{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4195", "width": "3142", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "V v ^u.\\nXV aV\\nv\\n4 o\\nW\\nC^ g A fc C*-\\nf\\nv\\nd* v\\nvOq\\nD N\\no\\nc% aV f*\\n,0^ M r-. s s i^\\n#9*", "height": "4040", "width": "3069", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "x r\\ne r\\na\\\\\\nvOO\\n6*\\n\u00c2\u00ab5\\nX o X", "height": "4040", "width": "3069", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Eomidus. Frontispiece.\\nCombat Between iEneas and Achilles. {See p. 57.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "49912\\n|l-it P\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bbry of Gongm*\\nttl CufltS Kecciveo\\nSEP 20 1900\\nOtyngM wtry\\nSECONO COPY.\\nOfclivwM) to\\n0h0t\u00c2\u00ab DIVISION,\\nSE P 24 190U\\nSots*]", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nCadmus\\nPAGE\\n7\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCadmus Letter\\n26\\nCHAPTER III.\\nStory of jEneas\\n45\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Destruction op Troy\\n60\\nCHAPTER V.\\nThe Flight of JEneas\\n78\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nThe Landing in Latium\\n101\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nRhea Silvia\\n120\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nThe Twins\\n139\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nThe Founding of Rome\\n158\\nCHAPTER X.\\nOrganization\\n177\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nWives\\n196\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Sabine War\\n214\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nThe Conclusion\\n234\\n(v)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Romulus, vi.\\nVenus. {Seep. 46*)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nCombat Between iEneas and Achilles,\\nFrontispiece.\\nVenus\\npage vi\\nThe Glory of Koine Foretold to\\noEneas\\nX\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I.\\n7\\nThe Oracle at Delphi\\nfacing 14\\nJupiter and Europa\\n19\\nMap of Cadmus Journeys\\n21\\nMars\\n25\\nHeadpiece, Chapter II.\\n26\\nEmblem of the Deity\\n27\\nSymbol of Battle\\n32\\nThe Judgment of Paris\\nfacing 34\\nEgyptian Hieroglyphics\\n43\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\n45\\nOrigin of V en us\\n47\\n^Eneas Defending the Body of Pandarus\\nfacing 52\\nNeptune in his Chariot\\n59\\nHeadpiece. Chapter IV.\\nu 60\\nNeptune\\nfacing 74\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\n78\\nParis and Helen\\n80\\nWanderings of JEneas\\n91\\nThe Wooden Horse\\nfacing 94\\nThe Harpies\\n100\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VI.\\n101\\nMap of Latium\\n103\\n(vii)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Vlll ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nLaocoon and his Sons facing page 114\\niEneas Relating his Story 119\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VII 120\\nFighting Within the Walls of Troy, facing 134\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VIII. 139\\nRhea Silvia 140\\nFaustulus and the Twins 143\\nTrojan Warriors facing 154\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX 158\\nSituation of Rome 163\\nAscanius Wounding Sylvia s Stag facing 174\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X. 177\\nRhea Sylvia Feeding the Sacred Fire, facing 192\\nEarly Roman Ploughing 195\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XI. 196\\nSpearman and Bowman 213\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII. 214\\nThe Wolf Caressing Romulus and Remus, facing 216\\nPromising the Bracelets 226\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XIII 234\\nCarrying off a Sabine Woman facing 236", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nIf Rome had not risen to the proud position\\nof mistress of the world, the story of the half-\\ncivilized chieftain who founded the city would\\nnever have been written, and the memory of\\nhis exploits would have perished with him.\\nAt best the accounts of Romulus and his\\ngreat ancestor iEneas are somewhat legendary\\nin character; but they have been incorporated\\ninto the literature of every civilized nation on\\nthe globe.\\nIn the semi- historic times, during which\\nRomulus is said to have traced out the form of\\nhis city with a plough, the stronger took from\\nthe weaker whatever tempted his ambition or\\nseemed good in his eyes; and so we hear of\\nRomulus, living in a mud hovel covered\\nwith thatch in the midst of a few families of\\nthe old Trojan race, supplying himself and the\\nyounger men, outlaws and runaways who had\\njoined him, with wives by the simple expedient\\nof inviting a neighboring tribe to a feast, and\\nthen carrying off their maidens.\\nWhether the stories of iEneas and Romulus\\nare fables or not, the later Romans believed\\nthem, and worshipped Romulus under the\\nname of Quirinus.\\n(ix)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "The Glory of Rome Foretold to iEneas.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ROMULUS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nCADMUS.\\nSome men are renowned in history on\\naccount of the extraordinary powers and\\ncapacities which they exhibited in the course\\nof their career, or the intrinsic greatness of\\nthe deeds which they performed. Others,\\nwithout having really achieved anything in\\nitself very great or wonderful, have become\\nwidely known to mankind by reason of the\\nvast consequences which, in the subsequent\\ncourse of events, resulted from their doings.\\nMen of this latter class are conspicuous\\nrather than great. From among thousands\\nof other men equally exalted in character\\nwith themselves, they are brought out prom-\\ninently to the notice of mankind only in\\nconsequence of the strong light reflected, by\\ngreat events subsequently occurring, back\\nupon the position where they happened to\\nstand.\\nThe celebrity of Romulus seems to be of\\n7", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 ROMULUS.\\nthis latter kind. He founded a city. A\\nthousand other men have founded cities;\\nand in doing their work have evinced per-\\nhaps as much courage, sagacity, and men-\\ntal power as Romulus displayed. The city\\nof Romulus, however, became in the end the\\nqueen and mistress of the world. It rose to\\nso exalted a position of influence and power,\\nand retained its ascendency so long, that\\nnow for twenty centuries every civilized\\nnation in the western world have felt a strong\\ninterest in everything pertaining to its his-\\ntory, and have been accustomed to look\\nback with special curiosity to the circum-\\nstances of its origin. In consequence of this\\nit has happened that though Romulus, in his\\nactual day, performed no very great exploits,\\nand enjoyed no pre-eminence above the\\nthousand other half -savage chieftains of his\\nclass, whose names have been long forgotten,\\nand very probably while he lived never\\ndreamed of any extended fame, yet so bril-\\nliant is the illumination which the subsequent\\nevents of history have shed upon his position\\nand his doings, that his name and the in-\\ncidents of his life have been brought out\\nvery conspicuously to view, and attract very\\nstrongly the attention of mankind.\\nThe history of Rome is usually made to\\nbegin with the story of ^Eneas. In order\\nthat the reader may understand in what\\nlight that romantic tale is to be regarded, it\\nis necessary to premise some statements in", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 9\\nrespect to the general condition of society\\nin ancient days, and to the nature of the\\nstrange narrations, circulated in those early\\nperiods among mankind, out of which in\\niater ages, when the art of waiting came to\\nje introduced, learned men compiled and re-\\ncorded what they termed history.\\nThe countries which formed the shores of\\nthe Mediterranean sea were as verdant and\\nbeautiful, in those ancient days, and perhaps\\nas fruitful and as densely populated as in\\nmodern times. The same Italy and Greece\\nwere there then as now. There were the\\nsame blue and beautiful seas, the same\\nmountains, the same picturesque and en-\\nchanting shores, the same smiling valleys,\\nand the same serene and genial sky. The\\nlevel lands were tilled industriously by a\\nrural population corresponding in all essen-\\ntial points of character with the peasantry\\nof modern times and shepherds and herds-\\nmen, then as now, hunted the wild beasts,\\nand watched their flocks and herds, on the\\ndeclivities of the mountains. In a word,\\nthe appearance of the face of nature, and\\nthe performance of the great function of the\\nsocial state, namely, the procuring of food\\nand clothing for man by the artificial culti^\\nvation of animal and vegetable life, were\\nsubstantially the same on the shores of the\\nMediterranean two thousand years ago as\\nnow. Even the plants and the animals\\nthemselves which the ancient inhabitants\\nreared, have undergone no essential change.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 ROMULUS.\\nTheir sheep and oxen and horses were the\\nsame as ours. So were their grapes, their\\napples, and their corn.\\nIf, however, we leave the humbler classes\\nand occupations of society, and turn our at-\\ntention to those which represent the refine-\\nment, the cultivation, and the power, of the\\ntwo respective periods, we shall find that\\nalmost all analogy fails. There was an\\naristocracy then as now, ruling over the\\nwidely-extended communities of peaceful\\nagriculturalists and herdsmen, but the mem-\\nbers of it were entirely different in their\\ncharacter, their tastes, their ideas, and their\\noccupations from the classes which exercise\\nthe prerogatives of government in Europe in\\nmodern times. The nobles then were mili-\\ntary chieftains, living in camps or in walled\\ncities, wTiich they built for the accommo-\\ndation of themselves and their followers.\\nThese chieftains were not barbarians. They\\nwere in a certain sense cultivated and re-\\nfined. They gathered around them in their\\ncamps and in their courts orators, poets,\\nstatesmen, and officers of every grade, who\\nseem to have possessed the same energy,\\ngenius, taste, and in some respects the same\\nscientific skill, which have in all ages and in\\nevery clime characterized the upper classes\\nof the Caucasian race. They carried all the\\narts which were necessary for their pur-\\nposes and plans to high perfection, and in\\nthe invention of tales, ballads and poems, to\\nbe recited at their entertainments and feasts,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 11\\nthey evinced the most admirable taste and\\nskill a taste and skill which, as they re-\\nsulted not from the operation and influence\\nof artificial rules, but from the unerring in-\\nstinct of genius, have never been surpassed.\\nIn fact, the poetical inventions of those\\nearly days, far from having been produced\\nin conformity with rules, were entirely pre-\\ncedent to rules, in the order of time. Rules\\nwere formed from them for they at length\\nbecame established themselves in the esti-\\nmation of mankind, as models, and on their\\nauthority as models, the whole theory of\\nrhetorical and poetical beauty now mainly\\nreposes.\\nThe people of those days formed no idea\\nof a spiritual world, or of a spiritual\u00c2\u00bbdivin-\\nity. They however imagined, that heroes\\nof former days still continued to live and to\\nreign in certain semi-heavenly regions among\\nthe summits of their blue and beautiful\\nmountains, and thatthey were invested there\\nwith attributes in some respects divine. In\\naddition to these divinities, the fertile fancy\\nof those ancient times filled the earth, the\\nair, the sea, and the sky with imaginary be-\\nings, all most graceful and beautiful in their\\nforms, and poetical in their functions, and\\nmade them the subjects, too, of innumerable\\nlegends and tales, as graceful, poetical, and\\nbeautiful as themselves. Every grove, and\\nfountain, and river, every lofty summit\\namong the mountains, and every rock and\\npromontory along the shores of the sea,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 ROMULUS,\\nevery cave, every valley, every waterfall, had\\nits imaginary occupant, the genius of the\\nspot so that every natural object which at-\\ntracted public notice at all, was the subject* of\\nsome picturesque and romantic story. In a\\nword, nature was not explored then as now,\\nf or the purpose of ascertaining and recording\\ncold and scientific realities, but to be ad-\\nmired, and embellished and animated and\\nto be peopled, everywhere, with exquisitely\\nbeautiful, though imaginary and supernatu-\\nral, life and action.\\nWhat the genius of imagination and\\nromance did thus in ancient times with the\\nscenery of nature, it did also on the field of\\nhistory. Men explored that field not at all\\nto learn sober and actual realities, but to\\nfind something that they might embellish\\nand adorn, and animate with supernatural and\\nmarvelous life. What the sober realities\\nmight have actually been, was of no interest\\nor moment to them whatever. There were\\nno scholars then as now, living in the midst\\nof libraries, and finding constant employ-\\nment, and a never-ending pleasure, in re-\\nsearches for the simple investigation of the\\ntruth. There was in fact no retirement, no\\nseclusion, no study. Everything except\\nwhat related to the mere daily toil of tilling\\nthe ground bore direct relation to military\\nexpeditions, spectacles and parades and the\\nonly field for the exercise of that kind of in-\\ntellectual ability which is employed in mod-\\nern times in investigating and recording his-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 13\\ntoric truth, was the invention and recitation\\nof poems, dramas and tales, to amuse great\\nmilitary audiences in camps or public gather-\\nings, convened to witness shows or games,\\nor to celebrate great religious festivals. Of\\ncourse under such circumstances there would\\nbe no interest felt in truth as truth. Ro-\\nmance and fable would be far more service-\\nable for such ends than reality.\\nStill it is obvious that such tales as were\\ninvented to amuse for the purposes w T e have\\ndescribed, would have a deeper interest for\\nthose who listened to them, if founded in\\nsome measure upon fact, and connected in\\nrespect to the scene of their occurrence, with\\nreal localities. A prince and his court sitting\\nat their tables in the palace or the tent, at\\nthe close of a feast, would listen with greater\\ninterest to a story that purported to be an\\naccount of the deeds and the marvelous ad-\\nventures of their own ancestors, than to one\\nthat was wholly and avowedly imaginary.\\nThe inventors of these tales would of course\\ngenerally choose such subjects, and their\\nnarrations would generally consist therefore\\nrather of embellishments of actual transac-\\ntions, than of inventions wholly original.\\nTheir heroes were consequently real men\\nthe principal actions ascribed to them were\\nreal actions, and the places referred to were\\nreal localities. Thus there was a semblance\\nof truth and reality in all these tales which\\nadded greatly to the interest of them while\\nthere were no means of ascertaining the real", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 ROMULUS.\\ntruth, and thus spoiling the story by making\\nthe falsehood or improbability of it evident\\nand glaring.\\nWe cannot well have a better illustration\\nof these principles than is afforded by the\\nstory of Cadmus, an adventurer who was\\nsaid to have brought the knowledge of alpha-\\nbetic writing into Greece from some countries\\nfarther eastward. In modern times there is\\na very strong interest felt in ascertaining\\nthe exact truth on this subject. The art of\\nwriting with alphabetic characters was so\\ngreat an invention, and it has exerted so vast\\nan influence on the condition and progress of\\nmankind since it was introduced, that a very\\nstrong interest is now felt in everything\\nthat can be ascertained as actually fact, in\\nrespect to its origin. If it were possible now\\nto determine under what circumstances the\\nmethod of representing the elements of sound\\nby written characters was first devised, to\\ndiscover who it was that first conceived the\\nidea, and what led him to make the attempt,\\nwhat difficulties he encountered, to what pur-\\nposes he first applied his invention, and to\\nwhat result it led, the whole world would\\ntake a very strong interest in the revelation.\\nThe essential point, however, to be observed,\\nis that it is the real truth in respect to the\\nsubject that the world are now interested in\\nknowing. Were a romance writer to invent\\na tale in respect to the origin of writing,\\nhowever ingenious and entertaining it might\\nbe in its details, it would excite in the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Romulus, face p. 1A\\nThe Oracle at Delphi. {See p. 22.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 15\\nlearned world at the present day no interest\\nwhatever.\\nThere is in fact no account at present ex-\\nisting in respect to the actual origin of alpha-\\nbetic characters, though there is an ac-\\ncount of the circumstances under which the\\nart was brought into Europe from Asia,\\nwhere it seems to have been originally in-\\nvented. We will give the facts, first in their\\nsimple form, and then the narrative in the\\nform in which it was related in ancient times,\\nas embellished by the ancient story-tellers.\\nThe facts then, as now generally under-\\nstood and believed, are, that there was a\\ncertain king in some country in Africa,\\nnamed Agenor, who lived about 1500 years\\nbefore Christ. He had a daughter named\\nEuropa, and several sons. Among his sons\\nwas one named Cadmus. Europa was a\\nbeautiful girl, and after a time a wandering\\nadventurer from some part of the northern\\nshores of the Mediterranean sea, came into\\nAfrica, and was so much pleased with her\\nthat he resolved if possible, to obtain her for\\nhis wife. He did not dare to make proposals\\nopenly, and he accordingly disguised himself\\nand mingled with the servants upon Agenor s\\nfarm. In this disguise he succeeded in mak-\\ning acquaintance with Europa, and finally\\npersuaded her to elope with him. The pair\\naccordingly fled, and crossing the Mediter-\\nrenean, they went to Crete, an island near\\nthe northern shores of the sea, and there\\nthey lived together.\\nZ Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 ROMULUS.\\nThe father, when he found that his daugh-\\nter had deceived him and gone away, was\\nvery indignant, and sent Cadmus and his\\nbrothers in pursuit of her. The mother of\\nEuropa, whose name was Telephassa, though\\nless indignant perhaps than the father, was\\noverwhelmed with grief at the loss of her\\nchild, and determined to accompany her sons\\nin the search. She accordingly took leave\\nof her husband and of her native land, and\\nset out with Cadmus and her other sons on\\nthe long journey in search of her lost child.\\nAgenor charged his sons never to come home\\nagain unless they brought Europa with\\nthem.\\nCadmus, with his mother and brothers,\\ntraveled slowly toward the northward, along\\nthe eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea,\\ninquiring everywhere for the fugitive. They\\npassed through Syria and Phenicia, into\\nAsia Minor, and from Asia Minor into.\\nGreece. At length Telephassa, worn down,\\nperhaps, by fatigue, disappointment, and\\ngrief, died. Cadmus and his brothers soon\\nafter became discouraged and at last, weary\\nwith their wanderings, and prevented by\\ntheir father s injunction from returning with-\\nout Europa, they determined to settle in\\nGreece. In attempting to establish them-\\nselves there, however, they became involved\\nin various conflicts, first with wild beasts,\\nand afterward with men, the natives of the\\nland, who seemed to spring up, as it were,\\nfrom the ground, to oppose them. They", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 17\\ncontrived, however, at length, by fomenting\\nquarrels among their enemies, and taking\\nsides with one party against the rest, to ge%\\na permanent footing in Greece, and Cadmus\\nfinallv founded a city there, which he called\\nThebes.\\nIn establishing the institutions and govern-\\nment of Thebes, and in arranging the\\norganization of the people into a social\\nstate, Cadmus introduced among them\\nseveral arts, which, in that part of the\\ncountry, had been before unknown. One\\nof these arts was the* use of copper, which\\nmetal he taught his new subjects, to procure\\nfrom the ore obtained in mines. There were\\nseveral others but the most important of\\nall was that he taught them sixteen letters\\nrepresenting elementary vocal sounds, by\\nmeans of which inscriptions of words could\\nbe carved upon monuments, or upon tablets\\nof metal or of stone.\\nIt is not supposed that the idea of repre-\\nsenting the elements of vocal sounds by\\ncharacters originated with Cadmus, or that\\nhe invented the characters himself. He\\nbrought them with him undoubtedly, but\\nwhether from Egypt or Phenicia, cannot\\nnow be known.\\nSuch are the facts of the case, as now\\ngenerally understood and believed. Let us\\nnow compare this simple narration with the\\nromantic tale which the early story-tellers\\nmade from it. The legend, as they relate\\nit, is as follows.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 OMTTLTTS.\\nJupiter was a prince born and bred among\\nthe summits of Mount Ida, in Crete. His\\nfather s name was Saturn. Saturn had\\nmade an agreement that he would cause all\\nhis sons to be slain, as soon as they were\\nborn. This was to appease his brother, who\\nwas his rival, and who consented that\\nSaturn should continue to reign only on that\\ncondition.\\nJupiter s mother, however, was very un-\\nwilling that her boys should be thus cruelly\\nput to death, and she contrived to conceal\\nthree of them, and save them. The three\\nthus preserved were brought up among the\\nsolitudes of the mountains, watched and at-\\ntended by nymphs, and nursed by a goat.\\nAfter they grew up, the} 7 engaged from\\ntime to time in various wars, and met with\\nvarious wonderful adventures, until at length\\nJupiter, the oldest of them, succeeded, by\\nmeans of thunderbolts which he caused to\\nbe forged for his use, in vast subterranean\\ncaverns beneath Mount Etna and Mount\\nVesuvius, conquered all his enemies, and\\nbecame universal king. He, however,\\ndivided his empire between himself and his\\nbrothers, giving to them respectively the\\ncommand of the sea and of the subterranean\\nreigions, while he reserved the earth and the\\nheavenly regions for himself.\\nHe established his usual abode among the\\nmountains of Northern Greece, but he often\\nmade excursions to and fro upon the earth,\\nappearing in various disguises, and meeting", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CADMUS.\\n19\\nwith a great number of strange and marvel\\nous adventures. In the course of these\\nwanderings he found his way at one time\\ninto Egypt, and to the dominions of Agenor,\\nand there he saw Agenor s beautiful\\ndaughter, Europa. He immediately deter-\\nmined to make her his bride and to secure\\nJupiter and Europa.\\nthis object he assumed the form of a very\\niinely shaped and beautiful bull, and in this\\nguise joined himself to Agenor s herds of\\ncattle. Europa soon saw him there. She\\nwas much pleased with the beauty of his\\nform, and finding him gentle and kind in\\ndisposition, she approached him, patted his", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 EOMULUS.\\nglossy neck and sides, and in other similar\\nway s gratified the prince by marks of her\\nadmiration and pleasure. She was at length\\ninduced by some secret and magical in-\\nfluence which the prince exerted over her,\\nto mount upon his back, and allow herself\\nto be borne away. The bull ran w 7 ith his\\nburden to the shore, and plunged into the\\nweaves. He swam across the sea to Crete,*\\nand there, resuming his proper form, he\\nmade the princess his bride.\\nAgenor and Telephassa, w 7 hen they found\\nthat their daughter was gone, were in great\\ndistress, and Agenor immediately deter-\\nmined to send his sons on an expedition in\\npursuit of her. The names of his sons were\\nCadmus, Phoenix, Cylix, Thasus, and Phi-\\nneus. Cadmus, as the oldest son, was to be\\nthe director of the expedition. Telephassa,\\nthe mother, resolved to accompany them, so\\noverwhelmed was she with affliction at the\\nloss of her daughter. Agenor himself was\\nalmost equally oppressed with the calamity\\nwhich had overwhelmed them, and he\\ncharged his sons never to come home again\\nuntil they could bring Europa w r ith them.\\nTelephassa and her sons wandered for a\\ntime in the countries east of the Mediterra-\\nnean Sea, without being able to obtain any\\ntidings of the fugitive. At length they\\npassed into Asia Minor, and from Asia Minor\\ninto Thrace, a country lying north of the\\n^Egean Sea. Finding no traces of their sister\\nSee Map, p. 21,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CADMUS.\\n21\\nin any of these countries, the sons of Agenor\\nbecame discouraged, and resolved to make\\nno farther search and Telephassa, ex-\\nhausted with anxiety and fatigue, and now\\noverwhelmed with the thought that all hope\\nmust be finally abandoned, sank down and\\ndied.\\nThe Journeyings op Cadmus.\\nCadmus and his brothers were much af-\\nfected at their mother s death. They made\\narrangements for her burial, in a manner\\nbefitting her high rank and station, and\\nwhen the funeral solemnities had been per-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 ROMULUS.\\nformed, Cadmus repaired to the oracle at\\nDelphi, which was situated in the northern\\npart of Greece, not very far from Thrace,\\nin order that he might inquire there whether\\nthere was anything more that he could do\\nto recover his lost sister, and if so to learn\\nwhat course he was to pursue. The oracle\\nreplied to him that he must search for his\\nsister no more, but instead of it turn his,\\nattention wholly to the work of establishing\\na home and a kingdom for himself, in Greece.\\nTo this end he was to travel on in a direc-\\ntion indicated, until he met with a cow of a\\ncertain kind, described by the oracle, and\\nthen to follow the cow wherever she might\\nlead the way, until at length, becoming fa-\\ntigued, she should stop and lie down. Upon\\nthe spot where the cow should lie down\\nhe was to build a city and make it his capital.\\nCadmus obeyed these directions of the\\noracle. He left Delphi and went on, attend-\\ned, as he had been in all his wanderings,\\nby a troop of companions and followers,\\nuntil at length in the herds of one of the\\npeople of the country, named Pelagon, he\\nfound a cow answering to the description\\nof the oracle. Taking this cow for his guide,\\nhe followed wherever she led the way. She\\nconducted him toward the southward and\\neastward for thirty or forty miles, and at\\nlength wearied apparently, by her long\\njourney, she lay down. Cadmus knew im-\\nmediately that this was the spot where his\\ncity was to stand.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CADMUS, 23\\nHe began immediately to make arrange-\\nments for the building of the city, but he\\ndetermined first to offer the cow that had\\nbeen his divinely appointed guide to the spot,\\nas a sacrifice to Minerva, whom he always\\nconsidered as his guardian goddess.\\nNear the spot where the cow lay down\\nthere was a small stream which issued from\\na fountain not far distant, called the foun-\\ntain of Dirce. Cadmus sent some of his\\nmen to the place to obtain some water which\\nit was necessary to use in the ceremonies of\\nthe sacrifice. It happened, however, that\\nthis fountain was a sacred one, having been\\nconsecrated to Mars, and there was a great\\ndragon, a son of Mars, stationed there to\\nguard it. The men whom Cadmus sent did\\nnot return, and accordingly Cadmus himself,\\nafter waiting a suitable time, proceeded to\\nthe spot to ascertain the cause of the delay.\\nHe found that the dragon had killed his men,\\nand at the time when he arrived at the spot,\\nthe monster was greedily devouring the\\nbodies. Cadmus immediately attacked the\\ndragon and slew him, and then tore his teeth\\nout of his head, as trophies of his victory.\\nMinerva had assisted Cadmus in this combat,\\nand when it was ended she directed him to\\nplant the teeth of the dragon in the ground.\\nCadmus did so, and immediately a host of\\narmed men sprung up from the place where\\nhe had planted them. Cadmus threw a\\nstone among these armed men, when they\\nimmediately began to contend together in a", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 ROMULUS.\\ndesperate conflict, until at length all but five\\nof them were slain. These five then joined\\nthemselves to Cadmus, and helped him to\\nbuild his city.\\nHe went on very successfully after this.\\nThe city which he built was Thebes, which\\nafterward became greatly celebrated. The\\ncitadel which he erected within, he called,\\nfrom his own name, Cadmia.\\nSuch were the legends which were related\\nin ancient poems and tales and it is ob-\\nvious that such narratives must have been\\ncomposed to entertain groups of listeners\\nwhose main desire was to be excited and\\namused, and not to be instructed. The\\nstories were believed, no doubt, and the faith\\nwhich the hearer felt in their truth added of\\ncourse very greatly to the interest which\\nthey awakened in his mind. The stories\\nare amusing to us but it is impossible for\\nus to share in the deep and solemn emotion\\nwith which the ancient audiences listened\\nto them, for we have not the power, as they\\nhad, of believing them. Such tales related\\nin respect to the great actors on the stage in\\nmodern times, would awaken no interest,\\nfor there is too general a diffusion both of\\nhistorical and philosophical knowledge to\\nrender it possible for any one to suppose\\nthem to be true. But those for whom the\\nstory of Europawas invented, had no means\\nof knowing how wide the Mediterranean\\nSea might be, and whether a bull might not\\nswim across it. They did not know but", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CADMUS. 25\\nthat Mars might have a dragon for a son,\\nand that the teeth of such a dragon might\\nnot, when sown in the ground, spring up in\\nthe form of a troop of armed men. They\\nlistened therefore to the tale with an in-\\nterest all the more earnest and solemn on\\naccount of the marvelousness of the recital.\\nThey repeated it word for word to one an-\\nother, around their camp-fires, at their feasts,\\nin their journeyings, and when watching\\ntheir flocks at midnight, among the solitudes\\nof the mountains. Thus the tales were\\nhanded down from generation to generation,\\nuntil at length the use of the letters of\\nCadmus became so far facilitated, that con-\\ntinuous narrations could be expressed by\\nmeans of them and then they were put\\npermanently upon record in many forms,\\nand were thus transmitted without any\\nfarther change to the present age.\\nMars.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCADMUS S LETTERS.\\nThere are two modes essentially distinct\\nfrom each other, by which ideas may be\\ncommunicated through the medium of in-\\nscriptions addressed to the eye. These two\\nmodes are, first, by symbolical, and secondly,\\nby phonetic characters. Each of these two\\nsystems assumes, in fact, within itself, quite\\na variety of distinct forms, though it is only\\nthe general characteristics which distinguish\\nthe two great classes from each other, that\\nwe shall have occasion particularly to notice\\nhere.\\nSymbolical writing consists of characters\\nintended severally to denote ideas or things,\\nand not words. A good example of true\\nsymbolical writing is to be found in a\\ncertain figure often employed among the\\narchitectural decorations of churches, as an\\nemblem of the Deity. It consists of a tri-\\nangle representing the Trinity with the\\nfigure of an eye in the middle of it. The\\neye is intended to denote the divine omnis-\\ncience. Such a character as this, is obviously\\nthe symbol of an idea, not the representative\\nof a word. It may be read Jehovah, or\\n26", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 27\\nGod, or the Deity, or by any other word or\\nphrase by which men are accustomed to de-\\nnote the Supreme Being.\\nIt represents, in fine, the\\nidea, and not any partic-\\nular word by which the\\nidea is expressed.\\nThe first attempts of\\nmen to preserve records\\nof facts by means of in-\\nscriptions, have, in all ages, and among all\\nnations, been of this character. At first,\\nthe inscriptions so made were strictly pic-\\ntures, in which the whole scene intended\\nto be commemorated was represented, in\\nrude carvings. In process of time substi-\\ntutions and abridgments were adopted in\\nlieu of full representations, and these grew\\nat length into a system of hieroglyphical\\ncharacters, some natural, and others more\\nor less arbitrary, but all denoting ideas\\nor things, and not the sounds of words.\\nThese characters are of the kind usually\\nunderstood by the word hieroglyphics;\\nthough that word cannot now with strict\\naccuracy be applied as a distinctive appella-\\ntion, since it has been ascertained in modern\\ntimes that a large portion of the Egyptian\\nhieroglyphics are of such a nature as brings\\nthem within the second of the two classes\\nwhich we are here describing that is, the\\nseveral delineations represent the sounds and\\nsyllables of words, instead of being symbols\\nof ideas or things.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 ROMULUS.\\nIt happened that in some cases in this\\nspecies of writing, as used in ancient times,\\nthe characters which were employed pre-\\nsented in their form some natural resem-\\nblance to the thing signified, and in other\\ncases they were wholly arbitrary. Thus,\\nthe figure of a scepter denoted a king, that\\nof a lion, strength and two warriors, one\\nwith a shield, and the other advancing to-\\nward the first with a bow and arrow, rep-\\nresented a battle. We use in fact a symbol\\nsimilar to the last-mentioned one at the\\npresent day, upon maps, where we often see\\na character formed by two swords crossed,\\nemployed to represent a battle.\\nThe ancient Mexicans had a mode of writ-\\ning which seems to have been symbolical in\\nits character, and their characters had, many\\nof them at least, a natural signification.\\nThe different cities and towns were repre-\\nsented by drawings of such simple objects as\\nwere characteristic of them respectively as\\na plant, a tree, an article of manufacture,\\nor any other object by which the place in\\nquestion was most easily and naturally to\\nbe distinguished from other places. In one\\nof their inscriptions, for example, there was\\na character representing a king, and before\\nit four heads. Each of the heads was ac-\\ncompanied by the symbol of the capital of a\\nprovince, as above described. The meaning\\nof the whole inscription was that in a certain\\ntumult or insurrection the king caused the\\ngovernors of the four cities to be beheaded.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 29\\nBut though, in this symbolical mode of\\nwriting, a great many ideas and events could\\nbe represented thus, by means of signs or\\nsymbols having a greater or less resemblance\\nto the thing signified, yet in many cases the\\ncharacters used were wholly arbitra^. They\\nwere in this respect like the character which\\nwe use to denote dollars, as a prefix to a\\nnumber expressing money for this character\\nis a sort of symbol, that is, it represents a\\nthing rather than a word. Our numerals,\\ntoo, 1, 2, 3, etc., are in some respects of the\\ncharacter of symbols. That is, they stand\\ndirectly for the numbers themselves, and not\\nfor the sounds of the words by which the\\nnumbers are expressed. Hence, although\\nthe people of different European nations\\nunderstand them all alike, they read them,\\nin words, very differently. The Englishman\\nreads them by one set of words, the Spaniard\\nby another, and the German and the Italian\\nby others still.\\nThe symbolical mode of writing possesses\\nsome advantages which must not be over-\\nlooked. It speaks directly to the eye, and\\nis more full of meaning than the Phonetic\\nmethod, though the meaning is necessarily\\nmore vague and indistinct, in some respects,\\nwhile it is less so in others. For example,\\nin an advertising newspaper, the simple fig-\\nure of a house, or of a ship, or of a locomo-\\ntive engine, at the head of an advertisement,\\nis a sort of hieroglyphic, which says much\\nmore plainly and distinctly, and in much", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "SO BOMtTLUS.\\nshorter time, than any combination of letters\\ncould do, that what follows it is an advertise-\\nment relating to a house, or a vessel, or a\\nrailroad. In the same manner, the ancient\\nrepresentations on monuments and columns\\nwould communicate, perhaps more rapidly\\nand readily to the passer-by, an idea of the\\nbattles, the sieges, the marches, and the\\nother great exploits of the monarchs whose\\nhistory they were intended to record, than\\nan inscription in words would have done.\\nAnother advantage of the symbolical rep-\\nresentations, as used in ancient times, was\\nthat their meaning could be more readily\\nexplained, and would be more easily remem-\\nbered, and so explained again, than written\\nwords. To learn to read literal writing in\\nany language, is a work of very great labor.\\nIt is, in fact, generally found that it must be\\ncommenced early in life, or it cannot be ac-\\ncomplished at all. An inscription, therefore,\\nin words, on a Mexican monument, that a\\ncertain king suppressed an insurrection, and\\nbeheaded the governors of four of his prov-\\ninces, would be wholly blind and unintelli-\\ngible to the mass of the population of such a\\ncountry and if the learned sculptor who\\ninscribed it were to attempt to explain it to\\nthem, letter by letter, they would forget the\\nbeginning of the lesson before reaching the\\nend of it, and could never be expected to\\nattempt extending the knowledge by mak-\\ning known the interpretation which they\\nhad received to others in their turn. But", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 31\\nthe royal scepter, with the four heads before\\nit, each of the heads accompanied by the ap-\\npropriate symbol of the city to which the\\npossessor of it belonged, formed a symbolical\\ncongeries which expressed its meaning at\\nonce, and very plainly, to the eye. The\\nmost ignorant and uncultivated could readily\\nunderstand it. Once understanding it, too,\\nthey could never easily forget it and they\\ncould, without any difficulty, explain it fully\\nto others as ignorant and uncultivated as\\nthemselves.\\nIt might seem, at first view, that a symbol-\\nical mode of writing must be more simple in\\nits character than the system now in use, in-\\nasmuch as by that plan each idea or object\\nwould be expressed by one character alone,\\nwhereas, by our mode of writing, several\\ncharacters, sometimes as many as eight or\\nten, are required to express a word, which\\nword, after all, represents only one single\\nobject or idea. But notwithstanding this ap-\\nparent simplicity, the system of symbolical\\nwriting proved to be, when extensively em-\\nployed, extremely complicated and intricate.\\nIt is true that each idea required but one\\ncharacter, but the number of ideas and ob-\\njects, and of words expressive of their rela-\\ntions to one another, is so vast, that the sys-\\ntem of representing them by independent\\nsymbols soon lost itself in an endless in-\\ntricacy of detail. Then, besides, notwith-\\nstanding what has been said of the facility\\nwith which symbolical inscriptions could be\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 ROMULUS.\\ninterpreted, they were, after all, extremely\\ndifficult to be understood without interpre-\\ntation. An inscription once explained, the\\nexplanation was easily understood and re\\nmembered but it was very difficult to un-\\nderstand one intended to express any new\\ncommunication. The system was, therefore,\\nwell adapted to commemorate what was al-\\nready known, but was of little service as a\\nmode of communicating knowledge anew.\\nWe come now to consider the second grand\\nclass of written characters, namely, the pho-\\nnetic, the class which Cadmus introduced\\ninto Greece, and the one almost universally\\nadopted among all the European nations at\\nthe present day. It is called\\nPhonetic, from a Greek\\nword denoting sound, be-\\ncause the characters which\\nare used do not denote di-\\nrectly the thing itself which\\nis signified, but the sounds\\nmade in speaking the word\\nwhich signifies it. Take,\\nfor instance, the two modes\\n3A1 LEl \u00c2\u00b0t representing a conflict\\nbetween two contending ar-\\nmies, one by the symbolic\\ndelineation oi two swords\\ncrossed, and the other by the phonetic de-\\nlineation of the letters of the word battle.\\nThey are both inscriptions. The beginning\\nof the first represents the handle of the\\nsword, a part, as it were, of the thing sig-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTEKS. 33\\nnified. The beginning of the second, the\\nletter J, represents the pressing of the lips\\ntogether, by which we commence pronounc-\\ning the word. Thus the one mode is sym-\\nbolical, and the other phonetic.\\nOn considering the two methods, as exem-\\nplified in this simple instance, we shall ob-\\nserve that what has already been pointed\\nout as characteristic of the two modes is\\nhere seen to be true. The idea is conveyed\\nin the symbolical mode by one character,\\nwhile by the phonetic it requires no less than\\nsix. This seems at first view to indicate a\\ngreat advantage possessed by the symbolical\\nsystem. But on reflection this advantage is\\nfound entirely to disappear. For the sym-\\nbolical character, though it is only one, will\\nanswer for only the single idea which it de-\\nnotes. Neither itself nor any of its elements\\nwill aid us in forming a symbol for any other\\nidea; and as the ideas, objects, and relations\\nwhich it is necessary to be able to express,\\nin order to make free and full communica-\\ntions in any language, are from fifty to a\\nhundred thousand, the step which we have\\ntaken, though very simple in itself, is the\\nbeginning of a course which must lead to\\nthe most endless intricacy and complication.\\nWhereas in the six phonetic characters of\\nthe word battle, we have elements which\\ncan be used again and again, in the expres-\\nsion of thousands of other ideas. In fact,\\nas the phonetic characters which are found\\nnecessary in most languages are only about", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 ROMULUS.\\ntwenty-four, we have in that single word\\naccomplished one quarter of the whole task,\\nso far as the delineation of characters is con-\\ncerned, that is necessary for expressing by\\nwriting any possible combination of ideas\\nwhich human language can convev.\\nAt what time and in what manner the\\ntransition was made among the ancient\\nnations from the symbolic to the phonetic\\nmode of writing, is not now known. When\\nin the flourishing periods of the Grecian and\\nRoman states, learned men explored the\\nliterary records of the various nations of the\\nEast, writings were found in all, which were\\nexpressed in phonetic characters, and the\\nalphabets of these characters were found to\\nbe so analogous to each other, in the names\\nand order, and in some respects in the forms,\\nof the letters, as to indicate strongly some-\\nthing like community of origin. All the at-\\ntempts, however, which have been made to as-\\ncertain the origin of the system, have wholly\\nfailed, and no account of them goes farther\\nback than to the time when Cadmus brought\\nthem from Phenicia or Egypt into Greece.\\nThe letters which Cadmus brought were\\nin number sixteen. The following table\\npresents a view of his alphabet, presenting\\nin the several columns the letters themselves\\nas subsequently written in Greece, the Greek\\nnames given to them, and their power as\\nrepresented by the letters now in use. The\\nforms, it will be seen, have been but little\\nchanged.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS.\\nlett(\\n3rs. Greek names. English i\\nrepn\\nA\\nAlpha\\nA\\nB\\nBeta\\nB\\nr\\nGamma\\nG\\nA\\nDelta\\nD\\nE\\nEpsilon\\nE\\nI\\nIota\\nI\\nA\\nLamda\\nL\\nM\\nMu\\nM\\nN\\nNu\\nN\\nOmicron\\nO\\nn\\nPi\\nP\\np\\nRho\\nB\\n2\\nSigma\\nS\\nT\\nTau\\nT\\nY\\nUpsilon\\nU\\n35\\nThe phonetic alphabet of Cadmus, though\\nso vastly superior to any system of symbolical\\nhieroglyphics, for all purposes where any-\\nthing like verbal accuracy was desired, was\\nstill very slow in coming into general use.\\nIt was of course, at first, very difficult to\\nwrite it, and very difficult to read it when\\nwritten. There was a very great practical\\nobstacle, too, in the way of its general intro-\\nduction, in the want of any suitable materials\\nfor writing. To cut letters with a chisel and\\na mallet upon a surface of marble is a very\\nslow and toilsome process. To diminish this\\nlabor the ancients contrived tables of brass,\\ncopper, lead, and sometimes of wood, and\\ncut the inscriptions upon them by the use of\\nvarious tools and implements. Still it is ob-\\nvious, that by such methods as these the art", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 EOMULUS.\\nof writing could only be used to an extremely\\nlimited extent, such as for brief inscriptions\\nin registers and upon monuments, where a\\nvery few words would express all that it was\\nnecessary to record.\\nIn process of time, however, the plan of\\nfainting the letters by means of a black dye\\nupon a smooth surface was introduced. The\\nsurface employed to receive these inscriptions\\nwas, at first, the skin of some animal prepared\\nfor this purpose, and the dye used for ink\\nwas a colored liquid obtained from a certain\\nnsh. This method of writing, though in\\nsome respects more convenient than the\\nothers, was still slow, and the materials were\\nexpensive and it was a long time before\\nthe new art was employed for anything like\\ncontinuous composition. Cadmus is supposed\\nto have come into Greece about the year\\n1550 before Christ and it was not until about\\n650 before Christ\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, nearly nine hun-\\ndred years later that the art of writing\\nwas resorted to in Greece to record laws.\\nThe evidences that writing was very little\\nused in any way during this long period of\\nnine hundred years, are furnished in various\\nallusions contained in poems and narratives\\nthat were composed during those times, and\\ncommitted to writing afterward. In the\\npoems of Homer, for instance, there is no\\nallusion, from the beginning to the end, to\\nany monument or tomb containing any in-\\nscription whatever although many occasions\\noccur in which such inscriptions would have", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 37\\nbeen made, if the events described were\\nreal, and the art of writing had been gener-\\nally known, or would have been imagined to\\nbe made, if the narratives were invented.\\nIn one case a ship-master takes a cargo on\\nboard, and he is represented as having to\\nremember all the articles, instead of making\\na record of them. Another case still more\\nstriking is adduced. In the course of the\\ncontest around the walls of Troy, the\\nGrecian leaders are described at one time\\nas drawing lots to determine which of them\\nshould fight a certain Trojan champion.\\nThe lots were prepared, being made of some\\nsubstance that could be marked, and when\\nready, were distributed to the several leaders.\\nEach one of the leaders then marked his lot\\nin some way, taking care to remember what\\ncharacter he had made upon it. The\\nlots were then all put into a helmet, and\\nthe helmet was given to a herald, who was\\nto shake it about in such a manner, if pos-\\nsible, as to throw out one of the lots and\\nleave the others in. The leader whose lot\\nit was that should be thus shaken out, was\\nto be considered as the one designated by\\nthe decision, to fight the Trojan champion.\\nNow, in executing this plan, the herald,\\nwhen he had shaken out a lot, and had\\ntaken it up from the ground, is represented,\\nin the narrative, as not knowing whose it\\nwas, and as carrying it around, accordingly,\\nto all the different leaders, to find the one\\nwho could recognize it as his own. A cer-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "88 ROMULUS.\\ntain chief named Ajax recognized it, and in\\nthis way he was designated for the combat.\\nNow it is supposed, that if these men had\\nbeen able to write, that they would have\\ninscribed their own names upon the lots,\\ninstead of marking them with unmeaning\\ncharacters. And even if they were not\\npractised writers themselves, some secretary\\nor scribe would have been called upon to act\\nfor them on such an occasion as this, if the\\nart of writing had been at that time so\\ngenerally known as to be customarily\\nemployed on public occasions. From these\\nand similar indications which are found, on\\na careful examination, in the Homeric poems,\\nlearned men have concluded that they were\\ncomposed and repeated orally, at a period\\nof the world when the art of writing was\\nvery little known, and that they were\\nhanded down from generation to generation,\\nthrough the memory of those who repeated\\nthem, until at last the art of writing became\\nestablished among mankind, when they\\nwere at length put permanently upon record.\\nIt seems that writing was not much em-\\nployed for any of the ordinary and private\\npurposes of life by the people of Greece\\nuntil the article called papyrus was intro-\\nduced among them. This took place about\\nthe year 600 before Christ, when laws began\\nfirst to be written. Papyrus, like the art of\\nwriting upon it, came originally from Egypt.\\nIt was obtained from a tree which it seems*\\ngrew only in that country. The tree flour", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 39\\nished in the low lands along the margin of\\nthe Nile. It grew to the height of about\\nten feet. The paper obtained from it was\\nformed from a sort of inner bark, which con-\\nsisted of thin sheets or pellicles growing\\naround the wood. The paper was manu-\\nfactured in the following manner. A sheet\\nof the thin bark as taken from the tree, was\\nlaid flat upon a board, and then a cross\\nlayer was laid over it, the materials having\\nbeen previously moistened with water made\\nslightly glutinous. The sheet thus formed\\nwas pressed and dried in the sun. The\\nplacing of two layers of the bark in this\\nmanner across each other was intended to\\nstrengthen the texture of the sheet, for the\\nfibers, it was found, were very easily sepa-\\nrated and torn so long as they lay wholly\\nin one direction. The sheet when dry was\\nfinished by smoothing the surface, and pre-\\npared to receive inscriptions made by means\\nof a pen fashioned from a reed or a quill.\\nIn forming the papyrus into books it was\\ncustomary to use a long sheet or web of it,\\nand roll it upon a stick, as is the custom in\\nrespect to maps at the present day. The\\nwriting was in columns, each of which\\nformed a sort of page, the reader holding\\nthe ends of the roll in his two hands, and\\nreading at the part which was open between\\nthem. Of course, as he advanced, he con-\\ntinually unrolled on one side, and rolled up\\nupon the other. Rolls of parchment were\\noften made in the same manner.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 EOMULUS.\\nThe term volume used in respect to modern\\nbooks, had its origin in this ancient practise\\nof writing upon long rolls. The modern\\npractise is certainly much to be preferred,\\nthough the ancient one was far less incon-\\nvenient than might at first be supposed.\\nThe long sheet was rolled upon a wooden\\nbillet, which gave to the volume a certain\\nfirmness and solidity, and afforded it great\\nprotection. The ends of this roller projected\\nbeyond the edges of the sheet, and were ter-\\nminated in knobs or bosses, which guarded\\nin some measure the edges of the papyrus or\\nof the parchment. The whole volume was\\nalso inclosed in a parchment case, on the\\noutside of which the title of the work was\\nconspicuously recorded. Many of these an-\\ncient rolls have been found at Herculaneum.\\nFor ink, various colored liquids were used,\\ngenerally black, but sometimes red and\\nsometimes green. The black ink was some-\\ntimes manufactured from a species of lamp-\\nblack or ivory black, such as is often used in\\nmodern times for painting. Some specimens\\nof the inkstands which were used in ancient\\ntimes have been found at Herculaneum, and\\none of them contained ink, which though too\\nthick to flow readily from the pen, it was\\nstill possible to write with. It was of about\\nthe consistence of oil.\\nThese rolls of papyrus and parchment,\\nhowever, were only used for important\\nwritings which it was intended permanently\\nto preserve. For ordinary occasions tablets", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CADMUS S LETTERS. 41\\nof wax and other similar materials were\\nused, upon which the writer traced the\\ncharacters with the point of a steel instru-\\nment called a style. The head of the style\\nwas smooth and rounded, so that any words\\nwhich the writer wished to erase might be\\nobliterated by smoothing over again, with it,\\nthe wax on which they had been written.\\nSuch is a brief history of the rise and pro-\\ngress of the art of writing in the States of\\nGreece. Whether the phonetic principle\\nwhich Cadmus introduced was brought\\noriginally from Egypt, or from the countries\\non the eastern shore of the Mediterranean\\nsea, cannot now be ascertained. It has gen-\\nerally been supposed among mankind, at\\nleast until within a recent period, that the\\nart of phonetic waiting did not originate in\\nEgypt, for the inscriptions on all the ancient\\nmonuments in that country are of such a\\ncharacter that it has always been supposed\\nthat they were symbolical characters alto-\\ngether, and that no traces of any phonetic\\nwriting existed in that land. Within the\\npresent century, however, the discovery has\\nbeen made that a large portion of these\\nhieroglyphics are phonetic in their character\\nand that the learned world in attempting\\nfor so many centuries, in vain, to affix sym-\\nbolical meanings to them, had been altogether\\nupon the wrong track. The delineations,\\nthough they consist almost wholly of the\\nforms of plants and animals, and of other\\nnatural and artificial objects, are not sym-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 ROMULUS.\\nbolical representations of ideas, but letters,\\nrepresenting sounds and words. They are\\nthus precisely similar, in principle, to the\\nletters of Cadmus, though wholly different\\nfrom them in form.\\nTo enable the reader to obtain a clearer\\nidea of the nature of this discovery, we give\\non the adjoining page some specimens of\\nEgyptian inscriptions found in various parts\\nof the country, and which are interpreted to\\nexpress the name Cleopatra, a very common\\nname for princesses of the royal line in\\nEgypt during the dynasty of the Ptolemy s.\\nWe mark the various figures forming the in-\\nscription, with the letters which modern in-\\nterpreters have assigned to them. It will\\nbe seen that they all spell, rudely indeed,\\nbut yet tolerably distinctly, the name Cleo-\\npatra.\\nBy a careful examination of these speci-\\nmens, it will be seen that the order of plac-\\ning the letters, if such hieroglyphical char-\\nacters can be so called, is not regular, and\\nthe letter which is denoted by a bird in\\nsome of the specimens, is represented differ-\\nently in others. There are also two char-\\nacters at the close of each inscription which\\nare not represented by any letter, the one\\nbeing of the form of an egg^ and the other\\na semicircle. These last are supposed to de-\\nnote the sex of the sovereign whose name\\nthey are connected with, as they are found\\nin many cases in inscriptions commemorative\\nof princesses and queens. They are accord-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "OADMUS S LETTERS.\\n43\\n*\\\\i d d o* tf^j\\n\u00c2\u00a3b\\nM^cfl\\np\\nS^NH\\n/f^BT\\\\\\nflBlfr\\nKEY\\n\u00c2\u00a323\\na\\n4\\na\\no\\nA\\nA\\nr\\nmi", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 ROMULUS.\\ningly specimens of symbolic characters,\\nwhile all the others in the name are phonetic.\\nIt seems therefore not improbable that\\nthe principle of forming a written language\\nby means of characters representing the\\nsounds of which the words of the spoken\\nlanguage are composed, was of Egyptian\\norigin and that it was carried in very early\\ntimes to the countries on the easte^ shore\\nof the Mediterranean sea, and there I proved\\nupon by the adoption of a class of characters\\nmore simple than the hieroglyphics of Egypt,\\nand of a form more convenient for a regular\\nlinear arrangement in writing. Moses, who\\nspent his early life in Egypt, and who was\\nsaid to be learned in all the wisdom of the\\nEgyptians, may have acquired the art of\\nwriting there.\\nHowever this may be, and whatever ma^\\nbe the uncertainty which hangs over the\\nearly history of this art, one thing is certain,\\nand that is, that the discovery of the art of\\nwriting, including that of printing, which is\\nonly the consummation and perfection of it,\\nthe art by which man can record lan-\\nguage, and give life and power to the record\\nto speak to the eye permanently and forever\\nto go to every nation to address itself\\nsimultaneously to millions of minds, and to\\nendure through all time, is by far the great-\\nest discovery, in respect to tha enlargement\\nwhich it makes of human powers, that has\\never been made.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE STORY OF .ENEAS.\\nBesides the intrinsic interest and impor-\\ntance of the facts stated in the last chapter,\\nto the student of history, there was a special\\nreason for calling the attention of the reader\\nto them here, that he might know in what\\nlight the story of the destruction of Troy,\\nand of the wanderings of JEneas, the great\\nancestor of Romulus, which we now proceed\\nto relate, is properly to be regarded. The\\nevents connected with the destruction of\\nTroy, took place, if they ever occurred at\\nall, about the year twelve hundred before\\nChrist. Homer is supposed to have lived\\nand composed his poems about the year nine\\nhundred and the art of writing is thought\\nto have been first employed for the purpose\\nrecording continuous compositions, about\\nthe year six hundred. The story of ^Eneas\\nthen, so far as it has any claims to historical\\ntruth, is a tale which was handed down by\\noral tradition, among story-tellers for three\\nhundred years, and then was clothed in\\nverse, and handed down in that form orally\\nby the memory of the reciters of it, in\\ngenerations successive for three hundred\\n4 Romulua\\n45", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 KOMULUS.\\nyears more, before it was recorded and\\nduring the whole period of this transmission,\\nthe interest felt in it was not the desire for\\nascertaining and communicating historic\\ntruth, but simply for entertaining companies\\nof listeners with the details of a romantic\\nstory. The story, therefore, cannot be re-\\nlied upon as historically true but it is no\\nless important on that account, that all\\nwell-informed persons should know what\\nit is.\\nThe mother of iEneas (as the story goes),\\nwas a celebrated goddess. Her name was\\nAphrodite though among the Romans\\nshe afterward received the name of Venus.\\nAphrodite was not born of a mother, like\\nordinary mortals, but sprang mysteriously\\nand supernaturally from a foam which\\ngathered on a certain occasion upon the sur-\\nface of the sea. At the commencement of\\nher existence she crept out upon the shores\\nof an island that was near, the island of\\nCythera, which lies south of the Pelopon-\\nnesus.\\nShe was the goddess of love, of beauty,\\nand of f ruitf ulness and so extraordinary\\nwere the magical powers which were in-\\nherent from the beginning, in her very\\nnature, that as she walked along upon the\\nsands of the shore, when she first emerged\\nfrom the sea, plants and flowers of the richest\\nverdure and beauty sprang up at her feet\\nwherever she stepped. She was, besides, in\\nPronounced in four syllables, Aph-ro-di-te.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ENEAS.\\n47\\nher own person, inexpressibly beautiful\\nand in addition to the natural influence of\\nher charms, she was endued with the super-\\nnatural power of inspiring the sentiment of\\nlove in all w T ho beheld her.\\nFrom Cythera the goddess made her way\\nover by sea to Cyprus, where she remained\\nfor some time, amid the gorgeous and mag-\\nnificent scenery of that enchanting island.\\nHere she had two children, beautiful boys.\\nTheir names were Eros and Anteros. Each\\nOrigin of Venus.\\nof these children remained perpetually a\\nchild, and Eros, in later times called Cupid,\\nbecame the god of love bestowed, while\\nAnteros was the God of love returned.\\nAfter this the mother and the boys roamed\\nabout the world, now in the heavenly re-\\ngions above, and now among mortals on the\\nplains and in the valleys below they some-\\ntimes appeared openly, in their true forms,\\nsometimes they assumed disguises, and some-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 ROMULUS.\\ntimes they were wholly invisible; but\\nwhether seen or unseen, they were always\\nbusy in performing their functions the\\nmother inspiring everywhere, in the minds\\nboth of gods and men, the tenderest senti-\\nments of beauty and desire, while Eros,\\nawakened love in the heart of one person\\nfor another, and Anteros made it his duty to\\ntease and punish those who thus became\\nobjects of affection, if they did not return\\nthe love.\\nAfter some time, Aphrodite and her boys\\nfound their way to the heavenly regions of\\nMount Olympus, where the great divinities\\nresided,* and there they soon produced great\\ntrouble, by enkindling the flames of love in\\nthe hearts of the divinities themselves, caus-\\ning them, by her magic power, to fall in love\\nnot only with one another, but also with\\nmortal men and women on the earth below.\\nIn retaliation upon Aphrodite for this mis-\\nchief, Jupiter, by his supreme power, in-\\nspired Aphrodite herself with a sentiment\\nof love. The object of her affection was\\nAnchises, a handsome youth, of the royal\\nfamily of Troy, who lived among the moun-\\ntains of Ida, not far from the city.\\nThe way in which it happened that the\\naffection of Aphrodite turned toward an in-\\nhabitant of Mount Ida was this. There had\\nbeen at one time a marriage among the div-\\ninities, and a certain goddess who had not\\nbeen invited to the wedding, conceived the\\nSee Map, page 47.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ENEAS. 49\\ndesign of avenging herself for the neglect,\\nby provoking a quarrel among those who\\nwere there. She, accordingly, caused a\\nbeautiful golden apple to be made, with an\\ninscription marked upon it, For the most\\nbeautiful. This apple she threw in among\\nthe guests assembled at the wedding. The\\ngoddesses all claimed the prize, and a very\\nearnest dispute arose among them in respect\\nto it. Jupiter sent the several claimants,\\nunder the charge of a special messenger, to\\nMount Ida, to a handsome and accomplished\\nyoung shepherd there, named Paris who\\nwas, in fact, a prince in disguise that they\\nmight exhibit themselves to him, and submit\\nthe question of the right to the apple to his\\naward. Th e contending goddesses appeared\\naccordingly before Paris, and each attempted\\nto bribe him to decide in her favor, by offer-\\ning him some peculiar and tempting reward.\\nParis gave the apple to Aphrodite, and she\\nwas so pleased with the result, that she took\\nParis under her special protection, and made\\nthe solitudes of Mount Ida one of her fa-\\nvorite retreats.\\nHere she saw and became acquainted with\\nAnchises, who was, as has already been said,\\na noble, or prince, by descent, though he had\\nfor some time been dwelling away from the\\ncity, and among the mountains, rearing flocks\\nand herds. Here Aphrodite saw him, and\\nwhen Jupiter inspired her with a sudden sus-\\nceptibility to the power of love, the shep-\\nherd Anchises was the object toward which", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 ROMULUS.\\nher affections turned. She accordingly went\\nto Mount Ida, and giving herself up to him,\\nshe lived with him for some time among the\\nmountains as his bride. iEneas was their\\nson.\\nAphrodite did not, however, appear to\\nAnchises in her true character, but assumed,\\ninstead, the form and the disguise of a Phry-\\ngian princess. Phrj^gia was a kingdom of\\nAsia Minor, not very far from Troy. She\\ncontinued this disguise as long as she re-\\nmained with Anchises at Mount Ida; at\\nlength, however, she concluded to leave him,\\nand to return to Olympus, and at her part-\\ning she made herself known. She, however,\\ncharged Anchises never to reveal to any per-\\nson who she was, declaring that ^Eneas,\\nwhom she was going to leave with his father\\nwhen she went away, would be destroyed\\nby a stroke of lightning from heaven, if the\\nreal truth in respect to his mother were ever\\nrevealed.\\nWhen Aphrodite had gone, Anchises, hav-\\ning now no longer any one at home to at-\\ntend to the rearing of the child, sent him\\nto Dardanus, a city to the northward of\\nTroy, where he was brought up in the house\\nof his sister, the daughter of Anchises, who\\nwas married and settled there. His having\\na sister old enough to be married, would seem\\nto show that youth was not one of the at-\\ntractions of Anchises in Aphrodite s eyes.\\niEneas remained with his sister until he was\\nold enough to be of service in the care of", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ENEAS. 51\\nflocks and herds, and then returned again\\nto his former residence among the pastur-\\nages of the mountains. His mother, though\\nshe had left him, did not forget her child\\nbut watched over him continually, and in-\\nterposed directly to aid or to protect him,\\nwhenever her aid was required by the oc-\\ncurrence of any emergency of difficulty or\\ndanger.\\nAt length the Trojan war broke out.\\nFor a time, however, iEneas took no part\\nin it. He was jealous of the attentions\\nwhich Priam, the king of Troy, paid to\\nother young men, and fancied that he him-\\nself was overlooked, and that the services\\nthat he might render were undervalued.\\nHe remained, therefore, at his home among\\nthe mountains, occupying himself with his\\nflocks and herds and he might, perhaps,\\nhave continued in these peaceful avocations\\nto the end of the war, had it not been that\\nAchilles, one of the most formidable of the\\nGrecian leaders, in one of his forays in the\\ncountry around Troy, in search of provi-\\nsions, came upon ^Eneas s territory, and\\nattacked him while tending his flocks upon\\nthe mountain side. Achilles seized the\\nflocks and herds, and drove iEneas and his\\nfellow-herdsmen away. They would, in\\nfact, all have been killed, had not Aphrodite\\ninterposed to protect her son and save his\\nlife.\\nThe loss of his flocks and herds, and the\\ninjury which he himself had received, aroused", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 ROMULUS.\\n^Eneas s indignation and anger against the\\nGreeks. He immediately raised an armed\\nforce of Dardanians, and thenceforth took\\nan active part in the war. He became one\\nof the most distinguished among the com-\\nbatants, for his prowess and his bravery\\nand being always assisted by his mother in\\nhis conflicts, and rescued by her when in\\ndanger, he performed prodigies of strength\\nand valor.\\nAt one time he pressed forward into the\\nthickest of the battle to rescue a Trojan\\nleader named Pandarus, who was beset by\\nhis foes and brought into very imminent\\ndanger. ^Eneas did not succeed in saving\\nhis friend. Pandarus was killed. JEneas,\\nhowever, flew to the spot, and by means of\\nthe most extraordinary feats of strength and\\nvalor he drove the Greeks away from the\\nbody. They attacked it on every side, but\\nJEneas, wheeling around it, fighting now on\\nthis side and now on that, drove them all\\naway. They retired to a little distance\\nand then began to throw in a shower of\\nspears and darts and arrows upon him.\\nJEneas defended himself and the body of his\\nfriend from these missiles for a time, with\\nhis shield. At length, however, he was struck\\nin the thigh with a ponderous stone which\\none of the Greek warriors hurled at him, a\\nstone so heavy that two men of ordinary\\nstrength would have been required to lift it.\\nJEneas was felled to the ground by the\\nblow. He sank down, resting upon his arm,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ENEAS. 53\\nfaint and dizzy, and being thus made helpless\\nwould have immediately been overpowered\\nand killed by his assailants had not his mother\\ninterposed. She came immediately to rescue\\nhim. She spread her veil over him, which\\nhad the magic power of rendering harmless\\nall blows which were aimed at what was cov-\\nered by it, and then taking him up in her\\narms she bore him off through the midst of\\nhis enemies unharmed. The swords, spears,\\nand javelins which were aimed at him were\\nrendered powerless by the magic veil.\\nAphrodite, however, flying thus with her\\nwounded son, mother-like, left herself exposed\\nin her anxiety to protect him. Diomedes,\\nthe chief of the pursuers, following headlong\\non, aimed a lance at Venus herself. The\\nlance struck Yenus in the hand, and inflicted\\na very severe and painful wound. It did\\nnot, however, stop her flight. She pressed\\nswiftly on, while Diomedes, satisfied with\\nhis revenge, gave up the pursuit, but called\\nout to Aphrodite as she disappeared from\\nview, bidding her learn from the lesson which\\nhe had given her that it would be best for\\nher thenceforth to remain in her own appro-\\npriate sphere, and not come down to the\\nearth and interfere in the contests of mortal\\nmen.\\nAphrodite, after conveying JEneas to a\\nplace of safety, fled, herself, faint and bleed-\\ning, to the moantains, where, after ascending\\nto the region of mists and clouds, Iris, the\\nbeautiful goddess of the rainbow, came to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54 ROMULUS.\\nher aid. Iris found her faint and pale from\\nthe loss of blood she did all in her power\\nto soothe and comfort the wounded goddess,\\nand then led her farther still among the\\nmountains to a place where they found Mars,\\nthe god of war, standing with his chariot.\\nMars was Aphrodite s brother. He took\\ncompassion upon his sister in her distress,\\nand lent Iris his chariot and horses, to con-\\nvey Aphrodite home. Aphrodite ascended\\ninto the chariot, and Iris took the reins and\\nthus they rode through the air to the mount-\\nains of Olympus. Here the gods and god-\\ndesses of heaven gathered around their un-\\nhappy sister, bound up her wound, and ex-\\npressed great sympathy for her in her suf-\\nferings, uttering at the same time many\\npiteous complaints against the merciless vio-\\nlence and inhumanity of men. Such is the\\nancient tale of ^Eneas and his mother.\\nAt a later period in the history of the war,\\nJEneas had a grand combat with Achilles,\\nwho was the most terrible of all the Grecian\\nwarriors, and w T as regarded as the grand\\nchampion of their cause. The two armies\\nwere drawn up in battle array. A vast open\\nspace was left between them on the open\\nplain. Into this space the two combatants\\nadvanced, JEneas on the one side and Achilles\\non the other, in full view of all the troops,\\nand of the throngs of spectators assembled\\nto witness the proceeding.\\nA very strong and an universal interest\\nwas felt in the approaching combat. iEneas,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ENEAS. 55\\nbesides the prodigious strength and bravery\\nfor which he was renowned, was to be\\ndivinely aided, it was known, by the pro-\\ntection of his mother, who was always at\\nhand to guide and support him in the conflict,\\nand to succor him in danger. Achilles, on\\nthe other hand, possessed a charmed life.\\nHe had been dipped by his mother Thetis,\\nwhen an infant, in the river Styx, to render\\nhim invulnerable and immortal and the im-\\nmersion produced the effect intended in re-\\nspect to all those parts of the body which\\nthe water laved. As, however, Thetis held\\nthe child by the ankles when she plunged\\nhim in, the ankles remained unaffected by\\nthe magic influence of the water. All the\\nother parts of the body were rendered in-\\ncapable of receiving a w^ound.\\nAchilles had a very beautiful and costly\\nshield which his mother had caused to be\\nmade for him. It was formed of five plates\\nof metal. The outermost plates on each side\\nwere of brass in the center was a plate of\\ngold and between the central plate of gold\\nand the outer ones of brass were two other\\nplates, one on each side, made of some third\\nmetal. The workmanship of this shield was\\nof the most elaborate and beautiful character.\\nThe mother of Achilles had given this weapon\\nto her son when he left home to join the\\nGreeks in the Trojan war, not trusting en-\\ntirely it seems to his magical invulnerabil-\\nity.\\nThe armies looked on with great interest", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 KOMULUS.\\nas these two champions advanced to meet\\neach other, while all the gods and goddesses\\nsurveyed the scene with almost equal interest,\\nfrom their abodes above. Some joined Yenus\\nin the sympathy which she felt for her son,\\nwhile others espoused the cause of Achilles.\\nWhen the two combatants had approached\\neach other, they paused before commencing\\nthe conflict, as is usual in such cases, and sur-\\nveyed each other with looks of anger and de-\\nfiance. At length Achilles spoke. He began\\nto upbraid ^Eneas for his infatuation and\\nfolly in engaging in the war, and especially\\nfor coming forward to put his life at hazard\\nby encountering such a champion as was now\\nbefore him. What can you gain, 5 said he,\\neven if you conquer in this warfare You\\ncan never be king, even if you succeed in\\nsaving the city. I know you claim to be\\ndescended from the royal line but Priam\\nhas sons who are the direct and immediate\\nheirs, and your claims can never be allowed.\\nThen, besides, what folly to attempt to con-\\ntend with me Me, the strongest, bravest,\\nand most terrible of the Greeks, and the\\nspecial favorite of many deities. With this\\nintroduction Achilles went on to set forth\\nthe greatness of his pedigree, and the lofti-\\nness of his pretensions to superiority over all\\nothers in personal prowess and valor, in a\\nmanner very eloquent indeed, and in a style\\nwhich it seems was very much admired in\\nthose days as evincing only a proper spirit\\nand energy, though in our times such a", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE STORY OF ^ESTEAS. 57\\nharangue would be very apt to be regarded\\nas only a vainglorious and empty boasting.\\n^Eneas replied, retorting with vauntings\\non his side no less spirited and energetic than\\nthose which Achilles had expressed. He\\ngave a long account of his pedigree, and of\\nhis various claims to lofty consideration.\\nHe, however, said, in conclusion, that it was\\nidle and useless for them to waste their time\\nin such a war of words, and so he hurled his\\nspear at Achilles with all his force, as a token\\nof the commencement of the battle.\\nThe spear struck the shield of Achilles, and\\nimpinged upon it with such force that it pen-\\netrated through two of the plates of metal\\nwhich composed the shield, and reached the\\ncentral plate of gold, where the force with\\nwhich it had been thrown being spent, it\\nwas arrested and fell to the ground. Achil-\\nles then exerting his utmost strength threw\\nhis spear in return. JEneas crouched down\\nto avoid the shock of the weapon, holding\\nhis shield at the same time above his head,\\nand bracing himself with all his force against\\nthe approaching concussion. The spear\\nstruck the shield near the upper edge of it,\\nas it was held in ^Eneas s hand. It passed di-\\nrectly through the plates of which the shield\\nwas composed, and then continuing its course,\\nit glided down just over ^Eneas s back, and\\nplanted itself deep in the ground behind him,\\nand stood there quivering. iEneas crept\\nout from beneath it with a look of horror.\\nImmediately after throwing his spear, and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "58 ROMULUS.\\nperceiving that it had failed of its intended\\neffect, Achilles drew his sword and rushed\\nforward to engage ^Eneas, hand to hand.\\nJEneas himself recovering in an instant from\\nthe consternation which his narrow escape\\nfrom impalement had awakened, seized an\\nenormous stone, heavier, as Homer repre-\\nsents it, than any two ordinary men could\\nlift, and was about to hurl it at his advancing\\nfoe, when suddenly the whole combat was ter-\\nminated by a very unexpected interposition.\\nIt seems that the various gods and goddesses,\\nfrom their celestial abodes among the sum-\\nmits of Olympus, had assembled in invisible\\nforms to witness this combat some sympa-\\nthizing with and upholding one of the com-\\nbatants, and some the other. Neptune was\\non iEneas s side and accordingly when he\\nsaw how imminent the danger was which\\nthreatened ^Eneas, when Achilles came rush-\\ning upon him with his uplifted sword, he at\\nonce resolved to interfere. He immediately\\nrushed, himself, between the combatants.\\nHe brought a sudden and supernatural mist\\nover the scene, such as the God of the Sea\\nhas always at his command and this mist\\nat once concealed iEneas from Achilles s\\nview. Neptune drew the spear out of the\\nground, and released it too from the shield\\nwhich remained still pinned dow n by it and\\nthen threw the spear down at Achilles s feet.\\nHe next seized JEneas, and lifting him high\\nabove the ground he bore him away in an\\ninvisible form over the heads of soldiers and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^SNEAS. 89\\ncome by chance. They are all ordered by\\nan overruling providence that is omnipotent\\nand divine. It was predetermined by the\\ndecrees of heaven that you were not to take\\nme with you in your flight. I have learned\\nwhat your future destiny is to be. There is\\na long period of weary wandering before\\nyou, over the ocean and on the land, and\\nyou will have many difficulties, dangers, and\\ntrials to incur. You will, however, be con-\\nducted safely through them all, and will in\\nthe end find a peaceful and happy home on\\nthe banks of the Tiber. There you will\\nfound a new kingdom; a princess is even\\nnow provided for you there, to become your\\nbride. Cease then to mourn for me rather\\nrejoice that I did not fall a captive into the\\nhands of our enemies, to be carried away\\ninto Greece and made a slave. I am free,\\nand you must not lament my fate. Fare-\\nwell. Love Ascanius for my sake, and\\nwatch over him and protect him as long as\\nyou live.\\nHaving spoken these words, the vision\\nbegan to disappear. JEneas endeavored to\\nclasp the beloved image in his arms to retain\\nit, but it was intangible and evanescent, and,\\nbefore he could speak to it, it was gone, and\\nhe was left standing in the desolate and\\ngloomy street alone. He turned at length\\nslowly away and solitary, thoughtful and\\nsad, he went back to the gate of the city, and\\nthence out to the valley where he had con-\\ncealed Anchises and his little son.\\nRomulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "90 KOMULUS.\\nHe found them safe. The whole party-\\nthen sought places of retreat among the glens\\nand mountains, where they could remain\\nconcealed a few days, while ^Eneas and his\\ncompanions could make arrangements for\\nabandoning the country altogether. These\\narrangements were soon completed. As soon\\nas the Greeks had retired, so that they could\\ncome out without danger from their place of\\nretreat, ^Eneas employed his men in building\\na number of small vessels, fitting them, as\\nwas usual in those days, both with sails and\\noars.\\nDuring the progress of these preparations,\\nsmall parties of Trojans were coming in con-\\ntinually, day by day, to join him being\\ndrawn successively from their hiding-places\\namong the mountains, by hearing that the\\nGreeks had gone away, and that JSneas was\\ngradually assembling the remnant of the\\nTrojans on the shore. The numbers thus\\ncollected at JEneas s encampment gradually\\nincreased, and as ^Eneas enlarged and ex^\\ntended his naval preparations to correspond\\nwith the augmenting numbers of his ad-\\nherents, he found when he was ready to set\\nsail, that he was at the head of a very re-\\nspectable naval and military force.\\nWhen the fleet at last was ready, he put a\\nstock of provisions on board, and embarked\\nhis men, taking, of course, Anchises and\\nAscanius with him. As soon as a favorable\\nwind arose, the expedition set sail. As the\\nvessels moved slowly away, the decks were", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS.\\n91\\ncovered with men and women, who gazed\\nmournfully at the receding shores, conscious\\nthat they were bidding a final farewell to\\ntheir native land.\\nThe nearest country within reach in leav-\\ning the Trojan coast, was Thrace a country\\nlying north of the Egean Sea, and of the\\nPropontis, being separated, in fact, in one\\npart, from the Trojan territories, only by\\nWanderings op ^neas.\\nthe Hellespont. ^Eneas turned his course\\nnorthward toward this country, and, after a\\nshort voyage, landed there, and attempted\\nto make a settlement. He was, however,\\nprevented from remaining long, by a dread-\\nful prodigy which he witnessed there, and\\nwhich induced him to leave those shores\\nvery precipitously. The prodigy was this:\\nThey had erected an altar on the shore,\\nafter they had landed, and were preparing\\nto offer the sacrifices customary on such oo", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "92 ROMULUS.\\ncasions, when .ZSneas, wishing to shade the\\naltar with boughs, went to a myrtle bush\\nwhich was growing near, and began to pull\\nup the green shoots from the ground. To\\nhis astonishment and horror, he found that\\nblood flowed from the roots whenever they\\nwere broken. Drops of what appeared to\\nbe human blood would ooze from the rup-\\ntured part as he held the shoot in his hand,\\nand fall slowly to the ground. He was\\ngreatly terrified at this spectacle, consider-\\ning it as some omen of very dreadful import.\\nHe immediately and instinctively offered up\\na prayer to the presiding deities of the land,\\nthat they would avert from him the evil in-\\nfluences, whatever they might be, which\\nthe omen seemed to portend, or that they\\nwould at least explain the meaning of the\\nprodigy. After offering this prayer, he\\ntook hold of another stem of the myrtle,\\nand attempted to draw it from the ground,\\nin order to see whether any change in the\\nappearances exhibited by the prodigy had\\nbeen effected by his prayer. At the instant,\\nhowever, when the roots began to give\\nway, he heard a groan coming up from\\nthe ground below, as if from a person in\\nsuffering. Immediately afterward a voice,\\nin a mournful and sepulchral accent, began\\nto beg him to go away, and cease disturbing\\nthe repose of the dead. What you are\\ntearing and lacerating, said the voice, is\\nnot a tree, but a man. I am Poly dor us. I\\nwas killed by the king of Thrace, and in-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS. 93\\nstead of burial, have been turned into a\\nmyrtle growing on the shore.\\nPolydorus was a Trojan prince. He was\\nthe youngest son of Priam, and had been\\nsent some years before to Thrace, to be\\nbrought up in the court of the Thracian king.\\nHe had been provided with a large supply\\nof money and treasures when he left Troy,\\nin order that all his wants might be abun-\\ndantly supplied, and that he might maintain,\\nduring his absence from home, the position\\nto which his rank as a Trojan prince entitled\\nhim. His treasures, however, which had\\nbeen provided for him by his father as his\\nsure reliance for support and protection,\\nbecame the occasion of his ruin for the\\nThracian king, when he found that the war\\nwas going against the Trojans, and that\\nPriam the father was slain, and the city\\ndestroyed, murdered the helpless son to get\\npossession of his gold.\\n^Eneas and his companions were shocked\\nto hear this story, and perceived at once\\nthat Thrace was no place of safety for them.\\nThey resolved immediately to leave the\\ncoast and seek their fortunes in other regions.\\nThey, however, first, in secrecy and silence,\\nbut with great solemnity, performed those\\nfuneral rites for Polydorus which were con-\\nsidered in those ages essential to the repose\\nof the dead. When these mournful cere-\\nmonies were ended they embarked on board\\ntheir ships again and sailed away.\\nAfter this, the party of Jineas spent", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "94 ROMULUS.\\nmany months in weary voyages from island\\nto island, and from shore to shore, along\\nthe Mediterranean sea, encountering every\\nimaginable difficulty and danger, and meet-\\ning continually with the strangest and most\\nromantic adventures. At one time they\\nwere misled by a mistaken interpretation of\\nprophecy to attempt a settlement in Crete\\na green and beautiful island lying south\\nof the Egean sea. They had applied to a\\nsacred oracle, which had its seat at a cer-\\ntain consecrated spot which they visited in\\nthe course of their progress southward\\nthrough the Egean sea, asking the oracle to\\ndirect them where to go in order to find a\\nsettled home. The oracle, in answer to\\ntheir request, informed them that they were\\nto go to the land that their ancestors had\\noriginally come from, before their settle-\\nment in Troy. ^Eneas applied to Anchises\\nto inform them what land this was. An-\\nchises replied, that he thought it was Crete.\\nThere was an ancient tradition, he said, that\\nsome distinguished men among the ancestors\\nof the Trojans had originated in Crete and\\nhe presumed accordingly that that was the\\nland to which the oracle referred.\\nThe course of the little fleet was accord-\\ningly directed southward, and in due time\\nthe expedition safely reached the island of\\nCrete, and landed there. They immediately\\ncommenced the work of effecting a settle-\\nment. They drew the ships up upon the\\nshore they laid out a city they inclosed", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Romulus face p 9A\\nThe Wooden Horse. (Seep. 61.)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS. 95\\nand planted fields, and began to build their\\nbouses. In a short time, however, all their\\nbright prospects of rest and security were\\nblighted by the breaking out of a dreadful\\npestilence among them. Many died; others\\nwho still lived, were utterly prostrated by\\nthe effects of the disease, and crawled about,\\nemaciated and wretched, a miserable and\\npiteous spectacle to behold. To crown their\\nmisfortunes, a great drought came on. The\\ngrain which they had planted was dried up\\nand killed in the fields and thus, in addition\\nto the horrors of pestilence, they were threat-\\nened with the still greater horrors of\\nfamine. Their distress was extreme, and\\nthey were utterly at a loss to know what\\nto do.\\nIn this extremity Anchises recommended\\nthat they should send back to the oracle to\\ninquire more particularly in respect to the\\nmeaning of the former response, in order to\\nascertain whether they had, by possibility,\\nmisinterpreted it, and made their settlement\\non the wrong ground. Or, if this was not\\nthe case, to learn by what other error or\\nfault they had displeased the celestial powers,\\nand brought upon themselves such terrible\\njudgments. iEneas determined to adopt\\nthis advice, but he was prevented from carry-\\ning his intentions into effect by the follow-\\ning occurrence.\\nOne night he was lying upon his couch\\nin his dwelling, so harassed by his anxie-\\nties and cares that he could not sleep, and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "96 ROMULUS.\\nrevolving in his mind all possible plans for\\nextricating himself and his followers from\\nthe difficulties which environed them. The\\nmoon shone in at the windows, and by the\\nlight of this luminary he saw, reposing in\\ntheir shrines in the opposite side of the apart-\\nment where he was sleeping, the household\\nimages which he had rescued from the\\nflames of Troy. As he looked upon these\\ndivinities in the still and solemn hour of\\nmidnight, oppressed with anxiety and care,\\none of them began to address him.\\nWe are commissioned, said this super-\\nnatural voice, by Apollo, whose oracle you\\nare intending to consult again, to give you\\nthe answer that you desire, without requir-\\ning you to go back to his te mple. It is true\\nthat you have erred in attempting to make\\na settlement in Crete. This is not the land\\nwhich is destined to be your home. You\\nmust leave these shores, and continue your\\nvoyage. The land which is destined to re-\\nceive you is Italy, a land far removed from\\nthis spot, and your way to it lies over wide\\nand boisterous seas. Do not be discouraged,\\nhowever, on this account, or on account of\\nthe calamities which now impend over you.\\nYou will be prospered in the end. You will\\nreach Italy in safety, and there you will lay\\nthe foundations of a mighty empire, which\\nin days to come will extend its dominion far\\nand wide among the nations of the earth.\\nTake courage, then, and embark once more\\nin your ships with a cheerful and confident", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^NEAS. 97\\nheart. You are safe, and in the end all will\\nturn out well.\\nThe strength and spirits of the desponding\\nadventurer were very essentially revived by\\nthis encouragement. He immediately pre-\\npared to obey the injunctions which had\\nbeen thus divinely communicated to him,\\nand in a short time the half -built city was\\nabandoned, and the expedition once more\\nembarked on board the fleet and proceeded\\nto sea. They met in their subsequent wan-\\nderings with a great variety of adventures,\\nbut it would extend this portion of our nar-\\nrative too far, to relate them all. They en-\\ncountered a storm by which for three days\\nand three nights they were tossed to and fro,\\nwithout seeing sun or stars, and of course\\nwithout any guidance whatever and during\\nall this time they were in the most imminent\\ndanger of being overwhelmed and destroyed\\nby the billows which rolled sublimely and\\nfrightfully around them. At another time,\\nhaving landed for rest and refreshment\\namong a group of Grecian islands, they were\\nattacked by the harpies, birds of prey of\\nprodigious size and most offensive habits,\\nand fierce and voracious beyond description.\\nThe harpies were celebrated, in fact, in many\\nof the ancient tales, as a race of beings that\\ninfested certain shores, and often teased and\\ntormented the mariners and adventurers that\\nhappened to come among them. Some said,\\nhowever, that there was not a race of such\\nbeings, but only two or three in all, and they", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "98 ROMULUS.\\ngave their names. And yet different nar-\\nrators gave different names, among which\\nwere Aelopos, Nicothoe, Ocythoe OcypoaB,\\nCelaeno, Acholoe, and Aello. Some said\\nthat the harpies had the faces and forms of\\nwomen. Others described them as fright-\\nfully ugly but all agree in representing\\nthem as voracious beyond description, always\\ngreedily devouring everything that they\\ncould get within reach of their claws.\\nThese fierce monsters flew down upon\\n^Eneas and his party, and carried away the\\nfood from off the table before them; and\\neven attacked the men themselves. The\\nmen then armed themselves with swords,\\nsecretly, and waited for the next approach\\nof the harpies, intending to kill them, when\\nthey came near. But the nimble marauders\\neluded all their blows, and escaped with their\\nplunder as before. At length the expedition\\nwas driven away from the island altogether,\\nby these ravenous fowls, and when they\\nwere embarking on board of their vessels,\\nthe leader of the harpies perched herself\\nupon a rock overlooking the scene, and in a\\nhuman voice loaded ^Eneas and his com-\\npanions, as they went away, with taunts and\\nexecrations.\\nThe expedition passed one night in great\\nterror and dread in the vicinity of Mount\\nEtna, where they had landed. The awful\\neruptions of smoke, and flame, and burning\\nlava, which issued at midnight from the sum-\\nmit of the mountain, the thundering sounds", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF JENEAS. 99\\nwhich they heard rolling beneath them,\\nthrough the ground, and the dread which\\nwas inspired in their minds by the terrible\\nmonsters that dwelt beneath the mountains,\\nas they supposed, and fed the fires, all com-\\nbined to impress them with a sense of unut-\\nterable awe and as soon as the light of the\\nmorning enabled them to resume their course,\\nthey made all haste to get away from so\\nappalling a scene. At another time they\\ntouched upon a coast which was inhabited\\nby a race of one-eyed giants, monsters of\\nenormous magnitude and of remorseless\\ncruelty. They were cannibals, feeding on\\nthe bodies of men whom they killed by grasp-\\ning them in their hands and beating them\\nagainst the rocks which formed the sides of\\ntheir den. Some men whom one of these\\nmonsters named Polyphemus, had shut up\\nin his cavern, contrived to surprise their\\nkeeper in his sleep, and though they were\\nwholly unable to kill him on account of his\\ncolossal magnitude, they succeeded in put-\\nting out his eye, and ^Eneas and his com-\\npanions saw the blinded giant, as they passed\\nalong the coast, wading in the sea, and bath-\\ning his wound. He was guiding his footsteps\\nas he walked, by means of the trunk of a\\ntall pine which served him for a staff.\\nAt length, however, after the lapse of a\\nlong period of time, and after meeting with\\na great variety of adventures to which we can\\nnot even here allude, ^Eneas and his party\\nreached the shores of Italy, at the point", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "100 ROMULUS.\\nwhich by divine intimations had been pointed\\nout to them as the place where they were to\\nland.\\nThe story of the life and adventures of\\niEneas, which we have given in this and in\\nthe preceding chapters, is a faithful summary\\nof the narrative which the poetic historians\\nThe Harpies.\\nof those days recorded. It is, of course, not\\nto be relied upon as a narrative of facts but\\nit is worthy of very special attention by\\nevery cultivated mind of the present day,\\nfrom the fact, that such is the beauty, the\\ngrace, the melody, the inimitable poetic\\nperfection with which the story is told, in\\nthe language in which the original record\\nstands, that the narrative has made a more\\ndeep, and widespread, and lasting impression\\nupon the human mind than any other narra-\\ntive perhaps that ever was penned.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK VI.\\nTHE LANDING IN LATIUM.\\nLatitjm was the name given to an ancient\\nprovince of Italy, lying south of the Tiber.\\nAt the time of iEneas s arrival upon the coast\\nit was an independent kingdom. Tho name\\nof the king who reigned over it at this period\\nwas Latinus.\\nThe country on the banks of the Tiber,\\nwhere the city of Home afterward arose,\\nwas then a wild but picturesque rural region,\\nconsisting of hills and valleys, occupied by\\nshepherds and husbandmen, but with noth-\\ning upon it whatever, to mark it as the site\\nof a city. The people that dwelt in Latium\\nwere shepherds and herdsmen, though there\\nwas a considerable band of warriors under\\nthe command of the king. The inhabitants\\nof the country were of Greek origin, and they\\nhad brought with them from Greece, when\\nthey colonized the country, such rude arts\\nas were then known. They had the use of\\nCadmus s letters, for writing, so far as writ-\\ning was employed at all in those early days.\\nThey were skilful in making such weapons\\nof war, and such simple instruments of music,\\nas were known at the time, and they could\\n101", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "102 KOMULUS.\\nerect buildings, of wood, or of stone, and\\nthus constructed such dwellings as they\\nneeded, in their towns, and walls and citadels\\nfor defense.\\nJEneas brought his fleet into the mouth of\\nthe Tiber, and anchored it there. He him-\\nself, and all his followers were thoroughly\\nweary of their wanderings, and hoped that\\nthey were now about to land where they\\nshould find a permanent abode. The number\\nof ships and men that had formed the expedi-\\ntion at the commencement of the voyage,\\nwas very large but it had been considerably\\ndiminished by the various misfortunes and\\naccidents incident to such an enterprise, and\\nthe remnant that was left longed ardently\\nfor rest. Some of the ships took fire, and\\nwere burned at their moorings in the Tiber,\\nimmediately after the arrival of the expedi-\\ntion. It was said that they w^ere set on\\nfire by the wives and mothers belonging to\\nthe expedition, who wished, by destroying\\nthe ships, to render it impossible for the fleet\\nto go to sea again.\\nHowever this may be, iEneas was very\\nstrongly disposed to make the beautiful re-\\ngion which he now saw before him, his final\\nhome. The country, in every aspect of it,\\nwas alluring in the highest degree. Level\\nplains, varied here and there by gentle ele-\\nvations, extended around him, all adorned\\nwith groves and flowers, and exhibiting a\\nluxuriance in the verdure of the grass and\\nin the foliage of the trees that was perfectly", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM.\\n103\\nenchanting to the sea-weary eyes of his\\ncompany of mariners. In the distance, blue\\nand beautiful mountains bounded the hori-\\nzon, and a soft, warm summer haze floated\\nover the whole scene, bathing the landscape\\nfABJXl s\\nMap of Latitm.\\nin a rich mellow light peculiar to Italian\\nskies.\\nAs soon as the disembarkation was effect-\\ned, lines of encampment were marked out,\\nat a suitable place on the shore, and such\\nsimple fortifications as were necessary for\\ndefense in such a case, were thrown up.\\niEneas despatched one party in boats to\\n8 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "104 ROMULUS.\\nexplore the various passages and channels\\nwhich formed the mouth of the river, per-\\nhaps in order to be prepared to make good\\nhis escape again, to sea, in case of any sud-\\nden or extraordinary danger. Another\\nparty were employed in erecting altars, and\\npreparing for sacrifices and other religious\\ncelebrations, designed on the part of JEneas\\nto propitiate the deities of the place, and to\\ninspire his men with religious confidence\\nand trust. He also immediately proceeded\\nto organize a party of reconnoiterers who\\nwere to proceed into the interior, to explore\\nthe country and to communicate with the\\ninhabitants.\\nThe party of reconnoiterers thus sent out\\nfollowed up the banks of the river, and\\nmade excursions in various directions across\\nthe fields and plains. They found that the\\ncountry was everywhere verdant and beau-\\ntiful, and that it was covered in the interior\\nwith scattered hamlets and towns. They\\nlearned the name of the king, and also that\\nof the city which he made his capitol. La-\\ntinus himself at the same time, heard the\\ntidings of the arrival of these strangers.\\nHis first impulse was immediately to make\\nan onset upon them with all his forces, and\\ndrive them away from his shores. On far-\\nther inquiry, however, he learned that they\\nwere in a distressed and suffering condition,\\nand from the descriptions which were given\\nhim of their dress and demeanor he con-\\ncluded that they were Greeks. This idea", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 105\\nawakened in his mind some apprehension\\nfor the Greeks were then well known\\nthroughout the world, and were regarded\\neverywhere as terrible enemies. Besides his\\nfears, his pity and compassion w^ere awak-\\nened, too, in some degree and he was on\\nthe whole for a time quite at a loss to know\\nwhat course to pursue in respect to the in-\\ntruders.\\nIn the mean time ^Eneas concluded to\\nsend an embassy to Latinus to explain the\\ncircumstances under which he had been in-\\nduced to land so large a party on the Italian\\ncoast. He accordingly designated a consid-\\nerable number of men to form this embassy,\\nand giving to some of the number his in-\\nstructions as to what they were to say to\\nLatinus, he committed to the hands of the\\nothers a large number of gifts which they\\nwere to carry and present to him. These\\ngifts consisted of weapons elaborately fin-\\nished, vessels of gold or silver, embroidered\\ngarments, and such other articles as were\\ncustomarily employed in those days as pro-\\npitiatory offerings in such emergencies.\\nThe embassy when all was arranged pro-\\nceeded to the Latian capital.\\nWhen they came in sight of it they found\\nthat it was a spacious city, w r itn walls\\naround it, and turrets and battlements\\nwithin, rising here and there above the\\nroofs of the dwellings. Outside the gates a\\nportion of the population were assembled\\nbusily engaged in games, and in various", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "106 ROMULUS.\\ngymnastic and equestrian performances.\\nSome were driving furiously in chariots\\naround great circles marked out for the\\ncourse. Others were practising feats of\\nhorsemanship, or running races upon fleet\\nchargers. Others still were practising with\\ndarts, or bows and arrows, or javelins\\neither to test and improve their individual\\nskill, or else to compete with each other for\\nvictory or for a prize. The ambassadors\\npaused when they came in view of this scene,\\nand waited until intelligence could be sent\\nin to the monarch, informing him of their\\narrival.\\nLatinus decided immediately to admit the\\nembassy to an audience, and they were ac-\\ncordingly conducted into the city. They\\nw r ere led, after entering by the gates, through\\nvarious streets, until they came at length\\nto a large public edifice, which seemed to\\nbe, at the same time, palace, senate-house,\\nand citadel. There were to be seen, in the\\navenues which led to this edifice, statues of\\nold warriors, and various other martial\\ndecorations. There were many old trophies\\nof former victories preserved here, such as\\narms, and chariots, and prows of ships, and\\ncrests, and great bolts and bars taken from\\nthe gates of conquered cities, all old, war-\\nworn, and now useless, but preserved as\\nmemorials of bravery and conquest. The\\nTrojan embassy, passing through and among\\nthese trophies, as they stood or hung in the\\nhalls and vestibules of the palace, were at", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 107\\nlength ushered into the presence of Latinus\\nthe king.\\nHere, after the usual ceremonies of intro-\\nduction were performed, they delivered the\\nmessage which iEneas had intrusted to\\nthem. They declared that they had not\\nlanded on Latinus s shore with any hostile\\nintent. They had been driven away, they\\nsaid, from their own homes, by a series of\\ndire calamities, which had ended, at last, in\\nthe total destruction of their native city.\\nSince then they had been driven to and fro\\nat the mercy of the winds and waves, exposed\\nto every conceivable degree of hardship and\\ndanger. Their landing finally, in the domin-\\nions of Latinus in Italy, was not, they con-\\nfessed, wholly undesigned, for Latium had\\nbeen divinely indicated to them, on their\\nway, as the place destined by the decrees of\\nheaven for their final home. Following\\nthese indications, they had sought the shores\\nof Italy and the mouths of the Tiber, and\\nhaving succeeded in reaching them, had\\nlanded and now ^Eneas, their commander,\\ndesired of the king that he would allow\\nthem to settle in his land in peace, and that\\nhe would set apart a portion of his territory\\nfor them, and give them leave to build a\\ncity.\\nThe effect produced upon the mind of La-\\ntinus by the appearance of these ambas-\\nsadors, and by the communication which\\nthey made to him, proved to be highly\\nfavorable. He received the presents, too,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "108 ROMULUS.\\nwhich they had brought him, in a very\\ngracious manner, and appeared to be much\\npleased with them. He had heard, as would\\nseem, rumors of the destruction of Troy,\\nand of the departure of ^Eneas s squadron\\nfor a long time had been consumed by the\\nwanderings of the expedition along the\\nMediterranean shores, so that some years\\nhad now elapsed since the destruction of\\nTroy and the first sailing of the fleet. In a\\nword, Latinus soon determined to accede to\\nthe proposals of his visitors, and he concluded\\nwith iEneas a treaty of alliance and friend-\\nship. He designated a spot where the new\\ncity might be built, and all things were thus\\namicably settled.\\nThere was one circumstance which exerted\\na powerful influence in promoting the estab-\\nlishment of friendly relations between La-\\ntinus and the Trojans, and that was, that\\nLatinus was engaged, at the time of ^Eneas s\\narrival, in a war with the Rutulians, a\\nnation that inhabited a country lying south\\nof Latium and on the coast. Latinus thought\\nthat by making the Trojans his friends, he\\nshould be able to enlist them as his auxiliaries\\nin this war. ^Eneas made no objection to\\nthis, and it was accordingly agreed that the\\nTrojans, in return for being received as\\nfriends, and allowed to settle in Latium,\\nwere to join with their protectors in defend-\\ning the country, and were especially to aid\\nthem in prosecuting the existing war.\\nIn a short time a still closer alliance was", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 109\\nformed between JEneas and Latinus, an alli-\\nance which in the end resulted in the ac-\\ncession of ^Eneas to the throne of Latinus.\\nLatinus had a daughter named Lavinia. She\\nwas an only child, and was a princess of ex-\\ntraordinary merit and beauty. The name\\nof the queen, her mother, the wife of La-\\ntinus, was Amata. Amata had intended\\nher daughter to be the wife of Turnus, a\\nyoung prince of great character and promise,\\nwho had been brought up in Latinus s court.\\nTurnus was, in fact, a distant relative of\\nAmata, and the plan of the queen was that\\nhe should marry Lavinia, and in the end\\nsucceed with her, to the throne of Latinus.\\nLatinus himself had not entered into this\\nscheme and when closing his negotiations\\nwith iEneas, it seemed to him that it would\\nbe well to seal and secure the adherence of\\niEneas to his cause by offering him his\\ndaughter Lavinia for his bride, .^Eneas was\\nvery willing to accede to this proposal.\\nWhat the wishes of Lavinia herself were in\\nrespect to the arrangement, it is not very\\nwell known nor were her wishes, according\\nto the ideas that prevailed in those times,\\nof any consequence whatever, The plan\\nwas arranged, and the nuptials were soon\\nto be celebrated. Turnus, when he found\\nthat he was to be superseded, left the court\\nof Latinus, and went away out of the country\\nin a rage.\\n^Eneas and his followers seemed now to\\nhave come to the end of all their troubles.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "110 BOMULUS.\\nThey were at last happily established in\\na fruitful land, surrounded by powerful\\nfriends, and about to enter apparently upon\\na long career of peaceful and prosperous in-\\ndustry. They immediately engaged with\\ngreat ardor in the work of building their\\ntown. iEneas had intended to have named\\nit Troy, in commemoration of the ancient\\ncity now no more. But, in view of his\\napproaching marriage with Lavinia, he de-\\ntermined to change this design, and, in\\nhonor of her, to name the new capital Lav-\\ninium.\\nThe territory which had been assigned to\\nthe Trojans by Latinus was in the south-\\nwestern part of Latium, near the coast, and\\nof course it was on the confines of the coun-\\ntry of the Eutulians. Turnus, when he left\\nLatium, went over to the Eutulians, deter-\\nmining, in his resentment against Latinus\\nfor having given Lavinia to his rival, to join\\nthem in the war. The Eutulians made him\\ntheir leader, and he soon advanced at the\\nhead of a great army across the frontier,\\ntoward the new city of Lavinium. Thus\\n^Eneas found himself threatened with a very\\nformidable danger.\\nNor was this all. For just before the\\ncommencement of the war with Turnus, an\\nextraordinary train of circumstances oc-\\ncurred which resulted in alienating the\\nLatins themselves from their new ally, and\\nin leaving JEneas consequently to sustain\\nthe shock of the contest with Turnus and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. Ill\\nhis Rutulians alone. It would naturally be\\nsupposed that the alliance between Latinus\\nand iEneas would not be very favorably\\nregarded by the common people of Latium.\\nThey would, on the other hand, naturally\\nlook with much jealousy and distrust on a\\ncompany of foreign intruders, admitted by\\nwhat they would be very likely to consider\\nthe capricious partiality of their king, to a\\nshare of their country. This jealousy and\\ndistrust was, for a time, suppressed and con-\\ncealed but the animosity only acquired\\nstrength and concentration by being re-\\nstrained, and at length an event occurred\\nwhich caused it to break forth with uncon-\\ntrollable fury. The circumstances were\\nthese\\nThere was a man in Latium named Tyr-\\nrheus, who held the office of royal herdsman.\\nHe lived in his hut on some of the domains\\nof Latinus, and had charge of the flocks\\nand herds belonging to the king. He had\\ntwo sons, and likewise a daughter. The\\ndaughter s name, was Sylvia. The two\\nboys had one day succeeded in making pris-\\noner of a young stag, which they found in\\nthe woods with its mother. It was extremely\\nyoung when they captured it, and they\\nbrought it home as a great prize. They\\nfed it with milk until it was old enough to\\ntake other food, and as it grew up accus-\\ntomed to their hands, it was very tame and\\ndocile, and became a great favorite with all\\nthe family. Sylvia loved and played with", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "112 JL10MULUS.\\nit continually. She kept it always in trim\\nby washing it in a fountain, and combing\\nand smoothing its hair, and she amused her-\\nself by adorning it with wreaths, and gar-\\nlands, and such other decorations as her\\nsylvan resources could command.\\nOne day when Ascanius, ^Eneas s son,\\nwho had now grown to be a 3 7 oung man,\\nand who seems to have been characterized\\nby a full share of the ardent and impulsive\\nenergy belonging to his years, was return-\\ning from the chase, he happened to pass by\\nthe place where the herdsman lived. As-\\ncanius was followed by his dogs, and he had\\nhis bow and arrows in his hand. As he was\\nthus passing along a copse of wood, near a\\nbrook, the dogs came suddenly upon Sylvia s\\nstag. The confiding animal, unconscious\\nof any danger, had strayed away from the\\nherdsman s grounds to this grove, and had\\ngone down to the brook to drink. The dogs\\nimmediately sprang upon him, in full cry.\\nAscanius followed, drawing at the same\\ntime an arrow from his quiver and fitting it\\nto the bow. As soon as he came in sight of\\nthe stag, he let fly his arrow. The arrow\\npierced the poor fugitive in the side, and in-\\nflicted a dreadful wound. It did not, how-\\never, bring him down. The stag bounded\\non down the valley toward his home, as if\\nto seek protection from Sylvia. He came\\nrushing into the house, marking his way\\nwith blood, ran to the covert which Sylvia\\nhad provided for his resting-place at night,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 113\\nand crouching down there he filled the whole\\ndwelling with piteous bleatings and cries.\\nAs soon as Tyrrheus, the father of Sylvia,\\nand the two young men, her brothers, knew\\nwho it was that had thus wantonly wounded\\ntheir favorite, they were filled with indigna-\\ntion and rage. They went out and aroused\\nthe neighboring peasantry, who very easily\\ncaught the spirit of resentment and revenge\\nwhich burned in the bosoms of Tyrrheus\\nand his sons. They armed themselves with\\nclubs, firebrands, scythes, and such other\\nrustic weapons as came to hand, and rushed\\nforth, resolved to punish the overbearing\\ninsolence of their foreign visitors, in the\\nmost summary manner.\\nIn the mean time the Trojan youth, hav-\\ning heard the tidings of this disturbance,\\nbegan to gather hastily, but in great num-\\nbers, to defend Ascanius. The parties on\\nboth sides were headstrong, and highly ex-\\ncited and before any of the older and more\\nconsiderate chieftains could interfere, a very\\nserious conflict ensued. One of the sons of\\nTyrrheus was killed. He was pierced in\\nthe throat by an arrow, and fell and died\\nimmediately. His name was Almon. He\\nwas but a boy, or at all events had not yet\\narrived at r ears of maturity, and his prema-\\nture and sudden death added greatly to the\\nprevailing excitement. Another man too\\nwas killed. At length the conflict was\\nbrought to an end for the time, but the ex-\\ncitement and the exasperation of the peasan-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "114 ROMULUS.\\ntry were extreme. They carried the two\\ndead bodies in procession to the capital, to\\nexhibit them to Latinus and they demanded,\\nin the most earnest and determined manner,\\nthat he should immediately make war upon\\nthe whole Trojan horde, and drive them\\nback into the sea, whence they came.\\nLatinus found it extremely difficult to\\nwithstand this torrent. He remained firm\\nfor a time, and made every exertion in his\\npower to quell the excitement and to pacify\\nthe minds of his people. But all was in\\nvain. Public sentiment turned hopelessly\\nagainst the Trojans, and JEneas soon found\\nhimself shut up in his city, surrounded with\\nenemies, and left to his fate. Turnus was\\nthe leader of these foes.\\nHe, however, did not despair. Both par-\\nties began to prepare vigorously for war.\\n^Eneas himself went away with a few follow-\\ners to some of the neighboring kingdoms, to\\nget succor from them. Neighboring states\\nare almost always jealous of each other, and\\nare easily induced to take part against\\neach other, when involved in foreign wars.\\nJEneas found several of the Italian princes\\nwho were ready to aid him, and he returned\\nto his camp with considerable reinforcements,\\nand with promises of more. The war soon\\nbroke out, and was waged for a long time\\nwith great determination on both sides and\\nwith varied success.\\nLatinus, who was now somewhat advanced\\nin life, and had thus passed beyond the period", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Romulus, face p. IIL\\nLaocoon and His Sons. (See p. 69.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATITJM. 1 15\\nof ambition and love of glory, and who be-\\nsides must have felt that the interest of his\\nfamily were now indissolubly bound up in\\nthose of ^Eneas and Lavinia, watched the\\nprogress of the contest with a very uneasy\\nand anxious mind. He found that for a\\ntime at least it would be out of his power to\\ndo anything effectual to terminate the war,\\nso he allowed it to take its course, and con-\\ntented himself with waiting patiently, in\\nhopes that an occasion which would allow\\nof his interposing with some hope of success,\\nwould sooner or later come.\\nSuch an occasion did come for after the\\nwar had been prosecuted for some time it\\nwas found, that notwithstanding the dis-\\nadvantages under which the Trojans labored,\\nthey were rather gaining than losing ground.\\nThere were in fact some advantages as well\\nas some disadvantages in their position.\\nThey formed a compact and concentrated\\nbody, while their enemies constituted a scat-\\ntered population, spreading in a more or less\\nexposed condition over a considerable extent\\nof country. They had neither flocks nor\\nherds, nor any other property for their ene-\\nmies to plunder, while the Rutulians and\\nLatins had great possessions, both of treas-\\nure in the towns and of rural produce in the\\ncountry, so that when the Trojans gained\\nthe victory over them in any sally or foray,\\nthey always came home laden with booty,\\nas well as exultant in triumph and pride;\\nwhile if the Latins conquered the Trojans in", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "116 ROMULUS.\\na battle, they- had nothing but the empty-\\nhonor to reward them. The Trojans, too,\\nwere hardy, enduring, and indomitable.\\nThe alternative with them was victory or de-\\nstruction. Their protracted vo}^age, and the\\nlong experience of hardships and sufferings\\nwhich they had undergone, had inured them\\nto privation and toil, so that they proved to\\nthe Latins and Eutulians to be very obstinate\\nand formidable foes.\\nAt length, as usual in such cases, indica-\\ntions gradually appeared that both sides be-\\ngan to be weary of the contest. Latinus\\navailed himself of a favorable occasion which\\noffered, to propose that ambassadors should\\nbe sent to ^Eneas with terms of peace. Tur-\\nnus was very much opposed to any such\\nplan. He was earnestly desirous of continu-\\ning to prosecute the war. The other Latin\\nchieftains reproached him then with being\\nthe cause of all the calamities which they\\nwere enduring, and urged the unreasonable-\\nness on his part of desiring any longer to\\nprotract the sufferings of his unhappy\\ncountry, merely to gratify his own private\\nresentment and revenge. Turnus ought not\\nany longer to ask, they said, that others should\\nfight in his quarrel and they proposed that\\nhe should himself decide the question between\\nhim and ^Eneas, by challenging the Trojan\\nleader to fight him in single combat.\\nLatinus strongly disapproved of this pro-\\nposal. He was weary of war and bloodshed,\\nand wished that the conflict might wholly", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF .ENEAS. 89\\ncome by chance. They are all ordered by\\nan overruling providence that is omnipotent\\nand divine. It was predetermined by the\\ndecrees of heaven that you were not to take\\nme with you in your flight. I have learned\\nwhat your future destiny is to be. There is\\na long period of weary wandering before\\nyou, over the ocean and on the land, and\\nyou will have many difficulties, dangers, and\\ntrials to incur. You will, however, be con-\\nducted safely through them all, and will in\\nthe end find a peaceful and happy home on\\nthe banks of the Tiber. There you will\\nfound a new kingdom a princess is even\\nnow provided for you there, to become your\\nbride. Cease then to mourn for me rather\\nrejoice that I did not fall a captive into the\\nhands of our enemies, to be carried away\\ninto Greece and made a slave. I am free,\\nand you must not lament my fate. Fare-\\nwell. Love Ascanius for my sake, and\\nwatch over him and protect him as long as\\nyou live.\\nHaving spoken these words, the vision\\nbegan to disappear. ^Eneas endeavored to\\nclasp the beloved image in his arms to retain\\nit, but it was intangible and evanescent, and,\\nbefore he could speak to it, it was gone, and\\nhe was left standing in the desolate and\\ngloomy street alone. He turned at length\\nslowly away and solitary, thoughtful and\\nsad, he went back to the gate of the city, and\\nthence out to the valley where he had con-\\ncealed Anchises and his little son.\\nRomulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "90 BOMULUS.\\nHe found them safe. The whole party\\nthen sought places of retreat among the glens\\nand mountains, where they could remain\\nconcealed a few days, while ^Eneas and his\\ncompanions could make arrangements for\\nabandoning the country altogether. These\\narrangements were soon completed. As soon\\nas the Greeks had retired, so that they could\\ncome out without danger from their place of\\nretreat, ^Eneas employed his men in building\\na number of small vessels, fitting them, as\\nwas usual in those days, both with sails and\\noars.\\nDuring the progress of these preparations,\\nsmall parties of Trojans were coming in con-\\ntinually, day by day, to join him being\\ndrawn successively from their hiding-places\\namong the mountains, by hearing that the\\nGreeks had gone away, and that Jfineas was\\ngradually assembling the remnant of the\\nTrojans on the shore. The numbers thus\\ncollected at ^Eneas s encampment gradually\\nincreased, and as iEneas enlarged and ex-\\ntended his naval preparations to correspond\\nwith the augmenting numbers of his ad-\\nherents, he found when he was ready to set\\nsail, that he w r as at the head of a very re-\\nspectable naval and military force.\\nWhen the fleet at last was ready, he put a\\nstock of provisions on board, and embarked\\nhis men, taking, of course, Anchises and\\nAscanius with him. As soon as a favorable\\nwind arose, the expedition set sail. As the\\nvessels moved slowly away, the decks were", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF AENEAS.\\n91\\ncovered with men and women, who gazed\\nmournfully at the receding shores, conscious\\nthat they were bidding a final farewell to\\ntheir native land.\\nThe nearest country within reach in leav-\\ning the Trojan coast, was Thrace a country\\nlying north of the Egean Sea, and of the\\nPropontis, being separated, in fact, in one\\npart, from the Trojan territories, only by\\nWanderings op iENEAs.\\nthe Hellespont. ^Eneas turned his course\\nnorthward toward this country, and, after a\\nshort voyage, landed there, and attempted\\nto make a settlement. He was, however,\\nprevented from remaining Jong, by a dread-\\nful prodigy which he witnessed there, and\\nwhich induced him to leave those shores\\nvery precipitously. The prodigy was this:\\nThey had erected an altar on the shore,\\nafter they had landed, and were preparing\\nto offer the sacrifices customary on such oo", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "92 EOMULUS.\\ncasions, when ^neas, wishing to shade the\\naltar with boughs, went to a myrtle bush\\nwhich was growing near, and began to pull\\nup the green shoots from the ground. To\\nhis astonishment and horror, he found that\\nblood flowed from the roots whenever they\\nwere broken. Drops of what appeared to\\nbe human blood would ooze from the rup-\\ntured part as he held the shoot in his hand,\\nand fall slowly to the ground. He was\\ngreatly terrified at this spectacle, consider-\\ning it as some omen of very dreadful import.\\nHe immediately and instinctively offered up\\na prayer to the presiding deities of the land,\\nthat they would avert from him the evil in-\\nfluences, whatever they might be, which\\nthe omen seemed to portend, or that they\\nwould at least explain the meaning of the\\nprodigy. After offering this prayer, he\\ntook hold of another stem of the myrtle,\\nand attempted to draw it from the ground,\\nin order to see whether any change in the\\nappearances exhibited by the prodigy had\\nbeen effected by his prayer. At the instant,\\nhowever, when the roots began to give\\nway, he heard a groan coming up from\\nthe ground below, as if from a person in\\nsuffering. Immediately afterward a voice,\\nin a mournful and sepulchral accent, began\\nto beg him to go away, and cease disturbing\\nthe repose of the dead. What you are\\ntearing and lacerating, said the voice, is\\nnot a tree, but a man. I am Polydorus. I\\nwas killed by the king of Thrace, and in-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS. 93\\nstead of burial, have been turned into a\\nmyrtle growing on the shore.\\nPolydorus was a Trojan prince. He was\\nthe youngest son of Priam, and had been\\nsent some years before to Thrace, to be\\nbrought up in the court of the Thracian king.\\nHe had been provided with a large supply\\nof money and treasures when he left Troy,\\nin order that all his wants might be abun-\\ndantly supplied, and that he might maintain,\\nduring his absence from home, the position\\nto which his rank as a Trojan prince entitled\\nhim. His treasures, however, w r hich had\\nbeen provided for him by his father as his\\nsure reliance for support and protection,\\nbecame the occasion of his ruin for the\\nThracian king, when he found that the war\\nwas going against the Trojans, and that\\nPriam the father was slain, and the city\\ndestroyed, murdered the helpless son to get\\npossession of his gold.\\niEneas and his companions were shocked\\nto hear this story, and perceived at once\\nthat Thrace was no place of safety for them.\\nThey resolved immediately to leave the\\ncoast and seek their fortunes in other regions.\\nThey, however, first, in secrecy and silence,\\nbut w r ith great solemnity, performed those\\nfuneral rites for Polydorus which were con-\\nsidered in those ages essential to the repose\\nof the dead. When these mournful cere-\\nmonies were ended they embarked on board\\ntheir ships again and sailed away.\\nAfter this, the party of JEneas spent", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "94 ROMULUS.\\nmany months in weary voyages from island\\nto island, and from shore to shore, along\\nthe Mediterranean sea, encountering every\\nimaginable difficulty and danger, and meet-\\ning continually -with the strangest and most\\nromantic adventures. At one time, they\\nwere misled by a mistaken interpretation of\\nprophecy to attempt a settlement in Crete\\na green and beautiful island lying south\\nof the Egean sea. They had applied to a\\nsacred oracle, which had its seat at a cer-\\ntain consecrated spot which they visited in\\nthe course of their progress southward\\nthrough the Egean sea, asking the oracle to\\ndirect them where to go in order to find a\\nsettled home. The oracle, in answer to\\ntheir request, informed them that they were\\nto go to the land that their ancestors had\\noriginally come from, before their settle-\\nment in Troy. ^Eneas applied to Anchises\\nto inform them w T hat land this w^as. An-\\nchises replied, that he thought it was Crete.\\nThere was an ancient tradition, he said, that\\nsome distinguished men among the ancestors\\nof the Trojans had originated in Crete and\\nhe presumed accordingly that that was the\\nland to which the oracle referred.\\nThe course of the little fleet was accord-\\ningly directed southward, and in due time\\nthe expedition safely reached the island of\\nCrete, and landed there. They immediately\\ncommenced the work of effecting a settle-\\nment. They drew the ships up upon the\\nshore they laid out a city they inclosed", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "Romulus, face p. jj.\\nThe Wooden Horse. (Seep. 61.)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS. 95\\nand planted fields, and began to build their\\nbouses. In a short time, however, all their\\nbright prospects of rest and security were\\nblighted by the breaking out of a dreadful\\npestilence among them. Many died others\\nwho still lived, were utterly prostrated by\\nthe effects of the disease, and crawled about,\\nemaciated and wretched, a miserable and\\npiteous spectacle to behold. To crown their\\nmisfortunes, a great drought came on. The\\ngrain which they had planted was dried up\\nand killed in the fields and thus, in addition\\nto the horrors of pestilence, they were threat-\\nened w T ith the still greater horrors of\\nfamine. Their distress was extreme, and\\nthey were utterly at a loss to know what\\nto do.\\nIn this extremity Anchises recommended\\nthat they should send back to the oracle to\\ninquire more particularly in respect to the\\nmeaning of the former response, in order to\\nascertain whether they had, by possibility,\\nmisinterpreted it, and made their settlement\\non the wrong ground. Or, if this was not\\nthe case, to learn by what other error or\\nfault they had displeased the celestial powers,\\nand brought upon themselves such terrible\\njudgments. ^Eneas determined to adopt\\nthis advice, but he was prevented from carry-\\ning his intentions into effect by the follow-\\ning occurrence.\\nOne night he was lying upon his couch\\nin his dwelling, so harassed by his anxie-\\nties and cares that he could not sleep, and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "96 KOMULUS.\\nrevolving in his mind all possible plans for\\nextricating himself and his followers from\\nthe difficulties which environed them. The\\nmoon shone in at the windows, and by the\\nlight of this luminary he saw r reposing in\\ntheir shrines in the opposite side of the apart-\\nment where he was sleeping, the household\\nimages which he had rescued from the\\nflames of Troy. As he looked upon these\\ndivinities in the still and solemn hour of\\nmidnight, oppressed with anxiety and care,\\none of them began to address him.\\nWe are commissioned, said this super-\\nnatural voice, by Apollo, whose oracle you\\nare intending to consult again, to give you\\nthe answer that you desire, without requir-\\ning you to go back to his temple. It is true\\nthat you have erred in attempting to make\\na settlement in Crete. This is not the land\\nwhich is destined to be your home. You\\nmust leave these shores, and continue your\\nvoyage. The land which is destined to re-\\nceive you is Italy, a land far removed from\\nthis spot, and your way to it lies over wide\\nand boisterous seas. Do not be discouraged,\\nhowever, on this account, or on account of\\nthe calamities which now impend over you.\\nYou w 7 ill be prospered in the end. You will\\nreach Italy in safety, and there you will lay\\nthe foundations of a mighty empire, w T hich\\nin days to come will extend its dominion far\\nand wide among the nations of the earth.\\nTake courage, then, and embark once more\\nin your ships with a cheerful and confident", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF ^ENEAS. 97\\nheart. You are safe, and in the end all will\\nturn out well.\\nThe strength and spirits of the desponding\\nadventurer were very essentially revived by\\nthis encouragement. He immediately pre-\\npared to obey the injunctions which had\\nbeen thus divinely communicated to him,\\nand in a short time the half -built city was\\nabandoned, and the expedition once more\\nembarked on board the fleet and proceeded\\nto sea. They met in their subsequent wan-\\nderings with a great variety of adventures,\\nbut it would extend this portion of our nar-\\nrative too far, to relate them all. They en-\\ncountered a storm by which for three days\\nand three nights they were tossed to and fro,\\nwithout seeing sun or stars, and of course\\nwithout any guidance whatever and during\\nall this time they were in the most imminent\\ndanger of being overwhelmed and destroyed\\nby the billows which rolled sublimely and\\nfrightfully around them. At another time,\\nhaving landed for rest and refreshment\\namong a group of Grecian islands, they were\\nattacked by the harpies, birds of prey of\\nprodigious size and most offensive habits,\\nand fierce and voracious beyond description.\\nThe harpies were celebrated, in fact, in many\\nof the ancient tales, as a race of beings that\\ninfested certain shores, and often teased and\\ntormented the mariners and adventurers that\\nhappened to come among them. Some said,\\nhowever, that there was not a race of such\\nbeings, but only two or three in all, and they", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "98 BOMULUS.\\ngave their names. And yet different nar-\\nrators gave different names, among which\\nwere Aelopos, Nicothoe, Ocythoe Ocypoae,\\nCelaeno, Acholoe, and Aello. Some said\\nthat the harpies had the faces and forms of\\nwomen. Others described them as fright-\\nfully ugly; but all agree in representing\\nthem as voracious beyond description, always\\ngreedily devouring everything that they\\ncould get within reach of their claws.\\nThese fierce monsters flew down upon\\n^Eneas and his party, and carried away the\\nfood from off the table before them; and\\neven attacked the men themselves. The\\nmen then armed themselves with swords,\\nsecretly, and waited for the next approach\\nof the harpies, intending to kill them, when\\nthey came near. But the nimble marauders\\neluded all their blows, and escaped with their\\nplunder as before. At length the expedition\\nwas driven away from the island altogether,\\nby these ravenous fowls, and when they\\nwere embarking on board of their vessels,\\nthe leader of the harpies perched herself\\nupon a rock overlooking the scene, and in a\\nhuman voice loaded JEneas and his com-\\npanions, as they went away, with taunts and\\nexecrations.\\nThe expedition passed one night in great\\nterror and dread in the vicinity of Mount\\nEtna, where they had landed. The awful\\neruptions of smoke, and flame, and burning\\nlava, which issued at midnight from the sum-\\nmit of the mountain, the thundering sounds", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE FLIGHT OF AENEAS. 99\\nwhich they heard rolling beneath them,\\nthrough the ground, and the dread which\\nwas inspired in their minds by the terrible\\nmonsters that dwelt beneath the mountains,\\nas they supposed, and fed the fires, all com-\\nbined to impress them with a sense of unut-\\nterable awe and as soon as the light of the\\nmorning enabled them to resume their course,\\nthey made all haste to get away from so\\nappalling a scene. At another time they\\ntouched upon a coast which was inhabited\\nby a race of one-eyed giants, monsters of\\nenormous magnitude and of remorseless\\ncruelty. They were cannibals, feeding on\\nthe bodies of men whom they killed by grasp-\\ning them in their hands and beating them\\nagainst the rocks which formed the sides of\\ntheir den. Some men whom one of these\\nmonsters named Polyphemus, had shut up\\nin his cavern, contrived to surprise their\\nkeeper in his sleep, and though they were\\nwholly unable to kill him on account of his\\ncolossal magnitude, they succeeded in put-\\nting out his eye, and JSneas and his com-\\npanions saw the blinded giant, as they passed\\nalong the coast, wading in the sea, and bath-\\ning his wound. He was guiding his footsteps\\nas he walked, by means of the trunk of a\\ntall pine which served him for a staff.\\nAt length, however, after the lapse of a\\nlong period of time, and after meeting with\\na great variety of adventures to which we can\\nnot even here allude, ^Eneas and his party\\nreached the shores of Italy, at the point\\nLore.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "100\\nROMULUS.\\nwhich by divine intimations had been pointed\\nout to them as the place where they were to\\nland.\\nThe story of the life and adventures of\\n^Eneas, which we have given in this and in\\nthe preceding chapters, is a faithful summary\\nof the narrative which the poetic historians\\nThe Harpies.\\nof those days recorded. It is, of course, not\\nto be relied upon as a narrative of facts but\\nit is worthy of very special attention by\\nevery cultivated mind of the present day,\\nfrom the fact, that such is the beauty, the\\ngrace, the melody, the inimitable poetic\\nperfection with which the story is told, in\\nthe language in which the original record\\nstands, that the narrative has made a more\\ndeep, and widespread, and lasting impression\\nupon the human mind than any other narra-\\ntive perhaps that ever was penned.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VI.\\nTHE LANDING IN LATIUM.\\nLatittm was the name given to an ancient\\nprovince of Italy, lying south of the Tiber.\\nAt the time of ^Eneas s arrival upon the coast\\nit was an independent kingdom. The name\\nof the king who reigned over it at this period\\nwas Latinus.\\nThe country on the banks of the Tiber,\\nwhere the city of Rome afterward arose,\\nwas then a wild but picturesque rural region,\\nconsisting of hills and valleys, occupied by\\nshepherds and husbandmen, but with noth-\\ning upon it whatever, to mark it as the site\\nof a city. The people that dwelt in Latium\\nwere shepherds and herdsmen, though there\\nwas a considerable band of warriors under\\nthe command of the king. The inhabitants\\nof the country were of Greek origin, and they\\nhad brought with them from Greece, when\\nthey colonized the country, such rude arts\\nas were then known. They had the use of\\nCadmus s letters, for writing, so far as writ-\\ning was employed at all in those early days.\\nThey were skilful in making such weapons\\nof war, and such simple instruments of music,\\nas were known at the time, and they could\\n101", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "102 ROMULUS.\\nerect buildings, of wood, or of stone, and\\nthus constructed such dwellings as they\\nneeded, in their towns, and walls and citadels\\nfor defense.\\nJEneas brought his fleet into the mouth of\\nthe Tiber, and anchored it there. He him-\\nself, and all his followers were thoroughly\\nweary of their wanderings, and hoped that\\nthey were now about to land where they\\nshould find a permanent abode. The number\\nof ships and men that had formed the expedi-\\ntion at the commencement of the voyage,\\nwas very large but it had been considerably\\ndiminished by the various misfortunes and\\naccidents incident to such an enterprise, and\\nthe remnant that was left longed ardently\\nfor rest. Some of the ships took fire, and\\nwere burned at their moorings in the Tiber,\\nimmediately after the arrival of the expedi-\\ntion. It was said that they were set on\\nfire by the wives and mothers belonging to\\nthe expedition, who wished, by destroying\\nthe ships, to render it impossible for the fleet\\nto go to sea again.\\nHowever this may be, iEneas was very\\nstrongly disposed to make the beautiful re-\\ngion which he now saw before him, his final\\nhome. The country, in every aspect of it,\\nwas alluring in the highest degree. Level\\nplains, varied here and there by gentle ele-\\nvations, extended around him, all adorned\\nwith groves and flowers, and exhibiting a\\nluxuriance in the verdure of the grass and\\nin the foliage of the trees that was perfectly", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM.\\n103\\nenchanting to the sea-weary eyes of his\\ncompany of mariners. In the distance, blue\\nand beautiful mountains bounded the hori-\\nzon, and a soft, warm summer haze floated\\nover the whole scene, bathing the landscape\\nHAfiissa\\nMap of Latium.\\nin a rich mellow light peculiar to Italian\\nskies.\\nAs soon as the disembarkation was effect-\\ned, lines of encampment were marked out,\\nat a suitable place on the shore, arid such\\nsimple fortifications as were necessary for\\ndefense in such a case, were thrown up.\\niEneas despatched one party in boats to\\n8 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "104 KOMULUS.\\nexplore the various passages and channels\\nwhich formed the mouth of the river, per-\\nhaps in order to be prepared to make good\\nhis escape again, to sea, in case of any sud-\\nden or extraordinary danger. Another\\nparty were employed in erecting altars, and\\npreparing for sacrifices and other religious\\ncelebrations, designed on the part of iEneas\\nto propitiate the deities of the place, and to\\ninspire his men with religious confidence\\nand trust. He also immediately proceeded\\nto organize a party of reconnoiterers who\\nwere to proceed into the interior, to explore\\nthe country and to communicate with the\\ninhabitants.\\nThe party of reconnoiterers thus sent out\\nfollowed up the banks of the river, and\\nmade excursions in various directions across\\nthe fields and plains. They found that the\\ncountry was everywhere verdant and beau-\\ntiful, and that it was covered in the interior\\nwith scattered hamlets and towns. They\\nlearned the name of the king, and also that\\nof the city which he made his capitol. La-\\ntinus himself at the same time, heard the\\ntidings of the arrival of these strangers.\\nHis first impulse was immediately to make\\nan onset upon them with all his forces, and\\ndrive them away from his shores. On far-\\nther inquiry, however, he learned that they\\nwere in a distressed and suffering condition,\\nand from the descriptions which were given\\nhim of their dress and demeanor he con-\\ncluded that they were Greeks. This idea", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 105\\nawakened in his mind some apprehension\\nfor the Greeks were then well known\\nthroughout the world, and were regarded\\neverywhere as terrible enemies. Besides his\\nfears, his pity and compassion were awak-\\nened, too, in some degree and he was on\\nthe whole for a time quite at a loss to know\\nwhat course to pursue in respect to the in-\\ntruders.\\nIn the mean time iEneas concluded to\\nsend an embassy to Latinus to explain the\\ncircumstances under Avhich he had been in-\\nduced to land so large a party on the Italian\\ncoast. He accordingly designated a consid-\\nerable number of men to form this embassy,\\nand owing to some of the number his in-\\nstructions as to what they were to say to\\nLatinus, he committed to the hands of the\\nothers a large number of gifts which they\\nwere to carry and present to him. These\\ngifts consisted of weapons elaborately fin-\\nished, vessels of gold or silver, embroidered\\ngarments, and such other articles as were\\ncustomarily employed in those days as pro-\\npitiatory offerings in such emergencies.\\nThe embassy when all was arranged pro-\\nceeded to the Latian capital.\\nWhen they came in sight of it they found\\nthat it was a spacious city, with walls\\naround it, and turrets and battlements\\nwithin, rising here and there above the\\nroofs of the dwellings. Outside the gates a\\nportion of the population were assembled\\nbusily engaged in games, and in various", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "106 ROMULUS.\\ngymnastic and equestrian performances.\\nSome were driving furiously in chariots\\naround great circles marked out for the\\ncourse. Others were practising feats of\\nhorsemanship, or running races upon fleet\\nchargers. Others still were practising with\\ndarts, or bows and arrows, or javelins\\neither to test and improve their individual\\nskill, or else to compete with each other for\\nvictory or for a prize. The ambassadors\\npaused when they came in view of this scene,\\nand waited until intelligence could be sent\\nin to the monarch, informing him of their\\narrival.\\nLatinus decided immediately to admit the\\nembassy to an audience, and they were ac-\\ncordingly conducted into the city. They\\nwere led, after entering by the gates, through\\nvarious streets, until they came at length\\nto a large public edifice, which seemed to\\nbe, at the same time, palace, senate-house,\\nand citadel. There were to be seen, in the\\navenues which led to this edifice, statues of\\nold warriors, and various other martial\\ndecorations. There were many old trophies\\nof former victories preserved here, such as\\narms, and chariots, and prows of ships, and\\ncrests, and great bolts and bars taken from\\nthe gates of conquered cities, all old, war-\\nworn, and now useless, but preserved as\\nmemorials of bravery and conquest. The\\nTrojan embassy, passing through and among\\nthese trophies, as they stood or hung in the\\nhalls and vestibules of the palace, were at", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 107\\nlength ushered into the presence of Latinus\\nthe king.\\nHere, after the usual ceremonies of intro-\\nduction were performed, they delivered the\\nmessage which JEneas had intrusted to\\nthem. They declared that they had not\\nlanded on Latinus s shore with any hostile\\nintent. They had been driven away, they\\nsaid, from their own homes, by a series of\\ndire calamities, which had ended, at last, in\\nthe total destruction of their native city.\\nSince then they had been driven to and fro\\nat the mercy of the winds and waves, exposed\\nto every conceivable degree of hardship and\\ndanger. Their landing finally, in the domin-\\nions of Latinus in Italy, was not, they con-\\nfessed, wholly undesigned, for Latium had\\nbeen divinely indicated to them, on their\\nway, as the place destined by the decrees of\\nheaven for their final home. Following\\nthese indications, they had sought the shores\\nof Italy and the mouths of the Tiber, and\\nhaving succeeded in reaching them, had\\nlanded and now JEneas, their commander,\\ndesired of the king that he would allow\\nthem to settle in his land in peace, and that\\nhe would set apart a portion of his territory\\nfor them, and give them leave to build a\\ncity.\\nThe effect produced upon the mind of La-\\ntinus by the appearance of these ambas-\\nsadors, and by the communication which\\nthey made to him, proved to be highly\\nfavorable. He received the presents, too,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "108 BOMULUS.\\nwhich they had brought him, in a very\\ngracious manner, and appeared to be much\\npleased with them. He had heard, as would\\nseem, rumors of the destruction of Troy 9\\nand of the departure of ^Eneas s squadron\\nfor a long time had been consumed by the\\nwanderings of the expedition along the\\nMediterranean shores, so that some years\\nhad now elapsed since the destruction of\\nTroy and the first sailing of the fleet. In a\\nword, Latinus soon determined to accede to\\nthe proposals of his visitors, and he concluded\\nwith ^Eneas a treaty of alliance and friend-\\nship. He designated a spot where the new\\ncity might be built, and all things were thus\\namicably settled.\\nThere was one circumstance which exerted\\na powerful influence in promoting the estab-\\nlishment of friendly relations between La-\\ntinus and the Trojans, and that was, that\\nLatinus was engaged, at the time of ^Eneas s\\narrival, in a war with the Rutulians, a\\nnation that inhabited a country lying south\\nof Latium and on the coast. Latinus thought\\nthat by making the Trojans his friends, he\\nshould be able to enlist them as his auxiliaries\\nin this war. iEneas made no objection to\\nthis, and it was accordingly agreed that the\\nTrojans, in return for being received as\\nfriends, and allowed to settle in Latium,\\nwere to join with their protectors in defend-\\ning the country, and were especially to aid\\nthem in prosecuting the existing war.\\nIn a short time a still closer alliance was", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 109\\nformed between ^Eneas and Latinus, an alli-\\nance which in the end resulted in the ac-\\ncession of ^Eneas to the throne of Latinus.\\nLatinus had a daughter named Lavinia. She\\nwas an only child, and was a princess of ex-\\ntraordinary merit and beauty. The name\\nof the queen, her mother, the wife of La-\\ntinus, was Amata. Amata had intended\\nher daughter to be the wife of Turnus, a\\nyoung prince of great character and promise,\\nwho had been brought up in Latinus s court.\\nTurnus was, in fact, a distant relative of\\nAmata, and the plan of the queen was that\\nhe should marry Lavinia, and in the end\\nsucceed with her, to the throne of Latinus.\\nLatinus himself had not entered into this\\nscheme and when closing his negotiations\\nwith iEneas, it seemed to him that it would\\nbe well to seal and secure the adherence of\\n./Eneas to his cause by offering him his\\ndaughter Lavinia for his bride. JEneas was\\nvery willing to accede to this proposal.\\nWhat the wishes of Lavinia herself were in\\nrespect to the arrangement, it is not very\\nwell known nor were her wishes, according\\nto the ideas that prevailed in those times,\\nof any consequence whatever, The plan\\nwas arranged, and the nuptials were soon\\nto be celebrated. Turnus, when he found\\nthat he was to be superseded, left the court\\nof Latinus, and went away out of the country\\nin a rage.\\nJEneas and his followers seemed now to\\nhave come to the end of all their troubles.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "110 ROMULUS.\\nThey were at last happily established in\\na fruitful land, surrounded by powerful\\nfriends, and about to enter apparently upon\\na long career of peaceful and prosperous in-\\ndustry. They immediately engaged with\\ngreat ardor in the work of building their\\ntown. JEneas had intended to have named\\nit Troy, in commemoration of the ancient\\ncity now no more. But, in view of his\\napproaching marriage with Lavinia, he de-\\ntermined to change this design, and, in\\nhonor of her, to name the new capital Lav-\\ninium.\\nThe territory which had been assigned to\\nthe Trojans by Latinus was in the south-\\nwestern part of Latium, near the coast, and\\nof course it was on the confines of the coun-\\ntry of the Rutulians. Turnus, when he left\\nLatium, went over to the Rutulians, deter-\\nmining, in his resentment against Latinus\\nfor having given Lavinia to his rival, to join\\nthem in the war. The Rutulians made him\\ntheir leader, and he soon advanced at the\\nhead of a great army across the frontier,\\ntoward the new city of Lavinium. Thus\\niEneas found himself threatened with a very\\nformidable danger.\\nNor was this all. For just before the\\ncommencement of the war with Turnus, an\\nextraordinary train of circumstances oc-\\ncurred which resulted in alienating the\\nLatins themselves from their new ally, and\\nin leaving iEneas consequently to sustain\\nthe shock of the contest with Turnus and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. Ill\\nhis Rutulians alone. It would naturally be\\nsupposed that the alliance between Latinus\\nand ^Eneas would not be very favorably\\nregarded by the common people of Latium.\\nThey would, on the other hand, naturally\\nlook with much jealousy and distrust on a\\ncompany of foreign intruders, admitted by\\nwhat they would be very likely to consider\\nthe capricious partiality of their king, to a\\nshare of their country. This jealousy and\\ndistrust was, for a time, suppressed and con-\\ncealed but the animosity only acquired\\nstrength and concentration by being re-\\nstrained, and at length an event occurred\\nwhich caused it to break forth with uncon-\\ntrollable fury. The circumstances were\\nthese\\nThere was a man in Latium named Tyr-\\nrheus, who held the office of royal herdsman.\\nHe lived in his hut on some of the domains\\nof Latinus, and had charge of the flocks\\nand herds belonging to the king. He had\\ntwo sons, and likewise a daughter. The\\ndaughter s name, was Sylvia. The two\\nboys had one day succeeded in making pris-\\noner of a young stag, which they found in\\nthe woods with its mother. It was extremely\\nyoung when they captured it, and they\\nbrought it home as a great prize. They\\nfed it with milk until it was old enough to\\ntake other food, and as it grew up accus-\\ntomed to their hands, it was very tame and\\ndocile, and became a great favorite with all\\nthe family. Sylvia loved and played with", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "112 HOMULUS.\\nit continually. She kept it always in trim\\nby washing it in a fountain, and combing\\nand smoothing its hair, and she amused her-\\nself by adorning it with wreaths, and gar-\\nlands, and such other decorations as her\\nsylvan resources could command.\\nOne day when Ascanius, JEneas s son,\\nwho had now grown to be a young man,\\nand who seems to have been characterized\\nby a full share of the ardent and impulsive\\nenergy belonging to his years, was return-\\ning from the chase, he happened to pass by\\nthe place where the herdsman lived. As-\\ncanius was followed by his dogs, and he had\\nhis bow and arrows in his hand. As he was\\nthus passing along a copse of wood, near a\\nbrook, the dogs came suddenly upon Sylvia s\\nstag. The confiding animal, unconscious\\nof any danger, had strayed away from the\\nherdsman s grounds to this grove, and had\\ngone down to the brook to drink. The dogs\\nimmediately sprang upon him, in full cry.\\nAscanius followed, drawing at the same\\ntime an arrow from his quiver and fitting it\\nto the bow. As soon as he came in sight of\\nthe stag, he let fly his arrow. The arrow\\npierced the poor fugitive in the side, and in-\\nflicted a dreadful wound. It did not, how-\\never, bring him down. The stag bounded\\non down the valley toward his home, as if\\nto seek protection from Sylvia. He came\\nrushing into the house, marking his way\\nwith blood, ran to the covert which Sylvia\\nhad provided for his resting-place at night,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 113\\nand crouching down there he filled the whole\\ndwelling with piteous bleatings and cries.\\nAs soon as Tyrrheus, the father of Sylvia,\\nand the two young men, her brothers, knew\\nwho it was that had thus wantonly wounded\\ntheir favorite, they were filled w^ith indigna-\\ntion and rage. They went out and aroused\\nthe neighboring peasantry, who very easily\\ncaught the spirit of resentment and revenge\\nwhich burned in the bosoms of Tyrrheus\\nand his sons. They armed themselves with\\nclubs, firebrands, scythes, and such other\\nrustic weapons as came to hand, and rushed\\nforth, resolved to punish the overbearing\\ninsolence of their foreign visitors, in the\\nmost summary manner.\\nIn the mean time the Trojan youth, hav-\\ning heard the tidings of this disturbance,\\nbegan to gather hastily, but in great num-\\nbers, to defend Ascanius. The parties on\\nboth sides were headstrong, and highly ex-\\ncited and before any of the older and more\\nconsiderate chieftains could interfere, a very\\nserious conflict ensued. One of the sons of\\nTyrrheus was killed. He was pierced in\\nthe throat by an arrow, and fell and died\\nimmediately. His name was Almon. He\\nwas but a boy, or at all events had not yet\\narrived at years of maturity, and his prema-\\nture and sudden death added greatly to the\\nprevailing excitement. Another man too\\nwas killed. At length the conflict was\\nbrought to an end for the time, but the ex-\\ncitement and the exasperation of the peasan-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "114 ROMULUS.\\ntry were extreme. They carried the two\\ndead bodies in procession to the capital, to\\nexhibit thero. to Latinus and they demanded,\\nin the most earnest and determined manner,\\nthat he should immediately make war upon\\nthe whole Trojan horde, and drive them\\nback into the sea, whence they came.\\nLatinus found it extremely difficult to\\nwithstand this torrent. He remained firm\\nfor a time, and made every exertion in his\\npower to quell the excitement and to pacify\\nthe minds of his people. But all was in\\nvain. Public sentiment turned hopelessly\\nagainst the Trojans, and ^Eneas soon found\\nhimself shut up in his city, surrounded with\\nenemies, and left to his fate. Turnus was\\nthe leader of these foes.\\nHe, however, did not despair. Both par-\\nties began to prepare vigorously for war.\\n^Eneas himself went away with a few follow-\\ners to some of the neighboring kingdoms, to\\nget succor from them. Neighboring states\\nare almost always jealous of each other, and\\nare easily induced to take part against\\neach other, when involved in foreign wars.\\n^Eneas found several of the Italian princes\\nwho were ready to aid him, and he returned\\nto his camp with considerable reinforcements,\\nand with promises of more. The war soon\\nbroke out, and was waged for a long time\\n7 O\\nwith great determination on both sides and\\nwith varied success.\\nLatinus, who was now somewhat advanced\\nin life, and had thus passed beyond the period", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Romulus, face p. 1 1 U\\nLaocoon and His Sons. (See p. 69.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 115\\nof ambition and love of glory, and who be-\\nsides must have felt that the interest of his\\nfamily were now indissolubly bound up in\\nthose of ^Eneas and Lavinia, watched the\\nprogress of the contest with a very uneasy\\nand anxious mind. He found that for a\\ntime at least it would be out of his power to\\ndo anything effectual to terminate the war,\\nso he allowed it to take its course, and con-\\ntented himself with waiting patiently, in\\nhopes that an occasion which would allow\\nof his interposing with some hope of success,\\nwould sooner or later come.\\nSuch an occasion did come for after the\\nwar had been prosecuted for some time it\\nwas found, that notwithstanding the dis-\\nadvantages under which the Trojans labored,\\nthey were rather gaining than losing ground.\\nThere were in fact some advantages as well\\nas some disadvantages in their position.\\nThey formed a compact and concentrated\\nbody, while their enemies constituted a scat-\\ntered population, spreading in a more or less\\nexposed condition over a considerable extent\\nof country. They had neither flocks nor\\nherds, nor any other property for their ene-\\nmies to plunder, while the Eutulians and\\nLatins had great possessions, both of treas-\\nure in the towns and of rural produce in the\\ncountry, so that when the Trojans gained\\nthe victory over them in any sally or foray,\\nthey always came home laden with booty,\\nas well as exultant in triumph and pride;\\nwhile if the Latins conquered the Trojans in", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "116 ROMULUS.\\na battle, they had nothing but the empty\\nhonor to reward them. The Trojans, too,\\nwere hardy, enduring, and indomitable.\\nThe alternative with them was victory or de-\\nstruction. Their protracted voyage, and the\\nlong experience of hardships and sufferings\\nwhich they had undergone, had inured them\\nto privation and toil, so that they proved to\\nthe Latins and Rutulians to be very obstinate\\nand formidable foes.\\nAt length, as usual in such cases, indica-\\ntions gradually appeared that both sides be-\\ngan to be weary of the contest. Latinus\\navailed himself of a favorable occasion which\\noffered, to propose that ambassadors should\\nbe sent to JiCneas with terms of peace. Tur-\\nnus was very much opposed to any such\\nplan. He was earnestly desirous of continu-\\ning to prosecute the war. The other Latin\\nchieftains reproached him then with being\\nthe cause of all the calamities which they\\nwere enduring, and urged the unreasonable-\\nness on his part of desiring any longer to\\nprotract the sufferings of his unhappy\\ncountry, merely to gratify his own private\\nresentment and revenge. Turnus ought not\\nany longer to ask, they said, that others should\\nfight in his quarrel and they proposed that\\nhe should himself decide the question between\\nhim and ^Eneas, by challenging the Trojan\\nleader to fight him in single combat.\\nLatinus strongly disapproved of this pro-\\nposal. He was weary of war and bloodshed,\\nand wished that the conflict might wholly", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM. 117\\ncease and he urged that peace should be\\nmade with^Eneas, and that his original design\\nof giving him Lavinia for his wife should\\nbe carried into execution. For a moment\\nTurnus seemed to hesitate, but in looking to-\\nwards Lavinia who, with Amata her mother,\\nwas present at this consultation, he saw, or\\nthought he saw, in the agitation which she\\nmanifested, proofs of her love for him, and\\nindications of a wish on her part that he and\\nnot ^Eneas should win her for his bride.\\nHe accordingly without any farther hesita-\\ntion or delay agreed to the proposal of the\\ncounselor. The challenge to single combat\\nwas given and accepted, and on the appointed\\nday the ground was marked out for the duel,\\nand both armies were drawn up upon the\\nfield, to be spectators of the fight.\\nAfter the usual preparation the conflict\\nbegan but, as frequently occurs in such cases,\\nit was not long confined to the single pair\\nof combatants with which it commenced.\\nOthers were gradually drawn in, and the duel\\nbecame in the end a general battle. iEneas\\nand the Trojans were victorious, and both\\nLatinus and Turnus were slain. This ended\\nthe war. JEneas married Lavinia, and\\nthenceforth reigned with her over the king-\\ndom of Latium as its rightful sovereign.\\n^Eneas lived several years after this, and\\nhas the credit, in history, of having man-\\naged the affairs of the kingdom in a very\\nwise and provident manner. He had\\nbrought with him from Troy the arts and\\n9 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "118 KOMULTJS.\\nthe learning of the Greeks, and these he in-\\ntroduced to his people so as greatly to im-\\nprove their condition. He introduced, too,\\nmany ceremonies of religious worship, which\\nhad prevailed in the countries from which he\\nhad come, or in those which he had visited\\nin his long voyage. These ceremonies be-\\ncame at last so firmly established among the\\nreligious observances of the inhabitants of\\nLatium, that they descended from genera-\\ntion to generation, and in subsequent years\\nexercised great influence, in modeling the\\nreligious faith and worship of the Roman\\npeople. They thus continued to be prac-\\ntised for many ages, and, through the litera-\\nture of the Romans, became subsequently\\nknown and celebrated throughout the w r hole\\ncivilized world.\\nAt length, in a war which ^Eneas was wag-\\ning with the Rutulians, he was once, after a\\nbattle, reduced to great extremity of danger,\\nand in order to escape from his pursuers he\\nattempted to swim across a stream, and was\\ndrowned. The name of this stream was\\nNumicius. It flowed into the sea a little\\nnorth of Lavinium. It must have been\\nlarger in former times than it is now, for\\ntravelers who visit it at the present day say\\nthat it is now only a little rivulet, in which\\nit would be almost impossible for any one to\\nbe drowned.\\nThe Trojan followers of ^Eneas concealed\\nhis body, and spread the story among the\\npeople of Latium that he had been taken up", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE LANDING IN LATIUM.\\n119\\nto heaven. The people accordingly, having\\nbefore considered their king as the son of a\\n.Eneas Relating His Story.\\ngoddess, now looked upon him as himself\\ndivine. They accordingly erected altars to\\nhim in Latium, and thenceforth worshiped\\nhim as a God.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIL\\nRHEA SILVIA.\\nRhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus, was\\na vestal virgin, who lived in the kingdom of\\nLatium about four hundred years after the\\ndeath of ^Eneas. A vestal virgin was a sort\\nof priestess, who was required, like the nuns\\nof modern times, to live in seclusion from\\nthe rest of the world, and devote their time\\nwholly and without reserve to the services\\nof religion. They were, like nuns, especially\\nprohibited from all association and inter-\\ncourse with men.\\niEneas himself is said to have founded the\\norder of vestal virgins, and to have instituted\\nthe rites and services which were committed\\nto their charge. These rites and services\\nwere in honor of Yesta, who was .the god-\\ndess of Home. The fireside has been, in all\\nages and countries, the center and the sym-\\nbol of home, and the worship of Vesta con-\\nsisted, accordingly, of ceremonies designed\\nto dignify and exalt the fireside in the esti-\\nmation of the people. Instead of the images\\nand altars which were used in the worship\\nof the other deities, a representation of a\\nf/re-stcmd was made, such as were used in the\\n120", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "BHEA SILVIA. 121\\nhouses of those days and upon this sacred\\nstand a fire was kept continually burning,\\nand various rites and ceremonies were per-\\nformed in connection with it, in honor of the\\ndomestic virtues and enjoyments, of which\\nit was the type and symbol.\\nThese fire-stands, as used by the ancients,\\nwere very different from the fireplaces of\\nmodern times, which are recesses in chimneys\\nwith flues above for the passage of the\\nsmoke. The household fires of the ancients\\nwere placed in the center of the apartment,\\non a hearth or supporter called the focus.\\nThis hearth was made sometimes of stone or\\nbrick, and sometimes of bronze. The smoke\\nescaped above, through openings in the roof.\\nThis would seem, according to the ideas of\\nthe present day, a very comfortless arrange-\\nment; but it must be remembered that the\\nclimate in those countries was mild, and\\nthere was accordingly but little occasion for\\nfire and then, besides, such were the habits\\nof the people at this period of the world,\\nthat not only their pursuits and avocations,\\nbut far the greater portion of their pleas-\\nures, called them into the open air. Still,\\nthe fireplace was, with them as with us, the\\ntype and emblem of domestic life and, ac-\\ncordingly, in paying divine honors to Vesta,\\nthe goddess of Home, they set up a focus,\\nor fireplace, in her temple, instead of an\\naltar, and in the place of sacrifices they\\nsimply kept burning upon it a perpetual fire.\\nThe priestesses who had charge of the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "122 ROMtJLTTS.\\nfire were selected for this purpose when\\nthey were children. It was required that\\nthey should be from six to ten years of age.\\nWhen chosen they were consecrated to the\\nservice of Yesta by the most solemn cere-\\nmonies and as virgins, were bound under\\nawful penalties, to spotless purity of life. As\\nthe perpetual fire in the temple of Yesta rep-\\nresented the fire of the domestic hearth, so\\nthese vestal virgins represented the maidens\\nby whom the domestic service of a house-\\nhold is performed and the life of seclusion\\nand celibacy which w T as required of them\\nwas the emblem of the innocence and purity\\nwhich the institution of the family is ex-\\npressly intended to guard. The duties of\\nthe vestals were analogous to those of do-\\nmestic maidens. They were to watch the\\nfire, and never to allow it to go out. They\\nwere to perform various rites and ceremo-\\nnies connected with the worship of Yesta,\\nand to keep the interior of the temple and\\nthe shrines pure and clean, and the sacred\\nvessels and utensils arranged, as in a well-\\nordered household. In a word, they were\\nto be, in purity, in industry, in neatness, in\\norder, and in patience and vigilance, the\\nperfect impersonation of maidenly virtue as\\nexhibited in its own proper field of duty at\\nhome.\\nThe most awful penalties were visited\\nupon the head of any vestal virgin who was\\nguilty of violating her vows. There is no\\ndirect evidence what these penalties were at", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "RHEA SLLVIA. 123\\nthis early period, but in subsequent years,\\nat Rome, where the vestal virgins resided,\\nthe man who was guilty of enticing one of\\nthem away from her duty was publicly\\nscourged to death in the Roman forum.\\nFor the vestal herself, thus led away, a cell\\nwas dug beneath the ground, and vaulted\\nover. A pit led down to this subterranean\\ndungeon, entering it by one side. In the\\ndungeon itself there was placed a table, a\\nlamp, and a little food. The descent was\\nby a ladder which passed down through the\\npit. The place of this terrible preparation\\nfor punishment was near one of the gates of\\nthe city, and when all was ready the unhappy\\nvestal was brought forth, at the head of a\\ngreat public procession, she herself being\\nattended by her friends and relatives, all\\nmourning and lamenting her fate by the\\nway. The ceremony, in a word, was in all\\nrespects a funeral, except that the person who\\nwas to be buried was still alive. On arriv-\\ning at the spot, the wretched criminal was\\nconducted down the ladder and placed upon\\nthe couch in the cell. The assistants who\\nperformed this service then returned the\\nladder was drawn up earth was thrown in\\nuntil the pit was filled and the erring girl\\nwas left to her fate, which was, when her\\nlamp had burned out, and her food was\\nexpended, to starve by slow degrees, and\\ndie at last in darkness and despair.\\nIf we would do full justice to the ancient\\nfounders of civilization and empire, we", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "124 BOMULUS.\\nshould probably consider their enshrinement\\nof Vesta, and the contriving of the cere-\\nmonies and observances which were in-\\nstituted in honor of her, not as the setting\\nup of an idol or false god, for worship, in the\\nsense in which Christian nations worship\\nthe spiritual and eternal Jehovah but\\nrather as the embodiment of an idea, a\\nprinciple, as the best means, in those rude\\nages, of attracting to it the general regard.\\nEven in our own days, and in Christian\\nlands, men erect a pole in honor of liberty,\\nand surmount it with the image of a cap.\\nAnd if, instead of the cap, they were to\\nplace a carved ef gy of liberty above, and\\nto assemble for periodical celebrations\\nbelow, with games, and music, and banners,\\nwe should not probably call them idolaters.\\nSo Christian poets write odes and invoca-\\ntions to Peace, to Disappointment, to Spring,\\nto Beauty, in which they impersonate an\\nidea, or a principle, and address it in the\\nlanguage of adoration, as if it were a sen-\\ntient being, possessing magical and mysteri-\\nous powers. In the same manner, the rites\\nand celebrations of ancient times are not\\nnecessarily all to be considered as idolatry,\\nand denounced as inexcusably wicked and\\nabsurd. Our fathers set up an image in honor\\nof liberty, to strengthen the influence of the\\nlove of liberty on the popular mind. It is\\npossible that JEneas looked upon the subject\\nin the same light, in erecting a public fire-\\nside in honor of domestic peace and happi-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 125\\nness, and in designating maidens to guard it\\nwith constant vigilance and with spotless\\npurity. At all events, the institution ex-\\nercised a vast and an incalculable power, in\\nimpressing the minds of men, in those rude\\nages, with a sense of the sacredness of the\\ndomestic tie, and in keeping before their\\nminds a high standard, in theory at least,\\nof domestic honor and purity. We must re-\\nmember that they had not then the word of\\nGod, nor any means of communicating to\\nthe minds of the people any general enlight-\\nenment and instruction. They were obliged,\\ntherefore, to resort to the next best method\\nwhich their ingenuity could devise.\\nThere were a great many very extraor-\\ndinary rites and ceremonies connected with\\nthe service of the vestal altar, and many\\nsingular regulations for the conduct of it.\\nthe origin and design of which it would now\\nbe very difficult to ascertain. As has al-\\nready been remarked, the virgins were chosen\\nwhen very young, being, when designated\\nto the office, not under six nor over ten years\\nof age. They were chosen by the king, and\\nit was necessary that the candidate, besides\\nthe above-named requisite in regard to age,\\nshould be in a perfect condition of soundness\\nand health in respect to all her bodily limbs\\nand members, and also to the faculties of\\nher mind. It was required too that she\\nshould be the daughter of free and freeborn\\nparents, who had never been in slavery, and\\nnad never followed any menial or degrading", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "126 ROMULUS.\\noccupation and also that both her parents\\nshould be living. To be an orphan was con-\\nsidered, it seems, in some sense an imperfec-\\ntion.\\nThe service of the vestal virgins continued\\nfor thirty years and when this period had\\nexpired, the maidens were discharged from\\ntheir vows, and were allowed, if they chose,\\nto lay aside their vestal robes, and the other\\nemblems of their office, and return to the\\nworld, with the privilege even of marrying,\\nif they chose to do so. Though the laws\\nhowever permitted this, there was a pubiic\\nsentiment against it, and it was seldom that\\nany of the vestal priestesses availed them-\\nselves of the privilege. They generally re-\\nmained after their term of service had ex-\\npired, in attendance at the temple, and died as\\nthey had lived in the service of the goddess.\\nOne of the chief functions of the virgins,\\nin their service in the temple, was to keep the\\nsacred fire perpetually burning. This fire\\nwas never to go out, and if, by any neglect\\non the part of the vestal in attendance, this\\nwas allowed to occur, the guilty maiden was\\npunished terribly by scourging. The pun-\\nishment was inflicted by the hands of the\\nhighest pontifical officer of the state. The\\nlaws of the institution however evinced their\\nhigh regard for the purity and modesty of\\nthe vestal maidens by requiring that the\\nblows should be administered in the dark,\\nthe sufferer having been previously prepared\\nto receive them by being partially undressed", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 127\\nby her female attendants. The extinguished\\nfire was then rekindled with many solemn\\nceremonies.\\nRhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus, was,\\nwe repeat, a vestal virgin. She lived foi r\\nhundred years after the death of ^Eneas.\\nDuring these four centuries, the kingdom\\nhad been governed by the descendants of\\n^Eneas, generally in a peaceful and prosper-\\nous manner, although some difficulties oc-\\ncurred in the establishment of the succession\\nimmediately after JEneas s death. It will\\nbe remembered that ^Eneas was drowned\\nduring the continuance of the war. He left\\none son, and perhaps others. The one who\\nfigured most conspicuously in the subsequent\\nhistory of the kingdom, was Ascanius, the\\nson who had accompanied ^Eneas from Troy,\\nand who had now attained to years of ma-\\nturity. He, of course, on his father s death,\\nimmediately succeeded him.\\nThere was some question, however,\\nwhether, after all, Lavinia herself was not\\nentitled to the kingdom. It was doubtful,\\naccording to the laws and usages of those\\ndays, whether ^Eneas held the realm in his\\nown right, or as the husband of Lavinia, who\\nwas the daughter and heir of Latinus, the\\nancient and legitimate king. Lavinia, how-\\never, seemed to have no disposition to assert\\nher claim. She was of a mild and gentle\\nspirit and, besides, her health was at that\\ntime such as to lead her to wish for retire-\\nment and repose. She even had some fears", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "128 ROMULUS.\\nfor her personal safety, not knowing but\\nthat Ascanius would be suspicious and jeal-\\nous of her on account of her claims to the\\nthrone, and that he might be tempted to do\\nher some injury. Her husband had been\\nher only protector among the Trojans, and\\nnow, since he was no more, and another, who\\nwas in some sense her rival, had risen to\\npower, she naturally felt insecure. She ac-\\ncordingly took the first opportunity to re-\\ntire from Lavinium. She went away into\\nthe forests in the interior of the country,\\nwith a very few attendants and friends, and\\nconcealed herself there in a safe retreat.\\nThe family that received and sheltered her,\\nwas that of Tyrrheus, the chief of her father s\\nshepherds, whose children s stag Ascanius\\nhad formerly killed. Here, in a. short time,\\nshe had a son. She determined to name him\\nfrom his father and in order to com-\\nmemorate his having been born in the midst\\nof the wild forest scenes which surrounded\\nher at the time of his birth, she called him\\nin full, JEneas of the woods, or, as it was ex-\\npressed in, the language which was then used\\nin Latium, ^Eneas Silvius. The boy, when\\nhe grew up, was always known by this\\nname in subsequent history.\\nAnd not only did he himself retain the\\nname, but he transmitted it to his posterity,\\nfor all the kings that afterward descended\\nfrom him, extending in a long line through\\na period of four hundred years, had the\\nword Sylvius affixed to their names, in per-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 129\\npetual commemoration of the romantic birth\\nof their ancestor. Rhea, the mother of\\nRomulus, of whom we have already spoken,\\nand of whom we shall presently have occa-\\nsion to speak still more, was Rhea Silvia,\\nby reason of her having been by birth a\\nprincess of this royal line.\\nAscanius, in the mean time, on the death\\nof his father, was for a time so engrossed\\nin the prosecution of the war, that he paid\\nbut little attention to the departure of La-\\nvinia. The name of the king of the Rutu-\\nlians who fought against him was Mezentius.\\nMezentius had a son named Lausus, and\\nboth father and son were personally serving\\nin the army by which Ascanius was besieged\\nin Lavinium. Mezentius had command in the\\ncamp, at the headquarters of the army,\\nwhich was at some distance from the city.\\nLausus headed an advanced guard, which\\nhad established itself strongly at a post\\nwhich they had taken near the gates. h\\\\\\nthis state of things, Ascanius, one dark and\\nstormy night, planned a sortie. He organ-\\nized a desperate body of followers, and after\\nwatching the flashes of lightning for a time,\\nto find omens from them indicating success,\\nhe gave the signal. The gates were opened\\nand the column of armed men sallied forth\\ncreeping noiselessly forward in the darkness\\nand gloom, until they came to the encamp-\\nment of Lausus. They fell upon this camp\\nwith an irresistible rush, and with terrific\\nshouts and outcries. The whole detachment", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "130 ROMULUS.\\nwere taken entirely by surprise, and great\\nnumbers were made prisoners or slain.\\nLausus himself was killed.\\nExcited by their victory, the Trojan sol-\\ndiers, headed by Ascanius, now turned their\\ncourse toward the main body of the Kutu-\\nlian army. Mezentius had, however, in the\\nmean time, obtained warning of their ap-\\nproach, and when they reached his camp he\\nwas ready to retreat. He fled with all his\\nforces toward the mountains. Ascanius and\\nthe Trojans followed him. Mezentius halted\\nand attempted to fortify himself on a hill.\\nAscanius surrounded the hill, and soon com-\\npelled his enemies to come to terms. A\\ntreaty was made, and Mezentius and his\\nforces soon after withdrew from the coun-\\ntry, leaving Ascanius and Latium in peace.\\nAscanius then, after having in some de-\\ngree settled his affairs, began to think of\\nLavinia. In fact, the Latian portion of his\\nsubjects seemed disposed to murmur and\\ncomplain, at her having been compelled to\\nwithdraw from her own paternal kingdom,\\nin order to leave the throne to the occupancy\\nof the son of a stranger. Some even feared\\nthat she had come to some harm, or that\\nAscanius might in the end put her to death\\nwhen time had been allowed for the recol-\\nlection of her to pass in some degree from\\nthe minds of men. So the public began\\ngenerally to call for Lavinia s return.\\nAscanius seems to have been well disposed\\nto do justice in the case, for he not only", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 131\\nsought out Lavinia and induced her to re-\\nturn, to the capital with her little son, but\\nhe finally concluded to give up Lavinium to\\nher entirely, as her own rightful dominion,\\nwhile he went away and founded a new city\\nfor himself. He accordingly explored the\\ncountry around for a favorable site, and at\\nlength decided upon a spot nearly north of\\nLavinium, and not many miles distant from\\nit. The place which he marked out for the\\nwalls of the city was at the foot of a moun-\\ntain, on a tract of somewhat elevated\\nground, which formed one of the lower\\ndeclivities of it. The mountain, rising ab-\\nruptly on one side, formed a sure defense\\non that side on the other side was a small\\nlake, of clear and pellucid water. In front,\\nand somewhat below, there were extended\\nplains of fertile land. Ascanius, after hav-\\ning determined on this place as the site of\\nhis intended city, set his men at work to\\nmake the necessary constructions. Some\\nbuilt the walls of the city, and laid out\\nstreets and erected houses within. Others\\nwere employed in forming the declivity of\\nthe mountain above into terraces, for the\\ncultivation of the vine. The slopes which\\nthey thus graded had a southern exposure,\\nand the grapes which subsequently grew\\nthere, were luxurious and delicious in flavor.\\nFrom the little lake channels were cut lead-\\ning over the plains below, and by this means\\na constant supply of water could be con-\\nveyed to the fields of grain which were to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "132 ROMULUS.\\nbe sown there, for purposes of irrigation.\\nThus the place which Ascanius chose fur-\\nnished all possible facilities both for main-\\ntaining, and also for defending the people\\nwho were to make it their abode. The town\\nwas called Alba Longa, that is long Alba.\\nIt was called long to distinguish it from an-\\nother Alba. It was really long in its form,\\nas the buildings extended for a considerable\\ndistance along the border of the lake.\\nAscanius reigned over thirty j^ears at Alba\\nLonga, while La vinia reigned at Lavinium,\\neach friendly to the other and governing the\\ncountry at large, together, in peace and har-\\nmony. In process of time both died. As-\\ncanius left a son whose name was lulus,\\nwhile ^Eneas Sylvius was Lavinia s heir.\\nThere was, of course, great diversity of\\nopinion throughout the nation in regard to\\nthe comparative claims of these two princes,\\nrespectively. Some maintained that ^Eneas\\nthe Trojan became, by conquest, the rightful\\nsovereign of Latium, irrespective of any\\nrights that he acquired through his marriage\\nwith Lavinia, and that lulus, as the son of\\nhis eldest son, rightfully succeeded him.\\nOthers contended that Lavinia represented\\nthe ancient and the truly legitimate royal\\nline, and that iEneas Silvius, as her son and\\nheir, ought to be placed upon the throne.\\nAnd there were those who proposed to com-\\npromise the question, by dividing Latium\\ninto two separate kingdoms, giving up one\\npart to lulus, w T ith Alba Longa for its capital,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 133\\nand the other, with Lavinium for its capital,\\nto ^Eneas Silvius, Lavinia s heir. This prop-\\nosition was, however, overruled. The two\\nkingdoms, thus formed would be small and\\nfeeble, it was thought, and unable to defend\\nthemselves against the other Italian nations in\\ncase of war. The question was finally settled\\nby a different sort of compromise. It was\\nagreed that Latium should retain its integrity,\\nand that JEneas Silvius, being the son both\\nof -zEneas and Lavinia, and thus representing\\nboth branches of the reigning power, should\\nbe the king, while lulus and his descendants\\nforever, should occupy the position, scarcely\\nless inferior, of sovereign power in matters\\nof religion. ^Eneas Silvius, therefore, and\\nhis descendants, became Icings, and as such\\ncommanded the armies and directed the\\naffairs of state, while lulus and his family\\nwere exalted, in connection with them, to\\nthe highest pontifical dignities.\\nThis state of things, once established, con-\\ntinued age after age, and century after cen-\\ntury, for about four hundred years. No rec-\\nords, and very few traditions in respect to\\nwhat occurred during this period remain.\\nOne circumstance, however, took place which\\ncaused itself to be remembered. There was\\none king in the line of the Silvii, whose name\\nwas Tiberinus. In one of his battles with\\nthe armies of the nation adjoining him on\\nthe northern side, he attempted to swim\\nacross the river that formed the frontier.\\nHe was forced down by the current, and was\\n10 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "134 ROMULUS.\\nseen no more. By the accident, however,\\nhe gave the name of Tiber to the stream,\\nand thus perpetuated his own memory\\nthrough the subsequent renown of the river\\nin which he was drowned. Before this time\\nthe river was called the Albula.\\nAnother incident is related, which is some-\\nwhat curious, as illustrating the ideas and\\ncustoms of the times. One of this Silvian\\nline of sovereigns was named Alladius. This\\nAlladius conceived the idea of making the\\npeople believe that he was a god, and in\\norder to accomplish this end he resorted to\\nthe contrivance of imitating, by artificial\\nmeans, the sound of the rumbling of thunder\\nand the flashes of lightning at night, from\\nhis palace on the banks of the lake at Alba\\nLonga. He employed, probably, for this\\npurpose some means similar to those resorted\\nto for the same end in theatrical spectacles\\nat the present day. The people, however,\\nwere not deceived by this imposture, though\\nthey soon after fell into an error nearly as\\nabsurd as believing in this false thunder\\nwould have been for, on an occasion which\\noccurred not long afterward, probably that\\nof a great storm accompanied with torrents\\nof rain upon the mountains around, the lake\\nrose so high as to produce an inundation, in\\nwhich the water broke into the palace, arnd\\nthe pretended thunderer was drowned. The\\npeople considered that he was destroyed thus\\nby the special interposition of heaven, to\\npunish him for his impiety in daring to as-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 135\\nsume what was then considered the peculiar\\nattribute and prerogative of supreme divinity.\\nIn fact, the rumor circulated, and one his-\\ntorian has recorded it as true, that Alladius\\nwas struck by the lightning which accom-\\npanied the storm, and thus killed at once by\\nthe terrible agency w^hich he had presumed to\\ncounterfeit, before the inundation of the\\npalace came on. If he met his death in any\\nsudden and unusual manner, it is not at all\\nsurprising that his fate should have been at-\\ntributed to the judgment of God, for thunder\\nwas regarded in those days with an extreme\\nand superstitious veneration and awe. All\\nthis is, however, now changed. Men have\\nlearned to understand thunder, and to pro-\\ntect themselves from its power and now,\\nsince Franklin and Morse have commenced\\nthe work of subduing the potent and mys-\\nterious agent in which it originates, to the\\nhuman w^ill, the presumption is not very\\nstrong against the supposition that the time\\nmay come when human science may actually\\nproduce it in the sky as it is now produced,\\nin effect, upon the lecturer s table.\\nAt last, toward the close of the four hun-\\ndred years during which the dynasty of the\\nSylvii continued to reign over Latium, a cer-\\ntain monarch of the series died, leaving two\\nchildren, Numitor and Amulius. Numitor\\nwas the eldest son, and as such entitled to\\nsucceed his father. But he was of a quiet\\nand somewhat inefficient disposition, while\\nhis younger brother was ardent and ambi-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "136 ROMULUS.\\ntious, and very likely to aspire to the posses-\\nsion of power. The father, it seems, antici-\\npated the possibility of dissension between\\nhis sons after his death, and in order to do\\nall in his power to guard against it, he en-\\ndeavored to arrange and settle the succession\\nbefore he died. In the course of the negotia-\\ntions which ensued, Amulius proposed that\\nhis father s possessions should be divided in-\\nto two portions, the kingdom to constitute\\none, and the wealth and treasures the other,\\nand that Numitor should choose which por-\\ntion he would have. This proposal seemed\\nto have the appearance, at least, of reason-\\nableness and impartiality; and it w r ould\\nhave been really very reasonable, if the right\\nto the inheritance thus disposed of, had be-\\nlonged equally to the younger and to the\\nelder son. But it did not. And thus the\\noffer of Amulius was, in effect, a proposition\\nto divide with himself that which really be-\\nlonged w r holly to his brother.\\nNumitor, however, who, it seems, was\\nlittle disposed to contend for his rights,\\nagreed to this proposal. He, however, chose\\nthe kingdom, and left the wealth for his\\nbrother and the inheritance was accord-\\ningly thus divided on the death of the father.\\nBut Amulius, as soon as he came into pos-\\nsession of his treasures, began to employ\\nthem as a means of making powerful friends,\\nand strengthening his political influence.\\nIn due time he usurped the throne, and\\nNumitor, giving up the contest with very", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "RHEA SILVIA. 137\\nlittle attempt to resist the usurpation, fled\\nand concealed himself in some obscure place\\nof retreat. He had, however, two children,\\na son and a daughter, which he left behind\\nhim in his flight. Amulius feared that these\\nchildren might, at some future time, give\\nhim trouble, by advancing claims as their\\nfather s heirs. He did not dare to kill them\\nopenly, for fear of exciting the popular\\nodium against himself. He was obliged,\\ntherefore, to resort to stratagem.\\nThe son, whose name was Egestus, he\\ncaused to be slain at. a hunting party, by\\nemploying remorseless and desperate men to\\nshoot him, in the heat of the chase, with ar-\\nrows, or thrust him through with a spear,\\nwatching their opportunity for doing this\\nat a moment when they w r ere not observed,\\nor when it might appear to be an accident.\\nThe daughter, whose name was Rhea the\\nRhea Silvia named at the commencement of\\nthis chapter he could not well actually de-\\nstroy, without being known to be her mur-\\nderer and perhaps too, he had enough re-\\nmaining humanity to be unwilling to shed\\nthe blood of a helpless and beautiful maiden,\\nthe daughter, too, of his own brother. Then,\\nbesides, he had a daughter of his own named\\nAntho, who was the playmate and com-\\npanion of Rhea, and with whose affection\\nfor her cousin he must have felt some sym-\\npathy. He would not, therefore, destroy\\nthe child, but contented himself with deter-\\nmining to make her a vestal virgin. By", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "138 ROMULUS.\\nthis means she would be solemnly set apart\\nto a religious service, which would incapaci-\\ntate her from aspiring to the throne and\\nby being cut off, by her vestal vows, from\\nall possibility of forming any domestic ties,\\nshe could never, he thought, have any off-\\nspring to dispute his claim to the throne.\\nThere was nothing very extraordinary in\\nthis consecration of his niece, princess as* she\\nwas, to the service of the vestal fire for it\\nhad been customary for children of the high-\\nest rank to be designated to this office.\\nThe little Rhea, for she was yet a child when\\nher uncle took this determination in respect\\nto her, made, as would appear, no objection to\\nwhat she perhaps considered a distinguished\\nhonor. The ceremonies, therefore, of her\\nconsecration were duly performed she took\\nthe vows, and bound herself by the most\\nawful sanctions unconscious, however, per-\\nhaps, herself of what she was doing to lead\\nthenceforth a life of absolute celibacy and\\nseclusion.\\nShe was then received into the temple of\\nVesta, and there, with the other maidens\\nwho had been consecrated before her, she\\ndevoted herself to the discharge of the duties\\nof her office, without reproach, for several\\nyears. At length, however, certain circum-\\nstances occurred, which suddenly terminated\\nRhea s career as a vestal virgin, and led to\\nresults of the most momentous character.\\nWhat these circumstances were, will be ex-\\nplained in the next chapter.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE TWINS.\\nAlthough the temple of Vesta itself, at\\nAlba Longa, was the principal scene of the\\nduties which devolved upon the vestal vir-\\ngins, still they were not wholly confined in\\ntheir avocations to that sacred edifice, but\\nwere often called upon, one or two at a time,\\nto perform services, or to assist in the celebra-\\ntion of rites, at other places in the city and\\nvicinity.\\nThere was a temple consecrated to Mars\\nnear to Alba. It was situated in an opening\\nin the woods, in some little glen or valley at\\nthe base of the mountain. There was a\\nstream of water running through the ground,\\nand Rhea in the performance of her duties\\nas a vestal was required at one time to pass\\nto and fro through the groves in this solitary\\nplace to fetch water. Here she allowed her-\\nself, in violation of her vestal vows, to form\\nthe acquaintance of a man, whom she met in\\nthe groves. She knew well that by doing\\nso she made herself subject to the most dread-\\nful penalties in case her fault should become\\nknown. Still she yielded to the temptation,\\nand allowed herself to be persuaded to remain\\n139", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "140 ROMULUS.\\nwith the stranger. She said afterward,\\nwhen the facts were brought to light, that\\nher meeting with this companion was wholly\\nunintentional on her part. She saw a wolf\\nin the grove, she said, and she ran terrified\\ninto a cave to escape from him, and that the\\nman came to her there, to protect her, and\\nthen compelled her to remain with him.\\nBesides, from his dress and countenance,\\nand air, she had believed him. she said, to be\\nthe God Mars himself, and thought that it\\nwas not her duty to resist his will.\\nHowever this may be, her stolen interview\\nor interviews with this stranger were not\\nknown at the time, and Rhea perhaps thought\\nthat her fault would never be discovered.\\nSome weeks after this, however, it was ob-\\nserved by her companions and friends that\\nshe began to appear thoughtful and de-\\npressed. Her dejection increased day by\\nday her face became wan and pale, and her\\neyes were often filled with tears. They\\nasked her what was the cause of her trouble.\\nShe said that she was sick. She was soon af-\\nterward excused from her duties in the Vestal\\ntemple, and went away, and remained for\\nsome time shut up in retirement and seclusion.\\nThere at length two children, twins, were\\nborn to her.\\nIt was only through the influence of Antho,\\nRhea s cousin, that the unhappy vestal was\\nnot put to death by Amulius, before her\\nchildren were born, at the time when her\\nfault was first discovered. The laws of the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS.\\n141\\nState in respect to vestal virgins, which were\\ninexorably severe, would have justified him\\nin causing her to be executed at once, but\\nAntho interceded so earnestly for her un-\\nhappy cousin, that Amulius for a time spared\\nher life. When, however, her sons were born,\\nRhea Silvia.\\nthe anger of Amulius broke out anew. If\\nshe had remained childless he would probably\\nhave allowed her to live, though she could\\nof course never have been restored to her\\noffice in the temple of Yesta. Or if she had\\ngiven birth to a daughter she might have\\nbeen pardoned, since a daughter, on account", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "142 BOMULTTS.\\nof her sex, would have been little likely to\\ndisturb Amulius in the possession of the king-\\ndom. But the existence of two sons, born\\ndirectly in the line of the succession, and\\neach of them having claims superior to his\\nown, endangered, most imminently, he per-\\nceived, his possession of power. He was of\\ncourse greatly enraged.\\nHe caused Khea to be shut up in close im-\\nprisonment, and as for the boys, he ordered\\nthem to be thrown into the Tiber. The\\nTiber was at some considerable distance from\\nAlba but it was probably near the place\\nwhere Rhea had resided in her retirement,\\nand where the children were born.\\nA peasant of that region was intrusted\\nwith the task of throwing the children into\\nthe river Whether his official duty in un-\\ndertaking this commission required him act-\\nually to drown the boys, or whether he was\\nallowed to give the helpless babes some little\\nchance for their lives, is not known. At\\nall events he determined that in committing\\nthe children to the stream he would so ar-\\nrange it that they should float away from\\nhis sight, in order that he might not him-\\nself be a witness of their dying struggles\\nand cries. He accordingly put them upon\\na species of float that he made, a sort of\\nbox or trough, as would seem from the an-\\ncient descriptions, which he had hollowed\\nout from a log, and disposing their little\\nlimbs carefully within this narrow recepta-\\ncle, he pushed the frail boat* with its navi-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS.\\n143\\ngators still more frail, out upon the current\\nof the river.\\nThe name of the peasant who performed\\nthis task was Faustulus. The peasant also\\nwho subsequently, as will hereafter appear,\\nFaustulus and the Twins.\\nfound and took charge of the children, is\\nspoken of by the ancient historians as Faus-\\ntulus, too. In fact we might well suppose\\nthat no man, however rustic and rude, could\\ngive his time and his thoughts to two such\\nbabes long enough to make an ark for them,\\nfor the purpose of making it possible to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "144 BOMULUS.\\nsave their lives, and then place them care-\\nfully in it to send them away, without be-\\ncoming so far interested in their fate, and\\nso touched by their mute and confiding help-\\nlessness, as to feel prompted to follow the\\nstream to see how so perilous a navigation\\nwould end. We have, however, no direct\\nevidence that Faustuius did so watch the\\nprogress of his boat down the river. The\\nstory is that it was drifted along, now whirl-\\ning in eddies, and now shooting down over\\nrapid currents, until at last, at a bend in the\\nriver, it was thrown upon the beach, and\\nbeing turned over by the concussion, the\\nchildren were rolled out upon the sand.\\nThe neighboring thickets soon of course\\nresounded with their plaintive cries. A\\nmother wolf who was sleeping there came\\nout to see what was the matter. Now a\\nmother, of whatever race, is irresistibly\\ndrawn by an instinct, if incapable of a senti-\\nment, of affection, to love and to cherish\\nanything that is newly born. The wolf\\ncaressed the helpless babes, imagining per-\\nhaps that they were her own offspring and\\nlying down by their side she cherished and\\nfed them, watching all the time with a fierce\\nand vigilant eye for any approaching enemy\\nor danger. The rude nursery might very\\nnaturally be supposed to be in dangerous\\nproximity to the water, but it happened\\nthat the river, when the babes were set\\nadrift in it, was very high, from the effect of\\nrains upon the mountains, and thus soon", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 145\\nafter the children were thrown upon the\\nland, the water began to subside. In a short\\ntime it wholly returned to its accustomed\\nchannel, leaving the children on the warm\\nsand, high above all danger. The wolf was\\nnot their only guardian. A woodpecker,\\nthe tradition says, watched over them too,\\nand brought them berries and other sylvan\\nfood. The reader will perhaps be disposed\\nto hesitate a little in receiving this last\\nstatement for sober history, but as no part\\nof the whole narrative will bear any very\\nrigid scrutiny, we may as well take the story\\nof the woodpecker along with the rest.\\nIn a short time the children were rescued\\nfrom their exposed situation by a shepherd,\\nwho is called Faustulus, and may or may\\nnot have been the same with the Faustulus\\nby whom they had been exposed. Faustu-\\nlus carried the children to his hut; and there\\nthe maternal attentions of the wolf and the\\nwoodpecker were replaced by those of the\\nshepherd s wife. Her name was Larentia.\\nFaustulus was one of Amulius s herdsmen,\\nhaving the care of the flocks and herds that\\ngrazed on this part of the royal domain, but\\nliving, like any other shepherd, in great se-\\nclusion, in his hut in the forests. He not\\nonly rescued the children, but he brought\\nhome and preserved the trough in which\\nthey had been floated down the river. He\\nput this relic aside, thinking that the day\\nmight perhaps come in which there would\\nbe occasion to produce it. He told the story", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "146 ROMULUS.\\nof the children only to a very few trust-\\nworthy friends, and he accompanied the\\ncommunication, in the cases where he made\\nit, with many injunctions of secrecy. He\\nnamed the foundlings Eomulus and Remus,\\nand as they grew up they passed generally\\nfor the shepherd s sons.\\nFaustulus felt a great degree of interest,\\nand a high sense of responsibility too, in hav-\\ning these young princes under his care. He\\ntook great pains to protect them from all\\npossible harm, and to instruct them in every-\\nthing which it was in those days considered\\nimportant for young men to know. It is\\neven said that he sent them to a town in\\nLatium where there was some sort of semi-\\nnary of learning, that their minds might re-\\nceive a proper intellectual culture. As they\\ngrew up they were both handsome in form\\nand in countenance, and were characterized\\nby a graceful dignity of air and demeanor,\\nwhich made them very attractive in the eyes\\nof all who beheld them. They were prom-\\ninent among the young herdsmen and hun-\\nters of the forest, for their courage, their\\nactivity, their strength, their various per-\\nsonal accomplishments, and their high and\\ngenerous qualities of mind. Romulus was\\nmore silent and thoughtful than his brother,\\nand seemed to possess in some respects supe-\\nrior mental powers. Both were regarded by\\nall who knew them with feelings of the high-\\nest respect and consideration.\\nRomulus and Remus treated their own", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE TWISTS. 147\\ncompanions and equals, that is the young\\nshepherds and herdsmen of the mountains,\\nwith great courtesy and kindness, and were\\nvery kindly regarded by them in return.\\nThey, however, evinced a great degree of\\nindependence of spirit in respect to the\\nvarious bailiffs and chief herdsmen, and\\nother officers of field and forest police, who\\nexercised authority in the region where they\\nlived. These men were sometimes haughty\\nand domineering, and the peasantry in gen-\\neral stood greatly in awe of them. Romulus\\nand Remus, however, always faced them\\nwithout fear, never seeming to be alarmed\\nat their threats, or at any other exhibitions\\nof their anger. In fact, the bo}^s seemed to\\nbe imbued with a native loftiness and fear-\\nlessness of character, as if they had inherited\\na spirit of confidence and courage with their\\nroyal blood, or had imbibed a portion of the\\nindomitable temper of their fierce foster\\nmother.\\nThey were generous, however, as well as\\nbrave. They took the part of the weak and\\nthe oppressed against the tyrannical and the\\nstrong in the rustic contentions that they\\nwitnessed they interposed to help the feeble,\\nto relieve those w r ho were in want, and to\\nprotect the defenseless. They hunted wild\\nbeasts, they fought against robbers, they\\nrescued and saved the lost. For amusements,\\nthey practised running, wrestling, racing,\\nthrowing javelins and spears, and other ath-\\nletic feats and accomplishments in every-\\nI 1 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "148 ROMULUS.\\nthing excelling all their competitors, and be-\\ncoming in the end greatly renowned.\\nNumitor, the father of Rhea Silvia, whom\\nAmulius had dethroned and banished from\\nAlba, was all this time still living and he\\nhad now at length become so far reconciled\\nto Amulius as to be allowed to reside in Alba\\nthough he lived there as a private citizen.\\nHe owned, it seems, some estates near the\\nTiber, where he had flocks and herds that\\nwere tended by his shepherds and herdsmen.\\nIt happened at one time that some conten-\\ntion arose between the herdsmen of Nu-\\nmitor and those of Amulius, among whom\\nRomulus and Remus were residing. Now\\nas the young meri had thus far, of course, no\\nidea whatever of their relationship to Nu-\\nmitor, there was no reason why they should\\nfeel any special interest in his affairs, and\\nthey accordingly, as might naturally have\\nbeen expected, took part with Amulius in\\nthis quarrel, since Faustulus, and all the\\nshepherds around them were on that side.\\nThe herdsmen of Numitor in the course of\\nthe quarrel drove away some of the cattle\\nwhich were claimed as belonging to the\\nherdsmen of Amulius. Romulus and Remus\\nheaded a band which they hastily called to-\\ngether, to pursue the depredators and bring\\nthe cattle back. They succeeded in this ex-\\npedition, and recaptured the herd. This in-\\ncensed the party of Numitor, and they deter-\\nmined on revenge.\\nThey waited some time for a favorable op-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 149\\nportunity. At length the time came for\\ncelebrating a certain festival called the Super-\\ncalia, which consisted of very rude games\\nand ceremonies, in which men sacrificed\\ngoats, and then dressed themselves partially\\nin the skins, and ran about whipping every\\none whom they met, with thongs made like-\\nwise of the skins of goats, or of rabbits, or\\nother animals remarkable for their fecundity.\\nThe meaning of the ceremonies, so far as\\nsuch uncouth and absurd ceremonies could\\nhave any meaning, was to honor the God of\\nfertility and fruitfulness, and to promote\\nthe fruitfulness of their flocks and herds,\\nduring the year ensuing at the time that\\nthe celebrations were held.\\nThe retainers and partisans of Numitor de-\\ntermined on availing themselves of this op-\\nportunity to accomplish their object. Ac-\\ncordingly, they armed themselves, and com-\\ning suddenly upon the spot where the shep-\\nherds of Amulius were celebrating the games,\\nthey made a rush for Eemus, who was at that\\ntime, in accordance with the custom, running\\nto and fro, half-naked, and armed only with\\ngoat-skin thongs. They succeeded in making\\nhim prisoner, and bore him away in triumph\\nto Numitor.\\nOf course, this daring act produced great\\nexcitement throughout the country. Numi-\\ntor was well pleased with the prize that he had\\nsecured, but felt, at the same time, some fear\\nof the responsibility which he incurred by\\nholding the prisoner. He was strongly in-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "150 ROMULUS.\\nclined to proceed against Remus, and punish\\nhim himself for the offenses which the herds-\\nmen of his lands charged against him but he\\nfinally concluded that this would not be safe,\\nand he determined, in the end, to refer the\\ncase to Amulius for decision. He accordingly\\nsent Kemus to Amulius, making grievous\\ncharges against him, as a lawless desperado,\\nwho, with his brother, Numitor said, were\\nthe terror of the forests, through their domi-\\nneering temper and their acts of robbery and\\nrapine.\\nThe king, pleased, perhaps, with the spirit\\nof deference to his regal authority on the\\npart of his brother, implied in the referring of\\nthe case of the accused to him for trial, sent\\nRemus back again to Numitor, saying that\\nNumitor might punish the freebooter himself\\nin any way that he thought best. Eemus\\nwas accordingly brought again to Numitor s\\nhouse. In the mean time, the fact of his be-\\ning thus made a prisoner, and charged with\\ncrime, and the proceedings in relation to him,\\nin sending him back and forth between Amu-\\nlius and Numitor, strongly attracted public\\nattention. Every one was talking of the\\nprisoner, and discussing the question of his\\nprobable fate. The general interest which\\nwas thus awakened in respect to him and to\\nhis brother Romulus, revived the slumbering\\nrecollections in the minds of the old neigh-\\nbors of Faustulus, of the stories which he had\\ntold them of his having found the twins on\\nthe bank of the river, in their infancy. They", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 151\\ntold this story to Romulus, and he or some\\nother friends made it known to Remus while\\nhe was still confined.\\nWhen Remus was brought before Numi-\\ntor w ho was really his grandfather, though\\nthe fact of this relationship was wholly\\nunknown to both of them Numitor was\\nexceedingly struck with his handsome coun-\\ntenance and form, and with his fearless and\\nnoble demeanor. The young prisoner seemed,\\nperfectly self-possessed and at his ease,\\nand though he knew well that his life was\\nat stake, there was a certain air of calmness\\nand composure in his manner which seemed\\nto denote very lofty qualities, both of person\\nand mind.\\nA vague recollection of the lost children\\nof his daughter Rhea immediately flashed\\nacross Numitor s mind. It changed all his\\nanger against Remus to a feeling of wonder-\\ning interest and curiosity, and gave to his\\ncountenance, as he looked upon his prisoner,\\nan expression of kind and tender regard.\\nAfter a short pause Numitor addressed the\\nyoung captive speaking in a gentle and\\nconciliating manner and asked him who\\nhe was, and who his parents were.\\nI will frankly tell you all that I know,\\nsaid Remus, since you treat me in so fair\\nand honorable a manner. The king deliv-\\nered me up to be punished, without listening\\nto what I had to say, but you seem willing\\nto hear before you condemn. My name is\\nRemus, and I have a twin-brother named", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "152 BOMtJLtJS.\\nRomulus. We have always supposed our-\\nselves to be the children of Faustulus, but\\nnow, since this difficulty has occurred, we\\nhave heard new tidings in respect to our\\norigin. We are told that we were found in\\nour infancy on the shore of the river, at the\\nplace where Faustulus lives, and that near by\\nthere was a box or trough, in which we had\\nbeen floated down to the spot from a place\\nabove. When Faustulus found us, there\\nwas a wolf and a woodpecker taking care of\\nus and bringing us food. Faustulus carried\\nus to his house, and brought us up as his\\nchildren. He preserved the trough, too, and\\nhas it now.\\nNumitor was, of course, greatly excited at\\nhearing this intelligence. He perceived at\\nonce that the finding of these children, both\\nin respect to time and place, and to all the\\nattendant circumstances, corresponded so\\nprecisely with the exposure of the children\\nof Rhea Silvia as to leave no reasonable\\nground for doubt that Romulus and Remus\\nwere his grandsons. He resolved immedi-\\nately to communicate this joyful discovery\\nto his daughter, if he could contrive the\\nmeans of gaining access to her for during\\nall this time she had been kept in close con-\\nfinement in her prison.\\nIn the mean time, Romulus himself, at the\\nhouse of Faustulus, in the forests, had be-\\ncome greatly excited by the circumstances\\nin which he found himself placed. He had\\nbeen first very much incensed at the capture", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 153\\nof Remus, and while concerting with Faus-\\ntulus plans for rescuing him, Faustulus had\\nexplained to him the mystery of his birth.\\nHe had informed him not only how he was\\nfound with his brother, on the bank of the\\nriver, but also had made known to him\\nwhose sons he and Remus were. Romulus\\nwas, of course, extremely elated at this in-\\ntelligence. His native courage and energy\\nwere quickened anew by his learning that he\\nand his brother were princes, and as he be-\\nlieved, rightfully entitled to the throne. He\\nimmediately began to form plans for raising\\na rebellion against the government of Amu-\\nlius, with a view of first rescuing Remus\\nfrom his power, and afterward taking such\\nulterior steps as circumstances might re-\\nquire.\\nFaustulus, on the other hand, leaving\\nRomulus to raise the forces for his insurrec-\\ntion as he pleased, determined to go himself\\nto Xumitor and reveal the secret of the birth\\nof Romulus and Remus to him. In order to\\nconfirm and corroborate his story, he took\\nthe trough with him, carrying it under his\\ncloak, in order to conceal it from view, and\\nin this manner made his appearance at the\\ngates of Alba.\\nThere was something in his appearance\\nand manner when he arrived at the gate,\\nwhich attracted the attention of the officers\\non guard there. He wore the dress of a\\ncountryman, and had obviously come in from\\nthe forests, a long way and there was some-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "154 KOMTTLUS.\\nthing in his air which denoted hurry and\\nagitation. The soldiers asked him what he\\nhad under his cloak, and compelled him to\\nproduce the ark to view. The curiosity of\\nthe guardsmen was still more strongly\\naroused at seeing this old relic. It w^as\\nbound with brass bands, and it had some\\nrude inscription marked upon it. It hap-\\npened that one of the guard was an old\\nsoldier who had been in some way connected\\nwith the exposure of the children of Khea\\nwhen they were set adrift in the river, and\\nhe immediately recognized this trough as\\nthe float which they had been placed in.\\nHe immediately concluded that some very\\nextraordinary movement was going on,\\nand he determined to proceed forthwith and\\ninform Amulius of what he had discovered.\\nHe accordingly went to the king and in-\\nformed him that a man had been intercepted\\nat the gate of the city, who w r as attempting\\nto bring in, concealed under his cloak, the\\nidentical ark or float, which to his certain\\nknowledge had been used in the case of the\\nchildren of Rhea Silvia, for sending them\\nadrift on the waters of the Tiber.\\nThe king was greatly excited and agitated\\nat receiving this intelligence. He ordered\\nFaustulus to be brought into his presence.\\nFaustulus was much terrified at receiving\\nthis summons. He had but little time to re-\\nflect what to say, and during the few min-\\nutes that elapsed while they were conducting\\nhim into the presence of the king, he found", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 155\\nit hard to determine how much it would be\\nbest for him to admit, and how much to\\ndeny. Finally, in answer to the interroga-\\ntions of the king, he acknowledged that he\\nfound the children and the ark in which they\\nhad been drifted upon the shore, and that\\nhe had saved the boys alive, and brought\\nthem up as his children. He said, however,\\nthat he did not know where they were.\\nThey had gone away, he alleged, some\\nyears before, and were now living as shep-\\nherds in some distant part of the country, he\\ndid not know exactly where.\\nAmulius then asked Faustulus what he\\nhad been intending to do with the trough,\\nwhich he was bringing so secretly into the\\ncity. Faustulus said that he was going to\\ncarry it to Rhea in her prison, she having\\noften expressed a strong desire to see it, as\\na token or memorial which w r ould recall the\\ndear babes that had lain in it very vividly\\nto her mind.\\nAmulius seemed satisfied that these state-\\nments were honest and true, but they awak-\\nened in his mind a very great solicitude and\\nanxiety. He feared that the children, being\\nstill alive, might some day come to the\\nknowledge of their origin, and so disturb\\nhis possession of the throne, and perhaps\\nrevenge, by some dreadful retaliation, the\\nwrongs and injuries which he had inflicted\\nupon their mother and their grandfather.\\nThe people, he feared, would be very much\\ninclined to take part with them, and not", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "156 ROMULUS.\\nwith him, in any contest which might arise\\nfor their sympathies were already on the\\nside of Numitor. In a word, he was greatly\\nalarmed, and he was much at a loss to know\\nwhat to do, to avert the danger which was\\nimpending over him.\\nHe concluded to send to Numitor and in-\\nquire of him whether he was aware that the\\nboys were still alive, and if so, if he knew\\nwhere they were to be found. He accord-\\ningly sent a messenger to his brother, com-\\nmissioned to make these inquiries. This\\nmessenger, though in the service of Amulius,\\nwas really a friend to Numitor, and on be-\\ning admitted to Numitor s presence, when he\\nwent to make the inquiries as directed by\\nthe king, he found Remus there, though\\nnot, as he had expected, in the attitude of a\\nprisoner awaiting sentence from a judge,\\nbut rather in that of a son in affectionate\\nconsultation with his father. He soon\\nlearned the truth, and immediately expressed\\nhis determination to espouse the cause of\\nthe prince. The whole city will be on\\nyour side, said he to Kemus. You have\\nonly to place yourself at the head of the\\npopulation, and proclaim your rights and\\nyou will easily be restored to the possession\\nof them.\\nJust at this crisis a tumult was heard at\\nthe gates of the city. Romulus had arrived\\nthere at the head of the band of peasants\\nand herdsmen that he had collected in the\\nforests. These insurgents were rudely armed", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE TWINS. 157\\nand were organized in a very simple an\\nprimitive manner. For weapons the peas-\\nants bore such implements of agriculture as\\ncould be used for weapons, while the hunts-\\nmen brought their pikes, and spears, and\\njavelins, and such other projectiles as w^ere\\nemployed in those days in hunting wild\\nbeasts. The troop was divided into com-\\npanies of one hundred, and for banners they\\nbore tufts of grass on wisps of straw r or\\nfern, or other herbage, tied at the top of a\\npole. The armament was rude, but the men\\nwere resolute and determined, and they made\\ntheir appearance at the gates of the city\\nupon the outside, just in time to co-operate\\nwith Remus in the rebellion which he had\\nraised within.\\nThe revolt was successful. A revolt is\\ngenerally successful against a despot, when\\nthe great mass of the population desire his\\ndownfall. Amulius made a desperate at-\\ntempt to stem the torrent, but his hour had\\ncome. His palace was stormed, and he was\\nslain. The revolution was complete, and\\nRomulus and Remus were masters of the\\ncountry.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE FOUNDING OF ROME.\\nAs soon as the excitement and the agita-\\ntions which attended the sudden revolution\\nby which Amulius was dethroned were in\\nsome measure calmed, and tranquillity was\\nrestored, the question of the mode in which\\nthe new government should be settled, arose.\\nNumitor considered it best that he should\\ncall an assembly of the people and lay the\\nsubject before them. There was a very\\nlarge portion of the populace who yet knew\\nnothing certain in respect to the causes of\\nthe extraordinary events that had occurred.\\nThe city was filled with strange rumors, in\\nall of which truth and falsehood were in-\\nextricably mingled, so that they increased\\nrather than allayed the general curiosity and\\nwonder.\\nNumitor accordingly convened a general\\nassembly of the inhabitants of Alba, in a\\npublic square. The rude and rustic moun-\\ntaineers and peasants whom Romulus had\\nbrought to the city came with the rest.\\nRomulus and Remus themselves did not at\\nfirst appear. Numitor, when the audience\\nwas assembled, came forward to address\\n158", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME. 159\\nthem. He gave them a recital of all the\\nevents connected with the usurpation of\\nAmulius. He told them of the original\\ndivision which had been made thirty or\\nforty years before, of the kingdom and the\\nestates of his father, between Amulius and\\nhimself, of the plans and intrigues by which\\nAmulius had contrived to possess himself of\\nthe kingdom and reduce him, Numitor, into\\nsubjection to his sway, of his causing\\nEgestus, Numitor s son, to be slain in the\\nhunting party, and then compelling his little\\ndaughter Rhea to become a vestal virgin in\\norder that she might never be married. He\\nthen went on to describe the birth of Romu-\\nlus and Remus, the anger of Amulius when\\ninformed of the event, his cruel treatment\\nof the children and of the mother, and his\\norders that the babes should be drowned in\\nthe Tiber. He gave an account of the man-\\nner in which the infants had been put into\\nthe little wooden ark, of their floating down\\nthe stream, and finally landing on the bank,\\nand of their being rescued, protected and\\nfed, by the wolf and the woodpecker. He\\nclosed his speech by saying that the young\\nprinces were still alive, and that they were\\nthen at hand ready to present themselves\\nbefore the assembly.\\nAs he said these words, Romulus and Re-\\nmus came forward, and the vast assembly,\\nafter gazing for a moment in silent wonder\\nupon their tall and graceful forms, in which\\nthey saw combined athletic strength and vigor", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "160 BOMULUS.\\nwith manly beauty, they burst into long and\\nloud acclamations. As soon as the applause\\nhad in some measure subsided, Eomulus and\\nEemus turned to their grandfather and hailed\\nhim king. The people responded to this an-\\nnouncement with new plaudits, and Numitor\\nwas universally recognized as the rightful\\nsovereign.\\nIt seems that notwithstanding the personal\\ngraces and accomplishments of Eomulus and\\nEemus, and their popularity among their\\nfellow foresters, that they and their fol-\\nlowers made a somewhat rude and wild ap-\\npearance in the city, and Numitor was very\\nwilling, when the state of things had become\\nsomewhat settled, that his rustic auxiliaries\\nshould find some occasion for withdrawing\\nfrom the capital and returning again to their\\nown native fastnesses. Eomulus and Eemus,\\nhowever, having now learned that they were\\nentitled to the regal name, naturally felt\\ndesirous of possessing a little regal power,\\nand thus desired to remain in the city\\nwhile still they had too much consideration\\nfor their grandfather to wish to deprive him\\nof the government. After some deliberation\\na plan was devised which promised to gratify\\nthe wishes of all.\\nThe plan was this, namely, that Numitor\\nshould set apart a place in his kingdom of\\nLatium where Eomulus and Eemus might\\nbuild a city for themselves, taking with\\nthem to the spot the whole horde of their re-\\ntainers. The place which he designated for", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OP KOMB. 161\\nthis purpose was the spot on the banks of\\nthe Tiber where the two children had been\\nlanded when floating down the stream. It\\nwas a wild and romantic region, and the en-\\nterprise of building a city upon it was one\\nexactly suited to engage the attention and\\noccupy the powers of such restless spirits as\\nthose who had collected under the young\\nprinces standard. Many of these men, it it\\ntrue, were shepherds and herdsmen, well\\ndisposed in mind, though rude and rough in\\nmanners. But then there were many others\\nof a very turbulent and unmanageable char-\\nacter, outlaws, fugitives, and adventurers of\\nevery description, who had fled to the woods\\nto escape punishment for former crimes or\\nseek opportunities for the commission of new\\ndeeds of rapine and robbery and who had\\nseized upon the occasion furnished by the\\ninsurrection against Amulius to come forth\\ninto the world again. Criminals always\\nttocic into armies when armies are raised for\\nwar presents to the wicked and depraved, all\\nthe charms, with but half the danger, of a life\\nof crime. War is in fact ordinarily only a\\nlegal organization of crime.\\nRomulus and Eemus entered into their\\ngrandfather s plan with great readiness\\nJNumitor promised to aid them in their en\\nterpnse by every means in his power He\\nwas to furnish tools and implements, for ex-\\ncavations and building, and artisans so far\\nas artisans were required, and was also to\\nprovide such temporary supplies of provisions\\n12 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "162 ROMULUS.\\nand stores as might be required at the outset\\nof the undertaking. He gave permission also\\nto any of his subjects to join Eomulus and\\nRemus in their undertaking, and they, in\\norder to increase their numbers as much\\nas possible, sent messengers around to the\\nneighboring country inviting all who were\\ndisposed, to come and take part in the build-\\ning of the new city. This invitation was ac-\\ncepted by great numbers of people, from\\nevery rank and station in life.\\nOf course, however, the greater portion of\\nthose who came to join the enterprise, were\\nof a very low grade in respect to moral\\ncharacter. Men of industry, integrity, and\\nmoral worth, who possessed kind hearts and\\nwarm domestic affections, were generally\\nwell and prosperously settled each in his\\nown hamlet or town, and were little inclined\\nto break away from the ties which bound\\nthem to friends and society, in order to\\nplunge in such a scene of turmoil and con-\\nfusion as the building of a new city, under\\nsuch circumstances, must necessarily be. It\\nwas of course generally the discontented, the\\nidle, and the bad, that would hope for benefit\\nfrom such a change as this enterprise pro-\\nposed to them. Every restless and desperate\\nspirit, every depraved victim of vice, every\\nfugitive and outlaw would be ready to em-\\nbark in such a scheme, which was to create\\ncertainly a new phase in their relations to\\nsociety, and thus afford them an opportunity\\nto make a fresh beginning. The enterprise", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME.\\n163\\nat the same time seemed to offer them,\\nthrough a new organization and new laws,\\nsome prospect of release from responsibility\\nfor former crimes. In a word, in preparing\\nto lay the foundations of their city, Romulus\\nSituation of Rome.\\nand Remus found themselves at the head of\\na very wild and lawless company.\\nThere were seven distinct hills on the\\nground which was subsequently included\\nwithin the limits of Rome. Between and\\namong these hills the river meandered by\\nsweeping and graceful curves, and at one\\npoint, near the center of what is now the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "164 ROMULUS.\\ncity, the stream passed very near the foot of\\none of the elevations called the Palatine Hill.\\nHere was the spot where the wooden ark in\\nwhich Eomulus and Remus had been set\\nadrift, had been thrown upon the shore.\\nThe sides of the hill were steep, and between\\nit and the river there was in one part a deep\\nmorass. Romulus thought, on surveying\\nthe ground with Remus his brother, that this\\nwas the best spot for building the city.\\nThey could set apart a sufficient space of\\nlevel ground around the foot of the hill for\\nthe houses inclosing the whole with a wall\\nwhile the top of the hill itself might be\\nfortified to form the citadel. The wall and\\nthe steep acclivity of the ground would form\\na protection on three sides of the inclosure,\\nwhile the morass alone would be a sufficient\\ndefense on the part toward the river. Then\\nRomulus was specially desirous to select this\\nspot as the site, as it was here that he and\\nhis brother had been saved from destruction\\nin so wonderful a manner.\\nRemus, however, did not concur in these\\nviews. A little farther down the stream\\nthere was another elevation called the Aven-\\ntine Hill, which seemed to him more suit-\\nable for the site of a town. The sides were\\nless precipitous, and thus were more con-\\nvenient for building ground. Then the land\\nin the immediate vicinity was better adapted\\nto the purposes which they had in view. In\\na word, the Aventine Hill was, as Remus\\nthought, for every substantial reason, much", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME, 165\\nthe best locality and as for the fact of their\\nhaving been washed ashore at the foot of\\nthe other hill, it was in his opinion an in-\\nsignificant circumstance, wholly unworthy\\nof being taken seriously into the account in\\nlaying the foundation of a city.\\nThe positions in which Remus and Romu-\\nlus stood in respect to each other, and the\\nfeelings which were naturally awakened in\\ntheir hearts by the circumstances in which\\nthey found themselves placed, were such as\\ndid not tend to allay any rising asperity\\nwhich accident might occasion, but rather\\nto irritate and inflame it. In the first place,\\nthey were both ardent, impulsive, and impe-\\nrious. Each was conscious of his strength,\\nand eager to exercise it. Each wished to\\ncommand, and was wholly unwilling to\\nobey. While they were in adversity, they\\nclung together for mutual help and protec-\\ntion but now, when they had come into\\nthe enjoyment of prosperity and power, the\\nbands of affection which had bound them\\ntogether were very much weakened, and\\nwere finally sundered. Then there was\\nnothing whatever to mark any superiority\\nof one over the other. If they had been of\\ndifferent ages, the younger could have\\nyielded to the elder, in some degree, without\\nwounding his pride. If one had been more\\nprominent than the other in effecting the\\nrevolution by which Amulius was dethroned,\\nor if there had been a native difference of\\ntemperament or character to mark a dis-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "166 ROMULUS.\\ntinction, or if either had been designated by\\nNumitor, or selected by popular choice, for\\nthe command, all might have been well.\\nBut there seemed in fact to be between them\\nno grounds of distinction whatever. They\\nwere twins, so that neither could claim any\\nadvantage of birthright. They were equal\\nin size, strength, activity, and courage.\\nThey had been equally bold and efficient in\\neffecting the revolution and now they\\nseemed equally powerful in respect to the\\ninfluence which they wielded over the minds\\nof their followers. We have been so long\\naccustomed to consider Romulus the more\\ndistinguished personage, through the as-\\nsociations connected with his name, that\\nhave arisen from his subsequent career, that\\nit is difficult for us to place him and his\\nbrother on that footing of perfect equality\\nwhich they occupied in the estimation of all\\nwho knew them in this part of their history.\\nThis equality had caused no difference be-\\ntween them thus far, but now, since the ad-\\nvent of power and prosperity prevented their\\ncontinuing longer on a level, there neces-\\nsarily came up for decision the terrible ques-\\ntion, terrible when two such spirits as theirs\\nhave it to decide, which was to yield the\\npalm.\\n\\\\The brothers, therefore, having each ex-\\npressed his preference in respect to the best\\nplace for the city, were equally unwilling to\\nrecede from the ground which they had\\ntaken. Remus thought that there was no", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME. 167\\nreason why he should yield to Romulus, and\\nRomulus was equally unwilling to give way\\nto Remus. Neither could yield, in fact,\\nwithout in some sense admitting the superi-\\nority of the other. The respective partisans\\nof the two leaders began to take sides, and\\nthe dissension threatened to become a serious\\nquarrel. Finally, being not yet quite ready\\nfor an open rupture, they concluded to refer\\nthe question to Numitor, and to abide by\\nhis decision. They expected that he would\\ncome and view the ground, and so decide\\nwhere it was best that the city should be\\nbuilt, and thus terminate the controversy.\\nBut Numitor was too sagacious to hazard\\nthe responsibility of deciding between two\\nsuch equally matched and powerful oppo-\\nnents. He endeavored to soothe and quiet\\nthe excited feelings of his grandsons, and\\nfinally recommended to them to appeal to\\naugury to decide the question. Augury was\\na mode of ascertaining the divine will in\\nrespect to questions of expediency or duty,\\nby means of certain prognostications and\\nsigns. These omens were of various kinds,\\nbut perhaps the most common were the ap-\\npearances observed in watching the flight\\nof birds through the air.\\nhit was agreed between Eemus and Romu-\\nlus, in accordance with the advice of Numi-\\ntor, that the question at issue between them\\nshould be decided in this way. They were\\nto take their stations on the two hills re-\\nspectively the Palatine and the Aventine,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "168 ROMULUS.\\nand watch for vultures. The homes of the\\nvultures of Italy were among the summits\\nof the Apennines, and their function in the\\ncomplicated economy of animal life, was to\\nwatch from the lofty peaks of the moun-\\ntains, or from the still more aerial and com-\\nmanding positions which they found in soar-\\ning at vast elevations in the air, for the\\nbodies of the dead, whether of men after a\\nbattle, or of sheep, or cattle, or wild beasts\\nof the forests, killed by accident or dying\\nof age, and when found to remove and de-\\nvour them and thus to hasten the return\\nof the lifeless elements to other forms of\\nanimal and vegetable life. What the earth,\\nand the rite of burial, effects for man in\\nadvanced and cultivated stages of society,\\nthe vultures of the Apennines were com-\\nmissioned to perform for all the animal com-\\nmunities of Italy, in Numitor s time.\\nTo enable the vulture to accomplish the\\nwork assigned him, he is endowed with an\\ninconceivable strength of wing, to sustain\\nhis flight over the vast distances which he\\nhas to traverse, and up to the vast elevations\\nto which he must sometimes soar and also\\nwith some mysterious and extraordinary\\nsense, whether of sight or smell, to enable\\nhim readily to find, at any hour, the spot\\nwhere his presence is required, however re-\\nmote or however hidden it may be. Guided\\nby this instinct, he flies from time to time\\nwith a company of his fellows, from moun-\\ntain to mountain, or wheels slowly in vast", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME. 169\\ncircles over the plains surveying the whole\\nsurface of the ground, and assuredly finding\\nhis work finding it too equally easily,\\nwhether it lie exposed in the open field, or\\nis hidden, no matter how secretly, in forest,\\nthicket, grove or glen.\\nIt was, to certain appearances, indicated\\nin the flight of these birds such as the num-\\nber that were seen at a time, the quarter of\\nthe heavens in which they appeared, the\\ndirection in which they flew, as from left\\nto right or from right to left that the\\npeople of Numitor s day were accustomed\\nto look for omens and auguries. So Romu-\\nlus and Remus took their stations on the\\nhills which they had severally chosen, each\\nsurrounded by a company of his own adher-\\nents and friends, and began to watch the\\nskies. It was agreed that the decision of\\nthe question between the two hills should\\nbe determined by the omens which should\\nappear to the respective observers stationed\\nupon them.\\nBut it happened, unfortunately, that the\\nrules for the interpretation of auguries and\\nomens were far too indefinite and vague to\\nanswer the purpose for which they were\\nnow appealed to. The most unequivocal\\ndistinctness and directness in giving its re-\\nsponses is a very essential requisite in any\\ntribunal that is called upon as an umpire, to\\nsettle disputes while the ancient auguries\\nand oracles were always susceptible of a\\ngreat variety of interpretations. When", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "170 ROMULUS.\\nRemus and Romulus commeuced their watch\\nno vultures were to be seen from either hill.\\nThey waited till evening, still none appeared.\\nThey continued to watch through the night.\\nIn the morning a messenger came over from\\nthe Palatine hill to Remus on the Aventine,\\ninforming him that vultures had appeared\\nto Romulus. Remus did not believe it. At\\nlast, however, the birds really came into\\nview a flock of six were seen by Remus,\\nand afterward one of twelve by Romulus.\\nThe observations were then suspended, and\\nthe parties came together to confer in respect\\nto the result; but the dispute, instead of\\nbeing settled, was found to be in a worse\\ncondition than ever. The point now to be\\ndetermined was whether six vultures seen\\nfirst, or twelve seen afterward, were the\\nbetter omen, that is whether numbers, or\\nsimple priority of appearance, should decide\\nthe question. In contending in respect to\\nthis nice point the brothers became more\\nangry with each other than ever. Their\\nrespective partisans took sides in the contest,\\nwhich resulted finally in an open and vio-\\nlent collision. Romulus and Remus them-\\nselves seem to have commenced the affray\\nby attacking one another. Faustulus, their\\nfoster-father, who, from having had the\\ncare of them from their earliest infancy,\\nfelt for them an almost parental affection,\\nrushed between them to prevent them from\\nshedding each other s blood. He was struck\\ndown and killed on the spot, by some un-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "Tilt: FOUNDING OF HOME. 171\\nknown hand. A brother of Faustuius too,\\nnamed Plistinus, who had lived near to him,\\nand had known the boys from their infancy,\\nand had often assisted in taking care of\\nthem, was killed in the endeavor to aid his\\nbrother to appease the tumult.\\nAt length the disturbance was quelled.\\nThe result of the conflict was, however, to\\nshow that Romulus and his party were the\\nstrongest. Romulus accordingly went on to\\nbuild the walls of the city at the spot which\\nhe had first chosen. The lines were marked\\nout, and the excavations were commenced\\nwith great ceremony.\\nIn laying out the work, the first thing to\\nbe done was to draw the lines of what was\\ncalled the pomoerium. The pomoerium was\\na sort of symbolical wall, and was formed\\nsimply by turning a furrow with a plow all\\naround the city, at a considerable distance\\nfrom the real walls, for the purpose, not of\\nestablishing lines of defense, but of marking\\nout what were to be the limits of the corpo-\\nration, so to speak, for legal and ceremonial\\npurposes. Of course, the pomoerium in-\\ncluded a much greater space than the real\\nwalls, and the people were allowed to build\\nhouses anywhere within this outer inclosure,\\nor even without it, though not very near to\\nit. Those who built thus were, of course,\\nnot protected in case of an attack, and of\\ncourse they would, in such case, be compelled\\nto abandon their houses, and retreat for\\nsafety within the proper walls.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "172 KOMULTTS.\\nSo Romulus proceeded to mark out the\\npomoerium of the city, employing in the\\nwork the ceremonies customary on such\\noccasions. The plow used was made of\\ncopper, and for a team to draw it a bullock\\nand a heifer were yoked together. Men\\nappointed for the purpose followed the plow,\\nand carefully turned over the clods toward\\nthe wall of the city. This seems to have\\nbeen considered an essential part of the\\nceremony. At the places where roads were\\nto pass in toward the gates of the city, the\\nplow was lifted out of the ground and carried\\nover the requisite space, so as to leave the\\nturf at those points unbroken. This was a\\nnecessary precaution for there was a certain\\nconsecrating influence that was exerted by\\nthis ceremonial plowing which hallowed the\\nground wherever it passed in a manner that\\nwould very seriously interfere with its use-\\nfulness as a public road.\\nThe form of the space inclosed by the\\npomoerium, as Romulus plowed it, was nearly\\nsquare, and it included not merely the Pala-\\ntine hill itself, but a considerable portion of\\nlevel land around it.\\nThough Romulus thus seemed to have\\nconquered, in the strife with Remus, the\\ndifficulty was not yet fully settled. Remus\\nwas very little disposed to acquiesce in his\\nbrother s assumed superiority over him. He\\nwas sullen, morose, and ill at ease, and was\\ninclined to take little part in the proceedings\\nwhich were going on. Finally an occasion", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME. 173\\noccurred which produced a crisis, and brought\\nthe rivalry and enmity of the brothers sud-\\ndenly and forever to an end. Eemus was\\none day standing by a part of the wall which\\nhis brother s workmen were building, and\\nexpressing, in various ways, and with great\\nfreedom, his opinions of his brother s plans\\nand finally he began to speak contemptuously\\nof the wall which the workmsn were build-\\ning. Romulus all the time was standing by.\\nAt length, in order to enforce what he said\\nabout the insufficiency of the work, Eemus\\nleaped over a portion of it, saying, This is\\nthe way the enemy will leap over your wall.\\nHereupon Romulus seized a mattock from\\nthe hands of one of the laborers, and struck\\nhis brother down to the ground with it,\\nsaying, And this is the way that we will\\nkill them if they do. Remus was killed by\\nthe blow.\\nAs soon as the deed was done, Romulus\\nwas at once overwhelmed with remorse and\\nhorror at the atrocity of the crime which he\\nhad been so suddenly led to commit. His\\nanguish was so great for a time that he re-\\nfused all food, and he could not sleep. He\\ncaused the dead body of Remus, and also\\nthose of Faustulus and of Plistinus, the\\nbrother of Faustulus, to be buried with the\\nmost solemn and imposing funeral cere-\\nmonies, so as to render all possible honor to\\ntheir memory and then, not satisfied with\\nthis, he instituted and celebrated certain\\nreligious rites, to prevent the ghosts of the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "174 KOMULUS.\\ndeceased from coming back to haunt him.\\nThe ghosts, or specters of the dead that\\ncame back to haunt and terrify the living\\nwere called lemures. Hence the celebration\\nwhich Romulus ordained was called the\\nLemuria, and it continued to be annually\\nobserved in Rome during the whole period\\nof its subsequent history.\\nPrecisely what the ceremonies were which\\nRomulus performed to appease the spirit of\\nhis brother cannot now be ascertained, as\\nthere was no particular description of them\\nrecorded. Bat the Lemuria, as afterward per-\\nformed, were frequently described by Roman\\nwriters, and they were of a very curious and\\nextraordinary character. The time for the\\ncelebration of these rites was in May, the\\nanniversary, as was supposed, of the days in\\nwhich Romulus originally celebrated them.\\nThe Lemurial ceremonies extended through\\nthree days, or rather nights, although for\\nsome curious reason or other, they were al-\\nternate and not consecutive nights. They\\nwere the nights of the ninth, eleventh, and\\nthirteenth of May. The ceremonies were\\nperformed in the night, for the reason that\\nit was in the dark hours that ghosts and\\ngoblins were accustomed, as was supposed,\\nto roam about the world to haunt and terrify\\nmen.\\nThe ceremonies performed on these occa-\\nsions are thus described. They commenced\\nat midnight. The father of the family would\\nrise at that hour and go out at the door of", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING OF ROME. 175\\nthe house, making certain gesticulations and\\nsignals with his hands, which were supposed\\nto have the effect of keeping the specters\\naway. He then washed his hands three times\\nin pure spring water. Then he filled his\\nmouth with a certain kind of black beans\\nfor which ghosts were supposed to have some\\nparticular fondness. Being thus provided he\\nwould walk along, taking the beans out of\\nhis mouth as he walked, and throwing them\\nbehind him. The specters were supposed\\nto gather up these beans as he threw them\\ndown. He must, however, by no means look\\nround to see them. He then, after speaking\\ncertain mysterious and cabalistic words,\\nwashed his hands a^ain, and then making\\na frightful noise by striking brass basins\\ntogether, he shouted out nine times, Ghosts\\nof this house begone This was supposed\\neffectually to drive the specters away an\\nopinion which Was always abundantly con-\\nfirmed by the fact for on looking round\\nafter this vociferated adjuration, the man\\nalways found that the specters were gone\\nWhen by these ceremonies, or ceremonies\\nsuch as these, Romulus had appeased the\\nspirit of his brother, and those of the guard-\\nians of his childhood, his mind became\\nmore composed, and he turned his attention\\nonce more toward the building of the city.\\nThe party of Remus now, of course, since it\\nwas deprived of its head, no longer main-\\ntained itself, but was gradually broken up\\nand merged in the general mass. Romulus\\n13 Romulna", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "176 ROMULUS.\\nbecame the sole leader of the enterprise, and\\nimmediately turned his attention to the meas-\\nures to be adopted for a more complete and\\neffectual organization of the comm unity-\\nover which he found himself presiding.\\nIn respect to Remus, it ought perhaps to\\nbe added, that after his death a story was\\ncirculated in Rome that it was a man named\\nCeler, and not Romulus, that killed him. This\\nstory has not, however, been generally be-\\nlieved. It has been thought more probable\\nthat Romulus himself, or some of his par-\\ntisans and friends, invented and circulated\\nthe story of Celer, in order to screen him in\\nsome degree from the reproach of so un-\\nnatural a crime as the killing of a brother so\\nnear and dear to him as Remus had been\\na brother who had shared his infancy with\\nhim, who had slept with him, at the same\\ntime, in the arms of his mother, who had\\nfloated with him down the Tiber in the same\\nark, been saved from death by the same\\nmiraculous intervention, and through all the\\nyears of infancy, childhood, and youth, had\\nbeen his constant playmate, companion, and\\nfriend. The crime was as much more atro-\\ncious than any ordinary fratricide, as Remus\\nhad been nearer to Romulus than any\\nordinary brother.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nORGANIZATION.\\nThere has been a great deal of philo-\\nsophical discussion, and much debate, among\\nhistorians and chronologists, in attempting\\nto fix the precise year in which Romulus\\ncommenced the building of Rome. The\\ndifficulty arises from the fact, that no reg-\\nular records of public events were made in\\nthose ancient days. In modern times, such\\nrecords are very systematically kept,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an\\nexpress object of them being to preserve and\\nperpetuate a knowledge of the exact truth\\nin respect to the time, and the attendant\\ncircumstances, relating to all great transac-\\ntions. On the other hand, the memory of\\npublic events in early periods of the world,\\nwas preserved only through tradition and\\ntradition cares little for the exact and the\\ntrue. She seeks only for what is entertain-\\ning. Her function being simply to give\\npleasure to successive generations of listeners,\\nby exciting their curiosity and wonder with\\ntales, which, the more strange and romantic\\nthey are, the better they are suited to her\\npurpose she concerns herself very little with\\nsuch simple verities as dates and names. The\\n177", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "178 ROMULUS.\\nexposure of the twin infants of Rhea, suppos-\\ning such an event to have actually happened,\\nshe remembered well, and repeated the nar-\\nrative of it adorning it, doubtless, with\\nmany embellishments from age to age, so\\nthat the whole story comes down to modern\\ntimes in full detail but as to the time when\\nthe event took place, she gave herself no\\nconcern. The date would have added noth-\\ning to the romance of the story, and thus it\\nwas neglected and forgotten.\\nIn subsequent times, however, when regu-\\nlar historical annals began to be recorded,\\nchronologists attempted to reason backward,\\nfrom events whose periods w^ere known,\\nthrough various data which they ingeniously\\nobtained from the preceding and less formal\\nnarratives, until they obtained the dates of\\nearlier events by a species of calculation.\\nIn this way the time for the building of Rome\\nwas determined to be about the year 754 be-\\nfore Christ. As to Romulus himself, the tra-\\ndition is that he was but eighteen or twenty\\nyears old when he commenced the building\\nof it. If this is true, his extreme youth goes\\nfar to palliate some of the w^rongs which he\\nperpetrated wrongs which would have been\\nfar more inexcusable if committed with the\\ndeliberate purpose of middle life, than if\\nprompted by the unthinking impulses and\\npassions of eighteen.\\nA certain Roman philosopher, named Yar-\\nro, who lived some centuries after the build-\\ning of the city, conceived of a very ingenious", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 179\\nplan for discovering the year in which Rom-\\nulus was born. It was this. By means of\\nthe science of astrology, as practised in those\\ndays, certain learned magicians used to pre-\\ndict what the life and fortunes of any man\\nwould be, from the aspects and phases of the\\nplanets and other heavenly bodies at the\\ntime of his birth. The idea of Varro was to\\nreverse this process in the case of Romulus\\nthat is, to deduce from the known facts of\\nhis history what must have been the relative\\nsituations of the planets and stars when he\\ncame into the world He accordingly ap-\\nplied to a noted astrologer to work out the\\nproblem for him. Given, a history of the\\nincidents and events occurring to the man in\\nhis progress through life; required, the ex-\\nact condition of the skies when the child\\nwas born. In other words, the astrologer\\nwas to determine what must have been the\\nrelative positions of the sun, moon, and stars,\\nat the birth of Romulus, in order to produce\\na being whose life should exhibit such trans-\\nactions and events as those which appeared\\nin Romulus s subsequent history. When the\\nastrologer had thus ascertained the condition\\nof the skies at the time in question, the as-\\ntronomers, as Yarro concluded, could easily\\ncalculate the month and the year when the\\ncombination must have occurred.\\nNow, it was the custom in those days to\\nreckon by Olympiads, which were periods of\\nfour years, the series commencing with a\\ngreat victory at a foot-race in Greece, won", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "180 ftOMULTTS.\\nby a man named Coroebus, from which event\\noriginated the Olympian games, which were\\nafterward celebrated every four years, and\\nwhich in subsequent ages became so re-\\nnowned. The time when Coroebus ran his\\nrace, and thus furnished an era for all the sub-\\nsequent chronologists and historians of his\\ncountry, is generally regarded as about the\\nyear 776 before Christ and the result of the\\ncalculations of Varro s astrologer, and of the\\nastronomers w^ho perfected it, was, that to\\nlead such a life as Romulus led, a man must\\nhave been born at a time corresponding with\\nthe first year of the second Olympiad that\\nis, taking off from 776, four years, for the\\nfirst Olympaid, the first year of the second\\nOlympaid would be 772 this would make\\nthe time of his birth 772 before Christ and\\nthen deducting eighteen years more, for the\\nage of Romulus when he began to build his\\nwall, we have 75i before Christ as the era\\nof the foundation of Rome. This method\\nof determining a point in chronology seems\\nso absurd, according to the ideas of the present\\nday, that we can hardly resist the conclusion,\\nthat Yarro, in making his investigation, was\\nreally guided by other and more satisfactory\\nmodes of determining the point, and that the\\nhoroscope was not what he actually relied\\nupon. However this may be, the era which\\nhe fixed upon has been very generally re-\\nceived, though many others have been pro-\\nposed by the different learned men who have\\nsuccessively investigated the question.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 18-1\\nAccording to the accounts given by the\\nearly writers, the constructions which Romu-\\nlus and his companions made were of a very\\nrude and simple character si^h as might\\nhave been expected from a company of\\nboys for boys we ought perhaps to con-\\nsider them all, since it is not to be presumed\\nthat the troop, in respect to age and experi-\\nence, would be much in advance of the lead-\\ners. The wall which they built about the\\ncity was probably only a substantial stone\\nfence, and their houses were huts and hovels.\\nEven the palace, for there was a building\\nerected for Eomulus himself which was\\ncalled the palace, was made, it is said, of\\nrushes. Perhaps the meaning is that it was\\nthatched with rushes, or possibly the ex-\\npression refers to a mode of building some-\\ntimes adopted in the earlier stages of civiliza-\\ntion, in which straw, or rushes, or some\\nsimilar material is mixed w T ith mud or clay\\nto help bind the mass together, the whole\\nbeing afterward dried in the sun. Walls\\nthus made have been found to possess much\\nmore strength and durability than would\\nbe supposed possible for such a material to\\nattain.\\nHowever this may be, the hamlet of huts\\nwhich Romulus and his wild coadjutors\\nbuilt and walled in, must have appeared, at\\nthe time, to all observers, a very rude and\\nimperfect attempt at building a city in fact\\nit must have seemed to them, if it is true\\nthat Romulus was at that time only eight-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "182 KOMULUS.\\neen years old, more like a frolic of thought-\\nless boys than a serious enterprise of men.\\nRomulus, however, whatever others may\\nnave thought of his work, was wholly in\\nearnest. He felt that he was a prince, and\\nproud of his birth, and fully conscious of\\nhis intellectual and personal power, he de-\\ntermined that he would have a kingdom.\\nIt seems, however, that thus far he had\\nnot been considered as possessing anything\\nlike regal authority over his company of\\nfollowers, but had been regarded only as a\\nsort of chieftain exercising an undefined and\\ntemporary power for as soon as the huts\\nwere built and the inclosures made, he is\\nsaid to have convened an assembly of the\\npeople, for consultation in respect to the\\nplan of government that they should form.\\nRomulus introduced the business of this\\nmeeting by a speech appropriate to the oc-\\ncasion, which speech is reported by an an-\\ncient historian somewhat as follows. Wheth-\\ner Romulus actually spoke the words thus\\nattributed to him, or whether the report\\ncontains only what the reporter himself im-\\nagined him to say, there is now no means of\\nknowing.\\nWe have now, said Romulus, according\\nto this record, completed the building of\\nour city, so far as at present we are able to\\ndo it and it must be confessed that if we\\nwere required to depend for protection\\nagainst a serious attack from an enemy, on\\nthe height of our walls, or on their strength", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 183\\nand solidity, our prospects would not be\\nvery encouraging. But our walls we must\\nremember are not what we rely upon. No\\nwalls can be so high, that an enemy cannot\\nscale them. The dependence must be after\\nall on the men within the city, and not on\\nthe ramparts and entrenchments which sur-\\nround it, whatever those ramparts and en-\\ntrenchments may be. We must therefore\\nrely upon ourselves, for our safety upon\\nour valor, our discipline, our union and har-\\nmony. It is courage and energy in the\\npeople, not strength in outward defenses, on\\nwhich the safety and prosperity of a State\\nmust depend.\\nThe great work before us therefore is\\nyet to be done. We have to organize a\\ngovernment under which order and disci-\\npline may come in, to control and direct our\\nenergies, and prepare us to meet whatever\\nfuture exigencies may arise, whether of\\npeace or war. What form shall be given to\\nthis government is the question that you\\nhave now to consider. I have learned by\\ninquiry that there are various modes of\\ngovernment adopted among men, and be-\\ntween these we have now to decide. Shall\\nour commonwealth be governed by one\\nman Or shall we select a certain number\\nof the wisest and bravest of the citizens, and\\ncommit the administration of public affairs\\nto them Or, in the third place, shall we\\ncommit the management of the government\\nto the control of the people at large Each", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "184 ROMULUS.\\nof these three forms has its advantages, and\\neach is attended with its own peculiar dan-\\ngers. You are to choose between them.\\nOnly when the decision is once made, let us\\nall unite in maintaining the government\\nwhich shall be established, whatever its\\nform may be.\\nThe result of the deliberation which fol-\\nlowed, after the delivery of this address, was\\nthat the government of the state should be,\\nlike the government of Alba, under which\\nthe followers of Komulus had been born, a\\nmonarchy and that Eomulus himself should\\nbe king. He was a prince by birth, an in-\\nheritor of regal rank and power, by regular\\nsuccession, from a line of kings. He had\\nshown himself, too, by his deeds, to be\\nworthy of power. He was courageous, en-\\nergetic, sagacious, and universally esteemed.\\nIt was decided accordingly that he should\\nbe king, and he w^as proclaimed such by all\\nthe assembled multitude, with long and loud\\nacclamations.\\nNotwithstanding the apparent unanimity\\nand earnestness of the people, however, in\\ncalling Romulus to the throne, he evinced,\\nas the story goes, the proper degree of that\\nreluctance and hesitation which a suitable\\nregard to appearances seems in all ages to\\nrequire of public men w r hen urged to accept\\nof power. He was thankful to the people\\nfor the marks of their confidence, but he\\ncould not consent to assume the responsibil-\\nities and prerogatives of power until the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 185\\nchoice made by his countrymen had been\\nconfirmed by the divinities of the land. So\\nhe resolved on instituting certain solemn\\nreligious ceremonies, during the progress of\\nwhich he hoped to receive some manifesta-\\ntion of the divine will. These ceremonies\\nconsisted principally of sacrifices which he\\ncaused to be offered on the plain near the\\ncity. While Romulus was engaged in these\\nservices, the expected token of the divine\\napproval appeared in a supernatural light\\nwhich shone upon his hand. At least it was\\nsaid that such a light was seen, and the ap-\\npearing of it was considered as clearly con-\\nfirming the right of Romulus to the throne.\\nHe no longer made any objection to assum-\\ning the government of the new city as its\\nacknowledged king.\\nThe first object to which he gave his at-\\ntention was the organization of the people,\\nand the framing of the general constitution\\nof society. The community over which he\\nwas called to preside had consisted thus far\\nof very heterogeneous and discordant ma-\\nterials. Yast numbers of the people were\\nof the humblest and most degraded condi-\\ntion, consisting of ignorant peasants, some\\nstupid, others turbulent and ungovernable\\nand of refugees from justice, such as thieves,\\nrobbers, and outlaws of every degree. But\\nthen, on the other hand, there were many\\npersons of standing and respectability. The\\nsons of families of wealth and influence in\\nAlba had, in many cases, joined the expedi-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "186 ROMULUS.\\ntion, and at last, when the building of the\\ncity had advanced so far as to make it ap-\\npear that the enterprise might succeed, more\\nmen of age and character came to join it, so\\nthat Romulus found himself, when he for-\\nmally assumed the kingly power, at the head\\nof a community which contained the ele-\\nments of a very respectable commonwealth.\\nThese elements were, however, thus far all\\nmingled together in complete confusion, and\\nthe work that was first to be done was to\\nadopt some plan for classifying and arrang-\\ning them.\\nIt is most probable, as a matter of fact,\\nthat the organization and the institutions\\nwhich in subsequent times appeared in the\\nRoman state, were not deliberately planned\\nand formally introduced by Romulus at the\\noutset, but that they gradually grew up in\\nthe progress of time, and that afterward\\nhistorians and philosophers, in speculating\\nupon them at their leisure, carried back the\\nhistory of them to thee arliest times, in\\norder, by so doing, to honor the founder of\\nthe city, and also to exalt and aggrandize\\nthe institutions themselves in public estima-\\ntion, by celebrating the antiquity and dig-\\nnity of their origin.\\nThe institutions which Romulus actually\\nfounded, were of a very republican charac-\\nter, if the accounts of subsequent writers\\nare to be believed. He established, it is true,\\na gradation of ranks, but the most impor-\\ntant offices, civil and military, were filled,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 187\\nit is said, by election on the part of the\\npeople. In the first place, the whole popu-\\nlation was divided into three portions, which\\nwere called tribes, which word was formed\\nfrom the Latin word tres, meaning three.\\nThese tribes chose each three presiding of-\\nficers, selecting for the purpose the oldest\\nand most distinguished of their number. It\\nis probable, in fact, that Romulus himself\\nreally made the selection, and that the action\\nof the people was confined to some sort of\\nexpression of assent and concurrence for it\\nis difficult to imagine how any other kind\\nof election than this could be possible among\\nso rude and ignorant a multitude. The\\ntribes were then subdivided each into thirty\\ncounts or counties, and each of these like-\\nwise elected its head. Thus there was a\\nlarge body of magistrates or chieftains ap-\\npointed, ninety-nine in number, namely,\\nnine heads of tribes and ninety heads of\\ncounties. Eomulus himself added one to\\nthe number, of his own independent selec-\\ntion, which made the hundredth. The men\\nthus chosen, constituted what was called the\\nsenate. They formed the great legislative\\ncouncil of the nation. They and the families\\ndescending from them became, in subse-\\nquent times, an aristocratic and privileged\\nclass, called the Patricians. The remaining\\nportion of the population were called Ple-\\nbeians.\\nThe Plebeians comprised, of course, the\\nindustrial and useful classes, and were in", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "188 ROMULUS.\\nrank and station inferior to the Patricians.\\nThey were, however, not all upon a level\\nwith each other, for they were divided into\\ntwo great classes, called patrons and clients.\\nThe patrons were the employers, the pro-\\nprietors, the men of influence and capital.\\nThe clients were the employed, the depend-\\nent, the poor. The clients were to perform\\nservices of various kinds for the patrons,\\nand the patrons were to reward, to protect,\\nand to defend the clients. All these arrange-\\nments Romulus is said to have ordained by\\nhis enactments, and thus introduced as ele-\\nments in the social constitution of the state.\\nIt is more probable, however, that instead\\nof being thus expressly established, by the\\nauthority of Romulus as a lawgiver, they\\ngradually grew up of themselves, perhaps\\nwith some fostering attention and care on\\nhis part, and possibly under some positive\\nregulation of law. For such important and\\ncomplicated relations as these are not of a\\nnature to be easily -called into existence and\\naction, in an extended and unorganized com-\\nmunity, by the mere fiat of a military chief-\\ntain.\\nPerhaps, however, it is not intended by\\nthe ancient historians, in referring all these\\ncomplicated arrangements of the Roman\\ncivil polity to the enactments of Romulus, to\\nconvey the idea that he introduced them at\\nonce in all their completeness, at the outset\\nof his reign. Romulus continued king of\\nRome for nearly forty years, and instead of", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 189\\nmaking formal and positive enactments, he\\nmay have gradually introduced the arrange-\\nments ascribed to him, as usages which he\\nfostered and encouraged, confirming and\\nsanctioning them from to time, when oc-\\ncasion required, by edicts and laws.\\nHowever this may have been, it is certain\\nthat Romulus, in the course of his reign,\\nlaid the foundation of the future greatness\\nand glory of Rome, by the energy with\\nwhich he acted in introducing order, system,\\nand discipline into the community which he\\nfound gathered around him. He seems to\\nhave had the sagacity to perceive from the\\noutset that the great evil and danger which\\nhe had to fear was the prevalence of the\\nspirit of disorder and misrule among his fol-\\nlowers. In fact, nothing but tumult and\\nconfusion was to have been expected from\\nsuch a lawless horde as his, and even after\\nthe city was built, the presumption must\\nhave been very strong in the mind of any\\nconsiderate and prudent man, against the\\npossibility of ever regulating and controlling\\nsuch a mass of heterogeneous and discordant\\nmaterials, by any human means. Romulus\\nsaw, however, that in effecting this purpose\\nlay the only hope of the success of his en-\\nterprise, and he devoted himself with great\\nassiduity and care, and at the same time\\nwith great energy and success, to the work\\nof organizing it. The great leading objects\\nof his life, from the time that he commenced\\nthe government of the new city, were to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "190 ROMULUS.\\narrange and regulate social institutions, to\\nestablish laws, to introduce discipline, to\\nteach and accustom men to submit to au-\\nthority, and to bring in the requirements of\\nlaw, and the authority of the various rec-\\nognized relations of social life, to control\\nand restrain the wayward impulses of the\\nnatural heart.\\nAs a part of this system of policy, he laid\\ngreat stress upon the parental and family\\nrelation. He saw in the tie which binds the\\nfather to the child and the child to the\\nfather, a natural bond which he foresaw\\nwould greatly aid him in keeping the tur-\\nbulent and boisterous propensities of human\\nnature under some proper control. He ac-\\ncordingly magnified and confirmed the nat-\\nural force of parental authority by adding\\nthe sanctions of law to it. He defined and\\nestablished the power of the father to govern\\nand control the son, rightly considering that\\nthe father is the natural ally of the state in\\nrestraining yctang men from violence, and\\nenforcing habits of industry and order upon\\nthem 3 at an age when they most need con-\\ntrol. He clothed parents, therefore, with\\nauthority to fulfil this function, consider-\\ning that what he thus aided them to do, was\\nso much saved for the civil magistrate and\\nthe state. In fact, he carried this so far\\nthat it is said that the dependence of the\\nchild upon the father, under the institutions\\nof Romulus, was more complete, and was\\nprotracted to a later period than was the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 191\\ncase under the laws of any other nation.\\nThe power of the father over his household\\nwas supreme. He was a magistrate, so far\\nas his children were concerned, and could\\nthus not only require their services, and\\ninflict light punishments for disobedience\\nupon them, as with us, but he could sentence\\nthem to the severest penalties of the law, if\\nguilty of crime.\\nThe laws were equally stringent in respect\\nto the marriage tie. Death was the penalty\\nfor the violation of the marriage vows. All\\nproperty belonging to the husband and to\\nthe wife was held by them in common, and\\nthe wife, if she survived the husband, and if\\nthe husband died without a will, became\\nhis sole heir. In a word, the laws of Rom-\\nulus evince a very strong desire on the\\npart of the legislator to sustain the sacred-\\nness and to magnify the importance of the\\nfamily tie; and to avail himself of those\\ninstinctive principles of obligation and duty\\nwhich so readily arise in the human mind\\nout of the various relations of the family\\nstate, in the plans which he formed for sub-\\nduing the impulses and regulating the action\\nof his rude community.\\nHe devoted great attention too to the in-\\nstitutions of religion. He knew well that\\nsuch lawless and impetuous spirits as his\\ncould never be fully subdued and held in\\nproper subordination to the rules of social\\norder and moral duty, without the influence\\nof motives drawn from the spiritual world\\n1 4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "192 BOMULUS.\\nand he accordingly adopted vigorous meas-\\nures for confirming and perpetuating such\\nreligious observances as were at that time\\nobserved, and in introducing others. Every\\npublic act which he performed was always\\naccompanied and sanctioned by religious\\nsolemnities. The rites and ceremonies which\\nhe instituted seem puerile to us, but they\\nwere full of meaning and of efficacy in the\\nview of those who performed them. There\\nwas, for example, a class of religious func-\\ntionaries called augurs, whose office it was\\nto interpret the divine will by means of cer-\\ntain curious indications which it was their\\nspecial profession to understand. There\\nwere three of these augurs, and they were\\nemployed on all public occasions, both in\\npeace and war, to ascertain from the omens\\nwhether the enterprise or the work in regard\\nto which they were consulted was or was\\nnot favored by the councils of heaven. If\\nthe augury was propitious the work was en-\\ntered upon with vigor and confidence. If\\notherwise, it was postponed or abandoned.\\nThe omens which the augurs observed\\nwere of various kinds, being drawn some-\\ntimes from certain -peculiarities in the form\\nand structure of the internal organs of\\nanimals offered in sacrifice, sometimes from\\nthe appearance of birds in the sky, their\\nnumbers or the direction of their flight, and\\nsometimes from the forms of clouds, the ap-\\npearance of the lightning, and the sound of\\nthe thunder, Whenever the augurs were to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Romulus, face p. 192\\nRhea Sylvia Feeding the Sacred Fire. {Seep. 121.)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "ORGANIZATION. 193\\ntake the auspices from any of the signs of\\nthe sky, the process was this. They would\\ngo with solemn ceremony to some high place\\nin Rome there was a station expressly con-\\nsecrated to this purpose on the Capitoline\\nhill, and there, with a sort of magical wand\\nw r hich they had for the purpose, one of the\\nnumber would determine and indicate the\\nfour quarters of the heaven, pointing out in\\na solemn manner the directions of east, west,\\nnorth and south. The augur would then\\ntake his stand with his back to the w T est and\\nhis face of course to the east. The north\\nwould then be on his left hand and the south\\nat his right. He would then, in this posi-\\ntion watch for the signs. If it was from the\\nthunder that the auspices were to be taken,\\nthe augur would listen to hear from what\\nquarter of the heavens it came. If the light-\\nning appeared in the east and the sound of\\nthe thunder seemed to come from the north-\\nward, the presage was favorable. So it was\\nif the chain of lightning seen in the sky ap-\\npeared to pass from cloud to cloud above,\\ninstead of descending to the ground. On\\nthe other hand, thunder sounding as if it\\ncame from the southward, and lightning\\nstriking down to the earth, were both un-\\npropitious omens. As to birds, some were\\nof good omen, as vultures, eagles and wood-\\npeckers. Others were evil, as ravens and\\nowls. Various inferences were drawn too\\nfrom the manner in which the birds, that\\nappeared in the air, were seen to fly, and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "194 ROMULUS.\\nfrom the sound of their note at the time\\nwhen the observation was made.\\nBy these and many similar means the gov-\\nernment of Romulus vainly endeavored to\\nascertain the will of heaven in respect to the\\nplans and enterprises in which they were\\ncalled upon from time to time to engage.\\nThere was perhaps in these observances much\\nimposture, and much folly still they could\\nonly have been sustained, in their influence\\nand ascendency over the minds of the people,\\nby a sincere veneration on their part for\\nsome unseen and spiritual power, and a rev-\\nerent desire to conform the public measures\\nof their government to what they supposed\\nto be the divine will.\\nBy such measures as we have thus de-\\nscribed Romulus soon produced order out of\\nconfusion within his little commonwealth.\\nThe enterprise which he had undertaken and\\nthe great success which had thus far followed\\nit, attracted great attention, and he soon\\nfound that great numbers began to come in\\nfrom all the surrounding country to join\\nhim. Many of these were persons of still\\nworse character than those who had adhered\\nto him at first, and he soon found that to\\nadmit them indiscriminately into the city\\nwould be to endanger the process of organ-\\nization which was now so well begun. He\\naccordingly set apart a hill near to his city\\ncalled the Capitoline hill, as an asylum for\\nthem, where they could remain in safety\\nunder regulations suitable to their condition,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "OKGANIZATION. 195\\nand without interfering with the arrange-\\nments which he had made for the rest. This\\nasylum soon became a very attractive place\\nfor all the vagabonds, outlaws, thieves and\\nrobbers of the country. Bomulus welcomed\\nthem all, and as fast as they came he busied\\nhimself with plans to furnish them with em-\\nEarly Roman Ploughing.\\nployment and subsistence. He enlisted some\\nof them in his army. Some he employed to\\ncultivate the ground in the territory belong-\\ning to the city. Others were engaged as\\nservants for the people within the walls\\nbeing taken into the city, in small numbers,\\nfrom time to time, as fast as they could be\\nsafely received. In process of time, how-\\never, the walls of the city were extended so\\nas to include the Capitoline hill, and thus at\\nlast the whole mass was brought into Rome\\ntogether.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "WIVES.\\nEvery reader who has made even the\\nsmallest beginning in the study of ancient\\nhistory, must be acquainted, in general, with\\nthe mode which Romulus adopted to provide\\nthe people of his city with wives, by the\\ntransaction which is commonly called in\\nhistory the rape of the Sabines. The deed\\nitself, as it actually occurred, may perhaps\\nhave been one of great rudeness, violence,\\nand cruelty. If so, the historians who de-\\nscribed it contrived to soften the character\\nof it, and to divest it in a great measure of\\nthe repulsive features which might have been\\nsupposed to characterize such a transaction,\\nfor, according to the narrative which they\\ngive us, the whole proceeding was conducted\\nin such a manner as to evince not only great\\ningenuity and sagacity on the part of Rom-\\nulus and his government, but also great mod-\\neration and humanity. The circumstances,\\nas the historians relate them, were these\\nAs might naturally be supposed from the\\nmanner in which the company which formed\\nthe population of Rome had been collected,\\nit consisted at first almost wholly of men.\\n196", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "wives. 197\\nThe laws and regulations referred to in the\\nlast chapter, in respect to the family relation,\\nwere those framed after the organization of\\nthe community had become somewhat ad-\\nvanced, since at the outset there could be\\nvery few families, inasmuch as the company\\nwhich first met together to build the city,\\nconsisted simply of an army of young men.\\nIt is true that among those who joined them\\nat first there were some men of middle life\\nand some families, still, as is always the\\ncase with new cities and countries suddenly\\nand rapidly settled, the population consisted\\nalmost entirely of men.\\nIt was necessary that the men should have\\nwives. There were several reasons for this.\\nFirst, it was necessary for the comfort and\\nhappiness of the people themselves. A com-\\nmunity of mere men is gloomy and desolate.\\nSecondly, for the continuance and perpetuity\\nof the state it was necessary that there\\nshould be wives and children, so that when\\none generation should have passed away\\nthere might be another to succeed it. And,\\nthirdly, for the preservation of order and\\nlaw. Men unmarried are, in the mass, pro-\\nverbially ungovernable. Nothing is so ef-\\nfectual in keeping a citizen away from scenes\\nof tumult and riot as a wife and children at\\nhome. The fearful violence of the riots and\\ninsurrections of which the city of Paris has\\nso often been the scene, is explained, in a\\ngreat degree, by the circumstance that so\\nimmense a proportion of the population are", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "198 ROMULUS.\\nunmarried. They have no homes, and no\\ndefenseless wives and children to fear for,\\nand so they fear nothing, but give themselves\\nup, in times of public excitement, to the\\nwildest impulses of passion. Romulus seems\\nto have understood this, and his first care\\nwas to provide the way by which as many\\nas possible of his people should be mar-\\nried.\\nThe first measure which he adopted, was\\nto send ambassadors around to the neighbor-\\ning states, soliciting alliances with them, and\\nstipulations allowing of intermarriages be-\\ntween his people and theirs. The proposal\\nseemed not unreasonable, and it was made\\nin an unassuming and respectful manner.\\nIn the message which Romulus commissioned\\nthe ambassadors to deliver, he admitted that\\nhis colony was yet small, and by no means\\nequal in influence and power to the king-\\ndoms whose alliance he desired but he re-\\nminded those whom he addressed that great\\nresults came sometimes in the end from very\\ninconsiderable beginnings, and that their\\nenterprise thus far, though yet in its infancy,\\nhad been greatly prospered, and was plainly\\nan object of divine favor, and that the time\\nmight not be far distant when the new state\\nwould be able fully to reciprocate such favors\\nas it might now receive.\\nThe neighboring kings to whom these em-\\nbassages were sent rejected the proposals\\nwith derision. They did not even give seri-\\nous answers, obviously considering the new", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "wives. 199\\ncity as a mere temporary gathering and en-\\ncampment of adventurers and outlaws, which\\nwould be as transient as it was rude and\\nirregular. They looked to see it break up\\nas suddenly and tumultuously as it had been\\nformed. They accordingly sent back word\\nto Romulus that he must resort to the same\\nplan to get women for his city that he had\\nadopted to procure recruits of men. He\\nmust open an asylum for them. The low\\nand the dissolute would come flocking to\\nhim then, they said, from all parts, and vaga-\\nbond women would make just the kind of\\nwives for vagabond men.\\nOf course, the young men of the city were\\naroused to an extreme pitch of indignation\\nat receiving this reponse. They were clamor-\\nous for war. They wished Romulus to lead\\nthem out against some of these cities at once,\\nand allow them at the same time to revenge\\nthe insults which they had received, and to\\nprovide themselves with wives by violence,\\nsince they could not obtain them by solicita-\\ntion. But Romulus restrained their ardor,\\nsaying that they must do nothing rashly,\\nand promising to devise a better w r ay than\\ntheirs to attain the end.\\nThe plan which he devised was to invite\\nthe people of the surrounding states and\\ncities both men and women, to come to Rome,\\nwith a view of seizing some favorable occa-\\nsion for capturing the women while they\\nwere there, and driving the men away. The\\ndifficulty in the w r ay of the execution of this", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "200 EOMULUS.\\nplan was obviously to induce the people to\\ncome, and especially to bring the young\\nwomen with them. The native timidity of\\nthe maidens, joined to the contemptuous\\nfeelings which their fathers and brothers\\ncherished, in regard to everything pertain-\\ning to the new city, would very naturally\\nkeep them away, unless something could be\\ndevised which would exert a very strong\\nattraction.\\nRomulus waited a little time, in order that\\nany slight excitement which had been pro-\\nduced by his embassy should have had time\\nto subside, and then he made, or pretended\\nto make, a great discovery in a field not far\\nfrom his town. This discovery was the\\nfinding of an ancient altar of Neptune, un-\\nder ground. The altar was brought to view\\nby some workmen who were making exca-\\nvations at the place. How it came to be un-\\nder ground, and who had built it, no one\\nknew. The rumor of this great discovery\\nwas spread immediately in every direction.\\nRomulus attached great importance to the\\nevent. The altar had undoubtedly been\\nbuilt, he thought, by the ancient inhabitants\\nof the country, and the finding it was a very\\nmomentous occurrence. It was proper that\\nthe occasion should be solemnized by suitable\\nreligious observances. Accordingly, arrange-\\nments were made for a grand celebration.\\nIn addition to the religious rites, Romulus\\nproposed that a great fair should be held or\\na plain near the city at the same time,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "WIVES. 201\\nBooths were erected, and the merchants of\\nall the neighboring cities were invited to\\ncome, bringing with them such articles as\\nthey had for sale, and those who wished to\\nbuy were to come with their money. In a\\nword arrangements were made for a great\\nand splendid festival.\\nThere were to be games too, races 9 and\\nwrestlings, and other athletic sports, such\\nas were in vogue in those times. The celebra-\\ntion was to continue for many days, and the\\ngames and sports were to come at the end.\\nRomulus sent messengers to all the surround-\\ning country to proclaim the program of\\nthese entertainments, and to invite every-\\nbody to come and he adroitly arranged the\\ndetails in such a manner that the chief attrac-\\ntions for grave, sober-minded and substantial\\nmen should be on the earlier days of the\\nshow, and that the latter days should be de-\\nvoted to lighter amusements, such as would\\npossess a charm for the young, the light-\\nhearted and the happy. It was among this\\nast class that he naturally expected to find\\nthe maidens whom his men would choose in\\nlooking for wives.\\nWhen the time arrived the spectacles com-\\nmenced. There was a great concourse at the\\noutset, but the people who first came, were,\\nas Eomulus supposed would be the case,\\nchiefly men. They came in companies, as if\\nfor mutual support and protection, and they\\nexhibited in a greater or less degree an air of\\nsuspicion, watchfulness and mistrust. They", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "202 ROMULUS.\\nwere, however, received with great cordiality\\nand kindness. They were conducted about\\nthe town, and were astonished to find how\\nconsiderable a town it was. The streets, the\\nhouses, the walls, the temples, simple in con-\\nstruction as they were, far surpassed the ex-\\npectations they had formed. The visitors\\nwere treated with great hospitality, and en-\\ntertained in a manner which, considering the\\ncircumstances of the case, was quite sump-\\ntuous. The women and children too, who\\ncame on these first days, received from all\\nthe Romans very special attention and re-\\ngard.\\nAs the celebrations went on from day to\\nday, a considerable change took place in the\\ncharacter and appearance of the company.\\nThe men ceased to be suspicious and watchful.\\nSome went home, and carried such reports\\nof the new city, and of the kindness, and\\nhospitality, and gentle behavior of the in-\\nhabitants^ that new visitors came continu\\nally to see for themselves. Every day the\\nproportion of stern, and suspicious men di-\\nminished, and that of gay and happy-looking\\nyouths and maidens increased.\\nIn the mean time, the men of the city were\\nunder strict injunctions from Romulus to\\ntreat their guests in the most respectful\\nmanner, leaving them entirely at liberty to\\ngo and come as they pleased, except so far as\\nthey could detain them by treating them with\\nkindness and attention, and devising new\\nsports and amusements for them from day to", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "wives. 203\\nday. Things continued in this state for two\\nor three weeks, during all which time the\\nnew city was a general place of resort for the\\npeople of all the surrounding country. Of\\ncourse a great many agreeable acquaintances\\nwould naturally be formed between the young\\nmen of the city and their visitors, as acci-\\ndental circumstances, or individual choice and\\npreference brought them together and thus\\nwithout any direction on the subject from\\nRomulus, each man would very naturally\\noccupy himself in anticipation of the general\\nseizure which he knew was coming, in mak-\\ning his selection beforehand, of the maiden\\nwhom he intended, when the time for the\\nseizure came, to make his own and the\\nmaiden herself would probably be less terri-\\nfied, and make less resistance to the attempt\\nto capture her, than if it were by a perfect\\nstranger that she was to be seized.\\nAll this Romulus seems very adroitly to\\nhave arranged. The time for the final exe-\\ncution of the scheme was to be the last day\\nof the celebration. The best spectacle and\\nshow of all was to take place on that day.\\nThe Romans were directed to come armed to\\nthis show, but to keep their arms carefully\\nconcealed beneath their garments. They\\nwere to do nothing till Romulus gave the sig-\\nnal. He was himself to be seated upon a sort\\nof throne, in a conspicuous place, where all\\ncould see him, presiding, as it were, over the\\nassembly, while the spectacle went on and\\nfinally, when he judged that the proper mo-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "204 KOMULUS.\\nraent had arrived, he was to give the signal\\nby taking off a certain loose article of dress\\nwhich he wore a sort of cloak or mantle\\nand folding it up, and then immediately un-\\nfolding it again. This mantle was a sort of\\nbadge of royalty, and was gaily adorned\\nwith purple stripes upon a white ground. It\\nwas well adapted, therefore, to the purpose\\nof being used as a signal, inasmuch as any\\nmotions that were made with it could be\\nvery easily seen.\\nEverything being thus arranged, the as-\\nsembly was convened, and the games and\\nspectacles went on. The Romans were full\\nof excitement and trepidation, each one hav-\\ning taken his place as near as possible to the\\nmaiden whom he was intending to seize, and\\noccupying himself with keeping his eye upon\\nher as closely as he could, without seeming\\nto do so, and at the same time watching the\\nroyal mantle and every movement made by\\nthe wearer of it that he might catch the signal\\nthe instant that it should be made. All this\\ntime the men among the guests at the en-\\ntertainment were off their guard, and\\nwholly at their ease having no suspicion\\nwhatever of the mine that was ready to be\\nsprung beneath them. The wives, mothers,\\nand children, too, were all safe, as well as\\nunsuspicious of danger for Romulus had\\ngiven special charge that no married woman\\nshould be molested. The men had had ample\\ntime and opportunity in the many days of\\nactive social intercourse which they had", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "wives. 205\\nenjoyed with their guests, to know who\\nwere free, and they were forbidden in any\\ninstance to take a wife away from her hus-\\nband.\\nAt length the moment arrived for giving\\nthe signal. Romulus took off his mantle,\\nfolded it, and then unfolded it again. The\\nRomans immediately drew their swords, and\\nrushed forward, each to secure his own\\nprize. A scene of the greatest excitement\\nand confusion ensued. The whole company\\nof visitors perceived of course that some\\ngreat act of treachery was perpetrated upon\\nthem, but they were wholly in the dark in\\nrespect to the nature and design of it. They\\nwere chiefly unarmed, and wholly unprepared\\nfor so sudden an attack, and they fled in all\\ndirections in dismay, protecting themselves\\nand their wives and children as well as they\\ncould, as they retired, and aiming only to\\nwithdraw as large a number as possible from\\nthe scene of violence and confusion that pre-\\nvailed. The Romans were careful not to do\\nthem any injury, but, on the contrary, to\\nallow them to withdraw, and to take away\\nall the mothers and children without any\\nmolestation. In fact, it was the very object\\nand design of the onset which they made\\nupon the company, not only to seize upon\\nthe maidens, but to drive all the rest of their\\nvisitors away. The men, therefore, in the\\nexcitement and terror of the moment, fled in\\nall directions, taking with them those whom\\nthey could most readily secure, who were, of\\n15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "206 ROMULUS.\\ncourse, those whom the Romans left to them\\nwhile the Romans themselves withdrew with\\ntheir prizes, and secured them within the\\nwalls of the city.\\nIn reading this extraordinary story, we\\nnaturally feel a strong disposition to inquire\\nwhat part the damsels themselves took,\\nwhen they found themselves thus suddenly\\nseized and carried away, by these daring\\nand athletic assailants. Did they resist and\\nstruggle to get free, or did they yield them-\\nselves without much opposition to their fate\\nThat they did not resist effectually is plain,\\nfor the Roman young men succeeded in\\ncarrying them away, and securing them. It\\nmay be that they attempted to resist, but\\nfound their strength overpowered by the\\ndesperate and reckless violence of their cap-\\ntors. And yet, it cannot be denied that wo-\\nman is endued with the power of making\\nby various means a very formidable opposi-\\ntion to any attempt to abduct her by any\\nsingle man, when she is thoroughly in ear-\\nnest about it. How it was in fact in this\\ncase we have no direct information, and we\\nhave consequently no means of forming any\\nopinion in respect to the light in which this\\nthis rough and lawless mode of wooing was\\nregarded by the objects of it, except from\\nthe events which subsequently occurred.\\nOne incident took place while the Romans\\nwere seizing and carrying away their prizes,\\nwhich was afterward long remembered, as\\nit became the foundation of a custom which", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "wives. 207\\ncontinued for many centuries to form a part\\nof the marriage ceremony at Rome. It\\nseems that some young men very young,\\nand of a humble class had seized a pecul-\\niarly beautiful girl one of some note and\\nconsideration, too, among her country-women\\nand were carrying her away, like the rest.\\nSome other young Romans of the patrician\\norder seeing this, and thinking that so beau-\\ntiful a maiden ought not to fall to the share\\nof such plebeians, immediately set out in\\nfull pursuit to rescue her. The plebeians\\nhurried along to escape from them, calling\\nout at the same time, Thalassio Thalas-\\nsio which means For Thalassius, For\\nThalassius. They meant by this to convey\\nthe idea that the prize w^hich they had in\\npossession was intended not for any one of\\ntheir own number, but for Thalassius. Now\\nThalassius was a young noble universally\\nknown and very highly esteemed by all his\\ncountrymen, and when the rescuing party\\nwere thus led to suppose that the beautiful\\nlady was intended for him, they acquiesced\\nimmediately, and desisted from their attempt\\nto recapture her, and thus by the aid of their\\nstratagem the plebeians carried off their prize\\nin safety. When this circumstance came af-\\nterward to be known, the ingenuity of the\\nyoung plebeians, and the success of their\\nmaneuver, excited very general applause,\\nand the exclamation, Thalassio, passed into\\na sort of proverb, and was subsequently\\nadopted as an exclamation of assent and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "208 ROMULUS.\\ncongratulation, to be used by the spectators\\nat a marriage ceremony.\\nRomulus had issued most express and posi-\\ntive orders that the young captives should\\nbe treated after their seizure in the kindest\\nand most respectful manner, and should be\\nsubject to no violence, and no ill-treatment\\nof any kind, other than that necessary for\\nconveying them to the places of security\\npreviously designated. They suffered un-\\ndoubtedly a greater or less degree of dis-\\ntress and terror, but finding that they were\\ntreated, after their seizure, with respectful\\nconsideration, and that they were left unmo-\\nlested by their captors, they gradually re-\\ncovered their composure during the night,\\nand in the morning were quite self-possessed\\nand calm. Their fathers and brothers in the\\nmean time had gone home to their respective\\ncities, taking with them the women and\\nchildren that they had saved, and burning\\nwith indignation and rage against the perpe-\\ntrators of such an act of treachery as had\\nbeen practised upon them. They were of\\ncourse in a state of great uncertainty and\\nsuspense in respect to the fate which awaited\\nthe captives, and were soon eagerly engaged\\nin forming and discussing all possible plans\\nfor rescuing and recovering them. Thus the\\nnight was passed in agitation and excite-\\nment, both within and without the city,\\nthe excitement of terror and distress, great\\nperhaps, though subsiding, on the part of the\\ncaptives, and of resentment and rage which", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "wives. 209\\ngrew deeper and more extended every hour,\\non the part of their countrymen.\\nWhen the morning came, Romulus ordered\\nthe captive maidens to be all brought to-\\ngether before him in order that he might\\nmake as it were an apology to them for the\\nviolence to which they had been subjected,\\nand explain to them the circumstances which\\nhad impelled the Romans to resort to it.\\nYou ought not, said he, u to look upon\\nit as an indignity that you have been thus\\nseized, for the object of the Romans in seiz-\\ning you was not to dishonor you, or to do\\nyou any injury, but only to secure you for\\ntheir wives in honorable marriage and far\\nfrom being displeased with the extraordi-\\nnariness of the measures which they have\\nadopted to secure you, you ought to take\\npride in them, as evincing the ardor and\\nstrength of the affection with which you\\nhave inspired your lovers. I will assure\\nyou that when you have become their wives\\nyou shall be treated with all the respect and\\ntenderness that you have been accustomed\\nto experience under your fathers roofs.\\nThe brief coercion which we have emplo} r ed\\nfor the purpose of securing you in the first\\ninstance, a coercion which we were com-\\npelled to resort to by the necessity of the\\ncase, is the only rudeness to which you will\\never be exposed. Forgive us then for this\\none liberty which we have taken, and con-\\nsider that the fault, whatever fault in it\\nthere may be, is not ours, but that of your", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "210 ROMULUS.\\nfathers and brothers who rejected our offers\\nfor voluntary and peaceful alliances, and\\nthus compelled us to resort to this stratagem\\nor else to lose you altogether. Your destiny\\nif you unite with us will be great and glori-\\nous. We have not taken you captive to\\nmake you prisoners or slaves, or to degrade\\nyou in any way from your former position\\nbut to exalt you to positions of high con-\\nsideration in a new and rising colony a\\ncolony which is surely destined to become\\ngreat and powerful, and of which we mean\\nyou to be the chief glory and charm.\\nThe young and handsome Eomans stood\\nby while Romulus made this speech, their\\ncountenances animated with excitement and\\npleasure. The maidens themselves seemed\\nmuch inclined to yield to their fate. Their\\nresentment gradually subsided It has been,\\nin fact, in all ages, characteristic of women\\nto be easily led to excuse and forgive any\\nwrong on the part of another which is\\nprompted by love for herself and these in-\\njured maidens seemed gradually to come to\\nthe conclusion, that considering all the cir-\\ncumstances of the case their abductors were\\nnot so much in fault after all. In a short\\ntime an excellent understanding was estab-\\nlished, and they were all married. There\\nwere, it is said, about five or six hundred\\nof them, and it proved that most of them\\nwere from the nation of the Sabines, a nation\\nwhich inhabited a territory north of the\\ncolony of the Romans. The capital of the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "WIVES. 211\\nSabines was a city called Cures. Cures was\\nabout twenty miles from Rome.*\\nThe Sabines, in deliberating on the course\\nwhich they should pursue in the emergency,\\nfound themselves in a situation of great per-\\nplexity. In the first place the impulse which\\nurged them to immediate acts of retaliation\\nand hostility w^as restrained by the fact that\\nso many of their beloved daughters were\\nwholly in the power of their enemies, and\\nthey could not tell what cruel fate might\\nawait the captives if they w^ere themselves\\nto resort to any measures that would ex-\\nasperate or provoke the captors. Then\\nagain their own territory was very much\\nexposed, and they were by no means certain,\\nin case a war should be commenced between\\nthem and the Eomans, how it would end.\\nTheir own population was much divided,\\nbeing scattered over the territory, or settled\\nin various cities and towns which were but\\nslightly fortified, and consequently were\\nmuch exposed to assault in case the Romans\\nwere to make an incursion into their country.\\nIn view of all these considerations the\\nSabines concluded that it would be best for\\nthem on the whole, to try the influence of\\ngentle measures, before* resorting to open\\nwar.\\nThey therefore sent an embassy to Rom-\\nulus, to remonstrate in strong terms against\\nthe wrong which the Romans had done\\nthem by their treacherous violence, and to\\nSee map of Latium, page 103.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "212 ROMULUS.\\ndemand that the young women should be\\nrestored. If you will restore them to us\\nnow, said they, we will overlook the\\naffront which you have put upon us, and\\nmake peace with you and we will enter\\ninto an alliance with you so that hereafter\\nyour people and ours may be at liberty to\\nintermarry in a fair and honorable way,\\nbut we cannot submit to have our daughters\\ntaken away from us by treachery and force.\\nEeasonable as this proposition seems,\\nEomulus did not think it best to accede to\\nit. It was, in fact, too late, for such deeds\\nonce done can hardly be undone. Romulus\\nreplied, that the women, being now the\\nwives of the Romans, could not be surren-\\ndered. The violence, he said, of which the\\nSabines complained was unavoidable. No\\nother possible way had been open to them\\nfor gaining the end. He was willing, he\\nadded, to enter into a treaty of peace and\\nalliance with the Sabines, but they must\\nacknowledge, as a preliminary to such a\\ntreaty, the validity of the marriages, which,\\nas they had already been consummated,\\ncould not now be annulled.\\nThe Sabines, on their part, could not ac-\\ncede to these proposals. Being, however,\\nstill reluctant to commence hostilities, they\\ncontinued the negotiations though while\\nengaged in them they seemed to anticipate\\nan unfavorable issue, for they were occupied\\nall the time in organizing troops, strength-\\nening the defenses of their villages and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "WIVES.\\n213\\ntowns, and making other vigorous prepara-\\ntions for war.\\nThe Komans, in the mean time, seemed to\\nfind the young wives which they had pro-\\ncured by these transactions a great acquisi-\\ntion to their colony. It proved, too, that\\nthey not only prized the acquisition, but\\nSpearman and Bowman.\\nthey exulted so much in the ingenuity and\\nsuccess of the stratagem by which their\\nobject had been effected, that a sort of sym-\\nbolical violence in taking the bride became\\nafterward a part of the marriage ceremony\\nin all subsequent weddings. For always,\\nin future years, when the new-married wife\\nwas brought home to her husband s house,\\nit was the custom for him to take her up in\\nhis arms at the door, and carry her over the\\nthreshold as if by force, thus commemorat-\\ning by this ceremony the coercion which\\nhad signalized the original marriages of his\\nancestors, the founders of Eome.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nTHE SABINE WAR.\\nWhile the negotiations with the Sabines\\nwere still pending, Romulus became involved\\nin another difficulty, which for a time as-\\nsumed a very threatening aspect. This dif-\\nficulty was a war which broke out, some-\\nwhat suddenly, in consequence of the inva-\\nsion of the Roman territories by a neighbor-\\ning chieftain named Acron. Acron was the\\nsovereign of a small state, whose capital\\nwas a town called Caenma.* This Caenina\\nis supposed to have been only four or five\\nmiles distant from Romulus s city, a fact\\nwhich shows very clearly on how small a\\nscale the deeds and exploits connected with\\nthe first foundation of the great empire,\\nwhich afterward became so extended and\\nso renowned, were originally performed,\\nand how intrinsically insignificant they\\nwere, in themselves, though momentous in\\nthe extreme in respect to the consequences\\nthat flowed from them.\\nAcron was a bold, energetic, and deter-\\nmined man, who had already acquired great\\nfame by his warlike exploits, and who had\\nSee map of Latium, page 103.\\n214", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 215\\nlong been watching the progress of the new\\ncolony with an evil eye. He thought that\\nif it were allowed to take root, and to grow,\\nit might, at some future day, become a for-\\nmidable enemy, both to him, and also to the\\nother states in that part of Italy. He had\\nbeen very desirous, therefore, of finding some\\nEretext for attacking the new city, and when\\ne heard of the seizure of the Sabine women,\\nhe thought that the time had arrived. He,\\ntherefore, urged the Sabines to make war at\\nonce upon the Romans, and promised, if\\nthey would do so, to assist them with all the\\nforces that he could command. The Sabines,\\nhowever, were so unwilling to proceed to ex-\\ntremities, and spent so much time in negotia-\\ntions and embassies, that Acron s patience\\nwas at length wholly exhausted by the de-\\nlays, and he resolved to undertake the exter-\\nmination of the new colony himself alone.\\nSo he gathered together a rude and half-\\norganized army, and advanced toward Rome.\\nRomulus, who had been informed of his\\nplans and preparations, went out to meet him.\\nThe two armies came in view of each other\\non an open plain, not far from the city.\\nRomulus advanced at the head of his troops,\\nwhile Acron appeared likewise in the fore-\\nfront of the invaders. After uttering in\\nthe hearing of each other, and of the assem-\\nbled armies, various exclamations of chal-\\nlenge and defiance, it was at length agreed\\nthat the question at issue should be decided\\nby single combat, the two commanders", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "216 ROMULUS.\\nthemselves to be the champions. Romulus\\nand Acron accordingly advanced into the\\nmiddle of the field, while their armies drew\\nup around them, forming a sort of ring with-\\nin which the combatants were to engage.\\nThe interest which would be naturally felt\\nby such an encounter, was increased very\\nmuch by the strong contrast that was ob-\\nserved in the appearance of the warriors.\\nRomulus was very young, and though tall\\nand athletic in form, his countenance exhib-\\nited still the expression of softness and deli-\\ncacy characteristic of youth. Acron, on the\\nother hand, was a war-worn veteran, rugged,\\nhardy, and stern and the throngs of martial\\nspectators that surrounded the field, when\\nthey saw the combatants as they came for-\\nward to engage, anticipated a very unequal\\ncontest. Romulus was nevertheless victori-\\nous. As he went into the battle, he made a\\nvow to Jupiter, that if he conquered his foe,\\nhe would ascribe to the god all the glory of\\nthe victory, and he would set up the arms\\nand spoils of Acron at Rome, as a trophy\\nsacred to Jupiter, in honor of the divine\\naid through which the conquest should be\\nachieved. It was in consequence of this\\nvow, as the old historians say, that Romulus\\nprevailed in the combat. At all events, he\\ndid prevail. Acron was slain, and while\\nRomulus was stripping the fallen body of\\nits armor on the field, his men were pursu-\\ning the army of Acron, for the soldiers fled\\nin dismay toward their city, as soon as", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 217\\nthey saw that the single combat had gone\\nagainst their king.\\nCaonina was not in a condition to make any\\ndefense, and it was readily taken. When\\nthe city was thus in the power of Romulus,\\nhe called the inhabitants together, and said\\nto them, that he cherished no hostile or re-\\nsentful feelings toward them. On the con-\\ntrary, he wished to have them his allies and\\nfriends, and he promised them, that if they\\nwould abandon Caenina, and go with him to\\nEome, they should all be received as\\nbrothers, and be at once incorporated into\\nthe Roman state, and admitted to all the\\nprivileges of citizens. The people of Cae-\\nnina, when the first feelings of terror and\\ndistress which their falling into the power\\nof their enemies naturally awakened, had\\nbeen in some measure allayed, readily ac-\\nquiesced in this arrangement, and were all\\ntransferred to Rome. Their coming made a\\ngreat addition not only to the population\\nand strength of the city, but vastly increased\\nthe celebrity and fame of Romulus in the\\nestimation of the surrounding nations.\\nThis victory over Acron, and the annexa-\\ntion of his dominions to the Roman common-\\nwealth, are considered of great historical\\nimportance, as the original type and exem-\\nplar of the whole subsequent foreign policy\\nof the Roman state a policy marked by\\ncourage and energy in martial action on the\\nfield, and by generosity in dealing with the\\nconquered and which was so successful in", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "218 ROMULUS.\\nits results, that it was the means of extend-\\ning the Roman power from kingdom to\\nkingdom, and from continent to continent,\\nuntil the vast organization almost encircled\\nthe world.\\nRomulus faithfully fulfilled the vow which\\nhe had made to Jupiter. On the return of\\nthe army to Rome, the soldiers, by his direc-\\ntions, cut down a small oak-tree, and trim-\\nming the branches at the top, and shortening\\nthem as much as was necessary for the pur-\\npose, they hung the weapons and armor of\\nAcron upon it, and marched with it thus,\\nin triumph into the city. Romulus walked\\nin the midst of the procession, a crown of\\nlaurel upon his head, and his long hair hang-\\ning down upon his shoulders. Thus the\\nvictors entered the city, greeted all the way\\nby the shouts and acclamations of the people,\\nwho had assembled, men, women, and chil-\\ndren, at the gates and upon the tops of the\\nhouses. When the long procession had thus\\npassed in, tables for the soldiers were spread\\nin the streets and public squares, and the\\nwhole day was spent in festivity and rejoicing.\\nThis was the first Roman triumph, the\\noriginal model and example of those magnifi-\\ncent and imposing spectacles which in sub-\\nsequent ages became the wonder of the\\nworld.\\nThe spoils which had been brought in\\nupon the oak were solemnly set up, on one\\nof the hills within the city, as a trophy to\\nJupiter. A small temple was erected ex-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 219\\npressly to receive them. This temple was\\nvery small, being but five feet wide and ten\\nfeet long.\\nA short time after these transactions two\\nother cities were incorporated into the Roman\\nstate. The name of these cities were Crustu-\\nmenium and Antemnae. Some women from\\nthese cities had been seized at Rome when\\nthe Sabine women were taken, and the inhab-\\nitants had been ever since that period medi-\\ntating plans of revenge. They were not\\nstrong enough to wage open war against\\nRomulus, but they began at last to make\\nhostile incursions into the Roman territories\\nby means of such small bands of armed men\\nas they had the means of raising. Romulus\\nimmediately organized bodies of troops suf-\\nficient for the purpose, and then suddenly,\\nand, as it would seem, without giving the\\nkings of these cities any previous warning,\\nhe appeared before the walls and captured\\nthe cities before the inhabitants had time to\\nrecover from their consternation.\\nHe then sent to all the women in Rome\\nwho had formerly belonged to these cities,\\nsummoning them to appear before him at his\\npublic place of audience in the city, and in\\nthe presence of the Roman Senate. The\\nwomen were exceeding terrified at receiving\\nthis summons. They supposed that death\\nor some other terrible punishment, was to\\nbe inflicted upon them in retribution for the\\noffenses committed by their countrymen,\\nand they came into the senate-house, hiding\\n1 O\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Romulus", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "220 ROMULUS,\\ntheir faces in their robes, and crying out with\\ngrief and terror. Romulus bid them calm\\ntheir fears, assuring them that he intended\\nthem no injury. Your countrymen, said\\nhe, preferred war to the peaceful alterna-\\ntive of friendship and alliance which we of-\\nfered them and the fortune of war to which\\nthey thus chose to appeal, has decided against\\nthem. They have now fallen into our hands,\\nand are wholly at our mercy. ~W T e do not,\\nhowever, mean to do them any harm. We\\nspare and forgive them for your sakes. We\\nintend to invite them to come and live with\\nus and with you at Rome, so that you can\\nonce more experience the happiness of being\\njoined to jouv fathers and brothers as well\\nas your husbands. We shall not destroy or\\neven injure their cities but shall send some\\nof our own citizens to people them, so that\\nthey may become fully incorporated into the\\nRoman commonwealth. Thus your fathers\\nand brothers, and all your countrymen, re-\\nceive the boon of life, liberty, and happiness\\nthrough you and all that we ask of you in\\nreturn, is that j T ou will continue your con-\\njugal affection and fidelity to your Roman\\nhusbands, and seek to promote the harmony\\nand happiness of the city by every means. in\\nyour power.\\nOf course such transactions as these at-\\ntracted great attention throughout the coun-\\ntry, and both the valor with which Romulus\\nencountered his enemies while they resisted\\nand opposed him, and the generosity with", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 221\\nwhich he admitted them to an honorable\\nalliance with him when they were reduced to\\nsubmission, were universally applauded. In\\nfact, there began to be formed a strong public\\nsentiment in favor of the new colony, and\\nthe influx to it of individual adventurers, from\\nall parts of the country, rapidly increased.\\nIn one instance a famous chieftain named\\nCaelius, a general of the Etrurians w T ho lived\\nnorth of the Tiber, brought over the whole\\narmy under his command in a body, to join\\nthe new colony, New and special arrange-\\nments w r ere necessary to be made at Rome for\\nreceiving so sudden and so large an accession\\nto the numbers of the people, and accord-\\ningly a new eminence, one which had been\\nhitherto without the city, was now inclosed,\\nand brought w r ithin the poemerium. This\\nhill received the name of Caelius, from the\\ngeneral whose army occupied it. The city\\nwas extended too at the same time on the\\nother side toward the Tiber. The walls were\\ncontinued down to the very bank of the river,\\nand thence carried along the banks so as to\\npresent a continued defense on that side,\\nexcept at one place where there was a great\\ngate leading to the water.\\nDuring all this time, however, the Sabines\\nstill cherished the spirit of resentment and\\nhostility, and instead of being conciliated by\\nthe forbearance and generosity of the Eo-\\nmans, were only excited to greater jealousy\\nand ill-will at witnessing the proofs of their\\nincreasing influence and power. They em-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "222 homulus.\\nployed themselves in maturing their plans\\nfor a grand onset against the new colony,\\nand with the intention to make the blow\\nwhich they were about to strike effectual\\nand final, they took time to arrange their\\npreparations on the most extensive scale,\\nand to mature them in the most deliber-\\nate and thorough manner. They enlisted\\ntroops they collected stores of provisions\\nand munitions of war, they formed alliances\\nwith such states lying beyond them as they\\ncould draw into their quarrel; and finally,\\nwhen all things were ready, they assembled\\ntheir forces upon the frontier, and prepared\\nfor the onset. The name of the general\\nwho was placed in command of this mighty\\nhost was Titus Tatius.\\nIn the mean time, Romulus and the people\\nof the city were equally busy in making\\npreparations for defense. They procured\\nand laid up in magazines, great stores of\\nprovisions for the use of the city. They\\nstrengthened and extended the walls, and\\nbuilt new ramparts and towers wherever\\nthey were needed. Numitor rendered very\\nessential aid to his grandson in these prep-\\narations. He sent supplies of weapons to\\nhim for the use of the men, and furnished\\nvarious military engines, such as were used\\nin those times in the attack and defense of\\nbesieged cities. In fact, the preparations on\\nboth sides were of the most extensive char-\\nacter, and seemed to portend a very resolute\\nand determined contest.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 223\\nWhen all things were thus ready, the\\nSabines, before actually striking the blow\\nfor which they had been so long and so\\ndeliberately preparing, concluded to send\\none more final embassy to Romulus, to\\ndemand the surrender of the women. This\\nwas of course only a matter of form, as they\\nmust have known well from what had\\nalready passed that Romulus would not now\\nyield to such a proposal. He did not yield.\\nHe sent back word in answer to their de-\\nmand, that the Sabine women were all well\\nsettled in Rome, and were contented and\\nhappy there with their husbands and friends,\\nand that he could not think now of disturb-\\ning them. This answer having been re-\\nceived, the Sabines prepared for the onset.\\nThere was a certain tract of country sur-\\nrounding Rome which belonged to the\\npeople of the city, and was cultivated by\\nthem. This land was used partly for tillage\\nand partly for the pasturage of cattle, but\\nprincipally for the latter, as the rearing of\\nflocks and herds was, for various reasons, a\\nmore advantageous mode of procuring food\\nfor man in those ancient days than the cul-\\nture of the ground. The rural population,\\ntherefore, of the Roman territory consisted\\nchiefly of herdsmen and when the approach-\\ning danger from the Sabines became immi-\\nnent, Romulus called all these herdsmen in,\\nand required the flocks of sheep and the\\nherds of cattle to be driven to the rear of\\nthe city, and shut up in an inciosure there,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "224 ROMULUS.\\nwhere they could be more easily defended.\\nThus the Sabine army found, when they\\nwere ready to cross the frontier, that the\\nEoman territory, on that side, was deserted\\nand solitary and that there was nothing to\\noppose them in advancing across it almost\\nto the very gates of Rome.\\nThey advanced accordingly, and when\\nthey came near to the city they found that\\nRomulus had taken possession of two hills\\nwithout the walls, where he had entrenched\\nhimself in great force. These two hills\\nwere named the Esquilineand Quirinal hills.\\nThe city itself included two other hills,\\nnamely, the Palatine and the Capitoline.\\nThe Capitoline hill was the one on which the\\nasylum had formerly been built, and it was\\nnow the citadel. Th e citadel was surrounded\\non all parts with ramparts and towers which\\noverlooked and commanded all the neighbor-\\ning country. The command of this fortress\\nwas given to Tarpeius, a noble Eoman. He\\nhad a daughter named Tarpeia, whose name\\nafterward became greatly celebrated in\\nhistory, on account of the part which she\\ntook in the events of this siege, as will pres-\\nently appear.\\nAt the foot of the Capitoline hill, and on\\nthe western side of it, that is, the side away\\nfrom the city, there was a spacious plain\\nwhich was afterward included within the\\nlimits of the city, and used as a parade-\\nground, under the name of Campus Martius,\\nwhich words mean the War Field. This", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR, 225\\nfield was now, however, an open plain, and\\nthe Sabine army advancing to it, encamped\\nupon it. The Sabine forces were much more\\nnumerous than those of the Romans, but the\\nlatter were so well guarded and protected\\nby their walls and fortifications, that Titus\\nTatius saw no feasible way of attacking\\nthem with any prospect of success. At last,\\none day as some of his officers were walking\\naround the Capitoline hill, looking at the\\nwalls of the citadel, Tarpeia came to one of\\nthe gates, which was in a retired and solitary\\nposition, and entered into a parley with the\\nmen. The story of what followed is vari-\\nously related by different historians, and it\\nis now difficult to ascertain the actual truth\\nrespecting it. The account generally re-\\nceived is this\\nTarpeia had observed the soldiers from\\nthe walls, and her attention had been at-\\ntracted by the bracelets and rings which\\nthey wore and she finally made an agree-\\nment with the Sabines that she would open\\nthe postern gate in the night, and let them\\nin, if they would give her what they wore\\nupon their arms, meaning the ornaments\\nwhich had attracted her attention. The\\nSabines bound themselves to do this and then\\nwent away. Titius Tatius, accordingly,\\nwhen informed of this arrangement, detailed\\na strong detachment of troops, and gave\\nthem orders to repair at night in a very\\nsilent and secret manner to the gate which\\nhad been designated as the place w r here they", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "226 BOMULUS.\\nwere to be let in. It is asserted, however,\\nby some writers, that this apparent treachery\\non the part of Tarpeia was only a deep-laid\\nstratagem on her part to draw the Sabines\\ninto a snare and that she sent word to\\nRomulus, informing him of the agreement\\nwhich she had made, in order that he might\\nsecretly despatch a strong force to take their\\nposition at the gate, and intercept and cap-\\nture the Sabine party as soon as they should\\ncome in. But if this was Tarpeia s design,\\nit totally failed. The Sabines, when they\\ncame at midnight to the postern gate which\\nTarpeia opened for them, came in sufficient\\nforce to bear down all opposition and in\\nfulfilment of their promise to give Tarpeia\\nwhat they wore upon their arms they threw\\ntheir heavy bucklers upon her until she was\\ncrushed down beneath the weight of them\\nand killed.\\nA steep rock which forms that side of the\\nCapitoline hill is called the Tarpeian rock, in\\nmemory of this maiden, to the present day.\\nIn this way the Sabines gained possession\\nof the citadel, though Romulus still held the\\nmain city. The Romans were of course ex-\\ntremely disconcerted at the loss of the citadel,\\nand Romulus, finding that the danger was\\nnow extremely imminent, resolved no longer\\nto stand on the defensive, but to come out\\nupon the plain and offer the Sabines battle.\\nHe accordingly brought his forces out of the\\ncity and took up a strong position with them,\\nbetween the Capitoline and Palatine hills,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR.\\n227\\nwith his front toward the Campus Martius,\\nwhere the main body of the Sabines were\\nposted. Thus the armies were confronted\\nagainst each other on the plain, the Eomans\\nholding the city and the Palatine hill as a\\nstronghold to retreat to in case of necessity,\\nPromising the Bracelets.\\nwhile the Sabines in the same manner could\\nseek refuge on the Capitoline hill aud in the\\ncitadel.\\nThings being in this state a series of des-\\nperate but partial contests ensued, which\\nwere continued for several days, when at\\nlength a general battle came on. During", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "228 ROMULUS.\\nall this time the walls of the city and of the\\ncitadel were lined with spectators who had\\nascended to witness the combats for from\\nthese walls and from the declivities of the\\nhills, the whole plain could be looked down\\nupon as if it were a map. The battle con-\\ntinued all day. At night both parties were\\nexhausted, and the field was covered with\\nthe dead and dying, but neither side had\\ngained the victory. The next day by com-\\nmon consent they suspended the combat in\\norder to take care of the wounded, and to\\nbury the bodies of the dead.\\nAfter the interval of a day, w^hich was\\nspent, on both sides, in removing the horrid\\nrelics of the previous combats, and in gather-\\ning fresh strength and fresh desperation and\\nrage for the conflicts yet to come, the struggle\\nwas renewed. The soldiers fought now, on\\nthis renewal of the battle, with more dread-\\nful and deadly ferocity than ever. Various\\nincidents occurred during the day to give\\none party or the other a local or temporary\\nadvantage, but neither side wholly prevailed.\\nAt one time Romulus himself was exposed\\nto the most imminent personal danger, and\\nfor a time it was thought that he was actu-\\nally killed. The Romans had gained some\\ngreat advantage over a party of the Sabines,\\nand the latter were rushing in a headlong\\nflight, to the citadel, the Romans pursuing\\nthem and hoping to follow them in, in the\\nconfusion, and thus regain possession of the\\nfortress. To prevent this the Sabines within", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR, 229\\nthe citadel and on the rocks above threw\\nstones down upon the Romans. One of these\\nstones struck Romulus on the head, and he\\nfell down stunned and senseless under the\\nblow. His men were extremely terrified at\\nthis disaster, and abandoning the pursuit of\\ntheir enemies they took up the body of Rom-\\nulus and carried it into the city. It was\\nfound, however, that he was not seriously\\ninjured. He soon recovered from the effects\\nof the blow and returned into the battle.\\nAnother incident which occurred in the\\ncourse of these battles has been commemo-\\nrated in history, by having been the means\\nof giving a name to a small lake or pool\\nwhich was afterward brought w r ithin the\\nlimits of the city. A Sabine general named\\nCurtius happened at one time to encounter\\nRomulus in a certain part of the field, and a\\nloug and desperate combat ensued between\\nthe two champions. Other soldiers gradually\\ncame up and mingled in the fray, until at\\nlength Curtius, finding himself wounded and\\nbleeding, and surrounded by enemies, fled\\nfor his life. Romulus pursued him for a\\nshort distance, but Curtius at length came\\nsuddenly upon a small swampy pool, which\\nwas formed of water that had been left by\\nthe inundations of the river in some old de-\\nserted channel, and which was now covered\\nand almost concealed by some sort of mossy\\nand floating vegetation. Curtius running,\\nheadlong, and paying little heed to his steps\\nfell into this hole, and sank in the water.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "230 ROMULUS.\\nRomulus supposed of course that he would\\nbe drowned there, and so turned away and\\nwent to find some other enemy. Curtius,\\nhowever, succeeded in crawling out of the\\npond into which he had fallen and in com-\\nmemoration of the incident the pond was\\nnamed Lake Curtius, which name it retained\\nfor centuries afterward, when, not only had\\nall the water disappeared, but the place itself\\nhad been filled up, and had been covered\\nwith streets and houses.\\nThe combats between the Romans and the\\nSabines were continued for several days,\\nduring all which time the Sabine women, on\\nwhose account it was that this dreadful quar-\\nrel had arisen, were suffering the greatest\\nanxiety and distress. They loved their fa-\\nthers and brothers, but then they loved their\\nhusbands too and they were overwhelmed\\nwith anguish at the thought that day after\\nday those who were equally dear to them\\nwere engaged in fighting and destroying one\\nanother, and that they could do nothing to\\narrest so unnatural a hostility.\\nAt length, however, after suffering extreme\\ndistress for many days, a crisis arrived when\\nthey found that they could interpose. Both\\nparties had become somewhat weary of the\\ncontest. Neither could prevail over the\\nother, and yet neither was willing to yield.\\nThe Sabines could not bring themselves to\\nsubmit to so humiliating an alternative as to\\nwithdraw from Rome and leave their daugh-\\nters and sisters in the captors hands, after", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 231\\nall the grand preparations which they had\\nmade for retaking them. And on the other\\nhand the Romans could not take those, who,\\nwhatever had been their previous history,\\nwere now living happily as wives and moth-\\ners, each in her own house in the city, and\\ngive them up to an army of invaders, demand-\\ning them with threats and violence, without\\ndeep dishonor. Thus, though there was a\\npause in the conflict, and both parties were\\nweary of it, neither was willing to yield,\\nand both were preparing to return to the\\nstruggle with new determination and vigor.\\nThe Sabine women thought that they\\nmight now interpose. A lady named Her-\\nsilia, who is often mentioned as one of the\\nmost prominent among the number, proposed\\nthis measure and made the arrangements\\nfor carrying it into effect. She assembled\\nher country-women and explained to them\\nher plan, which was that they should go in\\na body to the Roman Senate, and ask per-\\nmission to intercede between the contending\\nnations, and plead for peace.\\nThe company of women, taking their\\nchildren w T ith them, all of whom were yet\\nvery young, w^ent accordingly in a body to\\nthe senate-chamber, and asked to be ad-\\nmitted. The doors were opened to them,\\nand they went in. They all appeared to be\\nin great distress and agitation. The grief\\nand anxiety which they had suffered during\\nthe progress of the war still continued, and\\nthey begged the Senate to let them go out", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "232 ROMULUS.\\nto the camp of the Sabines, and endeavor to\\npersuade them to make peace. The Senate\\nwere disposed to consent. The women\\nwished to take their children with them, but\\nsome of the Romans imagined that there\\nmight, perhaps, be danger, that under pre-\\ntense of interceding for peace, they were\\nreally intending to make their escape from\\nRome altogether. So it was insisted that\\nthey should leave their children behind them\\nas hostages for their return, excepting that\\nsuch as had two children were allowed to\\ntake one, which plan it was thought would\\naid them in moving the compassion of their\\nSabine relatives.\\nThe women, accordingly, left the senate-\\nchamber, and with their children in their\\narms, their hair disheveled, their robes\\ndisordered, and their countenances wan\\nwith grief, went in mournful procession\\nout through the gate of the city. They\\npassed across the plain and advanced toward\\nthe citadel. They were admitted, and after\\nsome delay, were ushered into the council\\nof the Sabines. Here their tears and ex-\\nclamations of grief broke forth anew.\\nWhen silence was in some measure restored,\\nHersilia addressed the Sabine chieftains,\\nsaying, that she and her companions had\\ncome to beg their countrymen to put an end\\nto the war. We know, said she, that\\nyou are waging it on our account, and we\\nsee in all that you have done proofs of 7 our\\nlove for us. In fact, it was our supposed", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE SABINE WAR. 233\\ninterests which led you to commence it, but\\nnow our real interests require that it should\\nbe ended. It is true that when we were\\nfirst seized by the Romans we felt greatly\\nwronged, but having submitted to our fate,\\nwe have now become settled in our new\\nhomes, and are contented and happy in\\nthem. We love our husbands and love our\\nchildren and Ave are treated with the ut-\\nmost kindness and respect by all. Do not\\nthen, under a mistaken kindness for us, at-\\ntempt to tear us away again, or continue\\nthis dreadful war, which, though ostensibly\\non our account, and for our benefit, is really\\nmaking us inexpressibly miserable.\\nThis intercession produced the effect which\\nmight have been expected from it. The\\nSabines and Eomans immediately entered\\nupon negotiations for peace, and peace is\\neasily made where both parties are honestly\\ndesirous of making it. In fact, a great re-\\naction took place, so that from the reckless\\nand desperate hostility which the two na-\\ntions had felt for each other, there succeeded\\nso friendly a sentiment, that in the end a\\ntreaty of union was made between the two\\nnations. It was agreed that the two nations\\nshould be merged into one. The Sabine\\nterritory was to be annexed to that of Rome,\\nand Titus Tatius, with the principal Sabine\\nchieftains, were to remove to Rome, which\\nwas thenceforth to be the capital of the new\\nkingdom. In a word, never was a recon-\\nciliation between two belligerent nations so\\nsudden and so complete.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nTHE CONCLUSION.\\nAfter the termination of the Sabine war,\\nRomulus continued to reign many years,\\nand his reign, although no very exact and\\nsystematic history of it was recorded at the\\ntime, seems to have presented the usual\\nvariety of incidents and vicissitudes and\\nyet, notwithstanding occasional and partial\\nreverses, the city, and the kingdom connected\\nwith it, made rapid progress in wealth and\\npopulation.\\nFor four or five years after the union of\\nthe Sabines with the Romans, Titus Tatius\\nwas in some way or other associated with\\nRomulus in the government of the united\\nkingdom. Romulus, during all this time,\\nhad his house and his court on the Palatine\\nhill, where the city had been originally\\nbuilt, and where most of the Romans lived.\\nThe headquarters of the Sabine chieftain\\nwere, on the other hand, upon the Capito-\\nline hill, which was the place on which the\\ncitadel was situated that his troops had\\ntaken possession of in the course of the war,\\nand which it seems they continued to occupy\\nafter the peace. The space between tne\\n234", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 235\\ntwo hills was set apart as a market-place, or\\nforum, as it was called in their language,\\nthat place being designated for the purpose\\non account of its central and convenient\\nsituation. When afterward that portion of\\nthe city became filled as it did with mag-\\nnificent streets and imposing architectural\\nedifices, the space which Romulus had set\\napart for a market remained an open public\\nsquare, and as it was the scene in which\\ntranspired some of the most remarkable\\nevents connected with Roman historv, it\\nbecame renowned throughout the world\\nunder the name of the Roman Forum.\\nIn consequence of the union of the Ro-\\nmans and the Sabines, and of the rapid\\ngrowth of the city in population and power\\nwhich followed, the Roman state began soon\\nto rise to so high a position in relation to\\nthe surrounding cities and kingdoms, as\\nsoon to take precedence of them altogether.\\nThis was owing, however, in part undoubt-\\nedly, to the character of the men who\\ngoverned at Rome. The measures which\\nthey adopted in founding the city, and in\\nsustaining it through the first years of its\\nexistence, as described in the foregoing\\nchapters, were all of a very extraordinary\\ncharacter, and evinced very extraordinary\\nqualities in the men who devised them.\\nThese measures were bold, comprehensive\\nand sagacious, and they were carried out\\nwith a certain combination of courage and\\nmagnanimity which always gives to those\\nJ 7 Romulug", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "236 ROMULUS.\\nwho possess it, and who are in a position to\\nexercise it on a commanding scale, great\\nascendency over the minds of men. They\\nwho possess these qualities generally feel\\ntheir power, and are usually not slow to as-\\nsert it. A singular and striking instance of\\nthis occurred not many years after the\\npeace with the Sabines. There was a city\\nat some distance from Rome called Cameria,\\nwhose inhabitants were a lawless horde, and\\noccasionally parties of them made incur-\\nsions, as was said, into the surrounding coun-\\ntries, for plunder. The Roman Senate sent\\nword to the government of the city that\\nsuch accusations were made against them,\\nand very coolly cited them to appear at\\nRome for trial. The Camerians of course\\nrefused to come. The Senate then declared\\nwar against them, and sent an army to take\\npossession of the city, proceeding to act in\\nthe case precisely as if the Roman govern-\\nment constituted a judicial tribunal, having\\nauthority to exercise jurisdiction, and to en-\\nforce law and order, among all the nations\\naround them. In fact, Rome continued to\\nassert and to maintain this authority over a\\nwider and wider circle every year, until in\\nthe course of some centuries after Romulus s\\nday, she made herself the arbiter of the\\nworld.\\nTitius Tatius shared the supreme power\\nwith Romulus at Rome for several years,\\nand the two monarch s continued during this\\ntime to exercise their joint power in a much", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "Carrying Off a Sabine Woman. {Seep. 206.)", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 237\\nmore harmonious manner than would have\\nhave been supposed possible. At length,\\nhowever, causes of disagreement began to\\noccur, and in the end open dissension took\\nElace, in the course of which Tatius came to\\nis end in a very sudden and remarkable\\nmanner. A party of soldiers from Rome,\\nit seems, had been committing some deed of\\nviolence at Lavinium, the ancient city which\\niEneas had built when he first arrived in\\nLatium. The people of Lavinium com-\\nf lained to Romulus against these marauders.\\nt happened, however, that the guilty men\\nwere chiefly Sabines, and in the discussions\\nwhich took place at Rome afterward in re-\\nlation to the affair, Tatius took their part,\\nand endeavored to shield them, while Rom-\\nulus seemed disposed to give them up to the\\nLavinians for punishment. They are rob-\\nbers and murderers, said Romulus, and\\nwe ought not to shield them from the pen-\\nalty due to their crimes. They are Roman\\ncitizens, said Tatius, and we must not give\\nthem up to a foreign state. The controversy\\nbecame warm parties were formed and at\\nlast the exasperation became so great that\\nwhen the Lavinian envoys, who had come to\\nRome to demand the punishment of the\\nrobbers, were returning home, a gang of\\nTatius s men intercepted them on the way\\nand killed them.\\nThis of course increased the excitement\\nand the difficulty in a tenfold degree. Rom-\\nulus immediately sent to Lavinium to express", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "238 ROMULUS.\\nhis deep regret at what had occurred, and\\nhis readiness to do everything in his power\\nto expiate the offense which his countrymen\\nhad committed. He would arrest these\\nmurderers, he said, and send them to Lavin-\\nium, and he would come himself, with Tatius,\\nto Lavinium, and there make an expiatory\\noffering to the gods, in attestation of the\\nabhorrence which they both felt for so atro-\\ncious a crime as waylaying and murdering\\nthe ambassadors of a friendly city. Tatius\\nwas compelled to assent to these measures,\\nthough he yielded very reluctantly. He\\ncould not openly defend such a deed as the\\nmurder of the envoys and so he consented to\\naccompany Romulus to Lavinium, to make\\nthe offering, but he secretly arranged a plan\\nfor rescuing the murderers from the Lavin-\\nians, after they had been given up. Accord-\\ningly, while he and Romulus were at Lavin-\\nium offering the sacrifices, news came that\\nthe murderers of the envoys, on their way\\nfrom Rome to Lavinium, had been rescued\\nand allowed to escape. This news so exaspe-\\nrated the people of Lavinium against Tatius,\\nfor they considered him as unquestionably\\nthe secret author and contriver of the deed,\\nthat they rose upon him at the festival, and\\nmurdered him with the butcher knives and\\nspits which had been used for slaughtering\\nand roasting the animals. They then formed\\na grand procession and escorted Romulus\\nout of the city in safety, with loud acclama-\\ntions.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 239\\nThe government of Lavinium, as soon as\\nthe excitement of the scene was over, fear-\\ning the resentment which they very naturally\\nsupposed Romulus would feel at the murder\\nof his colleague, seized the ringleaders of the\\nriot, and sent them bound to Rome, to place\\nthem at the disposal of the Roman govern-\\nment. Romulus sent them back unharmed,\\ndirecting them to say to the Lavinian govern-\\nment, that he considered the death of Tatius,\\nthough inflicted in a mode lawless and un-\\njustifiable, as nevertheless, in itself, only a\\njust expiation for the murder of the La-\\nvinian ambassador which Tatius had insti-\\ngated or authorized.\\nThe Sabmes of Rome were for a time\\ngreatly exasperated at these occurrences,\\nbut Romulus succeeded in gradually quieting\\nand calming them, and they finally acqui-\\nesced in his decision. Romulus thus became\\nonce more the sole and undisputed master of\\nRome.\\nAfter this the progress of the city in\\nwealth and prosperity, from year to year,\\nwas steady and sure, interrupted, it is true,\\nby occasional and temporary reverses, but\\nwith no real retrocession at any time. Causes\\nof disagreement arose from time to time with\\nneighboring states, and, in such cases Romu-\\nlus always first sent a summons to the party\\nimplicated, whether king or people, citing\\nthem to appear and answer for their conduct\\nbefore the Roman Senate. If they refused\\nto come, he sent an armed force against them,", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "240 KOMULUS.\\nas if he were simply enforcing the jurisdic-\\ntion of a tribunal of justice. The result\\nusually was that the refractory state was\\ncompelled to summit, and its territories were\\nadded to those of the kingdom of Kome.\\nThus the boundaries of the new empire were\\nwidening and extending every year.\\nKomulus paid great attention, in the mean\\ntime, to everything pertaining to the internal\\norganization of the state, so as to bring\\nevery part of the national administration\\ninto the best possible condition. The muni-\\ncipal police, the tribunals of justice, the social\\ninstitutions and laws of the industrial classes,\\nthe discipline of the troops, the enlargement\\nand increase of the fortifications of the city,\\nand the supply of arms, and stores, and muni-\\ntions of war, and every other subject, in\\nfact, connected with the welfare and pros-\\nperity of the city, occupied his thoughts in\\nevery interval of peace and tranquillity. In\\nconsequence of the exertions which he made,\\nand the measures which he adopted, order\\nand system prevailed more and more in every\\ndepartment, and the community became\\nevery year better organized, and more and\\nmore consolidated so that the capacity of\\nthe city to receive accessions to the popula-\\ntion increased even faster than accessions\\nwere made. In a word, the solid foundations\\nwere laid of that vast superstructure, which,\\nin subsequent ages, became the wonder of\\nworld.\\nNotwithstanding, however, all this in-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 241\\ncreasing, greatness and prosperity, Romulus\\nwas not without rivals and enemies, even\\namong his own people at Rome. The lead-\\ning senators became, at last, envious and jeal-\\nous of his power. They said that he him-\\nself grew imperious and domineering in spirit,\\nas he grew older, and manifested a pride and\\nhaughtiness of demeanor which excited their\\nill-will. He assumed too much authority,\\nthey said, in the management of public affairs,\\nas if he were an absolute and despotic sover-\\neign. He wore a purple robe on public oc-\\ncasions, as a badge of royalty. He organ-\\nized a body-guard of three hundred young\\ntroopers, who rode before him whenever he\\nmoved about the city and in all respects as-\\nsumed such pomp and parade in his demean-\\nor, and exercised such a degree of arbitrary\\npower in his acts, as made him many enemies.\\nThe whole Senate became, at length, greatly\\ndisaffected.\\nAt last one day, on occasion of a great re-\\nview which took place at a little distance from\\nthe city, there came up a sudden shower, at-\\ntended with thunder and lightning, and the\\nviolence of the tempest was such as to compel\\nthe soldiers to retire precipitately from the\\nground in search of some place of shelter.\\nRomulus was left with a number of senators\\nwho were at that time attending upon him,\\nalone, on the shore of a little lake which was\\nnear the place that had been chosen for the\\nparade. After a short time the senators\\nthemselves came away fram the ground, and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "242 ROMULUS.\\nreturned to the city but Romulus was not\\nwith them. The story which they told was\\nthat in the middle of the tempest, Romulus\\nhad been suddenly enveloped in a flame\\nwhich seemed to come down in a bright flash\\nof lightning from the clouds, and imme-\\ndiately afterward had been taken up in the\\nflame to heaven.\\nThis strange story was but half believed\\neven at first, by the people, and very soon\\nrumors began to circulate in the city that\\nRomulus had been murdered by the senators\\nwho were around him at the time of the\\nshower, they having seized the occasion\\nafforded by the momentary absence of his\\nguards, and by their solitary position. There\\nwere various surmises in respect to the dis-\\nposal which the assassins had made of the\\nbody. The most obvious supposition was\\nthat it had been sunk in the lake. There\\nwas, however, a horrible report circulated\\nthat the senators had disposed of it by cut-\\nting it up into small pieces, and conveying it\\naway, each taking a portion, under their\\nrobes,\\nOf course these rumors produced great agi-\\ntation and excitement throughout the city.\\nThe current of public sentiment set strongly\\nagainst the senators. Still as nothing could\\nbe positively ascertained in respect to the\\ntransaction, the mystery seemed to grow\\nmore dark and dreadful every day, and the\\npublic mind was becoming more and more\\ndeeply agitated. At length, however, the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "THE CONCLUSION. 243\\nmystery was suddenly explained by a rev-\\nelation, which, whatever may be thought\\nof it at the present day, was then entirely\\nsatisfactory to the whole community.\\nOne of the most prominent and distin-\\nguished of the senators, named Proculus, one\\nwho it seems had not been present among\\nthe other senators in attendance upon Rom-\\nulus at the time when he disappeared, came\\nforward one day before a grand assembly\\nwhich had been convened for the purpose,\\nand announced to them in the most solemn\\nmanner, that the spirit of Romulus had ap-\\npeared to him in a visible form, and had as-\\nsured him that the story which the other\\nsenators had told of the ascension of their\\nchieftain to heaven in a flame of fire was\\nreally true. I was journeying, said Pro-\\nculus, in a solitary place, when Romulus\\nappeared to me. At first I was exceedingly\\nterrified. The form of the vision was taller\\nthan that of a mortal man, and it was clothed\\nin armor of the most resplendent brightness.\\nAs soon as I had in some measure recovered\\nmy composure I spoke to it. Why, said\\n1, have you left us so suddenly and espe-\\ncially why did you leave us at such a time,\\nand in such a way., as to bring suspicion and\\nreproach on the Roman senators V I left\\nyou, said he, because it pleased the gods\\nto call me back again to heaven, whence I\\noriginally came. It was no longer necessary\\nfor me to remain on earth, for Rome is now\\nestablished, and her future greatness and", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "244 ROMULUS.\\nglory are sure. Go back to Rome and com-\\nmunicate this to the people. Tell them that\\nif they continue industrious, virtuous and\\nbrave, the time will come when their city\\nwill be the mistress of the world and that\\nI, no longer its king, am henceforth to be its\\ntutelar divinity.\\nThe people of Rome were overjoyed to\\nhear this communication. Their doubts and\\nsuspicions were now all removed the sena-\\ntors at once recovered their good standing in\\nthe public regard, and, all was once more\\npeace and harmony. Altars were immedi-\\nately erected to Romulus, and the whole pop-\\nulation of the city joined in making sacri-\\nfices and in paying other divine honors to his\\nmemory.\\nThe declaration of Proculus that he had\\nseen the spirit of Romulus, and his report of\\nthe conversation which the spirit had ad-\\ndressed to him, constituted proof of the\\nhighest kind, according to the ideas which\\nprevailed in those ancient days. In modern\\ntimes, however, there is no faith in such a\\nstory, and the truth in respect to the end of\\nRomulus can now never be known.\\nAfter the death of Romulus the senators\\nundertook to govern the State themselves,\\nholding the supreme power one by one, in\\nregular rotation. This plan was, however,\\nnot found to succeed, and after an interreg-\\nnum of about a year, the people elected an-\\nother king.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "ALTBMUS\\nYoung People s Library.\\nPrice, 50 Cents Each.\\nROBINSON CRUSOE His Life and Strange Surprising\\nAdventures. With 70 beautiful illustrations by Walter\\nPaget. Arranged for young readers.\\nThere exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment,\\nwhich has been more generally read, and universally admired.\\nWalter Scott.\\nALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With 42\\nillustrations by John Tenniel.\\nThis is Carroll s immortal story. Athenceum.\\nThe most delightful of children s stories. Elegant and deli-\\ncious nonsense. Saturday Review.\\nTHROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND WHAT\\nALICE FOUND THERE. (A companion to Alice in\\nWonderland.) With 50 illustrations by John Tenniel.\\nNot a whit inferior to its predecessor in grand extravagance of\\nimagination, and delicious allegorical nonsense. Quarterly\\nReview.\\nBUNYAN S PILGRIM S PROGRESS. With 50 full-page\\nand text illustrations.\\nPilgrim s Progress is the most popular story book in the\\nworld. With the exception of the Bible it has been translated into\\nmore languages than any other book ever printed.\\nA CHILD S STORY OF THE BIBLE. With 72 full-page\\nillustrations.\\nTells in simple language and in a form fitted for the hands of\\nthe younger members of the Christian flock, the tale of God s\\ndealings with his (Jhos-n People under the Old Dispensation,\\nwith its foreshadowings of the coming of that Messiah who was\\nto make all mankind one fold under one Shepherd.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE* S LIBRARY.\\nA CHILD S LIFE OF CHRIST. With 49 illustrations.\\nGod has implanted in the infant s heart a desire to hear of Jesus,\\nand children are early attracted and sweetly riveted by the won-\\nderful Story of the Master from the Manger to the Throne.\\nIn this little book we have brought together from Scripture every\\nincident, expression and description within the verge of their com-\\nprehension, in the effort to weave them into a memorial garland of\\ntheir Saviour.\\nTHE FABLES OF yESOP. Compiled from the best ac-\\ncepted sources. With 62 illustrations.\\nThe fables of Jisop are among the very earliest compositions of\\nthis kind, and probably have never been surpassed for point and\\nbrevity, as well as for the practical good sense they display. In\\ntheir grotesque grace, in their quaint humor, in their trust in the\\nsimpler virtues, in their insight into the cruder vices, in their inno-\\ncence of the fact of sex, .Esop s Fables are as little children\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nfor that reason will ever find a home in the heaven of little chil-\\ndren s souls.\\nTHE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON, or the Adventures of\\na Shipwrecked Family on an Uninhabited Island. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nA remarkable tale of adventure that will interest the boys and\\ngirls. The father of the family tells the tale and the vicissitudes\\nthrough which he and his wife and children pass, the wonderful\\ndiscoveries they make, and the dangers they encounter. It is a\\nstandard work of adventure that has the favor of all who have\\nread it.\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY\\nOF AMERICA. With 70 illustrations.\\nIt is the duty of every American lad to know the story of Chris-\\ntopher Columbus. In this book is depicted the story of his life\\nand struggles of his persistent solicitations at the courts of Eu-\\nrope, and his contemptuous receptions by the learned Geographical\\nCouncils, until his final employment by Queen Isabella. Records\\nthe day-by-day journey ings while he was pursuing his aim and his\\nperilous way over the shoreless ocean, until he gave to Spain a\\nNew World. Shows his progress through Spain on the occasion\\nof his first return, when he was received with rapturous demon-\\nstrations and more than regal homage. His displacement by the", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. 3\\nOdjeas, Ovandos and Bobadilas his last return in chains, and the\\nstory of his death in poverty and neglect.\\nTHE STORY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY\\nIN AFRICA. With 80 illustrations.\\nRecords the adventures, privations, sufferings, trials, dangers\\nand discoveries in developing the Dark Continent, from the\\nearly days of Bruce and Mungo Park down to Livingstone and\\nStanley and the heroes of our own times.\\nThe reader becomes carried away by conflicting emotions of\\nwonder and sympathy, and feels compelled tD pursue the story,\\nw T hich he cannot lay down. Xo present can be more acceptable\\nthan such a volume as this, where courage, intrepidity, resource\\nand devotion are so pleasantly mingled. It is very fully illustra-\\nted with pictures worthy of the book.\\nGULLIVER S TRAVELS INTO SOME REMOTE RE-\\nGIONS OF THE WORLD. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn description, even of the most common-place things, his power\\nis often perfectly marvellous. Macaulay says of Swift Under\\na plain garb and ungainly deportment were concealed some of the\\nchoicest gifts that ever have been bestowed on any of the children\\nof men rare powers of observation, brilliant art, grotesque inven-\\ntion, humor of the mo-t austere flavor, yet exquisitely delicious,\\neloquence singularly pure, manly and perspicuous.\\nMOTHER GOOSE S RHYMES, JINGLES AND FAIRY\\nTALES. With 300 illustrations.\\nIn this edition an excellent choice has been made from the\\nstandard fiction cf the little ones. The abundant pictures are well-\\ndrawn and graceful, the effect frequently striking and always deco-\\nrative Critic.\\nOnly to see the book is to wish to give it to every child one\\nknows. Queen.\\nLIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. Compiled from authoritative sources. With\\nportraits of the Presidents and also of the unsuccessful\\ncandidates for the office as well as the ablest of the\\nCabinet officers.\\nThis book should be in every home and school library. If tells,\\nin an impartial way, the story of the political history of the United\\nStates, from the first Constitutional convention to the last Presi-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\ndential nominations, it is just the book for intelligent boys, and it\\nwill help to make them intelligent and patriotic citizens.\\nTHE STORY OF ADVENTURE IN THE FROZEN\\nSEA. With 70 illustrations. Compiled from authorized\\nsources.\\nWe here have brought together the records of the attempts to\\nreach the North Pole. Our object being to recall the stories of the\\nearly voyagers, and to narrate the recent efforts of gallant adven-\\nturers of various nationalities to cross the unknown and inacces-\\nible threshold and to show how much can be accomplished by\\nindomitable pluck and steady perseverance. Portraits and numer-\\nous illustrations help the narration.\\nILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY. By the Rev.\\nJ. G. Wood. With 80 illustrations.\\nWood s Natural History needs no commendation. Its author\\nhas done more than any other writer to popularize the study. His\\nwork is known and admired overall the civilized world. The sales\\nof his works in England and America have been enormous. The\\nillustrations in this edition are entirely new, striking and life-like.\\nA CHILD S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Charles\\nDickens. With 50 illustrations.\\nDickens grew tired of listening to his children memorizing the\\nold fashioned twaddle that went under the name of English his-\\ntory. He thereupon wrote a book, in his own peculiarly happy\\nstyle, primarily for the educational advantage of his own children,\\nbut was prevailed upon to publish the work, and make its use gen-\\neral. Its success was instantaneous and abiding.\\nBLACK BEAUTY; The Autobiography of a Horse. By\\nAnna Sewell. With 50 illustrations.\\nThis new illustrated edition is sure to command attention.\\nWherever children are, whether boys or girls, there this Autobiog-\\nraphy should be. It inculcates habits of kindness to all members\\nof the animal creation. The literary merit of the bo jk is excellent.\\nTHE ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. With\\n50 illustrations. Contains the most favorably known of\\nthe stories.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for the young. It\\nforms an excellent introduction to those immortal tales which have\\nhelped so long to keep thj weary world young.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "A.LTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES. By Hans Christian An-\\ndersen. With 77 illustrations.\\nThe spirit of high moral teaching, and the delicacy of sentiment,\\nfeeling and expression that pervade these tales make these won-\\nderful creations not only attractive to the young, but equally accept-\\nable to those of mature years, who are able to understand their\\nreal significance and appreciate the depth of their meaning.\\nGRIMM S FAIRY TALES. With 50 illustrations.\\nThese tales of the Brothers Grimm have carried their names into\\nevery household of the civilized world.\\nThe Tales are a wonderful collection, as interesting, from a lit-\\nerary point of view, as they are delightful as stories.\\nGRANDFATHER S CHAIR; A History for Youth. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 60 illustrations.\\nThe story of America from the landing of the Puritans to the\\nacknowledgment without reserve of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, told with all the elegance, simplicity, grace, clear-\\nness and force for which Hawthorne is conspicuously noted.\\nFLOWER FABLES. By Louisa May Alcott. With colored\\nand plain illustrations.\\nA series of very interesting fairy tales by the most charming of\\nAmerican story-tellers.\\nAUNT MARTHA S CORNER CUPBOARD. By Mary\\nand Elizabeth Kirby. With 60 illustrations.\\nStories about Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Rice and Chinaware, and\\nother accessories of the well-kept Cupboard. A book full of in-\\nterest for all the girls and many of the boys.\\nWATER-BABIES; A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. By\\nCharles Kingsley. With 94 illustrations.\\nCome read me my riddle, each good little man\\nIf you cannot read it, no grown-up folk can.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 70 illustrations.\\nA graphic and full history of the Rebellion of the American Col-\\nonies from the yoke and oppression of England, with the causes", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nthat led thereto, and including an account of the second war with\\nGreat Britain, and the War with Mexico.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 80 illustrations.\\nA correct and impartial account of the greatest civil war in the\\nannals of history. Both of these histories of American wars are\\na necessary part of the education of all intelligent American boys\\nand girls.\\nYOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH\\nSPAIN. By Prescott Holmes. With 89 illustrations.\\nThis history of our war with Spain, in 1898, presents in a plain,\\neasy style the splendid achievements of our army and navy, and\\nthe prominent figures that came into the public view during that\\nperiod. Its glowing descriptions, wealth of anecdote, accuracy c{\\nstatement and profusion of illustration make it a most desirable\\ngift-book for young readers.\\nHEROES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. By\\nHartwell James. With 65 illustrations.\\nThe story of our navy is one of the most brilliant pages in the\\nworld s history. The sketches and exploits contained in this vol-\\nume cover our entire naval history from the days of the hone.-t,\\nrough sailors cf Revolutionary times, with their cutlasses and\\nboarding pikes, to the brief war of 1898, when our superbly ap-\\npointed warships destroyed Spain s proud cruisers by the merci-\\nless accuracy of their fire.\\nMILITARY HEROES OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Hartwell James. With 97 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the brave lives and heroic deeds c f our military\\nheroes, from Paul Revere to Lawton, are told in the most captiva-\\nting manner. The material for the work has been gathered from\\nthe North and the Sou h alike. The volume presents all the im-\\nportant facts in a manner enabling the young people of our united\\nand prosperous land to easily become familiar with the command-\\ning figures that have arisen in our military history.\\nUNCLE TOM S CABIN; or Life Among the Lowly. By\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. With 90 illustrations.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nThe unfailing interest in the famous old story suggested the need\\nof an edition specially prepared for young readers, and elaborately\\nillustrated. This edition completely fills that want.\\nSEA KINGS AND NAVAL HEROES. By Hartwell\\nJames. With 50 illustrations.\\nThe most famous sea battles of the world, with sketches of the\\nlives, enterprises and achievements of men who have become fam-\\nous in naval history. They are stories of brave lives in times of\\ntrial and danger, charmingly told for young people.\\nPOOR BOYS CHANCES. By John Habberton. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nThere is a fascination about the writings of the author of\\nHelen s Babies, from which none can escape. In this charm-\\ning volume, Mr. Habberton tells the boys of America how they\\ncan attain the highest positions in the land, without the struggles\\nand privations endured by poor boys who rose to eminence and\\nfame in former times.\\nROMULUS, the Founder of Rome. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn a plain and connected narrative, the author tells the stories\\nof the founder of Rome and his great ancestor, ^Eneas. These\\nare of necessity somewhat legendary in character, but are pre-\\nsented precisely as they have come down to us from ancient times.\\nThey are prefaced by an account of the life and inventions of Cad-\\nmus, the Father of the Alphabet, as he is often called.\\nCYRUS THE GREAT, the Founder of the Persian Empire.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 40 illustrations.\\nFor nineteen hundred years, the story of the founder of the an-\\ncient Persian empire has been read by every generation of man-\\nkind. The story of the life and actions of Cyrus, as told by the\\nauthor, presents vivid pictures of the magnificence of a monarchy\\nthat rose about five hundred years before the Christian era, and\\nrolled on in undisturbed magnitude and glory for many centuries.\\nADVENTURES IN TOYLAND. By Edith King Hull.\\nWith 70 illustrations by Alice B. Woodward.\\nThe sayings and doings of the dwellers in toyland, related by\\none of them to a dear little girl. It is a delightful book for chil-\\ndren, and admirably illustrated.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nDARIUS THE GREAT, King of the Medes and Persians.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 34 illustrations.\\nNo great exploits marked the career of this monarch, who was\\nat one time the absolute sovereign of nearly one-half of the world.\\nHe reached his high position by a stratagem, and left behind him\\nno strong impressions of personal character, yet, the history of his\\nlife and reign should be read along with those of Cyrus, Caesar,\\nHannibal and Alexander.\\nXERXES THE GREAT, King of Persia. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 39 illustrations.\\nFor ages the name of Xerxes has been associated in the minds\\nof men with the idea of the highest attainable human magnificence\\nand grandeur. He was the sovereign of the ancient Persian em-\\npire at the height of its prosperity and power. The invasion of\\nGreece by the Persian hordes, the battle of Thermopylae, the burn-\\ning of Athens, and the defeat of the Persian galleys at Salamis are\\nchapters of thrilling interest.\\nTHE ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss\\nMulock, author of John Halifax, Gentleman, etc. With\\n18 illustrations.\\nOne of the best of Miss Murlock s charming stories for children.\\nAll the situations are amusing and are sure to please youthful\\nreaders.\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 51 illustrations.\\nBorn heir to the throne of Macedon, a country on the confines\\nof Europe and Asia, Alexander crowded into a brief career of\\ntwelve years a brilliant series of exploits. The readers of to-day\\nwill find pleasure and profit in the history of Alexander the Great,\\na potentate before whom ambassadors and princes from nearly all\\nthe nations of the earth bowed in humility.\\nPYRRHUS, King of Epirus. By Jacob Abbott. With 45\\nillustrations.\\nThe story of Pyrrhus is one of the ancient narratives which has\\nbeen told and retold for many centuries in the literature, eloquence\\nand poetry of all civilized nations. While possessed of extraordi-\\nnary ability as a military leader, Pyrrhus actually accomplished\\nnothing, but did mischief on a gigantic scale. He was naturally", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nof a noble and generous spirit, but only succeded in perpetrating\\ncrimes against the peace and welfare of mankind.\\nHANNIBAL, the Carthaginian. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n37 illustrations.\\nHannibal s distinction as a warrior was gained during the des-\\nperate contests between Rome and Carthage, known as the Punic\\nwars. Entering the scene when his country was engaged in peace-\\nful traffic with the various countries of the known world, he turned\\nits energies into military aggression, conquest and war, becoming\\nhimself one of the greatest military heroes the world has ever\\nknown.\\nMIXED PICKLES. By Mrs. E. M. Field. With 31 illus-\\ntrations by T. Pym.\\nA remarkably entertaining story for young people. The reader\\nis introduced to a charming little girl whose mishaps while trying\\nto do good are very appropriately termed Mixed Pickles.\\nJULIUS CAESAR, the Roman Conqueror. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 44 illustrations.\\nThe life and actions of Julius Caesar embrace a period in Roman\\nhistory beginning with the civil wars of Marius and Sylla and end-\\ning with the tragic death of Caesar Imperator. The work is an\\naccurate historical account of the life and times of one of the great\\nmilitary figures in history, in fact, it is history itself, and as such is\\nespecially commended to the readers of the present generation.\\nALFRED THE GREAT, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 40 illustrations.\\nIn a certain sense, Alfred appears in history as the founder of\\nthe British monarchy his predecessors having governed more like\\nsavage chieftains than English kings. The work has a special\\nvalue for young readers, for the character of Alfred was that of an\\nhonest, conscientious and far-seeing statesman. The romantic\\nstory of Godwin furnishes the concluding chapter of the volume.\\nWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 43 illustrations.\\nThe life and times of William of Normandy have always been a\\nfruitful theme for the historian. War and pillage and conquest\\nwere at least a part of the everyday business cf men in both Eng-", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "IO ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nland and France and the story of William as told by the authoT\\nof this volume makes some of the most fascinating pagt^ in his-\\ntory. It is especially delightful to young readers\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ, the Conqueror of Mexico. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 30 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the author gives vivid pictures of the wild and\\nadventurous career of Cortez and his companions in the conquest\\nof Mexico. Many good motives were united with those of ques-\\ntionable character, in the prosecution of his enterprise, but in\\nthose days it was a matter of national ambition to enlarge the\\nboundaries of nations and to extend their commerce at any cost.\\nThe career of Cortez is one of absorbing interest.\\nTHE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mulock. With\\n24 illustrations.\\nThe author styles it A Parable for Old and Young. It is in her\\nhappiest vein and delightfully interesting, especially to youthful\\nreaders.\\nMARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n45 illustrations.\\nThe story of Mary Stuart holds a prominent place in the present\\nseries of historical narrations. It has had many tellings, for the\\nmelancholy story of the unfortunate queen has always held a high\\nplace in the estimation of successive generations of readers. Her\\nstory is full of romance and pathos, and the reader is carried along\\nby conflicting emotions of wonder and sympathy.\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn strong contrast to the story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is that\\nof Elizabeth, Queen of England. They were cousins, yet im-\\nplacable foes. Elizabeth s reign was in many ways a glorious one,\\nand her successes gained her the applause of the world. The\\nstirring tales of Drake, Hawkins and other famous mariners of\\nher lime have been incorporated into the story of Elizabeth s life\\nand reign.\\nKING CHARLES THE FIRST, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 41 illustrations.\\nThe well-known figures in the stormy reign of Charles T. are\\nbrought forward in this narrative of his life and times. It is his-\\ntory told in the most fascinating manner, and embraces the early", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nII\\nIn^Lp th f ec urt f Jarasl.; druggies between Charles\\nand the Parliament; the Civil war; the trial and execution of the\\nreader narratlve ls impartial and holds the attention of the\\nKIN ?u? HARLES THE SE COND, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 38 illustrations. J\\n_ Beginning with his infancy, the life of the Merry Monarch\\nis related in the author s inimitable style. His reign was signal-\\nized by many disastrous events, besides those that related to his\\npersonal troubles and embarrassments. There were unfortunate\\nwars; naval defeats; dangerous and disgraceful plots and con-\\nspiracies. Trobule sat very lightly on the shoulders of Charles II\\nof ircourt IndVogr e S de\\nTHE SLEEPY KING. By Aubrey Hopwood and Seymour\\nHicks. ,\u00c2\u00a5ith 77 illustrations by Maud Trelawney\\nmett Ch X in u ly t01 Fa!ry Tale fu of deIl g ht and en ^rt\u00c2\u00abn-\\ntaUfSSSS. ongmal and strikmg adding y\\nMARIA ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. By John S C\\nAbbott. With 42 illustrations. 7 J\\nth7\u00c2\u00a3L traged y u Mar a Antoinette is \u00c2\u00b0ne of the most mournful in\\ndL 3 T 6 T ld H \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abtv dazzled whole king\\ntT V Z Lanlart ne Her ofty and unbending sp i rit und r\\nffff \u00c2\u00bbdigmt.es and atrocities, enlists and horns the sympa-\\nthies of the readers of to-day, as it has done in the past.\\nMADAME ROLAND, A Heroine of the French Revolution.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe French Revolution developed few, if any characters more\\nworthy of notice than that of Madame Roland. 7 ThTab se o\\nLnVT b inspir d her with an insatiate\\nknowledge, and books became her constant companions in every\\nunoccupied hour She fell a martyr to the tyrants of the French\\nnlvTrS her a Career ful \u00c2\u00b0f instruction that\\nnever fails to impress itself upon the reader.\\nJOSEPHINE, Empress of France. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n40 illustrations.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "12 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nMaria Antoinette beheld the dawn of the French Revolution\\nMadame Roland perished under the lurid glare of its high noon\\nJosephine saw it fade into darkness. She has been called the\\nStar of Napoleon and it is certain that she added luster to\\nhis brilliance, and that her persuasive influence was often exerted\\nto win a friend or disarm an adversary. The lives of the Empress\\nJosephine, of Maria Antoinette, and of Madame Roland are\\nespecially commended to young lady readers.\\nTALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By Charles and Mary\\nLamb. With 80 illustrations.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for yoiin^ people, but\\na clear and definite outline of each play is presented. Such episodes\\nor incidental sketches of character as are not absolutely necessary\\nto the development of the tales are omitted, while the many moral\\nlessons that lie in Shakespeare s plays and make them valuable in\\nthe training of the young are retained. The b ^ok is winning, help-\\nful and an effectual guide to the inner shrine of the great\\ndramatist.\\nMAKERS OF AMERICA. By Hart well James. With 75\\nillustrations.\\nThis volume contains attractive and suggestive sketches of the\\nlives and deeds of men who illustrated some special phase in the\\npolitical, religious or social life of our country, from its settlement\\nto the close of the eighteenth century. It affords an opportunity\\nfor young readers to become easily familiar with these characters\\nand their historical relations to the building of our Republic. An\\naccount of the discovery of America prefaces the work.\\nA WONDER BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the genius of Hawthoroe has shaped anew\\nwonder tales that have been hallowed by an antiquity of two or\\nthree thousand years. Seeming never to have been made they\\nare legitimate subjects for every age to clothe with its own fancy\\nas to manners and sentiment, and its own views of morality. The\\nvolume has a charm fo old and young alike, for the author has\\nnot thought it necessary to write downward in order to meet\\nthe comprehension of children.", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3984", "width": "2858", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "oq*\\no\\n\u00c2\u00ab5\\n-.V\\n,0 o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2%^Trr\u00c2\u00bb\\nv", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "w\\n*o N\\n1 ^oltf?|k 6\\nV\\ny o\\nv^\\nV\\nA*\\nJ?\\n,-o v\\n*1", "height": "4000", "width": "2939", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4171", "width": "3184", "jp2-path": "historyofromulus05abbo_0296.jp2"}}