea s affection and regard for her hus-\\nband, and so much impressed were they with\\nher beauty, that the great chariot, the resplen-\\ndent horses, and the grand warrior with his ar-\\nmor of gold, which the magnificent equipage was", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 211\\nintended to convey, were, all together, scarcely\\nable to draw away the eyes of the spectators\\nfrom her. She stood, for awhile, by the side\\nof the chariot, addressing her husband in an\\nundertone, reminding him of the obligations\\nwhich they were under to Cyrus for his gener-\\nous and noble treatment of her, and urging\\nhim, now that he was going to be put to the\\ntest, to redeem the promise which she had\\nmade in his name, that Cyrus would find him\\nfaithful, brave, and true.\\nThe driver then closed the door by which\\nAbradates had mounted, so that Panthea was\\nseparated from her husband, though she could\\nstill see him as he stood in his place. She\\ngazed upon him with a countenance full of\\naffection and solicitude. She kissed the mar-\\ngin of the chariot as it began to move away.\\nShe walked along after it as it went, as if,\\nafter all, she could not bear the separation.\\nAbradates turned, and when he saw her com-\\ning on after the carriage, he said, waving his\\nhand for a parting salutation, Farewell, Pan-\\nthea; go back now to your tent, and do not be\\nanxious about me. Farewell. Panthea\\nturned her attendants came and took her\\naway the spectators all turned, too, to follow\\nher with their eyes, and no one paid any re-\\ngard to the chariot or to Abradates until she\\nwas gone.\\nOn the field of battle the engagement com-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "212 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nmenced, Cyrus, in passing along the lines,\\npaused, when he came to the chariots of Abra-\\ndates, to examine the arrangements which had\\nbeen made for them, and to converse a moment\\nwith the chief. He saw that the chariots were\\ndrawn up in a part of the field where there was\\nopposed to them a very formidable array of\\nEgyptian soldiers. The Egyptians in this\\nwar were allies of the enemy. Abradates,\\nleaving his chariot in the charge of his driver,\\ndescended and came to Cyrus, and remained in\\nconversation with him for a few moments, to\\nreceive his last orders. Cyrus directed him to\\nremain where he was, and not to attack the\\nenemy until he received a certain signal. At\\nlength the two chieftains separated Abradates\\nreturned to his chariot, and Cyrus moved on\u00c2\u00bb\\nAbradates then moved slowly along his lines, to\\nencourage and animate his men, and to give\\nthem the last directions in respect to the charge\\nwhich they were about to make on the enemy\\nwhen the signal should be given. All eyes\\nwere turned to the magnificent spectacle which\\nhis equipage presented as it advanced toward\\nthem the chariot, moving slowly along the\\nline, the tall and highly -decorated form of its\\ncommander rising in the center of it, while the\\neight horses, animated by the sound of the\\ntrumpets, and by the various excitements of\\nthe scene, stepped proudly, their brazen armor\\nclanking as they came.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 213\\nWhen, at length, the signal was given, Ab-\\nradates, calling on the other chariots to fol-\\nlow, put his horses to their speed, and the\\nwhole line rushed impetuously on to the attack\\nof the Egyptians. War horses, properly\\ntrained to their work, will fight with their\\nhoofs with almost as much reckless determina-\\ntion as men will with spears. They rush\\nmadly on to encounter whatever opposition\\nthere may be before them, and strike down and\\nleap over whatever comes in their way, as if\\nthey fully understood the nature of the work\\nthat their riders or drivers were wishing them\\nto do. Cyrus, as he passed along from one\\npart of the battlefield to another, saw the\\nhorses of Abradates line dashing thus impet-\\nuously into the thickest ranks of the enemy.\\nThe men, on every side, were beaten down by\\nthe horses hoofs, or overturned by the wheels,\\nor cut down by the scythes; and they who\\nhere and there escaped these dangers, became\\nthe aim of the soldiers who stood in the\\nchariots, and were transfixed with their spears.\\nThe heavy wheels rolled and jolted mercilessly\\nover the bodies of the wounded and the fallen,\\nwhile the scythes caught hold of and cut\\nthrough everything that came in their way\\nwhether the shafts of javelins and spears, or\\nthe limbs and bodies of men and tore every-\\nthing to pices in their terrible career. As Cy-\\nrus rode rapidly by, he saw Abradates in the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "214 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nmidst of this scene, driving on in his chariot,\\nand shouting to his men in a frenzy of ex-\\ncitement and triumph.\\nThe battle in which these events occurred\\nwas one of the greatest and most important\\nwhich Cyrus fought. He gained the victory.\\nHis enemies were everywhere routed and driven\\nfrom the field. When the contest was at\\nlength decided, the army desisted from the\\nslaughter and encamped for the night. On the\\nfollowing day, the generals assembled at the\\ntent of Cyrus to discuss the arrangements\\nwhich were to be made in respect to the dis-\\nposition of the captives and of the spoil, and\\nto the future movements of the army. Abra-\\ndates was not there. For a time, Cyrus, in\\nthe excitement and confusion of the scene, did\\nnot observe his absence. At length he in-\\nquired for him. A soldier present told him\\nthat he had been killed from his chariot in the\\nmidst of the Egyptians, and that his wife was\\nat that moment attending to the interment of\\nthe body, on the banks of a river which flowed\\nnear the field of battle. Cyrus, on hearing\\nthis, uttered a loud exclamation of astonish-\\nment and sorrow. He dropped the business in\\nwhich he had been engaged with his council,\\nmounted his horse, commanded attendants to\\nfollow him with everything that could be nec-\\nessary on such an occasion, and then, asking\\nthose who knew to lead the way, he drove off\\nto find Panthea.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA. 215\\nWhen he arrived at the spot, the dead body\\nof Abradates was lying upon the ground,\\nwhile Panthea sat by its side, holding the\\nhead in her lap, overwhelmed herself with un-\\nutterable sorrow. Cyrus leaped from his\\nhorse, knelt down by the side of the corpse,\\nsaying, at the same time, Alas! thou brave\\nand faithful soul, and art thou gone?\\nAt the same time, he took hold of the hand\\nof Abradates but, as he attempted to raise it,\\nthe arm came away from the body. It had\\nbeen cut oif by an Egyptian sword. Cyrus\\nwas himself shocked at the spectacle, and Pan-\\nthea s grief broke forth anew. She cried out\\nwith bitter anguish, replaced the arm in the\\nposition in which she had arranged it before,\\nand told Cyrus that the rest of the body was in\\nthe same condition. Whenever she attempted\\nto speak, her sobs and tears almost prevented\\nher utterance. She bitterly reproached herself\\nfor having been, perhaps, the cause of her hus-\\nband s death, by urging him, as she had done,\\nto fidelity and courage when he went into bat-\\ntle And now, she said, he is dead, while\\nI, who urged him forward into the dauger, am\\nstill alive.\\nCyrus said what he could to console Pan-\\nthea s grief; but he found it utterly inconsol-\\nable. He gave directions for furnishing her\\nwith everything which she could need, and\\npromised her that he would make ample ar-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "216 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nrangeraents for providing for her in future.\\nYou shall be treated, he said, Vhile you\\nremain with me, in the most honorable man-\\nner; or if you have any friends whom you\\nwish to join, you shall be sent to them safely\\nwhenever you please.\\nPanthea thanked him for his kindness. She\\nhad a friend, she said, whom she wished to\\njoin, and she would let him know in due time\\nwho it was. In the meantime, she wished\\nthat Cyrus would leave her alone, for awhile,\\nwith her servants, and her waiting-maid, and\\nthe dead body of her husband. Cyrus ac-\\ncordingly withdrew. As soon as he had gone,\\nPanthea sent away the servants also, retaining\\nthe waiting-maid alone. The waiting-maid\\nbegan to be anxious and concerned at witness-\\ning these mysterious arrangements, as if they\\nportended some new calamity. She wondered\\nwhat her mistress was going to do. Her\\ndoubts were dispelled by seeing Panthea pro-\\nduce a sword, which she had kept concealed\\nhitherto beneath her robe. Her maid begged\\nher, with much earnestness and many tears,\\nnot to destroy herself but Panthea was im-\\nmovable. She said she could not live any\\nlonger. She directed the maid to envelop her\\nbody, as soon as she was dead, in the same\\nmantle with her husband, and to have them\\nboth deposited together in the same grave and\\nbefore her stupefied attendant could do any-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF PANTHEA.\\n217\\nthing to save her, she sat down by the side of\\nher husband s body, laid her head upon his\\nbreast, and in that position gave herself the\\nfatal wound. In a few minutes she ceased to\\nbreathe.\\nTomb of Abradates and Panthea.\\nCyrus expressed his respect for the memory\\nof Abradates and Panthea by erecting a lofty\\nmonument over their common grave.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK XI.\\nCONVERSATIONS.\\nWe have given the story of Panthea, as con-\\ntained in the preceding chapter, in our own\\nlanguage, it is true, but without any inten-\\ntional addition or embellishment whatever.\\nEach reader will judge for himself whether\\nsuch a narrative, written for the entertainment\\nof vast assemblies at public games and cele-\\nbrations, is most properly to be regarded as\\nan invention of romance, or as a simple record\\nof veritable history.\\nA great many extraordinary and dramatic\\nincidents and adventures, similar in general\\ncharacter to the story of Panthea, are inter-\\nwoven with the narrative in Xenophon s his-\\ntory. There are also, besides these, many\\nlong and minute details of dialogues and con-\\nversations, which, if they had really occurred,\\nwould have required a very high degree of\\nskill in stenography to produce such reports of\\nthem as Xenophon has given. The incidents,\\ntoo, out of which these conversations grew,\\nare worthy of attention, as we can often judge,\\n218", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 219\\nby the nature and character of an incident de-\\nscribed, whether it is one which it is probable\\nmight actually occur in real life, or only an\\ninvention intended to furnish an opportunity\\nand a pretext for the inculcation of the senti-\\nments, or the expression of the views of the\\ndifferent speakers. It was the custom in an-\\ncient days, much more than it is now, to at-\\ntempt to add to the point and spirit of a dis-\\ncussion, by presenting the various views which\\nthe subject naturally elicited in the form of a\\nconversation arising out of circumstances in-\\nvented to sustain it. The incident in such\\ncases was, of course, a fiction, contrived to\\nfurnish points of attachment for the dialogue\\na sort of trellis, constructed artificially to\\nsupport the vine.\\nWe shall present in this chapter some\\nspecimens of these conversations, which will\\ngive the reader a much more distinct idea of\\nthe nature of them than any general description\\ncan convey.\\nAt one time in the course of Cyrus career,\\njust after he had obtained some great victory,\\nand was celebrating his triumphs, in the midst\\nof his armies, with spectacles and games, he\\ninstituted a series of races, in which the vari-\\nous nations that were represented in his army\\nfurnished their several champions as competi-\\ntors. The army marched out from the city\\nwhich Cyrus liad captured, and where he was", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "220 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nthen residing, in a procession of the most im-\\nposing magnificence. Animals intended to be\\noffered in sacrifice, caparisoned in trappings\\nof gold, horsemen most sumptuously equipped,\\nchariots of war splendidly built and adorned,\\nand banners and trophies of every kind, were\\nconspicuous in the train. When the vast pro-\\ncession reached the race-ground, the immense\\nconcourse was formed in ranks around it, and\\nthe racing went on.\\nWhen it came to the turn of the Sacian\\nnation to enter the course, a private man, of\\nno apparent importance in respect to his rank\\nor standing, came forward as the champion\\nthough the man appeared insignificant, his\\nhorse was as fleet as the wind. He flew\\naround the arena with astonishing speed, and\\ncame in at the goal while his competitor was\\nstill midway of the course. Everybody was\\nastonished at this performance. Cyrus asked\\nthe Sacian whether he would be willing to sell\\nthat horse, if he could receive a kingdom in\\nexchange for it kingdoms being the coin with\\nwhich such sovereigns as Cyrus made their\\npurchases. The Sacian replied that he would\\nnot sell his horse for any kingdom, but that he\\nwould readily give him away to oblige a\\nworthy man.\\n**Come with me, said Cyrus, **and I will\\nshow you where you may throw blindfold, and\\nnot miss a worthy man.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 221\\nSo saying, Cyrus conducted the Sacian to a\\npart of the field where a number of his officers\\nand attendants were moving to and fro,\\nmounted upon their horses, or seated in their\\nchariots of war. The Sacian took up a hard\\nclod of earth from a bank as he walked along.\\nAt length they were in the midst of the group.\\n**Throw! said Cyrus.\\nThe Sacian shut his eyes and threw.\\nIt happened that, just at that instant, an\\nofficer named Pheraulas was riding by. He\\nwas conveying some orders which Cyrus bad\\ngiven him to another part of the field. Phe-\\nraulas had been originally a man of humble life,\\nbut he had been advanced by Cyrus to a high\\nposition on account of the great fidelity and\\nzeal which he had evinced in the performance\\nof his duty. The clod which the Sacian threw\\nstruck Pheraulas in the mouth and wounded him\\nseverely. Now it is the part of a good soldier\\nto stand at his post or to press on, in obedience\\nto his orders, as long as any physical capac-\\nity remains and Pheraulas, true to his mili-\\ntary obligation, rode on without even turning\\nto see whence and from what cause so unex-\\npected and violent an assault had proceeded.\\nThe Sacian opened his eyes, looked around,\\nand coolly asked who it was that he had hit.\\nCyrus pointed to the horseman who was riding\\nrapidly away, saying: That is the man, who\\nis riding so fast past those chariots yonder.\\nYou hit him,\\nIG\u00e2\u0080\u0094CyruB", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "222 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\n**Why did he not turn back, then? asked\\nthe Sacian.\\nIt is strange that he did not, said Cyrus;\\n**he must be some madman.\\nThe Sacian went in pursuit of him. He\\nfound Pheraulas with his face covered with\\nblood and dirt, and asked him if he had re-\\nceived a blow. *^I have, said Pheraulas,\\nas you see.\\n**Then, said the Sacian, I make you a\\npresent of my horse. Pheraulas asked an\\nexplanation. The Sacian accordingly gave\\nhim an account of what had taken place be-\\ntween himself and Cyrus, and said, in the\\nend, that he glady gave him his horse, as he,\\nPheraulas, had so decisively proved himself to\\nbe a most worthy man.\\nPheraulas accepted the present, with many\\nthanks, and he and the Sacian became there-\\nafter very strong friends.\\nSome time after this, Pheraulas invited the\\nSacian to an entertainment, and when the hour\\narrived, he set before his friend and the other\\nguests a most sumptuous feast, which was\\nserved in vessels of gold and silver, and in an\\napartment furnished with carpets, and cano-\\npies, and couches of the most gorgeous and\\nsplendid description. The Sacian was much\\nimpressed with this magnificence, and he\\nasked Pheraulas whether he had been a rich\\nman at home, that is before he had joined Cy-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. ^23\\nrus army. Pheraulas replied that he was not\\nthen rich. His father, he said, was a farmer\\nand he himself had been accustomed in early\\nlife to till the ground with the other laborers\\non his father s farm. All the wealth and lux-\\nury which he now enjoyed had been bestowed\\nupon him he said by Cyrus.\\n**How fortunate you are! said the Sacian;\\n**and it must be that you enjoy your present\\nriches all the more highly on account of having\\nexperienced in early life the inconveniences\\nand ills of poverty. The pleasure must be\\nmore intense in having desires which have\\nlong been felt gratified at last than if the ob-\\njects which they rested upon had been always\\nin one s possession.\\n**You imagine, I suppose, replied Pheraulas\\nHhat I am a great deal happier in consequence\\nof all this wealth and splendor; but it is not\\nso. As to the real enjoyments of which our\\nnatures are capable, I cannot receive more now\\nthan I could before. I cannot eat any more,\\ndrink any more, or sleep any more, or do any\\nof these things with any more pleasure than\\nwhen I was poor. All that I gain by this\\nabundance is that I have more to watch, more\\nto guard, more to take care of. I have maiay\\nservants, for whose wants I have to provide, and\\nwho are a constant source of solicitude to me.\\nOne calls for food, another for clothes, and a\\nthird is sick, and I must see that he has a", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "224 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nphysician. My other possessions, too, are g\\nconstant care. A man conies in, one day, and\\nbrings me sheep that have been torn by the\\nwolves; and, on another day, tells me of oxen\\nthat have fallen from a precipice, or of a dis-\\ntemper which has broken out among the flocks\\nor herds. My wealth, therefore, brings me\\nonly an increase of anxiety and trouble, with-\\nout any addition to my joys.\\nBut those things, said the Sacian,** which\\nyou name, must be unusual and extraordinary\\noccurrences. When all things are going on\\nprosperously and well with you, and you can\\nlook around on all your possessions and feel\\nthat they are yours, then certainly you must be\\nhappier than I am,\\nIt is true, said Pheraulas, that there is\\na pleasure in the possession of wealth, but\\nthat pleasure is not great enough to balance\\nthe suffering which the calamities and losses\\ninevitably connected with it occasion. That\\nthe suffering occasioned by losing our posses-\\nsions is greater than the pleasure of retaining\\nthem, is proved by the fact that the pain of a\\nloss is so exciting to the mind that it often de-\\nprives men of sleep, while they enjoy the most\\ncalm and quiet repose so long as their posses-\\nsions are retained, which proves that the pleas-\\nure does not move them so deeply. They are\\nkept awake by the vexation and chagrin on the\\none hand, but they are never kept awake by the\\nsatisfaction on the other.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 225\\n(i\\nThat is true, replied the Sacian. Men\\nare not kept awake by the niere continuing to\\npossess their wealth, but they very often are by\\nthe original acquisition of it.\\nYes, indeed, replied Pheraulas; *and if\\nthe enjoyment of being rich could always\\ncontinue as great as that of first becoming so,\\nthe rich would, I admit, be very happy men but\\nit is not, and cannot be so. They who possess\\nmuch, must lose, and expend, and give much\\nand this necessity brings more of pain than\\nthe possessions themselves can give of pleas-\\nure.\\nThe Sacian was not convinced. The giving\\nand expending, he maintained, would be to\\nhim, in itself, a source of pleasure. He\\nshould like to have much, for the very purpose\\nof being able to expend much. Finally, Phe-\\nraulas proposed to the Sacian, since he seemed\\nto think that riches would afford him so much\\npleasure, and as he himself, Pheraulas, found\\nthe possession of them only a source of trouble\\nand care, that he would convey all his wealth\\nto the Sacian, he himself to receive only an\\nordinary maintenance from it.\\nYou are in jest, said the Sacian.\\nNo, said Pheraulas, lam in earnest.\\nAnd he renewed his proposition, and pressed\\nthe Sacian urgently to accept of it.\\nThe Sacian then said that nothing could give\\nhim greater pleasure than such an arrange-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "226 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nment. He expressed great gratitude for so\\ngenerous an offer, and promised that, if he re-\\nceived the property, he would furnish Pherau-\\nlas with most ample and abundant supplies for\\nall his wants, and would relieve him entirely\\nof all responsibility and care. He promised,\\nmoreover, to obtain from Cyrus permission\\nthat Pheraulas should thereafter be excused\\nfrom the duties of military service, and from\\nall the toils, privations, and hardships of war,\\nso that he might thenceforth lead a life of\\nquiet, luxury, and ease, and thus live in the\\nenjoyment of all the benefits which wealth\\ncould procure, without its anxieties and cares.\\nThe plan, thus arranged, was carried into\\neffect. Pheraulas divested himself of his pos-\\nsessions, conveying them all to the Sacian.\\nBoth parties were extremely pleased with the\\noperation of the scheme, and they lived thus\\ntogether for a long time. Whatever Pheraulas\\nacquired in any way, he always brought to the\\nSacian, and the Sacian, by accepting it, re-\\nlieved Pheraulas of all responsibility and care.\\nThe Sacian loved Pheraulas, as Herodotus\\nsays, in closing this narrative, because he was\\nthus continually bringing him gifts and\\nPheraulas loved the Sacian, because he was\\nalways willing to take the gifts which were\\nthus brought to him.\\nAmong the other conversations, whether real\\nor imaginary, which Herodotus records, he", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 227\\ngives some specimens of those which took\\nplace at festive entertainments in Cyrus tent,\\non occasions when he invited his officers to\\ndine with him. He commenced the conversa-\\ntion, on one of these occasions, by inquiring\\nof some of the officers present whether they\\ndid not think that the common soldiers were\\nequal to the officers themselves in intelligence,\\ncourage, and military skill, and in all the other\\nsubstantial qualities of a good soldier.\\nI know not how that may be, replied one\\nof the officers. How they will prove when\\nthey come into action with the enemy, I can-\\nnot tell but a more perverse and churlish set\\nof fellows in camp, than those I have got in\\nmy regiment, I never knew. The other day,\\nfor example, when there had been a sacrifice,\\nthe meat of the victims was sent around to be\\ndistributed to the soldiers. In our regiment,\\nwhen the steward came in with the first dis-\\ntribution, he began by me, and so went round,\\nas far as what he had brought would go. The\\nnext time he came, he began at the other end.\\nThe supply failed before he had got to the\\nplace where he had left off before, so that there\\nwas a man in the middle that did not get any-\\nthing. This man immediately broke out in\\nloud and angry complaints, and declared that\\nthere was no equality or fairness whatever in\\nsuch a mode of division, unless they began\\nsometimes in the center of the line.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "228 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\n**Upon this, continued the officer, **I\\ncalled to the discontented man, and invited\\nhim to come and sit by me, where he would\\nhave a better chance for a good share. He did\\nso. It happened that, at the next distribution\\nthat was made, we were the last, and he fan-\\ncied that only the smallest pieces were left, so\\nhe began to complain more than before. *0h,\\nmisery! said he, that I should have to sit\\nhere *Be patient, said I; pretty soon they\\nwill begin the distribution with us, and then\\nyou will have the best chance of all. And so\\nit proved; for, at the next distribution, they\\nbegan at us, and the man took his share first\\nbut when the second and third men took theirs,\\nhe fancied that their pieces looked larger than\\nhis, and he reached forward and put his piece\\nback into the basket, intending to change it;\\nbut the steward moved rapidly on, and he did\\nnot get another, so that he lost his distribution\\naltogether. He was then quite furious with\\nrage and vexation.\\nCyrus and all the company laughed very\\nheartily at these mischances of greediness and\\ndiscontent and then other stories, of a some-\\nwhat similar character, were told by other\\nguests. One officer said that a few days pre-\\nvious he was drilling a part of his troops,\\nand he had before him on the plain what is\\ncalled, in military language, a squad of men,\\nwhom he was teaching to march. When he", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 229\\ngave the order to advance, one, who was at the\\nhead of the file, marched forward with great\\nalacrity, but all the rest stood still. *I asked\\nhim, continued the officer, what he was\\ndoing. Marching, said he, *as you ordered\\nWfQ to do. *It was not you alone that I\\nordered to march, said I, *but all. So I sent\\nhim back to his place, and then gave the com-\\nmand again. Upon this they all advanced\\npromiscuously and in disorder toward me, each\\none acting for himself, without regard to the\\nothers, and leaving the file-leader, who ought\\nto have been at the head, altogether behind.\\nThe file-leader said, Keep back! keep back!\\nUpon this the men were offended, and asked\\nwhat they were to do about such contradictory\\norders. One commands us to advance, and\\nanother to keep back! said they; how are we\\nto know which to obey?\\nCyrus and his guests were so much amused\\nat the awkwardness of these recruits, and the\\nridiculous predicament in which the officer was\\nplaced by it, that the narrative of the speaker\\nwas here interrupted by universal and long-\\ncontinued laughter.\\nFinally, continued the officer, sent the\\nmen all back to their places, and explained to\\nthem that, when a command was given, they\\nwere not to obey it in confusion and unseemly\\nhaste, but regularly and in order, each one\\nfollowing the man who stood before him.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "230 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\n*You must regulate your proceeding, said I,\\nby the action of the file-leader; when he ad-\\nvances, you must advance, following him in a\\nline, and governing your movements in all\\nrespects by his.\\nJust at this moment, continued the officer,\\n**a man came to me for a letter which was to\\ngo to Persia, and which I had left in my tent.\\nI directed the file-leader to run to my tent and\\nbring the letter to me. He immediately set\\noff, and the rest, obeying literally the direc-\\ntions which I had just been giving them, all\\nfollowed, running behind him in a line like a.\\ntroop of savages, so that I had the whole squad\\nof twenty men running in a body off the field\\nto fetch a letter\\nWhen the general hilarity which these re-\\ncitals occasioned had a little subsided, Cyrus\\nsaid he thought that they could not complain\\nof the character of the soldiers whom they had\\nto command, for they were certainly, accord-\\ning to these accounts, sufficiently ready to obey\\nthe orders they received. Upon this, a certain\\none of the guests who was present, named\\nAglaitadas, a gloomy and austere-looking man,\\nwho had not joined at all in the merriment\\nwhich the conversation had caused, asked Cy-\\nrus if he believed those stories to be true.\\nWhy? asked Cyrus; what do you think\\nof them?\\nI think, said Aglaitadas, **that these", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS. 231\\nofficers invented them to make the company\\nlaugh. It is evident that they were not telling\\nthe truth, since they related the stories in such\\na vain and arrogant way.\\nArrogant said Cy rus you ought not to\\ncall them arrogant for, even if they invented\\ntheir narrations, it was not to gain any seljQsh\\nends of their own, but only to amuse us and\\npromote our enjoyment. Such persons should\\nbe called polite and agreeable rather than arro-\\ngant.\\nIf, Aglaitadas, said one of the officers\\nwho had related the anecdotes, we had told\\nyou melancholy stories to make you gloomy\\nand wretched, you might have been justly dis-\\npleased; but you certainly ought not to com-\\nplain of us for making you merry.\\nYes, said Aglaitadas, I think I may.\\nTo make a man laugh is a very insignificant\\nand useless thing. It is far better to make\\nhim weep. Such thoughts and such conversa-\\ntion as makes us serious, thoughtful, and sad,\\nand even moves us to tears, are the most salu-\\ntary and the best.\\n*Well, replied the officer, if you will take\\nmy advice, you will lay out all your powers of\\ninspiring gloom, and melancholy, and of bring-\\ning tears, upon our enemies, and bestow the\\nmirth and laughter upon us. There must be a\\nprodigious deal of laughter in you, for none\\never comes out. You neither use nor expend", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "232 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nit yourself, nor do you afford it to your\\nfriends.\\n*Then, said Aglaitadas, **why do you at-\\ntempt to draw it from me?\\n^Itis preposterous! said another of the\\ncompany; for one could more easily strike\\nfire out of Aglaitadas than get a laugh from\\nhim!\\nAglaitadas could not help smiling at this\\ncomparison upon which Cyrus, with an air of\\ncounterfeited gravity, reproved the person who\\nhad spoken, saying that he had corrupted the\\nmost sober man in the company by making\\nhim smile, and that to disturb such gravity as\\nthat of Aglaitadas was carrying the spirit of\\nmirth and merriment altogether too far.\\nThese specimens will suffice. They serve to\\ngive a more distinct idea of the Cyropsedia of\\nXenophou than any general description could\\nafford. The book is a drama, of which the\\nprincipal elements are such narratives as the\\nstory of Panthea, and such conversations as\\nthose contained in this chapter, intermingled\\nwith long discussions on the principles of\\ngovernment, and on the discipline and man-\\nagement of armies. The principles and the\\nsentiments which the work inculcates and ex-\\nplains are now of little value, being no longer\\napplicable to the affairs of mankind in the\\naltered circumstances of the present day. The", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "CONVERSATIONS.\\n233\\nbook, however, retains its rank among men on\\naccount of a certain beautiful and simple mag-\\nnificence characterizing the style and language\\nCyrus and His Chiefs.\\nin which it is written, which, however, cannot\\nbe appreciated except by those who read the\\nnarrative in the original tongue.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK Xn.\\nTHE DEATH OF CYRUS.\\nAfter having made the conquest of the\\nBabylonian empire, Gyrus found himself the\\nsovereign of nearly all of Asia, so far as it was\\nthen known. Beyond his dominions there\\nlay, on every side, according to the opinions\\nwhich then prevailed, vast tracts of uninhabit-\\nable territory, desolate and impassable. These\\nwildernesses were rendered unfit for man,\\nsometimes by excessive heat, sometimes by\\nexcessive cold, sometimes from being parched\\nby perpetual drought, which produced bare\\nand desolate deserts, and sometimes by inces-\\nsant rains, which drenched the country and\\nfilled it with morasses and fens. On the north\\nwas the great Caspian Sea, then almost wholly\\nunexplored, and extending, as the ancients be-\\nlieved, to the Polar Ocean.\\nOn the west side of the Caspian Sea were\\nthe Caucasian Mountains, which were sup-\\nposed, in those days, to be the highest on the\\nglobe. In the neighborhood of these moun-\\ntains there was a country, inhabited by a wild\\n234", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 235\\nand half-savage people, who were called Scy-\\nthians. This was, in fact, a sort of generic\\nterm, which was applied, in those days, to\\nalmost all the aboriginal tribes beyond the\\nconfines of civilization. The Scythians, how-\\never, if such they can properly be called, who\\nlived on the borders of the Caspian Sea, were\\nnot wholly uncivilized. They possessed many\\nof those mechanical arts which are the first to\\nbe matured among warlike nations. They had\\nno iron or steel, but they were accustomed to\\nwork other metals, particularly gold and brass.\\nThey tipped their spears and javelins with\\nbrass, and made brazen plates for defensive\\narmor, both for themselves and for their\\nhorses. They made, also, many ornaments\\nand decorations of gold. These they attached\\nto their helmets, their belts, and their banners.\\nThey were very formidable in war, being, like\\nall other northern nations, perfectly desperate\\nand reckless in battle. They were excellent\\nhorsemen, and had an abundance of horses\\nwith which to exercise their skill so that their\\narmies consisted, like those of the Cossacks of\\nmodern times, of great bodies of cavalry.\\nThe various campaigns and conquests by\\nwhich Cyrus obtained possession of his ex-\\ntended dominions occupied an interval of about\\nthirty years. It was near the close of this in-\\nterval, when he was, in fact, advancing toward\\na late period of life, that he formed the plan", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "236 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nof penetrating into tkese northern regions,\\nwith a view of adding them also to his do-\\nmains.\\nHe had two sons, Cambyses and Smerdis.\\nHis wife is said to have been a daughter of\\nAstyages, and that he married her soon after\\nhis conquest of the kingdom of Media, in order\\nto reconcile the Medians more easily to his\\nsway, by making a Median princess their\\nqueen. Among the western nations of Europe\\nsuch a marriage would be abhorred, Astyages\\nhaving been Cyrus grandfather; but among\\nthe Orientals, in those days, alliances of this\\nnature were not uncommon. It would seem\\nthat this queen was not living at the time that\\nthe events occurred which are to be related in\\nthis chapter. Her sons had grown up to\\nmaturity, and were now princes of great dis-\\ntinction.\\nOne of the Scythian or northern nations to\\nwhich we have referred were called the Mas-\\nsagetse. They formed a very extensive and\\npowerful realm. They were governed, at this\\ntime, by a queen named Tomyris. She was a\\nwidow, past midde life. She had a son named\\nSpargapizes, who had, like the sons of Cyrus,\\nattained maturity, and was the heir to the\\nthrone. Spargapizes was, moreover, the com-\\nmander-in-chief of the armies of the queen.\\nThe first plan which Cyrus formed for the\\nannexation of the realm of the Massagetse to", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 237\\nhis own dominions was by a matrimonial alli-\\nance. He accordingly raised an army and\\ncommenced a movement toward the north, send-\\ning, at the same time, ambassadors before him\\ninto the country of the Massagetae, with offers\\nof marriage to the queen. The queen knew\\nvery well that it was her dominions, and not\\nherself, that constituted the great attraction\\nfor Cyrus, and, besides, she was of an age\\nwhen ambition is a stronger passion than love.\\nShe refused the offers, and sent back word to\\nCyrus forbidding his approach.\\nCyrus, however, continued to move on. The\\nboundary between his dominions and those of\\nthe queen was at the Kiver Araxes, a stream\\nflowing from west to east, through the central\\nparts of Asia, toward the Caspian Sea. As\\nCyrus advanced, he found the country growing\\nmore and more wild and desolate. It was in-\\nhabited by savage tribes, who lived on roots\\nand herbs, and who were elevated very little,\\nin any respect, above the wild beasts that\\nroamed in the forests around them. They had\\none very singular custom, according to Herod-\\notus. It seems that there was a plant which\\ngrew among them, that bore a fruit, whose\\nfumes, when it was roasting on afire,had an ex-\\nhilarating effect, like that produced by wine.\\nThese savages, therefore, Herodotus says, were\\naccustomed to assemble around a fire, in their\\nconvivial festivities, and to throw some of this\\n17- -Cyrus", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "238 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nfruit in the midst of it. The fumes emitted\\nby the fruit would soon begin to intoxicate the\\nwhole circle, when they wouli throw on more\\nfruit, and become more and more excited, until,\\nat length, they would jump up, and dance\\nabout, and sing, in a state of complete inebri-\\nation.\\nAmong such savages as these, and through\\nthe forests and wildernesses in which they\\nlived, Cyrus advanced till he reached the\\nAraxes. Here, after considering, for some\\ntime, by what means he could best pass the\\nriver, he determined to build a floating bridge,\\nby means of boats and rafts obtained from the\\nnatives on the banks, or built for the purpose.\\nIt would be obviously much easier to transport\\nthe army by using these boats and rafts to\\nfloat the men across, instead of constructing a\\nbridge with them but this would not have\\nbeen safe, for the transportation of the army\\nby such a means would be gradual and slow\\nand if the enemy were lurking in the neigh-\\nborhood, and should make an attack upon them\\nin the midst of the operation, while a part of\\nthe army were upon one bank and a part upon\\nthe other, and another portion still, perhaps,\\nin boats upon the stream, the defeat and de-\\nstruction of the whole would be almost inevi-\\ntable. Cyrus planned the formation of the\\nbridge, therefore, as a means of transporting this\\narmy in a body, and of landing them on the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 239\\nopposite bank in solid columns, which could be\\nformed into order of battle without any delay.\\nWhile Cyrus was engaged in the work of\\nconstructing the bridge, ambassadors appeared,\\nwho said that they had been sent from Tomy-\\nris. She had commissioned them, they said,\\nto warn Cyrus to desist entirely from his de-\\nsigns upon her kingdom, and to return to his\\nown. This would be the wisest course, too,\\nTomyris said, for himself, and she counseled\\nhim, for his own welfare, to follow it. He\\ncould not foresee the result, if he should in-\\nvade her dominions and encounter her armies.\\nFortune had favored him thus far, it was true,\\nbut fortune might change, and he might find\\nhimself, before he was aware, at the end of his\\nvictories. Still, she said, she had no expecta-\\ntion that he would be disposed to listen to this\\nwarning and advice, and, on her part, she had\\nno objection to his persevering in his invasion.\\nShe did not fear him. He need not put him-\\nself to the expense and trouble of building a\\nbridge across the Araxes. She would agree to\\nwithdraw all her forces three days march into\\nher own country, so that he might cross the\\nriver safely and at his leisure, and she would\\nawait him at the place where she should have\\nencamped or, if he preferred it, she would\\ncross the river and meet him on his own side.\\nIn that case, he must retire three days march\\nfrom the river, so as to afford her the same", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "240 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nopportunity to make the passage undisturbed\\nwhich she had offered him. She would then\\ncome over and march on to attack him. She\\ngave Cyrus his option which branch of this\\nalternative to choose.\\nCyrus called a council of war to consider the\\nquestion. He laid the case before his officers\\nand generals, and asked for their opinion.\\nThey were unanimously agreed that it would\\nbe best for him to accede to the last of the two\\nproposals made to him, viz., to draw back\\nthree days journey toward his own dominions,\\nand wait for Tomyris to come and attack him\\nthere.\\nThere was, however, one person present at\\nthis consultation, though not regularly a mem-\\nber of the council, who gave Cyrus different\\nadvice. This was Croesus, the fallen king of\\nLydia. Ever since the time of his captivity,\\nhe had been retained in the camp and in the\\nhousehold of Cyrus, and had often accom-\\npanied him in his expeditions and campaigns.\\nThough a captive, he seems to have been a\\nfriend; at least, the most friendly relations\\nappeared to subsist between him and his con-\\nqueror and he often figures in history as a\\nwise and honest counselor to Cyrus, in the\\nvarious emergencies in which he was placed.\\nHe was present on this occasion, and he dis-\\nsented from the opinion which was expressed\\nby the officers of the army.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 241\\nI ought to apologize, perhaps, said he,\\n**for presuming to offer any counsel, captive as\\nI am but I have derived, in the school of\\ncalamity and misfortune in which I have been\\ntaught, some advantages for learning wisdom\\nwhich you have never enjoyed. It seems to\\nme that it will be much better for you not to\\nfall back, but to advance and attack Tomyris in\\nher own dominions for, if you retire in this\\nmanner, in the first place, the act itself is dis-\\ncreditable to you it is a retreat. Then, if, in\\nthe battle that follows, Tomyris conquers you,\\nshe is already advanced three days march into\\nyour dominions, and she may go on, and, be-\\nfore you can take measures for raising another\\narmy, make herself mistress ot your empire.\\nOn the other hand, if, in the battle, you con-\\nquer her, you will be then six days march\\nback of the position which you would occupy\\nif you were to advance now.\\n**I will propose, continued Croesus, the\\nfollowing plan Cross the river according to\\nTomyris offer, and advance the three days\\njourney into her country. Leave a small part\\nof your force there, with a great abundance of\\nyour most valuable baggage and supplies\\nluxuries of all kinds, and rich wines, and such\\narticles as the enemy will most value as plun-\\nder. Then fall back with the main body of\\nyour army toward the river again, in a secret\\nmanner, and encamp in an ambuscade. The", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "242 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nenemy will attack your advanced detachment.\\nThey will conquer them. They will seize the\\nstores and supplies, and will suppose that\\nyour whole army is vanquished. They will\\nfall upon the plunder in disorder, and the dis-\\ncipline of their army will be overthrown.\\nThey will go to feasting upon the provisions\\nand to drinking the wines, and then, when\\nthey are in the midst of their festivities and\\nrevelry, you can come back suddenly with the\\nreal strength of your army, and wholly over-\\nwhelm them.\\nCyrus determined to adopt the plan which\\nCroesus thus recommended. He accordingly\\ngave answer to the ambassadors of Tomyris\\nthat he would accede to the first of her propo-\\nsals. If she would draw back from the river\\nthree days march, he would cross it with his\\narmy as soon as practicable, and then come\\nforward and attack her. The ambassadors re-\\nceived this message, and departed to deliver it\\nto their queen. She was faithful to her agree-\\nment, and drew her forces back to the place\\nproposed, and left them there, encamped under\\nthe command of her son.\\nCyrus seems to have felt some forebodings\\nin respect to the manner in which this expedi-\\ntion was to end. He was advanced in life,\\nand not now as well able as he once was to en-\\ndure the privations and hardships of such\\ncampaigns. Then, the incursion which he was", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 243\\nto make was into a remote, and wild, and dan-\\ngerous country, and he could not but be aware\\nthat he might never return. Perhaps he may\\nhave had some compunctions of conscience,\\ntoo, at thus wantonly disturbing the peace and\\ninvading the territories of an innocent neigh-\\nbor, and his mind may have been the less at\\nease on that account. At any rate, he resolved\\nto settle the affairs of his government before\\nhe set out, in order to secure both the tran-\\nquility of the country while he should be ab-\\nsent, and the regular transmission of his power\\nto his descendants in case he should never\\nreturn.\\nAccordingly, in a very formal manner, and\\nin the presence of all his army, he delegated\\nhis power to Cambyses, his son, constituting\\nhim regent of the realm during his absence.\\nHe committed Croesus to his son s special\\ncare, charging him to pay him every attention\\nand honor. It was arranged that these per-\\nsons, as well as a considerable portion of the\\narmy, and a large number of attendants that\\nhad followed the camp thus far, were not to ac-\\ncompany the expedition across the river, but\\nwere to remain behind and return to the capi-\\ntal. These arrangements being all thus finally\\nmade, Cyrus took leave of his son and of Croe-\\nsus, crossed the river with that part of the\\narmy which was to proceed, and commenced\\nhis march.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "244 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nThe uneasiness and anxiety which Cyrus\\nseems to have felt in respect to his future fate\\non this memorable march affected even his\\ndreams. It seems that there was among the\\nofficers of his army a certain general named\\nHystaspes. He had a son named Darius, then\\na youth of about twenty years of age, who had\\nbeen left at home, in Persia, when the army\\nmarched, not being old enough to accompany\\nthem. Cyrus dreamed, one night, immedi-\\nately after crossing the river, that he saw this\\nyoung Darius with wings on his shoulders,\\nthat extended, the one over Asia and the other\\nover Europe, thus overshadowing the world.\\nWhen Cyrus awoke and reflected upon his\\ndream, it seemed to him to portend that Da-\\nrius might be aspiring to the government of his\\nempire. He considered it a warning intended\\nto put him on his guard.\\nWhen he awoke in the morning, he sent for\\nHystaspes, and related to him his dream. I\\nam satisfied, said he, that it denotes that\\nyour son is forming ambitious and treasonable\\ndesigns. Do you, therefore, return home, and\\narrest him in this fatal course. Secure him,\\nand let him be ready to give me an account of\\nhis conduct when I shall return.\\nHystaspes, having received this commission,\\nleft the army and returned. The name of this\\nHystaspes acquired a historical immortality in\\na very singular way, that is, by being always", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 245\\nused as a part of the appellation by which to\\ndesignate his distinguished son. In after\\nyears Darius did attain to a very extended\\npower. He became Darius the Great. As,\\nhowever, there were several other Persian\\nmonarchs called Darius, some of whom were\\nnearly as great as this the first of the name,\\nthe usage was gradually established of calling\\nhim Darius Hystaspes and thus the name c f\\nthe father has become familiar to all mankind,\\nsimply as a consequence and pendant to the\\ncelebrity of the son.\\nAfter sending off Hystaspes, Cyrus went on.\\nHe followed, in all respects, the plan of Croe-\\nsus. He marched his army into the country\\nof Tomyris, and advanced until he reached the\\npoint agreed upon. Here he stationed a feeble\\nportion of his army, with great stores of pro-\\nvisions and wines, and abundance of such\\narticles as would be prized by the barbarians\\nas booty. He then drew back with the main\\nbody of his army toward the Araxes, and con-\\ncealed his forces in a hidden encampment.\\nThe result was as Crcesus had anticipated.\\nThe body which he had left was attacked by\\nthe troops of Tomyris, and effectually routed.\\nThe provisions and stores fell into the hands\\nof the victors. They gave themselves up to\\nthe most unbounded joy, and their whole camp\\nwas soon a universal scene of rioting and\\nexcess. Even the commander, Spargapizes,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "246 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nTomyris son, became intoxicated with the\\nwine.\\nWhile things were in this state, the main\\nbody of the army of Cyrus returned suddenly\\nand unexpectedly, and fell upon their now\\nhelpless enemies with a force which entirely\\noverwhelmed them. The booty was recovered,\\nlarge numbers of the enemy were slain, and\\nothers were taken prisoners. Spargapizes\\nhimself was captured his hands were bound\\nhe was taken into Cyrus camp, and closely\\nguarded.\\nThe result of this stratagem, triumphantly\\nsuccessful as it was, would have settled the\\ncontest, and made Cyrus master of the whole\\nrealm, if, as he, at the time, supposed was the\\ncase, the main body of Tomyris forces had\\nbeen engaged in this battle but it seems that\\nTomyris had learned, by reconnoiterers and\\nspies, how large a force there was in Cyrus\\ncamp, and had only sent a detachment of her\\nown troops to attack them, not judging it nec-\\nessary to call out the whole. Two-thirds of\\nher army remained still uninjured. With this\\nlarge force she would undoubtedly have ad-\\nvanced without any delay to attack Cyrus\\nagain, were it not for her maternal concern for\\nthe safety of her son. He was in Cyrus\\npower, a helpless captive, and she did not\\nknow to what cruelties he would be exposed if\\nCyrus were to be exasperated against her.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 247\\nWhile her heart, therefore, was burning with\\nresentment and anger, and with an almost un-\\ncontrolable thirst for revenge, her hand was\\nrestrained. She kept back her army, and sent\\nto Cyrus a conciliatory message.\\nShe said to Cyrus that he had no cause to be\\nspecially elated at his victory that it was only\\none-third of her forces that had been engaged,\\nand that with the remainder she held him com-\\npletely in her power. She urged him, there-\\nfore, to be satisfied with the injury which he\\nhad already inflicted upon her by destroying\\none-third of her army, and to liberate her son,\\nretire from her dominions, and leave her in\\npeace. If he would do so, she would not\\nmolest him in his departure but if he would\\nnot, she swore by the sun, the great god which\\nshe and her countrymen adored, that, insati-\\nable as he was for blood, she would give it to\\nhim till he had his fill.\\nOf course Cyrus was not to be frightened\\nby such threats as these. He refused to de-\\nliver up the captive prince, or to withdraw\\nfrom the country, and both parties began to\\nprepare again for war.\\nSpargapizes was intoxicated when he was\\ntaken, and was unconscious of the calamity\\nwhich had befallen him. When at length he\\nawoke from his stupor, and learned the full\\nextent of his misfortune, and of the indelible\\ndisgrace which he had incurred, he was over-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "248 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nwhelmed with astonishment, disappointment,\\nand shame. The more he reflected upon his\\ncondition, the more hopeless it seemed. Even\\nif his life were to be spared, and if he were to\\nrecover his liberty, he never could recover his\\nhonor. The ignominy of such a defeat and\\nsuch a captivity, he knew well, must be indeli-\\nble.\\nHe begged Cyrus to loosen his bonds and\\nallow him personal liberty within the camp.\\nCyras, pitying, perhaps, his misfortunes, and\\nthe deep dejection and distress which they oc-\\ncasioned, acceded to this request. Sparga-\\npizes watched an opportunity to seize a weapon\\nwhen he was not observed by his guards, and\\nkilled himself.\\nHis mother Tomyris, when she heard of his\\nfate, was frantic with grief and rage. She\\nconsidered Cyrus as the wanton destroyer of\\nthe peace of her kingdom and the murderer of\\nher son, and she had now no longer any reason\\nfor restraining her thirst for revenge. She\\nimmediately began to concentrate her forces,\\nand to summon all the additional troops\\nthat she could obtain from every part of her\\nkingdom. Cyrus, too, began in earnest to\\nstrengthen his lines, and to prepare for the\\ngreat final struggle.\\nAt length the armies approached each other,\\nand the battle began. The attack was com-\\nmenced by the archers on either side, who", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "THE DEATH OF CYRUS. 249\\n8hot showers of arrows at their opponents as\\nthey were advancing. When the arrows were\\nspent, the men fought hand to hand, with spears,\\nand javelins, and swords. The Persians fought\\ndesperately, for they fought for their lives.\\nThey were in the heart of an enemy s country,\\nwith a broad river behind them to cut off their\\nretreat, and they were contending with a wild\\nand savage foe, whose natural barbarity was\\nrendered still more ferocious and terrible than\\never by the exasperation which they felt, in\\nsympathy with their injured queen. For a\\nlong time it was wholly uncertain which side\\nwould win the day. The advantage, here and\\nthere along the lines, was in some places on\\none side, and in some places on the other;\\nbut, though overpowered and beaten, the sev-\\neral bands, whether of Persians or Scythians,\\nwould neither retreat nor surrender, but the sur-\\nvivors, when their comrades had fallen, con-\\ntinued to fight on till they were all slain. It\\nwas evident, at last, that the Scythians were\\ngaining the day. When night came on, the\\nPersian army was found to be almost wholly\\ndestroyed the remnant dispersed. When all\\nwas over, the Scythians, in exploring the field,\\nfound the dead body of Cyrus among the\\nother ghastly and mutilated remains which\\ncovered the ground. They took it up with a\\nferocious and exulting joy, and carried it to\\nTomyris,", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "250 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nTomyris treated it with every possible in-\\ndignity. She cut and mutilated the lifeless\\nform, as if it could still feel the injuries in-\\nflicted by her insane revenge. Miserable\\nwretch! said she; though I am in the end\\nyour conqueror, you have ruined my peace\\nand happiness forever. You have murdered\\nmy son. But I promised you your fill of\\nblood, and you shall have it. Sosaying,she\\nfilled a can with Persian blood, obtained,\\nprobably, by the execution of her captives, and,\\ncutting off the head of her victim from the\\nbody, she plunged it in, exclaiming, Drink\\nthere, insatiable monster, till your murderous\\nthirst is satisfied.\\nThis was the end of Cyrus. Cambyses, his\\nson, whom he had appointed regent during his\\nabsence, succeeded quietly to the government\\nof his vast dominions.\\nIn reflecting on this melancholy termination\\nof this great conqueror s history, our minds\\nnaturally revert to the scenes of his childhood,\\nand we wonder that so amiable, and gentle,\\nand generous a boy should become so selfish,\\nand unfeeling, and overbearing as a man. But\\nsuch are the natural and inevitable effects oi\\nambition and an inordinate love of power.\\nThe history of a conqueror is always a tragical\\nand melancholy tale. He begins life with an\\nexhibition of great and noble qualities, which\\nawaken in us, who read his history, the same", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "252 CYRUS THE GREAT.\\nadmiration that was felt for him, personally,\\nby his friends and countrymen while he lived,\\nand on which the vast ascendency which he\\nacquired over the minds of his fellow-men, and\\nwhich led to his power and fame, was, in a\\ngreat measure, founded.. On the other hand,\\nhe ends life neglected, hated, and abhorred.\\nHis ambition has been gratified, but the grati-\\nfication has brought with it no substantial\\npeace or happiness; on the contrary, it has\\nfilled his soul with uneasiness, discontent, sus-\\npiciousness, and misery. The histories of\\nheroes would be far less painful in the perusal\\nif we could reverse ihis moral change of char-\\nacter, so as to have the cruelty, the selfish-\\nness, and the oppression exhaust themselves in\\nthe comparatively unimportant transactions of\\nearly life, and the spirit of kindness, generos-\\nity, and beneficence blessing and beautifying\\nits close. To be generous, disinterested, and\\nnoble seems to be necessary as the precursor\\nof great military success; and to be hard-\\nhearted, selfish, and cruel is the almost inevi-\\ntable consequence of it. The exceptions to\\nthis rule, though some of them are very splen-\\ndid, are vet very few.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "ALXEIvIUS\\nYoung People s Library.\\nPrice, 50 Cents Each.\\nROBINSON CRUSOE His Life and Strange Surprising\\nAdventures. With 70 beautiful illustrations by Walter\\nPaget. Arranged for young readers.\\nThere exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment,\\nwhich has been more generally read, and universally admhed.\\nWalter Scott.\\nALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With 42\\nillustrations by John Tenniel.\\nThis is Carroll s immortal story. Athenceuin.\\nThe most delightful of children s stories. Elegant and deli-\\ncious nonsense. Saturday Review.\\nTHROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND WHAT\\nALICE FOUND THERE. (A companion to Alice in\\nWonderland.) With 50 illustrations by John Tenniel.\\nNot a whit inferior to its predecessor in grand extravagance of\\nimagination, and delicious allegorical nonsense. QuaJ terly\\nReview.\\nBUNYAN S PILGRIM S PROGRESS. With 50 full-page\\nand text illustrations.\\nPilgrim s Progress is the most popular story book in the\\nworld. With the exception of the Bible it has been translated into\\nmore languages than any other book ever printed.\\nA CHILD S STORY OF THE BIBLE. With 72 full-page\\nillustrations.\\nTells in simple language and in a form fitted for the hands of\\nthe younger members of the Christian flock, the tale of God s\\ndealings with his Chos, n People under the Old Dispensation,\\nwith its foreshadowing.^ of the coming of that Messia i who was\\nto make all mankind one fold under one Shepherd.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "ALTfeMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nA CHILD S LIFE OF CHRIST. With 49 illustrations.\\nGod has implanted in the infant s heart a desire to hear of Jesus,\\nand children are early attracted and sweetly riveted by the won-\\nderful Story of the Master from the Manger to the Throne.\\nIn this little book we have brought together from Scripture every\\nincident, expression and description within the verge of their com-\\nprehension, in the effort to weave them into a memorial garland of\\ntheir Saviour.\\nTHE FABLES OF JESOF. Compiled from the best ac-\\ncepted sources. With 62 illustrations.\\nThe fables of yEsop are among the very earliest compositions of\\nthis kind, and probably have never been surpassed for point and\\nbrevity, as well as for the practical good sense they display. In\\ntheir grotesque grace, in their quaint humor, in their trust in the\\nsimpler virtues, in their insight into the cruder vices, in their inno-\\ncence of the fact of sex, yEsop s Fables are as little children\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nfor that reason will ever find a home in the heaven of little chil-\\ndren s souls.\\nTHE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON, or the Adventures of\\na Shipwrecked Family on an Uninhabited Island. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nA remarkable tale of adventure that will interest the boys and\\ngirls. The father of the family tells the tale and the vicissitudes\\nthrough which he and his wife and children pass, the wonderful\\ndiscoveries they make, and the dangers they encounter. It is a\\nstandard work of adventure that has the favor of all who have\\nread it.\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY\\nOF AMERICA. With 70 illustrations.\\nIt is the duty of every American lad to know the story of Chris-\\ntopher Columbus. In this book is depicted the story of his life\\nand struggles of his persistent solicitations at the courts of Eu-\\nrope, and his contemptuous receptions by the learned Geographical\\nCouncils, until his final employment by Queen Isabella. Records\\nthe day-by-day journey ings while he was pursuing his aim and his\\nperilous way over the shoreless ocean, until he gave to Spain a\\nNew World. Shows his progress through Spain on the occasion\\nof his first return, when he was received with rapturous demon-\\nstrations and more than regal homage. His displacement by the", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nOdjeas, Ovandos and Bobadilas his last return in chains, and the\\nstory of his death in poverty and neglect.\\nTHE STORY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY\\nIN AFRICA. With 80 illustrations.\\nRecords the adventures, privations, sufferings, trials, dangers\\nand discoveries in developing the Dark Continent, from the\\nearly days of Bruce and Mungo Park down to Livingstone and\\nStanley and the heroes of our own times.\\nThe reader becomes carried away by conflicting emotions of\\nwonder and sympathy, and feels compelled to pursue the story,\\nwhich he cannot lay down. No present can be more acceptable\\nthan such a volume as this, where courage, intrepidity, resource\\nand devotion are so pleasantly mingled. It is very fully illustra-\\nted with pictures worthy of the book.\\nGULLIVER S TRAVELS INTO SOME REMOTE RE-\\nGIONS OF THE WORLD. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn description, even of the most common-place things, his power\\nis often perfectly marvellous. Macaulay says of Swift Under\\na plain garb and ungainly deportment were concealed some of the\\nchoicest gifts that ever have been bestowed on any of the children\\nof men rare powers of observation, brilliant art, grotesque inven-\\ntion, humor of the mo^t austere flavor, yet exquisitely delicious,\\neloquence singularly pure, manly and perspicuous.\\nMOTHER GOOSE S RHYMES, JINGLES AND FAIRY\\nTALES. With 300 illustrations.\\nIn this edition an excellent choice has been made from the\\nstandard fiction c f the little ones. The abundant pictures are well-\\ndrawn and graceful, the eff ect frequently striking and always deco-\\nrative Critic.\\nOnly to see the book is to wish to give it to every child one\\nknows. Queen.\\nLIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. Compiled from authoritative sources. With\\nportraits of the Presidents and also of the unsuccessful\\ncandidates for the office as well as the ablest of the\\nCabinet officers.\\nThis book should be in every home and school library. It tells,\\nin an impartial way, the story of the political history of the United\\nStates, from the first Constitutional convention to the last Presi-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\ndential nominations, it is jtist the book for intelligent boys, and it\\nwill help to make them intelligent and patriotic citizens.\\nTHE STORY OF ADVENTURE IN THE FROZEN\\nSEA. With 70 illustrations. Compiled from authorized\\nsources.\\nWe here have brought together the records of the attempts to\\nreach the North Pole. Our object being to recall the stories of the\\nearly voyagers, and to narrate the recent efforts of gallant adven-\\nturers of various nationalities to cross the unknown and inacces-\\nible threshold and to show how much can be accomplished by\\nindomitable pluck and steady perseverance. Portraits and numer-\\nous illustrations help the narration.\\nILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY. By the Rev.\\nJ. G. Wood. With 80 illustrations.\\nWood s Natural History needs no commendation. Its author\\nhas done more than any other vpiiter to popularize the study. His\\nMTork is known and admired overall the civilized world. The sales\\nof his works in England and America have been enormous. The\\nillustrations in this edition are entirely new, striking and life-like.\\nA CHILD S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Charles\\nDickens. With 50 illustrations.\\nDickens grew tired of listening to his children memorizing the\\nold fashioned twaddle that went under the name of English his-\\ntory. He thereupon wrote a book, in his own peculiarly happy\\nstyle, primarily for the educational advantage of his own children,\\nbut was prevailed upon to publish the work, and make its use gen-\\neral. Its success was instantaneous and abiding.\\nBLACK BEAUTY; The Autobiography of a Horse. By\\nAnna Sewell. With 50 illustrations.\\nThis NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION is sure to command attention.\\nWherever children are, whether boys or girls, there this Autobiog-\\nraphy should be. It inculcates habits of kindness to all members\\nof the animal creation. The literary merit of the bo jk is excellent.\\nTHE ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. With\\n50 illustrations. Contains the most favorably known of\\nthe stories.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for the young. It\\nforms an excellent introduction to those immortal tales which have\\nhelped so long to keep thj weary world young.", "height": "2910", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY,\\nANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES. By Hans Christian An-\\ndersen. With 77 illustrations.\\nThe spirit of high moral teaching, and the delicacy of sentiment,\\nfeeling and expression that pervade these tales make these won-\\nderful creations not only attractive to the young, but equally accept-\\nable to those of mature years, who are able to understand their\\nreal significance and appreciate the depth of their meaning.\\nGRIMM S FAIRY TALES. With 50 illustrations.\\nThese tales of the Brothers Grimm have carried their names into\\nevery household of the civilized world.\\nThe Tales are a wonderful collection, as interesting, from a lit-\\nerary point of view, as they are delightful as stories.\\nGRANDFATHER S CHAIR; A History for Youth. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 60 illustrations.\\nThe story of America from the landing of the Puritans to the\\nacknowledgment without reserve of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, told with all the elegance, simplicity, grace, clear-\\nness and force for which Hawthorne is conspicuously noted.\\nFLOWER FABLES. By Louisa May Alcott. With colored\\nand plain illustrations.\\nA series of very interesting fairy tales by the most charming of\\nAmerican story-tellers.\\nAUNT MARTHA S CORNER CUPBOARD. By Mary\\nand Elizabeth Kirby. With 60 illustrations.\\nStories about Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Rice and Chinaware, and\\nother accessories of the well-kept Cupboard. A book full of in-\\nterest for all the girls and many of the boys.\\nWATER-BABIES; A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. By\\nCharles Kingsley. With 94 illustrations.\\nCome read me my riddle, each good little man\\nIf you cannot read it, no grown-up folk can.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 70 illustrations.\\nA graphic and full history of the Rebellion of the American Col-\\nonies from the yoke and oppression of England, with the causes", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "6 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nthat led thereto, and including an account of the second war with\\nGreat Britain, and the War with Mexico.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 80 illustrations.\\nA correct and impartial account of the greatest civil war in the\\nannals of history. Both of these histories of American wars are\\na necessary part of the education of all intelligent American boys\\nand girls.\\nYOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH\\nSPAIN. By Prescott Holmes. With 89 illustrations.\\nThis history of our war with Spain, in 1898, presents in a plain,\\neasy style the splendid achievements of our army and navy, and\\nthe prominent figures that came into the public view during that\\nperiod. Its glowing descriptions, wealth of anecdote, accuracy f f\\nstatement and profusion of illustration make it a most desirable\\ngift- book for young readers.\\nHEROES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. By\\nHartwell James. With 65 illustrations.\\nThe story of our navy is one of the most brilliant pages in the\\nworld s history. The sketches and exploits contained in this vol-\\nume cover our entire naval history from the days of the hone^t,\\nrough sailors of Revolutionary times, with their cutlasses and\\nboarding pikes, to the brief war of 1898, when our superbly ap-\\npointed warships destroyed Spain s proud cruisers by the merci-\\nless accuracy of their fire.\\nMILITARY HEROES OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Hartwell James. With 97 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the brave lives and heroic deeds c four military\\nheroes, from Paul Revere to Lawton, are told in the most captiva-\\nting manner. The material for the work has been gathered from\\nthe North and the Sou h alike. The volume presents all the im-\\nportant facts in a manner enabling the young people of our united\\nand prosperous land to easily become familiar with the command-\\ning figures that have arisen in our military history.\\nUNCLE TOM S CABIN; or Life Among the Lowly. By\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. With 90 illustrations.", "height": "2910", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nThe unfailing interest in the famous old story suggested the need\\nof an edition specially prepared for young readers, and elaborately\\nillustrated. This edition completely fills that want.\\nSEA KINGS AND NAVAL HEROES. By Hartwell\\nJames. With 50. illustrations.\\nThe most famous sea battles of the world, with sketches of the\\nlives, enterprises and achievements of men who have become fam-\\nous in naval history. They are stories of brave lives in times of\\ntrial and danger, charmingly told for young people.\\nPOOR BOYS CHANCES. By John Habberton. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nThere is a fascination about the writings of the author of\\nHelen s Babies, from which none can escape. In this charm-\\ning \\\\olume, Mr. Habberton tells the boys of America how they\\ncan attain the highest positions in the land, without the struggles\\nand privations endured by poor boys who rose to eminence and\\nfame in former times.\\nROMULUS, the Founder of Rome. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn a plain and connected narrative, the author tells the stories\\nof the founder of Rome and his great ancestor, y^neas. These\\nare of necessity somewhat legendary in character, but are pre-\\nsented precisely as they have come down to us from ancient times.\\nThey are prefaced by an account of the life and inventions of Cad-\\nmus, the Father of the Alphabet, as he is often called.\\nCYRUS THE GREAT, the Founder of the Persian Empire.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 40 illustrations.\\nFor nineteen hundred years, the story of the founder of the an-\\ncient Persian empire has been read by every generation of man-\\nkind. The story of the life and actions of Cyrus, as told by the\\nauthor, presents vivid pictures of the magnificence of a monarchy\\nthat rose about five hundred years before the Christian era, and\\nrolled on in undisturbed magnitude and glory for many centuries.\\nADVENTURES IN TOYLAND. By Edith King Hull.\\nWith 70 illustrations by Alice B. Woodward.\\nThe sayings and doin^zs of the dwellers in toyland, related by\\none of them to a dear little girl. It is a delightful book for chil-\\ndren, and admirably illustrated.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "8 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nDARIUS THE GREAT, King of the Medes and Persians.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 34 illustrations.\\nNo great exploits marked the career of this monarch, who was\\nat one lime the absolute sovereign of nearly one-half of the world.\\nHe reached his high position by a stratagem, and left behind him\\nno strong impressions of personal character, yet, the history of his\\nlife and reign should be read along with those of Cyrus, Caesar,\\nHannibal and Alexander.\\nXERXES THE GREAT, King of Persia. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 39 illustrations.\\nFor ages the name of Xerxes has been associated in the minds\\nof men with the idea of the highest attainable human magnificence\\nand grandeur. He was the sovereign of the ancient Persian em-\\npire at the height of its prosperity and power. The invasion of\\nGreece by the Persian hordes, the battle of Thermopylae, the burn-\\ning of Athens, and the defeat of the Persian galleys at Salamis are\\nchapters of thrilling interest.\\nTHE ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss\\nMulock, author of John Halifax, Gentleman, etc. With\\n18 illustrations.\\nOne of the best of Miss Murlock s charming stories for children.\\nAll the situations are amusing and are sure to please youthful\\nreaders.\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 51 illustrations.\\nBorn heir to the throne of Macedon, a country on the confines\\nof Europe and Asia, Alexander crowded into a brief career of\\ntwelve years a brilliant series of exploits. The readers of to-day\\nwill find pleasure and profit in the history of Alexander the Great,\\na potentate before whom ambassadors and princes from nearly all\\nthe nations of the earth bowed in humility.\\nPYRRHUS, King of Epirus. By Jacob Abbott. With 45\\nillustrations.\\nThe story of Pyrrhus is one of the ancient narratives which has\\nbeen told and retold for many centuries in the literature, eloquence\\nand poetry of all civilized nations. While possessed of extraordi-\\nnary ability as a military leader, Pyrrhus actually accomplished\\nnothing, but did mischief on a gigantic scale. He was naturally", "height": "2910", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nof a noble and generous spirit, but only succeded in perpetrating\\ncrimes against the peace and welfare of mankind.\\nHANNIBAL, the Carthaginian. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n37 illustrations.\\nHannibal s distinction as a warrior was gained during the des-\\nperate contests between Rome and Carthage, known as the Punic\\nwars. Entering the scene when his country was engaged in peace-\\nful traffic with the various countries of the known world, he turned\\nits energies into military aggression, conquest and war, becoming\\nhimself one of the greatest military heroes the world has ever\\nknown.\\nMIXED PICKLES. By Mrs. E. M. Field. With 31 illus-\\ntrations by T. Pym.\\nA remarkably entertaining story for young people. The reader\\nis introduced to a charming little girl whose mishaps while trying\\nto do good are very appropriately termed Mixed Pickles.\\nJULIUS C^SAR, the Roman Conqueror. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 44 illustrations.\\nThe life and actions of Julius Csesar embrace a period in Roman\\nhistory beginning with the civil wars of Marius and Sylla and end-\\ning with the tragic death of Csesar Imperator. The work is an\\naccurate historical account of the life and times of one of the great\\nmilitary figures in history, in fact, it is history itself, and as such is\\nespecially commended to the readers of the present generation.\\nALFRED THE GREAT, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 40 illustrations.\\nIn a certain sense, Alfred appears in history as the founder of\\nthe British monarchy his predecessors having governed more like\\nsavage chieftains than English kings. The work has a special\\nvalue for young readers, for the character of Alfred was that of an\\nhonest, conscientious and far-seeing statesman. The romantic\\nstory of Godwin furnishes the concluding chapter of the volume.\\nWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 43 illustrations.\\nThe life and times of William of Normandy have always been a\\nfruitful theme for the historian. War and pillage and conquest\\nwere at least a part of the everyday business of men in both Eng-", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "lO ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nland and France and the story of William as told by the author\\nof this volume makes some of the most fascinating page^ in his-\\ntory. It is especially delightful to young readf r-;.\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ, the Conqueror of Mexico. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 30 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the author gives vivid pictures of the wild and\\nadventurous career of Cortez and his companions in the conque.-t\\nof Mexico. Many good motives were united with those of ques-\\ntionable character, in the prosecution of his enterprise, but in\\nthose days it was a matter of national ambition to enlarge the\\nboundaries of nations and to extend their commerce at any cost.\\nThe career of Cortez is one of absorbing interest.\\nTHE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mulock. With\\n24 illustrations.\\nThe author styles it A Parable for Old and Young. It is in her\\nhappiest vein and delightfully interesting, especially to youthful\\nreaders.\\nMARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n45 illustrations.\\nThe story of Mary Stuart holds a prominent place in the present\\nseries of historical narrations. It has had many tellings, for the\\nmelancholy story of the unfortunate queen has always held a high\\nplace in the estimation of successive generations of readers. Her\\nstory is full of romance and pathos, and the reader is carried along\\nby conflicting emotions f wonder and sympathy.\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn strong contrast to the story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is that\\nof Elizabeth, Queen of England. They were cousins, yet im-\\nplacaMe foes. Elizabeth s reign was in many ways a glorious one,\\nand her successes gained her the applause of the world. The\\nstirring tales of Drake, Hawkins and other famous mariners of\\nher lime have been incorporated into the story of Elizabeth s life\\nand reign.\\nKING CHARLES THE FIRST, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 41 illustrations.\\nThe well-known figures in the stormy reign of Charles T. are\\nbrought forward in this narrative of his life and times. It is his-\\ntory told in the most fascinating manner, and embraces the early", "height": "2910", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY, II\\nlife of Charles the court of James I.; struggles between Charles\\nand the Parliament the Civil war the trial and execution of the\\nking. The narrative is impartial and holds the attention of the\\nreader.\\nKING CHARLES THE SECOND, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 38 illustrations.\\nBeginning with his infancy, the life of the Merry Monarch\\nis related in the author s inimitable style. His reign was signal-\\nized by many disastrous events, besides those that related to his\\npersonal troubles and embarrassments. There were unfortunate\\nwars naval defeats dangerous and disgraceful plots and con-\\nspiracies. Trobule sat very lightly on the shoulders of Charles II.,\\nhowever, and the cares of state were easily forgotten in the society\\nof his court and dogs.\\nTHE SLEEPY KING. By Aubrey Hopwood and Seymour\\nHicks. With 77 illustrations by Maud Trelawney.\\nA charmingly-told Fairy Tale, full of delight and entertain-\\nment. The illustrations are original and strikmg, adding greatly\\nto the interest of the text.\\nMARIA ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. By John S. C.\\nAbbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe tragedy of Maria Antoinette is one of the most mournful in\\nthe history of the world. Her beauty dazzled the whole king-\\ndom, says Lamartine. Her lofty and unbending spirit under\\nunspeakable indignities and atrocities, enlists and holds the sympa-\\nthies of the readers of to-day, as it has done in the past.\\nMADAME ROLAND, A Heroine of the French Revolution.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe French Revolution developed few, if any characters more\\nworthy of notice than that of Madame Roland. The absence of\\nplaymates, in her youth, inspired her with an insatiate thirst for\\nknowledge, and books became her constant companions in every\\nunoccupied hour. She fell a martyr to the tyrants of the French\\nRevolution, but left behind her a career full of instruction that\\nnever fails to impress itself upon the reader.\\nJOSEPHINE, Empress of France. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n40 illustrations.", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "12 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nMaria Antoinette beheld the dawn of the French Revolution\\nMadame Roland perished under the lurid glare of its high noon\\nJosephine saw it fade into darkness. She has been called the\\nStar of Napoleon and it is certain that she added luster to\\nhis brilliance, and that her peisuasive influence was often exerted\\nto win a friend or disarm an adversary. The lives of the Empress\\nJosephine, of Maria Antoinette, and of Madame Roland are\\nespecially commended to young lady readers.\\nTALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By Charles and Mary\\nLamb. With 80 illustrations.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited f^r young people, but\\na clear and definite outline of each play is presented. Such episodes\\nor incidental sketches of character as are not absolutely necessary\\nto the development of the tales are omitted, while the many moral\\nlessons that lie in Shakespeare s plays and make them valuable in\\nthe training of the young are retained. The b ok is winnmg, help-\\nful and an effectual guide to the inner shrine of the great\\ndramatist.\\nMAKERS OF AMERICA. By Hartwell James. With 75\\nillustrations.\\nThis volume contains attractive and suggestive sketches of the\\nlives and deeds of men who illustrated some special phase in the\\npolitical, religious or social life of our country, from its settlement\\nto the close of the eighteenth century. It affords an opportunity\\nfor young readers to become easily familiar with these characters\\nand their historical relations to the building of our Republic. An\\naccount of the discovery of America prefaces the work.\\nA WONDER BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the genius of Hawthorne has shaped anew\\nwonder tales that have been hallowed by an antiquity of two or\\nthree thousand years. Seeming never to have been made they\\nare legitimate subjects for every age to clothe with its own fancy\\nas to manners and sentiment, and its own views of morality. The\\nvolume has a charm fo old and young alike, for the author has\\nnot thought it necessary to write downward in order to meet\\nthe comprehension of children.", "height": "2910", "width": "2181", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "2160", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "mm^\\n1^^\\n-rr ^;:::i=:=^-==5:i-\\n^|^i ^w^^^^:\\nw^\\nJM^^^Blfll^^\\nif^\\nS^\\n^SSJ?\\n3?al^\\n.j^\\n^F^lSS^\\ni,\\\\ .53-\\ni^ M^\\n^S^ .;m ms.", "height": "3056", "width": "2257", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3040", "width": "2305", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3208", "width": "2382", "jp2-path": "historyofcyrusgr01abbo_0294.jp2"}}