{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2935", "width": "1983", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0005.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0006.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0007.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0008.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0009.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0010.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "afife\\nrtn\\nALTEAUJS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRAR\\nHISTORY\\nor\\nELIZABETH\\nQUEEN Or ENGLAND\\nBY\\nJACOB ABBOTT\\nWITH TORTY-N1NE ILLUSTRATIONS\\nCopyright 1900 by Henry Altemus Company", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0011.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "43219\\nLibrary of Ce^^reee\\nwu Copies Received\\nSEP 4 1900\\nCopyright entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nDelivered t\u00c2\u00ab\\nORDER DIVISION,\\n\u00c2\u00a3FP 7 1900\\n74324", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0012.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nElizabeth s Mother\\n13\\nCHAPTER II.\\nThe Childhood of a Princess\\n31\\nCHAPTER III.\\nLady Jane Grey\\n48\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Spanish Match\\n70\\nCHAPTER V.\\nElizabeth in the Tower\\n88\\nCHAPTER VI-\\nThe Accession to the Throne\\n106\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe War in Scotland\\n126\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nElizabeth s Lovers\\n145\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nPersonal Character\\n167\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe Invincible Armada\\n186\\nCHAPTER XL\\nThe Earl of Essex\\n208\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Conclusion\\n234\\n(v)", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0013.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, vi\\nSedan Chair, used in the time of Elizabeth.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0014.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00abitei6", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0015.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0016.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nFrontispiece.\\npage vi\\nx\\nfacing\\nLady Jane Grey in the Tower\\nSedan Chair, Time of Elizabeth\\nExecution at the Stake\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I\\nThe Trial of Queen Catherine facing\\nMarriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn,\\nThomas Cranmer\\nArrest of Anne Boleyn\\nKing Henry VIII.\\nHeadpiece, Chapter II.\\nWindow in Anne Boleyn s Boom\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\nLady Jane Grey\\nQueen Mary Watching an Execution\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IV.\\nPhilip II. Leaving England\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\nThe Tower of London facing\\nPlace of Execution in the Tower\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VI.\\nMary, Queen of England facing\\nElizabeth Acknowledged by the Clergy,\\nQueen Elizabeth of England facing\\nCourtiers and Ladies, Time of Elizabeth\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VII\\nMary, Queen of Scots\\n13\\n16\\n18\\n20\\n24\\n26\\n31\\n47\\n48\\n50\\n69\\n70\\n87\\n88\\n94\\n105\\n106\\n110\\n118\\n122\\n125\\n126\\n143\\nOH)", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0017.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Vlll\\nILLUSTRATIONS.\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VIII.\\nQueen Elizabeth and Suitor\\nPhilip II. of Spain\\nCatherine de Medici\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX.\\nElizabeth Signing Mary s Death Warrant\\nState Progress of Elizabeth\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X.\\nSir Francis Drake\\nDrake s Return to England\\nThe English Fleet Before Cadiz\\nDestruction of the Spanish Armad\\nRejoicings Over the Victory\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XI.\\nElizabeth Condemns Essex to the Towei\\nEssex Landing at the Traitor s (iate\\nExecution of the Earl of Essex\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII.\\nTomb of Queen Elizabeth\\nWestminster Abbey\\nKing James I. of England\\npage\\nfacin\\nfacins\\nfacii\\nfacing\\n145\\n146\\n148\\n1G6\\n107\\n170\\n185\\n186\\n194\\n198\\n202\\n204\\n206\\n208\\n216\\n230\\n233\\n234\\n247\\n248\\n251", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0018.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nThe reign of Elizabeth was prolific of adven-\\nture, and has furnished an ever-fruitful source\\nfrom which the historian can find material. It\\nwas the time when England first became a sea-\\npower, and that policy of colonial expansion\\nwas begun which has built the British Empire.\\nThe great blot upon Elizabeth s name was\\nthe execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. They\\nwere cousins, yet implacable foes. Much evil\\nmight have been spared had Elizabeth pur-\\nsued a straightforward course when her rival\\nwas thrown into her hands.\\nFrom her father Elizabeth inherited physical\\nstrength, energy, a fiery temper, an inclination\\nto coarseness and a passion for splendor. It is\\nprobable that her insincerity, jealousy and love\\nof artifice is attributable to her mother. The\\nromantic side of Elizabeth s life is noted for\\nits prominence, as for forty years one matri-\\nmonial scheme or violent passion succeeded\\nanother. Elizabeth was highly popular with\\nher subjects, and she possessed the invaluable\\nfaculty of selecting the most capable of the\\nmen around her as her political advisers.\\n(ix)", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0019.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "=SWffi*--~\\njm.:pmh/-: N s\\nfr\u00c2\u00bbv\\n*%5ky\\nElizabeth, x\\nExecution at the Stake.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0020.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nELIZABETH S MOTHER.\\nTravellers, in ascending the Thames by\\nthe steamboat from Rotterdam, on their re-\\nturn from an excursion to the Rhine, have\\noften their attention strongly attracted by\\nwhat appears to be a splendid palace on the\\nbanks of the river at Greenwich. The edifice\\nis not a palace, however, but a hospital, or,\\nrather, a retreat where the worn out, maimed,\\nand crippled veterans of the English navy\\nspend the remnant of their days in comfort\\nand peace, on pensions allowed them by the\\ngovernment in whose service they have spent\\ntheir strength or lost their limbs. The magnifi-\\ncent buildings of the hospital stand on level\\nland near the river. Behind them there is a\\nbeautiful park, which extends over the undu-\\nlating and rising ground in the rear; and on\\nthe summit of one of the eminences there is\\nthe famous Greenwich Observatory, on the\\n13", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0021.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nprecision of whose quadrants and microme-\\nters depend those calculations by which the\\nnavigation of the world is guided. The most\\nunconcerned and careless spectator is inter-\\nested in the manner in which the ships which\\nthrong the river all the way from Greenwich\\nto London, take their time from this ob-\\nservatory before setting sail for distant seas.\\nFrom the top of a cupola surmounting the\\nedifice, a slender pole ascends, with a black\\nball upon it, so constructed as to slide up and\\ndown for a few feet upon the pole. When the\\nhour of 12 M. approaches, the ball slowly\\nrises to within a few inches of the top, warn-\\ning the ship-masters in the river to be ready\\nwith their chronometers, to observe and note\\nthe precise instant of its fall. When a few\\nseconds only remain of the time, the ball as-\\ncends the remainder of the distance by a very\\ndeliberate motion, and then drops suddenly\\nwhen the instant arrives. The ships depart\\non their several destinations, and for months\\nafterward when thousands of miles away, they\\ndepend for their safety in dark and stormy\\nnights, and among dangerous reefs and rocky\\nshores, on the nice approximation to correct-\\nness in the note of time which this descending\\nball had given them.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0022.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S MOTHER. 1 5\\nThis is Greenwich, as it exists at the pres-\\nent day. At the time when the events oc-\\ncurred which are to be related in this nar-\\nrative, it was most known on account of a\\nroyal palace which was situated there. This\\npalace was the residence of the then queen\\nconsort of England. The king reigning at\\nthat time was Henry the Eighth. He was an\\nunprincipled and cruel tyrant, and the chief\\nbusiness of his life seemed to be selecting and\\nmarrying new queens, making room for each\\nsucceeding one by discarding, divorcing, or\\nbeheading her predecessor. There were six\\nof them in all, and, with one exception, the\\nhistory of each one is a distinct and separate,\\nbut dreadful tragedy. As there were so many\\nof them, and they figured as queens each for\\nso short a period, they are commonly desig-\\nnated in history by their personal family\\nnames, and even in these names there is a\\ngreat similarity. There were three Cather-\\nines, two Annes, and a Jane. The only one\\nwho lived and died in peace, respected and\\nbeloved to the end, was the Jane.\\nQueen Elizabeth, the subject of this nar-\\nrative, was the daughter of the second wife in\\nthis strange succession, and her mother was\\none of the Annes. Her name in full was Anne", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0023.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "l6 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nBoleyn. She was young and very beautiful,\\nand Henry, to prepare the way for making\\nher his wife, divorced his first queen, or rather\\ndeclared his marriage with her null and void,\\nbecause she had been, before he married her,\\nthe wife of his brother. Her name was Cath-\\nerine of Aragon. She was, while connected\\nwith him, a faithful, true, and affectionate\\nwife. She was a Catholic. The Catholic rules\\nare very strict in respect to the marriage of\\nrelatives, and a special dispensation from the\\npope was necessary to authorize marriage in\\nsuch a case as that of Henry and Catherine.\\nThis dispensation had, however, been ob-\\ntained, and Catherine had, in reliance upon it,\\nconsented to become Henry s wife. When,\\nhowever, she was no longer young and beau-\\ntiful, and Henry had become enamored of\\nAnne Boleyn, who was so, he discarded Cath-\\nerine, and espoused the beautiful girl in her\\nstead. He wished the pope to annul his dis-\\npensation, which would, of course, annul the\\nmarriage and because the pontiff refused, and\\nall the efforts of Henry s government were\\nunavailing to move him, he abandoned the\\nCatholic faith, and established an independent\\nProtestant church in England, whose supreme\\nauthority would annul the marriage. Thus,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0024.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0025.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0026.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s mother. 17\\nin a great measure, came the Reformation in\\nEngland. The Catholics reproach us, and, it\\nmust be confessed, with some justice, with the\\nignominiousness of its origin.\\nThe course which things thus took created\\na great deal of delay in the formal annulling\\nof the marriage with Catherine, which\\nHenry was too impatient and imperious\\nto bear. He would not wait for the de\\ncree of divotce, but took Anne Boleyn\\nfor Tiis wife before his previous con-\\nnection was made void. He said he was pri-\\nvately v ma-rried to her. This he had, as he\\nmaintained, a right to do, for he considered\\nhis first marriage as void, absolutely and of\\nitself, without any decree. When, at length,\\nthe decree was finally passed, he brought Anne\\nBoleyn forward as his queen, and introduced\\nher as such to England and to the world by a\\ngenuine marriage and a most magnificent cor-\\nronation. The people of England pitied poor\\nCatharine, but they joined very cordially, not-\\nwithstanding, in welcoming the youthful and\\nbeautiful lady who was to take her place. All\\nLondon gave itself up to festivities and re-\\njoicings on the occasion of these nuptials.\\nImmediately after this the young queen re-\\ntired to her palace in Greenwich, and in two", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0027.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "ig QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nor three months afterward little Elizabeth was\\nborn. Her birth-day was the 7th of Septem-\\nber, 1533.\\nThe mother may have loved the babe, but\\nHenry himself was sadly disappointed that\\nhis child was not a son. Notwithstanding her\\nsex, however, she was a personage of great\\ndistinction from her very birth, as all the\\nrealm looked upon her as heir to the crown.\\nHenry was himself, at this time, very fond of\\nAnne Boleyn, though his feelings afterward\\nwere entirely changed. He determined on\\ngiving to the infant a very splendid christen-\\ning. The usage in the Church of England is\\nto make the christening of a child not merely\\na solemn religious ceremony, but a great fes-\\ntive occasion of congratulations and rejoicing.\\nThe unconscious subject of the ceremony is\\ntaken to the church. Certain near and dis-\\ntinguished friends, gentlemen and ladies, ap-\\npear as godfathers and godmothers, as they\\nare termed, to the child. They, in the cere-\\nmony, are considered as presenting the in-\\nfant for consecration to Christ, and as becom-\\ning responsible for its future initiation into\\nthe Christian faith. They are hence some-\\ntimes called sponsors. These spor\\nsupposed to take, from the time of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0028.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Private Marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0029.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0030.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s mother. 19\\ntism forward, a strong interest in all that per-\\ntains to the welfare of their little charge, and\\nthey usually manifest this interest by presents\\non the day of the christening. These things\\nare all conducted with considerable ceremony\\nand parade in ordinary cases, occurring in\\nprivate life and when a princess is to be bap-\\ntized, all, even the most minute details of the\\nceremony, assume a great importance, and the\\nwhole scene becomes one of great pomp and\\nsplendor.\\nThe babe, in this case, was conveyed to the\\nchurch in a grand procession. The mayci\\nand other civic authorities in London came\\ndown to Greenwich in barges, tastefully orna-\\nmented, to join in the ceremony. The lords\\nand ladies of King Henry s court were also\\nthere, in attendance at the palace. When all\\nwere assembled, and everything was ready,, the\\nprocession moved from the palace to the\\nchurch with great pomp. The road, all the\\nway, was carpeted with green rushes, spread\\nupon the ground. Over this road the little\\ninfant was borne by one of her godmothers.\\nShe was wrapped in a mantle of purple velvet,\\nwith a long train appended to it, which was\\ntrimmed with ermine, a very costly kind of\\nfur, used in England as a badge of authority.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0031.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nThis train was borne by lords and ladies of\\nhigh rank, who were appointed for the pur-\\npose by the king, and who deemed their office\\na very distinguished honor. Besides these\\ntrain-bearers, there were four lords, who\\nwalked two on each side of the child, and who\\nheld over her a magnificent canopy. Other\\npersonages of high rank and station followed,\\nbearing various insignia and emblems, such\\nas by the ancient customs of England are\\nemployed on these occasions, and all dressed\\nsumptuously in gorgeous robes, and wearing\\nthe badges and decorations pertaining to their\\nrank or the offices they held. Vast crowds of\\nspectators lined the way, and gazed upon the\\nscene.\\nOn arriving at the church, they found the\\ninterior splendidly decorated for the occasion.\\nIts walls were lined throughout with tapestry,\\nand in the center was a crimson canopy, un-\\nder which was placed a large silver font, con-\\ntaining the water with which the child was to\\nbe baptized. The ceremony was performed\\nby Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury,\\nwhich is the office of the highest dignitary of\\nthe English Church. After it was performed,\\nthe procession returned as it came, only now\\nthere was an addition of four persons of high", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0032.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 20\\nThomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0033.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0034.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETHS MOTHER. 21\\nrank, who followed the child with the presents\\nintended for her by the godfathers and god-\\nmothers. These presents consisted of cups\\nand bowls, of beautiful workmanship, some\\nof silver gilt, and some of solid gold. They\\nwere very costly, though not prized much yet\\nby the unconscious infant for whom they were\\nintended. She went and came, in the midst\\nof this gay and joyous procession, little imag-\\nining into what a restless and unsatisfying\\nlife all this pageantry and splendor were\\nushering her.\\nThey named the child Elizabeth, from her\\ngrandmother. There have been many queens\\nof that name, but Queen Elizabeth of Eng-\\nland became so much more distinguished than\\nany other, that that name alone has become\\nher usual designation. Her family name was\\nTudor. As she was never married for,\\nthough her life was one perpetual scene of\\nmatrimonial schemes and negotiations, she\\nlived and died a maiden lady she has been\\nsometimes called the Virgin Queen, and one\\nof the states of this Union, Virginia, receives\\nits name from this designation of Elizabeth.\\nShe is also often familiarly called Queen\\nBess.\\nMaking little Elizabeth presents of gold", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0035.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand silver plate, and arranging splendid pa-\\ngeants for her, were not the only plans for her\\naggrandizement which were formed during\\nthe period of her infantile unconsciousness.\\nThe king, her father, first had an act of Parlia-\\nment passed, solemnly recognizing and con-\\nfirming her claim as heir to the crown, and\\nthe title of Princess of Wales was formally\\nconferred upon her. When these things were\\ndone, Henry began to consider how he could\\nbest promote his own political schemes by\\nforming an engagement of marriage for her,\\nand when she was only about two years of age,\\nhe offered her to the King of France as the\\nfuture wife of one of his sons, on certain con-\\nditions of political service which he wished\\nhim to perform. But the King of France\\nwould not accede to the terms, and so this\\nplan was abandoned. Elizabeth was, how-\\never, notwithstanding this failure, an object\\nof universal interest and attention as the\\ndaughter of a very powerful monarch, and the\\nheir to his crown. Her life opened with very\\nbright and serene prospects of future great-\\nness but all these prospects were soon appar-\\nently cut off by a very heavy cloud which\\narose to darken her sky. This cloud was the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0036.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S MOTHER. 23\\nsudden and dreadful fall and ruin of her\\nmother.\\nQueen Anne Boleyn was originally a maid\\nof honor to Queen Catharine, and became ac-\\nquainted with King Henry and gained his af-\\nfections while she was acting in that capacity.\\nWhen she became queen herself, she had, of\\ncourse, her own maids of honor, and among\\nthem was one named Jane Seymour. Jane\\nwas a beautiful and accomplished lady, and in\\nthe end she supplanted her mistress and queen\\nin Henry s affections, just as Anne herself had\\nsupplanted Catharine. The king had re-\\nmoved Catharine to make way for Anne, by\\nannulling his marriage with her on account\\nof their relationship what way could he con-\\ntrive now to remove Anne, so as to make way\\nfor Jane\\nHe began to entertain, or to pretend to\\nentertain, feelings of jealousy and suspicion\\nthat Anne was unfaithful to him. One day,\\nat a sort of tournament in the park of the\\nroyal palace at Greenwich, when a great\\ncrowd of gaily dressed ladies and gentlemen\\nwere assembled to witness the spectacle, the\\nqueen dropped her handkerchief. A gentle-\\nman whom the king had suspected of being\\none of her favorites picked it up. He did not", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0037.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nimmediately restore it to her. There was,\\nbesides, something in the air and manner of\\nthe gentleman, and in the attendant circum-\\nstances of the case, which the king s mind\\nseized upon as evidence of criminal gallantry\\nbetween the parties. He was, or at least pre-\\ntended to be, in a great rage. He left the field\\nimmediately and went to London. The\\ntournament was broken up in confusion, the\\nqueen was seized by the king s orders, con-\\nveyed to her palace in Greenwich, and shut up\\nin her chamber, with a lady who had always\\nbeen her rival and enemy to guard her. She\\nwas in great consternation and sorrow, but\\nshe declared most solemnly that she was in-\\nnocent of any crime, and had always been true\\nand faithful to the king.\\nThe next day she was taken from her pal-\\nace at Greenwich up the river, probably in a\\nbarge well guarded by armed men, to the\\nTower of London. The Tower is an ancient\\nand very extensive castle, consisting of a great\\nnumber of buildings inclosed within a high\\nwall. It is in the lower part of London, on\\nthe bank of the Thames, with a flight of stairs\\nleading down to the river from a great pos-\\ntern gate. The unhappy queen was landed at", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0038.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. ZU\\nThe Arrest of Anne Boleyn.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0039.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0040.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S MOTHER. 25\\nthese stairs and conveyed into the castle, and\\nshut up in a gloomy apartment, with walls of\\nstone and windows barricaded with strong\\nbars of iron. There were four or five gentle-\\nmen, attendants upon the queen in her palace\\nat Greenwich, whom the king suspected, or\\npretended to suspect, of being her accompli-\\nces in crime,, that were arrested at the same\\ntime with her and closely confined.\\nWhen the poor queen was introduced into\\nher dungeon, she fell on her knees, and, in\\nan agony of terror and despair, she implored\\nGod to help her in this hour of her extremity,\\nand most solemnly called him to witness that\\nshe was innocent of the crime imputed to her\\ncharge. Seeking thus a refuge in God calmed\\nand composed her in some small degree; but\\nwhen, again, thoughts of the imperious and\\nimplacable temper of her husband came over\\nher, of the impetuousness of his passions, of\\nthe certainty that he wished her removed out\\nof the way in order that room might be made\\nfor her rival, and then, when her distracted\\nmind turned to the forlorn and helpless con-\\ndition of her little daughter Elizabeth, now\\nscarcely three years old, her fortitude and self-\\npossession forsook her entirely she sank haif\\ninsane upon her bed, in long and uncontroll-\\nable paroxisms of sobs and tears, alternating", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0041.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "2,6 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwith still more uncontrollable and frightful\\nbursts of hysterical laughter.\\nThe king sent a commission to take her ex-\\namination. At the same time, he urged her\\nby the persons whom he sent, to confess her\\nguilt, promising her that, if she did so, her\\nlife should be spared. She, however, pro-\\ntested her innocence with the utmost firmness\\nand constancy. She begged earnestly to be\\nallowed to see the king, and, when this was\\nrefused, she wrote a letter to him, which still\\nremains, and which expresses very strongly\\nthe acuteness of her mental sufferings.\\nIn this letter, she said that she was so dis-\\ntressed and bewildered by the king s displeas-\\nure and her imprisonment, that she hardly\\nknew what to think or to say. She assured\\nhiim that she had always been faithful and true\\nto him, and begged that he would not cast an\\nindelible stain upon her own fair fame and\\nthat of her innocent and helpless child by such\\nunjust and groundless imputations. She beg-\\nged him to let her have a fair trial by impartial\\npersons, who would weigh the evidence\\nagainst her in a just and equitable manner.\\nShe was sure that by this course her inno-\\ncence would be established, and he himself,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0042.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 26\\nKing Henry VIII. of England.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0043.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0044.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s mother. 2?\\nand all mankind, would see that she had been\\nmost unjustly accused.\\nBut if, on the other hand, she added, the\\nking had determined on her destruction in or-\\nder to remove an obstacle in the way of his\\npossession of a new object of love, she prayed\\nthat God would forgive him and all her en-\\nemies for so great a sin, and not call him to ac-\\ncount for it at the last day. She urged him,\\nat all events, to spare the lives of the four\\ngentlemen who had been accused, as she as-\\nsured him they were wholly innocent of the\\ncrime laid to their charge, begging him, if he\\nhad ever loved the name of Anne Boleyn, to\\ngrant this her last request. She signed her\\nletter his most loyal and ever faithful wife,\\nand dated it from her doleful prison in the\\nTower.\\nThe four gentlemen were promised that\\ntheir lives should be spared if they would con-\\nfess their guilt. One of them did, accord-\\ningly, admit his guilt, and the others persisted\\nto the end in firmly denying it. They who\\nthink Anne Boleyn was innocent, suppose that\\nthe one who confessed did it as the most likely\\nmode of averting destruction, as men have\\noften been known, under the influence of fear,\\nto confess crimes of which it was afterward", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0045.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nproved they could not have been guilty. If\\nthis was his motive, it was of no avail. The\\nfour persons accused, after a very informal\\ntrial, in which nothing was really proved\\nagainst them, were condemned, apparently to\\nplease the king, and were executed together.\\nThree days after this the queen herself was\\nbrought to trial before the peers. The num-\\nber of peers of the realm in England at this\\ntime was fifty-three. Only twenty-six were\\npresent at the trial. The king is charged with\\nmaking such arrangements as to prevent the\\nattendance of those who would be unwilling\\nto pass sentence of condemnation. At any\\nrate those who did attend professed to be\\nsatisfied of the guilt of the accused, and they\\nsentenced her to be burned, or to be beheaded,\\nat the pleasure of the king. He decided that\\nshe should be beheaded.\\nThe execution was to take place in a little\\ngreen area within the Tower. The platform\\nwas erected here, and the block placed upon\\nit, the whole being covered with a black cloth,\\nas usual on such occasions. On the morning\\nof the fatal day, Anne sent for the constable of\\nthe Tower to come in and receive her dying\\nprotestations that she was innocent of the\\ncrimes alleged against her. She told him that", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0046.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s mother. 29\\nshe understood that she was not to die until\\n12 o clock, and that she was sorry for it, for\\nshe wished to have it over. The constable\\ntold her the pain would be very slight and\\nmomentary. Yes, she rejoined, I am told\\nthat a very skillful executioner is provided,\\nand my neck is very slender.\\nAt the appointed hour she was led out into\\nthe court-yard where the execution was to\\ntake place. There were about twenty persons\\npresent, all officers of state or of the city of\\nLondon. The bodily suffering attendant up-\\non the execution was very soon over, for the\\nslender neck was severed at a single blow,\\nand probably all sensibility to pain immediate-\\nly ceased. Still, the lips and the eyes were ob-\\nserved to move and quiver for a few seconds\\nafter the separation of the head from the body.\\nIt was a relief, however, to the spectators\\nwhen this strange and unnatural prolongation\\nof the mysterious functions of life came to an\\nend.\\nNo coffin had been provided. They found,\\nhowever, an old wooden chest, made to con-\\ntain arrows, lying in one of the apartments\\nof the tower, which they used instead. They\\nfirst laid the decapitated trunk within it, and\\nthen adjusted the dissevered head to its place,\\n3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0047.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "30 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nas if vainly attempting to repair the irretriev-\\nable injury they had done. They hurried the\\nbody, thus enshrined, to its burial in a chapel,\\nwhich was also within the tower, doing all\\nwith such dispatch that the whole was finished\\nbefore the clock struck twelve; and the next\\nday the unfeeling monster who was the author\\nof this dreadful deed was publicly married to\\nhis new favorite, Jane Seymour.\\nThe king had not merely procured Anne s\\npersonal condemnation; he had also obtained\\na decree annulling his marriage with her, on\\nthe ground of her having been, as he attempt-\\ned to prove, previously affianced to another\\nman. This was, obviously, a mere pretense.\\nThe object was to cut off Elizabeth s rights to\\ninherit the crown, by making his marriage\\nwith her mother void. Thus was the little\\nprincess left motherless and friendless when\\nonly three years old.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0048.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS.\\nElizabeth was about three years old at\\nthe death of her mother. She was a princess,\\nbut she was left in a very forlorn and desolate\\ncondition. She was not, however, entirely\\nabandoned. Her claims to inherit the crown\\nhad been set aside, but then she was, as all\\nadmitted, the daughter of the king, and she\\nmust, of course, be the object of a certain de-\\ngree of consideration and ceremony. It would\\nbe entirely inconsistent with the notions of\\nroyal dignity which then prevailed to have\\nher treated like an ordinary child.\\nShe had a residence assigned her at a place\\ncalled Hunsdon, and was put under the\\ncharge of a governess whose name was Lady\\nBryan. There is an ancient letter from Lady\\nBryan, still extant, which was written to one of\\nthe king s officers about Elizabeth, explaining\\nher destitute condition, and asking for a more\\nsuitable supply for her wants-. It may en-\\ntertain the reader to see this relic, which not\\n31", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0049.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "32 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nonly illustrates our little heroine s condition,\\nbut also shows how great the changes arc\\nwhich our language has undergone within the\\nlast three hundred years. The letter, as here\\ngiven, is abridged a little from the original\\nMy Lord:\\nWhen your Lordship was last here, it pleased you\\nto say that I should not be mistrustful of the Kings\\nGrace, nor of your Lordship, which word was of\\ngreat comfort to me, and emboldeth me now to\\nspeak my poor mind.\\nNow so it is, my Lord, that my Lady Elizabeth is\\nput from the degree she was afore, and what degree\\nshe is at now* I know not but by hearsay. There-\\nfore I know not how to order her, nor myself, nor\\nnone of hers that I have the rule of that is, her\\nwomen and her grooms. But I beseech you to be\\ngood, my Lord, to her and to all hers, and to let\\nher have some rayment; for she has neither gown,\\nnor kirtle, nor no manner of linen, nor foreemocks,\\nnor kerchiefs, nor sleeves, nor rails, nor bodystitchets,\\nnor mufflers, nor biggins. All these her Grace s\\nwants I have driven off as long as I can, by my\\ntroth, but I can not any longer. Beseeching you,\\nmy Lord, that you will see that her Grace may have\\nthat is needful for her, and that I may know from\\nyou, in writing, how I shall order myself towards\\nher, and whatever is the King s Grace s pleasure ?nd\\nyours, in every thing, that I shall do.\\nMy Lord Air. Shelton would have my Lady Eliza-\\nbeth to dine and sup at the board of estate. Alas,\\nmy Lord, it is not meet for a child of her age to keep\\n*That is, in what light the king and the govern-\\nment wish to have her regarded, and how they wish\\nher to be treated.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0050.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 33\\nsuch rule yet. I promise you, my Lord, I dare\\nnot take upon me to keep her in health and she\\nkeep that rule for there she shall see divers meats,\\nand fruits, and wines, which would be hard for me\\nto restrain her Grace from it. You know, my Lord,\\nthere is no place of correction* there, and she is\\nyet too young to correct greatly. I know well, and\\nshe be there, I shall never bring her up to the King s\\nGrace s honor nor hers, nor to her health, nor my\\npoor honesty. Wherefore, I beseech you, my Lord,\\nthat my Lady have a mess of meat to her own lodg-\\ning, with a good dish or two that is meet for her\\nGrace to eat of.\\nMy Lady hath likewise great pain with her teeth,\\nand they come very slowly forth, and this causeth\\nme to suffer her Grace to have her will more than\\nI would. I trust to God, and her teeth were well\\ngraft, to have her Grace after another fashion than\\nshe is yet, so as I trust the Kings Grace shall have\\ngreat comfort in her Grace; for she is as toward a\\nchild, and as gentle of conditions, as ever I knew\\nany in my life. Jesu preserve her Grace.\\nGood my Lord, have my Lady s Grace, and us\\nthat be her poor servants, in your remembrance.\\nThis letter evinces that strange mixture of\\nstate and splendor with discomfort and des-\\ntitution, which prevailed very extensively in\\nroyal households in those early times. A part\\nof the privation which Elizabeth seems, from\\nthis letter, to have endured, was doubtless ow-\\ning to the rough manners of the day; but\\nthere is no doubt but that she was also, at\\nleast for a time, in a neglected and forsaken\\n*That is, opportunity for correction.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0051.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "34 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ncondition. The new queen, Jane Seymour,\\nwho succeeded Elizabeth s mother, had a son\\na year or two after her marriage. He was\\nnamed Edward. Thus Henry had three child-\\nren, Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward, each one\\nthe child of a different wife; and the last of\\nthem, the son, appears to have monopolized,\\nfor a time, the king s affection and care.\\nStill, the hostility which the king had felt\\nfor these queens in succession was owing, as\\nhas been already said, to his desire to remove\\nthem out of his way, that he might be at liber-\\nty to marry again and so, after the mothers\\nwere, one after another, removed, the hostility\\nitself, so far as the children were concerned,\\ngradually subsided, and the king began to\\nlook both upon Mary and Elizabeth with\\nfavor again. He even formed plans for\\nmarrying Elizabeth to persons of distinction\\nin foreign countries, and he entered into some\\nnegotiations for this purpose. He had a decree\\npassed, too, at last, reversing the sentence by\\nwhich the two princesses were cut off from an\\ninheritance of the crown. Thus they were\\nrestored, during their father s life, to their\\nproper rank as royal princesses.\\nAt last the king died in 1547, leaving only\\nthese three children, each one the child of a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0052.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 35\\ndifferent wife. Mary was a maiden lady, of\\nabout thirty-one years of age. She was a\\nstern, austere, hard-hearted woman, whom no-\\nbody loved. She was the daughter of King\\nHenry s first wife, Catharine of Aragon, and,\\nlike her mother, was a decided Catholic.\\nNext came Elizabeth, who was about four-\\nteen years of age. She was the daughter of\\nthe king s second wife, Queen Anne Boleyn.\\nShe had been educated a Protestant. She was\\nnot pretty, but was a very lively and sprightly\\nchild, altogether different in her cast of char-\\nacter and in her manners from her sister Mary.\\nThen, iastly, there was Edward, the son of\\nJane Seymour, the third queen. He was about\\nnine years of age at his father s death. He\\nwas a boy of good character, mild and gentle\\nin his disposition, fond of study and reflection,\\nand a genera! favorite with all who knew him.\\nIt was considered in those days that a king\\nmight in some sense, dispose of his crown by\\nwill, just as, at the present time, a man may\\nbequeath his house or his farm. Of course\\nthere were some limits to this power and the\\nconcurrence of Parliament seems to have been\\nrequired to the complete validity of such a\\nsettlement. King Henry the Eighth,, how-\\never, had little difficulty in carrying any law", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0053.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthrough Parliament which he desired to have\\nenacted. It is said that, on one occasion,\\nwhen there was some delay about passing a\\nbill of his, he sent for one of the most influen-\\ntial of the members of the House of Commons\\nto come into his presence. The member came\\nand kneeled before him. Ho, man 1 said the\\nking, and will they not suffer my bill to\\npass? He then came up and put his hand\\nupon the kneeling legislator s head, and added,\\nGet my bill passed to-morrow, or else by to-\\nmorrow this head of yours shall be off. The\\nnext day the bill was passed accordingly.\\nKing Henry, before he died, arranged the\\norder of succession to the throne as follows:\\nEdward was to succeed him; but, as he was a\\nminor, being then only nine years of age, a\\ngreat council of state, consisting of sixteen\\npersons of the highest rank, was appointed to\\ngovern the kingdom in his name until he\\nshould be eighteen years of age, when he was\\nto become king in reality as well as in name.\\nIn case he should die without heirs, then\\nMary, his oldest sister, was to succeed him\\nand if she died without heirs, then Elizabeth\\nwas to succeed her. This arrangement went\\ninto full effect. The council governed the\\nkingdom in Edward s name until he was six-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0054.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. tf\\nteen years of age, when he died. Then Mary\\nfollowed, and reigned as queen five years long-\\ner, and died without children, and during all\\nthis time Elizabeth held the rank of a princess,\\nexposed to a thousand difficulties and dangers\\nfrom plots, intrigues, and conspiracies of those\\nabout her, in which, on account of her peculiar\\nposition and prospects, she was necessarily\\ninvolved.\\nOne of the worst of these cases occurred\\nsoon after her father s death. There were\\ntwo brothers of Jane Seymour, who were high\\nin King Henry s favor at the time of his de-\\ncease. The oldest is known in history by his\\ntitle of the Earl of Hertford at first, and after-\\nward by that of Duke of Somerset. The\\nyoungest was called Sir Thomas Seymour.\\nThey were both made members of the govern-\\nment which was to administer the affairs of\\nstate during young Edward s minority. They\\nwere not, however, satisfied with any moder-\\nate degree of power. Being brothers of Jane\\nSeymour, who was Edward s mother,, they\\nwere his uncles, of course, and the oldest one\\nsoon succeeded in causing himself to be ap-\\npointed protector. By this office he was, in\\nfact, king, all except in name.\\nThe younger brother, who was an agreeable", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0055.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand accomplished man, paid his addresses to\\nthe queen dowager, that is, to the widow\\nwhom King Henry left, for the last of his\\nwives was living at the time of his death. She\\nconsented to marry him, and the marriage\\ntook place almost immediately after the king s\\ndeath so soon, in fact, that it was considered\\nextremely hasty and unbecoming. This queen\\ndowager had two houses left to her, one at\\nChelsea, and the other at Hanworth, towns\\nsome little distance up the river from London.\\nHere she resided with her new husband, some-\\ntimes at one of the houses, and sometimes\\nat the other. The king had also directed, in\\nhis will, that the Princess Elizabeth should be\\nunder care, so that Elizabeth, immediately\\nafter her father s death, lived at one or the\\nother of these two houses under the care of\\nSeymour, who, from having been her uncle,\\nbecame now, in some sense, her father. He\\nwas a sort of uncle, for he was the\\nbrother of one of her father s wives. He\\nwas a sort of father, for he was the husband\\nof another of them. Yet, really, by blood,\\nthere was no relation between them.\\nThe two brothers, Somerset and Seymour,\\nquarreled. Each was very ambitious, and very\\njealous of the other. Somerset, in addition to", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0056.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 39\\nbeing appointed protector by the council, got\\na grant of power from the young king called\\na patent. This commission was executed\\nwith great formality, and was sealed with the\\ngreat seal of state, and it made Somerset\\nin some measure independent of the other\\nnobles whom King Henry had associated with\\nhim in the government. By this patent he was\\nplaced in supreme command of all the forces\\nby land and sea. He had a seat on the right\\nhand of the throne, under the great canopy of\\nstate, and whenever he went abroad on public\\noccasions, he assumed all the pomp and pa-\\nrade which would have been expected in a real\\nking. Young Edward was wholly under his\\ninfluence, and did always whatever Somerset\\nrecommended him to do. Seymour was very\\njealous of all this greatness, and was contriv-\\ning every means in his power to circumvent\\nand supersede his brother.\\nThe wives, too, of these great statesmen\\nquarreled. The Duchess of Somerset thought\\nshe was entitled to the precedence, because she\\nwas the wife of the protector, who, being a\\nkind of regent, she thought he was entitled to\\nhave his wife considered as a sort of queen.\\nThe wife of Seymour, on the other hand, con-\\ntended that she was entitled to the precedence", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0057.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nas a real queen, having been herself the act-\\nual consort of a reigning monarch. The two\\nladies disputed perpetually on this point,\\nwhich, of course, could never be settled. They\\nenlisted, however, on their respective sides\\nvarious partisans, producing a great deal of\\njealousy and ill will, and increasing the ani-\\nmosity of their husbands.\\nAll this time the celebrated Mary Queen of\\nScots was an infant in Janet Sinclair s arms,\\nat the castle of Stirling, in Scotland. King\\nHenry, during his life, had made a treaty\\nwith the government of Scotland, by which\\nit was agreed that Mary should be married to\\nhis son Edward as soon as the two children\\nshould have grown to maturity; but after-\\nward, the government of Scotland having fall-\\nen from Protestant into Catholic hands, they\\ndetermined that this match must be given up.\\nThe English authorities were very much\\nincensed. They wished to have the mar-\\nriage take effect, as it would end in\\nuniting the Scotch and English king-\\ndoms; and the protector, when a time ar-\\nrived which he thought was favorable for\\nhis purpose, raised an army and marched\\nnorthward to make war upon Scotland, and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0058.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 41\\ncompel the Scots to fulfill the contract of mar-\\nriage.\\nWhile his brother was gone to the north-\\nward, Seymour remained at home and en-\\ndeavored, by every means within his reach, to\\nstrengthen his own influence and increase his\\npower. He contrived to obtain from the coun-\\ncil of government the office of lord high ad-\\nmiral, which gave him the command of the\\nfleet, and made him, next to his brother, the\\nmost powerful and important personage in\\nthe realm. He had, besides, as has already\\nbeen stated, the custody and care of Elizabeth,\\nwho lived in his house though, as he was a\\nprofligate and unprincipled man, this position\\nfor the princess, now fast growing up to wo-\\nmanhood, was considered by many persons\\nas a doubtful propriety. Still, she was at\\npresent only fourteen years old. There was\\nanother young lady likewise in his family, a\\nniece of King Henry, and, of course, a second\\ncousin of Elizabeth. Her name was Jane^\\nGrey. It was a very unhappy family. The\\nmanners and habits of all the members of it,\\nexcepting Jane Grey, seem to have been very\\nrude and irregular. The admiral quarreled with\\nhis wife, and was jealous of the very servants\\nwho waited upon her. The queen observed", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0059.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nsomething in the manners of her husband to-\\nward the young princess which made her an-\\ngry both with him and her. Elizabeth resented\\nthis, and a violent quarrel ensued, which end-\\ned in their separation. Elizabeth went away,\\nand resided afterward at a place called Hat-\\nfield.\\nVery soon after this, the queen dowager\\ndied suddenly. People accused Seymour, her\\nhusband, of having poisoned her, in order to\\nmake way for the Princess Elizabeth to be his\\nwife. He denied this, but he immediately be-\\ngan to lay his plans for securing the hand of\\nElizabeth. There was a probability that she\\nmight, at some future time, succeed to the\\ncrown, and then, if he were her husband, he\\nthought he should be the real sovereign, reign-\\ning in her name.\\nElizabeth had in her household two persons,\\na certain Mrs. Ashley, who was then her gov-\\nerness, and a man named Parry, who was a\\nj sort of treasurer. He was called the cofferer.\\niThe admiral gained these persons over to his\\ninterests, and, through them, attempted to\\nopen communications with Elizabeth, and\\npersuade her to enter into his designs. Of\\ncourse the whole affair was managed with\\ngreat secrecy. They were all liable to a charge", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0060.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 43\\nof treason against the government of Edward\\nby such plots, as his ministers and counselors\\nmight maintain that their design was to over-\\nthrow Edward s government and make Eliz-\\nabeth queen. They, therefore, were all banded\\ntogether to keep their counsels secret, and\\nElizabeth was drawn, in some degree, into the\\nscheme, though precisely how far was never\\nfully known. It was supposed that she began\\nto love Seymour, although he was very much\\nolder than herself, and to be willing to become\\nhis wife. It is not surprising that, neglected\\nand forsaken as she had been, she should have\\nbeen inclined to regard with favor an agreeable\\nand influential man, who expressed a strong\\naffection for her, and a warm interest in her\\nwelfare.\\nHowever this may be, Elizabeth was one\\nday struck with consternation at hearing that\\nSeymour was arrested by order of his brother,\\nwho had returned from Scotland and had re-\\nceived information of his designs, and that he\\nhad been committed to the Tower. He had\\na hurried and irregular trial, or what, in those\\ndays, was called a trial. The council\\nwent themselves to the Tower, and had him\\nbrought before them and examined. He de-\\nmanded to have the charges made out in form,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0061.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand the witnesses confronted with him, but the\\ncouncil were satisfied of his guilt without\\nthese formalities. The Parliament immedi-\\nately afterward passed a bill of attainder\\nagainst him, by which he was sentenced to\\ndeath. His brother, the protector, signed the\\nwarrant for his execution, and he was be-\\nheaded on Tower Hill.\\nThe protector sent two messengers in the\\ncourse of this affair to Elizabeth, to see what\\nthey could ascertain from her about it. Sir\\nRobert Tyrwhitt was the name of the princi-\\npal one of these messengers. When the coff-\\nerer learned that they were at the gate, he\\nwent in great terror into his chamber, and\\nsaid that he was undone. At the same time,\\nhe pulled off a chain from his neck, and the\\nrings from his fingers, and threw them away\\nfrom him with gesticulations of despair. The\\nmessengers then came to Elizabeth, and told\\nher, falsely as it seems, with a view to frighten\\nher into confessions, that Mrs. Ashley and the\\ncofferer were both secured and sent to the\\nTower. She seemed very much alarmed; she\\nwept bitterly, and it was a long time before\\nshe regained her composure. She wanted to\\nknow whether they had confessed any thing.\\nThe protector s messengers would not tell her", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0062.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 45\\nthis, but they urged her to confess herself all\\nthat had occurred for, whatever it was, they\\nsaid that the evil and shame would all be as-\\ncribed to the other persons concerned, and\\nnot to her, on account of her youth and inex-\\nperience. But Elizabeth would confess noth-\\ning. The messengers went away, convinced,\\nas they said, that she was guilty; they could\\nsee that in her countenance; and that her si-\\nlence was owing to her firm determination not\\nto betray her lover. They sent word to the\\nprotector that they did not believe that any\\nbody would succeed in drawing the least in-\\nformation from her, unless it was the protect-\\nor, or young King Edward himself.\\nThese mysterious circumstances produced a\\nsomewhat unfavorable impression in regard to\\nElizabeth, and there were some instances, it\\nwas said, of light and trifling behavior between\\nElizabeth and Seymour, while she was in his\\nhouse during the life-time of his wife. They\\ntook place in the presence of Seymour s wife,\\nand seem of no consequence, except to show\\nthat dukes and princesses got into frolics some-\\ntimes in those days as well as other mortals.\\nPeople censured Mrs. Ashley for not enjoin-\\ning a greater dignity and propriety of demean-\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0063.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nor in her young charge, and the government\\nremoved her from her place.\\nLady Tyrwhitt who was the wife of the\\nmessenger referred to above that was sent to\\nexamine Elizabeth, was appointed to succeed\\nMrs. Ashley. Elizabeth was very much dis-\\npleased at this change. She told Lady Tyr-\\nwhitt that Mrs. Ashley was her mistress, and\\ntha f she had not done any thing to make it\\nnecessary for the council to put more mis-\\ntresses over her. Sir Robert wrote to the pro-\\ntector that she took the affair so heavily that\\nshe wept all night, and lowered all the next\\nday. He said that her attachment to Mrs.\\nAshley was very strong; and that, if any thing\\nwere said against the lord admiral, she could\\nnot bear to heat it, but took up his defense in\\nthe most prompt and eager manner.\\nHow far it is true that Elizabeth loved the\\nunfortunate Seymour can now never be\\nknown. There is no doubt, however, but that\\nthis whole affair was a very severe trial and af-\\nfliction to her. It came upon her when she\\nwas but fourteen or fifteen years of age, and\\nwhen she was in a position, as well of an age,\\nwhich renders the heart acutely sensitive both\\nto the effect of kindness and of injuries. Sey-\\nmour, by his death, was lost to her forever,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0064.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CHILDHOOD OF A PRINCESS. 47\\nand Elizabeth lived in great retirement and se-\\nclusion during the remainder of her brother s\\nreign She did not, however, forget Mrs. Ash-\\nWindow in Anne Boleyn a room.\\nky and Parr On hei accession to the throne,\\nman) years afterward, she gave them offices\\nver valuable, considering their station in life,\\nand wa? a true friend to them both to the end\\nof their days,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0065.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nLADY JANE GREY.\\nAmong Elizabeth s companions and play-\\nmates in her early years was a young lady,\\nher cousin, as she was often called, though\\nshe was really the daughter of her cousin,\\nnamed Jane Grey, commonly called in history\\nLady Jane Grey. Her mother was the March-\\nioness of Dorset, and was the daughter of one\\nof King Henry the Eighth s sisters. King Hen-\\nry had named her as the next in the order of\\nsuccession after his own children, that is, after\\nEdward his son, and Mary and Elizabeth his\\ntwo daughters and, consequently, though she\\nwas very young, yet, as she might one day be\\nQueen of England, she was a personage of\\nconsiderable importance. She was, accord-\\ningly, kept near the court, and shared, in some\\nrespects, the education and the studies of the\\ntwo princesses.\\nLady Jane was about four years younger\\nthan the Princess Elizabeth, and the sweetness\\nof her disposition, united with an extraordin-\\nary intellectual superiority, which showed it-\\n48", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0066.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 49\\nself at a very early period, made her a univer-\\nsal favorite. Her father and mother, the Mar-\\nquis and Marchioness of Dorset, lived at an\\nestate they possessed, called Broadgate, in\\nLeicestershire, which is in the central part of\\nEngland, although they took their title from\\nthe county of Dorset, which is on the south-\\nwestern coast. They were very proud of their\\ndaughter, and attached infinite importance to\\nher descent from Henry VII., and to the pos-\\nsibility that she might one day succeed to the\\nEnglish throne. They were very strict and se-\\nvere in their manners, and paid great atten-\\ntion to etiquette and punctilio, as persons who\\nare ambitious of rising in the world are very\\napt to do. In all ages of the worlds and among\\nall nations, those who have long been accus-\\ntomed to a high position are easy and uncon-\\nstrained in their manners and demeanor, while\\nthose who have been newly advanced from a\\nlower station, or who are anticipating or as-\\npiring to such an advance, make themselves\\nslaves to the rules of etiquette and ceremony.\\nIt was thus that the father and mother of Lady\\nJane, anticipating that she might one day be-\\ncome a queen, watched and guarded her in-\\ncessantly, subjected her to a thousand un-\\nwelcome restraints, and repressed all the spon-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0067.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ntaneous and natural gayety and sprightliness\\nwhich belongs properly to such a child.\\nShe became, however, a very excellent schol-\\nar in consequence of this state of things. She\\nhad a private teacher, a man of great emin-\\nence for his learning and abilities, and yet of\\na very kind and gentle spirit, which enabled\\nhim to gain a strong hold on his pupil s affec-\\ntion and regard. His name was John Aylmer.\\nThe Marquis of Dorset, Lady Jane s father,\\nbecame acquainted with Mr. Aylmer when he\\nwas quite young, and appointed him, when he\\nhad finished his education, to come and reside\\nin his family as chaplain and tutor to his child-\\nren. Aylmer afterward became a distinguished\\nman, was made Bishop of London, and held\\nmany high offices of state under Queen Eliza-\\nbeth, when she came to reign. He became\\nvery much attached to Queen Elizabeth in the\\nmiddle and latter part of his life, as he had\\nbeen to Lady Jane in the early part of it. A\\ncurious incident occurred during the time that\\nhe was in the service of Elizabeth, which illus-\\ntrates the character of the man. The queen\\nwas suffering from the toothache, and it was\\nnecessary that the tooth should be extracted.\\nThe surgeon was ready with his instruments,\\nand several ladies and gentlemen of the royal", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0068.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 50\\nLady Jane Grey.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0069.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0070.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 5 1\\nhousehold were in the queen s room commis-\\nerating her sufferings but the queen dreaded\\nthe operation so excessively that she could not\\nsummon fortitude enough to submit to it.\\nAylmer, after trying some time in vain to en-\\ncourage her, took his seat in the chair instead\\nof her, and said to the surgeon, I am an old\\nman, and have but few teeth to lose but come,\\ndraw this one, and let her majesty see how\\nlight a matter it is. One would not have sup-\\nposed that Elizabeth would have allowed this\\nto be done; but she did; and, finding that\\nAylmer made so light of the operation, she\\nsubmitted to have it performed upon herself.\\nBut to return to Lady Jane. She was very\\nstrongly attached to her teacher, and made\\ngreat progress in the studies which he ar-\\nranged for her. Ladies of high rank, in those\\ndays, were accustomed to devote great at-\\ntention to the ancient and modern lan-\\nguages. There was, in fact, a great\\nnecessity then, as indeed, there is now,\\nfor a European princess to be acquainted\\nwith the principal languages of Europe;\\nfor the various royal families ,were con-\\ntinually intermarrying with each other,\\nwhich led to a great many visits, and other in-\\ntercourse between the different courts. There", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0071.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "52 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwas also a great deal of intercourse with the\\npope, in Which the Latin language was the\\nmedium of communication. Lady Jane de-\\nvoted a great deal of time to all these studies,\\nand made rapid proficiency in them all.\\nThe Princess Elizabeth was also an excel-\\nlent scholar. Her teacher was a very learned\\nand celebrated man, named Roger Ascham.\\nShe spoke French and Italian as fluently as\\nshe did English. She also wrote and spoke\\nLatin with correctness and readiness. She\\nmade considerable progress in Greek too. She\\ncould write the Greek character very beauti-\\nfully, and could express herself tolerably well\\nin conversation in that language. One of her\\ncompanions, a young lady of the name of Ce-\\ncil, is said to have spoken Greek as well as\\nEnglish. Roger Ascham took great interest\\nin advancing the princess in these studies, and\\nin the course of these his instructions he be-\\ncame acquainted with Lady Jane, and he\\npraises very highly, in his letters, the industry\\nand assiduity of Lady Jane in similar pursuits.\\nOne day Roger Ascham, being on a journey\\nfrom the north of England to London, stopped\\nto make a call at the mansion of the Marquis\\nof Dorset. He found that the family were all\\naway they had gone off upon a hunting ex-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0072.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 53\\ncursion in the park. Lady Jane, however,\\nhad been left at home, and Ascham went in to\\nsee her. He found her in the library reading\\nGreek. Ascham examined her a little, and was\\nvery much surprised to find how well ac-\\nquainted with the language she had become,\\nalthough she was then only about fifteen years\\nold. He told her that he should like very much\\nto have her write him a letter in Greek, and this\\nshe readily promised to do. He asked her,\\nalso, how it happened that, at her age, she had\\nmade such advances in learning. 1 will tell\\nyou, said she, how it has happened. One of\\nthe greatest benefits that God ever conferred\\nupon me was in giving me so sharp and severe\\nparents and so gentle a teacher; for, when I\\nam in the presence of either my father or\\nmother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit,\\nstand, or go eat, drink, be merry, or sad be\\nsewing, playing, dancing, or doing any thing\\nelse, I must do it, as it were, in just such\\nweight, measure, and number, as perfectly as\\npossible, or else I am so sharply taunted, so\\ncruelly threatened, yea, presently, sometimes\\nwith pinches, nips, and bobs, and other ways,\\nwhich I will not name for the honor I bear\\nmy parents, that I am continually teased and\\ntormented. And then, when the time comes", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0073.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nfor me to go to Mr. Elsmer, he teaches me so\\ngently, so pleasantly, and with such fair al-\\nlurements to learning, that I think all the time\\nnothing while I am with him and I am al-\\nways sorry to go away from him, because\\nwhatsoever else I do but learning is full of\\ngrief, trouble, fear and suffering.\\nLady Jane Grey was an intimate friend and\\ncompanion of the young King Edward as long\\nas he lived. Edward died when he was six-\\nteen years of age, so that he did not reach the\\nperiod which his father had assigned for his\\nreigning in his own name. One of King Ed-\\nward s most prominent and powerful minis-\\nters during the latter part of his life was the\\nEarl of Northumberland. The original name\\nof the Earl of Northumberland was John\\nDudley. He was one of the train who came in\\nthe procession at the close of the baptism of\\nElizabeth, carrying the presents. He was a\\nProtestant, and was very friendly to Edward\\nand to Lady Jane Grey, for they were Protest-\\nants too. But his feelings and policy were\\nhostile to Mary, for she was a Catholic. Mary\\nwas sometimes treated very harshly by him,\\nand she was subjected to many privations and\\nhardships on account of her religious faith.\\nThe government of Edward justified these", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0074.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 55\\nmeasures, on account of the necessity of pro-\\nmoting the Reformation, and discouraging\\npopery by every means in their power. North-\\numberland supposed, too, that it was safe to\\ndo this, for Edward being very young, it was\\nprobable that he would live and reign a long\\ntime. It is true that Mary was named, in her\\nfather s will, as his successor, if she outlived\\nhim, but then it was highly probable that she\\nwould not outlive him, for she was several\\nyears older than he.\\nAll these calculations, however, were spoiled\\nby the sudden failure of Edward s health\\nwhen he was sixteen years old. Northumber-\\nland was much alarmed at this. He knew at\\nonce that if Edward should die, and Mary suc-\\nceed him, all his power would be gone, and he\\ndetermined to make desperate efforts to pre-\\nvent such a result.\\nIt must not be understood, however, that\\nin coming to this resolution, Northumberland\\nconsidered himself as intending and planning\\na deliberate usurpation of power. There was\\na real uncertainty in respect to the question\\nwho was the true and rightful heir to the\\ncrown. Northumberland was, undoubtedly,\\nstrongly biased by his interest, but he may\\nhave been unconscious of the bias, and in ad-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0075.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nvocating the mode of succession on which the\\ncontinuance of his own power depended, he\\nmay have really believed that he was only\\nmaintaining what was in itself rightful and\\njust.\\nIn fact, there is no mode which human in-\\ngenuity has ever yet devised for determining\\nthe hands in which the supreme executive of a\\nnation shall be lodged, which will always\\navoid doubt and contention. If this power de-\\nvolves by hereditary descent, no rules can be\\nmade so minute .and full as that cases will not\\nsometimes occur that will transcend them. If,\\non the other hand, the plan of election be\\nadopted, there will often be technical doubts\\nabout a portion of the votes, and cases will\\nsometimes occur where the result will depend\\nupon this doubtful portion. Thus there will\\nbe disputes under any system, and ambitious\\nmen will seize such occasions to struggle for\\npower.\\nIn order that our readers may clearly un-\\nderstand the nature of the plan which North-\\numberland adopted, we present, on the follow-\\ning page, a sort of genealogical table of the\\nroyal family of England in the days of Eliza-\\nbeth.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0076.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY.\\n57\\n5 Q\\nN K\\nw 5\\n2 2 W\\nHi Ul\\nm a\\nD D\\n\u00c2\u00abA ro\\n3#V*-\\nr v a\\nU U is^ C\\n2\\ngll\\nG Q\\n3 S\\nk- ST\\nis\\nfa a\\nS u\\n2\\nSI\\nn\\nv .2\\n0)\\n4) C\\nI -C\\n-a\\nE 3 2", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0077.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "58 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nBy examination of this table, it will be\\nseen that King Henry VII. left a son and two\\ndaughters. The son was King Henry VIII.,\\nand he had three children. His third child\\nwas King Edward VI., who was now about to\\ndie. The other two were the Princesses Mary\\nand Elizabeth, who would naturally be consid-\\nered the next heirs after Edward and besides,\\nKing Henry had left a will, as has been al-\\nready explained, confirming their rights to the\\nsuccession. This will he had made near the\\ntime of his death; but it will be recollected\\nthat, during his lifetime, both the marriages\\nfrom which these princesses had sprung had\\nbeen formally annulled. His marriage with\\nCatharine of Aragon had been annulled on one\\nplea, and that of Anne Boleyn on another.\\nBoth these decrees of annulment had afterward\\nbeen revoked, and the right of the princesses\\nto succeed had been restored, or attempted to\\nbe restored, by the will. Still, it admitted of\\na question, after all, whether Mary and Eliza-\\nbeth were to be considered as the children of\\ntrue and lawful wives or not.\\nIf they were not, then Lady Jane Grey was\\nthe next heir, for she was placed next to the\\nprincesses by King Henry the Eighth s will.\\nThis will, for some reason or other, set aside", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0078.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 59\\nall the descendants of Margaret, who went to\\nScotland as the wife of James IV. of that coun-\\ntry. What right the king had thus to disin-\\nherit the children of his sister Margaret was a\\ngreat question. Among her descendants was\\nMary Queen of Scots, as will be seen by the\\ntable, and she was, at this time, the represen-\\ntative of that branch of the family. The friends\\nof Mary Queen of Scots claimed that she was\\nthe lawful heir to the English throne after Ed-\\nward. They maintained that the marriage of\\nCatharine, the Princess Mary s .mother, and\\nalso that of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth s mother,\\nhad both been annulled, and that the will\\ncould not restore them. They maintained,\\nalso, that the will was equally powerless in set-\\nting aside the claims of Margaret, her grand-\\nmother. Mary Queen of Scots, though silent\\nnow, advanced her claim subsequently, and\\nmade Elizabeth a great deal of trouble.\\nThen there was, besides these, a third party,\\nwho maintained that King Henry the Eighth s\\nwill was not effectual in legalizing again the\\nannulled marriages, but that it was sufficient to\\nset aside the claims of Margaret. Of course,\\nwith them, Lady Jane Grey, who, as will be\\nseen by the table, was the representative of the\\nsecond sister of Henry VIII., was the only\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0079.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "60 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nheir. The Earl of Northumberland embraced\\nthis view. His motive was to raise Lady Jane\\nGrey to the throne, in order to exclude the\\nPrincess Mary, whose accession he knew verv\\nwell would bring all his greatness to a very\\nsudden end.\\nThe Earl of Northumberland was at this\\ntime the principal minister of the young king.\\nThe protector Somerset had fallen long ago.\\nNorthumberland, whose name was then John\\nDudley, had supplanted him, and had acquired\\nso great influence and power at court that al-\\nmost every thing seemed to be at his disposal.\\nHe was, however, generally hated by the other\\ncourtiers and by the nation. Men who gain\\nthe confidence of a young or feeble-minded\\nprince, so as to wield a. great power not prop-\\nerly their own, are always almost odious. It\\nwas expected, however, that his career would\\nbe soon brought to an end, as all knew that\\nKing Edward must die, and it was generally\\nunderstood that Mary was to succeed him.\\nNorthumberland, however, was very anx-\\nious to devise some scheme to continue his\\npower, and in revolving the subject in his\\nmind, he conceived of plans which seemed to\\npromise not only to continue, but also greatly\\nto increase it. His scheme was to have the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0080.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 6l\\nprincesses claims set aside, and Lady Jane\\nGrey raised to the throne. He had several\\nsons. One of them was young, handsome,\\nand accomplished. He thought of proposing\\nhim to Lady Jane s father as the hus-\\nband of Lady Jane, and, to induce the mar-\\nquis to consent to this plan, he promised to\\nobtain a dukedom for him by means of his\\ninfluence with the king. The marquis agreed\\nto the proposal. Lady Jane did not object to\\nthe husband they offered her. The dukedom\\nwas obtained, and the marriage, together with\\ntwo others which Northumberland had arrang-\\ned to strengthen his influence, were celebrated,\\nall on the same day, with great festivities and\\nrejoicings. The people looked on moodily,\\njealous and displeased, though they had no\\nopen ground of displeasure, except that it was\\nunsuitable to have such scenes of gayety and\\nrejoicing among the high officers of the court\\nwhile the young monarch himself was lying\\nupon his dying bed. They did not yet know\\nthat it was Northumberland s plan to raise his\\nnew daughter-in-law to the throne.\\nNorthumberland thought it would greatly\\nincrease his prospect of success if he could ob-\\ntain some act of acknowledgment of Lady\\nJane s claims to the crown before Edward", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0081.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "62 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndied. An opportunity soon occurred for ef-\\nfecting this purpose. One day, as he was sit-\\nting by young Edward s bedside, he turned\\nthe conversation to the subject of the Refor-\\nmation, which had made great progress during\\nEdward s reign, and he led Edward on in the\\nconversation, until he remarked that it was a\\ngreat pity to have the work all undone by\\nMary s accession, for she was a Catholic, and\\nwould, of course, endeavor to bring the coun-\\ntry back again under the spiritual dominion\\nof Rome. Northumberland then told him\\nthat there was one way, and one way only, to\\navert such a calamity, and that was to make\\nLady Jane his heir instead of Mary.\\nKing Edward was a very thoughtful, con-\\nsiderate, and conscientious boy, and was very\\ndesirous of doing what he considered his\\nduty. He thought it was his duty to do all in\\nhis power to sustain the Reformation, and to\\nprevent the Catholic power from gaining as-\\ncendancy in England again. He was, there-\\nfore, easily persuaded to accede to Northum-\\nberland s plan, especially as he was himself\\nstrongly attached to Lady Jane, who had often\\nbeen his playmate and companion.\\nThe king accordingly sent for three judges\\nof the realm, and directed them to draw up a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0082.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 63\\ndeed of assignment, by which the crown was\\nto be conveyed to Lady Jane on the young\\nking s death, Mary and Elizabeth being alike\\nexcluded. The judges were afraid to do this\\nfor, by King Henry the Eighth s settlement of\\nthe crown, all those persons who should do\\nany thing to disturb the succession as he ar-\\nranged it were declared to be guilty of high\\ntreason. The judges knew very well, there-\\nfore, that if they should do what the king re-\\nquired of them, and then, if the friends of\\nLady Jane should fail of establishing her upon\\nthe throne, the end of the affair would be the\\ncutting off of their own heads in the Tower.\\nThey represented this to the king, and begged\\nto be excused from the duty that he required of\\nthem. Northumberland was in a great rage\\nat this, and seemed almost ready to break o it\\nagainst the judges in open violence. They,\\nhowever, persisted in their refusal to do what\\nthey well knew would subject them to the\\npains and penalties of treason.\\nNorthumberland, rinding that threats and\\nviolence would not succeed, contrived another\\nmode of obviating the difficulty. He proposed\\nto protect the judges from any possible evil\\nconsequences of their act by a formal pardon\\nfor it, signed by the king, and sealed with the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0083.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "64 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ngreat seal, so that, in case they were ever\\ncharged with treason, the pardon would save\\nthem from punishment. This plan succeeded.\\nThe pardon was made out, being written with\\ngreat formality upon a parchment roll, and\\nsealed with the great seal. The judges then\\nprepared and signed the deed of settlement by\\nwhich the crown was given to Lady Jane,\\nthough, after all, they did it with much reluc-\\ntance and many forebodings.\\nNorthumberland next wanted to contrive\\nsome plan for getting the princesses into his\\npower, in order to prevent their heading any\\nmovement in behalf of their own claims at the\\ndeath of the king. He was also desirous of\\nmaking such arrangements as to conceal the\\ndeath of the king for a few days after it should\\ntake place, in order that he might get Lady\\nJane and her officers in complete possession of\\nthe kingdom before the demise of the crown\\nshould be generally known. For this purpose\\nhe dismissed the regular physicians who had\\nattended upon the king, and put him under\\nthe charge of a woman, who pretended that\\nshe had a medicine that would certainly cure\\nhim. He sent, also, messengers to the prin-\\ncesses, who were then in the country north of\\nLondon, requesting that they would come to", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0084.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 65\\nGreenwich, to be near the sick chamber where\\ntheir brother was lying, that they might cheer\\nand comfort him in his sickness and pain.\\nThe princesses obeyed the summons. They\\neach sat out immediately on the journey, and\\nmoved toward London on their way to Green-\\nwich. In the meantime, Edward was rapidly\\ndeclining. The change in the treatment which\\ntook place when his physicians left him, made\\nhim worse instead of better. His cough in-\\ncreased, his breathing became more labored\\nand difficult in a word, his case presented all\\nthe symptoms of approaching dissolution. At\\nlength he died. Northumberland attempted\\nto keep the fact concealed until after the prin-\\ncesses should arrive, that he might get them\\ninto his power. Some faithful friend, how-\\never, made all haste to meet them, in order to\\ninform them what was going on. In this way\\nMary received intelligence of her brother s\\ndeath when she had almost reached London,\\nand was informed, also, of the plans of North-\\numberland for raising Lady Jane to the\\nthrone. The two princesses were extremely\\nalarmed, and both turned back at once toward\\nthe northward again. Mary stopped to write\\na letter to the council, remonstrating against\\ntheir delay in proclaiming her queen, and then", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0085.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "66 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nproceeded rapidly to a strong castle at a place\\ncalled Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk,\\non the eastern coast of England. She made\\nthis her head-quarters, because she supposed\\nthat the people of that county were particu-\\nlarly friendly to her and then, besides, it was\\nnear the sea, and, in case the course of events\\nshould turn against her, she could make her\\nescape to foreign lands. It is true that the\\nprospect of being a fugitive and an exile was\\nvery dark and gloomy, but it was not so terri-\\nble as the idea of being shut up a prisoner in\\nthe Tower, or being beheaded on a block for\\ntreason.\\nIn the meantime, Northumberland went, at\\nthe head of a troop of his adherents, to the\\nresidence of Lady Jane Grey, informed her of\\nthe death of Edward, and announced to her\\ntheir determination to proclaim her queen.\\nLady Jane was very much astonished at this\\nnews. At first she absolutely refused the of-\\nfered honor; but the solicitations and urgency\\nof Northumberland, and of her father and her\\nyoung husband, at length prevailed. She was\\nconducted to London, and installed in at least\\nthe semblance of power.\\nAs the news of these transactions spread\\nthroughout the land, a universal and strong", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0086.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY. 6?\\nexcitement was produced, everybody at once\\ntaking sides either for Mary or Lady Jane.\\nBands of armed men began to assemble. It\\nsoon became apparent, however, that, beyond\\nthe immediate precincts of London, the\\ncountry was* almost unanimous for Mary.\\nThey dreaded, it is true, the danger which\\nthey anticipated from her Catholic faith, but\\nstill they had all considered it a settled point,\\nsince the death of Henry the Eighth, that\\nMary was to reign whenever Edward should\\ndie; and this general expectation that she\\nwould be queen had passed insensibly into an\\nopinion that she ought to be. Considered\\nstrictly as a legal question, it was certainly\\ndoubtful Which of the four claimants to the\\nthrone had the strongest title; but the public\\nwere not disposed so to regard it. They chose,\\non the whole, that Mary should reign. Large\\nmilitary masses consequently flocked to her\\nstandard. Elizabeth took sides with her, and,\\nas it was important to give as much public ef-\\nfect to her adhesion as possible, they furnish-\\ned Elizabeth with a troop of a thousand horse-\\nmen, at the head of which slie rode to meet\\nMary and tender her aid.\\nNorthumberland went forth at the head of\\nsuch forces as he could collect, but he soon", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0087.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "68 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nfound that the attempt was vain. His troops\\nforsook him. The castles which had at first\\nbeen under his command surrendered them-\\nselves to Mary. The Tower of London went\\nover to her side. Finally, all being lost,\\nNorthumberland himself was taken prisoner,\\nand all his influential friends with him, and\\nwere committed to the Tower. Lady Jane\\nherself too, together with her husband and\\nfather, were seized and sent to prison.\\nNorthumberland was immediately put upon\\nhis trial for treason. He was condemned, and\\nbrought at once to the block. In fact, the\\nwhole affair moved very promptly and rapidly\\non, from its commencement to its consumma-\\ntion. Edward the Sixth died on the 5th of\\nJuly, and it was only the 22d of August when\\nNorthumberland was beheaded. The period\\nfor which the unhappy Lady Jane enjoyed the\\nhonor of being called a queen was nine days.\\nIt was about a month after this that Mary\\npassed from the Tower through the city of\\nLondon in a grand triumphal procession to be\\ncrowned. The royal chariot, covered with\\ncloth of golden tissue, was drawn by six\\nhorses most splendidly caparisoned. Eliza-\\nbeth, who had aided her sister, so far as she\\ncould, in the struggle, was admitted to share", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0088.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "LADY JANE GREY.\\n6 9\\nthe triumph. She had a carriage drawn by\\nsix horses too, with cloth and decorations of\\nsilver. They proceeded in this manner, at-\\nQueen Mary Watching the Execution of Lady Jane Grey,\\ntended and followed by a great cavalcade of\\nnobles and soldiery, to Westminster Abbey,\\nwhere Mary took her seat with great formal-\\nity upon her father s throne.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0089.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTHE SPANISH MATCH.\\nWhen Queen Mary ascended the throne\\ns l he was a maiden lady not far from thirty-five\\nyears of age. She was cold, austere, and for-\\nbidding in her appearance and manners,\\nthough probably conscientious and honest in\\nher convictions of duty. She was a very firm\\nand decided Catholic, or, rather, she evinced\\na certain strict adherence to the principles of\\nher religious faith, which we generally call\\nfirmness when it is exhibited by those whose\\nopinions agree with our own, though we are\\nvery apt to name it bigotry in those who differ\\nfrom us.\\nFor instance, when the body of young Ed-\\nward, her brother, after his death, was to be\\ndeposited in the last home of the English\\nkings in Westminster Abbey, which is a\\nvery magnificent cathedral a little way up the\\nriver from London, the services were, of\\ncourse, conducted according to the ritual of\\nthe English Churcn, which was then Protes-\\nant. Mary, however, could not conscientious-\\n70", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0090.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 71\\nly countenance such services even by being\\npresent at them. She accordingly assembled\\nher immediate attendants and personal friends\\nin her own private chapel, and celebrated the\\ninterment there, with Catholic priests, by a\\nservice conformed to the Catholic ritual. Was\\nit a bigoted, or only a firm and proper, at-\\ntachment to her own faith, which forbade her\\njoining in the national commemoration?\\nThe reader must decide but, in deciding, he\\nis bound to render the same verdict that he\\nwould have given if it had been a case of a\\nProtestant withdrawing thus from Catholic\\nforms.\\nAt all events, whether bigoted or not, Mary\\nwas doubtless sincere; but she was so cold,\\nand stern, and austere in her character, that\\nshe was very little likely to be loved. There\\nwere a great many persons who wished to be-\\ncome her husband, but their motives were to\\nshare her grandeur and power. Among these\\npersons, the most prominent one, and the one\\napparently most likely to succeed, was a\\nprince of Spain. His name was Philip.\\nIt was his father s plan, and not his own,\\nthat he should marry Queen Mary. His father\\nwas at this time the most wealthy and power-\\nful monarch in Europe. His name was", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0091.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "72 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nCharles. He is commonly called in history\\nCharles V. of Spain. He was not only King\\nof Spain, but Emperor of Germany. He re-\\nsided sometimes at Madrid, and sometimes at\\nBrussels in Flanders. His son Philip had been\\nmarried to a Portuguese princess, but his\\nwife had died, and thus Philip was a widower.\\nStill, he was only twenty-seven years of age,\\nbut he was as stern, severe, and repulsive in\\nhis manners as Mary. His personal appear-\\nance, too, corresponded with his character.\\nHe was a very decided Catholic also, and in\\nhis natural spirit, haughty, ambitious, and\\ndomineering.\\nThe Emperor Charles, as soon as he heard\\nof young Edward s death and of Mary s ac-\\ncession to the English throne, conceived the\\nplan of proposing to her his son Philip for a\\nhusband. He sent over a wise and sagacious\\nstatesman from his court to make the proposi-\\ntion, and to urge it by such reasons as would\\nbe most likely to influence Mary s mind, and\\nthe minds of the great officers of her govern-\\nment. The embassador managed the affair\\nwell. In fact, it was probably easy to manage\\nit. Mary would naturally be pleased with the\\nidea of such a young husband, who, besides\\nbeing young and accomplished, was the son", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0092.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 73\\nof the greatest potentate in Europe, and likely\\none day to take his father s place on that\\nlofty elevation. Besides, Mary Queen of\\nScots, who had rival claims to Queen Mary s\\nthrone, had married, or was about to marry,\\nthe son of the King of France, and there was\\na little glory in outshining her, by having for\\na husband a son of the King of Spain. It\\nmight, however, perhaps, be a question which\\nwas the greatest match for, though the court\\nof Paris was the most brilliant, Spain, being\\nat that time possessed of the gold and silver\\nmines of its American colonies, was at least\\nthe richest country in the world.\\nMary s ministers, when they found that\\nMary herself liked the plan, fell in with it too.\\nMary had been beginning, very quietly in-\\ndeed, but very efficiently, her measures for\\nbringing back the English government and\\nnation to the Catholic faith. Her ministers\\ntold her now, however, that if she wished to\\nsucceed in effecting this match, she must sus-\\npend all these plans until the match was con-\\nsummated. The people of England were gen-\\nerally of the Protestant faith. They had been\\nvery uneasy and restless under the progress\\nwhich the queen had been making in silencing\\nProtestant preachers, and bringing back Ca-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0093.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "74 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ntholic rites and ceremonies; and now, if they\\nfound that their queen was going to marry\\nso rigid and uncompromising a Catholic as\\nPhilip of Spain, they would be doubly alarmed.\\nShe must suspend, therefore, for a time,\\nher measures for restoring papacy, unless she\\nwas willing to give up her husband. The\\nqueen saw that this was the alternative, and\\nshe decided on following her ministers ad-\\nvice. She did all in her power to quiet and\\ncalm the public mind, in order to prepare the\\nway for announcing the proposed connection.\\nRumors, however, began to be spread\\nabroad that such a design was entertained be-\\nfore Mary was fully prepared to promulgate\\nit. These rumors produced great excitement,\\nand awakened strong opposition. The people\\nknew Philip s ambitious and overbearing\\ncharacter, and they believed that if he were\\nto come to England as the husband of the\\nqueen, the whole government would pass into\\nhis hands, and, as he would naturally be very\\nmuch under the influence of his father, the\\nconnection was likely to result in making\\nEngland a mere appendage to the already vast\\ndominions of the emperor. The House of\\nCommons appointed a committee of twenty\\nmembers, and sent them to the queen, with a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0094.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 75\\nhumble petition that she would not marry a\\nforeigner. The queen was much displeased\\nat receiving such a petition, and she dissolved\\nthe Parliament. Ihe members dispersed, car-\\nrying with them every where expressions of\\ntheir dissatisfaction and fear. England, they\\nsaid, was about to become a province of\\nSpain, and the prospect of such a consumma-\\ntion, wherever the tidings went, filled the\\npeople of the country with great alarm.\\nQueen Mary s principal minister of state at\\nthis time was a crafty politician, whose name\\nwas Gardiner. Gardiner sent word to the\\nemperor that there was great opposition to\\nhis son s marriage in England, and that he\\nfeared that he should not be able to accom-\\nplish it, unless the terms of the contract of\\nmarriage were made very favorable to the\\nqueen and to England, and unless the emper-\\nor could furnish him with a large sum of\\nmoney to use as a means of bringing influen-\\ntial persons of the realm to favor it. Charles\\ndecided to send the money. He borrowed\\nit of some of the rich cities of Germany,\\nmaking his son Philip give his bond to repay\\nit as soon as he should get possession of his\\nbride, and of the rich and powerful country\\nover which she reigned. The amount thus", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0095.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "j6 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nremitted to England is said by the historians\\nof those days to have been a sum equal to\\ntwo millions of dollars. The bribery was cer-\\ntainly on a very respectable scale.\\nThe emperor also sent a very magnificent\\nembassy to London, with a distinguished no-\\nbleman at its head, to arrange the terms and\\ncontracts of the marriage. This embassy came\\nin great state, and, during their residence in\\nLondon, were the objects of great attention\\nand parade. The eclat of their reception, and\\nthe influence of the bribes, seemed to silence\\nopposition to the scheme. Open opposition\\nceased to be expressed, though a strong and\\ninveterate determination against the measure\\nwas secretly extending itself throughout the\\nrealm. This, however, did not prevent the\\nnegotiations from going on. The terms were\\nprobably all fully understood and agreed upon\\nbefore the embassy came, so that nothing re-\\nmained but the formalities of writing and\\nsigning the articles.\\nSome of the principal stipulations of these\\narticles were, that Philip was to have the title\\nof King of England jointly with Mary s title\\nof queen. Mary was also to share with him,\\nin the same way, his titles in Spain. It was\\nagreed that Mary should have the exclusive", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0096.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 77\\npower of the appointment of officers of gov-\\nernment in England, and that no Spaniards\\nshould be eligible at all. Particular provisions\\nwere made in respect to the children which\\nmight result from the marriage, as to how\\nthey should inherit rights of government in\\nthe two countries. Philip had one son already,\\nby his former wife. This son was to succeed\\nhis father in the kingdom of Spain, but the\\nother dominions of Philip on the Continent\\nwere to descend to the offspring of this new\\nmarriage, in modes minutely specified to fit\\nall possible cases which might occur. The\\nmaking of all these specifications, however,\\nturned out to be labor lost, as Mary never\\nhad children.\\nIt was also specially agreed that Philip\\nshould not bring Spanish or foreign do-\\nmestics into the realm, to give uneasiness\\nto the English people; that he would\\nnever take the queen out of England,\\nnor carry any of the children away,\\nwithout the consent of the English no-\\nbility and that, if the queen were to die be-\\nfore him, all his rights and claims of every\\nsort, in respect to England, should forever\\ncease. He also agreed that he would never\\ncarry away any of the jewels or other prop-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0097.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "yS QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nerty of the crown, nor suffer any other person\\nto do so.\\nThese stipulations, guarding so carefully\\nthe rights of Mary and of England, were in-\\ntended to satisfy the English people, and re-\\nmove their objections to the match. They\\nproduced some effect, but the hostility was too\\ndeeply seated to be so easily allayed. It grew,\\non the contrary, more and more threatening,\\nuntil at length a conspiracy was formed by a\\nnumber of influential and powerful men, and\\na plan of open rebellion organized.\\nThe leader in this plan was Sir Thomas\\nWyatt, and the outbreak which followed is\\nknown in history as Wyatt s rebellion. An-\\nother of the leaders was the Duke of Suffolk,\\nwho, it will be recollected, was the father of\\nLady Jane Grey. This led people to suppose\\nthat the plan of the conspirators was not\\nmerely to prevent the consummation of the\\nSpanish match, but to depose Queen Mary\\nentirely, and to raise the Lady Jane to the\\nthrone. However this may be, an extensive\\nand formidable conspiracy was formed.\\nThere were to have been several risings in dif-\\nferent parts of the kingdom. They all failed ex-\\ncept the one which Wyatt himself was to head,\\nwhich was in Kent, in the southeastern part of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0098.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 79\\nthe country. This succeeded so far, at least,\\nthat a considerable force was collected, and\\nbegan to advance toward London from the\\nsouthern side.\\nQueen Mary was very much alarmed. She\\nhad no armed force in readiness to encounter\\nthis danger. She sent messengers across the\\nThames and down the river to meet Wyatt,\\nwho was advancing at the head of four thous-\\nand men, to ask what it was that he demand-\\ned. He replied that the queen must be deliv-\\nered up as his prisoner, and also the Tower of\\nLondon be surrendered to him. This showed\\nthat his plan was to depose the queen. Mary\\nrejected these proposals at once, and, having\\nno forces to meet this new enemy, she had to\\nretreat from Westminster into the city of Lon-\\ndon, and here she took refuge in the city hall,\\ncalled the Guildhall, and put herself under\\nthe protection of the city authorities. Some\\nof her friends urged her to take shelter in\\nthe Tower; but she had more confidence, she\\nsaid, in the faithfulness and loyalty of her sub-\\njects than in castle walls.\\nWyatt continued to advance. He was still\\nupon the south side of the river. There was\\nbut one bridge across the Thames, at London,\\nin those days, though there are half a dozen", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0099.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "80 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nnow, and this one was so strongly barricaded\\nand guarded that Wyatt did not dare to at-\\ntempt to cross it. He went up the river, there-\\nfore, to cross at a higher point; and this cir-\\ncuit, and several accidental circumstances\\nwhich occurred, detained him so Jong that a\\nconsiderable force had been got together to\\nreceive him when he was ready to enter the\\ncity. He pushed boldly on into the narrow\\nstreets, which received him like a trap or a\\nsnare. The city troops hemmed up his way\\nafter he had entered. They barricaded the\\nstreets, they shut the gates, and armed men\\npoured in to take possession of all the ave-\\nnues. Wyatt depended upon finding the peo-\\nple of London on his side. They turned, in-\\nstead, against him. All hope of success in\\nhis enterprise, and all possibility of escape\\nfrom his own awful danger, disappeared to-\\ngether. A herald came from the queen s offi-\\ncer calling upon him to surrender himself\\nquietly, and save the effusion of blood. He\\nsurrendered in an agony of terror and des-\\npair.\\nThe Duke of Suffolk learned these facts in\\nanother county, where he was endeavoring to\\nraise a force to aid Wyatt. He immediately\\nfled, and hid himself in the house of one of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0100.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 8l\\nhis domestics. He was betrayed, however,\\nseized, and sent to the Tower. Many other\\nprominent actors in the insurrection were ar-\\nrested, and the others fled in all directions,\\nwherever they could find concealment or\\nsafety.\\nLady Jane s. life had been spared thus far,\\nalthough she had been, in fact, guilty of\\ntreason against Mary by the former attempt\\nto take the crown. She now, however, two\\ndays after the capture of Wyatt, received word\\nthat she must prepare to die. She was, of\\ncourse, surprised and shocked at the sudden-\\nness of this announcement; but she soon re-\\ngained her composure, and passed through\\nthe awful scenes preceding her death with a\\nfortitude amounting to heroism. Her hus-\\nband was to die too. He was beheaded first,\\nand she saw the headless body, as it was\\nbrought back from the place of execution, be-\\nfore her turn came. She acknowledged her\\nguilt in having attempted to seize her cous-\\nin s crown. As the attempt to seize this\\ncrown failed, mankind consider her techni-\\ncally guilty. If it had succeeded, Mary, in-\\nstead of Jane, would have been the traitor\\nwho would have died for attempting crimin-\\nally to usurp a throne.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0101.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 QUEEN ELIZABETH\\nIn the meantime Wyatt and Suffolk re-\\nmained prisoners in the Tower. Suffolk was\\noverwhelmed with remorse and sorrow at\\nhaving been the means, by his selfish ambi-\\ntion, of the cruel death of so innocent and\\nlovely a child. He did not suffer this anguish\\nlong, however, for five days after his son and\\nLady Jane were executed, his head fell too\\nfrom the block. Wyatt was reserved a little\\nlonger.\\nHe was more formally tried, and in his ex-\\namination he asserted that the Princess Eliza-\\nbeth was involved in the conspiracy. Officers\\nwere immediately sent to arrest Elizabeth.\\nShe was taken to a royal palace at Westmin-\\nster, just above London, called Whitehall, and\\nshut up there in close confinement, and no\\none was allowed to visit her or speak to her.\\nThe particulars of this imprisonment will be\\ndescribed more fully in the next chapter.\\nFifty or sixty common conspirators, not wor-\\nthy of being beheaded with an ax, were\\nhanged, and a company of six hundred more\\nwere brought, their hands tied, and halters\\nabout their necks, a miserable gang, into\\nMary s presence, before her palace, to be par-\\ndoned. Wyatt was then executed. When\\nhe came to die, however, he retracted what he", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0102.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 83\\nhad alleged of Elizabeth. He declared that she\\nwas entirely innocent of any participation in\\nthe scheme of rebellion. Elizabeth s friends\\nbelieve that he accused her because he sup-\\nposed that such a charge would be agreeable\\nto Mary, and that he should himself be more\\nleniently treated in consequence of it, but\\nthat when at last he found that sacrificing her\\nwould not save him, his guilty^ conscience\\nscourged him into doing her justice in his\\nlast hours.\\nAll obstacles to the wedding were now ap-\\nparently removed for, after the failure of\\nWyatt s rebellion, nobody dared to make any\\nopen opposition to the plans of the queen,\\nthough there was still abundance of secret\\ndissatisfaction. Mary was now very impa-\\ntient to have the marriage carried into effect.\\nA new Parliament was called, and its con-\\ncurrence in the plan obtained. Mary ordered\\na squadron of ships to be fitted out and sent\\nto Spain, to convey the bridegroom to Eng-\\nland. The admiral who had command of this\\nfleet wrote to her that the sailors were so hos-\\ntile to Philip that he did not think it was safe\\nfor her to intrust him to their hands. Mary\\nthen commanded this force to be dismissed, in\\norder to arrange some other way to bring", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0103.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nPhilip over. She was then full of anxiety\\nand apprehension lest some accident might\\nbefall him. His ship might be wrecked, or he\\nmight fall into the hands of the French, who\\nwere not at all well disposed toward the\\nmatch. Her thoughts and her conversation\\nwere running upon this topic all the time. She\\nwas restless by day and sleepless by night, un-\\ntil her health was at last seriously impaired,\\nand her friends began really to fear that she\\nmight lose her reason. She was very anxious,\\ntoo, lest Philip should find her beauty so im-\\npaired by her years, and by the state of her\\nhealth, that she should fail, when he arrived,\\nof becoming the object of his love.\\nIn fact, she complained already that Philip\\nneglected her. He did not write to her, or ex-\\npress in any way the interest and affection\\nwhich she thought ought to be awakened in\\nhis mind by a bride who, as she expressed it,\\nwas going to bring a kingdom for a dowry.\\nThis sort of cold and haughty demeanor was,\\nhowever, in keeping with the self-importance\\nand the pride which then often marked the\\nSpanish character, and which, in Philip par-\\nticularly, always seemed to be extreme.\\nAt length the time arrived for his embarka-\\ntion. He sailed across the Bay of Biscay, and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0104.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH. 85\\nup the English Channel until he reached\\nSouthampton, a famous port on the southern\\ncoast of England. There he landed with great\\npomp and parade. He assumed a very proud\\nand stately bearing, which made a very unfav-\\norable impression upon the English people\\nwho had been sent by Queen Mary to receive\\nhim. He drew his sword when he landed,\\nand walked about with it, for a time, in a very\\npompous manner, holding the sword un-\\nsheathed in his hand, the crowd of by-stand-\\ners that had collected to witness the spectacle\\nof the landing looking on all the time, and\\nwondering what such an action could be in-\\ntended to intimate. It was probably intended\\nsimply to make them wonder. The authori-\\nties of Southampton had arranged to come\\nin procession to meet Philip, and present him\\nwith the keys of the gates, an emblem of an\\nhonorable reception into the city. Philip re-\\nceived the keys, but did not deign a word of\\nreply. The distance and reserve which it had\\nbeen customary to maintain between the\\nEnglish sovereigns and their people was al-\\nways pretty strongly marked, but Philip s\\nloftiness and grandeur seemed to surpass all\\nbounds.\\nMary went two-thirds of the way from Lon-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0105.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndon to the coast to meet the bridegroom. Here\\nthe marriage ceremony was performed, and\\nthe whole party came, with great parade and\\nrejoicings, back to London, and Mary, satis-\\nfied and happy, took up her abode with her\\nnew lord in Windsor Castle.\\nThe poor queen was, however, in the end,\\nsadly disappointed in her husband. He felt\\nno love for her he was probably, in fact, in-\\ncapable of love. He remained in England a\\nyear, and then, growing weary of his wife and\\nof his adopted country, he went back to Spain\\nagain, greatly to Queen Mary s vexation and\\nchagrin. They were both extremely disap-\\npointed in not having children. Philip s mo-\\ntive for marrying Mary was ambition wholly,\\nand not love and when he found that an heir\\nto inherit the two kingdoms was not to be ex-\\npected, he treated his unhappy wife with great\\nneglect and cruelty, and finally went away\\nfrom her altogether. He came back again, it\\nis true, a year afterward, but it was only to\\ncompel Mary to join with him in a war\\nagainst France. He told her that if she would\\nnot do this, he would go away from England\\nand never see her again. Mary yielded but\\nat length, harassed and worn down with use-\\nless regrets and repinings, her mental suffer-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0106.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE SPANISH MATCH.\\n87\\nings are supposed to have shortened her days.\\nShe died miserably a few years after her mar-\\nPhilip II. Leaving England,\\nriage, and thus the Spanish match turned out\\nto be a very unfortunate match indeed.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0107.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nELIZABETH IN THE TOWER.\\nvThe imprisonment of Queen Elizabeth in\\nthe Tower, which was briefly alluded to in\\nthe last chapter, deserves a more full narration\\nthan was possible to give to it there. She had\\nretired from court some time before the\\ndifficulties about the Spanish match arose. It\\nis true that she took sides with Mary in the\\ncontest with Northumberland and the friends\\nof Jane Grey, and she shared her royal sister s\\ntriumph in the pomp and parade of the cor-\\nonation; but, after all, she and Mary could\\nnot possibly be very good friends. The mar-\\nriages of their respective mothers could not\\nboth have been valid. Henry the Eighth was\\nso impatient that he could not wait for a di-\\nvorce from Catherine before he married Anne\\nBoleyn. The only way to make the latter\\nmarriage legal, therefore, was to consider the\\nformer one null and void from the beginning;\\nand if the former one was not thus null and\\nvoid, the latter must be so. If Henry had\\nwaited for a divorce, then both marriages", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0108.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 89\\nmight have been valid, each for the time of its\\nown continuance, and both the princesses\\nmight have been lawful heirs; but as it was,\\nneither of them could maintain her own\\nclaims to be considered a lawful daughter,\\nwithout denying, by implication at least,\\nthose of the other. They were therefore, as it\\nwere, natural enemies. Though they mignt\\nbe outwardly civil to each other, it was not\\npossible that there could be any true har-\\nmony or friendship between them.\\nA circumstance occurred, too, soon after\\nMary s accession to the throne, which result-\\ned in openly alienating the feelings of the two\\nladies from each other. There was a certain\\nprisoner in the Tower of London, a gentleman\\nof high rank and great consideration, named\\nCourteney, now about twenty-six years of\\nage, who had been imprisoned in the Tower\\nby King Henry the Eighth when he was only\\ntwelve years old, on account of some political\\noffenses of his father! He had thus been a\\nclose prisoner for fourteen years at Mary s\\naccession; but Mary released him. It was\\nfound, when he returned to society again, that\\nhe had employed his solitary hours in culti-\\nvating his mind, acquiring knowledge, and\\navailing himself of all the opportunities for", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0109.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "90 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nimprovement which his situation afforded,\\nand that he came forth an intelligent, accom-\\nplished, and very agreeable man. The inter-\\nest which his appearance and manners ex-\\ncited was increased by the sympathy natural-\\nly felt for the sufferings that he had endured.\\nIn a word, he became a general favorite. The\\nrank of his family was high enough for Mary\\nto think of him for her husband, for this was\\nbefore the Spanish match was thought of.\\nMary granted him a title, and large estates,\\nand showed him many other favors, and, as\\nevery body supposed, tried very hard to make\\nan impression on his heart. Her efforts were,\\nhowever, vain. Courteney gave an obvious\\npreference to Elizabeth, who was young then,\\nat least, if not beautiful. This successful ri-\\nvalry on the part of her sister rilled the queen s\\nheart with resentment and envy, and she ex-\\nhibited her chagrin by so many little marks of\\nneglect and incivility, that Elizabeth s resent-\\nment was roused in its turn, and she asked\\npermission to retire from court to her resi-\\ndence in the country. Mary readily gave the\\npermission, and thus it happened that when\\nWyatt s rebellion first broke out, as described\\nin the last chapter, Elizabeth was living in\\nretirement and seclusion at Ashridge, an es-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0110.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 9I\\ntate of hers at some distance west of London.\\nAs to Courteney, Mary found some pretext\\nor other for sending him back again to his\\nprison in the Tower.\\nMary was immediately afraid that the mal-\\ncontents would join with Elizabeth and at-\\ntempt to put forward her name and her\\nclaims to the crown, which, if they were to do,\\nit would make their movement very formida-\\nble. She was impressed immediately with the\\nidea that it was of great importance to get\\nElizabeth back again into her power. The\\nmost probable way of succeeding in doing\\nthis, she thought, was to write her a kind and\\nfriendly letter, inviting her to return. She\\naccordingly wrote such a letter. She said in\\nit that certain evil-disposed persons were\\nplotting some disturbances in the kingdom.,\\nand that she thought that Elizabeth was not\\nsafe where she was. She urged her, therefore,\\nto return, saying that she should be truly wel-\\ncome, and should be protected against all dan-\\nger if she would come.\\nAn invitation from a queen is a command,\\nand Elizabeth would have felt bound to obey\\nthis summons, but she was sick when it came.\\nAt least she was not well, and she was not\\nmuch disposed to underrate her sickness for", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0111.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "92 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthe sake of being able to travel on this occa-\\nsion. The officers of the household made out\\na formal certificate to the effect that Elizabeth\\nwas not able to undertake such a journey.\\nIn the meantime Wyatt s rebellion broke\\nout; he marched to London, was entrapped\\nthere and taken prisoner, as is related at\\nlength in the last chapter. In his confessions\\nhe implicated the Princess Elizabeth, and also\\nCourteney, and Mary s government then de-\\ntermined that they must secure Elizabeth s\\nperson at all events, sick or well. They sent,\\ntherefore, three gentlemen as commissioners,\\nwith a troop of horse to attend them, to bring\\nher to London. They carried the queen s\\nlitter with them, to bring the princess upon it\\nin case she should be found unable to travel\\nin any other way.\\nThis party arrived at Ashridge at ten\\no clock at night. They insisted on being ad-\\nmitted at once into the chamber of Elizabeth,\\nand there they made known their errand.\\nElizabeth was terrified she begged not to be\\nmoved, as she was really too sick to go. They\\ncalled in some physicians, who certified that\\nshe could be moved without danger to her\\nlife. The next morning they put her upon\\nthe litter, a sort of covered bed, formed like a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0112.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 93\\npalanquin, and borne, like a palanquin, by\\nmen. It was twenty-nine miles to London,\\nand it took the party four days to reach the\\ncity, they moved so slowly. This circum-\\nstance is mentioned sometimes as showing\\nhow sick Elizabeth must have been. But the\\nfact is, there was no reason whatever for any\\nhaste. Elizabeth was now completely in\\nMary s power, and it could make no possible\\ndifference how long she was upon the road.\\nThe litter passed along the roads in great\\nstate. It was a princess that they were bear-\\ning. As they approached London, a hundred\\nmen in handsome uniforms went before, and\\nan equal number followed. A great many\\npeople came out from the city to meet the\\nprincess, as a token of respect. This dis-\\npleased Mary, but it could not well be pre-\\nvented or punished. On their arrival they\\ntook Elizabeth to one of the palaces at West-\\nminster, called Whitehall. She was examined\\nby Mary s privy council. Nothing was prov-\\ned against her, and, as the rebellion seemed\\nnow wholly at an end, she was at length re-\\nleased, and thus ended her first durance as a\\npolitical prisoner.\\nIt happened, however, that other persons\\nimplicated in Wyatt s plot, when examined,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0113.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nmade charges against Elizabeth in respect to\\nit, and Queen Mary sent another force and\\narrested her again. She was taken now to a\\nfamous royal palace, called Hampton Court,\\nwhich is situated on the Thames, a few miles\\nabove the city. She brought many of the\\nofficers of her household and of her personal\\nattendants with her but one of the queen s\\nministers, accompanied by two other officers,\\ncame soon after, and dismissed all her own at-\\ntendants, and placed persons in the service of\\nthe queen in their place. They also set a\\nguard around the palace, and then left the\\nprincess, for the night, a close prisoner, and\\nyet without any visible signs of coercion, for\\nall these guards might be guards of honor.\\nThe next day some officers came again, and\\ntold her that it had been decided to send her\\nto the Tower, and that a barge was ready at\\nthe river to convey her. She was very much\\nagitated and alarmed, and begged to be al-\\nlowed to send a letter to her sister before they\\ntook her away. One of the officers insisted\\nthat she should have the privilege, and the\\nother that she should not. The former con-\\nquered in the contest, and Elizabeth wrote the\\nletter and sent it. It contained an earnest and\\nsolemn disavowal of all participation in the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0114.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "l\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\MMlmiiM:i;;:; u ,;l _", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0115.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0116.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 95\\nplots which she had been charged with en-\\ncouraging, and begged Mary to believe that\\nshe was innocent, and allow her to be released.\\nThe letter did no good. Elizabeth was tak-\\nen into the barge and conveyed in a very pri-\\nvate manner down the river. Hampton Court\\nis above London, several miles, and the Tow-\\ner is just below the city. There are several\\nentrances to this vast castle, some of them by\\nstairs from the river. Among these is one by\\nwhich prisoners accused of great political\\ncrimes were usually taken in, and which is\\ncalled the Traitors Gate. There was another\\nentrance, also, from the river, by which a more\\nhonorable admission to the fortress might be\\nattained. The Tower was not solely a prison.\\nIt was often a place of retreat for kings and\\nqueens from any sudden danger, and was fre-\\nquently occupied by them as a somewhat per-\\nmanent residence. There were a great num-\\nber of structures within the walls, in some of\\nwhich royal apartments were fitted up with\\ngreat splendor. Elizabeth had often been in\\nthe Tower as a resident or a visitor, and thus\\nfar there was nothing in the circumstances of\\nthe case to forbid the supposition that they\\nmight be taking her there as a guest or resi-\\ndent now. She was anxious and uneasy, it is", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0117.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "96 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ntrue, but she was not certain that she was re-\\ngarded as a prisoner.\\nIn the mean time, the barge, with the other\\nboats in attendance, passed down the river in\\nthe rain, for it was a stormy day, a circum-\\nstance which aided the authorities in their\\neffort to convey their captive to her gloomy\\nprison without attracting the attention of the\\npopulace. Besides, it was the day of some\\ngreat religious festival, when the people were\\ngenerally in the churches. This day had been\\nchosen on that very account. The barge and\\nthe boats came down the river, therefore, with-\\nout attracting much attention they approach-\\ned the landing-place at last, and stopped at the\\nflight of steps leading up from the water to\\nthe Traitors Gate.\\nElizabeth declared that she was no traitor,\\nand that she would not be landed there. The\\nnobleman who had charge of her told her sim-\\nply, in reply, that she could not have her\\nchoice of a place to land. At the same time,\\nhe offered her his cloak to protect her from the\\nrain in passing from the barge to the castle\\ngate. Umbrellas had not been invented in\\nthose days. Elizabeth threw the cloak away\\nfrom her in vexation and anger. She found,\\nhowever, that it was of no use to resist. She", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0118.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 97\\ncould not choose. She stepped from the\\nbarge out upon the stairs in the rain, saying,\\nas she did so, Here lands as true and faithful\\na subject as ever landed a prisoner at these\\nstairs. Before thee, O God, I speak it, having\\nnow no friends but thee alone.\\nA large company of the warders and keep-\\ners of the castle had been drawn up at the\\nTraitors Gate to receive her, as was custom-\\nary on occasions when prisoners of high rank\\nwere to enter the Tower. As these men were\\nalways dressed in uniform of a peculiar an-\\ntique character, such a parade of them made\\nquite an imposing appearance. Elizabeth\\nasked what it meant. They told her that that\\nwas the customary mode of receiving a pris\\noner. She said that if it was, she hoped that\\nthey would dispense with the ceremony in her\\ncase, and asked that, for her sake, the men\\nmight be dismissed from such attendance in\\nso inclement a season. The men blessed her\\nfor her goodness, and kneeled down and\\nprayed that God would preserve her.\\nShe was extremely unwilling to go into the\\nprison. As they approached the part of the\\nedifice where she was to be confined, through\\nthe court-yard of the Tower, she stopped and\\nsat down upon a stone, perhaps a step, or the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0119.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "98 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ncurb stone of a walk. The lieutenant urged\\nher to go in out of the cold and wet. Better\\nsitting here than in a worse place, she re-\\nplied, for God knoweth whither you are\\nbringing me. However, she rose and went\\non. She entered the prison, was conducted to\\nher room, and the doors were locked and\\nbolted upon her.\\nElizabeth was kept closely imprisoned for\\na month; after that, some little relaxation in\\nthe strictness of her seclusion was allowed.\\nPermission was very reluctantly granted to\\nher to walk every day in the royal apartments,\\nwhich were now unoccupied, so that there\\nwas no society to be found there, but it afford-\\ned her a sort of pleasure to range through\\nthem for recreation and exercise. But this\\nprivilege could not be accorded without very\\nstrict limitations and conditions. Two officers\\nof the Tower and three women had to attend\\nher; the windows, too, were shut, and she\\nwas not permitted to go and look out at them.\\nThis was rather melancholy recreation, it\\nmust be allowed, but it was better than being\\nshut up all day in a single apartment, bolted\\nand barred.\\nThere was a small garden within the castle\\nnot far from the prison, and after some time", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0120.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "4\\nELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. 99\\nElizabeth was permitted to walk there. The\\ngates and doors, however, were kept care-\\nfully closed, and all the prisoners, whose\\nrooms looked into it from the surrounding\\nbuildings, were closely watched by their re-\\nspective keepers, while Elizabeth was in the\\ngarden, to prevent their having any communi-\\ncation with her by looks or signs. There were\\na great many persons confined at this time,\\nwho had been arrested on charges connected\\nwith Wyatt s rebellion, and the authorities\\nseem to have been very specially vigilant to\\nprevent the possibility of Elizabeth s having\\ncommunication with any of them. There was\\na little child of five years of age who used to\\ncome and visit Elizabeth in her room, and\\nbring her flowers. He was the son of one of\\nthe subordinate officers of the Tower. It was,\\nhowever, at last suspected that he was acting\\nas a messenger between Elizabeth and Court-\\neney. Courteney, it will be recollected, had\\nbeen sent by Mary back to the Tower again,\\nso that he and Elizabeth were now suffering\\nthe same hard fate in neighboring cells. When\\nthe boy was suspected of bearing communica-\\ntions between these friends and companions\\nin suffering, he was called before an officer\\nand closely examined. His answers were all\\nLore.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0121.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "100 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nopen and childlike, and gave no confirmation\\nto the idea which had been entertained. The\\nchild, however, was forbidden to go to Eliza-\\nbeth s apartment any more. He was very\\nmuch grieved at this, and he watched for the\\nnext time that Elizabeth was to walk in the\\ngarden, and putting his mouth to a hole in\\nthe gate, he called out, Lady, I can not bring\\nyou any more flowers.\\nAfter Elizabeth had been thus confined\\nabout three months, she was one day terribly\\nalarmed by the sounds of martial parade with-\\nin the Tower, produced by the entrance of an\\nofficer from Queen Mary, named Sir Thomas\\nBeddingfield, at the head of three hundred\\nmen. Elizabeth supposed that they were come\\nto execute sentence of death upon her. She\\nasked immediately if the platform on which\\nLady Jane Grey was beheaded had been taken\\naway. They told her that it had been remov-\\ned. She was then somewhat relieved. They\\nafterward told her that Sir Thomas had come\\nto take her away from the Tower, but that it\\nwas not known where she was to go. This\\nalarmed her again, and she sent for the con-\\nstable of the Tower, whose name was Lord\\nChandos, and questioned him very closely to\\nlearn what they were going to do with her.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0122.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. IOI\\nHe said that it had been decided to remove\\nher from the Tower, and send her to a place\\ncalled Woodstock, where she was to remain\\nunder Sir Thomas Beddingfield s custody, at a\\nroyal palace which was situated there. Wood-\\nstock is forty or fifty miles to the westward of\\nLondon, and not far from the city of Oxford.\\nElizabeth was very much alarmed at this\\nintelligence. Her mind was filled with vague\\nand uncertain fears and forebodings, which\\nwere none the less oppressive for being uncer-\\ntain and vague. She had, however, no imme-\\ndiate cause for apprehension. Mary found\\nthat there was no decisive evidence against\\nher, and did not dare to keep her a prisoner\\nin the Tower too long. There was a large\\nand influential part of the kingdom who were\\nProtestants. They were jealous of the pro-\\ngress Mary was making toward bringing the\\nCatholic religion in again. They abhorred\\nthe Spanish match. They naturally looked to\\nElizabeth as their leader and head, and Mary\\nthought that by too great or too long-continu-\\ned harshness in her treatment of Elizabeth, she\\nwould only exasperate them, and perhaps pro-\\nvoke a new outbreak against her authority.\\nShe determined, therefore, to remove the prin-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0123.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "102 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ncess from the Tower to some less odious place\\nof confinement.\\nShe was taken first to Queen Mary s court,\\nwhich was then held at Richmond, just above\\nLondon; but she was surrounded here by sol-\\ndiers and guards, and confined almost as\\nstrictly as before. She was destined, however,\\nhere to another surprise. It was a proposi-\\ntion of marriage. Mary had been arranging\\na plan for making her the wife of a certain\\npersonage styled the Duke of Savoy. His do-\\nminions were on the confines of Switzerland\\nand France, and Mary thought that if her ri-\\nval were once married and removed there, all\\nthe troubles which she, Mary, had experienc-\\ned on her account would be ended forever.\\nShe thought, too, that her sister would be\\nglad to accept this offer, which opened such\\nan immediate escape from the embarrass-\\nments and sufferings of her situation in Eng-\\nland. But Elizabeth was prompt, decided,\\nand firm in the rejection of this plan. England\\nwas her home, and to be Queen of England\\nthe end and aim of all her wishes and plans.\\nShe had rather continue a captive for the pres-\\nent in her native land, than to live in splendor\\nas the consort of a sovereign duke beyond the\\nRhone.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0124.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER. IO3\\nMary then ordered Sir Thomas Bedding-\\nfield to take her to Woodstock. She traveled\\non horseback, and was several days on the\\njourney. Her passage through the country\\nattracted great attention. The people assem-\\nbled by the wayside, expressing their kind\\nwishes, and offering her gifts. The bells were\\nrung in the villages through which she passed.\\nShe arrived finally at Woodstock, and was\\nshut up in the palace there.\\nThis was in July, and she remained in\\nWoodstock more than a year, not, however,\\nalways very closely confined. At Christmas\\nshe was taken to court, and allowed to share\\nin the festivities and rejoicings/ On this oc-\\ncasion it was the first Christmas after the\\nmarriage of Mary and Philip the great hall\\nof the palace was illuminated with a thousand\\nlamps. The princess sat at table next to\\nthe king and queen. She was on other occa-\\nsions, too, taken away for a time, and then re-\\nturned again to her seclusion at Woodstock.\\nThese changes, perhaps, only served to make\\nher feel more than ever the hardships of her\\nlot. They say that one day, as she sat at her\\nwindow, she heard a milkmaid singing in the\\nfields, in a blithe and merry strain, and said,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0125.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "104 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwith a sigh, that she wished she was a milk-\\nmaid too.\\nKing Philip, after his marriage, gradually\\ninterested himself in her behalf, and exerted\\nhis influence to have her released and Mary s\\nministers had frequent interviews with her,\\nand endeavored to induce her to make some\\nconfession of guilt, and to petition Mary for\\nrelease as a matter of mercy. They could not,\\nthey said, release her while she persisted in\\nher innocence, without admitting that they\\nand Mary had been in the wrong and had im-\\nprisoned her unjustly. But the princess was\\nimmovable. She declared that she was per-\\nfectly innocent, and that she would never,\\ntherefore, say that she was guilty. She would\\nrather remain in prison for the truth, than be\\nat liberty and have it believed that she had\\nbeen guilty of disloyalty and treason.\\nAt length, one evening in May, Elizabeth\\nreceived a summons to go to the palace and\\nvisit Mary in her chamber. She was conduct-\\ned there by torch-light. She had a long inter-\\nview with the queen, the conversation being\\npartly in English and partly in Spanish. It\\nwas not very satisfactory on either side. Eliz-\\nabeth persisted in asserting her innocence, but\\nin other respects she spoke in a kind and con-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0126.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH IN THE TOWER.\\nI05\\nciliatory manner to the queen. The interview\\nended in a sort of reconciliation. Mary put a\\nvaluable ring upon Elizabeth s finger in tok-\\nen of the renewal of friendship, and soon af-\\nThe Place of Execution in the Tower.\\nterward the long period of restraint and con-\\nfinement was ended, and the princess returned\\nto her own estate at Hatfield in Hertfordshire,\\nwhere she lived some time in seclusion, devot-\\ning herself, in a great measure, to the study of\\nLatin and Greek, under the instruction of\\nRoger Ascham.\\n8\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0127.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nACCESSION TO THE THRONE.\\nIF it were the story of Mary instead of that\\nof Elizabeth that we were following, we\\nshould have now to pause and draw a very\\nmelancholy picture of the scenes which dark-\\nened the close o f the queen s unfortunate and\\nunhappy history. Mary loved her husband,\\nbut she could not secure his love in return.\\nHe treated her with supercilious coldness and\\nneglect, and evinced, from time to time, a de-\\ngree of interest in other ladies which awaken-\\ned her jealousy and anger. Of all the terrible\\nconvulsions to which the human soul is sub-\\nject, there is not one which agitates it more\\ndeeply than the tumult of feeling produced by\\nthe mingling of resentment and love. Such\\na mingling, or, rather, such a conflict, between\\npassions apparently inconsistent with each\\nother, is generally considered not possible by\\nthose who have never experienced it. But it is\\npossible. It is possible to be stung with a\\nsense of the ingratitude, and selfishness, and\\n106", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0128.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 10?\\ncruelty of an object, which, after all, the heart\\nwill persist in clinging to with the fondest af-\\nfection. Vexation and anger, a burning sense\\nof injury, and desire for revenge, on the one\\nhand, and feelings of love, resistless and un-\\ncontrollable, and bearing, in their turn, all be-\\nfore them, alternately get possession of the\\nsoul, harrowing and devastating it in their aw-\\nful conflict, and even sometimes reigning over\\nit, for a time, in a temporary but dreadful\\ncalm, like that of two wrestlers who pause a\\nmoment, exhausted in a mortal combat, but\\ngrappling each other with deadly energy all\\nthe time, while they are taking breath for a re-\\nnewal of the conflict. Queen Mary, in one of\\nthese paroxysms, seized a portrait of her hus-\\nband and tore it into shreds. The reader, who\\nhas his or her experience in affairs of the\\nheart yet to come, will say, perhaps, her love\\nfor him then must have been all gone. No\\nit was at its height. We do not tear the por-\\ntraits of those who are indifferent to us.\\nAt the beginning of her reign, and, in fact,\\nduring all the previous periods of her life,\\nMary had been an honest and conscientious\\nCatholic. She undoubtedly truly believed that\\nthe Christian Church ought to be banded to-\\ngether in one great communion, with *he Pope", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0129.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "I08 QUEEN ELIZABETH,\\nof Rome as its spiritual head, and that her\\nfather had broken away from this communion\\nwhich was, in fact, strictly true merely to\\nobtain a pretext for getting released from her\\nmother. How natural, under such circum-\\nstances, that she should have desired to re-\\nturn. She commenced, immediately on her\\naccession, a course of measures to bring the\\nnation back to the Roman Catholic commun-\\nion. She managed very prudently and cau-\\ntiously at first especially while the affair of\\nher marriage was pending seemingly very\\ndesirous of doing nothing to exasperate those\\nwho were of the Protestant faith, or even to\\nawaken their opposition. After she was mar-\\nried, however, her desire to please her Cath-\\nolic husband, and his widely-extended and in-\\nfluential circle of Catholic friends on the Con-\\ntinent, made her more eager to press forward\\nthe work of putting down the Reformation in\\nEngland; and as her marriage was now ef-\\nfected, she was less concerned about the con-\\nsequences of any opposition which she might\\nexcite. Then, besides, her temper, never very\\nsweet, was sadly soured by her husband s\\ntreatment of her. She vented her ill will upon\\nthose who would not yield to her wishes in re-\\nspect to their religious faith. She caused more", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0130.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. IO9\\nand more severe laws to be passed, and en-\\nforced them by more and more severe penalties.\\nThe more she pressed these violent measures,\\nthe more the fortitude and resolution of those\\nwho suffered from them were aroused. And,\\non the other hand, the more they resisted, the\\nmore determined sihe became that she would\\ncompel them to submit. She went on from\\none mode of coercion to another, until she\\nreached the last possible point, and inflicted\\nthe most dreadful physical suffering which it\\nis possible for man to inflict upon his fellow-\\nman.\\nThis worst and most terrible injury is to\\nburn the living victim in a fire. That a woman\\ncould ever order this to be done would seem\\nto be incredible. Queen Mary, however, and\\nher government, were so determined to put\\ndown, at all hazards, all open disaffection to\\nthe Catholic cause, that they did not give up\\nthe contest until they had burned nearly\\nthree hundred persons by fire, of whom more\\nthan fifty were women and four were child-\\nren. This horrible persecution was, however,\\nof no avail. Dissentients increased faster than\\nthey, could be burned and such dreadful pun-\\nishments became at last so intolerably odious\\nto the nation that they were obliged to desist,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0131.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "110 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand then the various ministers of state con-\\ncerned in them attempted to throw off the\\nb .ame upon each other. The English nation\\nhave never forgiven Mary for these atrocities.\\nThey gave her the name of Bloody Mary at\\nthe time, and she has retained it to the present\\nday. In one of the ancient histories of the\\nrealm, at the head of the chapter devoted to\\nAlary, there is placed, as an appropriate em-\\nblem of the character of her reign, the picture\\nof a man writhing helplessly at a stake, with\\nthe flames curling around him, and a feroc-\\nious-looking soldier standing by, stirring up\\nthe fire.\\nThe various disappointments, vexations,\\nand trials which Mary endured toward the\\nclose of her life, had one good effect they sof-\\ntened the animosity which she had felt to-\\nward Elizabeth, and in the end something like\\na friendship seemed to spring up between the\\nsisters. Abandoned by her husband, and\\nlooked upon with dislike or hatred by her\\nsubjects, and disappointed in all her plans, she\\nseemed to turn at last to Elizabeth for com-\\npanionship and comfort. The sisters visited\\neach other. First Elizabeth went to London\\nto visit the queen, and was received with great\\nceremony and parade. Then the queen went", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0132.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, /ace p. no\\nMary, Queen of England.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0133.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0134.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. Ill\\nto Hatfield to visit the princess, attended by a\\nlarge company of ladies and gentlemen of the\\ncourt, and several days were spent there in\\nfestivities and .rejoicings. There were plays\\nin the palace, and a bear-baiting in the court-\\nyard, and hunting in the park, and many other\\nschemes of pleasure. This renewal of friendly\\nintercourse between the queen and the prin-\\ncess brought the latter gradually out of her re-\\ntirement. Now that the queen began to evince\\na friendly spirit toward her, it was safe for\\nothers to show her kindness and to pay her\\nattention. The disposition to do this increased\\nrapidly as Mary s health gradually declined,\\nand it began to be understood that she would\\nnot live long, and that, consequently, Eliza-\\nbeth would soon be called to the throne.\\nThe war which Mary had been drawn into\\nwith France, by Philip s threat that he would\\nnever see her again, proved very disastrous.\\nThe town of Calais, which is opposite to Dover,\\nacross the straits, and, of course, on the French\\nside of the channel, had been in the pos-\\nsession of the English for two hundred years.\\nIt was very gratifying to English pride to hold\\npossession of such a stronghold on the French\\nshore; but now every thing seemed to go\\nagainst Mary. Calais was defended by a cita-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0135.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "112 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndel nearly as large as the town itself, and was\\ndeemed impregnable. In addition to this, an\\nenormous English force was concentrated\\nthere. The French general, however, contriv-\\ned, partly by stratagem, and partly by over-\\npowering numbers of troops, and ships, and\\nbatteries of cannon, to get possession of the\\nwhole. The English nation were indignant\\nat this result. Their queen and her govern-\\nment, so energetic in imprisoning and burn-\\ning her own subjects at home, were powerless,\\nit seemed in coping with their enemies\\nabroad. Murmurs of dissatisfaction were\\nheard every where, and Mary sank down upon\\nher sick bed overwhelmed with disappoint-\\nment, vexation, and chagrin. She said that\\nshe should die, and that if, after her death,\\nthey examined her body, they would find Cal-\\nais like a load upon her heart.\\nIn the mean time, it must have been Eliza-\\nbeth s secret wish that she would die, since her\\ndeath would release the princess from all the\\nembarrassments and restraints of her position,\\nand raise her at once to the highest pinnacle\\nof honor and power. She remained, however,\\nquietly at Hatfield, acting in all things in a\\nvery discreet and cautious manner. At one\\ntime she received proposals from the King of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0136.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 113\\nSweden that she would accept of his son as\\nher husband. She asked the embassador if he\\nhad communicated the affair to Mary. On his\\nreplying that he had not, Elizabeth said that\\nshe could not entertain at all any such ques-\\ntion, unless her sister were first consulted and\\nshould give her approbation. She acted on\\nthe same principles in every thing, being very\\ncautious to give Mary and her government\\nno cause of complaint against her, and willing\\nto wait patiently until her own time should\\ncome.\\nThough Mary s disappointments and losses\\nfilled her mind with anguish and suffering,\\nthey did not soften her heart. She seemed to\\ngrow more cruel and vindictive the more her\\nplans and projects failed. Adversity vexed\\nand irritated, instead of calming and subdu-\\ning her. She revived her persecutions of the\\nProtestants. She fitted out a fleet of a hundred\\nand twenty ships to make a descent upon the\\nFrench coast, and attempt to retrieve her fall-\\nen fortunes there. She called Parliament to-\\ngether and asked for more supplies. All this\\ntime she was confined to her sick chamber,\\nbut not considered in danger. The Parlia-\\nment were debating the question of supplies.\\nHer privy council were holding daily meet-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0137.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "114 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nings to carry out the plans and schemes which\\nshe still continued to form, and all was excite-\\nment and bustle in and around the court, when\\none day the council was thunderstruck by an\\nannouncement that she was dying.\\nThey knew very well that her death would\\nbe a terrible blow to them. They were all\\nCatholics, and had been Mary s instruments\\nin the terrible persecutions with which she had\\noppressed the Protestant faith. With Mary s\\ndeath, of course they would fall. A Protest-\\nant princess was ready, at Hatfield, to ascend\\nthe throne. Every thing would be changed,\\nand there was even danger that they might, in\\ntheir turn, be sent to the stake, in retaliation\\nfor the cruelties which they had caused others\\nto suffer They made arrangements to have\\nMary s death, whenever it should take place,\\nconcealed for a few hours, till they could con-\\nsider what they should do.\\nThere was nothing that they could do.\\nThere was now no other considerable claimant\\nto the throne but Elizabeth, except Mary\\nQueen of Scots, who was far away in France.\\nShe was a Catholic, it was true but to bring\\nher into the country and place her upon the\\nthrone seemed to be a hopeless undertaking.\\nQueen Mary s counselors soon found that they", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0138.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. II5\\nmust give up their cause in despair. Any at-\\ntempt to resist Elizabeth s claims would be\\nnigh treason, and, of course, if unsuccessful,\\nwould bring the heads of all concerned in it to\\nthe block.\\nBesides, it was not certain that Elizabeth\\nwould act decidedly as a Protestant She had\\nbeen very prudent and cautious during Mary s\\nreign, and had been very careful never to man-\\nifest any hostility to the Catholics. She never\\nhad acted as Mary had done on the occasion\\nof her brother s funeral, when she refused\\neven to countenance with her presence the na-\\ntional service because it was under Protestant\\nforms. Elizabeth had always accompanied\\nMary to mass whenever occasion required;\\nshe had always spoken respectfully of the\\nCatholic faith and once she asked Mary to\\nlend her some Catholic books, in order that\\nshe might inform herself more fully on the\\nsubject of the principles of the Roman faith.\\nIt is true, she acted thus, not because there\\nwas, any real leaning in her mind toward the\\nCatholic religion it was all merely a wise and\\nsagacious policy. Surrounded by difficulties\\nand dangers as she was during Mary s reign,\\nher only hope of safety was in passing as quiet-\\nly as possible along, and managing warily, so", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0139.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "Il6 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nas to keep the hostility which was burning se-\\ncretly against her from breaking out into an\\nopen flame. This was her object in retiring so\\nmuch from the court and from all participa-\\ntion in public affairs, in avoiding all religious\\nand political contests, and spending her time\\nin the study of Greek, and Latin, and philos-\\nophy. The consequence was, that when\\nMary died, nobody knew certainly what\\ncourse Elizabeth would pursue. Nobody had\\nany strong motive for opposing her succes-\\nsion. The council, therefore, after a short con-\\nsultation, concluded to do nothing but simply\\nto send a message to the House of Lords, an-\\nnouncing to them the unexpected death of the\\nqueen.\\nThe House of Lords, on receiving this in-\\ntelligence, sent for the Commons to come into\\ntheir hall, as is usual when any important\\ncommunication is to be made to them either\\nby the Lords themselves or by the Sovereign.\\nThe chancellor, who is the highest civil of-\\nficer of the kingdom in respect to rank, and\\nwho presides in the House of Lords, clothed in\\na magnificent antique costume, then rose and\\nannounced to the Commons, standing, before\\nhim, the death of the sovereign. There\\nwas a moment s solemn pause, such as pro-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0140.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 11/\\npriety on the occasion of an announcement\\nlike this required, all thoughts being, too, for\\na moment turned to the chamber where the\\nbody of the departed queen was lying. But\\nthe sovereignty was no longer there. The\\nmysterious principle had fled with the parting\\nbreath, and Elizabeth, though wholly uncon-\\nscious of it, had been for several hours the\\nqueen. The thoughts, therefore, of the august\\nand solemn assembly lingered but for a mo-\\nment in the royal palace, which had now\\nlost all its glory; they soon turned spon-\\ntaneously, and with eager haste, to the\\nnew sovereign at Hatfield, and the lofty\\narches of the Parliament hall rung with loud\\nacclamations, God save Queen Elizabeth, and\\ngrant her a long and happy reign.\\nThe members of the Parliament went forth\\nimmediately to proclaim the new queen.\\nThere are two principal places where it was\\nthen customary to proclaim the English sov-\\nereigns. One of these was before the royal\\npalace at Westminster, and the other in the\\ncity of London, at a very public place called\\nthe Great Cross at Cheapside. The people as-\\nsembled in great crowds at these points to\\nwitness the ceremony, and receive the an-\\nnouncement which the heralds made, with the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0141.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "Il8 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nmost ardent expressions of joy. The bells were\\nevery where rung; tables were spread in the\\nstreets, and booths erected bonfires and il-\\nluminations were prepared for the evening,\\nand every thing indicated a deep and univer-\\nsal joy.\\nIn fact, this joy was so strongly expressed\\nas to be even in some degree disrespectful to\\nthe memory of the departed queen. There is\\na famous ancient Latin hymn which has long\\nbeen sung in England and on the Continent\\nof Europe on occasions of great public rejoic-\\ning. It is called the Te Deum, or sometimes\\nthe Te Deum Laudamus. These last are tihe\\nthree Latin words with which the hymn com-\\nmences, and mean, Thee, God, we praise.\\nThey sung the Te Deum in the churches of\\nLondon on the Sunday after Mary died.\\nIn the mean time, messengers from the\\ncouncil proceeded with all speed to Hatfield\\nto announce to Elizabeth the death of her sis-\\nter, and her own accession to the sovereign\\npower. The tidings, of course, filled Eliza-\\nbeth s mind with the deepest emotions. TI12\\noppressive sense of constraint and danger\\nwhich she had endured as her daily burden\\nfor so many years, was lifted suddenly from\\nher soul. She could not but rejoice, though", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0142.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "U L\\n^W\u00c2\u00a7 :mmM\\nElizabeth, face p. 11\\nElizabeth Acknowledged by the clergy.\\n-Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0143.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0144.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 1 19\\nshe was too much upon her guard to express\\nher joy. She was overwhelmend with a pro-\\nfound agitation, and, kneeling down, she ex-\\nclaimed in Latin, It is the Lord s doing, and\\nit is wonderful in our eyes.\\nSeveral cf the members of Mary s privy\\ncouncil repaired immediately to Hatfield. The\\nqueen summoned them to attend her and in\\ntheir presence appointed her chief secretary of\\nstate. His name was Sir William Cecil. He\\nwas a man of great learning and ability, and\\nhe remained in office under Elizabeth for forty\\nyears. He became her chief adviser and in-\\nstrument, an able, faithful, and indefatigable\\nservant and friend during almost the whole of\\nher reign. His name is accordingly indissol-\\nubly connected with that of Elizabeth in all\\nthe political events which occurred while she\\ncontinued upon the throne, and it will, in con-\\nsequence, very frequently occur in the sequel\\nof this history. He was now about forty years\\nof age. Elizabeth was twenty-five.\\nElizabeth had known Cecil long before. He\\nhad been a faithful and^true friend to her in\\nher adversity. He had been, in many cases, a\\nconfidential adviser, and had maintained a\\nsecret correspondence with her in certain try-\\ning periods of her life. She had resolved,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0145.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "120 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndoubtless, to make him her chief secretary of\\nstate so soon as she should succeed to the\\nthrone. And now that the time had arrived,\\nshe instated him solemnly in his office. In so\\ndoing, she pronounced, in the hearing of the\\nother members of the council, the following\\ncharge\\nI give you this charge that you shall be of\\nmy privy council, and content yourself to take\\npains for me and my realm. This judgment\\nI have of you, that you will not be corrupted\\nwith any gift and that you will be faithful to\\nthe state and that, without respect of my pri-\\nvate will, you will give me that counsel that\\nyou think best; and that, if you shall know\\nany thing necessary to be declared to me of\\nsecrecy, you shall show it to myself only and\\nassure yourself I will not fail to keep taciturn-\\nity therein. And therefore herewith I charge\\nyou.\\nIt was about a week after the death of Mary\\nbefore the arrangements were completed for\\nElizabeth s journey to London to take pos-\\nsession of the castles and palaces which per-\\ntain there to the English sovereigns. She was\\nfollowed on this journey by a train of about", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0146.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. I2l\\na thousand attendants, all nobles or person-\\nages of high rank, both gentlemen and ladies.\\nShe went first to a palace called the Charter\\nHouse, near London, where she stopped until\\npreparations could be made for her formal and\\npublic entrance into the Tower not, as before,\\nthrough the Traitors Gate, a prisoner, but\\nopenly, through the grand entrance, in the\\nmidst of acclamations, as the proud and ap-\\nplauded sovereign of the mighty realm whose\\ncapital the ancient fortress was stationed to\\ndefend. The streets through which the gor-\\ngeous procession was to pass were spread with\\nfine, smooth gravel; bands of musicians were\\nstationed at intervals, and decorated arches,\\nand banners, and flags, with countless devices\\nof loyalty and welcome, and waving handker-\\nchiefs, greeted her all the way. Heralds and\\nother great officers, magnificently dressed,\\nand mounted on horses richly caparisoned,\\nrode before her, announcing her approach,\\nwith trumpets and proclamations while she\\nfollowed in the train, mounted upon a beauti\\nful horse, the object of universal homage.\\nThus Elizabeth entered the Tower; and inas-\\nmuch as forgetting her friends is a fault with\\nwhich she- can not justly be charged, we may\\nhope, at least, that one of the first acts which", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0147.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "i2i Queen eliZabetth.\\nshe performed, after getting established in the\\nroyal apartments, was to send for and reward\\nthe kind-hearted child who had been repri-\\nmanded for bringing her the flowers.\\nThe coronation, when the time arrived for\\nit, was very splendid. The queen went in\\nstate in a sumptuous chariot, preceded by\\ntrumpeters and heralds in armor, and accom-\\npanied by a long train of noblemen, barons,\\nand gentlemen, and also of ladies, all most\\nrichly dressed in crimson velvet, the trappings\\nof the horses being of the same material. The\\npeople of London thronged all the streets\\nthrough which she was to pass, and\\nmade the air resound with shouts and\\nacclamations. There were triumphal arches\\nerected here and there on the way, with\\na great variety of odd and quaint de-\\nvices, and a child stationed upon each,\\nwho explained the devices to Elizabeth\\nas she passed, in English verse, written for the\\noccasion. One of these pageants was entitled\\nThe Seat of worthy Goverance. There was\\na throne, supported by figures which repre-\\nsented the cardinal virtues such as Piety,\\nWisdom, Temperance, Industry, Truth, and\\nbeneath their feet were the opposite vices, Su-\\nperstition, Ignorance, Intemperance, Idleness,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0148.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth face p. 1 22\\nQueen Elizabeth of England.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0149.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0150.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 12.3\\nand Falsehood these the virtues were tramp-\\nling upon. On the throne was a representa-\\ntion of Elizabeth. At one place were eight\\npersonages dressed to represent the eight\\nbeatitudes pronounced by our Savior in his\\nsermon on the Mount the meek, the merci-\\nful, c. Each of these qualities was ingen-\\niously ascribed to Elizabeth. This could be\\ndone with much more propriety then than in\\nsubsequent years. In another place, an an-\\ncient figure, representing Time, came out of a\\ncave which had been artificially constructed\\nwith great ingenuity, leading his daughter,\\nwhose name was Truth. Truth had an English\\nBible in her hands, which she presented to\\nElizabeth as she passed. This had a great\\ndeal of meaning; for the Catholic government\\nof Mary had discouraged the circulation of\\nthe Scriptures in the vernacular tongue. When\\nthe procession arrived in the middle of the\\ncity, some officers of the city government ap-\\nproached the queen s chariot, and delivered to\\nher a present of a very large and heavy purse\\nfilled with gold. The queen had to employ\\nboth hands in lifting it in. It contained an\\namount equal in value to two or three thous-\\nand dollars.\\nThe queen was very affable and gracious to", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0151.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "124 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nall the people on the way. Poor women\\nwould come up to her carriage and offer her\\nflowers, which she would very condescending-\\nly accept. Several times she stopped her car-\\nriage when she saw that any one wished to\\nspeak with her, or had something to offer; and\\nso great was the exaltation of a queen in those\\ndays, in the estimation of mankind, that these\\nacts were considered by all the humble citizens\\nof London as acts of very extraordinary affa-\\nbility, and they awakened universal enthus-\\niasm. There was one branch of rosemary giv-\\nen to the queen by a poor woman in Fleet\\nStreet; the queen put it up conspicuously in\\nthe carriage, where it remained all the way,\\nwatched by ten thousand eyes, till it got to\\nWestminster.\\nThe coronation took place at Westminster\\non the following day. The crown was placed\\nupon the young maiden s head in the midst of\\na great throng of ladies and gentlemen, who\\nwere all superbly dressed, and who made the\\nvast edifice in which the service was perform-\\ned ring with their acclamations and their\\nshouts of Long live the Queen During the\\nceremonies, Elizabeth placed a wedding ring\\nupon her finger with great formality, to de-\\nnote that she considered the occasion as the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0152.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "ACCESSION TO THE THRONE.\\nI2S\\ncelebration of her espousal to the realm of\\nEngland she was that day a bride, and should\\nnever have, she said, any other husband. She\\nCourtiers and Ladies of Elizabeth s time,\\nkept this, the only wedding ring she ever wore,\\nupon her finger, without once removing it,\\nfor more than forty years.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0153.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE WAR IN SCOTLAND.\\nQueen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots\\nare strongly associated together in the minds\\nof all readers of English history. They were\\ncontemporary sivereigns, reigning at the same\\ntime over sister kingdoms. They were cou-\\nsins, and yet, precisely on account of the fam-\\nily relationship which existed between them,\\nthey became implacable foes. The rivalry\\nand hostility, sometimes open and sometimes\\nconcealed, was always in action, and, after a\\ncontest of more than twenty years, Elizabeth\\ntriumphed. She made Mary her prisoner,\\nkept her many years a captive, and at last\\nclosed the contest by commanding, or at least\\nallowing, her fallen rival to be beheaded.\\nThus Elizabeth had it all her own way while\\nthe scenes of her life and of Mary s were\\ntranspiring, but since that time mankind have\\ngenerally sympathized most strongly with the\\nconquered one, and condemned the conquer-\\nor. There are several reasons for this, and\\n126", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0154.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 12/\\namong them is the vast influence exerted by\\nthe difference in the personal character of the\\nparties. Mary was beautiful, feminine in\\nspirit, and lovely. Elizabeth was talented, mas-\\nculine, and plain. Mary was artless, unaffect-\\ned, and gentle. Elizabeth was heartless, in-\\ntriguing, and insincere. With Mary, though\\nher ruling principle was ambition, her ruling\\npassion was love. Her love led her to great\\ntransgressions and into many sorrows, but\\nmankind pardon the sins and pity the suffer-\\nings which are caused by love more readil)\\nthan those of any other origin. With Eliza-\\nbeth, ambition was the ruling principle, and\\nthe ruling passion too. Love, with her, was\\nonly a pastime. Her transgressions were the\\ncool, deliberate, well-considered acts* of selfish-\\nness and desire of power. During her lifetime\\nher success secured her the applauses of the\\nworld. The world is always ready to glorify\\nthe greatness which rises visibly before it, and\\nto forget sufferings which are meekly and pa-\\ntiently borne in seclusion and solitude. Men\\npraised and honored Elizabeth, therefore,\\nwhile she lived, and neglected Mary. But\\nsince the halo and the fascination of the vis-\\nible greatness and glory have passed away,\\nthey have found a far greater charm in Mary s", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0155.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "128 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nbeauty and misfortune than in her great ri-\\nval s pride and power.\\nThere is often thus a great difference in the\\ncomparative interest we take in persons or\\nscenes, when, on the one hand, they are reali-\\nties before our eyes, and when, on the other,\\nthey are only imaginings which are brought\\nto our minds by pictures or descriptions. The\\nhardships which it was very disagreeable or\\npainful to bear, afford often great amusement\\nor pleasure in the recollection. The old broken\\ngate which a gentleman would not tolerate an\\nhour upon his grounds, is a great beauty in\\nthe picture which hangs in his parlor. We\\nshun poverty and distress while they are act-\\nually existing; nothing is more disagreeable\\nto us and we gaze upon prosperity and wealth\\nwith neverceasing pleasure. But when they\\nare gone, and we have only the tale to hear,\\nit is the story of sorrow and suffering which\\npossesses the charm. Thus it happened that\\nwhen the two queens were living realities,\\nElizabeth was the centre of attraction and the\\nobject of universal homage; but when they\\ncame to be themes of history, all eyes and\\nhearts began soon to turn instinctively to\\nMary. It was London, and Westminster, and\\nKenilworth that possessed the interest while", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0156.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 129\\nElizabeth lived, but it is Holyrood and Loch\\nLeven now.\\nIt results from these causes that Mary s\\nstory is read far more frequently than Eliza-\\nbeth s, and this operates still further to the ad-\\nvantage of the former, for we are always prone\\nto take sides with the heroine of the tale we\\nare reading. All these considerations, which\\nhave had so much influence on the judgment\\nmen form, or, rather, on the feelings to which\\nthey incline in this famous contest, have, it\\nmust be confessed, very little to do with\\ntrue merits of the case. And if we make a ser-\\nious attempt to lay all such considerations\\naside, and to look into the controversy with\\ncool and rigid impartiality, we shall find it\\nvery difficult to arrive at any satisfactory con-\\nclusion. There are two questions to be de-\\ncided. In advancing their conflicting claims\\nto the English crown, was it Elizabeth or Mary\\nthat was in the right? If Elizabeth was right,\\nwere the measures which she resorted to to se-\\ncure her own rights, and to counteract Mary s\\npretensions, politically justifiable? We do not\\npropose to add our own to the hundred decis-\\nions which various writers have given to this\\nquestion, but only to narrate the facts, and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0157.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "I3O QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nleave each reader to come to his own conclu\\nsion.\\nThe foundation of the long and dreadful\\nquarrel between those royal cousins was, as\\nhas been already remarked, their consanguin-\\nity, which made them both competitors for the\\nsame throne and as that throne was, in some\\nrespects, the highest and most powerful in the\\nworld, it is not surprising that two such am-\\nbitious women should be eager and persever-\\ning in their contest for it. By turning to the\\ngenealogical table on page 57, where a view\\nis presented of the royal family of England in\\nthe time of Elizabeth, the reader will see once\\nmore what was the precise relationship which\\nthe two queens bore to each other and to the\\nsuccession. By this table it is very evident\\nthat Elizabeth was the true inheritor of the\\ncrown, provided it were admitted that she was\\nthe lawful daughter and heir of King Henry\\nthe Eighth, and this depended on the question\\nof the validity of her father s marriage with\\nhis first wife, Catharine of Aragon for, as has\\nbeen before said, he was married to Anne\\nBoleyn before obtaining any thing like a di-\\nvorce from Catharine; consequently, the mar-\\nriage with Elizabeth s mother could not be le-\\ngally valid, unless that with Catharine had", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0158.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 131\\nbeen void from the beginning. The friends of\\nMary Queen of Scots maintained that it was\\nnot thus void, and that, consequently, the\\nmarriage with Anne Boleyn was null; that El-\\nizabeth, therefore, the descendant of the mar-\\nriage, was not, legally and technically, a\\ndaughter of Henry the Eighth, and, conse-\\nquently, not entitled to inherit his crown and\\nthat the crown, of right, ought to descend to\\nthe next heir, that is, to Mary Queen of Scots\\nherself.\\nQueen Elizabeth s friends and partisans\\nmaintained, on the other hand, that the mar-\\nriage of King Henry with Catharine was null\\nand void from the beginning, because Cathar-\\nine had been before the wife of his brother.\\nThe circumstances of this marriage were very\\ncurious and peculiar. It was his father s work,\\nand not his own. His father was King Henry\\nthe Seventh. Henry the Seventh had several\\nchildren, and among them were his two oldest\\nsons, Arthur and Henry. When Arthur was\\nabout sixteen years old, his father, being very\\nmuch in want of money, conceived the plan of\\nreplenishing his coffers by marrying his son\\nto a rich wife. He accordingly contracted a\\nmarriage between him and Catharine of Ara-\\ngon, Catharine s father agreeing to pay him\\nJO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0159.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "I32 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ntwo hundred thousand crowns as her dowry.\\nThe juvenile bridegroom enjoyed the honors\\nand pleasures of married life for a few months,\\nand then died.\\nThis event was a great domestic calamity to\\nthe king, not because he mourned the loss of\\nhis son, but that he could not bear the idea of\\nthe loss of the dowry. By the law and usage\\nin such cases, he was bound not only to forego\\nthe payment of the other half of the dowry,\\nbut he had himself no right to retain the half\\nthat lie had already received. While his son\\nlived, being a minor, the father might, not im-\\nproperly, hold the money in his son s name;\\nbut when he died this right ceased, and as Ar-\\nthur left no child, Henry perceived that he\\nshould be obliged to pay back the money. To\\navoid this unpleasant necessity, the king con-\\nceived the plan of marrying the youthful wid-\\now again to his second boy, Henry, who was\\nabout a year younger than Arthur, and he\\nmade proposals to this effect to the King of\\nAragon.\\nThe King of Aragon made no objection to\\nthis proposal except that it was a thing un-\\nheard of among Christian nations, or heard of\\nonly to be condemned, for a man or even a\\nboy to marry his brother s widow. All laws,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0160.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "War in Scotland. 133\\nhuman and divine, were clear and absolute\\nagainst this. Still, if the dispensation of the\\npope could be obtained, he would make no ob-\\njection. Catharine might espouse the second\\nboy, and he would allow the one hundred\\nthousand crowns already paid to stand, and\\nwould also pay the other hundred thousand.\\nThe dispensation was accordingly obtained,\\nand everything made ready for the marriage.\\nVery soon after this, however, and before\\nthe new marriage was carried into effect, King\\nHenry the Seventh died, and this second boy,\\nnow the oldest son, though only about seven-\\nteen years of age, ascended the throne as King\\nHenry the Eighth. There was great discus-\\nsion and debate, soon after his accession,\\nwhether the marriage which his father had ar-\\nranged should proceed. Some argued that no\\npapal dispensation could authorize or justify\\nsuch a marriage. Others maintained that a pa-\\npal dispensation could legalize any thing ior\\nit is a doctrine of the Catholic Church that the\\npope has a certain discretionary power over all\\nlaws, human and divine, under the authority\\ngiven to his great predecessor, the Apostle\\nPeter, by the words of Christ: Whatsoever\\nthou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in\\nheaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0161.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "134 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nearth shall be loosed in heaven. Henry\\nseems not to have puzzled his head at all with\\nthe legal question he wanted to have the\\nyoung widow for his wife, and he settled the\\naffair on that ground alone. They were mar-\\nried.\\nCatharine was a faithful and dutiful spouse\\nbut when, at last, Henry fell in love with Anne\\nBoleyn, he made these old difficulties a pretext\\nfor discarding her. He endeavored, as has\\nbeen already related, to induce the papal au-\\nthorities to annul their dispensation because\\nthey would not do it, he espoused the Protest-\\nant cause, and England, as a nation, seceded\\nfrom the Catholic communion. The ecclesi-\\nastical and parliamentary authorities of his\\nown realm then, being made Protestant, an-\\nnulled the marriage, and thus Anne Boleyn,\\nto whom he had previously been married by a\\nprivate ceremony, became legally and techni-\\ncally his wife. If this annulling of his first\\nmarriage were valid, then Elizabeth was his\\nheir otherwise not for if the pope s dispen-\\nsation was to stand, then Catherine was a wife.\\nAnne Boleyn would in that case, of course,\\nhave been only a companion, and Elizabeth,\\nclaiming through her, a usurper.\\n*Matthew, xvi., 19.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0162.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 1 35\\nThe question, thus, was very complicated.\\nIt branched into extensive ramifications,\\nwhich opened a wide field of debate, and led\\nto endless controversies. It is not probable,\\nhowever, that Mary Queen of Scots, or her\\nfriends, gave themselves much trouble about\\nthe legal points at issue. She and they were\\nall Catholics, and it was sufficient for them to\\nknow that the Holy Father at Rome had sanc-\\ntioned the marriage of Catherine, and that\\nthat marriage, if allowed to stand, made her\\nthe Queen of England. She was at this time\\nin France. She had been sent there at a very\\nearly period of her life, to escape the troubles\\nof her native land, and also to be educated.\\nShe was a gentle and beautiful child, and as\\nshe grew up amid the gay scenes and festivi-\\nties of Paris, she became a very great favorite,\\nbeing universally beloved. She married at\\nlength, though while she was still quite\\nyoung, the son of the French king. Her\\nyoung husband became king himself soon af-\\nterward, on account of his father s being kill-\\ned, in a very remarkable manner, at a tourna-\\nment; and thus Mary, Queen of Scots before,\\nbecame also Queen of France now. All these\\nevents, passed over thus very summarily\\nhere, are narrated in full detail in the History", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0163.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "I36 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nof Mary Queen of Scots pertaining to this\\nseries.\\nWhile Mary was thus residing in France as\\nthe wife of the king, she was surrounded by a\\nvery large and influential circle, who were\\nCatholics like herself, and Who were also ene-\\nmies of Elizabeth and of England, and glad to\\nfind any pretext for disturbing her reign.\\nThese persons brought forward Mary s claim.\\nThey persuaded Mary that she was fairly en-\\ntitled to the English crown. They awakened\\nher youthful ambition, and excited strong de-\\nsires in her heart to attain to the high eleva-\\ntion of Queen of England. Mary at length\\nassumed the title in some of her official acts,\\nand combined the arms of England with those\\nof Scotland in the escutcheons with which her\\nfurniture and her plate were emblazoned.\\nWhen Queen Elizabeth learned that Mary\\nwas advancing such pretensions to her crown,\\nshe was made very uneasy by it. There was,\\nperhaps, no immediate danger, but then there\\nwas a very large Catholic party in England,\\nand they would naturally espouse Mary s\\ncause, and they might, at some future time,\\ngather strength so as to make Elizabeth a\\ngreat deal of trouble. She accordingly sent\\nan embassador over to France to remonstrate", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0164.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 1 37\\nagainst Mary s advancing these pretensions.\\nBut she could get no satisfactory reply. Mary\\nwould not disavow her claim to Elizabeth s\\ncrown, nor would she directly assert it. Eliz-\\nabeth, then, knowing that all her danger lay\\nin the power and influence of her own Cath-\\nolic subjects, went to work, very cautiously\\nand warily, but in a very extended and effici-\\nent way, to establish the Reformation, and to\\nundermine and destroy all traces of Catholic\\npower. She proceeded in this work with\\ngreat circumspection, so as not to excite op-\\nposition or alarm.v/\\nIn the meantime, the Protestant cause was\\nmaking progress in Scotland too, by its own\\ninherent energies, and against the influence of\\nthe government. Finally, the Scotch Pro-\\ntestants organized themselves, and commenc-\\ned an open rebellion against the regent whom\\nMary had left in power while she was away.\\nThey sent to Elizabeth to come and aid them.\\nMary and her friends in France sent French\\ntroops to assist the government. Elizabeth\\nhesitated very much whether to comply with\\nthe request of the rebels. It is very dangerous\\nfor a sovereign to countenance rebellion in\\nany way. Then she shrunk, too, from the ex-\\npense which she foresaw that such an attempt", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0165.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "I38 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwould involve. To fit out a fleet, and to levy\\nand equip an army, and to continue the forces\\nthus raised in action during a long and un-\\ncertain campaign, would cost a large sum of\\nmoney, and Elizabeth was constitutionally\\neconomical and frugal. But then, on the other\\nhand, as she deliberated upon the affair long\\nand anxiously, both alone and with her coun-\\ncil, she thought that, if she should so far suc-\\nceed as to get the government of Scotland\\ninto her power, she could compel Mary to re-\\nnounce forever all claims to the English\\ncrown, by threatening her, if she would not do\\nit, with the loss of her own.\\nFinally, she decided on making the attempt.\\nCecil, her wise and prudent counselor, strong-\\nly advised it. He said it was far better to\\ncarry on the contest with Mary and the\\nFrench in one of their countries than in her\\nown. She began to make preparations. Mary\\nand the French government, on learning this,\\nwere alarmed in their turn. They sent word\\nto Elizabeth that for her to render counten-\\nance and aid to rebels in arms against their\\nsovereign, in a sister kingdom, was wholly\\nunjustifiable, and they remonstrated most\\nearnestly against it. Besides making this re-\\nmonstrance, they offered, as an inducement of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0166.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. 1 39\\nanother kind, that if she would refrain from\\ntaking any part in the contest in Scotland,\\nthey would restore to her the great town and\\ncitadel of Calais, which her sister had been so\\nmuch grieved to lose. To this Elizabeth re-\\nplied that, so long as Mary adhered to ner\\npretensions to the English crown, she should\\nbe compelled to take energetic measures to\\nprotect herself from them and as to Calais,\\nthe possession of a fishing town on a foreign\\ncoast was of no moment to her in comparison\\nwith the peace and security of her own realm.\\nThis answer did not tend to close the breach.\\nBesides the bluntness of the refusal of their\\noffer, the French were irritated and vexed to\\nhear their famous sea-port spoken of so con-\\ntemptuously.\\nElizabeth accordingly fitted out a fleet and\\nan army, and sent them northward. A French\\nfleet, with re-enforcements for Mary s adher-\\nents in this contest, set sail from France at\\nabout the same time. It was a very import\\nant question to be determined which of these\\ntwo fleets should get first upon the stage of\\naction.\\nIn the meantime, the Protestant party in\\nScotland, or the rebels, as Queen Mary and\\nher government called them, had had very", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0167.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "140 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nhard work to maintain their ground. There\\nwas a large French force already there, and\\ntheir co-operation and aid made the govern-\\nment too strong for the insurgents to resist.\\nBut, when Elizabeth s English army crossed\\nthe frontier, the face of affairs was changed.\\nThe French forces retreated in their turn.\\nThe English army advanced. The Scotch\\nProtestants came forth from the recesses of\\nthe Highlands to which they had retreated,\\nand, drawing closer and closer around the\\nFrench and the government forces, they hem-\\nmed them in more and more narrowly, and at\\nlast shut them up in the ancient town of\\nLeith, to which they retreated in search of a\\ntemporary shelter, until the French fleet, with\\nre-enforcements, should arrive.\\nThe town of Leith is on the shore of the\\nFirth of Forth, not far from Edinburgh. It is\\nthe port or landing-place of Edinburgh, in\\napproaching it from the sea. It is on the\\nsouthern shore of the firth, and Edinburgh\\nstands on higher land, about two miles south\\nof it. Leith was strongly fortified in those\\ndays, and the French army felt very secure\\nthere, though yet anxiously awaiting the ar-\\nrival of the fleet which was to release them.\\nThe English army advanced in the mean", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0168.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND. I4I\\ntime, eager -to get possession of the city be-\\nfore the expected succors should arrive. The\\nEnglish made an assault upon the walls. The\\nFrench, with desperate bravery, repelled it.\\nThe French made a sortie that is, they rush-\\ned out of a sudden and attacked the English\\nlines. The English concentrated their forces\\nat the point attacked, and drove them back\\nagain. These struggles continued, both sides\\nvery eager for victory, and both watching all\\nthe time for the appearance of a fleet in the\\noffing.\\nAt length, one day, a cloud of white sails\\nappeared rounding the point of land which\\nforms the southern boundary of the firth, and\\nthe French were thrown at once into the high-\\nest state of exultation and excitement. But\\nthis pleasure was soon turned into disappoint-\\nment and chagrin by finding that it was Eliz-\\nabeth s fleet, and not theirs, which was com-\\ning into view. This ended the contest. The\\nFrench fleet never arrived. It was dispersed\\nand destroyed by a storm. The besieged army\\nsent out a flag of truce, proposing to suspend\\nhostilities until the terms of a treaty could be\\nagreed upon. The truce was granted. Com-\\nmissioners were appointed on each side.\\nThese commissioners met at Edinburgh, and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0169.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "142 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nagreed upon the terms of a permanent peace.\\nThe treaty, which is called in history the\\nTreaty of Edinburgh, was solemnly signed by\\nthe commissioners appointed to make it, and\\nthen transmitted to England and to France to\\nbe ratified by the respective queens. Queen\\nElizabeth s forces and the French forces were\\nthen both, as the treaty provided, immediately\\nwithdrawn. The dispute, too, between the\\nProtestants and the Catholics in Scotland was\\nalso settled, though it is not necessary for our\\npurpose in this narrative to explain particu-\\nlarly in what way.\\nThere was one point, however, in the stipu-\\nlations of this treaty which is of essential im-\\nportance in this narrative, and that is, that it\\nwas agreed that Mary should relinquish all\\nclaims whatever to the English crown so long\\nas Elizabeth lived. This, in fact, was the es-\\nsential point in the whole transaction. Mary,\\nit is true, was not present to agree to it; but\\nthe commissioners agreed to it in her name,\\nand it was stipulated that Mary should\\nsolemnly ratify the treaty as soon as it could\\nbe sent to her.\\nBut Mary would not ratify it at least so\\nfar as this last article was concerned. She\\nsaid that she had no intention of doing any-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0170.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "WAR IN SCOTLAND.\\n143\\nthing to molest Elizabeth in her possession of\\nthe throne, but that as to herself, whatever\\nMary, Queen of Scots.\\nrights might legally and justly belong to her,\\nshe could not consent to sign them away. The", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0171.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "144 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nother articles of the treaty had, however, in the\\nmeantime, brought the war to a close, and\\nboth the French and English armies were\\nwithdrawn. Neither party had any inclina-\\ntion to renew the confliot but yet, so far as\\nthe great question between Mary and Eliza-\\nbeth was concerned, the difficulty was as far\\nfrom being settled as ever. In fact, it was in a\\nworse position than before for, in addition to\\nher other grounds of complaint against Mary,\\nElizabeth now charged her with dishonorably\\nrefusing to be bound by a compact which had\\nbeen solemnly made in her name, by agents\\nwhom she had fully authorized to make it.\\nIt was about this time that Mary s husband,\\nthe King of France, died, and, after enduring-\\nvarious trials and troubles in France, Mary\\nconcluded to return to her own realm. She\\nsent to Elizabeth to get a safe-conduct a sort\\nof permission allowing her to pass unmolested\\nthrough the English seas. Elizabeth refused\\nto grant it unless Mary would first ratify the\\ntreaty of Edinburgh. This Mary would not\\ndo, but undertook, rather, to get home with-\\nout the permission. Elizabeth sent ships to\\nintercept her; but Mary s little squadron,\\nwhen they approached the shore, were hidden\\nby a fog, and so she got safe to land.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0172.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nELIZABETH S LOVERS.\\nElizabeth was now securely established\\nupon her throne. It is true that Mary Queen\\nof Scots had not renounced her pretensions,\\nbut there was no immediate prospect of her\\nmaking any attempt to realize them, and very\\nlittle hope for her that she would be success-\\nful, if she were to undertake it. There were\\nother claimants, it is true, but their claims\\nwere more remote and doubtful than Mary s.\\nThese conflicting pretensions were likely to\\nmake the country some trouble after Eliza-\\nbeth s death, but there was very slight proba-\\nbility that they would sensibly molest Eliza-\\nbeth s possession of the throne during her life-\\ntime, though they caused her no little anxiety.\\nThe reign which Elizabeth thus commenced\\nwas one of the longest, most brilliant, and, in\\nmany respects, the most prosperous in the\\nwhole series presented to our view in the long\\nsuccession of English sovereigns. Elizabeth\\ncontinued a queen for forty-five years, during\\n145", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0173.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "I46 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nall which time she remained a single lady and\\nshe died, at last, a venerable maiden, seventy\\nyears of age.\\nIt was not for want of lovers, or, rather, of\\nadmirers and suitors, that Elizabeth lived sin-\\ngle all her days. During the first twenty years\\nof her reign, one half of her history is a his-\\ntory of matrimonial schemes and negotia-\\ntions. It seemed as if all the marriageable\\nprinces and potentates of Europe were seized,\\none after another, with a desire to share her\\nseat upon the English throne. They tried\\nevery possible means to win her consent. They\\ndispatched embassadors; they opened long\\nnegotiations they sent her ship-loads of the\\nmost expensive presents; some of the nobles\\nof high rank in her own realm expended their\\nvast estates, and reduced themselves to pover-\\nty, in vain attempts to please her. Elizabeth,\\nlike any other woman, loved these attentions.\\nThey pleased her vanity, and gratified those\\ninstinctive impulses of the female heart by\\nwhich woman is fitted for happiness and love.\\nElizabeth encouraged the hopes of those who\\naddressed her sufficiently to keep them from\\ngiving up in despair and abandoning her.\\nAnd in one or two cases she seemed to come\\nvery near yielding. But it always happened", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0174.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. U6\\n11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth\\nQueen Elizabeth and Suitor.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0175.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0176.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "147\\nwhen fhe time arrived in which a final de-\\ncision must be made, ambition and desire of\\npower proved stronger than love, and she\\npreferred continuing to occupy her lofty posi-\\ntion by herself, alone.\\nPhilip of Spain, the husband of her sister\\nMary, was the first of these suitors. He had\\nseen Elizabeth a good deal in England during\\nhis residence there, and liad even taken her\\npart in her difficulties with Mary, and had ex-\\nerted his influence to have her released from\\nher confinement. As soon as Mary died and\\nElizabeth was proclaimed, one of her first acts\\nwas, as was very proper, to send an embassa-\\ndor to Flanders to inform the bereaved hus-\\nband of his loss. It is a curious illustration of\\nthe degree and kind of affection that Philip\\nhad borne to his departed wife, that immedi-\\nately on receiving intelligence of her death by\\nElizabeth s embassador, he sent a special dis-\\npatch to his own embassador in London to\\nmake a proposal to Elizabeth to take him for\\nher husband\\nElizabeth decided very soon to decline this\\nproposal. She had ostensible reasons, and\\nreal reasons for this. The chief ostensible rea-\\nson was, that Philip was so inveterately hated\\nby all the English people, and Elizabeth was", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0177.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "I48 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nextremely desirous of being popular. She re-\\nlied solely on the loyalty and faithfulness of\\nher Protestant subjects to maintain her rights\\nto the succession, and she knew that if she dis-\\npleased them by such an unpopular Catholic\\nmarriage, her reliance upon them must be\\nvery much weakened. They might even\\nabandon her entirely. The reason, therefore,\\nthat she assigned publicly was, that Philip was\\na Catholic, and that the connection could not,\\non that account, be agreeable to the English\\npeople.\\nAmong the real reasons was one of a very\\npeculiar nature. It happened that there was\\nan objection to her marriage with Philip simi-\\nlar to the one urged against that of Henry\\nwith Catherine of Aragon. Catherine had\\nbeen the wife of Henry s brother. Philip had\\nbeen the husband of Elizabeth s sister. Now\\nPhilip had offered to procure the pope s dis-\\npensation, by which means this difficulty\\nwould be surmounted. But then all the world\\nwould say, that if this dispensation could le-\\ngalize the latter marriage, the former must\\nhave been legalized by it, and this would de-\\nstroy the marriage of Anne Boleyn, and with\\nit all Elizabeth s claims to the succession. She\\ncould not, then, marry Philip, without, by", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0178.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 1l\u00c2\u00a3\\nPhilip II. of Spain.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0179.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0180.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s lovers. 149\\nthe very act, effectually undermining all her\\nown rights to the throne. She was far^ too\\nsubtle and wary to stumble into such a pitfall\\nas that.\\nElizabeth rejected this and some other of-\\nfers, and one or two years passed away. In\\nthe meantime, the people of the country,\\nthough they had no wish to have her marry\\nsuch a stern and heartless tyrant as Philip of\\nSpain, were very uneasy at the idea of her not\\nbeing married at all. Her life would, of course,\\nin due time, come to an end, and it was of im-\\nmense importance to the peace and happiness\\nof the realm that, after her death, there should\\nbe no doubt about the succession. If she were\\nto be married and leave children, they would\\nsucceed to the throne without question but if\\nshe were to die single and childless, the re-\\nsult would be, they feared, that the Catholics\\nwould espouse the cause of Mary Queen of\\nScots, and the Protestants that of some Pro-\\ntestant descendant of Henry VII., and thus\\nthe country be involved in all the horrors of a\\nprotracted civil war.\\nThe House of Commons in those day was a\\nvery humble council, convened to discuss and\\nsettle mere internal and domestic affairs, and\\nstanding at a vast distance from the splendor", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0181.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "150 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand power of royalty, to which it looked up\\nwith the profoundest reverence and awe. The\\nCommons, at the close of one of their sessions,\\nventured, in a very timid and cautious manner,\\nto send a petition to the queen, urging her to\\nconsent, for the sake of the future peace of\\nthe realm, and the welfare of her subjects, to\\naccept of a husband. Few single persons are\\noffended at a recommendation of marriage,\\nif properly offered, from whatever quarter it\\nmay come. The queen, in this instance, re-\\nturned what was called a very gracious reply.\\nShe, however, very decidedly refused the re-\\nquest. She said that, as they had been very\\nrespectful in the form of their petition, and as\\nthey had confined it to general terms, without\\npresuming to suggest either a person or a\\ntime, she would not take offense at their well-\\nintended suggestion, but that she had no de-\\nsign of ever being maraied. At the corona-\\ntion, she was married, she said, to her people,\\nand the wedding ring was upon her finger\\nstill. Her people were the objects of all her\\naffection and regard. She should never have\\nany other spouse. She said she should be\\nwell contented to have it engraved upon her\\ntomb-stone, Here lies a queen who lived and\\ndied a virgin.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0182.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s lovers. 151\\nThis answer silenced the Commons, but it\\ndid not settle the question in the public mind.\\nCases often occur of ladies saying very posi-\\ntively that they shall never consent to be mar-\\nried, and yet afterward altering their minds;\\nand many ladies, knowing how frequently this\\ntakes place, sagaciously conclude that, what-\\never secret resolutions they may form, they\\nwill be silent about them, lest they get into a\\nposition from which it will be afterward awk-\\nward to retreat. The princes of the Continent\\nand the nobles of England paid no regard to\\nElizabeth s declaration, but continued to do\\nall in their power to obtain her hand.\\nOne or two years afterward Elizabeth was\\nattacked with the small-pox, and for a time\\nwas dangerously sick. In fact, for some days\\nher life was despaired of, and the country was\\nthrown into a great state of confusion and dis-\\nmay. Parties began to form the Catholics\\nfor Mary Queen of Scots, and the Protestants\\nfor the family of Jane Grey. Every thing por-\\ntended a dreadful contest. Elizabeth, how-\\never, recovered; but the country had been so\\nmuch alarmed at their narrow escape, that\\nParliament ventured once more to address\\nthe queen on the subject of her marriage.\\nThey begged that she would either consent to", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0183.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "152 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthat measure, or, if she was finally determined\\nnot to do that, that she would cause a law to\\nbe passed, or an edict to be promulgated, de-\\nciding beforehand who was really to succeed\\nto the throne in the event of her decease.\\nElizabeth would not do either. Historians\\nhave speculated a great deal upon her mo-\\ntives all that is certain is the fact, she would\\nnot do either.\\nBut, though Elizabeth thus resisted all the\\nplans formed for giving her a husband, she\\nhad, in her own court, a famous personal fa-\\nvorite, who has always been considered as in\\nsome sense her lover. His name was origin-\\nally Robert Dudley, though sftie made him\\nEarl of Leicester, and he is commonly desig-\\nnated in history by this latter name. He was\\na son of the Duke of Northumberland, who\\nwas the leader of the plot for placing Lady\\nJane Grey upon the throne in the time of\\nMary. He was a very elegant and accomplish-\\ned man, and young, though already married.\\nElizabeth advanced him to high offices and\\nhonors very early in her reign, and kept him\\nmuch at court. She made him her Master of\\nHorse, but she did not bestow upon him much\\nreal power. Cecil was her great counselor\\nand minister of state. He was a cool, saga-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0184.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETHS LOVERS. I 53\\ncious, wary man, entirely devoted to Eliza-\\nbeth s interests, and to the glory and prosper-\\nity of the realm. He was at this time, as has\\nalready been stated, forty years of age, thir-\\nteen or fourteen years older than Elizabeth.\\nElizabeth showed great sagacity in selecting\\nsuch a minister, and great wisdom in keeping\\nhim in power so long. He remained in her\\nservice all his life, and died at last, only a few\\nyears before Elizabeth, when he was nearly\\neighty years of age.\\nDudley, on the other hand, was just about\\nElizabeth s own age. In fact, it is said by\\nsome of the chroniclers of the times that he was\\nborn on the same day and hour with her.\\nHowever this may be, he became a great per-\\nsonal favorite, and Elizabeth evinced a degree\\nand kind of attachment to him which sub-\\njected her to a great deal of censure and re-\\nproach.\\nShe could not be thinking of him for her\\nhusband, it would seem, for he was already\\nmarried. Just about this time, however, a\\nmysterious circumstance occurred, which pro-\\nduced a great deal of excitement, and has ever\\nsince marked a very important era in the his-\\ntory of Leicester and Elizabeth s attachment.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0185.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "154 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nIt was the sudden and very singular death of\\nLeicester s wife.\\nLeicester had, among his other estates, a\\nlonely mansion in Berkshire, about fifty miles\\nwest of London. It was called Cumnor\\nHouse. Leicester s wife was sent there, no\\none knew why she went under the charge of\\na gentleman who was one of Leicester s de-\\npendents, and entirely devoted to his will. The\\nhouse, too, was occupied by a man who had\\nthe character of being ready for any deed\\nwhich might be required of him by his master.\\nThe name of Leicester s wife was Amy Robe-\\nsart.\\nIn a short time news came to London that\\nthe unhappy woman was killed by a fall down\\nstairs The instantaneous suspicion darted\\nat once into every one s mind that she had\\nbeen murdered. Rumors circulated all around\\nthe place where the death had occurred that\\nshe had been murdered. A conscientious\\nclergyman of the neighborhood- sent an ac-\\ncount of the case to London, to the queen s\\nministers, stating the facts, and urging the\\nqueen to order an investigation of the affair,\\nbut nothing was ever done. It has according-\\nly been the general belief of mankind since\\nthat time, that the unprincipled courtier de-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0186.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s lovers. 155\\nstroyed his wife in the vain hope of becoming\\nafterward the husband of the queen.\\nThe people of England were greatly incens-\\ned at this transaction. They had hated Lei-\\ncester before, and they hated him now more\\ninveterately still. Favorites are very gener-\\nally hated royal favorites always. He, how-\\never, grew more and more intimate with the\\nqueen, and every body feared that he was go-\\ning to be her husband. Their conduct was\\nwatched very closely by all the great world,\\nand, as is usual in such cases, a thousand cir-\\ncumstances and occurrences were reported\\nbusily from tongue to tongue, which the ac-\\ntors in them doubtless supposed passed unob-\\nserved or were forgotten.\\nOne night, for instance, Queen Elizabeth,\\nhaving supped with Dudley, was going home\\nin her chair, lighted by torch-bearers. At the\\npresent day, all London is lighted brilliantly\\nat midnight with gas, and ladies go home\\nfrom their convivial and pleasure assemblies\\nin luxurious carriages, in which they are rock-\\ned gently along through broad and magnifi-\\ncent avenues, as bright, almost, as day. Then,\\nhowever, it was very different. The lady was\\nborne slowly along through narrow, and din-\\ngy, and dangerous streets, with a train of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0187.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "I56 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ntorches before and behind her, dispelling the\\ndarkness a moment with their glare, and then\\nleaving it more deep and somber than ever.\\nOn the night of which we are speaking, Eliza-\\nbeth, feeling in good humor, began to talk\\nwith some of the torch-bearers on the way.\\nThey were Dudley s men, and Elizabeth be-\\ngan to praise their master. She said to one\\nof them, among other things, that she was go-\\ning to raise him to a higher position than any\\nof his name had ever borne before. Now, as\\nDudley s father was a duke, which title de-\\nnotes the highest rank of the English nobility,\\nthe man inferred that the queen s meaning\\nwas that she intended to marry him, and thus\\nmake him a sort of king. The man told the\\nstory boastingly to one of the servants of Lord\\nArundel, who was also a suitor of the queen s.\\nThe servants, each taking the part of his mas-\\nter in the rivalry, quarreled. Lord Arundel s\\nman said that he wished that Dudley had been\\nhung with his father, or else that somebody\\nwould shoot him in the street with a dag. A\\ndag was, in the language of those days, the\\nname for a pistol.\\nTime moved on, and though Leicester\\nseemed to become more and more a favorite,\\nthe plan of his being married to Elizabeth, if", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0188.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S LOVERS. I57\\nany such were entertained by either party,\\nappeared to come no nearer to an accomplish-\\nment. Elizabeth lived in great state and\\nsplendor, sometimes residing in her palaces\\nin or near London, and sometimes making\\nroyal progresses about Iher dominions. Dudley,\\ntogether with the other prominent members\\nof her court, accompanied her on these ex-\\ncursions, and obviously enjoyed a very high\\ndegree of personal favor. She encouraged, at\\nthe same time, her other suitors, so that on\\nall the great public occasions of state, at the\\ntilts and tournaments, at the plays which,\\nby-the-way, in those days were performed in\\nthe churches on all the royal progresses and\\ngrand receptions at cities, castles, and univer-\\nsities, the lady queen was surrounded always\\nby royal or noble beaux, who made her pres-\\nents, and paid her a thousand compliments,\\nand offered her gallant attentions without\\nnumber all prompted by ambition in the\\nguise of love. They smiled upon the queen\\nwith a perpetual sycophancy, and gnashed\\ntheir teeth secretly upon each other with a\\nhatred which, unlike the pretended love, was\\nat least honest and sincere. Leicester was the\\ngayest, most accomplished, and most favored\\nof them all, and the rest accordingly com-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0189.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1,58 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nbined and agreed in hating him more than\\nthey did each other.\\nQueen Elizabeth, however, never really ad-\\nmitted that she had any design of making Lei-\\ncester, or Dudley, as he is indiscriminately\\ncalled, her husband. In fact, at one time she\\nrecommended him to Mary Queen of Scots\\nfor a husband. After Mary returned to Scot-\\nland, the two queens were, for a time, on\\ngood terms, as professed friends, though they\\nwere, in fact, all the time, most inveterate and\\nimplacable foes; but each, knowing how\\nmuch injury the other might do her, wished to\\navoid exciting any unnecessary hostility.\\nMary, particularly, as she found she could not\\nget possession of the English throne during\\nElizabeth s life-time, concluded to try to con-\\nciliate her, in hopes to persuade her to ac-\\nknowledge, by act of Parliament, her right to\\nthe succession after her death. So she used\\nto confer with Elizabeth on the subject of her\\nown marriage, and to ask her advice about it.\\nElizabeth did not wish to have Mary married\\nat all, and so she always proposed somebody\\nwho she knew would be out of the question.\\nShe at one time proposed Leicester, and for a\\ntime seemed quite in earnest about it, especi-\\nally so long as Mary seemed averse to it. At", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0190.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S LOVERS. 1 59\\nlength, however, when Mary, in order to test\\nher sincerity, seemed inclined to yield, Eliza-\\nbeth retreated in her turn, and withdrew her\\nproposals. Mary then gave up the hope of\\nsatisfying Elizabeth in any way, and married\\nLord Darnley without her consent.\\nElizabeth s regard for Dudley, however,\\nstill continued. She made him Earl of Lei-\\ncester, and granted him the magnificent castle\\nof Kenilworth, with a large estate adjoining\\nand surrounding it the rents of the lands giv-\\ning him a princely income, and enabling him\\nto live in almost royal state. Queen Elizabeth\\nvisited him frequently in this castle. One of\\nthese visits is very minutely described by the\\nchroniclers of the times. The earl made the\\nmost expensive and extraordinary prepara-\\ntions for the reception and entertainment of\\nthe queen and her retinue on this occasion.\\nThe moat which is a broad canal filled with\\nwater surrounding the castle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 had a floating\\nisland upon it, with a fictitious personage\\nwhom they called the lady of the lake upon\\nthe island, who sung a song in praise of Eliza-\\nbeth as she passed the bridge. There was\\nalso an artificial dolphin swimming upon the\\nwater, with a band of musicians within it. As\\nthe queen advanced across the park, men and\\n12\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0191.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "l60 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwomen, in strange disguises, came out to meet\\nher, and to offer her salutations and praises.\\nOne was dressed as a sibyl, another like an\\nAmerican savage, and a third, who was con-\\ncealed, represented an echo. This visit was\\ncontinued for nineteen days, and the stories\\nof the splendid entertainments provided for\\nthe company the plays, the bear-baitings,\\nthe fireworks, the huntings, the mock fights,\\nthe feastings and revelries filled all Europe\\nat the time, and have been celebrated by his-\\ntorians and story-tellers ever since. The Castle\\nof Kenilworth is now a very magnificent\\nheap of ruins, and is explored every year by\\nthousand of visitors from every quarter of the\\nglobe.\\nLeicester, if he ever really entertained any\\nserious designs of being Elizabeth s husband,\\nat last gave up his hopes, and married another\\nwoman. This lady had been the wife of the\\nEarl of Essex. Her husband died very sud-\\ndenly and mysteriously just before Leicester\\nmarried her. Leicester kept the marriage se-\\ncret for some time, and when it came at last\\nto the queen s knowledge she was exceeding-\\nly angry. She had him arrested and sent to\\nprison. However, she gradually recovered", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0192.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s lovers. 161\\nfrom her fit of resentment, and by degrees re-\\nstored him to her favor again.\\nTwenty years of Elizabeth s reign thus pass-\\ned away, and no one of all her suitors had\\nsucceeded in obtaining her hand. All this time\\nher government had been administered with\\nmuch efficiency and power. All Europe had\\nbeen in great commotion during almost the\\nwhole period, on account of the terrible con-\\nflicts which were raging between the Catholics\\nand the Protestants, each party having been\\ndoing its utmost to exterminate and destroy\\nthe other. Elizabeth and her government took\\npart, very frequently, in these contests; some-\\ntimes by negotiations and sometimes by fleets\\nand armies, but always sagaciously and cau-\\ntiously, and generally with great effect. In the\\nmean time, however, the queen, being now\\nforty-five years of age, was rapidly approach-\\ning the time when questions of marriage\\ncould no longer be entertained. Her lovers,\\nor, rather, her suitors, had, one after another,\\ngiven up the pursuit, and disappeared from\\nthe field. One only seemed at length to re-\\nmain, on the decision of whose faite the final\\nresult of the great question of the queen s mar-\\nriage seemed to be pending.\\nIt was the Duke of Anjou. He was a FrencK", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0193.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "l62 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nprince. His brother, who had been the Duke\\nof Anjou before him, was now King Henry\\nIII. of France. His own name was Francis.\\nHe was twenty-five years younger than Eliz-\\nabeth and he was only seventeen years of age\\nwhen it was first proposed that he should\\nmarry her. He was then Duke of Alencon. It\\nwas his mother s plan. She was the great\\nCatharine de Medici, queen of France, and one\\nof the most extraordinary women, for her tal-\\nents, her management and her power, that ever\\nlived. Having one son upon the throne of\\nFrance, she wanted the throne of England for\\nthe other. The negotiation had been pending\\nfruitlessly for many years, and now, in 1581,\\nit was vigorously renewed. The duke, him-\\nself, who was at this time a young man of\\ntwenty-four or five, began to be impatient and\\nearnest in his suit. There was, in fact, one\\ngood reason why he should be so. Elizabeth\\nwas forty-eight, and, unless the match were\\nsoon concluded, the time for effecting it would\\nbe obviously forever gone by.\\nHe had never had an interview with the\\nqueen. He had seen pictures of her, however,\\nand he sent an embassador over to England\\nto urge his suit, and to convince Elizabeth\\nhow much he was in love with her charms. The", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0194.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth s lovers. 163\\nname of this agent was Simier. He was a\\nvery polite and accomplished man, and soon\\nlearned the art of winning his way to Eliza-\\nbeth s favor. Leicester was very jealous of\\nhis success. The two favorites soon imbibed\\na terrible enmity for each other. They filled\\nthe court with their quarrels. The progress of\\nthe negotiation, however, went on, the people\\ntaking sides very violently, some for and some\\nagainst the projected marriage. The animos-\\nities became exceedingly virulent, until at\\nlength Simier s life seemed to be in danger.\\nHe said that Leicester had hired one of the\\nguards to assassinate him and it is a fact, that\\none day, as he and the queen, with other at-\\ntendants, were making an excursion upon the\\nriver, a shot was fired from the shore into the\\nbarge. The shot did no injury except to\\nwound one of the oarsmen, and frighten all\\nthe party pretty thoroughly. Some thought\\nthe shot was aimed at Simier, and others at\\nthe queen herself. It was afterward proved,\\nor supposed to be proved, that this shot was\\nthe accidental discharge of a gun, without\\nany evil intention whatever.\\nIn the mean time, Elizabeth grew more and\\nmore interested in the idea of having the young\\nduke for her husband and it seemed as if the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0195.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "164 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nmaidenly resolutions, which had stood their\\nground so firmly for twenty years, were to be\\nconquered at last. The more, however, she\\nseemed to approach toward a consent to the\\nmeasure, the more did all the officers of her\\ngovernment, and the nation at large, oppose\\nit. There were, in their minds, two insuper-\\nable objections to the match. The candidate\\nwas a Frenchman, and he was a papist. The\\ncouncil interceded. Friends remonstrated.\\nThe nation murmured and threatened. A book\\nwas published entitled The Discovery of a\\ngaping Gulf wherein England is like to be\\nswallowed up by another French marriage,\\nunless the Lord forbid the Bans by letting her\\nsee the Sin and Punishment thereof. The\\nauthor of it had his right hand cut off, for his\\npunishment.\\nAt length, after a series of most extraordin-\\nary discussions, negotiations, and occurrences,\\nwhich kept the whole country in a state of\\ngreat excitement for a long time, the affair\\nwas at last all settled. The marriage articles,\\nboth political and personal, were all arranged.\\nThe nuptials were to be celebrated in six\\nweeks. The duke came over in great state,\\nand was received with all possible pomp and\\nparade. Festivals and banquets were arrang-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0196.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "ELIZABETH S LOVEBS. 165\\ned without number, and in the most magnifi-\\ncent style, to do him and his attendants hon-\\nor At one of them, the queen took off a ring\\nfrom her finger, and put it upon his, in the\\npresence of a great assembly, which was the\\nfirst announcement to the public that the af-\\nfair was finally settled. The news spread every\\nwhere with great rapidity. It produced in\\nEngland great consternation and distress, but\\non the Continent it was welcomed with joy,\\nand the great English alliance, now so ob-\\nviously approaching, was celebrated with ring-\\ning of bells, bonfires, and grand illuminations.\\nAnd yet, notwithstanding all this, as soon\\nas the obstacles were all removed, and there\\nwas no longer opposition to stimulate the de-\\ntermination of the queen, her heart failed her\\nat last, and she finally concluded that she\\nwould not be married, after all. She sent for\\nthe duke one morning to come and see her\\nWhat takes place precisely between lad.es and\\ngentlemen when they break off their engage-\\nments is not generally very publicly known,\\nbut the duke came out from this interview in\\na fit of great vexation and anger. He pulled\\noff the queen s ring and threw it from h.m,\\nmuttering curses upon the fickleness and faith-\\nlessness of women.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0197.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "1 66\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nStill Elizabeth would not admit that the\\nmatch was broken off. She continued to treat\\nthe duke with civility and to pay him many\\nhonors. He decided, however, to return to the\\nContinent. She accompanied him a part of\\nM \u00e2\u0096\u00a0BL^\\nf m\\nMm\\nWf f foL. Mfftrii^ftS-\\nV,\\nCatharine de Medici,\\nthe way to the coast, and took leave of him\\nwith many professions of sorrow at the part-\\ning, and begged him to come back soon. This\\nhe promised to do, but he never returned. He\\nlived some time afterward in comparative ne-\\nglect and obscurity, and mankind considered\\nthe question of the marriage of Elizabeth as\\nnow, at last, settled forever.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0198.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nPERSONAL CHARACTER.\\nMankind have always been very much di-\\nvided in opinion in respect to the personal\\ncharacter of Queen Elizabeth, but in one point\\nall have agreed, and that is, that in the man-\\nagement of public affairs she was a woman of\\nextraordinary talent and sagacity, combining,\\nin a very remarkable degree, a certain cau-\\ntious good sense and prudence with the most\\ndetermined resolution an d energy.\\nShe reigned about forty years, and during\\nalmost all that time the whole western part\\nof the Continent of Europe was convulsed\\nwith the most terrible conflicts between the\\nProtestant and Catholic parties. The pre-\\ndominance of power was with the Catholics,\\nand was, of course, hostile to Elizabeth. She\\nhad, moreover, in the field a very prominent\\ncompetitor for her throne in Mary Queen of\\nScots. The foreign Protestant powers were\\nready to aid this claimant, and there was, be-\\nsides, in her own dominions a very powerful\\n167", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0199.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "l68 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ninterest in her favor. The great divisions\\nof sentiment in England, and the energy with\\nwhich each party struggled against its op\\nponents, produced, at all times, a prodigious\\npressure of opposing forces, which bore heav-\\nily upon the safety of the state and of Eliza-\\nbeth s government, and threatened them with\\ncontinual danger. The administration of pub-\\nlic affairs moved on, during all this time, trem-\\nbling continually under the heavy shocks\\nit was constantly receiving, like a ship stag-\\ngering on in a storm, its safety depending on\\nthe nice equilibrium between the shocks of the\\nseas, the pressure of the wind upon the sails,\\nand the weight and steadiness of the ballast\\nbelow.\\nDuring all this forty years it is admitted\\nthat Elizabeth and her wise and sagacious\\nministers managed very admirably. They\\nmaintained the position and honor of England,\\nas a Protestant power, with great success and\\nthe country, during the wriole period, made\\ngreat progress in the arts, in commerce, and\\nin improvements of every kind. Elizabeth s\\ngreatest danger, and her greatest source of\\nsolicitude during her wfaole reign, was from\\nthe claims of Mary Queen of Scots. We have\\nalready described the energetic measures", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0200.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. 169\\nwhich she took at the commencement of her\\nreign to counteract and head off, at the out-\\nset, these dangerous pretensions. Though\\nthese efforts were triumphantly successful at\\nthe time, still the victory was not final. It\\npostponed, but did not destroy, the danger.\\nMary continued to claim the English throne.\\nInnumerable plots were beginning to be\\nformed among the Catholics, in Elizabeth s\\nown dominions, for making her queen. For-\\neign potentates and powers were watching an\\nopportunity to assist in these plans. At last\\nMary, on account of internal difficulties in her\\nown land, fled across the frontier into Eng-\\nland to save her life, and Elizabeth made her\\nprisoner.\\nIn England, to plan or design the dethrone-\\nment of a monarch is, in a subject, high trea-\\nson. Mary had undoubtedly designed the de-\\nthronement of Elizabeth, and was waiting only\\nan opportunity to accomplish it. Elizabeth,\\nconsequently, condemned her as guilty of trea-\\nson, in effect; and Mary s sole defense against\\nthis charge was that she was not a subjeot.\\nElizabeth yielded to this plea, when she first\\nfound Mary in her power, so far as not to take\\nher life, but she consigned her to a long and\\nweary captivity.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0201.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "170 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nThis, however, only made the matter worse.\\nIt stimulated the enthusiasm and zeal of all the\\nCatholics in England, to have their leader,\\nand, as they believed, their rightful queen, a\\ncaptive in the midst of them, and they formed\\ncontinually the most extensive and most dan-\\ngerous plots. These plots were discovered and\\nsuppressed, one after another, each one pro-\\nducing more anxiety and alarm than the pre-\\nceding. For a time Alary suffered no evil con-\\nsequences from these discoveries further than\\nan increase of the rigors of her confinement.\\nAt last the patience of the queen and of her\\ngovernment was exhausted. A law was pas-\\nsed against treason, expressed in such terms\\nas to include Mary in the liability for its dread-\\nful penalties although she was not a subject,\\nin case of any new transgression; and when\\nthe next case occurred, they brought her to\\ntrial and condemned her to death. The sen-\\ntence was executed in the gloomy castle of\\nFotheringay, where she was then confined.\\nAs to the question whether Mary or Eliza-\\nbeth had the rightful title to the English\\ncrown, it has not only never been settled, but\\nfrom its very nature it cannot be settled. It\\nis one of those cases in which a peculiar con-\\ntingency occurs which runs beyond the scope", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0202.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. HO\\nElizabeth Signing the Death Warrant of Mary,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0203.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0204.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. I7 1\\nand reach of all the ordinary principles by\\nwhich analogous cases are tried, and leads to\\nquestions which can not be decided. As long\\nas a hereditary succession goes smoothly on,\\nlike a river keeping within its banks, we can\\ndecide subordinate and incidental questions\\nWhich may arise; but when a case occurs in\\nwhich we have the omnipotence of Parlia-\\nment to set off against the infallibility of the\\npope the sacred obligations of a will against\\nthe equally sacred principles of hereditary\\nsuccession and when we have at last, two\\ncontradictory actions of the same ultimate\\numpire, we find all technical grounds of com-\\ning to a conclusion gone. We then, abandon-\\ning these, seek for some higher and more\\nuniversal principles essential in the nature\\nof things, and thus independent of the will\\nand action of man\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to see if they will throw\\nany light on the subject. But we soon find\\nourselves as much perplexed and confounded\\nin this inquiry as we were before. We ask,\\nin beginning the investigation, What is the\\nground and nature of the right by which any\\nking or queen succeeds to the power possessed\\nby his ancestors? And we give up in despair,\\nnot being able to answer even this first pre\\nliminary inquiry.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0205.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1J2 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nMankind have not, in their estimate of Eliz-\\nabeth s character, condemned so decidedly the\\nsubstantial acts which she performed, as the\\nduplicity, the false-heartedness, and the false\\npretensions which she manifested in perform-\\ning them. Had she said frankly and openly\\nto Mary before the world, If these schemes\\nfor revolutionizing England and placing your-\\nself upon the throne continue, your life must\\nbe forfeited; my own safety and the safety of\\nthe realm absolutely demand it; and then had\\nfairly, and openly, and honestly executed her\\nthreat, mankind would have been silent on\\nthe subject, if they had not been satisfied.\\nBut if she had really acted thus, she would\\nnot have been Elizabeth. She, in fact, pur-\\nsued a very different course. She maneuv-\\nered, schemed, and planned; she pretended to\\nbe full of the warmest affection for her cousin\\nshe contrived plot after plot, and scheme\\nafter scheme, to ensnare her and when,\\nat last the execution took place, in obedi-\\nence to her own formal and written authority,\\nshe pretended to great astonishment and rage.\\nShe never meant that the sentence should take\\neffect. She filled England, France, and Scot-\\nland with the loud expressions of her regret,\\nand she punished the agents who had executed", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0206.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. 1 73\\nher will. This management was to prevent\\nthe friends of Mary from forming plans of\\nrevenge.\\nThis was her character in all things. She\\nwas famous for her false pretensions and\\ndouble dealings, and yet, with all her talents\\nand sagacity, the disguise she assumed was\\nsometimes so thin and transparent that her as-\\nsuming it was simply ridiculous-\\nMaiden ladies, who spend their lives, in\\nsome respects, alone, often become deeply\\nimbued with a kind and benevolent spirit,\\nwhich seeks its gratification in relieving the\\npains and promoting the happiness of all\\naround them. Conscious that the circum-\\nstances which have caused them to lead a\\nsingle life would secure for them the sincere\\nsympathy and the increased esteem of all who\\nknow them, if delicacy and propriety allowed\\nthem to be expressed, they feel a strong de-\\ngree of self-respect, they live happily, and are\\na continual means of comfort and joy to all\\naround them. This was not so, however, with\\nElizabeth. She was jealous, petulant, irri-\\ntable. She envied others the love and the do-\\nmestic enjoyments which ambition forbade her\\nto share, and she seemed to take great pleasure\\n13\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0207.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "174 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nin thwarting and interfering with the plans\\nof others for securing this happiness.\\nOne remarkable instance of this kind oc-\\ncurred. It seems that she was sometimes ac-\\ncustomed to ask the young ladies of the court\\nher maids of honor if they ever thought\\nabout being married and t hey, being cunning\\nenough to know what sort of an answer would\\nplease the queen, always promptly denied that\\nthey did so. Oh no they never thought about\\nbeing married at all. There was one young\\nlady, however, artless and sincere, who, when\\nquestioned in this way, answered, in her sim-\\nplicity, that she often thought of it, and that\\ns he should like to be married very much, if\\nher father would only consent to her union\\nwith a certain gentleman whom she loved.\\nAh! said Elizabeth; well, I will speak to\\nyour father about it, and see what I can do.\\nNot long after this the father of the young\\nlady came to court, and the queen proposed\\ntfhe subject to him. The father said that he\\nhad not been aware that his daughter had\\nformed such an attachment, out that he should\\ncertainly give his consent, without any hesi-\\ntation, to any arrangement of that kind which\\nthe queen desired and advised. That is all,\\nthen, said the queen; I will do the rest.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0208.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. 175\\nSo she called the young lady into her presence,\\nand told her that her father had given his free\\nconsent. The maiden s heart bounded with\\njoy, and she began to express her happiness\\nand her gratitude to the queen, promising to\\ndo everything in her power to please her, when\\nElizabeth interrupted her, saying, Yes, you\\nwill act so as to please me, I have no doubt,\\nbut you are not going to be a fool and get\\nmarried. Your fa fher has given his consent\\nto me, and not to you, and you may rely upon\\nit you will never get it out of my possession.\\nYou were pretty bold to acknowledge your\\nfoolishness to me so readily.\\nElizabeth was very irritable, and could\\nnever bear any contradiction. In the case even\\nof Leicester, who had such an unbounded in-\\nfluence over her, if he presumed a little too\\nmuch he would meet sometimes a very severe\\nrebuff, sudh as nobody but a courtier would\\nendure; but courtiers, haughty and arrogant\\nas they are in their bearing toward inferiors,\\nare generally fawning sycophants toward those\\nalbove them, and they will submit to any thing\\nimaginable from a queen.\\nIt was the custom in Elizabeth s days, as it\\nis now among the great in European countries,\\nto have a series or suite of rooms, one beyond", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0209.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "I76 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthe other, the inner one being the presence\\nchamber, and the others being occupied by at-\\ntendants and servants of various grades, to\\nregulate and control the admission of com-\\npany. Some of these officers were styled gen-\\ntlemen of the black rod, that name being de-\\nrived from a peculiar badge of authority\\nwhich they were accustomed to carry. It\\nhappened, one day, that a certain gay captain,\\na follower of Leicester s and a sort of favorite\\nof his, was stopped in the antechamber by one\\nof the gentlemen of the black rod, named\\nBowyer, the queen having ordered him to be\\nmore careful and particular in respect to the\\nadmission of company. The captain, who\\nwas proud of the favor which he enjoyed with\\nLeicester, resented this affront, and threatened\\nthe officer, and be was engaged in an alterca-\\ntion with him on the subject when Leicester\\ncame in. Leicester took his favorite s part,\\nand told the gentleman usher t hat he was a\\nknave, and that he would have him turned out\\nof office. Leicester was accustomed to feel\\nso much confidence in his power over Eilza-\\nbeth, that his manner toward all beneath him\\nhad become exceedingly haughty and over-\\nbearing. He supposed, probably, that the of-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0210.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. I77\\nficer would humble himself at once before his\\nrebukes\\nThe officer, however, instead of this, stepped\\ndirectly in before Leicester, who was then go-\\ning in himself to the presence of the queen\\nkneeled before her majesty, related the facts\\nof the case, and humbly asked what it was\\nher pleasure that he should do. He had obeyed\\nher majesty s orders, he said, and had been\\ncalled imperiously to account for it, and threat-\\nened violently by Leicester, and he wished\\nnow to know whether Leicester was king or\\nher majesty queen. Elizabeth was very much\\ndispleased with the conduct of her favorite.\\nShe turned to him, and, beginning with a sort\\nof oath which she was accustomed to use when\\nirritated and angry, she addressed him in in-\\nvectives and reproaches the most severe. She\\ngave him, in a word, what would be called a\\nscolding, were it not that scolding is a term\\nnot sufficiently dignified for history, even for\\nsuch humble history as this. She told him\\nthat she had indeed shown him favor, but her\\nfavor was not so fixed and settled upon him\\nthat nobody else was to have any share, and\\nthat if he imagined that he could lord it over\\nher household, she would contrive a way very\\nsoon to convince him of his mistake. There", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0211.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "I78 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwas one mistress to rule there, she said, but\\nno master. She then dismissed Bowyer, tell-\\ning Leicester that, if any evil happened to him,\\nshe should hold him, that is, Leicester, to a\\nstrict account for it, as she should be con-\\nvinced it would have come through his means.\\nLeicester was exceedingly chagrined at this\\nresult of the difficulty. Of course he dared\\nnot defend himself or reply. All the other\\ncourtiers enjoyed his confusion very highly,\\nand one of them, in giving an account of the\\naffair, said, in conclusion, that the queen s\\nwords so quelled him, that, for some time af-\\nter, his feigned humility was one of his best\\nvirtues.\\nQueen Elizabeth very evidently possessed\\nthat peculiar combination of quickness of in-\\ntellect and readiness of tongue which enables\\nthose who possess it to say very sharp and bit-\\nter things, when vexed or out of humor. It is\\na brilliant talent, though it always makes those\\nwho possess it hated and feared. Elizabeth\\nwas often wantonly cruel in the exercise of\\nthis satirical power, considering very little\\nas is usually the case with such persons the\\njustice of her invectives, but obeying blindly\\nthe impulses of the ill nature which prompted\\nher to utter them. We have already said that", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0212.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. 179\\nshe seemed always to have a special feeling of\\nill will against marriage and every thing that\\npertained to it, and she had, particularly, a\\ntheory that the bishops and the clergy ought\\nnot to be married. She could not absolutely\\nprohibit their marrying, but she did issue an in-\\njunction forbidding any of the heads of the col-\\nleges or cathedrals to take their wives into the\\nsame, or any of their precincts. At one time,\\nin one of her royal progresses through the\\ncountry, she was received, and very magnifi-\\ncently and hospitably entertained, by the\\nArchbishop of Canterbury, at his palace. The\\narchbishop s wife exerted herself very partic-\\nularly to please the queen and to do her honor.\\nElizabeth evinced her gratitude by turning to\\nher, as she was about to take her leave, and\\nsaying that she could not call her the arch-\\nbishop s wife, and did not like to call her his\\nmistress, and so she did not know what to call\\nher but that, at all events, she was very much\\nobliged to her for her hospitality.\\nElizabeth s highest officers of state were\\ncontinually exposed to her sharp and sudden\\nreproaches, and they often incurred them by\\nsincere and honest efforts to gratify and serve\\nher. She had made an arrangement, one day,\\nto go into the city of London to St. Paul s", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0213.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "l80 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nChurch, to hear the Dean of Christ Church, a\\ndistinguished clergyman, preach. The dean\\nprocured a copy of the Prayer Book, and had\\nit splendidly bound, with a great number of\\nbeautiful and costly prints interleaved in it.\\nThese prints were all of a religious character,\\nbeing representations of sacred history, or of\\nscenes in the lives of the saints. The volume,\\nthus prepared, was very beautiful, and it was\\nplaced, when the Sabbath morning arrived,\\nupon the queen s cushion at the church, ready\\nfor her use. The queen entered in great\\nstate, and took her seat in the midst of all the\\nparade and ceremony customary on such oc-\\ncasions. As soon, however, as she opened the\\nbook and saw the pictures, she frowned, and\\nseemed to be much displeased. She shut the\\nbook and put it away, and called for her own\\nand, after the service, she sent for the dean,\\nand asked him who brought that book there.\\nHe replied, in a very humble and submissive\\nmanner, that he had procured it himself, hav-\\ning intended it as a present for her majesty.\\nThis only produced fresh expressions of dis-\\npleasure. She proceeded o rebuke him se-\\nverely for countenancing such a popish prac-\\ntice as the introduction of pictures in the\\nchurches. All this time Elizabeth had herself", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0214.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER. l8l\\na crucifix in her own private chapel, and the\\ndean himself, on the other hand, was a firm\\nand consistent Protestant, entirely opposed to\\nthe Catholic system of images and pictures,\\nas Elizabeth very well knew.\\nThis sort of roughness was a somewhat\\nmasculine trait of character for a lady, it\\nmust be acknowledged, and not a very agree-\\nable one, even in man but with some of the\\nbad qualities of the other sex, Elizabeth pos-\\nsessed, also, some that were very good. She\\nwas courageous, and she evinced her courage\\nsometimes in a very noble manner. At one\\ntime, when political excitement ran very high,\\nher friends thought that there was serious dan-\\nger in her appearing openly in public, and\\ntihey urged her not to do it, but to confine her-\\nself within her palaces for a time, until the ex-\\ncitement should pass away. But no; the rep-\\nresentations made to her produced no effect.\\nShe said she would continue to go out just as\\nfreely as ever. She did not think that there\\nwas really any danger; and besides, if there\\nwas, she did not care she would rather take\\nher chance of being killed than to be kept\\nshut up like a prisoner.\\nAt the time, too, when the shot was fired at\\nthe barge in which she was going down the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0215.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "l82 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nThames, many of her ministers thought it\\nwas aimed at her. They endeavored to con-\\nvince her of this, and urged her not to expose\\nherself to such dangers. She replied that she\\ndid not believe that the shot was aimed at her\\nand that, in fact, she would not believe any\\nthing of her subjects which a father would not\\nbe willing to believe of his own children. So\\nshe went on sailing in her barge just as before.\\nElizabeth was very vain of her beauty,\\nthough unfortunately, she had very little beau-\\nty to be vain of. Nothing pleased her so much\\nas compliments. She sometimes almost ex-\\nacted them. At one time, when a distin-\\nguished embassador from Mary Queen of\\nScots was at her court, she insisted on his tell-\\ning her whether she or Mary was the mosv\\nbeautiful. When we consider that Elizabeth\\nwas at this time over thirty years of age, and\\nMary only twenty-two, and that the fame of\\nMary s loveliness had filled the world, it must\\nbe admitted that this question indicated a con-\\nsiderable degree of self-complacency. The\\nembassador had the prudence to attempt to\\nevade the inquiry. He said at first that they\\nwere both beautiful enough. But Elizabeth\\nwanted to know, she said, which was most\\nbeautiful. The embassador then said that his", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0216.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER.\\n183\\nqueen was the most beautiful queen in Scot-\\nland and Elizabeth in England. Elizabeth was\\nnot satisfied with this, but insisted on a defin-\\nite answer to the question; and the embassa-\\ndor said at last that Elizabeth had the fairest\\ncomplexion, though Mary was considered a\\nvery lovely woman. Elizabeth then wanted to\\nknow which was the tallest of the two. The\\nembassador said that Mary was. Then, said\\nElizabeth, she is too tall, for I am just of the\\nright height myself.\\nAt one time during Elizabeth s reign, the\\npeople took a fancy to engrave and print por-\\ntraits of her, which, being perhaps tolerably\\nfaithful to the original, were not very alluring.\\nThe queen was much vexed at the circulation\\nof these prints, and finally she caused a grave\\nand formal proclamation to be issued against\\nthem. In this proclamation it was stated that\\nit was the intention of the queen, at some fu-\\nture time, to have a proper artist employed to\\nexecute a correct and true portrait of herself,\\nwhich should then be published and, in the\\nmean time, all persons were forbidden to make\\nor sell any representations of her whatever.\\nElizabeth was extremely fond of pomp and\\nparade. The magnificence and splendor of the\\ncelebrations and festivities Which characteriz-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0217.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "184 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ned her reign have scarcely ever been surpassed\\nin any country or in any age. She once went\\nto attend Church, on a particular occasion, ac-\\ncompanied by a thousand men in full armor\\nof steel, and ten pieces of cannon, with drums\\nand trumpets sounding. She received her for-\\neign embassadors with military spectacles and\\nshows, and with banquets and parties of pleas-\\nure, which for many days kept all London in\\na fever of excitement. Sometimes she made\\nexcursions on the river, with whole fleets of\\nboats and barges in her train the shores, on\\nsuch occasions, swarming with spectators, and\\nwaving with flags and banners. Sometimes\\nshe would make grand progresses through her\\ndominions, followed by an army of attendants\\nlords and ladies dressed and mounted in the\\nmost costly manner and putting the nobles\\nwhose seats she visited to a vast expense in\\nentertaining such a crowd of visitors. Being\\nvery saving of her own means, she generally\\ncontrived to bring the expense of this magnifi-\\ncence upon others. The honor was a sufficient\\nequivalent. Or, if it was not, nobody dared to\\ncomplain.\\nTo sum up all, Elizabeth was very great,\\nand she was, at the same time, very little. Lit-\\ntleness and greatness mingled in her character", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0218.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PERSONAL CHARACTER.\\n185\\nin a manner which has scarcely ever been par-\\nalleled, except by the equally singular mixture\\nof admiration and contempt with which man-\\nkind have always regarded her.\\nState Progress of Elizabeth.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0219.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nTHE INVINCIBLE ARMADA.\\nThirty years of Elizabeth s reign passed\\naway. During all this time the murderous con-\\ntests between the Catholic governments of\\nFrance and Spain and their Protestant sub-\\njects went on with terrible energy. Philip of\\nSpain was the great leader and head of the\\nCatholic powers, and he prosecuted his work\\nof exterminating heresy with the sternest and\\nmost merciless determination. Obstinate and\\nprotracted wars, cruel tortures, and imprison-\\nments and executions without number, marked\\nhis reign.\\nNotwithstanding all this, however, strange\\nas it may seem, the country increased in pop-\\nulation, wealth, and prosperity. It is, after all,\\nbut a very small proportion of fifty millions\\nof people which the most cruel monster of a\\ntyrant can kill, even if he devotes himself fully\\nto the work. The natural deaths among the\\nvast population within the reach of Philip s\\npower amounted, probably, to two millions\\n186", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0220.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 187\\nevery year and if he destroyed ten thousand\\nevery year, it was only adding one death by\\nviolence to two hundred produced by acci-\\ndents, disasters, or age. Dreadful as are the\\natrocities of persecution and war, and vast and\\nincalculable as are the encroachments on hu-\\nman happiness which they produce, we are of-\\nten led to overrate their relative importance,\\ncompared with the aggregate value of the in-\\nterests and pursuits which are left unharmed\\nby them, by not sufficiently appreciating the\\nenormous extent and magnitude of these in-\\nterests and pursuits in such communities as\\nEngland, France, and Spain.\\nSometimes, it is true, the operations of mil-\\nitary heroes have been on such a prodigious\\nscale as to make very serious inroads on the\\npopulation of the greatest states. Napoleon\\nfor instance, on one occasion took five hun-\\ndred thousand men out of France for his ex-\\npedition to Russia. The campaign destroyed\\nnearly all of them. It was only a very insig-\\nnificant fraction of the vast army that ever re-\\nturned. By this transaction, Napoleon thus\\njust about doubled the annual mortality in\\nFrance at a single blow. Xerxes enjoys the\\nglory of having destroyed about a million of\\nmen\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and these, not enemies, but country-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0221.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "l88 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nmen, followers, and friends in the same way,\\non a single expedition. Such vast results,\\nhowever, were not attained in the conflicts\\nWhich marked the reigns of Elizabeth and\\nPhilip of Spain. Notwithstanding the long-\\nprotracted international wars, and dreadful\\ncivil commotions of the period, the world went\\non increasing in wealth and population, and\\nall the arts and improvements of life made\\nvery rapid progress. America had been dis-\\ncovered, and the way to the East Indies had\\nbeen opened to European ships, and the Span-\\niards, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English,\\nand the French had fleets of merchant vessels\\nand ships of war in every sea. The Spaniards,\\nparticularly, had acquired great possessions in\\nAmerica, which contained very rich mines of\\ngold and silver, and there was a particular\\nkind of vessels called galleons, which went\\nregularly once a year, under a strong convoy,\\nto bring home the treasure. They used to call\\nthese fleets armadas, which is the Spanish\\nword denoting an armed squadron. Nations\\nat war with Spain always made great efforts\\nto intercept and seize these ships on their\\nhomeward voyages, when, being laden with\\ngold and silver, they became prizes of the\\nhighest value.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0222.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 189\\nThings were in this state about the year\\n1585, when Queen Elizabeth received a propo-\\nsition from the Continent of Europe which\\nthrew her into great perplexity. Among the\\nother dominions of Philip of Spain, there were\\ncertain states situated in the broad tract of\\nlow, level land which lies northeast of France,\\nand which constitutes, at the present day, the\\ncountries of Holland and Belgium. This ter-\\nritory was then divided into several provinces,\\nwhich were called, usually, the Low Countries,\\non account of the low and level situation of\\nthe land. In fact, there are vast tracts of land\\nbordering the shore, which lie so low that dikes\\nhave to be built to keep out the sea. In these\\ncases, there are lines of windmills, of great\\nsize and power, all along the coast, whose vast\\nwings are always slowly revolving, to pump\\nout the water which percolates through the\\ndikes, or which flows from the water-\\ncourses after showers of rain.\\nThe Low Countries were very unwilling to\\nsubmit to the tyrannical government which\\nPhilip exercised over them. The inhabitants\\nwere generally Protestants, and Philip perse-\\ncuted them cruelly. They were, in consequence\\nof this, continually rebelling against his au-\\nthority, and Elizabeth secretly aided them in\\n14\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0223.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "IQO QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthese struggles, though she would not optnly\\nassist them, as she did not wish to provoke\\nPhilip to open war. She wished them success,\\nhowever, for she knew very well that if Philip\\ncould once subdue his Protestant subjects at\\nhome, he would immediately turn his attention\\nto England, and perhaps undertake to depose\\nElizabeth, and place some Catholic prince or\\nprincess upon the throne in her stead.\\nThings were in this state in 1585, when the\\nconfederate provinces of the Low Countries\\nsent an embassage to Elizabeth, offering her\\nthe government of the country as sovereign\\nqueen, if she would openly espouse their cause\\nand protect them from Philip s power. This\\nproposition called for very serious and anxious\\nconsideration. Elizabeth felt very desirous to\\nmake this addition to her dominions on its\\nown account, and besides, she saw at once that\\nsuch an acquisition would give her a great ad-\\nvantage in her future contests with Philip, if\\nactual war must come. But then, on the other\\nhand, by accepting the proposition, war must\\nnecessarily be brought on at once. Philip\\nwould, in fact, consider her espousing the\\ncause of his rebellious subjects as an actual\\ndeclaration of war on her part, so that making\\nsuch a league with these countries would", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0224.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. I9I\\nplunge her at once into hostilities with the\\ngreatest and most extended power on the\\nglobe. Elizabeth was very unwilling thus to\\nprecipitate the contest but then, on the other\\nhand, she wished very much to avoid the dan-\\nger that threatened, of Philip s first subduing\\nhis own dominions, and then advancing to the\\ninvasion of England with his undivided\\nstrength. She finally concluded not to accept\\nthe sovereignty of the countries, but to make\\na league, offensive and defensive, with the gov-\\nernments, and to send out a fleet and an army\\nto aid them. This, as she had expected,\\nbrought on a general war.\\nThe queen commissioned Leicester to take\\ncommand of the forces which were to proceed\\nto Holland and the Netherlands she also\\nequipped a fleet, and placed it under the com-\\nmand of Sir Francis Drake, a very celebrated\\nnaval captain, to proceed across the Atlantic\\nand attack the Spanish possessions on the Am-\\nerican shores. Leicester was extremely elated\\nwith his appointment, and set off on his expe-\\ndition with great pomp and parade. He had\\nnot generally, during his life, held stations of\\nany great trust or responsibility. The queen\\nhad conferred upon him high titles and vast\\nestates, but she had confided all real power to", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0225.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "IQ2 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nfar more capable and trustworthy hands. She\\nthought, however, perhaps, that Leicester\\nwould answer for her allies; so she gave him\\nhis commission and sent him forth, charging\\nhim, with many injunctions, as he went away,\\nto be discreet and faithful, and to do nothing\\nwhich should compromise, in any way, her in-\\nterests or honor.\\nIt will, perhaps, be recollected that Leices-\\nter s wife had been, before her marriage with\\nhim, the wife of a nobleman named the Earl\\nof Essex. She had a son, who, at his father s\\ndeath, succeeded to the title. This young Es-\\nsex accompanied Leicester on this occasion.\\nHis subsequent adventures, which were ro-\\nmantic and extraordinary, will be narrated in\\nthe next chapter.\\nThe people of the Netherlands, being ex-\\ntremely desirous to please Elizabeth, their\\nnew ally, thought that they could not honor\\nthe great general she had sent them too high-\\nly. They received him with most magnificent\\nmilitary parades, and passed a vote in their as-\\nsembly investing him with absolute authority\\nas head of the government, thus putting him,\\nin fact, in the very position which Elizabeth\\nhad herself declined receiving. Leicester was\\nextremely pleased and elated with these hon-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0226.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 193\\nors. He was king all but in name. He pro-\\nvided himself with a noble life-guard, in imita-\\ntion of royalty, and assumed all the state and\\nairs of a monarch. Things went on so very\\nprosperously with him for a short time, until\\nhe was one day thunderstruck by the appear-\\nance at his palace of a nobleman from the\\nqueen s court, named Heneage, who brought\\nhim a letter from Elizabeth, which was in sub-\\nstance as follows:\\nHow foolishly, and with what contempt of\\nmy authority, I think you have acted, the mes-\\nsenger I now send to you will explain. I\\nlittle imagined that a man whom I had raised\\nfrom the dust, and treated with so much favor,\\nwould have forgotten all his obligations, and\\nacted in such a manner. I command you now\\nto put yourself entirely under the direction of\\nthis messenger, to do in all things precisely as\\nhe requires, upon pain of further peril.\\nLeicester humbled himself immediately uo\\nder this rebuke, sent home most ample apol-\\nogies and prayers for forgiveness, and, after a\\ntime, gradually recovered the favor of the\\nqueen. He soon, however, became very un-\\npopular in the Netherlands. Grievous com-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0227.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "194 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nplaints were made against him, and he was at\\nlength recalled.\\nDrake was more successful. He was a bold,\\nundaunted, and energetic seaman, but unprin-\\ncipled and merciless. He manned and equip-\\nped his fleet, and set sail toward the Spanish\\npossessions in America. He attacked the col-\\nonies, sacked the towns, plundered the inhab-\\nitants, intercepted the ships, and searched them\\nfor silver and gold. In a word, he did exactly\\nwhat pirates are hung for doing, and ex-\\necrated afterward by all mankind. But, as\\nQueen Elizabeth gave him permission to per-\\nform these exploits, he has always been ap-\\nplauded by mankind as a hero. We would not\\nbe understood as denying that there is any dif-\\nference between burning and plundering inno-\\ncent towns and robbing ships, whether there\\nis or is not a governmental permission to com-\\nmit these crimes. There certainly is a differ-\\nence. It only seems to us surprising that there\\nshould be so great a difference as is made by\\nthe general estimation of mankind.\\nDrake, in fact, had acquired a great and\\nhonorable celebrity for such deeds before this\\ntime, by a similar expedition, several years be-\\nfore, in which he had been driven to make the\\ncircumnavigation of the globe. England and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0228.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. m\\nSir Francis Drake.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0229.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0230.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. I95\\nSpain were then nominally at peace, and the\\nexpedition was really in pursuit of prizes and\\nplunder.\\nDrake took five vessels with him on this his\\nfirst expedition, but they were all very small.\\nThe largest was only a vessel of one hundred\\ntons, while the ships which are now built are\\noften of three thousand. With this little fleet\\nDrake set sail boldly, and crossed the Atlan-\\ntic, being fifty-five days out of sight of land.\\nHe arrived at last on the coast of South Am-\\nerica, and then turned his course southward,\\ntoward the Straits of Magellan. Two of his\\nvessels, he found, were so small as to be of\\nvery little service so he shipped the men on\\nboard the others, and turned the two adrift.\\nWhen he got well into the southern seas, he\\ncharged his chief mate, whose name was\\nDoughty, with some offense against the dis-\\ncipline of his little fleet, and had him con-\\ndemned to death. He was executed at the\\nStraits of Magellan beheaded. Before he\\ndied, the unhappy convict had the sacrament\\nadministered to him, Drake himself partaking\\nof it with him. It was said, and believed at\\nthe time, that the charge against Doughty was\\nonly a pretense, and that the real cause of\\nhis death was, that Leicester had agreed with", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0231.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "I96 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nDrake to kill him when far away, on account\\nof his having assisted with others, in spread-\\ning the reports that Leicester had murdered\\nthe Earl of Essex, the former husband of his\\nwife.\\nThe little squadron passed through the\\nStraits of Magellan, and then encountered a\\ndreadful storm, which separated the ships, and\\ndrove them several hundred miles to the west-\\nward, over the then boundless and trackless\\nwaters of the Pacific Ocean. Drake himself\\nafterward recovered the shore with his own\\nship alone, and moved northward. He found\\nSpanish ships and Spanish merchants every\\nwhere, who, not dreaming of the presence of\\nan English enemy in those distant seas, were\\nentirely secure; and they fell, one after an-\\nother, a very easy prey. The very extraodin-\\nary story is told of his finding, in one place, a\\nSpaniard asleep upon the shore, waiting per-\\nhaps, for a boat, with thirty bars of silver by\\nhis side, of great weight and value, which\\nDrake and his men seized and carried off,\\nwithout so much as waking the owner. In one\\nharbor which he entered he found three ships,\\nfrom which the seamen had all gone\\nashore, leaving the vessels completely\\nunguarded, so entirely unconscious were", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0232.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. I97\\nthey of any danger near. Drake broke\\ninto the cabins of these ships, and\\nfound fifty or sixty wedges of pure silver\\nthere, of twenty pounds each. In this way, as\\nhe passed along the coast, he collected an im-\\nmense treasure in silver and gold, both coin\\nand bullion, without having to strike a blow\\nfor it. At last he heard of a very rich ship,\\ncalled the Cacofogo, which had recently sailed\\nfor Panama, to which place they were taking\\nthe treasure, in order that it might be trans-\\nported across the isthmus, and so taken home\\nto Spain for, before Drake s voyage, scarcely\\na single vessel had ever passed round Cape\\nHorn. The ships which he had plundered had\\nbeen all built upon the coast, by Spaniards\\nwho had come across the country at the isth-\\nmus of Darien, and were to be used only to\\ntransport the treasure northward, where it\\ncould be taken across to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nDrake gave chase to the Cacofogo. At last\\nhe came near enough to fire into her, and one\\nof his first shots cut away her foremast and\\ndisabled her. He soon captured the ship, and\\nhe found immense riches on board. Besides\\npearls and precious stones of great value, there\\nwere eighty pounds of gold, thirteen chests of", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0233.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "I98 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nsilver coin, and silver enough in bars to bal-\\nlast a ship.\\nDrake s vessel was now richly laden with\\ntreasures, but in the mean time the news of\\nhis plunderings had gone across the Contin-\\nent, and some Spanish ships of war had gone\\nsouth to intercept him at the Straits of Magel-\\nlan on his return. In this dilemma, the ad-\\nventurous sailor conceived of the sublime idea\\nof avoiding them by going round the world to\\nget home. He pushed boldly forward, there-\\nfore, across the Pacific Ocean to the East In-\\ndies, thence through the Indian Ocean to the\\nCape of Good Hope, and, after three years\\nfrom the time he left England, he returned to\\nit safely again, his ship loaded with the plun-\\ndered silver and gold.\\nAs soon as he arrived in the Thames, the\\nwhole world flocked to see the little ship that\\nhad performed all these wonders. The vessel\\nwas drawn up alongside the land, and a bridge\\nmade to it, and, after the treasure was taken\\nout, it was given up, for some time, to ban-\\nquetings and celebrations of every kind. The\\nqueen took possession of all the treasure, say-\\ning that Philip might demand it, and she be\\nforced to make restitution, for it must be re-\\nmembered that all this took place several years", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0234.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth., jace p. i98\\nDrake s Return to England.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0235.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0236.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 199\\nbefore the war. She, however, treated the suc-\\ncessful sailor with every mark of consider-\\nation and honor she went herself on board his\\nship, and partook of an entertainment there,\\nconferring the honor of knighthood, at the\\nsame time, on the admiral, so that Sir Fran-\\ncis Drake was thenceforth his proper title.\\nIf the facts already stated do not give suffi-\\ncient indications of the kind of character which\\nin those days made a naval hero, one other cir-\\ncumstance may be added. At one time during\\nthis voyage, a Spaniard, whose ship Drake\\nhad spared, made him a present of a beautiful\\nnegro girl. Drake kept her on board his ship\\nfor a time, and then sent her ashore on some\\nisland that he was passing, and inhumanly\\nabandoned her there, to become a mother\\namong strangers, utterly friendless and alone.\\nIt must be added, however, in justice to the\\nrude men among whom this wild bucaneer\\nlived, that, though they praised all his other\\ndeeds of violence and wrong, this atrocious\\ncruelty was condemned. It had the effect,\\neven in those days, of tarnishing his fame.\\nPhilip did claim the money, but Elizabeth\\nfound plenty of good excuses for not paying\\nit over to him.\\nThis celebrated expedition occupied more", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0237.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "200 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthan three years. Going round the world is a\\nlong journey. The arrival of the ship in Lon-\\ndon took place in 1581, four years before the\\nwar actually broke out between England and\\nSpain, which was in 1585; and it was in con-\\nsequence of the great celebrity which Drake\\nhad acquired in this and similar excursions,\\nthat when at last hostilities commenced, he\\nwas put in command of the naval preparations.\\nIt was not long before it was found that his\\nservices were likely to be required near home,\\nfor rumors began to find their way to Eng-\\nland that Philip was preparing a great fleet\\nfor the actual invasion of England. The news\\nput the whole country into a state of great\\nalarm.\\nThe reader, in order to understand fully the\\ngrounds for this alarm must remember that in\\nthose days Spain was the mistress of the\\nocean, and not England herself. Spain pos-\\nsessed the distant colonies and the foreign\\ncommerce, and built and armed the great\\nships, while England had comparatively few\\nships, and those which she had were small.\\nTo meet the formidable preparations which\\nthe Spaniards were making, Elizabeth equip-\\nped only four ships. To these, however, the\\nmerchants of London added twenty or thirty", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0238.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 201\\nmore, of various sizes, which they furnished\\non condition of having a share in the plundei\\nwhich they hoped would be secured. The\\nwhole fleet was put under Drake s command.\\nRobbers and murderers, whether those that\\noperate upon the sea or on the land, are gen-\\nerally courageous, and Drake s former success\\nhad made him feel doubly confident and\\nstrong. Philip had collected a considerable\\nfleet of ships in Cadiz, which is a strong sea-\\nport in the southeastern part of Spain, on the\\nMediterranean Sea, and others were assem-\\nbling in all the ports and bays along the shore,\\nwherever they could be built or purchased.\\nThey were to rendezvous finally at Cadiz.\\nDrake pushed boldly forward, and, to the as-\\ntonishment of the world, forced his way into\\nthe harbor, through a squadron of galleys\\nstationed there to protect the entrance, and\\nburned, sunk, and destroyed more than a hun-\\ndred ships which had been collected there.\\nThe whole work was done, and the little Eng-\\nlish fleet was off again, before the Spaniards\\ncould recover from their astonishment. Drake\\nthen sailed along the coast, seizing and de-\\nstroying all the ships he could find. He next\\npushed to sea a little way, and had the good\\nfortune to intercept and capture a richly-laden\\n1 5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0239.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "202 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nship of very large size, called a carrack, which\\nwas coming home from the East Indies. He\\nthen went back to England in triumph. He\\nsaid he had been singeing the whiskers of\\nthe King of Spain.\\nThe booty was divided among the London\\nmerchants, as had been agreed upon. Philip\\nwas exasperated and enraged beyond expres-\\nsion at this unexpected destruction of arma-\\nments which had cost him so much time and\\nmoney to prepare. His spirit was irritated\\nand aroused by the disaster, not quelled and\\nhe immediately began to renew his prepara-\\ntions, making them now on a still vaster scale\\nthan before. The amount of damage which\\nDrake effected was, therefore, after all, of no\\ngreater benefit to England than putting back\\nthe invasion for about a year.\\nAt length, in the summer of 1588, the prep-\\narations for the sailing of the great armada,\\nwhich was to dethrone Elizabeth and bring\\nback the English nation again under the do-\\nminion of some papal prince, and put down,\\nfinally, the cause of Protestantism in Europe,\\nwere complete. Elizabeth herself, and the\\nEnglish people, in the meantime, had not been\\nidle. The whole kingdom had been for\\nmonths filled with enthusiasm to prepare for", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0240.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0241.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0242.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 203\\nmeeting the foe. Armies were levied and fleets\\nraised. Every maritime town furnished\\nships and rich noblemen, in many cases, built\\nor purchased vessels with their own funds,\\nand sent them forward ready for the battle, as\\ntheir contribution toward the means of de-\\nfense. A large part of the force thus raised\\nwas stationed at Plymouth, which is the first\\ngreat sea-port which presents itself on the\\nEnglish coast in sailing up the Channel. The\\nremainder of it was stationed at the other end\\nof the Channel, near the Straits of Dover, for\\nit was feared that, in addition to the vast ar-\\nmament which Philip was to bring from\\nSpain, he would raise another fleet in the\\nNetherlands, which would, of course, ap-\\nproach the shores of England from the Ger-\\nman Ocean.\\nBesides the fleets, a large army was raised.\\nTwenty thousand men were distributed along\\nthe southern shores of England in such posi-\\ntions as to be most easily concentrated at any\\npoint where the armada might attempt to\\nland and about as many more were marched\\ndown the Thames, and encamped near the\\nmouth of the river, to guard that access.\\nThis encampment was at a place on the north-\\nern bank of the river, just above its mouth.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0243.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "204 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nLeicester, strange as it may seem, was put in\\ncommand of this army. The queen, how-\\never, herself, went to visit this encampment,\\nand reviewed the troops in person. She rode\\nto and fro on horseback along the lines, armed\\nlike a warrior. At least she had a corslet of\\npolished steel over her magnificent dress, and\\nbore a general s truncheon, a richly-orna-\\nmented staff used as a badge of command.\\nShe had a helmet, too, with a white plume.\\nThis, however, she did not wear. A page\\nbore it, following her, while she rode, attended\\nby Leicester and the other generals, all mount-\\ned on horses and splendidly caparisoned, from\\nrank to rank, animating the men to the high-\\nest enthusiasm by her courageous bearing,\\nher look of confidence, and her smiles.\\nShe made an address to the soldiers. She\\nsaid that she had been warned by some of her\\nministers of the danger of trusting herself to\\nthe power of such an armed multitude, for\\nthese forces were not regularly enlisted\\ntroops, but volunteers from among the citi-\\nzens, who had suddenly left the ordinary avo-\\ncations and pursuits of life to defend their\\ncountry in this emergency. She had, however,\\nshe said, no such apprehensions of danger.\\nShe could trust herself without fear to the", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0244.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0245.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0246.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 2C\u00c2\u00bb5\\ncourage and fidelity of her subjects, as she\\nhad always, during all her reign, considered\\nher greatest strength and safeguard as consist-\\ning in their loyalty and good will. For her-\\nself, she had come to the camp, she assured\\nthem, not for the sake of empty pageantry\\nand parade, but to take her share with them\\nin the dangers, and toils, and terrors of the\\nactual battle. If Philip should land, they\\nwould find their queen in the hottest of the\\nconflict, fighting by their sides. I have/ 5\\nsaid she, I know, only the body of a weak\\nand feeble woman, but I have the heart of a\\nking; and I am ready for my God, my king-\\ndom, and my people, to have that body laid\\ndown, even in the dust. If the battle comes,\\ntherefore, I shall myself be in the midst and\\nfront of it, to live or die with you.\\nThese were, thus far, but words, it is true,\\nand how far Elizabeth would have vindicated\\ntheir sincerity, if the entrance of the armada\\ninto the Thames had put her to the test, we\\ncan not now know. Sir Francis Drake saved\\nher from the trial. One morning a small ves-\\nsel came into the harbor at Plymouth, where\\nthe English fleet was lying, with the news\\nthat the armada was coming up the Channel\\nunder full sail. The anchors of the fleer ere", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0247.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "206 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nimmediately raised, and great exertions made\\nto get it out of the harbor, which was difficult,\\nas the wind at the time was blowing directly\\nin. The squadron got out at last, as night\\nwas coming on. The next morning the ar-\\nmada hove in sight, advancing from the west-\\nward up the Channel, in a vast crescent,\\nwhich extended for seven miles from north to\\nsouth, and seemed to sweep the whole sea.\\nIt was a magnificent spectacle, and it was\\nthe ushering in of that far grander spectacle\\nstill, of which the English Channel was the\\nscene for the ten days which followed, during\\nwhich the enormous naval structures of the\\narmada, as they slowly made their way along,\\nwere followed, and fired upon, and harassed\\nby the smaller, and lighter, and more active\\nvessels of their English foes. The unwieldy\\nmonsters pressed on, surrounded and worried\\nby their nimbler enemies like hawks driven by\\nkingfishers through the sky. Day after day\\nthis most extraordinary contest, half flight\\nand half battle, continued, every promontory\\non the shores covered all the time with spec-\\ntators, who listened to the distant booming of\\nthe guns, and watched the smokes which\\narose from the cannonading and the conflag-\\nrations. One great galleon after another fell", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0248.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0249.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0250.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. 207\\na prey. Some were burned, some taken as\\nprizes, some driven ashore; and finally, one\\ndark night, the English sent a fleet of fire-\\nships, all in flames, into the midst of the an-\\nchorage to which the Spaniards had retired,\\nwhich scattered them in terror and dismay,\\nand completed the discomfiture of the squad-\\nron.\\nThe result was, that by the time the invin-\\ncible armada had made its way through the\\nChannel, and had passed the Straits of Dover,\\nit was so dispersed, and shattered, and broken,\\nthat its commanders, far from feeling any dis-\\nposition to sail up the Thames, were only anx-\\nious to make good their escape from their\\nindefatigable and tormenting foes. They did\\nnot dare, in attempting to make this escape, to\\nreturn through the Channel, so they pushed\\nnorthward into the German Ocean. Their\\nonly course for getting back to Spain again\\nwas to pass round the northern side of Eng-\\nland, among the cold and stormy seas that are\\nrolling in continually among the ragged rocks\\nand gloomy islands which darken the ocean\\nthere. At last a miserable remnant of the fleet\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094less than half\u00e2\u0080\u0094 made their way back to\\nSpain again.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0251.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nTHE EARL OF ESSEX.\\nThe lady whom tlie Earl of Leicester mar-\\nried was, a short time before he married her,\\nthe wife of the Earl of Essex, and she had one\\nson, who, on the death of his father, became\\nthe Earl of Essex in his turn. He came to\\ncourt, and continued in Leicester s family af-\\nter his mother s second marriage. He was an\\naccomplished and elegant young man, and\\nwas regarded with a good deal of favor by the\\nqueen. He was introduced at court when he\\nwas but seventeen years old, and, being the\\nstep-son of Leicester, he necessarily occupied\\na conspicuous position his personal qualities,\\njoined with this, soon gave him a very high\\nand honorable name.\\nAbout a month after the victory obtained\\nby the English over the invincible armada,\\nLeicester was seized with a fever on a journey,\\nand, after lingering for a few days, died, leav-\\ning Essex, as it were, in his place. Elizabeth\\nseems not to have been very inconsolable for\\n208", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0252.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 20Q\\nher favorite s death. She directed, or allowed,\\nhis property to be sold at auction, to pay some\\ndebts which he owed her or, as the histor-\\nians of the day express it, which he owed the\\ncrozun and then seemed at once to transfer\\nher fondness and affection to the young Es-\\nsex, who was at that time twenty-one years of\\nage. Elizabeth herself was now nearly sixty.\\nCecil was growing old also, and was some-\\nwhat infirm, though he had a son who was\\nrapidly coming forward in rank and influence\\nat court. This son s name was Robert. The\\nyoung Earl of Essex s name was Robert too.\\nThe elder Cecil and Leicester had been, all\\ntheir lives, watchful and jealous of each other,\\nand in some sense rivals. Robert Cecil and\\nRobert Devereux\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for that was, in full, the\\nEarl of Essex s family name being young\\nand ardent, inherited the animosity of their\\nparents, and were less cautious and wary in\\nexpressing it. They soon became open foes.\\nRobert Devereux, or Essex, as he is com-\\nmonly called in history, was handsome and\\naccomplished, ardent, impulsive, and gener-\\nous. The war with Spain, notwithstanding\\nthe destruction of the armada, continued, and\\nEssex entered into it with all zeal. The queen,\\nwho with all her ambition, and her proud and", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0253.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "210 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndomineering spirit, felt, like any other woman,\\nthe necessity of having something to love,\\nsoon began to take a strong interest in his\\nperson and fortunes, and seemed to love him\\nas a mother loves a son and he, in his turn,\\nsoon learned to act toward her as a son, full\\nof youthful courage and ardor, often acts\\ntoward a mother, over whose heart he feels\\nthat he has a strong control. He would go\\naway, without leave, to mix in affrays with\\nthe Spanish ships in the English Channel and\\nin the Bay of Biscay, and then come back and\\nmake his peace with the queen by very hum-\\nble petitions for pardon, and promises of fu-\\nture obedience. When he went, with her\\nleave, on these expeditions, she would charge\\nhis superior officers to keep him out of dan-\\nger; while he, with an impetuosity which\\nstrongly marked his character, would evade\\nand escape from all these injunctions, and\\npress forward into every possible exposure,\\nalways eager to have battle given, and to get,\\nhimself, into the hottest part of it, when it\\nwas begun. At one time, off Cadiz, the offi-\\ncers of the English ships hesitated some time\\nwhether to venture an attack upon some ships\\nin the harbor Essex burning with impati-\\nence all the time and when it was at length", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0254.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 211\\ndecided to make the attack, he was so excited\\nwith enthusiasm and pleasure that he threw\\nhis cap up into the air, and overboard, per-\\nfectly wild with delight, like a school-boy in\\nanticipation of a holiday.\\nTen years passed away, and Essex rose\\nhigher and higher in estimation and honor.\\nHe was sometimes in the queen s palaces at\\nhome, and sometimes away on the Spanish\\nseas, where he acquired great fame. He was\\nproud and imperious at court, relying on his\\ninfluence with the queen, who treated him as a\\nfond mother treats a spoiled child. She was\\noften vexed with his conduct, but she could\\nnot help loving him. One day, as he was com-\\ning into the queen s presence chamber, he saw\\none of the courtiers there who had a golden\\nornament upon his arm which the queen had\\ngiven him the day before. He asked what it\\nwas; they told him it was a favor from the\\nqueen. Ah, said he, I see how it is going\\nto be every fool must have his favor. The\\ncourtier resented this mode of speaking of his\\ndistinction, and challenged Essex to a duel.\\nThe combatants met in the Park, and Essex\\nwas disarmed and wounded. The queen\\nheard of the affair, and, after inquiring very\\ncuriously about all the particulars, she said\\n16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Klizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0255.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "212 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nvhat she was glad of it; for, unless there was\\nsomebody to take down his pride, there would\\nbe no such thing as doing any thing with him.\\nElizabeth s feelings toward Essex fluctuat-\\ned in strange alternations of fondness and\\ndispleasure. At one time, when affection was\\nin the ascendency, she gave him a ring, as a\\ntalisman of her protection. She promised\\nhim that if he ever should become involved in\\ntroubles or difficulties of any kind, and especi-\\nally if he should lose her favor, either by his\\nown misconduct or by the false accusations\\nof his enemies, if he would send her that ring,\\nit should serve to recall her former kind re-\\ngard, and incline her to pardon and save him.\\nEssex took the ring, and preserved it with the\\nutmost care.\\nFriendship between persons of such impet-\\nuous and excitable temperaments as Eliza-\\nbeth and Essex both possessed, though usu-\\nally very ardent for a time, is very precarious\\nand uncertain in duration. After various pet-\\nulant and brief disputes, which were easily\\nreconciled, there came at length a serious\\nquarrel. There was, at that time, great diffi-\\nculty in Ireland a rebellion had broken out,\\nin fact, which was fomented and encouraged\\nby Spanish influence. Essex was one day", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0256.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 213\\nurging very strongly the appointment of one\\nof his friends to take the command there,\\nwhile the queen was disposed to appoint an-\\nother person. Essex urged his views and\\nwishes with much importunity, and when he\\nfound that the queen was determined not to\\nyield, he turned his back upon her in a con-\\ntemptuous and angry manner. The queen\\nlost patience in her turn, and, advancing rap-\\nidly to him, her eyes sparkling with extreme\\nresentment and displeasure, she gave him a\\nsevere box on the ear, telling him, at the same\\ntime, to go and be hanged. Essex was ex-\\nceedingly enraged; he clasped the handle of\\nhis sword, but was immediately seized by the\\nother courtiers present. They, however, soon\\nreleased their hold upon him, and he walked\\noff out of the apartment, saying that he could\\nnot and would not bear such an insult as that.\\nHe would not have endured it, he said, from\\nKing Henry the Eighth himself. The name\\nof King Henry the Eighth, in those days, was\\nthe symbol and personification of the highest\\npossible human grandeur.\\nThe friends of Essex among the courtiers\\nendeavored to soothe and calm him, and to\\npersuade him to apologize to the queen, and\\nseek a reconciliation. They told him that,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0257.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "214 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwhether right or wrong, he ought to yield\\nfor in contests with the law or with a prince, a\\nman, they said, ought, if wrong, to submit\\nhimself to justice; if right, to necessity; in\\neither case, it was his duty to submit.\\nThis was very good philosophy; but Essex\\nwas not in a state of mind to listen to philoso-\\nphy. He wrote a reply to the friend who had\\ncounseled him as above, that the queen had\\nthe temper of a flint that she had treated him\\nwith such extreme injustice and cruelty so\\nmany times that his patience was exhausted,\\nand he would bear it no longer. He knew\\nwell enough what duties he owed the queen as\\nan earl and grand marshal of England, but he\\ndid not understand being cuffed and beaten\\nlike a menial servant and that his body suf-\\nfered in every part from the blow he had re-\\nceived.\\nHis resentment, however, got soothed and\\nsoftened in time, and he was again admitted to\\nfavor, though the consequences of such quar-\\nrels are seldom fully repaired. The reconcil-\\niation was, however, in this case, apparently\\ncomplete, and in the following year Essex was\\nhimself appointed the Governor, or, as styled\\nin those days, the Lord Deputy of Ireland.\\nHe went to his province, and took com-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0258.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 2*5\\nmand of the forces which had been collected\\nthere, and engaged zealously in the work of\\nsuppressing the rebellion. For some reason\\nor other, however, he made very little prog\\nress The name of the leader of the rebels\\nwas the Earl of Tyrone.* Tyrone wanted a\\nparley, but did not dare to trust himself in\\nEssex s power. It was at last, however,\\nagreed that the two leaders should come down\\nto a river, one of them upon each side, and\\ntalk across it, neither general to have any\\ntroops or attendants with him. This plan was\\ncarried into effect. Essex, stationing a troop\\nnear him, on a hill, rode down to the water\\non one side, while Tyrone came into the river\\nas far as his horse could wade on the other,\\nand then the two earls attempted to negotiate\\nterms of peace by shouting across the current\\nof the stream.\\nNothing effectual was accomplished by this\\nand some other similar parleys, and in the\\nmeantime the weeks were passing away, and\\nlittle was done toward suppressing the rebel-\\nlion The queen was dissatisfied. She sent\\nEssex letters of complaint and censure. These\\nletters awakened the lord deputy s resent-\\nment. The breach was thus rapidly widen-\\nSpelled in the old histories Tir-Oen.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0259.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "2l6 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ning, when Essex all at once conceived the idea\\nof going himself to Engand, without permis-\\nsion, and without giving any notice of his in-\\ntention, to endeavor, by a personal interview,\\nto reinstate himself in the favor of the queen.\\nThis was a very bold step. It was entirely\\ncontrary to military etiquette for an officer to\\nleave his command and go home to his sover-\\neign without orders and without permission.\\nThe plan, however, might have succeeded.\\nLeicester did once succeed in such a measure\\nbut in this case, unfortunately, it failed. Es-\\nsex traveled with the utmost dispatch, crossed\\nthe Channel, made the best of his way to the\\npalace where the queen was then residing, and\\npressed through the opposition of all the at-\\ntendants into the queen s private apartment,\\nin his traveling dress, soiled and way-worn.\\nThe queen was at her toilet, with her hair\\ndown over her eyes. Essex fell on his knees\\nbefore her, kissed her hand, and made great\\nprofessions of gratitude and love, and of an\\nextreme desire to deserve and enjoy her fa-\\nvor. The queen was astonished at his ap-\\npearance, but Essex thought that she received\\nhim kindly. He went away after a short in-\\nterview, greatly pleased with the prospect of a\\nfavorable issue to the desperate step he had", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0260.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 216\\nElizabeth Condemning Essex to the Tower.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0261.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0262.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 217\\ntaken. His joy, however, was soon dispelled.\\nIn the course of the day he was arrested by\\norder of the queen, and sent to his house un-\\nder the custody of an officer. He had pre-\\nsumed too far.\\nEssex was kept thus secluded and confined\\nfor some time. His house was on the bank\\nof the river. None of his friends, not even\\nhis countess, were allowed access to him.\\nHis impetuous spirit wore itself out in chaf-\\ning against the restraints and means of coer-\\ncion which were pressing upon him but he\\nwould not submit. The mind of the queen,\\ntoo, was deeply agitated all the time by that\\nmost tempestuous of all mental conflicts, a\\nstruggle between resentment and love. Her\\naffection for her proud-spirited favorite\\nseemed as strong as ever, but she was deter-\\nmined to make him yield in the contest she\\nhad commenced with him. How often cases\\nprecisely similar occur in less conspicuous\\nscenes of action, where they who love each\\nother with a sincere and uncontrollable af-\\nfection take their stand in attitudes of hostil-\\nity, each determined that the obstinacy of the\\nother shall give way, and each heart per-\\nsisting in its own determination, resentment\\nand love struggling all the time in a dreadful", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0263.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "2l8 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ncontest, which keeps the soul in a perpetual\\ncommotion, and allows of no peace till either\\nthe obstinacy yields or the love is extinguish\\ned and gone.\\nIt was indirectly made known to Essex that\\nif he would confess his fault, ask the queen s\\nforgiveness, and petition for a release from\\nconfinement, in order that he might return to\\nhis duties in Ireland, the difficulty could be\\nsettled. But no, he would make no conces-\\nsions. The queen, in retaliation, increased\\nthe pressure upon him. The more strongly\\nhe felt the pressure, the more his proud and\\nresentful spirit was aroused, lie walked his\\nroom, his soul boiling with anger and chagrin,\\nwhile the queen, equally distressed and har-\\n1 by the conflict in her own soul, still per-\\nsevered, Imping every day that the unbending\\nspirit with which she was contending would\\nyield at last.\\nAt length the tidings came to her that Es-\\nsex, worn out with agitation and suffering,\\nwas seriously sick. The historians doubt\\nwhether his sickness was real or feigned but\\nthere is not much difficulty in understanding,\\nfrom the circumstances of the case, what its\\nreal nature was. Such mental conflicts as\\nthose which he endured suspend the powers", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0264.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 2IO,\\nof digestion and accelerate the pulsations of\\nthe heart, which beats in the bosom with a\\npreternatural frequency and force, like a bird\\nfluttering to get free from a snare. The result\\nis a sort of fever burning slowly in the veins,\\nand an emaciation which wastes the strength\\naway, and, in impetuous and uncontrollable\\nspirits, like that of Essex, sometimes exhausts\\nthe powers of life altogether. The sickness,\\ntherefore, though of mental origin, becomes\\nbodily and real; but then the sufferer is often\\nready, in such cases, to add a little to it by\\nfeigning. An instinct teaches him that nothing\\nis so likely to move the heart whose cruelty\\ncauses him to suffer, as a knowledge of the\\nextreme to which it has reduced him. Essex\\nwas doubtless willing that Elizabeth should\\nknow that he was sick. Her knowing it had,\\nin some measure, the usual effect. It re-\\nawakened and strengthened the love she had\\nfelt for him, but did not give it absolutely the\\nvictory. She sent eight physicians to him, to\\nexamine and consult upon his case. She\\ncaused some broth to be made for him, and\\ngave it to one of these physicians to carry to\\nhim, directing the messenger, in a faltering\\nvoice, to say to Essex that if it were proper\\nto do so she would have come to see him her-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0265.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "220 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nself. She then turned away to hide her tears.\\nStrange inconsistency of the human heart\\nresentment and anger holding their ground\\nin the soul against the object of such deep and\\nunconquerable love. It would be incredible,\\nwere it not that probably every single one of\\nall the thousands who may read this story has\\nexperienced the same.\\nNothing has so great an effect in awaken-\\ning in the heart a strong sentiment of kind-\\nness as the performance of a kind act. Feel-\\ning originates and controls action, it is true,\\nbut then, on the other hand, action has a pro-\\ndigious power in modifying feeling. Eliza-\\nbeth s acts of kindness to Essex in his sick-\\nness produced a renewal of her tenderness for\\nhim so strong that her obstinacy and anger\\ngave way before it, and she soon began to de-\\nsire some mode of releasing him from his con-\\nfinement, and restoring him to favor. Essex\\nwas softened too. In a word, there was finally\\na reconciliation, though it was accomplished\\nby slow degrees, and by means of a sort of\\nseries of capitulations. There was an investi-\\ngation of his case before the privy council,\\nwhich resulted in a condemnation of his con-\\nduct, and a recommendation to the mercy of\\nthe queen and then followed some communi-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0266.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 221\\ncations between Essex and his sovereign, in\\nwhich he expressed sorrow for his faults, and\\nmade satisfactory promises for the future.\\nThe queen, however, had not magnanimity\\nenough to let the quarrel end without taunt-\\ning and irritating the penitent with expres-\\nsions of triumph. In reply to his acknowl-\\nedgments and professions, she told him that\\nshe was glad to hear of his good intentions,\\nand she hoped that he would show, by his fu-\\nture conduct, that he meant to fulfill them\\nthat he had tried her patience for a long time,\\nbut she hoped that henceforth she should have\\nno further trouble. If it had been her father,\\nshe added, instead of herself, that he had had\\nto deal with, he would not have been pardoned\\nat all. It could not be a very cordial recon-\\nciliation which was consummated by such\\nwords as these. But it was very like Eliza-\\nbeth to utter them. They who are governed\\nby their temper are governed by it even in\\ntheir love.\\nEssex was not restored to office. In fact,\\nhe did not wish to be restored. He said that\\nhe was resolved henceforth to lead a private\\nlife. But even in respect to this plan he was\\nat the mercy of the queen, for his private in-\\ncome was in a great measure derived from a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0267.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "222 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nmonopoly, as it is called, in a certain kind of\\nwines, which had been granted to him some\\ntime before. It was a very customary mode,\\nin those days, of enriching favorites, to grant\\nthem monopolies of certain kinds of merchan-\\ndise, that is, the exclusive right to sell them.\\nThe persons to whom this privilege was grant-\\ned would underlet their right to merchants in\\nvarious parts of the kingdom, on condition of\\nreceiving a certain share of the profits. Es-\\nsex had thus derived a great revenue from his\\nmonopoly of wines. The grant, however, was\\nexpiring, and he petitioned the queen that it\\nmight be renewed.\\nThe interest which Essex felt in the renew-\\nal of this grant was one of the strongest in-\\nducements to lead him to submit to the humil-\\niations which he had endured, and to make\\nconcessions to the queen. But he was disap-\\npointed in his hopes. The queen, elated a lit-\\ntle with the triumph already attained, and,\\nperhaps, desirous of the pleasure of humbling\\nEssex still more, refused at present to renew\\nhis monopoly, saying that she thought it\\nwould do him good to be restricted a little,\\nfor a time, in his means. Unmanageable\\nbeasts, she said, had to be tamed by being\\nstinted in their provender.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0268.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 223\\nEssex was sharply stung by such a refusal,\\naccompanied, too, by such an insult. He was\\nfull of indignation and anger. At first he\\ngave free expression to his feelings of vexa-\\ntion in conversation with those around him.\\nThe queen, he said, had got to be a perverse\\nand obstinate old woman, as crooked in mind\\nas she was in body. He had plenty of enemies\\nto listen to these speeches, and to report them\\nin such a way as they should reach the queen.\\nA new breach was consequently opened,\\nwhich seemed now wider than ever, and ir-\\nreparable.\\nAt least it seemed so to Essex and, aban-\\ndoning all plans for again enjoying the favor\\nof Elizabeth, he began to consider what he\\ncould do to undermine her power and rise up-\\non the ruins of it. The idea was insanity, but\\npassion always makes men insane. James\\nkingof Scotland, the son and successor ot\\nMary, was the rightful heir to the English\\nthrone after Elizabeth s death. In order to\\nmake his right of succession more secure, he\\nhad wished to have Elizabeth acknowledge it;\\nbut she, always dreading terribly the thoughts\\nof death, could never bear to think of a suc-\\ncessor, and seemed to hate every one who en-\\ntertained any expectation of following her.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0269.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "224 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nEssex suppressed all outward expressions of\\nviolence and anger became thoughtful,\\nmoody and sullen; held secret consultations\\nwith desperate intriguers, and finally formed\\na scheme to organize a rebellion, to bring\\nKing James s troops to England to support it,\\nto take possession of the Tower and of the\\nstrong-holds about London, to seize the pal-\\nace of the queen, overturn her government,\\nand compel her both to acknowledge James s\\nright to the succession and to restore Essex\\nhimself to power.\\nThe personal character of Essex had given\\nhim a very wide-spread popularity and influ-\\nence, and he had, consequently, very exten-\\nsive materials at his command for organizing\\na powerful conspiracy. The plot was gradu-\\nally matured, extending itself, in the course\\nof the few following months, not only\\nthroughout England, but also into France and\\nSpain. The time for the final explosion was\\ndrawing near, when, as usual in such cases,\\nintelligence of the existence of this treason, in\\nthe form of vague rumors, reached the queen.\\nOne day, when the leading conspirators were\\nassembled at Essex s palace, a messenger\\ncame to summon the earl to appear before the\\ncouncil. They received, also, private intelli-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0270.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 225\\ngence that their plots were probably discov-\\nered. While they were considering what to\\ndo in this emergency\u00e2\u0080\u0094 all in a state of great\\nperplexity and fear a person came, pretend-\\ning to be a deputy sent from some of the prin-\\ncipal citizens of London, to say to Essex that\\nthey were ready to espouse his cause. Essex\\nimmediately became urgent to commence the\\ninsurrection at once. Some of his friends, on\\nthe other hand, were in favor of abandoning\\nthe enterprise, and flying from the country;\\nbut Essex said he had rather be shot at the\\nhead of his bands than to wander all his days\\nbeyond the seas, a fugitive and a vagabond.\\nThe conspirators acceded to their leader s\\ncouncils. They sent word, accordingly, into\\nthe city, and began to make their arrange-\\nments to rise in arms the next morning. The\\nnight was spent in anxious preparations.\\nEarly in the morning, a deputation of some of\\nthe highest officers of the government, with a\\ntrain of attendants, came to Essex s palace,\\nand demanded entrance in the name of the\\nqueen. The gates of the palace were shut and\\nguarded. At last, after some hesitation and\\ndelay, the conspirators opened a wicket, that\\nis, a small gate within the large one, which\\nwould admit one person at a time. They al-\\n17\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elizabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0271.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "226 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nlowed the officers themselves to enter, but\\nshut the gate immediately so as to exclude the\\nattendants. The officers found themselves in\\na large court-yard filled with armed men, Es-\\nsex standing calmly at the head of them. They\\ndemanded what was the meaningof such an\\nunusual assemblage. Essex replied that it\\nwas to defend his life from conspiracies form-\\ned against it by its enemies. The officers de\\nnied this danger, and began to expostulate\\nwith Essex in angry terms, and the attendants\\non his side to reply with vociferations and\\nthreats, when Essex, to end the altercation,\\ntook the officers into the palace. He con-\\nducted them to a room and shut them up, to\\nkeep them as hostages.\\nIt was now near ten o clock, and, leaving\\nhis prisoners in their apartment, under a prop-\\ner guard, Essex sallied forth, with the more\\nresolute and desperate of his followers, and\\nproceeded into the city, to bring out into ac-\\ntion the forces which he supposed were ready\\nto co-operate with him there. He rode on\\nthrough the streets, calling to arms, and\\nshouting, For the queen For the queen\\nHis design was to convey the impression that\\nthe movement which he was making was not\\nagainst the queen herself, but against his own", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0272.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 22J\\nenemies in her councils, and that she was her-\\nself on his side. The people of London, how-\\never, could not be so easily deceived. The\\nmayor had received warning before, from the\\ncouncil, to be ready to suppress the move-\\nment, if one should be made. As soon, there-\\nfore, as Essex and his company were fairly in\\nthe city, the gates were shut and barred to\\nprevent his return. One of the queen s prin-\\ncipal ministers of state too, at the head of a\\nsmall troop of horsemen came in and rode\\nthrough the streets, proclaiming Essex a\\ntraitor, and calling upon all the citizens to aid\\nin arresting him. One of Essex s followers fired\\na pistol at this officer to stop his proclama-\\ntion, but the people generally seemed dis-\\nposed to listen to him, and to comply with his\\ndemand. After riding, therefore, through\\nsome of the principal streets, he returned to\\nthe queen, and reported to her that all was\\nwell in the city there was no danger that Es-\\nsex would succeed in raising a rebellion there.\\nIn the meantime, the further Essex pro-\\nceeded, the more he found himself environed\\nwith difficulties and dangers. The people be-\\ngan to assemble here and there with evident\\nintent to impede his movements. They\\nblocked up the streets with carts and coaches", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0273.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "228 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nto prevent his escape. His followers, one af-\\nter another, finding all hope of success gone,\\nabandoned their despairing leader and fled,\\nEssex himself, with the few who still adhered\\nto him, wandered about till two o clock, find-\\ning the way of retreat every where hemmed\\nup against him. At length he fled to the river\\nside, took a boat, with the few who still re-\\nmained with him, and ordered the water-\\nman to row as rapidly as possible up\\nthe river. They landed at Westmin-\\nster, retreated to Essex s house, fled\\ninto it with the utmost precipitation,\\nand barricaded the doors. Essex him-\\nself was excited in the highest degree, fully\\ndetermined to die there rather than surrender\\nhimself a prisoner. The terrible desperation\\nto which men are reduced in emergencies like\\nthese is shown by the fact that one of his fol-\\nlowers did actually station himself at a win-\\ndow bare-headed, inviting a shot from the\\npistols of the pursuers, who had by this time\\nenvironed the house, and were preparing to\\nforce their way in. His plan succeeded. He\\nwas shot, and died that night.\\nEssex himself was not quite so desperate as\\nthis. He soon saw, however, that he must\\nsooner or later yield. He could not stand a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0274.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 229\\nsiege in his own private dwelling against the\\nwhole force of the English realm. He sur-\\nrendered about six in the evening, and was\\nsent to the Tower. He was soon afterward\\nbrought to trial. The facts, with all the ar-\\nrangements and details of the conspiracy,\\nwere fully proved, and he was condemned to\\ndie.\\nAs the unhappy prisoner lay in his gloomy\\ndungeon in the Tower, the insane excitement\\nunder which he had for so many months been\\nacting slowly ebbed away. He awoke from it\\ngradually, as one recovers his senses after a\\ndreadful dream. He saw how utterly irretriev-\\nable was the mischief which had been done.\\nRemorse for his guilt in having attempted to\\ndestroy the peace of the kingdom to gratify\\nhis own personal feelings of revenge recol-\\nlections of the favors which Elizabeth had\\nshown him, and of the love which she had felt\\nfor him, obviously so deep and sincere; the\\nconsciousness that his life was fairly forfeited,\\nand that he must die to lie in his cell and\\nthink of these things, overwhelmed him with\\nanguish and despair. The brilliant prospects\\nwhich were so recently before him were all\\nforever gone, leaving nothing in their place\\nbut the grim phantom of an executioner,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0275.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "230 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nstanding with an ax by the side of a dreadful\\nplatform, with a block upon it, half revealed\\nand half hidden by the black cloth which cov-\\nered it like a pall.\\nElizabeth, in her palace, was in a state of\\nmind scarcely less distressing than that of the\\nwretched prisoner in his cell. The old con-\\nflict was renewed pride and resentment on\\nthe one side, and love which would not be ex-\\ntinguished on the other. If Essex would sue\\nfor pardon, she would remit his sentence and\\nallow him to live. Why would he not do it?\\nIf he would send her the ring which she had\\ngiven him for exactly such an emergency, he\\nmight be saved. Why did he not send it? The\\ncourtiers and statesmen about her urged her\\nto sign the warrant the peace of the country\\ndemanded the execution of the laws in a case\\nof such unquestionable guilt. They told her,\\ntoo, that Essex wished to die, that he knew\\nthat he was hopelessly and irretrievably ruin-\\ned, and that life, if granted to him, was a boon\\nwhich would compromise her own safety and\\nconfer no benefit on him. Still Elizabeth\\nwaited and waited in an agony of suspense, in\\nhopes that the ring would come; the sending\\nof it would be so far an act of submission on\\nhis part as would put it in her power to do", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0276.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 230\\nEssex Landing at the Traitor s Gate.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0277.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0278.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX. 23 1\\nthe rest. Her love could bend her pride, in-\\ndomitable as it usually was, almost to the\\nwhole concession, but it would not give up\\nquite all. It demanded some sacrifice on his\\npart, which sacrifice the sending of the ring\\nwould have rendered. The ring did not come,\\nnor any petition for mercy, and at length the\\nfatal warrant was signed.\\nWhat the courtiers said about Essex s de-\\nsire to die was doubtless true. Like every\\nother person involved in irretrievable suffer-\\nings and sorrows, he wanted to live, and he\\nwanted to die. The two contradictory desires\\nshared dominion in his heart, sometimes\\nstruggling together in a tumultuous conflict,\\nand sometimes reigning in alternation, in calms\\nmore terrible, in fact, than the tempests which\\npreceded and followed them.\\nAt the appointed time the unhappy man\\nwas led out to the court-yard in the Tower\\nwhere the last scene was to be enacted. The\\nlieutenant of the Tower presided, dressed in a\\nblack velvet gown, over a suit of black satin.\\nThe scaffold was a platform about twelve\\nfeet square and four feet high, with a railing\\naround it, and steps by which to ascend. The\\nblock was in the center of it, covered, as well\\nas the platform itself, with black cloth. There", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0279.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "2$2 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwere seats erected near for those who were ap-\\npointed to be present at the execution. Essex\\nascended the platform with a firm step, and,\\nsurveying the solemn scene around him with\\ncalmness and composure, he began to speak,\\nlie asked the forgiveness of God, of the\\nspectators present, and of the queen, for the\\ncrimes for which he was about to suffer. He\\nacknowledged his guilt, and the justice of his\\ncondemnation. His mind seemed deeply im-\\nbued with a sense of his accountability to\\nGod, and he d a strong desire to be\\nforgiven, for Christ s sake, for all the sins\\nwhich he had committed, which had been, he\\n.-aid, most numerous and aggravated from his\\nearliest years. He asked the spectators pres-\\nent to join him in his devotions, and he then\\nproceeded to offer a short prayer, in which he\\nimplored pardon for his sins, and a long life\\nand happy reign for the queen. The prayer\\nended, all was ready. The executioner, ac-\\ncording to the strange custom on such occa-\\nsions, then asked his pardon for the violence\\nwhich he was about to commit, which Essex\\nreadily granted. Essex laid his head upon the\\nblock, and it required three blows to complete\\nits severance from the body. When the deed\\nwas done, the executioner took up the bleed-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0280.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "THE EARL OF ESSEX.\\n233\\ning Head, saying solemnly, as he heft it,\\nGod save the queen.\\n^zn\\nExecution of the Earl of Essex.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0281.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nTHE CONCLUSION.\\nThere can be no doubt that Essex was\\nreally guilty of the treason for which he was\\ncondemned, but mankind have generally been\\ninclined to consider Elizabeth rather than him\\nas the one really accountable, both for the\\ncrime and its consequences. To elate and in-\\ntoxicate, in the first place, an ardent and am-\\nbitious boy, by flattery and favors, and then,\\nin the end, on the occurrence of real or fancied\\ncauses of displeasure, to tease and torment so\\nsensitive and impetuous a spirit to absolute\\nmadness and phrensy, was to take the respon-\\nsibility, in a great measure, for all the effects\\nwhich might follow. At least so it has gen-\\nerally been regarded. By almost all the read-\\ners of the story, Essex is pitied and mourned\\nit is Elizabeth that is condemned. It is a\\nmelancholy story; but scenes exactly parallel\\nto this case are continually occurring in private\\nlife all around us, where sorrows and suffer-\\nings which are, so far as the heart is con-\\n234", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0282.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION, 235\\neerne d, precisely the same result from the\\ncombined action, or rather, perhaps, the alter-\\nnating and contending action, of fondness,\\npassion, and obstinacy. The results are al-\\nways, in their own nature, the same, though\\nnot often on so great a scale as to make the\\nwrong which follows treason against a realm,\\nand the consequence a beheading in the Tower.\\nThere must have been some vague con-\\nsciousness of this her share in the guilt of the\\n-transaction in Elizabeth s mind, even while\\nthe trial of Essex was going on. We know\\nthat she was harassed by the most torment-\\ning suspense and perplexity while the ques-\\ntion of the execution of his sentence was\\npending. Of course, when the plot was dis-\\ncovered, Essex s party and all his friends fell\\nimmediately from all influence and considera-\\ntion at court. Many of them were arrested\\narid imprisoned, and four were executed, as\\nhe had been. The party whioh had been op-\\nposed to him acquired at once the entire as-\\ncendency, and they all, judges, counselors,\\nstatesmen, and generals, combined their in-\\nfluence to press upon the queen the necessity\\nof his execution. She signed one warrant and\\ndelivered it to the officer but then, as soon as\\nthe deed was done, she was so overwhelmed", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0283.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "236 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nwith distress and anguish that she sent to re-\\ncall it, and had it cancelled. Finally she signed\\nanother, and the sentence was executed.\\nTime will cure, in our earlier years, most of\\nthe sufferings, and calm most of the agitations\\nof the soul, however incurable and uncontrol-\\nlable they may at first appear to the sufferer.\\nBut in the later periods of life, when severe\\nshocks strike very heavily upon the soul, there\\nis found far less of buoyancy and recovering\\npower to meet the blow. In such cases the\\nstunned and bewildered spirit moves on, after\\nreceiving its wound, staggering, as it were,\\nwith faintness and pain, and leaving it for a\\nlong time uncertain whether it will ultimately\\nrise and recover, or sink down and die.\\nDreadfully wounded as Elizabeth was, in\\nall the inmost feelings and affections of her\\nheart, by the execution of her beloved favor-\\nite, she was a woman of far too much spirit\\nand energy to yield without a struggle. She\\nmade the greatest efforts possible after his\\ndeath to banish the subject from her mind,\\nand to recover her wonted spirits. She went\\non hunting excursions and parties of pleasure.\\nShe prosecuted with great energy her war\\nwith the Spaniards, and tried to interest her-\\nself in (the siege and defense of Continental", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0284.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 237;\\ncities. She received an embassage from the\\ncourt of France with great pomp and parade,\\nand made a grand progress through a part of\\nher dominions, with a long train of attend-\\nants, to the house of a nobleman, where she\\nentertained the embassador many days in\\nmagnificent state, at her own expense, with\\nplate and furniture brought from her own pal-\\naces for the purposes. She even planned an\\ninterview between herself and the King of\\nFrance, and went to Dover to effect it.\\nBut all would not do. Nothing could drive\\nthe thoughts of Essex from her mind, or dis-\\npel the dejection with which the recollection\\nof her love for him, and of his unhappy fate,\\noppressed her spirit. A year or two passed\\naway, but time brought no relief. Sometimes\\nshe was fretful and peevish, and sometimes\\nhopelessly dejected and sa d She told the\\nFrench embassador one day that she was\\nweary of her life, and when she attempted to\\nspeak of Essex as the cause of her grief, she\\nsighed bitterly and burst into tears.\\nWhen she recovered her composure, she\\ntold the embassador that she had always been\\nuneasy about Essex while he lived, and, know-\\ning his impetuousity of spirit and his ambi-\\ntion, she had been afraid that he would one", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0285.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "238 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nday attempt something which would compro-\\nmise his life, and she had warned and en-\\ntreated him not to be led into any such de-\\nsigns, for, if he did so, his fate would have to\\nbe decided by the stern authority of law, and\\nnot by her own indulgent feelings but that all\\nher earnest warnings had been insufficient to\\nsave him.\\nIt was the same whenever anything occur-\\nred which recalled thoughts of Essex to her\\nmind; it almost always brought tears to her\\neyes. When Essex was commanding in Ire-\\nland, it will be recollected that he had, on one\\noccasion, come to a parley with Tyrone, the\\nrebel leader, across the current of a stream.\\nAn officer in his army, named Harrington,\\nhad been with him on this occasion, and pre-\\nsent, though at a little distance, during the\\ninterview. After Essex had left Ireland, an-\\nother lord-deputy had been appointed but the\\nrebellion continued to give the government a\\ngreat deal of trouble. The Spaniards came\\nover to Tyrone s assistance, and Elizabeth s\\nmind was much occupied with plans for sub-\\nduing him. One day Harrington was at court\\nin the presence of the queen, and she asked\\nhim if he had ever seen Tyrone. Harrington\\nreplied that he had. The queen then recol-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0286.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 239\\nlected the former interview which Harring-\\nton had had with him, and she said, Oh, now\\nI recollect that you had seen him before\\nThis thought recalled Essex so forcibly to her\\nmind, and filled her with such painful emo-\\ntions, that s he looked up to Harrington with a\\ncountenance full of grief: tears came to her\\neyes, and she beat her breast with every in-\\ndication of extreme mental suffering.\\nThings went on in this way until toward\\nthe close of 1602, when an incident occurred\\nwhidh seemed to strike down at once and for-\\never what little strength and spirit the queen\\nhad remaining. The Countess of Notting-\\nham, a celebrated lady of the court, was dan-\\ngerously sick, and had sent for the quern to\\ncome and see her, saying that she had a com-\\nmunication to make to her majesty herself,\\npersonally, which she was very anxious to\\nmake to her before she died. The queen went\\naccordingly to see her.\\nWhen she arrived at ttfhe bedside the count-\\ness showed her a ring. Elizabeth immediate-\\nly recognized it as the ring whic h sihe had giv-\\nen to Essex, and which she had promised to\\nconsider a special pledge of her protection,\\nand Which was to be sent to her by him when-\\never he found himself in any extremity of\\n18\u00e2\u0080\u0094 KHzabeth", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0287.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "240 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\ndanger and distress. The queen eagerly de-\\nmanded where it came from. The countess\\nreplied that Essex had sent the ring to her\\nduring his imprisonment in the Tower, and\\nafter his condemnation, with an earnest re-\\nquest that she would deliver it to the queen as\\nthe token of her promise of protection, and of\\nhis own supplication for mercy. The count-\\ness added that she had intended to deliver the\\nring according to Essex s request, but her\\nhusband, who was the unhappy prisoner s en-\\nemy, forbade her to do it; that ever since the\\nexecution of Essex she liad been greatly dis-\\ntressed at the consequences of her having\\nwithheld the ring; and that now, as she was\\nabout to leave the world herself, she felt that\\nshe could not die in peace without first seeing\\nthe queen, and acknowledging fully what siie\\nhad done, and imploring her forgiveness.\\nThe queen was thrown into a state of ex-\\ntreme indignation and displeasure by this\\nstatement. She reproached the dying count-\\ness in the bitterest terms, and shook her as she\\nlay helpless in her bed, saying, God may for-\\ngive you if he pleases, but never will She\\nthen went away in a rage.\\nHer exasperation, however, against the\\ncountess was soon succeeded by bursts of in-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0288.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 24I\\nconsolable grief at the recollection of the hope-\\nless and irretrievable loss of the object of her\\naffection, whose image the ring called back\\nso forcibly to her mind. Her imagination\\nwandered in wretchedness and despair to the\\ngloomy dungeon in the Tower Where Essex\\nhad been confined, and painted him pining\\nthere, day after day, in dreadful suspense and\\nanxiety, waiting for her to redeem the sol-\\nemn pledge by which s he had bound herself in\\ngiving him the ring. All the sorrow whidh\\nshe had felt at his untimely and cruel fate was\\nawakened afresh, and became more poign-\\nant than ever. She made them place cushions\\nfor her upon the floor, in the most inner and\\nsecluded of her apartments, and there she\\nwould lie all the day long, her hair disheveled,\\nher dress neglected, her food refused, and her\\nmind a prey to almost uninterrupted anguish\\nand grief.\\nIn January, 1603, she felt that she was\\ndrawing toward her end, and she decided to\\nbe removed from Westminster to Richmond,\\nbecause there was there an arrangement of\\nclosets communicating with her chamber, in\\nwhich she could easily and conveniently at-\\ntend divine service. She felt that she had\\nnow done with the world, and all the relief", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0289.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "242 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nand comfort which stfie could find at all from\\nthe pressure of her distress was in that sense\\nof protection and safety which she exper-\\nienced when in tlhe presence of God and listen-\\ning to the exercises of devotion.\\nIt was a cold and stormy day in January\\nwhen she went to Richmond; but, being rest-\\nless and ill at ease, she would not be deterred\\nby that circumstance from making the jour-\\nney. She became worse after this removal.\\nShe made them put cushions again for her\\nupon the floor, and she would lie upon them\\nall the day, refusing to go to (her bed. There\\nwas a communication from her chamber to\\nclosets connected with a chapel, where she\\nhad been accustomed to sit and hear divine\\nservice. These closets were of the form of\\nsmall galleries, where the queen and her im-\\nmediate attendants could sit. There was one\\nopen and public; another a smaller one\\nwas private, with curtains Which could be\\ndrawn before it, so as to screen those within\\nfrom the notice of the congregation. The\\nqueen intended, first, to go into the great clos-\\net but, feeling too weak for this, she Changed\\nher mind, and ordered the private one to be\\nprepared. At last she decided not to attempt\\nto make even this effort, but ordered the cush-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0290.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 243\\nions to be put down upon the floor, near the\\nentrance, in her own room, and s he lay there\\nw hile the prayers were read, listening to the\\nvoice of the clergyman as it came in to her\\nthrough the open door.\\nOne day she asked them to take off the\\nwedding ring with whidh she had commem-\\norated her espousal to her kingdom and her\\npeople on the day of her coronation. The\\nflesh had swollen around it so that it could\\nnot be removed. The attendants procured an\\ninstrument and cut it in two, and so relieved\\nthe finger from the pressure. The work was\\ndone in silence and solemnity, the queen her-\\nself, as well as the attendants, regarding it as\\na symbol that the union, of which the ring\\nhad been a pledge, was about to be sundered\\nforever.\\nShe sunk rapidly day by day, and, as it be-\\ncame more and more probable that she would\\nsoon cease to live, the nobles and statesmen\\nwho had been attendants at her court for so\\nmany years withdrew one after another from\\nthe palace, and left London secretly, but with\\neager dispatch, to make their way to Scotland,\\nin order to be the first to hail King James, the\\nmoment they should learn that Elizabeth had\\nceased to breathe.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0291.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "244 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nHer being abandoned thus by these heart-\\nless friends did not escape the notice of the\\ndying queen. Though her strength of body\\nwas almost gone, the soul was as active and\\nbusy as ever within its failing tenement. She\\nwatched everything noticed everything,\\ngrowing more and more jealous and irritable\\njust in proportion as her situation became\\nhelpless and forlorn. Everything seemed to\\nconspire to deepen the despondency and\\ngloom which darkened her dying hours.\\nHer strength rapidly declined. Her voice\\ngrew fainter and fainter, until, on the 23d of\\nMarch, she could no longer speak. In the af-\\nternoon of that day she aroused herself a\\nlittle, and contrived to make signs to have her\\ncouncil called to her bedside. Those who had\\nnot gone to Scotland came. They asked her\\nwhom she wished to have succeed her on the\\nthrone. She could not answer, but when they\\nnamed King James of Scotland, she made a\\nsign of assent. After a time the counsellors\\nwent away.\\nAt six o clock in the evening she made signs\\nfor the archbishop and her chaplains to come\\nto her. They were sent for and came. When\\nthey came in, they approached her bedside\\nand kneeled. The patient was lying upon her", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0292.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 245\\nback speechless, but her eye, still moving\\nwatchfully and observing everything, showed\\nthat the faculties of the soul were unimpaired.\\nOne of the clergymen asked her questions re-\\nspecting her faith. Of course, she could not\\nanswer in words. She made signs, however,\\nwith her eyes and her hands, which seemed\\nto prove that she had full possession of all\\nher faculties. The bystanders looked on with\\nbreathless attention. The aged bishop, who\\nhad asked the questions, then began to pray\\nfor her. He continued his prayer a long time,\\nand then pronouncing a benediction upon iher,\\nhe was about to rise, but she made a sign. The\\nbishop did not understand What she meant,\\nbut a lady present said that she wished\\nthe bishop to continue his devotions.\\nThe bishop, though weary with kneel-\\ning, continued his prayer half an hour\\nlonger. He then closed again, but\\nshe repeated the sign. The bishop, find-\\ning thus that his ministrations gave her so\\nmudh comfort, renewed them with greater\\nfervency than before, and continued his sup-\\nplications for a long time\u00e2\u0080\u0094 so long, that those\\nwho had been present at the commencement\\nof the service went away softly, one after an-\\nother, so that when at last the bishop retired,", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0293.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "246 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthe queen was left with her nurses and her\\nwomen alone. These attendants remained at\\ntheir dying sovereign s bedside for a few\\nhours longer, watching the failing pulse, the\\nquickened breathing, and all the other indica-\\ntion of approaching dissolution. As hour af-\\nter hour thus passed on, they wished that their\\nweary task was done, and that both their pa-\\ntient and themselves were at rest. This lasted\\ntill midnight, and then the intelligence was\\ncommunicated about the palace that Elizabeth\\nwas no more.\\nIn the meantime all the roads to Scotland\\nwere covered, as it were, with eager aspirants\\nfor the favor of the distinguished personage\\nthere, w*ho, from the instant Elizabeth ceased\\nto breathe, became King of England. They\\nflocked into Scotland by sea and by land, urg-\\ning their way as rapidly as possible, each eager\\nto be foremost in paving his homage to the\\nrising sun. The council assembled and pro-\\nclaimed King James. Elizabeth lay neglected\\nand forgotten. The interest she had inspired\\nwas awakened only by her power, and that be-\\ning gone, nobody mourned for her, or lament-\\ned her death. The attention of the kingdom\\nwas soon universally absorbed in the plans", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0294.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION.\\n247\\nfor receiving and proclaiming the new mon-\\narch from tihe North, and in anticipations of\\nthe splendid pageantry which was to signal-\\nlize his taking his seat upon the English throne.\\nTomb of Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey.\\nIn due time the body of the deceased queen\\nwas deposited with those of its progenitors, in\\nthe ancient place of sepulture of the English\\nkings, Westminster Abbey. Westminster Ab-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0295.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "248 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nbey, in the sense in which that term is used in\\nhistory, is not to be conceived of as a building,\\nnor even as a group of buildings, but rather as\\na long succession of buildings like a dynasty,\\nfollowing each other in a line, the various\\nstructures having been renewed and rebuilt\\nconstantly, as parts or wholes decayed, from\\ncentury to century, for twelve or fifteen hun-\\ndred years. The spot received its consecration\\nat a very early day. It was then an island\\nformed by the waters of a little tributary to\\nthe Thames, which has long since entirely dis-\\nappeared. Written records of its sacredness,\\nand of the sacred structures which have occu-\\npied it, go back more than a thousand years,\\nand beyond that time tradition mounts still\\nfurther, carrying the consecration of the spot\\nalmost to the Christian era, by telling us that\\nthe Apostle Peter himself, in his missionary\\nwanderings, had a chapel or an oratory there.\\nThe spot has been, in all ages, the great bur-\\nial-place of the English kings, whose monu-\\nments and effigies adorn its walls and aisles in\\nendless variety. A vast number, too, of the\\nstatesmen, generals, and naval heroes of the\\nBritish empire have been admitted to the hon-\\nor of having their remains deposited under its\\nmarble floor. Even literary genius has a little", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0296.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face p. 2AS\\nWestminster Abbey.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0297.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0298.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 249\\ncorner assigned it\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the mighty aristocracy\\nwhose mortal remains it is the main function\\nof the building to protect having so far con-\\ndescended toward intellectual greatness as to\\nallow to Milton, Addison, and Shakespeare\\nmodest monuments behind a door. The place\\nis called the Poet s Corner and so famed and\\ncelebrated is this vast edifice everywhere, that\\nthe phrase by Which even this obscure and in-\\nsignificant portion of it is known is familiar to\\nevery ear and every tongue throughout the\\nEnglish world.\\nThe body of Elizabeth was interred in a\\npart of the edifice called Henry the Seventh s\\nChapel. The word chapel, in the European\\nsense, denotes ordinarily a subordinate edifice\\nconnected with the main body of a church,\\nand opening into it. Most frequently, in fact,\\na dhapel is a mere recess or alcove, separated\\nfrom the area of the church by a small screen\\nor gilded iron railing. In the Catholic\\nchurches these dhapels are ornamented with\\nsculptures and paintings, with altars and\\ncrucifixes, and Other such furniture. Some-\\ntimes they are built expressly as monumental\\nstructures, in whidh case they are often of\\nconsiderable size, and are ornamented with\\ngreat magnificence and splendor. This was", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0299.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "250 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nthe case with Henry the Seventh s Chapel.\\nThe whole building is, in fact, his tomb. Vast\\nsums were expended in the construction of it,\\nthe work of which extended through two\\nreigns. It is now one of the most attractive\\nportions of the great pile which it adorns.\\nElizabeth s body was deposited here, and here\\nher monument was erected.\\nIt will be recollected that James, who now\\nsucceeded Elizabeth, was the son of Alary\\nQueen of Scots. Soon after his accession to\\nthe throne, he removed the remains of his\\nmother from their place of sepulture near the\\nscene of her execution, and interred them in\\nthe south aisle of Henry the Seventh s Chapel,\\nWhile the body of Elizabeth occupied the\\nnorthern one.* He placed, also, over Mary s\\nremains, a tomb very similar in its plan and\\ndesign to that by which the memory of Eliza-\\nbeth was honored and there the rival queens\\nhave since reposed in silence and peace under\\nthe same paved floor. And though the monu-\\n*See our history of Mary Queen of Scots, near\\nthe close. Aisles in English Cathedral churches are\\ncolonnades, or spaces between columns on an open\\nfloor, and not passages between pews, as with us.\\nIn mounmental churches like Westminster Abbey\\nthere are no pews.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0300.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Elizabeth, face 250\\nKing James I. of England.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0301.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "252 QUEEN ELIZABETH.\\nments do not materially differ in their archi-\\ntectural forms, it is found that the visitors\\nwho go continually to the spot gaze with a\\nbrief though lively interest at the one, while\\nthey linger long and mournfully over the\\nother.\\nThe character of Elizabeth (has not gener-\\nally awakened among mankind much com-\\nmendation or sympathy. They who censure or\\ncondemn her should, however, reflect how\\nvery conspicuous was the stage on which she\\nacted, and how minutely al l her faults have\\nbeen paraded to the world. That she deserv-\\ned the reproaches which have been so freely\\ncast upon her memory cannot be denied. It\\nwill moderate, however, any tendency to cen-\\nsoriousness in our mode of uttering them, if\\nwe consider to how little advantage we should\\nourselves appear, if all the words of fretfu l-\\nness and irritability which we have ever spok-\\nen, all our insincerity and double-dealing, our\\nselfishness, our pride, our petty resentments,\\nour caprice, and our countless follies, were ex-\\nposed as fully to the public gaze as were those\\nof this renowned and glorious, but unhappy\\nqueen.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0302.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS\\nYoung People s Library.\\nPrice, 50 Cents Each.\\nROBINSON CRUSOE His Life and Strange Surprising\\nAdventures. With 70 beautiful illustrations by Walter\\nPaget. Arranged for young readers.\\nThere exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment,\\nwhich has been more generally read, and universally admired.\\nWalter Scott.\\nALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With 42\\nillustrations by John Tenniel.\\nThis is Carroll s immortal story. Athenceum,\\nThe most delightful of children s stories. Elegant and deli-\\ncious nonsense. Saturday Review.\\nTHROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND WHAT\\nALICE FOUND THERE. (A companion to Alice in\\nWonderland.) With 50 illustrations by John Tenniel.\\nNot a whit inferior to its predecessor in grand extravagance of\\nimagination, and delicious allegorical nonsense. Quarterly\\nReview.\\nBUNYAN S PILGRIM S PROGRESS. With 50 full-page\\nand text illustrations.\\nPilgrim s Progress is the most popular story book in the\\nworld. With the exception of the Bible it has been translated into\\nmore languages than any other book ever printed.\\nA CHILD S STORY OF THE BIBLE. With 72 full-page\\nillustrations.\\nTells in simple language and in a form fitted for the hands of\\nthe younger members of the Christian flock, the tale of God s\\ndealings wiih his Chostn People under the Old Dispensation,\\nwith its foreshadowings of the coming of that Messiah who was\\nto make all mankind one fold under one Shepherd.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0303.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nA CHILD S LIFE OF CHRIST. With 49 illustrations.\\nG d has implanted in the infant s heart a desire to hear of Jesus,\\nand children are early attracted and sweetly riveted by the won-\\nderful Story of the Master from the Manger to the Throne.\\nIn this little book we have brought together from Scripture every\\nincident, expression and description within the verge of their com-\\nprehension, in the effort to weave them into a memorial garland of\\ntheir Saviour.\\nTHE FABLES OF yESOP. Compiled from the best ac-\\ncepted sources. With 62 illustrations.\\nThe fables of yEsop are among the very earliest compositions of\\nthis kind, and probably have never been surpassed for point and\\nbrevity, as well as for the practical good sense they display. In\\ntheir grotesque grace, in their quaint humor, in their trust in the\\nsimpler virtues, in their insight into the cruder vices, in thtrir inno-\\ncence of the fact of sex, JEsov s Fables are as little children\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nfor that reason will ever find a home in the heaven of little chil-\\ndren s souls.\\nTHE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON, or the Adventures of\\na Shipwrecked Family on an Uninhabited Island. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nA remarkable tale of adventure that will interest the boys and\\ngirls. The father of the family tells the tale and the vicissitudes\\nthrough which he and his wife and children pass, the wonderful\\ndiscoveries they make, and the dangers they encounter. It is a\\nstandard work of adventure that has the favor of all who have\\nread it.\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY\\nOF AMERICA. With 70 illustrations.\\nIt is the duty of every American lad to know the story of Chris-\\ntopher Columbus. In this book is depicted the story of his life\\nand struggles of his persistent solicitations at the courts ot Eu-\\nrope, and his contemptuous receptions by the learned Geographical\\nCouncils, until his final employment by Queen Isabella. Records\\nthe day-by-day journeyings while he was pursuing his aim and his\\nperilous way over the shoreless ocean, until he gave to Spain a\\nNew World. Shows his progress through Spain on the occasion\\nof his first return, when he was received with rapturous demon-\\nstrations and more than regal homage. His displacement by th$", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0304.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nOdjeas, Ovandos and Bobadilas his last return in chains, and the\\nstory of his death in poverty and neglect.\\nTHE STORY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY\\nIN AFRICA. With 80 illustrations.\\nRecords the adventures, privations, sufferings, trials, dangers\\nand discoveries in developing the Dark Continent, from the\\nearly days of Bruce and Mungo Park down to Livingstone and\\nStanley and the heroes of our own times.\\nThe reader becomes carried away by conflicting emotions of\\nwonder and sympathy, and feels compelled to pursue the story,\\nwhich he cannot lay down. No present can be more acceptable\\nthan such a volume as this, where courage, intrepidity, resource\\nand devotion are so pleasantly mingled, it is very fully illustra-\\nted with pictures worthy of the book.\\nGULLIVER S TRAVELS INTO SOME REMOTE RE-\\nGIONS OF THE WORLD. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn description, even of the most common- place things, his power\\nis often perfectly marvellous. Macau ay says of Swift: Under\\na plain garb and ungainly deportment were concealed some of the\\nchoicest gifts that ever have been bestowed on any of the children\\nof men rare powers of observation, brilliant art, grotesque inven-\\ntion, humor of the mo^t austere flavor, yet exquisitely delicious,\\neloquence singularly pure, manly and perspicuous.\\nMOTHER GOOSE S RHYMES, JINGLES AND FAIRY\\nTALES. With 300 illustrations.\\nIn this edition an excellent choice has been made from the\\nstandard fiction of the little ones. The abundant pictures are well-\\ndrawn and graceful, the effect frequently striking and always deco-\\nrative. Critic.\\nOnly to see the book is to wish to give it to every child one\\nknows. Queen.\\nLIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. Compiled from authoritative sources. With\\nportraits of the Presidents and also of the unsuccessful\\ncandidates for the office; as well as the ablest of the\\nCabinet officers.\\nThis book should be in every home and school library. It tells,\\nin an impartial way, the story of the political history of the United\\nStates, from the first Constitutional convention to the last Fret)*", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0305.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\ndential nominations, it is just the book for intelligent boys, and it\\nwill help to make them intelligent and patriotic citizens.\\nTHE STORY OF ADVENTURE IN THE FROZEN\\nSEA. With 70 illustrations. Compiled from authorized\\nsources.\\nWe here have brought together the records of the attempts to\\nreach the North Pole. Our object being to recall the stories of the\\nearly voyagers, and to narrate the recent efforts of gallant adven-\\nturers if various nationalities to cross the unknown and inacces-\\nible threshold and to show how much can be accomplished by\\nindomitable pluck and steady perseverance. Portraits and numer-\\nous illustrations help the narration.\\nILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY. By the Rev.\\nJ. G. Wood. With 80 illustrations.\\nWood s Natural History needs no commendation. Its author\\nhas done more than any other writer to popularize the study. His\\nwork is known and admired overall the civilized world. The sales\\nof his works in England and America have been enormous. The\\nillustrations in this edition are entirely new, striking and life-like.\\nA CHILD S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Charles\\nDickens. With 50 illustrations.\\nI Hckens grew tired of listening to his children memorizing the\\nold fashioned twaddle that went under the name of English his-\\ntory. He thereupon wrote a book, in his own peculiarly happy\\nstyle, primarily for the educational advantage of his own children,\\nbut was prevailed upon to publish the work, and make its use gen-\\neral. Its success was instantaneous and abiding.\\nBLACK BEAUTY; The Autobiography of a Horse. By\\nAnna Sewell. With 50 illustrations.\\nThis new illustrated edition is sure to command attention.\\nWherever children are, whether boys or girls, there this Autobiog-\\nraphy should be It inculcates habits of kindness to all members\\nof the animal creation. The literary merit of the book is excellent.\\nTHE ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. With\\n50 illustrations. Contains the most favorably known of\\nthe stories.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for the young. It\\nforms an excellent introduction to those immortal tales which have\\nhelped so long to keep the weary world young.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0306.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES. By Hans Christian An-\\ndersen. With 77 illustrations.\\nThe spirit of high moral teaching, and the delicacy of sentiment,\\nfeeling and expression that pervade these tales make these won-\\nderful creations not only attractive to the young, but equally accept-\\nable to those of mature years, who are able to understand their\\nreal significance and appreciate the depth of their meaning.\\nGRIMM S FAIRY TALES. With 50 illustrations.\\nThese tales of the Brothers Grimm have carried their names into\\nevery household of the civilized world.\\nThe Tales are a wonderful collection, as interesting, from a lit-\\nerary point of view, as they are delightful as stories.\\nGRANDFATHER S CHAIR; A History for Youth. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 60 illustrations.\\nThe story of America from the landing of the Puritans to the\\nacknowledgment without reserve of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, told with all th.e elegance, simplicity, grace, clear-\\nness and force for which Hawthorne is conspicuously noted.\\nFLOWER FABLES. By Louisa May Alcott. With colored\\nand plain illustrations.\\nA series of very interesting fairy tales by the most charming of\\nAmerican story-tellers.\\nAUNT MARTHA S CORNER CUPBOARD. By Mary\\nand Elizabeth Kirby. With 60 illustrations.\\nStories about Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Rice and Chinaware, and\\nother accessories of the well-kept Cupboard. A book full of in-\\nterest for all the girls and many of the boys.\\nWATER-BABIES; A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. By\\nCharles Kingsley. With 94 illustrations.\\nCome read me my riddle, each good little man\\nIf you cannot read it, no grown-up folk can.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 70 illustrations.\\nA graphic and full history of the Rebellion of the American Col-\\nonies from the yoke and oppression of England, with the causes", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0307.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "6 ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nthat led thereto, and including an account of the second war with\\nircat Britain, and the War with Mexico.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 80 illustrations.\\nA correct and impartial account of the greatest civil war in the\\nannals of history. Both of these histories of American wars are\\na necessary part of the education of all intelligent American boys\\nand girls.\\nYOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH\\nSPAIN. By Prescott Holmes. With 89 illustrations.\\nThis history of our war with Spain, in 1898, presents in a plain,\\neasy style the splendid achievements of our army and navy, and\\nthe prominent figures that came into the public view during that\\nperiod. Its glowing descriptions, wealth of anecdote, accuracy f\\nstatement and profusion of illustration make it a most desirable\\ngift book for young readers.\\nHEROES OF. THE UNITED STATES NAVY. By\\nliartwell James. With 65 illustrations.\\nThe story of our navy is one of the most brilliant pages in the\\nw -rld s history. The sketches and exploits contained in this vol\\nume cover our entire naval history from the days of the honest,\\nrough sailors cf Revolutionary times, with their cutlasses and\\nboarding pikes, to the brief war of 1898, when our superbly ap-\\npointed warships destroyed Spain s proud cruisers by the merci-\\nless accuracy of their fire.\\nMILITARY HEROES OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Hartwell James. With 97 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the brave lives and heroic deeds c four military\\nheroes, from Paul Revere to Lawton, are told in the most captiva-\\nting manner. The material for the work has been gathered from\\nthe North and the South alike. The volume presents all the im-\\nportant facts in a manner enabling the young people of our united\\nand prosperous land to easily become familiar with the command-\\ning figures that have arisen in our military history.\\nUNCLE TOM S CABIN; or Life Among the Lowly. By\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. With 90 illustrations.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0308.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. 7\\nThe unfailing interest in the famous old story suggested the need\\nof an edition specially prepared for young readers, and elaborately\\nillustrated. This edition completely fills that want.\\nSEA KINGS AND NAVAL HEROES. By Hartwell\\nJames. With 50 illustrations.\\nThe most famous sea battles of the world, with sketches of the\\nlives, enterprises and achievements of men who have become fam-\\nous in naval history. They are stories of brave lives in times of\\ntrial and danger, charmingly told for young people.\\nPOOR BOYS CHANCES. By John Habberton. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nThere is a fascination about the writings of the author of\\nHelen s Babies, from which none can escape. In this charm-\\ning volume, Mr. Habberton tells the boys of America how they\\ncan attain the highest positions in the land, without the struggles\\nand privations endured by poor boys who rose to eminence and\\nfame in former limes.\\nROMULUS, the Founder of Rome. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn a plain and connected narrative, the author tells the stories\\nof the founder of Rome and his great ancestor, /Eneas. These\\nare of necessity somewhat legendary in character, but are pre-\\nsented precisely as they have come down to us from ancient times.\\nThey are prefaced by an account of the life and inventions U Cad-\\nmus, the Father of the Alphabet, as he is often called.\\nCYRUS THE GREAT, the Founder of the Persian Empire.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 40 illustrations.\\nFor nineteen hundred years, the story of the founder of the an-\\ncient Persian empire has been read by every generation of man-\\nkind. The story of the life and actions of Cyrus, as told by the\\nauthor, presents vivid pictures of the magnificence of a monarchy\\nthat rose about five hundred years before the Christian era, and\\nrolled on in undisturbed magnitude and glory for many centuries.\\nADVENTURES IN TOYLAND. By Edith King Hull.\\nWith 70 illustrations by Alice B. Woodward.\\nThe sayings and doings of the dwellers in toyland, related by\\none of them to a dear little girl. It is a delightful book for chil-\\ndren, and admirably illustrated.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0309.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "8 ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nDARIUS THE GREAT, King of the Medes and Persians.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 34 illustrations.\\nNo great exploits marked the career of this monarch, who was\\nat one time the absolute sovereign of nearly one-half of the world.\\nHe reached his high position by a stratagem, and left behind him\\nno strong impressions of personal character, yet, the history of his\\nlife and reign should be read along with those of Cyrus, Casar,\\nHannibal and Alexander.\\nXERXES THE GREAT, King of Persia. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 39 illustrations.\\nlor ages the name of Xerxes has been associated in the minds\\nof men with the idea of the highest attainable human magnificence\\nand grandeur. He was the sovereign of the ancient Persian em-\\npire at the height f its prosperity and power. The invasion of\\nGreece by the Persian hordes, the battle of Thermopylae, the burn-\\ning of Athens, and the defeat of the Persian galleys at Salamis are\\nchapters of thrilling interest.\\nTH1 ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss\\nMulock, author of John Halifax, Gentleman, etc. With\\n18 illustrations.\\nOne of the best of Miss Murlock s charming stories for children.\\nAll the situations are amusing and are sure to please youthful\\nreaders.\\nALEXANDER Till-: GREAT, King of Macedon. V y\\nJacob Abbott. With 51 illustrations.\\nBorn heir to the throne of Macedon, a country on the confines\\nof Europe and Asia, Alexander crowded into a brief career of\\ntwelve years a brilliant series of exploits. The readers of to-day\\nwill find pleasure and profit in the history of Alexander the Great,\\na potentate before whom ambassadors and princes from nearly all\\nthe nations of the earth bowed in humility.\\nPYRRHUS, King of Epirus. By Jacob Abbott. With 45\\nillustrations.\\nThe story of Pyrrhus is one of the ancient narratives which has\\nbeen told and retold for many centuries in the literature, eloquence\\nand poetry of all civilized nations. While possessed of extraordi-\\nnary ability as a military leader, Pyrrhus actually accomplished\\nnothing, but did mischief on a gigantic scale. He was naturally", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0310.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nof a noble and generous spirit, but only succeded in perpetrating\\ncrimes against the peace and welfare of mankind.\\nHANNIBAL, the Carthaginian. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n37 illustrations.\\nHannibal distinction as a warrior was gained during the des-\\nperate contests between Rome and Carthage, known as the Punic\\nwars. Entering the scene when his country was engaged in peace-\\nful traffic with the various countries of the known world, he turned\\nits energies into military aggression, conquest and war, becoming\\nhimself one of the greatest military heroes the world has ever\\nknown.\\nMIXED PICKLES. By Mrs. E. M. Field. With 31 illus-\\ntrations by T. Pym.\\nA remarkably entertaining story for young people. The reader\\nis introduced to a charming little girl whose mishaps while trying\\nto do good are very appropriately termed Mixed Pickles.\\nJULIUS CAESAR, the Roman Conqueror. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 44 illustrations.\\nThe life and actions of Julius Gesar embrace a period in Roman\\nhistory beginning with the civil wars of Marius and Sylla and end-\\ning with the tragic death of Caesar Imperator. The work is an\\naccurate historical account of the life and times of one of the great\\nmilitary figures in history, in fact, it is history itself, and as such is\\nespecially commended to the readers of the present generation.\\nALFRED THE GREAT, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 40 illustrations.\\nIn a certain sense, Alfred appears in history as the founder of\\nthe British monarchy his predecessors having governed more like\\nsavage chieftains than English kings. The work has a special\\nvalue for young readers, for the character of Alfred was that of an\\nhonest, conscientious and far-seeing statesman. The romantic\\nstory of Godwin furnishes the concluding chapter of t ne volume.\\nWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 43 illustrations.\\nThe life and times of William of Normandy have always been a\\nfruitful theme for the historian. War and pillage and conquest\\nwere at least a part of the everyday business of men in both Eng-", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0311.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "IO ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nland and France and the story of William as told by the author\\nof this volume makes some of the most fascinating pages in his-\\ntory. It is especially delightful to young readers.\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ, the Conqueror of Mexico. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 30 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the author gives vivid pictures of the wild and\\nadventurous career of Cortez and his companions in the conquest\\nof Mexico. Many good motives were united with those of ques-\\ntionable character, in the prosecution of his enterprise, but in\\nthose days it was a matter of national ambition to enlarge the\\nboundaries of nations and to extend their commerce at any cost.\\nThe career of Cortez is one of absorbing interest.\\nTHE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mulock. With\\n24 illustrations.\\nThe author styles it A Parable for Old and Young. It is in her\\nhappiest vein and delightfully interesting, especially to youthful\\nreaders.\\nMARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n45 illustrations.\\nThe story of Mary Stuart holds a prominent place in the present\\nseries of historical narrations. It has had many tellings, for the\\nmelancholy story of the unfortunate queen has always held a high\\nplace in the estimation of successive generations of readers. Her\\nstory is full of romance and pathos, and the reader is carried along\\nby conflicting emotions of wonder and sympathy.\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn strong contrast to the story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is that\\nof Elizabeth, Queen of England. They were cousins, yet im-\\nplacable foes. Elizabeth s reign was in many ways a glorious one,\\nand her successes gained her the applause of the world. The\\nstirring tales of Drake, Hawkins and other famous mariners of\\nher lime have been incorporated into the story of Elizabeth s lfe\\nand reign.\\nKING CHARLES THE FIRST, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 41 illustrations.\\nThe well-known figures in the stormy reign of Charles I. are\\nbrought forward in this narrative of his life and times. It is his-\\ntory told in the most fascinating manner, and embraces the early", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0312.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. II\\nlife of Charles the court of James I.; struggles between Charles\\nand the Parliament the Civil war the trial and execution of the\\nking. The narrative is impartial and holds the attention of the\\nreader.\\nKING CHARLES THE SECOND, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 38 illustrations.\\nBeginning with his infancy, the life of the Merry Monarch\\nis related in the author s inimitable style. His reign was signal-\\nized by many disastrous events, besides those that related to his\\npersonal troubles and embarrassments. There were unfortunate\\nwars; naval defeats dangerous and. disgraceful plots and con-\\nspiracies. Trobule sat very lightly on the shoulders of Charles II.,\\nhowever, and the cares of state were easily forgotten in the society\\nof his court and dogs.\\nTHE SLEEPY KING. By Aubrey Hopwood and Seymour\\nHicks. With 77 illustrations by Maud Trelawney.\\nA charmingly-told Fairy Tale, full of delight and entertain-\\nment. The illustrations are original and striking, adding greatly\\nto the interest of the text.\\nMARIA ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. By John S. C.\\nAbbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe tragedy of Maria Antoinette is one of the most mournful in\\nthe history of the world. Her beauty dazzled the whole king-\\ndom, says Lamartine. Her lofty and unbending spirit under\\nunspeakable indignities and atrocities, enlists and holds the sympa-\\nthies of the readers of to-day, as it has done in the past.\\nMADAME ROLAND, A Heroine of the French Revolution.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe French Revolution developed few, if any characters more\\nworthy of notice than that of Madame Roland. The absence of\\nplaymates, in her youth, inspired her with an insatiate thirst for\\nknowledge, and books became her constant companions in every\\nunoccupied hour. She fell a martyr to the tyrants of the French\\nRevolution, but left behind her a car\u00c2\u00b0er full of instruction that\\nnever fails to impress itself up^r the reader.\\nJOSEPHINE, Empress of France. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n40 illustrations.", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0313.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "12 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nMaria Antoinette beheld the dawn of the French Revolution\\nMadame Roland perished under the lurid glare of its high noon\\nJosephine saw it fade into darkness. She has been called the\\nStar of Napoleon and it is certain that she added luster to\\nhis brilliance, and that her peisuasive influence was often exerted\\nto win a friend or disarm an adversary. The lives of the Empress\\nJosephine, of Mari.i Antoinette, and of Madame Roland are\\nespecially commended to young lady readers.\\nTALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By Charles and Mary\\nLamb. With So illustrations.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for young people, but\\na clear and definite outline of each play is presented. Such episodes\\nor incidental sketches of character as are not absolutely necessary\\nto the development of the tales are omitted, while the many moral\\nlessons that lie in Shakespeare s plays and make them valuable in\\nthe training of the young are retained. The book is winning, help-\\nful and an effectual guide to the inner shrine of the great\\ndramatist.\\nMAKERS OF AMERICA. By Hartwell James. With 75\\nillustrations.\\nThis \\\\olume contains attractive and suggestive sketches of the\\nlives and deeds of men who illustrated some special phase in the\\npolitical, religious or social life of our country, from its settlement\\nto the close of the eighteenth century. It affords an opportunity\\nfor young readers to become easily familiar with these characters\\nand their historical relations to the building of our Republic. An\\naccount of the discovery of America prefaces the work.\\nA WONDER BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the genius of Hawthorne has shaped anew\\nwonder tales that have been hallowed by an antiquity of two or\\nthree thousand years. Seeming never to have been made they\\nare legitimate subjects for every age to clothe with its own fancy\\nas to manners and sentiment, and its own views of morality. The\\nvolume has a charm for old and young alike, for the author has\\nnot thought it necessary to write downward in order to meet\\nthe comprehension of children.\\nr* n n a a", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0314.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0315.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "k. A cjhi\\n^\u00c2\u00a3\\\\L", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0316.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0317.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0318.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0319.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0320.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0321.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0322.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "DOBBS BROS.\\nLIBRARY BINDING X V\\n^7 ST. AUGUSTINE", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0323.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2840", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "historyofelizabe00abbo_0324.jp2"}}