{"1": {"fulltext": "14*?\\nS55\\n|i::\\n^W.\\nJ\\n!w,.-;;i;;ni-", "height": "3594", "width": "2280", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "s A\\nX\\n-u\\n-Pa V*\\nX*", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^v\\nV\\n.1^ Vl\\n.N^\\n,^W^\\naN\\nV\\nA^,^\\n;f6ss^:\u00c2\u00a3s;,v\\n-Kp ,^0^\\nX\\ncy\\n-r;;\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-v\\n.0 o.\\n*^B_^^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*\\\\.^ci^ ^-e\\n.0 o^\\n.A^\\nV ,r\\n,-i^ ^g0m::\\nW^ V\\nV\\nOQ^", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "Digitized by the Internet Archive\\nin 2010 with funding from\\nThe Library of Congress\\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/historyofpennsylOOshim", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3360", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3436", "width": "2204", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A HISTORY OF\\nPENNSYLVANIA\\nBY\\nL. S. SHIMMELL, PH.D.\\nTeacher of United States History and Civil Government, High School^\\nHarrisburg, Pa. Author of The Pennsylvania Citizen\\nR. L. MYERS COMPANY\\n1900", "height": "3436", "width": "2204", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "48104\\nSEP 17 1900\\ns^C4^\u00c2\u00abD coir\\nSEP 20 I90U\\n80128\\nCopyright, 1900\\nBy R. L. MYERS CO,\\nSet up and electrotyped\\nJanuai-Yi 1900\\nShimmell s Pa. Hist.\\nPress of the Star-Independent.\\nHarrisburg, Pa.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nWhen historical societies for study and research in\\nPennsylvania history local and general are inulti-\\nplying all over the State, no apology is needed for\\nwriting a book on the subject. Pennsylvania has a\\nhistory of more than two centuries. It consists, like\\nthat of the other States which separated from Great\\nBritiain to form the American Union, of a Colonial, a\\nRevolutionary, and a Constitutional period. It has\\nalways been a part of another history: first of Eng-\\nland, and then of the United States. This is true,\\nnot alone in a nominal, but in a real sense. United\\nStates history, whether its political, social, or indus-\\ntrial side, is of a composite nature. Every State\\nhelps to make it. The contribution of the thirteen\\noriginal States is the greatest, because they have a\\nColonial and a Revolutionary history. In Pennsyl-\\nvania these periods are especially interesting and im-\\nportant, though they have been sadly neglected.\\nBut independent of the relation to United States\\nhistory, State history has a claim on us for study and\\ninvestigation. Pennsylvania ranks second among the\\nStates in wealth and population, and has the proud\\ndistinction of being the Keystone of the Union. If\\nwe would maintain this preeminence we must not be\\nindifferent to our historj^ else neither we nor our de-\\nscendants will attain to greater heights. Anything\\nthat is worthy of a future has a past that ought to be\\n(iii)", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "iv Preface\\nstudied. Then, too, a patriotic duty and a pardonable\\npride should move us to study the history of the\\nState in which we live. It is the history of our fore-\\nfathers, and we might as well neglect their graves as\\ntheir deeds.\\nThere is also a pedagogical reason for the study of\\nState history. American history, in all its phases, is\\nreceiving increased attention in colleges and univer-\\nsities. The Association of Colleges and Preparatory\\nSchools has advocated the adoption of better methods\\nfor teaching the subject. The Committee of Ten of\\nthe National Educational Association recommended its\\nintroduction in two places in the public school course\\nin the grammar and the high school. But to ac-\\ncomplish all this with the greatest possible degree of\\nsuccess, there must be a deep and abiding interest\\naroused in American history. Such an interest can\\nbe created by the teaching of State history. Its per-\\nsons, places and events are near in point of place,\\nand have a great fascination for the mind. To stand\\nby an historic grave, to set foot upon historic ground,\\nand to receive history from the lips or the pen of one\\nwho helped to make it, are powerful adjuncts to\\nteachers and books.\\nAs to its plan and contents, the book may speak\\nfor itself. However, the author desires to call atten-\\ntion to the chapter of biographical sketches. With\\nfew exceptions the biography of every person named\\nin the book can be found in that chapter. The chro-\\nnological arrangement of the Governors biographies\\nand the alphabetical arrangement of all others make\\nit easy to find them. Whenever the name of a person\\nis met for the first time, his biography should be read.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Preface v\\nIn writing A Pennsylvania History, the author\\nperformed the part of a pioneer. In the plan and\\nscope of this work, there was no book to imitate and\\nnone to modify; consequently much original research\\nin official reports and documents was necessary, and\\nconstant visits to the best libraries in the State had\\nto be made. This explanation is made to soften criti-\\ncism and make it charitable. However, the author\\nwill be greatly obliged for the communication of any\\nerror, and for suggestions by which he can improve\\nthe book.\\nL. S. S.\\nHARRiSBURa, Pa., January 2, 1900.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER PA0K\\nI. The Indians of Pennsylvania 1\\n1. Their Geographical Distribution 1\\n2. Their Native Character 8\\n3. Their Mode of Life 11\\nII. The Settlement of Pennsylvania 14\\n1. The Dutch 14\\n2. The Swedes 17\\n3. The English 21\\n4. The Germans 39\\n5. The Welsh 52\\n6. The Scotch-Irish 53\\n7. The French Huguenots 57\\nIII. The Growth of Population and the Adjustment\\nOF Boundaries 59\\nIV. The Form of Government 96\\nV. The Administration of the Government 112\\n1. The Colonial Period 112\\n2. The Revolutionary Period 139\\n3. The Constitutional Period 184\\nVI. The Industrial History 250\\nVII. Education in Pennsylvania 277\\nVIII. Biographical Sketches 289\\n1. The Governors of Pennsylvania 289\\n2. Other Historical Persons 303\\nAppendix 339\\nPrincipal Officers of the United States Government\\nfrom Pennsylvania, 1783 to 1900 339\\nIndex 341\\n(vii)", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "A History of Pennsylvania\\nCHAPTER I\\nTHE INDIANS OF PENNSYLVANIA\\nTHEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION\\nThe Indians who occupied the territory of Pennsyl-\\nvania at the time of its settlement belonged Two Great\\nto two great families the Algonquins and Famines\\nthe Iroquois. These occupied a part of North America\\nwhich was triangular in form, the base extending\\nfrom Cape Fear to the coast of Labrador, and the\\nsides terminating in Lake Superior. The Iroquois,\\nor Five Nations, were in the center of this triangle,\\nin the lake region of New York, from Albany to\\nNiagara Falls. Surrounding these dwelt the numer-\\nous nations and tribes of the Algonquins. It was in\\nthe language of the Algonquins that Raleigh s colo-\\nnists were greeted at Roanoke, the Pilgrims at Ply-\\nmouth, and the Quakers at Shackamaxon.\\nBoth these groups had traditions of a western ori-\\ngin. Of the Algonquins, the Lenni-Leuape,\\nor the Delawares, as they were called by\\nthe English, were the most important. Their Indian\\nname signifies the original people; and nearly forty\\ntribes acknowledged them as great grandfathers. A\\nlegend was current among the Lenni-Lenape that in", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "2 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe dim past they and the Iroquois were one people,\\nliving beyond the Mississippi. After a time they mi-\\ngrated eastward and came to the Mississippi, where\\ntheir passage across was disputed by a nation of fierce\\nwarriors on the eastern bank. The Lenni-Lenape tried\\nto pass over in the face of the enemy on the other\\nside. The Iroquois crossed higher up the stream, out-\\nflanked the enemy, and so enabled their friends to get\\nover. The fierce nation on the east bank were the\\nAllegewi, who were driven back until they reached\\nthe mountains. Thence they made their way south-\\nward, never to return, leaving no trace except the\\nnames Allegheny and Yougliioglieny The Lenni-\\nLenape crossed the mountains and reached the ocean\\nwhile the Iroquois went up the Allegheny and thence\\ninto central New York. But this is only a legend.\\nIt bears some resemblance to the crossing of the Jor-\\ndan by the Israelites, the story of which the Delawares\\nhad heard from the missionaries. Still, it accounts\\nfor the geographical distribution of the Algonquins\\nand the Iroquois over the triangular part of North\\nAmerica known to have been occupied by them at\\nthe time of its exploration and settlement.\\nWhen Penn arrived on the banks of the Delaware,\\nThe Delawares hc met thcrc thc Lcuni Lenape tribe\\nand subtribes ^^g subtribcs. They had made the\\nDelaware river the center of their possessions.\\nThey consisted of three tribes; viz., the Turtle,\\nthe Turkey, and the Wolf. The first two lived\\nalong the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac,\\nbetween the sea and the Blue mountains. The third,\\nwhom the English called Monseys, occupied the moun-\\ntainous country between the Blue mountains and", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "The Indians of Pennsylvania 3\\nthe sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers\\nand they kindled their great council fires at the Mini-\\nsink Flats. These three tribes were divided into nu-\\nmerous sub tribes, named, according to Indian custom,\\nafter the rivers, creeks, or other noted places at which\\nthey lived.\\nAccording to the tradition of Penn s treaty, he met\\nanother tribe the Susquehannocks, or The\\nAudastes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 under the elm tree at Shacka susquehannocks\\nmaxon. While the Delawares inhabited New Jersey\\nPenn s Treaty at Shackamaxon. (See page 26.)\\nand eastern Pennsylvania, the Susquehannocks occu-\\npied the country on the Susquehanna and Allegheny\\nrivers. The Iroquois, having been supplied with fire-\\narms by the Dutch in New York, made war upon\\nthe upper Susquehannocks, and almost exterminated\\nthem. Driven down the Susquehanna valley, the few", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "4 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthat survived were allowed to establish themselves\\nalong the Conestoga creek, and were afterwards known\\nas Conestogas. It was this remnant of Susquehan-\\nnocks with whom Penn treated, jointly with the Dela-\\nwares, under the Shackamaxon Elm.\\nThe hunting grounds made vacant by the extermi-\\nnation of the Susquehannocks were given\\nThe Nanticokes\\nto various tribes by the Iroquois. The\\nupper parts of the Susquehanna valley were allotted to\\nthe Nanticokes, a tribe from the eastern shore of Mary-\\nland, claiming relationship to the Lenni-Lenape. Some\\nof this tribe settled on the lower Susquehanna, not far\\nfrom where John Harris afterwards established a ferry,\\nat the present site of Harrisburg. The Nanticokes\\nhad the singular custom of disinterring the bones of\\ntheir ancestors and carrying them to their new abode.\\nThey used to go from Wj oming and Shenango to the\\neastern shore of Maryland to get the bones of their\\ndead.\\nAfter disposing of the Susquehannocks, the\\nThe Deiawares Ii oquois made war on the Delawares.\\nas Women Accordiug to the account of the latter,\\nthe Iroquois would have been exterminated had it\\nnot been for the peaceful disposition of the Dela-\\nwares. Among the Indians, the women are the peace-\\nmakers the men, though never so weary of the\\ncontest, hold it cowardly to offer the olive branch.\\nThe Iroquois, fearing total extinction, proposed that\\nthe Delawares should assume the character of the\\nwoman among the Indians. One nation, said they,\\nshall be the woman,^^ who was not to go to war,\\nbut keep the peace with all, and the men were to hear\\nand obev the woman. The Delawares were thence-", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "The Indians of Pennsylvania 5\\nforth to dress in woman s long costume, to carry a\\ncalabash filled with oil and medicines, and to engage\\nin the cultivation of Indian corn.\\nThe Iroquois, though agreeing in the details of this\\naccount, denied that the Delawares chose to play the\\nwoman. They claimed to have conquered the Dela-\\nwares and forced them to adopt the defenseless state\\nand name of woman. Whichever account is true, the\\nfact remains that the Delaware nation was ever after-\\nwards looked to for the preservation of the peace.\\nIt was entrusted with the great belt of peace and the\\nchain of friendship, the middle of which was said to\\nrest on the shoulders of the Delawares, the other\\nIndian nations holding one end and the Europeans\\nthe other.\\nThe Iroquois, whether by strategy or by force it\\nmatters not, were now in a position to iroquois Rule\\nassume the rights of protection and com- Delawares\\nmand over the Delawares, who, though permitted to\\nstay in their old homes, were but\\nlittle better than serfs. Their con-\\nquerors wandered over their lands\\nat pleasure. The Senecas and Cayu-\\ngas frequently came into the valleys\\nof the Susquehanna, roaming about\\nat will and using the waters and for-\\nests for fishing and hunting. Resi-\\ndent deputy- governors were appointed\\nby the grand council of the Iroquois.\\nShikellimy, the noted chief residing\\nat Shamokin in the first half of the\\nlast century, was one of the vice-\\nkings. Shikellimy.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Iroquois were always considered by the Dela-\\nThe wares as only one nation. The name of Five\\nFive Nations ]i[aUons (and later Six Nations) was given\\nthem by their English ally, to magnify their impor-\\ntance. Their own name Aquonoscliioni signifies one\\nhouse, one family, which consisted originally of the\\nMohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas.\\nThe alliance of the five tribes was proposed by the\\nMohawks hence they rank as the eldest brother in\\nthe family.\\nThe Tuscaroras, the sixth and last tribe in the\\nThe league, joined it about one hundred years\\nTuscaroras ^f^^^. ^^-g formation. In 1713, they were\\ndriven out of the upper country of the Neuse and Tar\\nrivers, in North Carolina, by the whites. They so-\\njourned in the Juniata valley for some ten years, and\\ngave their name to a chain of mountains in that sec-\\ntion of the State. In fact, some of them had a village", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "The Indians of Pennsylvania 7\\nin the vailey, which bore their name until after the\\npurchase of 1758. On the supposition that they were\\noriginally of the same stock with the Five Nations,\\nthe Tuscaroras were adopted into the Iroquois Con-\\nfederacy, which was afterwards known as the Six\\nNations.\\nThere was still another nation of Iroquois in Penn-\\nsylvania but they were not connected with\\nthe Five Nations of New York. They were\\nthe Fries, known also as the Cat Nation, by reason\\nof their cats, a sort of small wolf, from whose skin\\nrobes ornamented with tails were made. These Indians\\noccupied the western shore of Lake Erie, from Buffalo\\nto Toledo. Captain John Smith fell in with a party\\nof them at the head of the Chesapeake bay, whither\\nthey had come to make war on the Susquehannocks.\\nThey had come down by way of the Potomac, and\\nfilled seven canoes, whose construction gave evidence\\nof experience on some large body of water. The Fries\\nwere overthrown by the Iroquois about the year 1655.\\nAfter that time there is no mention of their existence.\\nA tribe of Indians prominent in the history of\\nPennsylvania was the Shawanese. They\\n1 A o The Shawanese\\nwere the Bedouins of North America, tor\\nas wanderers they were without rivals among their\\nrace. They were Algon quins but their original home\\nis not known to a certainty. They have been traced\\nto the valley of the Cumberland river. Thence, their\\nprincipal band moved to the Atlantic slope, in South\\nCarolina. About the year 1698, some three or four\\nscore families, by leave of the Susquehannocks, planted\\nthemselves on the Conestoga. A few, at the request\\nof the Monseys, were allowed to settle about the forks", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "8 A History of Pennsylvania\\nof the Delaware. Other straggling parties joined their\\nbrethren, until, finally, they were a numerous and\\npowerful tribe in the province. Some historians assign\\nan earlier date for th^ migration of the Shawanese, and\\nclaim that they, too, were present when the celebrated\\ntreaty was made at Shackamaxon. It is said that at\\na conference held with one of Penn s successors, this\\nnation produced the treaty on parchment.\\nTHEIB NATIVE CHABACTEB\\nIn delineating the character of the Indians of Penn-\\nThe sylvan ia, happily for them, we can go back\\nGood Side ^Q ^jjjjg when it had not yet become greatly\\nchanged hj association with the Europeans. Hecke-\\nwelder, the great Moravian apostle to the Indians, gives\\nus an example of how we should judge the red man:\\nOften I have listened to these descriptions of their hard\\nsufferings, until I felt ashamed of being a white man.\\nThe Indian known to the missionaries of Pennsyl-\\nvania was a religious being. An old Delaware once\\nsaid that it had ever been the custom of his fathers\\nto climb upon a high mountain to thank the Great\\nManitou (spirit) for all his benefits, and to ask for\\na continuance of the same, feeling sure that their\\nprayers were heard by him. They were very hospi-\\ntable, and expected hospitality in return. Some trav-\\neling Delawares once put their horses in a meadow\\nof fine grass without permission, and, when taken to\\naccount replied, Can you make the grass grow? The\\nGreat Manitou makes it grow, both for your horses\\nand for ours. Civility was a marked trait in their", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "The Indians of Pennsylvania 9\\ncharacter. A good morning, father, grandfather,\\nuncle, and so on, down to a small grandchild, was\\nthe common form of address. Even the children\\nsaluted one another affectionately and respectfully.\\nQuarrels were avoided. Fighting, they said, is only\\nfor dogs and other beasts. It was a rare thing to\\nhear of murders among them in the days before the\\nsettlement of Pennsylvania. This we know from\\nthe testimony of reliable and well-informed Indians\\nwho helped to build the first houses in Philadelphia.\\nThe sense of wit was rare among them, yet there were\\noccasional instances of it. The Delawares compared\\nthe European nations in America to a pair of scissors,\\nwhich cut what comes between them. The Europeans\\ndo not want to destroy themselves in their wars, but\\nus poor Indians that are between them. In their\\naboriginal state, they were not vain but they pos-\\nsessed a high-minded pride that was truly heroic at\\ntimes. A white prisoner taken at Fort Mcintosh, now\\nBeaver, and carried into Ohio, was condemned to die\\nat the stake. Two English traders, acquainted with\\nthe Indian s personal pride, said to the chief\\nAmong all the chiefs there is none to equal you in\\ngreatness. Do you really believe what you say?\\nasked the chief, in childish simplicity. Indeed we\\ndo. Then the chief rushed through the crowd, cut the\\ncords around the prisoner, and set him free. Before the\\nastonishment was over, the prisoner was out of sight.\\nThe Indian, like every other savage race, had a\\ndark side to his character. His name be- The\\ncame a synonj^m for revenge and cruelty.\\nBut are we in a position to cast the first stone?\\nOur estimate of his character was prepared by the", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "10 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwhite man. If lions had painters, illustrates the\\nIndian s position in history. Few men outside of\\nthe missionaries told his side of a long, cruel story.\\nColumbus, the first white man to know the red men,\\npays them the high compliment that they love their\\nneighbors as themselves. The original Indians were\\nnot beasts of prey; they became such by exasperation.\\nAnother instance of the deterioration of Indian\\ncharacter is his drunkenness. When Henry Hudson\\nand his sailors first offered the cup to the Mohicans\\non Manhattan, it was passed around the circle as if\\nthey had been taught the lesson touch not, taste\\nnot, handle not. But one was tempted, and he be-\\ncame the Adam of a long line of Indian drunkards.\\nThe thoughtful Indians of a century or two ago well\\nknew whom to blame for their drunkenness. A mis-\\nsionary once asked an Indian at Pittsburg who he\\nwas. He answered: My name is Black Fish; when\\nat home with my people, I am a clever fellow, but\\nwhen here I am a hog. William Penn, in his letter\\nto the Free Society of Traders, in London, saj^s: Since\\nthe Europeans came into these parts, the Indians are\\ngrown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially,\\nand for it exchange the richest of their skins and\\nfurs. Surprise was often expressed by these simple\\nchildren of the forest that a people who believe in a\\nreligion of the Great Spirit, who claim to have his\\nown word in their houses, could think of making a\\nliquor to bewitch and to destroy one another. When\\nthe English traders, soon after Penn s death, had gone\\namong them in the valleys of the Juniata and the Sus-\\nquehanna, they had constant complaints to make about\\nthe sale of rum to their people.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "The Indimis of Pennsylvania 11\\nTHEIR MODE OF LIFE\\nThe Indians had no code of laws, except a few\\nunwritten rules of justice and courtesy,\\nFew La vs\\nwhich were enforced by the chiefs and their\\ncounsellors. The wampum, or Indian money, neces-\\nsary to carry an order of the chief into effect, was\\nfreely given. Important transactions were ratified\\nby strings and belts of wampum. Black wampum\\nsignified war white, peace, friendship, good- will.\\nThe pipe of peace, which was made of black or red\\nstone, had to be whitened before it was used for\\nsuch a purpose. To keep treaties fresh in the memory,\\nthe chiefs met occasionally at some chosen spot in\\nthe forest and rehearsed them. Thus, between the\\nyears 1770 and 1780, the Delawares could relate very\\nminutely what had passed between William Penn and\\ntheir forefathers. On such occasions, the Indians sat\\naround a chest, took out one string or belt after\\nanother, handed it to every person present, and re-\\npeated the words spoken at its delivery.\\nThe Indians had no schools. The parents taught\\nthe children. The first lessons were about\\nNo Schools\\nthe Great Spirit and about the duties to\\nparents and elders. Reading and writing were un-\\nknown arts to them. The Iroquois and Delawares\\nunderstood a little counting. The position of the sun\\nserved to show the time of day; and the stages of\\nthe corn, the season of the year. The marriage tie\\nwas weak, and polygamy was permitted. The children\\nfollowed the mother in case of separation. The name,\\nas a rule, was given by the father, who generally\\nselected that of some animal. Other names were fre-", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "12\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nquently added. Thus, one who wore torn or patched\\nshoes was called Bad Shoes; one who had large eyes,\\nGreat Eye. To the white men the Indians gave sug-\\ngestive names of their own. When the Delawares had\\nlearned the meaning of Penn s name, they at once\\ncalled him Miquon, feather or quill. The Iroquois\\ncalled him Onas, for the same reason. Ingenious com-\\npounds were invented. Thus, the name for Philadel-\\nphia was Queqiienaliti the grove of the long pine\\ntrees.\\nHunting was considered the most honorable occu-\\npation. The Delawares early trained their\\nboys to run so fast as to overtake a deer,\\nand to shoot small fishes with their bows and arrows.\\nOccupations\\nNeshaminy Creek, Bucks county.\\nThe oyster, the land -tortoise and the locust were also\\nin demand for food. Vegetables of various kinds were\\nraised; but maize, aside from meat and fish, was the", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "The Indians of Pennsylvania 13\\nchief food. They planted it after the hazelnut was in\\nbloom, as a precaution against frost. The shoulder-\\nblade of a deer or a tortoise shell was used to hoe\\na work that fell to the women.\\nDancing and singing were the Indian s amusement,\\nthough he indulged in them for other pur-\\nAmusements\\nposes. This grotesque performance ended\\nin a disagreeable yell, which resembled the mewing\\nof the cat -bird at the close of its pretty song. The\\nwar dance was to terrify, not to please. It was per-\\nformed around a painted post, and the dancers went\\nthrough all the motions and actions of the battle.\\nAfter a victory, a dance of thanksgiving was in order.\\nIt was religious in its nature.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nStone s Life and Times of Bed-Jacket, Ch. i Heckewelder s\\nIndian Nations; Parkman s Conspiracy of Poniiac, Ch.i; School-\\ncraft s Notes on the Iroquois, Chs. iii and iv Doddridge s Notes,\\npassim; Loskiel s Indian Mission, Part I.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11\\nTHE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA\\nTHE DUTCH\\nPenn^s settlers were not the first Europeans to dwell\\non the banks of the Delaware. Henry\\nHudson, the English explorer, after^ two\\nfailures under his native flag to discover a short pas-\\nsage to Asia, got the consent of Holland to try the\\nsame experiment under the Dutch flag. In 1609,\\nthis daring adventurer, with some Netherlanders -and\\nEnglishmen, set sail in the Half Moon for China by\\nway of the northeast. Fogs and ice, and the recollec-\\ntion of what Frobisher, Drake, Raleigh and other Eng-\\nlishmen had done in America, made him change^ his\\ncourse. After stopping at various points along ^the\\nAtlantic coast, he touched the mouth of a great bay,\\nwhich was afterwards named Delaware bay, in honor\\nof Lord Delaware, who entered it the next year.\\nHudson spent one day on its waters, and then sailed\\nnorth, discovering the river which bears his name.\\nOn this brief visit to Delaware bay the Dutch based\\ntheir claim to the country of the Zuydt (south) bay\\nand river. After Hudson had reported his discoveries\\nto Holland, five vessels were sent from Amsterdam\\nto America in 1614. Four of them made explorations\\naround Manhattan and to the eastward. The other,\\nunder command of Cornelis Jacobson Mey, went south\\n(14)", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 15\\nand reached Delaware bay, where the Captain left\\nhis name on the southern cape of New Jersey.\\nThe vessels all returned to Holland except the Un-\\nrest, Captain Cornelis Hendrickson, which captain\\nhad been built on the Hudson to take the Hendrickson\\nplace of one that had been burned. The Unrest was\\naccordingly the first vessel constructed in this country\\nby Europeans. With it Captain Hendrickson, in 1616,\\nexplored the Delaware more minutely, ascending it as\\nfar north as the mouth of the Schuylkill, which river\\nhe discovered. By a singular coincidence, he met three\\nNetherlanders near the site of Philadelphia they had\\ncome there from Fort Nassau (Albany) by way of the\\nMohawk and the Delaware. On his arrival home he\\ngave a glowing account of the land of the Delaware,\\ndescribing it as a vast forest, abounding in bucks and\\ndoes, turkeys and partridges the climate temperate,\\nand the trees mantled by the vine.\\nThe application of the Puritans to settle in America\\nunder the protection of Holland, and the First settlement\\nintimation that the English were disposed Delaware\\nto colonize the lands claimed by the Dutch, led, finally,\\nto the chartering of the Dutch West India Company,\\n1621. This corporation at once turned its attention\\nto its two objects traffic and colonization. Its posses-\\nsions extended from the Delaware to the Hudson, and\\nwere named The New Netherlands. In the spring of\\n1623, Captain Mey sailed for the Delaware bay with\\na number of colonists. Passing the cape bearing his\\nname, he ascended the river for a distance of fifty miles,\\nand on the eastern shore erected Fort Nassau, near\\nthe present site of Gloucester. This was the first\\nEuropean settlement on the banks of the Delaware.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "16 A History of Pennsylvania\\nOn the west side of the river, an association of\\npatroons resident in Amsterdam, in 1630\\nSwaanendael\\nbought an estate from the Indians. A settle-\\nment of some thirty people, the first in Delaware, and\\nolder than any in Pennsylvania, was made the next\\nyear on Lewes creek. It was named Swaanendael, but\\nits settlers, on account of a petty quarrel between the\\ncommander of the fort and the Indians about a piece\\nof tin, were all murdered by the savages. Not even\\nthe faithful watchdog escaped. However, the ruins\\nof Swaanendael and the bones of its Dutch inhabitants\\ngave Delaware a separate existence. The English rec-\\nognized occupancy as a title to the wilderness. Lord\\nBaltimore s grant, which he received the year follow-\\ning the destruction of Swaanendael, extended over\\nDelaware. Had it not been occupied before by the\\nDutch, the State would likely have been included in\\nMaryland.\\nThere is some evidence, too, of a very early Dutch\\nA Dutch settlement on the soil of Pennsylvania.\\nSettlement in Tradition has it that a company of miners\\nPennsylvania Hollaud made their way from Esopus\\n(now Kingston), on the Hudson, to the Delaware below\\nMilford, and settled within the present limits of Mon-\\nroe and Pike counties, principally on the site of\\nShawnee. There are accounts of mine -holes near\\nthe Blue mountains, and of a mine-road a hundred\\nmiles long. On this road, it is said, the Hollanders\\nof the Minisink Flats took their wheat and cider\\nto Esopus on the Hudson as late as 1730, without\\nknowing anything about Philadelphia. Large orchards\\nof apple trees far beyond the size of any near Phila-\\ndelphia were reported to have been seen by some", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n17\\npublic surveyors about fifty years after the settlement\\nof the state.\\nTHE SWEDES\\nBefore the Dutch could recover the soil of Delaware\\nfrom the Indians, a European competitor Gustavus\\nappeared. As early as 1624, application Adoiphus and\\nwas made to Gustavus Adoiphus, King of o^\u00c2\u00ab \u00c2\u00abti\u00c2\u00ab-\\nSweden, by a dissatisfied member of the Dutch West\\nIndia Company, for a Swedish West\\nIndia Company. The charter was\\ngranted in 1626. It was a paper\\nthat breathed much love for hu-\\nmanity. All oppressed Christendom\\nwas to have an asylum in the New\\nWorld. The colony was to be the\\nj\u00c2\u00abwel of the kingdom. But alas\\nthe battle of Lutzen put an end to all\\nof this good King s dreams. Fortu-\\nnately, Oxenstiern, his Premier, be-\\ncame the executor of the plans of the dead master.\\nThrough this wise and good statesman the first per-\\nmanent settlement was made on the Delaware.\\nPeter Minuit, a German of Wesel, the first gov-\\nernor of New Netherlands, was obliged to The Dutch\\nresign in 1633, on account of factional Purchase\\nstrife. He then offered his services to the Swedes, and\\ntook out the first colony. He arrived in 1638, and\\nlanded his little company of Swedes and Finns near\\nLewes, Delaware. A fort was erected near the mouth\\nof the creek, and both fort and creek were named\\nChristina, in honor of the little girl who had succeeded\\nGustavus Adoiphus.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "18 A History of Pennsylvania\\nher father to the throne. All the lauds from Cape\\nHenlopen to the Falls of Trenton were purchased\\nfrom the Indians, and stakes and marks put up.\\nThe Dutch protested, but without effect. The en-\\nthusiastic Scandinavians extended their plantations\\nand their trade with the Indians, and exported thou-\\nsands of skins the first year.\\nSeeing their protests defied, the Dutch stationed\\nThe Dutch some twenty men at Fort Nassau, which\\nSettlers rn had bccu abaudoucd with the destruction\\nPennsylvania Swaaueudael. So whcu Printz, the\\nthird governor of New Sweden, arrived, in 1643, he\\nselected the island of Tinicum, now Tinicum town-\\nship, Delaware county, a few miles below Phila-\\ndelphia, for a place of residence and defense, and\\ncalled it New Gottenberg. A strong fort was built\\nas a protection against attacks from Fort Nassau.\\nThe governor also erected a handsome mansion\\nwith bricks from Sweden. This, it is said, stood for\\nmore than one hundred and fifty years, when\\nits history was ended by a fire. New Gottenberg\\nwas the first European settlement in Pennsylvania\\nof which there is positive knowledge. The few English\\nfamilies, Londoners, who had found the soil of Con-\\nnecticut too stubborn for their easy habits, and had\\nsettled on the Schuylkill, either left or submitted to\\nSwedish jurisdiction.\\nIt now became evident to the Dutch on the\\nThe Swedes Hudsou that the Swedes on the Delaware\\nSurrender wcrs bccomlng daugcrous rivals. Fort\\nNassau, being too far up and out of the way, was\\nbroken up. and Fort Casimir erected in 1651, near\\nthe present town of New Castle, and about five", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n19\\nSwedish houses in Philadelphia.\\nmiles from Fort Christina. It was agreed to be neigh-\\nborly, but that was impossible. The Swedes soon\\ntook the offensive, gained entrance to Fort Casimir\\nunder pretense of friendship, and overpowered the\\ngarrison. This was a\\nfatal step. Stuyvesant,\\nthe governor of New\\nNetherlands, was ordered\\nto avenge the wrong\\nand to drive the Swedes\\nfrom the Delaware or\\ncompel their submis\\nsion. In 1665, he com-\\npelled both Fort Casimir\\nand Fort Christina\\nto surrender to him.\\nThen ended the Swedish power on the Delaware. The\\nwhole territory, from Cape Henlopen to the Falls of\\nTrenton, passed under the rule of the Dutch, which\\nremained undisputed, except by Lord Baltimore, until\\n1664, when all of New Netherlands was taken by the\\nDuke of York, to whom the King of England had\\ngranted it.\\nThe Dutch were grouped around New Castle and\\nLeweston while the Swedes and Finns Location\\ndwelt at Christina creek, at Upland, and of Dutch and\\nabout the present site of Philadelphia. swedes\\nWith the exception of the brief reversion to the\\nDutch 1673 to 1674 these settlements remained in\\npossession of the Duke of York until he granted them\\nto William Penn, when those now in Delaware be-\\ncame known as the three lower counties, or the\\nterritories of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "20 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Swedes left some interesting footprints in the\\nSwedish history of the State. Though they were\\nFootprints blended with other nationalities, yet the\\nmodicum of their blood now in the veins of Pennsyl-\\nvanians is worth examining. It is true that among\\nthe first arrivals there were many bandits. Criminals\\nwere sent over in such numbers that during Printz s\\nadministration the abuse was forbidden, lest Almighty\\nGod should let his vengeance fall on the ships and\\ngoods and the virtuous people that were on board.\\nHowever, the Swedes who settled in Pennsylvania, are\\nnot remembered by the unworthy ones these left no\\nimpress on its history. The virtuous and industrious\\nSwedes are proudly remembered in Bucks, Montgomery,\\nDelaware and Philadelphia counties, as the first white\\nThe Church at Wicaco.\\nmen to woo the virgin soil. They were a religious\\npeople. Their first church was built on Tinicum island,\\nand was dedicated in 1646. There, too, the first\\nmarriage between Europeans in Pennsylvania is sup-\\nposed to have been solemnized that of Governor", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 21\\nPrintz s daughter, in 1644. In Philadelphia, the Gloria\\nDei, or Swedes^ Church, stands as a monument to the\\nhistoric church at Wicaco, which was built for the\\nuse of the inhabitants of Passyunk and beyond, about\\nthe year 1669, not far from the site of the navy yard.\\nIt had loopholes, that it might be used as a place of\\nsafety against the Indians or other enemies.\\nAs once, for fear of Indian beating.\\nOur grandsires bore their guns to meeting,\\nEach man equipped, on Sunday morn,\\nWith psalm-book, shot and powder horn.\\nThrough the Swedes court at Upland, Delaware\\ncounty has the dictinction of furnishing the first\\ncase of conjugal disagreement in Pennsylvania (1661),\\nof having first whipped and branded a criminal\\n(1669), of having laid out the first highway (1677),\\nof having made the first appointment of a guardian,\\nand the first commitment of a lunatic (1678), and\\nof having empaneled the first jury (1678)\\nTHE ENGLISH.\\nAfter the lands on the Delaware had finally passed\\ninto the hands of the English, 1674, Governor Andros,\\nthe Duke of York s deputy in America, made\\nnumerous grants of lands in the territory soon to\\nbecome Penn s Woods. The first permanent English\\nsettlement in Pennsylvania was made at this period.\\nSome Quakers having come from England with fourteen\\nof their brethren who colonized West Jersey, settled near\\nthe Lower Falls, on land afterwards in Bucks county.\\nThey had become so well established by the time Penn", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "22 A History of Pennsylvania\\nfounded his colony that he thought of locating his\\ncapital at Pennsbury or Bristol. Some time before\\nobtaining his charter and sailing for America, he be-\\ncame assignee of one of the Quaker proprietors of\\nWest Jersey and part owner of East Jersey. Through\\nthe correspondence which he had on this account, he\\nWilliam Peuu\\nlearned that the Indian countrj^ on the west side\\nof the Delaware is most beautiful to look upon, that\\nit only wanteth a wise people to render it, like the\\nancient Canaan, the glory of the earth.\\nThree things moved Penn to plant a colony in the New\\nWorld First, he would get payment for\\nPenn s Motives\\nthe debt of 16,000 pounds due his father\\nas an officer of the British navy secondly, he would\\nfind a place for his brethren, the Quakers, or Friends,\\nwhere they would not be openly insulted in the streets,", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 23\\ndragged from their meeting-houses to loathsome jails,\\nand robbed of the last bed or cow to pay the fines\\nfor not attending the established church and thirdly,\\nhe would satisfy the desire which the glowing accounts\\nof the brethren in West Jersey had created in him.\\nThe second of these motives was by far the strongest.\\nPenn himself had been tried for preaching to an un-\\nlawful, seditious and riotous assembly. The first\\nverdict was, Guilty of speaking in Grace-church\\nstreet. This verdict was brought in repeatedly, in\\nspite of threats from the judge that he would starve\\nthe jury if they did not say Guilty, or Not Guilty.\\nFinally the verdict of Not Guilty was rendered,\\nwhereupon the judge fined each of the jurors forty\\nmarks and imprisonment till paid, because they had\\nfollowed their own judgment rather than the good\\nadvice given them by him. Penn also was fined for\\nhaving his hat on in the presence of the court. In\\nthis trial the following words were exchanged\\nLord- May or ^to^ his mouth; gaoler, bring fetters and\\nstake him to the ground.\\nWilliam Penn Do your pleasure; I matter not your fetters.\\nThe Judge Till now I never understood the reason of the\\npolicy and prudence of the Spaniards in suffering the Inquisition\\namong them and certainly it will never be well with us till\\nsomething like the Spanish Inquisition be in England.\\nFrom this trial it is seen that William Penn and\\nhis people enjoyed neither religious nor Reugious\\ncivil liberty in England. In Europe, church conditions in\\nX Europe\\nand state, as a rule, are not separate, in\\nmost countries, a certain church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 called the estab-\\nlished church, or state church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 is a part of the\\ngovernment. In the seventeenth century, when all", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "24 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbut one of the thirteen colonies were planted, there\\nwas a great democratic uprising in England, Holland,\\nGermany and France the common people, espe-\\ncially the owners of small freeholds, began to claim\\na share in the government under which they lived.\\nThis desire for greater liberty showed itself most\\nstrongly in religious matters for the established\\nchurches in those days interfered very much with\\nfreedom of conscience. As a result, numerous sects\\nreligious bodies outside of the state church sprang\\nup among the common people. As these sects had\\neverything to gain and nothing to lose, they grew\\nrapidly, and became very much hated by the govern-\\nment. When it was found that they could not be\\nsuppressed, to get rid of them they were allowed to\\nsettle in America. Of these, the one founded by\\nGeorge Fox the Quakers, or Friends was a very\\nactive one, and, on coming here, they opened wide\\nthe gates of Pennsylvania for the sects of Europe.\\nAs a universal father, Penn opened his arms to all\\nmankind, without distinction of sect or party. Here\\nare his own words concerning his purposes:\\nAnd, because I have been somewhat exercised, at times,\\nabout the nature and end of government, it is reasonable to\\nexpect, that I should endeavor to establish a just and righteous\\none, that others may take example by it truly, this my heart\\ndesires. j ^q^ therefore, desire the Lord s wisdom to\\nguide me, and those that may be concerned with me, that we do\\nthe thing that is truly wise and just.\\nWith this exalted object in view, Penn, in 1680,\\nApplication petitioned King Charles H for a grant of\\nfor a Charter jj^j-^^^j j^j Auicrica. The klug himself was\\nwilling at once, because he could thus pay the debt", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n25\\nlUM CLAVUM TENEA\\nPenn s Book-plate.\\nhe owed Penn. Some of his counsellors objected,\\nsaying, that it would be ridiculous to suppose that\\nthe interests of the British nation were to be pro-\\nmoted by sending a colony of peo-\\nple that would not fight, that would\\nhave nothing to do with gin and\\ngunpowder in dealing with the\\nIndians. Had it not been for one\\nmember of the Privy Council, Penn-\\nsylvania might not exist today.\\nThe nature of his speech, which\\nwon the day for Penn, is seen in\\nthe closing words\\nSurely, then, my lords, you will\\nagree with me that it is high time for\\nWilliam Penn and his Quakers to he\\nofiE. Yes, my lords, I repeat it; they\\nmust he off, or this excellent government of kings, priests\\nand nobles is gone forever and chaos and wild uproar is\\ncome again.\\nOn the fourth day of March, 1681, William Penn\\nwas made, by charter, proprietor and gov- ^j\\nernor of the province of Pennsylvania. His Province and\\nchoice of a name was Few Wales but the\\nking insisted on Pennsylvania. Penn next proposed\\nSylvania, on the ground that the prefix Penn would\\nappear like vanity on his part, and not as a mark of\\nrespect for his father; but no amendment was ac-\\ncepted. The extent of the province was three degrees\\nof latitude by five degrees of longitude the eastern\\nboundary being the Delaware river, the northern,\\nthe beginning of the three and fortieth degree of\\nnorthern latitude, and on the south a circle drawn at", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "26 A History of Pennsylvania\\ntwelve miles distance from New Cattle, northward and\\nwestward into the beginning of the fortieth degree of\\nnorthern latitude, and then by a straight line west-\\nward to the limits of longitude above mentioned.\\nThe three lower counties on the Delaware Kent,\\nSussex and the New Castle district were not included\\nin the charter. Penn, seeing the importance of con-\\ntrolling this vestibule to his province, secured a grant\\nfor it from the Duke of York the following year.\\nPenn s charter hangs in a frame in the State Library at\\nHarrisburg. It consists of three pieces of parchment.\\nThe writing is all underscored in red ink, and a well-\\nexecuted likeness of his majesty, the king, is at the\\ntop of the first page.\\nAfter publishing an address to the Quakers and to\\nothers, concerning his new state, Penn drew\\nFirst Settlers\\nup a form of government and a code of\\nlaws, and sent his cousin, William Markham, to take\\npossession of the country and act as deputy governor.\\nMarkham arrived in the Delaware about July 1, 1681.\\nLater in the year, three ships sailed for Pennsylvania,\\ntwo from London and one from Bristol. Several ses-\\nsions of court were held at Upland under Markham s\\nrule. The first entry was dated September 13, 1681.\\nIt ^V as a case of assault and battery, notwithstanding\\nthat it occurred in the peaceful land of Penn. The\\ndeputy governor was joined by three commissioners\\nsoon after his arrival, to confer with the Indians\\nabout the sale of land and to make a league of peace\\nwith them. The first purchase was made July 15,\\n1682. The tract extended along the Delaware from\\nthe mouth of the Neshaminy to the Blue mountains.\\nMarkham paid for it as follows", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 27\\n350 ffathoms of Wampum, 20 white Blankits, 20 ffathoms\\nof Strawed waters, 60 ffathoms of Duffields, 20 Kettles, 4 whereof\\nlarge, 20 gunns, 20 Coates, 40 Shirts, 40 payre of Stockings, 40\\nHowes, 40 Axes, 2 Barrels of Powder, 2 00 Barres of Lead, 200\\nKnives, 200 small Glasses, 12 Payre of Shoes, 40 Copper Boxes,\\n40 Tobacco Tonngs, 2 small Barrels of Pipes, 40 payre of Scissors,\\n40 Combs, 24 pounds Eed Lead, 100 Aules, 2 handfulls of ffish-\\nhooks, 2 handfulls of Needles, 40 pounds of Shott, 10 Bundles of\\nBeads, 10 small Saws, 12 Drawing Knives, 4 anchers of Tobacco,\\n2 anchers of Rumme, 2 anchers of Syder, 2 anchers of Beere and\\n300 Gilders.\\nMarkham also held some conferences with the\\nIndians, simply to cultivate peace and friendship.\\nOn these occasions he would read to them a letter\\nfrom Penn, in which he said\\nI have great love and regard for you, and desire to win and\\ngain youi^ love and friendship by a kind, just and peaceable life\\nand the people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all\\nthings behave themselves accordingly.\\nHaving made every arrangement for his own de-\\nparture, Penn took an affectionate leave\\nT T 1 Penn s Arrival\\nof his Wife and children and went on\\nboard the good ship Welcome, September 1, 1682. The\\nnumber of passengers was about one hundred, mostly\\nQuakers who had been his neighbors in Sussex,\\nEngland. Some thirty died of small-pox, and were\\nburied in the sea. Otherwise the voyage was un-\\neventful. Penn greatly endeared himself to the com-\\npany by his kind and untiring ministrations to the\\nsick and dying. After six weeks, land was sighted on\\nthe coast of New Jersey, about Egg Harbor. In\\npassing up the Delaware, the Dutch and Swedes, now\\nhis subjects, received him with great joy. He landed\\nat New Castle, October 27. Here, the next day, he", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "28 A History of Pennsylvania\\ncalled the people together in the Dutch court house\\nand took legal possession of the country, assuring\\nthe inhabitants of liberty of conscience and of civil\\nfreedom.\\nTwo days later Penn went to Upland to call the\\nFirst General first general assembly. He changed the\\nAssembly name of Upland to Chester, in honor of\\nhis friend Pearson, a companion on the Welcome, who\\nhad lived in Chester, England. Upland was the home\\nof most of the immigrants from England who had\\npreceded the Welcome, and their hospitality knew no\\nbounds except their scanty means.\\nFrom Chester, Penn, with a few others, traveled\\nup the Delaware in an open boat, in the\\nearly days of November, when the banks of\\nthe river had been freshly painted with colors mixed\\nby Autumn s hands. His mission was to meet the\\nIndians and publicly ratify the Treaty of Eternal\\nFriendship, which Markham and his associates had\\npreviously made. When he arrived at Shackamaxon,\\nthe Indians had already filled the woods as far as\\nthe eye could see. After the chiefs had arranged\\nthemselves in the form of a half -moon, Penn, with no\\nmark of power save a blue sash around his waist,\\naddressed them in the name of the Great Spirit, who\\nmade and rules all mankind:\\nWe meet on the broad pathway of good faith and good will;\\nno advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be open-\\nness and love. I will not call you children, for parents ehide\\ntheir children too severely nor brothers only, for brothers differ.\\nThe friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain\\nfor that the rains might rust or the falling tree might break. We\\nare the same as if one man s body were to be divided into two\\nparts; we are all one flesh and blood.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 29\\nAfter receiving some presents from Penn, the Indians\\ngave the belt of wampum and solemnly pledged them-\\nselves to live in love with him and his children as\\nlong as the sun and moon should endure. This, says\\nVoltaire, was the only treaty between these people\\nand the Christians that was made without an oath,\\nand that was never broken. Penn had many other\\nconferences of this kind with the Indians, and he was\\nkindly remembered by them for years. At a meeting\\nbetween Governor Keith and the Five Nations, held\\nat Conestoga in 1721, the spokesman of the Indians\\nsaid: We shall never forget the counsel that William\\nPenn gave us; though we cannot write, as the English,\\nyet we can keep in the memory what was said in-\\nour councils. So faithful were they to him that\\nnot a drop of Quaker blood was shed by them\\nwhile he lived.\\nThe Elm Tree under which the treaty was made\\nafterwards became celebrated. The British\\np. The Treaty Elm\\nGeneral ISimcoe, who was once quartered\\nnear it in the Revolutionary War, so respected it that\\nwhen his soldiers were cutting down trees for fire-\\nwood, he placed a guard under it. A storm blew it\\ndown in 1810, and it was found to have been two\\nhundred and eighty -three years old. Its site, marked\\nby a monument erected in 1827, is now surrounded by\\na beautiful park. The statue of William Penn on the\\ntower of City Hall, Philadelphia, faces in the direction\\nof the Elm in Kensington, and silently admonishes the\\npeople of Pennsylvania to be true to the principles of\\nits founder.\\nAfter the treaty was made, Penn proceeded up the\\nDelaware to see the mansion which Markham was", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "30 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbuilding for him at Pennsbury, Bucks county. It was\\nerected at great expense, and remained the marvel of\\nthe neighborhood for many years, but Penn and his\\nfamily lived in it only a short time, from 1700 to\\n1701. It was afterwards neglected, and just before\\nthe Revolution its crumbling walls were removed and\\nthe ground on which it stood passed out of the Penn\\nfamily.\\nWhen the time for the first meeting of the General\\nThe Province Asscmbly had arrived, Penn returned to\\nFormed Chcstcr. During a three days session, the\\nmachinery of government was set up and put into\\noperation the Dutch, Swedes, and foreigners of all\\ndescription, were naturalized and the Province of\\nPennsylvania was a complete fact. The holy experi-\\nment, as Penn called his new state, had been begun.\\nHaving fairly purchased some land from the natives,\\nhe made a survey of it, and divided it into three\\ncounties Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester. The first\\nwas named after the city then building the second,\\nafter Buckinghamshire, the land of Penn s ances-\\ntors and the third after his friend Pearson s native\\ncity.\\nBucks and Chester had definite boundaries but\\nThe Three Philadelphia embraced the whole province\\nOriginal Counties ^etwecu them,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 uorth, northwest, and\\nnortheast, to an indefinite extent. The northern\\nboundary of Bucks extended to the Kittatinny (Blue)\\nmountains, or as far as the land might be purchased\\nfrom the Indians. Chester included the territory\\nsouthwest of the Schuylkill to the extreme limits of\\nthe province. By the formation of Berks, in 1752,\\nthe northern boundary of Philadelphia was limited", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 31\\nand when, in 1784, Montgomery was erected, the\\nlargest county became the smallest.\\nThe great town in Pennsylvania was to be near\\nthe junction of the Delaware and the Location of\\nSchuylkill. The navigability of both rivers, Philadelphia\\nespecially of the Delaware, the abundance of brick-\\nearth and building -stone, the beauty of the location,\\nthese and other circumstances put Philadelphia near\\nthe Indian village of Quequenaku, the grove of the\\nlong pine trees. The ground was in the possession of\\na few Swedes, who were readily induced to exchange\\nit for land elsewhere.\\nThe plan of Philadelphia was so well conceived that\\nthere is no other city in the United States its pian\\nin which a stranger can so easily find his and Name\\nway. With few exceptions, the streets cross each\\nother at right angles. Those originally running east\\nand west nine in number were all named after the\\nvarious kinds of trees in the forest around, as, Vine,\\nSpruce, Pine, Sassafras, Willow, Chestnut, Walnut,\\netc.; those running north and south twenty -three\\naltogether were numbered from the Delaware, Front\\nstreet to Broad street, and from the Schuylkill, Front\\nstreet to Broad street. In the center of the city was\\nto be a square of ten acres, each corner of which was\\nto be reserved for public offices. In each quarter of\\nthe city, there was to be another square of eight\\nacres, to be used by the people like the Moorfields in\\nLondon. These public squares, though not located as\\nplanned, are all in Philadelphia today, and con-\\nstitute pleasant oases in the center of a vast extent\\nof brick and stone. The city was named after a\\ntown in Lydia, Asia Minor, the seat of one of the", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "32 A History of Pennsylvania\\nseven early Christian churches. Philadelphia signifies\\nbrotherly love.\\nFew of the settlers of Philadelphia had the time or\\nthe means to build houses before the win-\\nits Houses\\nter of 1682-83 set in hence many of them\\nlived like conies, in caves dug under the high bluff\\non the river -front between Vine and Walnut streets.\\nThe next year nearly one hundred houses were built,\\nsheltering more than five hun-\\ndred inhabitants and two\\nyears afterwards six hundred\\nhouses had displaced the trees\\nand thickets of the forest.\\nThe Swedes and Indians were\\nvery kind to the infant colony,\\nl\\\\^Q former sharing theii shel-\\nAn Old House, 1685.\\nter and the latter their game.\\nSome well-to-do settlers had brought with them houses\\nin frame, tools, implements, and furniture, as well as\\nfood and raiment to last them for some time after\\ntheir arrival. The poorer classes had to put up mere\\nhuts, made from timber freshly cut in the forest.\\nPenn furnished a general plan for their construction,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n30 X 18 feet, partitioned in the middle, covered and\\nlined with clapboards and the intervening space filled\\nwith earth, the ground floor of clay and the upper of\\nwood, and the roof of clapboard also. Philadelphia in\\na few years gained more in population than New York\\ndid in half a century. Penn was so happy over his\\nsuccess that he congratulated himself in these words\\nI must without vanity, say, that I have led the greatest col-\\nony into America that ever any man did upon private credit,\\nand the most prosperous beginnings that ever were made any-\\nwhere are to be found among us.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 33\\nNot all of Penn s brethren settled in Philadelphia.\\nMany, as they landed, distributed themselves through\\nthe country. They were thinly scattered from the\\nFalls of Trenton to Chester. The leading settlements\\nwere at Byberry, a noted suburb of Philadelphia in\\ncolonial times at Bristol, the second chartered borough\\nin Pennsylvania at Pennsbury, the site of Penn s\\ncountry residence at Chester, the first seat of gov-\\nernment at Birmingham, the township in which the\\nbattle of Brandy wine was fought at Kennett, which,\\nas Letitia s Manor, had originally been survej^ed for\\nPenn s daughter Letitia and at Marcus Hook, where\\nthe first Friends meeting was established. Fortu-\\nnately for those who arrived in the first ships, the\\nwinter was mild and open, and they all cleared enough\\nland to plant a crop of Indian corn in the spring.\\nThe following extract from a letter of Richard Town-\\nsend, who went out with William Penn, shows how\\nthe rural settlers fared:\\nAfter our arrival we found the country a wilderness. The in-\\nhabitants were Indians and Swedes, who received us in a friendly\\nmanner and brought us provisions at very reasonable rates. After\\nsome time, I set up a mill on Chester creek, which I brought\\nready framed from London, which served for grinding of corn and\\nsawing of boards. Besides, I made a net and caught great quan-\\ntities of fish, which supplied ourselves and many others so that,\\nnotwithstanding, it was thought that nearly three thousand\\npersons came in the first year, we were so providentially pro-\\nvided for that we could buy a deer for two shillings, and a large\\nturkey for one shilling, and Indian corn for two shillings and six-\\npence a bushel.\\nThe government having been organized, peace with\\nthe natives confirmed, the fundamental law Penn s\\nestablished, and courts of justice instituted. Departure\\nPenn, in August, 1684, sailed for England, with this", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "34\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nWilliam Penn House.\\nIn Fairmount Park, PhiladelpMa.\\nparting prayer upon his lips: And thou, Philadelphia,\\nthe virgin settlement of this province, my soul prays\\nto God for thee, that thou may est stand in the day of\\ntrial, and that thy\\nchildren may be\\nblessed. His family,\\nhis estate, and certain\\nmatters pertaining to\\nhis colony, especially\\nthe boundary be-\\ntween it and Mary-\\nland, made his return\\nnecessary. These\\naffairs kept him in\\nEngland till 1699.\\nWhen he returned, Philadelphia had more than two\\nthousand houses and he walked the streets almost a\\nstranger. He found that his influence\\nwas not what it had been when he left,\\nfifteen years before. HoAvever, he was\\nwarmly welcomed by the Indians. He\\nmade two journeys at this time to the\\ninterior of the province. He sailed for\\nEngland in October, 1701, where a riot-\\nous son and an unfaithful steward had\\nplunged him so deeply into debt that he\\nhad to mortgage his province for 6,600\\npounds and suffer imprisonment besides.\\nPenn negotiated to sell his right in\\nthe government to the Crown, but Penns ciock.\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u009e-,ct In the Philadelphia\\nwas stricken with paralysis, m 171J. Librarj-.\\nHe died six years later bnt his name will live as long\\nas Father Time remembers the history of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 35\\nThe Friends originally differed little in dress from\\nthe other non- conformists to the Church characteristics\\nof England. They all opposed the display P *i\u00c2\u00ab\\nthen so much made by the upper classes. When the\\nFriends started as a sect, broad-brimmed hats were com-\\nmon, and so were coats with straight collars. The dral)\\nthey chose as their color because it differed least from the\\nuncolored state of cloth. They respected all honorable\\noccupations alike. William Penn wanted his children\\nto become husbandmen and housewives, and one of,\\nhis sons learned the trade of a linen draper. Laborers\\nwere not looked upon as drudges, though it must be\\nadmitted that some of them were slaves. However,\\nthe Friends, as early as 1693, advised that none\\nshould buy except to free. Not far from Frankford\\nwas an old tombstone, the inscription on which says\\nthat the occupant of the grave. Friend Sandiford,\\nbore testimony against the Negro trade.\\nThe Friends have always been noted for intelligence.\\nWithin three years of Penn s landing, a Marks of\\nprinting press was running in Philadelphia, intelligence\\nOne of its earliest publications was an almanac, printed\\nin the year 1685. William Bradford brought with him\\nfrom England type, a press, printing paper, and ink,\\nto set up the trade of printing Friends books. The\\nfirst newspaper, The American Weekly Murcury, was\\nstarted in Philadelphia December 22, 1719, at which\\ntime there were only two others in the colonies,\\nnamely, in Boston. Penn established a post office in\\n1683; and in 1717, there was a settled route from Vir-\\nginia and Maryland to Philadelphia and to all the\\nnorthern colonies. Pennsylvania was even then the\\nKeystone Province. The botanic garden of John", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "36\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nBartram, whom Lmnasus called the greatest natural\\nbotanist in the world, became a Mecca for scientists,\\nand many a visitor to Philadelphia inquired his way\\nto Bartram s garden,\\non the Schuylkill, As\\nto schools, the Friends\\nfavored an elementary\\neducation for all alike\\nthe rich and the\\npoor but they were\\nopposed to great\\nscholarship yet now\\nthey have a Bryn\\nMawr, a Haverford\\nand a Swarthmore Col-\\nlege. Art and poetry\\nwere also under the\\nban of then- doctrine\\nyet there arose among\\nthem a West and a\\nTaylor.\\nThe chief immigration of the Friends took place\\nother before the year 1700. Up to that time\\nEneiish Settlers they wcrc the most numerous class of\\npeople in the province. Other English settlers, how-\\never, had found their way to Pennsj^lvania, but in\\nmuch smaller numbers. Chief among these were the\\nEpiscopalians, or people of the Church of England,\\nsome of whom arrived soon after Penn. By the\\ncharter of the province they had the right to establish\\na parish whenever twenty or more petitioned for one.\\nThis was done in 1695, and Christ church, with its\\nfirst bell hung in the crotch of a tree, was built on\\nOld Cypress in Bartram s Garden.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n37\\nSecond street, north of Market. The present brick\\nbuilding, so full of historic interest, was begun in\\n1727 and completed in 1755. Benjamin Franklin was\\none of the managers of the lottery (a method quite\\nChrist Churcli.\\ncommon in those days for raising church funds) by\\nwhich money was secured for the steeple and the\\nchimes. On July 4, 1776, these chimes, the second\\nin America, joined the old bell on Independence Hall\\nin proclaiming liberty throughout the land unto all\\nthe inhabitants thereof.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "38\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nWashington worshipped in this church frequently,\\nand the pew in which he sat was presented to Inde-\\npendence Hall. In the chancel were buried the remains\\nof John Penn (afterwards removed to England), Bishop\\nWhite, Robert Morris, General Forbes, and other dis-\\ntinguished men. In the graveyard at Fifth and Arch,\\nFranklin and his wife Deborah, General James Irvine,\\nPeyton Randolph, president of the first Continental\\nCongress, Francis Hopkinson, Commodore Bainbridge,\\nand others noted in their country^ s historj lie at\\nrest. The first regular minister of Christ church was\\nRev. Thomas Clayton, under whose ministrations the\\nmembership increased to seven hundred in two years.\\nRev. Jacob Duche, who opened the first Continental\\nCongress with that remarkable prayer (see p. 146),\\nofficiated at the time of the Revolution. His successor,\\nRev. William White, served as rector till 1836.\\nAt first the Episcopalians spread rapidly over the\\nTheir province, but most of them lived in Phila-\\nsettiements (jgipjiia, wherc they became very prominent\\nin political and social life. Some of the Quaker\\nfamilies joined them,\\namong whom were the\\nsons of Penn. They\\nalso absorbed most of\\nthe Swedish popula\\ntion, and the Gloria\\nDei at Wicaco, as\\nwell as other Swedish\\nchurches, became their\\nproperty. Around\\nearly organized several\\ncongregations. At Radnor, St. David s church is to\\nSt I).i%i(ls, ut Radnor.\\nPhiladelphia, they quite", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Penrtsylvania 39\\nthis day a most interesting relic of colonial his-\\ntory, for it is well-nigh two hundred years old.\\nOther places where the Episcopalians were in suffi-\\ncient numbers to have church organizations were\\nChester, Bristol, Perkiomen, Pequea and Lancaster.\\nTHE GERMANS\\nAs William Penn offered impartial liberty of con-\\nscience to all who were under religious p^^^^ Travels\\noppression, Pennsylvania was an asylum in HoUand\\nto the good and oppressed of every na- Germany\\ntion. The Germans, after the Friends, were the first\\nto become interested in his holy experiment. Penn,\\nwhose mother was a Dutch woman, had twice been\\ntraveling in Holland and Germany, preaching the\\ndoctrine of the inner light, first in the year 1671,\\nand again in 1677, when he was accompanied by George\\nFox and several others. Their preaching made them\\nmany devoted friends in various denominations but\\nthey were most kindly received by the Mennonites.\\nThese people, like the Friends, took not the sword,\\nswore not at all, w^ere non-resistant, and in dress and\\nspeech were plain and in manners simple. The tran-\\nsition between the two sects was easy. Quakers in\\nsome instances became Mennonites, and Mennonites\\nbecame Quakers. Having thus become associates in\\nreligion while still in Europe, it was natural that the\\ntwo sects should become neighbors in the wilds of\\nAmerica. The Mennonites had been driven up and\\ndown the Rhine by persecution for a century and a\\nhalf, and they now gladly braved the dangers of the\\nsea to find a haven of rest beyond it.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "40 A History of Pennsylvania\\nBefore Penn had come to America, one Jacob\\nSome Mennon- Tcliier, of Crefcld, a town on the Rhine\\nites here just outsidc of Holland, had made a\\nbefore Penn j. a j.* i j.\\nvoyage to America some time between\\n1678 and 1681. This was the first step in the settle-\\nment of Germantown by the Mennonites. Furthermore,\\ntwenty years before Penn s arrival, in 1662, a small\\ncompany of about twenty -five Dutch Mennonites had\\nsettled on Delaware bay. They were scattered and\\ndestroyed by the English when that country was taken\\nfrom the Dutch. The leader and his wife escaped\\nand after wandering in the wilderness many years,\\nthey came to Germantown, where they were cared for\\nby their brethren.\\nTelner, early in 1682, organized a company among\\nGermantown his ucighbors and bought a large tract of\\nSettled land near Philadelphia. Another company in\\nGermany, the Frankfort Company, had also made large\\npurchases but none of these from Frankfort, except\\nFrancis Daniel Pastorius, Whittier s Pennsylvania\\nPilgrim, settled here. This distinguished man came\\nto Philadelphia August 20, 1683, and, like many of the\\nsettlers, dwelt for a time in a cave. He was a great\\nscholar, having mastered seven or eight languages\\nand being well read in science and philosophy. He\\nwas the American representative of both German com-\\npanies, and with thirteen families of Cref elders, com-\\nprising thirty- three persons, founded Germantown.\\nThe Cref elders arrived six weeks after Pastorius,\\nOctober 6, on the ship Concord, with passports written\\non parchment in golden ink. A few days afterwards,\\nfourteen divisions of land were measured off, and\\nthe German pioneers repaired to the cave of Pastorius", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 41\\nto draw lots for the choice of location. Cellars were\\nat once dug and huts built over them. William Penn\\nwas present when the first two-story house was erected,\\nand helped to eat the raising dinner. Other immigrants\\nbegan to arrive in the little town soon afterwards.\\nPeter Schumacher was the first to come from Kris-\\nheim, in the Palatinate, where the fruits of Penn s\\nearly preaching were more bountiful than anywhere\\nelse in Germany or Holland.\\nThe early dwellers of Germantown had a hard\\nstruggle with poverty. Pastorius tells us\\nEarly struggles\\nthat the settlement was so poor that it\\nbecame the subject of a pun, and was called Armen-\\ntown. He said that it would not be believed by com-\\ning generations in what want and need, and with what\\nChristian contentment and persistent industry, German-\\ntown started. He himself had to use oiled paper to\\nlet the light into his house, and over the door he\\nhad written Parva domus, amica bonis, procul este\\nprofani. At the end of the first year, the settlers had\\nimproved their condition materially: they had har-\\nvested a good crop of Indian corn and buckwheat,\\nand had added a few comforts to their houses.\\nHowever, Germantown was not a settlement of farm-\\ners, but of weavers. Pastorius selected for Germantown\\nthe town seal a clover, with a vine on one industries\\nof its leaves, a stalk of flax on another, and a spool\\nof thread on the third the motto on it was Vinum,\\nLinum, et Textrinum. It was a place\\nWhere lives High German and Low Dutch,\\nWhose trade in weaving linen cloth is much.\\nThere grows the flax, as also you may know\\nThat from the same they do divide the tow.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "42\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nFirst Slavery\\nProtest\\nSo many of the Mennonites in Europe had been weavers,\\nthat certain woven and knit fabrics were known as Men-\\nnonite goods. Other manufactures sprung up in and\\naround Germantown, for the settlers were nearly all\\nskilled workmeu William Rittinghuysen, a minister from\\nHolland, in 1690 built the first paper mill in America,\\non a branch of the Wissahickon. In it was made the\\npaper used by the earliest printer in the middle colo-\\nnies, William Bradford. Then there were lace makers,\\nsilversmiths, printers, and other artisans. The settlers\\nof Germantown contributed not a little toward making\\nPhiladelphia the leading manufacturing city of the\\nAmerican continent.\\nThe Mennonites of Germantown enjoy one proud\\ndistinction. They were the first people in\\nAmerica to suggest the abolition of slavery.\\nIn 1688, under the auspices of Pastorius, they sent a\\npetition to the yearly meeting\\nof the Friends, saying, in\\neffect, that it was not Chris-\\ntian-like to buy and keep\\nnegroes but no positive\\njudgment was then given by\\nthe meeting. The petition\\nwas a quaint and curious\\npaper.\\nGermantown was the hub\\nof the German set-\\nThe Pietists\\ntlement m Penn-\\nsylvania for many years. In\\n1694 the Pietists, for whom Pastorius had formed\\na warm attachment in Germany, settled on the Wissa-\\nhickon. They were noted for their piety, learniug\\nHo\\\\ise in which Slavery Protest\\nwas signed.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "TJie Settlement of Pennsylvania 43\\nand mysticism. They spent much time in prayer\\nand pious meditation, for which purpose they had\\ncaves in the rugged ravine of the Wissahickon.\\nThey put up a building, designed for religious and\\neducational purposes, on the highest point of their land.\\nIt was surmounted with an observatory, the first in the\\nprovince. On top of this was raised the mystic symbol\\na cross within a circle in such a position that\\nthe rays of the rising sun would flood it with a roseate\\nhue. Later, in 1734, a massive stone structure was\\nbuilt farther up the stream it is still known as the\\nmonastery on the Wissahickon. One of their asso-\\nciates, Christoph Saur, published a newspaper which\\ncirculated among all the Germans in the colonies,\\nfrom New York to Georgia. He printed the German\\nbible as early as 1743, about forty years before the\\nEnglish bible was printed in America, and he was\\namong the first to print a magazine on this side\\nof the Atlantic. He made his type, paper and ink,\\nand bound his own books. He also issued an almanac,\\nwhich, together with his paper, made him a great\\npower among the Germans in America, especially\\namong those in Pennsylvania.\\nGermantown also became the original home of the\\nTunkers, or German Baptists, in America;\\ni- The Tunkers\\nbut they did not arrive until 1719. Chris-\\ntoph Saur, son of Christoph, the publisher, became\\nan elder in this denomination. As the successor to\\nhis father s business, he was a prominent man in the\\nprovince. With others of his sect, he took an active\\npart in the establishment of the Germantown Academy.\\nThrough his almanacs and other publications, he\\ntoo, was widely known outside of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "44 A History of Pennsylvania\\n^fter 1700, German immigration to Pennsylvania\\nGerman longcr confined to those who had\\nimmiErration been influenced by Penn s visit to the con-\\nincreases tinent. The English government now en-\\ncouraged the Germans to come to America to add\\nstrength to its population for competition with the\\nFrench. The Golden Book of Queen Anne, which\\ngave glowing accounts of the colonies, was circulated\\nfar and wide in the German states.\\nIn 1708 and 1709, large numbers crossed to Eng-\\nland and were temporarily sheltered in tents on the\\ncommons of London while waiting for transportation\\nto America. Pennsylvania was the favorite colony\\nwith the Germans, and by the year 1725 fifty thou-\\nsand had made their way hither. We shall soon\\nhave a German colony, wrote James Logan, the\\nProvincial Secretary in 1726, so many thousands\\nof Germans are already in the country. Fears were\\nentertained that the province might not remain loyal\\nto the English government. Immigrants came from\\nthe German side of Switzerland and Holland, from\\nSwabia, Alsace, and Saxony, but most from the Palati-\\nnate. There the ruler was now of one church, then\\nof another, and with every change the people had to\\nconform or suffer. So many German immigrants were\\nfrom the Palatinate that the name Palatine was given\\nto all of them. Thus Whittier s poem about the ship\\nthat was wrecked on Block Island, in 1738, was named\\nThe Palatine.\\nAs many of the so-called Palatines were too poor\\nGerman to pay for thc passagc across the sea, they\\nRedcmptioners ^^j.g hired out for a term of years to\\npay for their transportation. Such were called", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n45\\n^^redemptioners. In many cases parents pledged\\ntheir children in this manner.\\nThese later German settlers pressed out into the\\nwilderness, and left Philadelphia and the The Germans\\ncountry around it to the English and on the Frontier\\nto the Germans in and about Germantown. They\\nfilled the Lehigh and\\nSchuylkill valleys, _ li^SOi^S^^lTfe;.\\nsettling in Easton,\\nNorthampton town\\n(Allentown), Read-\\ning, Lebanon, and\\nLancaster. Thence\\nthey pushed on to\\nthe Susquehanna,\\ndown into the Cum-\\nberland valley and up\\ninto the Juniata and\\nSusquehanna valleys. By 1750, the Germans consti-\\ntuted one- third of the entire colony, which numbered\\nabout 270,000 people. Today they form the bulk\\nof the population in many counties, and there is\\nno section of the State in which scattered German\\nfamilies may not be found.\\nThe Germans who thus pushed into the wilderness\\nwere of various religious denominations. various\\nThe Schwenkf elders, who, like the Friends, Religious\\nMennonites and Tunkers, opposed war, enomina\u00c2\u00bbo s\\noaths and display, settled on contiguous lands in Mont-\\ngomery, Lehigh and Berks, in 1734, where they live\\ntoday, numbering all told less than a thousand. They\\nstill celebrate the anniversary of their arrival as a day\\nof thanksgiving. They had been the victims of perse-\\nA Colonial Homestead near\\nGermantown.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "46\\nA History of Fennsylvmiia\\nThe Moravians\\ncution in Europe for more than three hundred years,\\nand had to worship in secret to prevent detection.\\nHence they became accustomed to worship in private\\nhouses and for fifty years after their arrival in Penn-\\nsylvania they had few public meeting-houses. There\\nwas no ringing of bells and chanting of hymns.\\nThe Moravians settled in Northampton county, at\\nNazareth, in 1739, and at Bethlehem in\\n1741. Thej^ had first gone to Georgia,\\nbut that province wanted them to do military duty,\\nwhich their conscience forbade. Their leader was\\nCount Zinzendorf, a man well known in Europe and\\nAmerica. They were communists, and carried on about\\nthirty trades for the benefit of the church. They even\\nsailed several ships on the sea. Bethlehem la.y along\\nthe line of travel from New England to the South,\\nand its Moravian\\ninns were famous\\nthroughout the land\\nfor their hospitality.\\nThe Sun enter-\\ntained under its roof\\nmost of the leading\\nmen of the country\\nas long as they trav-\\neled by stage. The\\ngreat work of the\\nMoravians for the\\nprovince was the\\nconversion of Indi-\\nans, the fruits of which were largely destroyed by\\nthe French and Indian war. Much of what we know\\nof Indian life in Pennsylvania was recorded by the\\nMoravian Sim lun.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 47\\nMoravian missionaries, notably by Heckewelder. The\\nschools of this pious sect were also widely known,\\nand many young ladies and gentlemen from far and\\nwide received their education in them.\\nAnother equally unique settlement was made at\\nEphrata, Lancaster county, by a branch of\\nthe Tunkers of Germantown, known as the\\nSeventh Day Baptists. Their leader was Conrad Beisel,\\na Pietist. His settlement became known as the Mon-\\nastery of Ephrata, on\\nthe Cocalico creek, and\\nsome of its strange\\nbuildings are still\\nstanding. There was\\na house for the broth-\\ners and a house for\\nthe sisters Among g.^^^^^, Ephrata.\\nthe numerous manu-\\nfacturing industries was a printing house. Some forty\\nbooks of a religious and educational character were\\nprinted in it, besides many tracts and hymns. Just\\nbefore the battle of Germantown, three wagon loads\\nof books in sheets were seized there for cartridges.\\nWhile the Continental Congress sat at York, this print-\\ning house struck off paper money for the government.\\nThere was a school in the place that attracted pupils as\\nfar away as Philadelphia and Baltimore. Its rooms\\nwere used as a hospital for American soldiers after the\\nbattle of the Brandywine. Peter Miller, second prior\\nof the monastery, was one of the most learned men\\nin America. He translated the Declaration of In-\\ndependence into seven languages by order of Con-\\ngress.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "48 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Mennonites that came to Pennsylvania after\\nother 1700, settled in upper Bucks, Montgomery,\\nGerman Sects Qhcster, and Lancaster counties. Numer-\\nous other German sects came to Pennsylvania which\\nit is not essential to describe. It was said that every\\nsect in the world had followers in Pennsylvania.\\nThe Germans remaining to be considered were\\nThe Reformers church pcoplc the Reformed and the\\nand the Luthcraus. They did not arrive in large\\nerans numbcrs until about 1725. Some four hun-\\ndred Reformed settled along the Skippack, in Mont-\\ngomery county, in 1727. Others followed, and in 1747\\nRev. Michael Schlatter organized the Reformed Church\\nof Pennsylvania as a part of the Synod of Holland.\\nThe Lutherans, who began to arrive soon after the\\nReformed, were much more numerous. Their leader was\\nHenry Melchoir Muhlenberg. He was the father of\\nPeter, the general of the Revolution; of Frederick, the\\nfirst Speaker of the House of Representatives and of\\nGotthilf, the botanist. Muhlenberg came to America\\nin 1742, and, with the two churches at New Hanover\\nand New Providence, in Montgomery county, as a nu-\\ncleus, he organized the Lutheran Church of America.\\nThe congregation at the former place is supposed to\\nbe the oldest of this denomination in the United\\nStates. Muhlenberg and his son Peter are buried in\\nthe graveyard of this church. As larger numbers of\\nReformed and Lutherans had come to America before\\ntheir leaders, and scattered through half a dozen coun-\\nties in search of a place to work and live, their organi-\\nzation into congregations was a tedious and difficult\\ntask. However, it was a good work, for the sound of\\nchurch bells reminded the settlers of their higher duties.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania\\n49\\nThe followers of Schlatter and Muhlenberg were\\nalways quite friendly with each other in Their Relation\\nrural districts, they commonly worshipped o*^\\nin the same church. The school house was generally\\nTo Church on Horseback.\\nthe companion of the church. Having been established\\nchurches in Germany, the Reformed and the Lutherans\\nhad an educated and paid ministry hence colleges to\\neducate the ministry were founded as soon as the means\\nwere at hand. Frequently those who looked forward to\\nthe ministry were sent to Germany to be educated. The\\nReformed and Lutherans also made an effort to spread\\nthe English language among the Germans. Muhlenberg\\nhimself taught English, and was careful to have his\\nsons educated in it before sending them to Germany.\\nSchlatter raised a fund in England, Holland and Ger-\\nmany for teaching the Pennsylvania Germans Eng-\\nlish. Under the direction of a board of trustees\\ncomposed of members of the provincial government, he\\nestablished schools in Reading, York, Easton, Lan-\\ncaster, New Hanover and Skippack. These began their\\nexistence in 1754, but died out in 1763 for want of\\nsupport.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "50\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Germans\\nas Farmers\\nIn colonial days, agriculture was the chief occupa-\\ntion. Then governors, lawmakers, and\\nmagistrates were farmers. Even in the\\nearly history of the Republic, presidents, congressmen,\\nand framers of constitutions were followers of the\\nplow. In this occupation, the Pennsylvania Germans\\nexcelled, and they therefore clung to the soil and to\\nrural life with great tenacity. They were good judges\\nof land they worked hard, and practiced severe econ-\\nomy. They cleared the land that had the heaviest\\ntimber, for they knew it would produce the heaviest\\ncrops and they often grew rich where others had be-\\nA Lebanon Valley Farm.\\ncome poor. They contributed much to the material\\nwealth of the State. Their farms are not surpassed\\nanywhere in the world.\\nComing here in numbers large enough to form a\\ncolony of their own, sequestering them-\\nThe German J i\\nLanguage in sclvcs iu thc couutry, aud settling entire\\nPennsylvania ^jQ^^^^ics exclusivcly, the Gemiaus naturally\\nkept their own language, literature and customs. Be-", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 51\\nfore the postal system, the newspaper, the railroad,\\nthe telegraph, and other means of swift communica-\\ntion, had enabled the people of distant parts to know\\none another, a settlement so large as that of the Ger-\\nmans yielded very slowly to changes from the outside.\\nIn our day such isolation is no longer possible, and\\nthey are fast acquiring the use of the English lan-\\nguage for all purposes the home, the school, and\\nthe church.\\nThough the Pennsylvania Germans in some re-\\nspects remained Germans outwardly for two centuries,\\nthey are Americans at heart. They help to administer\\nthe local government, and hundreds have sat in the\\nGeneral Assembly. Eight have occupied the guber-\\nnatorial chair, and many have written their names on\\nthe national roll of honor. They have been in both\\nhouses of Congress, in the Speaker s chair, and in\\nthe President s Cabinet. Through their industry and\\nfrugality, they have contributed a large share to the\\nmaterial resources of the State. In time of war they\\nhave likewise done their duty. In 1775, they shared\\nthe honor with their Scotch -Irish neighbors on the\\nfrontier of being among the first troops called by the\\nContinental Congress expert riflemen raised in Penn-\\nsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. The rifle, which\\nwas then unknown in New England, had been brought\\nto Pennsylvania by the Swiss and Palatines, about\\n1700. Nor should it be forgotten that the Moravian\\nmissionaries, both in the French and in the Revolu-\\ntionary wars, warded off many a fatal blow from the\\ntomahawk and that Conrad Weiser, interpreter and\\nagent of Indian affairs in the province, was a host\\nin himself in the management of the savages.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "52 A History of Pennsylvania\\nTHE WELSH\\nThe Welsh began to come in 1682, soon after the\\nThe colony had been planted bnt their immi-\\nweish Tract gration practically ceased with the close\\nof the century. Dr. Thomas Wynne, Penn s friend\\nand physician, and a few others, came in the Welcome.\\nThese people settled on a large tract of land along\\nthe ridge extending back from the Schuylkill as far\\nas Paoli. Their settlement was called the Welsh\\nBarony; it has since been known as the Welsh Tract.\\nThe three townships in the tract were Merion, Haver-\\nford and Radnor. As their number increased\\nthey spread out into other townships. Some went as\\nfar west as Lancaster county, and gave their name\\nto the Welsh mountains there others located as far\\neast as Gwynedd and Penllyn, north of Philadelphia.\\nIn passing along the Pennsylvania railroad, beginning\\nwith Berwyn, various stations commemorate Welsh\\nnames of two hundred years ago. Bryn Mawr the\\ngreat hill was the home of Minister Rowland. Wynne-\\nwood honors the name of Doctor Wynne, whose pro-\\nfession reminds us of the fact that nearly all the\\nearly physicians of the colony were Welshmen. George\\nWashington s physician was the great-grandson of\\nDr. Wynne. The father of our State and the father\\nof our country entrusted their lives to the care of\\nWelsh physicians. The name of Montgomery county\\nwas brought from Wales, and Blue Ball tells of the\\nnumerous inns along the Lancaster pike a great\\nhistoric highway that had its beginning in the trail\\nmade through the forest by the first wandering\\nWelshman.", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 53\\nThe Welsh, like the settlers of Germantown, came\\nto Pennsylvania to form a settlement in\\nwhich they could regulate their own affairs.\\nBeing the descendants of the ancient Britons, dwelling\\nin a separate corner of England, and speaking a\\ndistinct language, their purpose was very natural.\\nMost of them were Friends, and had known William\\nPenn in England. Though at first they could not\\nunderstand the English language, they soon absorbed it,\\nand lost their outward identity. Several things helped\\nto bring this about. One was the schism made among\\nthem by Friend George Keith, who seems to have had\\na special hatred for the Welsh Brethren. Another\\ntrouble was the division of their barony. In the\\nabsence of Penn, it was divided between Philadelphia\\nand Chester counties. Later on, when the Welsh\\nobjected to the quit-rents on their unoccupied lauds,\\nthe Welsh Tract was thrown open to everybody.\\nMost names of the Welsh settlers have likewise\\nbecome Anglicized. Thus, ap John (ap\\nf Welsh Names\\nmeanmg son of) became John s (son) or\\nJones ap Edward, Edwards ap William, Williams\\nap Robert, Roberts others, as ap Hugh, became\\nPugh, ap Howell, Powell, etc. Thomas Lloyd, deputy-\\ngovernor of the province, was a Welshman, and so\\nwere the Cadwaladers, Merediths and Owenses.\\nTHE SCOTCM-IBISS\\nThe Scotch -Irish were people from Scotland who\\nhad gone to Ireland to occupy the lands Their origin\\ntaken from Irish rebels by Queen Eliza- settlements\\nbeth and James I. In religion they were Presbyteri-", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54 A History of Pennsylvania\\nans, and by occupation, farmers. They were drawn to\\nPennsylvania by its fame for religious liberty and\\nfertility of soil. They began to arrive soon after\\n1700, the earliest ones settling in the lower part of\\nChester and Lancaster counties. About 1720, the set-\\ntlement containing the famous Log College was made\\non the Neshaminy, in Bucks county. Another body\\nlocated at the Forks of the Delaware, in Northampton\\ncounty these had first gone to New Hampshire, but\\nfound the climate too cold. Donegal, Lancaster county,\\nand Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover, Dauphin county,\\nwere Scotch -Irish localities at one time but the Cum-\\nberland valley received the greatest number.\\nBeing an aggressive people, collisions with the Ger-\\nAs mans frequently occurred. The officials of\\nFrontiersmen ^^q proviucc therefore encouraged the Ger-\\nmans to locate in the eastern parts and the Scotch-\\nIrish to go westward. This arrangement was agree-\\nable for the Scotch -Irish were the very men to face\\nthe wilderness and resist the attacks of wild beasts\\nand savage men. When, in 1768, the land bej ond\\nthe Alleghenies was thrown open for settlement, they\\nwelcomed the opportunity thus presented of planting\\nthe standard of progress a few hundred miles further\\ninto the pathless forest.\\nActing thus as pioneers, their conduct towards the\\nRelations with Indians was as warlike as that of the\\nthe Indians Quakers had been peaceful. The expe-\\nrience of their forefathers in Ireland was a school\\nfor frontier life of a more aggressive kind than had\\nexisted while the Quakers and Germans faced the Red\\nMan. The Indians had now been driven farther and\\nfarther west by the tidal wave of immigration, and", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 55\\npeace was hard to maintain. When the French and\\nIndian war broke out, the Scotch -Irish settlers on the\\nfrontier had to face many a fatal attack, for some of\\nwhich they had themselves to blame. Their disturb-\\nance of the peace policy of the province caused the\\nQuakers to form a dislike for them. Hence we find\\nthat these two classes of people at one time waged a\\nbitter war of words.\\nWhen, in 1763, Pontiac s war broke out along the\\nfrontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia, the The\\nRev. John Elder, of the Paxtang church, p\u00c2\u00ab^*^\\nby. authority of the province, organized several com-\\npanies of rangers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 volunteer bands of frontiersmen\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nto protect the settlers against Indian atrocities. They\\ndid duty as far north as Wyoming; but their main\\nservice was performed along the Susquehanna south\\nof the Blue mountains. Here some Indians committed\\ndeed after deed of bloody violence; but where they\\ncame from was a mystery. Suspicion was awakened\\nthat they were harbored by the Christian Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe refuse of various tribes who lived on the Manor,\\na tract of land near Columbia, belonging to the Penns.\\nColonel Elder, John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg,\\nand others, asked John Penn, the Governor, to remove\\nthese Indians, whose character, it was claimed, did not\\nput them above suspicion. The Governor declined to\\ndo this, on the ground that they were innocent, help-\\nless, and dependent on the government for support.\\nThe Paxtang Boys then resolved to take the law\\ninto their own hands, but not without the protest of\\nColonel Elder. They went to the settlement at night,\\nbut their presence was prematurely announced by the\\ndoo-s. The dwellers of the Manor rushed out of their", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 A History of Fennsylvcmia\\nwigwams and wildly brandished their tomahawks. The\\nrangers leveled their guns and quickly killed the\\nIndians. But not all of them were at home, and when\\nthose absent learned of the fate of their brethren, they\\nhastened to Lancaster and sought safety in the jail.\\nA few made their way to Philadelphia. Chagrined at\\nthe escape of some of the Indians, the rangers resolved\\nto complete their work. They went to Lancaster, broke\\ninto the jail, and shot the fugitive Conestogas. After\\nthat, the settlers south of the Blue mountains had\\nlittle annoyance from the Indians.\\nHowever, the end of the excitement had not yet\\nA Panic in comc. The Govcmor and the Assembly con-\\nPhiiadeiphia ^emucd the action of the Paxtang Boys\\nso severely that the frontiersmen sent a delegation to\\nexplain their grievances. This was interpreted to\\nmean a show of force. The authorities in Philadelphia\\nput the Indian refugees under guard in the garri-\\nson, and sent an armed force to Germantown to meet\\nthe delegation. The latter made known their griev-\\nances, and were then conducted to Philadelphia.\\nAmong other things, the Paxtang Boys objected\\nto being tried in Philadelphia, Bucks or Chester,\\nwhich the government proposed to do. Though the\\nAssembly did not yield this point, yet no convic-\\ntion for the killing of the Conestoga Indians was^\\never had.\\nIt is true, the Scotch -Irish allowed their rough,\\nvigorous and independent qualities to lead\\nCharacteristics\\nthem into excesses at times yet these\\nqualities made them a power in the land. The hard-\\nships and dangers which they braved on the frontier\\ngave them grit and strength and, now that time has", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "The Settlement of Pennsylvania 57\\npolished the exterior, they are strong and shining\\npillars in the structure of the state and nation. In\\ncolonial times, they were in a formative period when\\nthe Revolution came, they w^ere ready and eager for\\nthe struggle that tried men s souls and sinews. The\\nFrench war was an excellent school for drilling the\\nContinental soldiers but none were better drilled than\\nthe Scotch -Irish of Pennsylvania a fact well known\\nto the Continental Congress, in 1775.\\nTHE FRENCH HUGUENOTS\\nPennsylvania also became a refuge for sundry\\nFrench families of the persecuted Hugue-\\nTheir Settlement\\nnots. They bore the names of Dubois,\\nBoileau, Laroux, Lefevre, De Turk, De-ller, Dox,\\nFerree, and others. They came here, under the influ-\\nence of William Penn, to plant vineyards and cultivate\\ngrapes up the Schuylkill. Not succeeding there,\\nthey removed to the Pequea valley, then in Chester\\ncounty, now in Lancaster. The removal was brought\\nabout by the arrival in 1712 of Madame Ferree, a\\nwidow who had lost her husband in the massacres in\\nFrance which followed the revocation of the Edict of\\nNantes. She had fled to England, and was there aided\\nin her immigration to Pennsylvania by William Penn.\\nHe gave her a grant of two thousand acres of land\\nin Pequea valley, and she bought two thousand more.\\nTo this place all the French people went for settle-\\nment. They were heartily welcomed by some. Delaware\\nIndians there, and when the Indian chief died, the\\nHuguenots attended the burial. His grave, on Lafayette\\nHill, near Paradise, was marked with a pile of stones,", "height": "3420", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "58 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwhich long remained to mark the spot. The descendants\\nof these French families are found chiefly in Berks,\\nLancaster and Dauphin counties.\\nThough the settlers of Pennsylvania were of various\\nNationalities sccts, churchcs, and nationalities, which at\\nDisappear timcs had quarrcls more or less serious,\\nwe, their heirs and descendants, know no such differ-\\nences in the discharge of our duties to the govern-\\nment. We are all Pennsylvanians now and the\\nquestion whether a citizen is English, German, Welsh,\\nScotch -Irish, or French, happily never enters our\\nmind. Nor do we inquire into his religious prefer-\\nences. With us today it is\\nThe union of hearts, the union of hands,\\nAnd the flag of our Union forever.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nEgle s History of Penyisylvania, pp. 28-52, 438-453, 517-546,\\n612-682, 814-854, 863-879, 950-960, 965-996, 1015 1048, and\\n1169-1180; Bancroft s History of the United States, Vol. II, pp.\\n78-130; Walton and Brumbaugh s Stories of Pennsylvania, pp.\\n9-79 and 297-300; Sypher s History of Pennsylvania, pp. 9-46;\\nFisher s Making of Pennsylvania, pp. 7-236 Stoughton s William\\nPenn, passim; Saehe s The Fatherland, passim; Diffenderfer s\\nGerman Exodus; Bowden s History of The Friends, Part II, pp.\\n1-221; Glenn s Merion in the Welsh Tract, pp. 1-55; The Eighth\\nCongress of the Scotch-Irish in America, pp. 71-82.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nTHE GROWTH OF POPULATION AND THE\\nADJUSTMENT OF BOUNDARIES\\nA Double\\nMovement\\nIn the settlement of Pennsylvania we noticed a\\ndouble wave of population sweeping in\\nfrom the southeast the Scotch -Irish, with\\ntheir daring energy and restlessness, in advance, and\\nthe Germans, with their plodding industry and stead-\\nfastness, following and permanently occupying the\\nsoil. This movement is most plainly recorded in the\\nKittatinny valley. Throughout its length from\\nEaston to Maryland are found places and grave-\\nstones bearing Scotch -Irish\\nnames. These people entered\\nthe Kittatinny valley at va-\\nrious points, about the year\\n1730. Between 1745 and\\n1750, they passed through\\nthe gaps west of the Susque-\\nhanna. Thence they rapidly\\nfollowed the main streams\\ntoward the north and west.\\nThe Germans began to ar-\\nrive in greatest numbers\\nabout the year 1740, the time when the Scotch-Irish\\nimmigration had reached its height. In many places\\nthe Germans succeeded to the lands formerly occu-\\npied by the Scotch -Irish*. It was the onward flew\\nDerry Church (1729), Dauphii\\nCounty.\\n(59)", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "60 A History of Pennsylvania\\nof these two classes of people that caused a demand\\nfor land, and made the Indian purchases from 1736\\nto 1758 necessary (see map, p. 6). Easton, Allentown\\n(called Northamptontown till about 1800), Reading,\\nLebanon, Harrisburg, York (called Yorktown and Little\\nYork), Carlisle, and Shippensburg (except York, the\\noldest town west of the Susquehanna) were all founded\\nwithin these years.\\nUnder Penn and his sons, there were three divisions\\nDivisions of their land in the province first, the\\nof the Land commou lauds, constituting the bulk of it,\\nand selling at a uniform price, which up to 1713 was\\nfive pounds per hundred acres, and one shilling quit-\\nrent, but later, double and triple this amount; second,\\nthe Proprietary tenths, or manors, reserved and held\\nby the Proprietary third, the private estates of the\\nindividual members of the Proprietary, purchased\\nfrom one another or from other persons. The quit-\\nrents were paid by the tenant to be quit and free\\nfrom all feudal service and they were used to pay\\nthe expenses of the government. They ranged in\\nvalue from a pepper-corn, a red rose, an Indian arrow,\\na buck s foot, a bear skin, or a bushel of wheat, to\\nseveral shillings per hundred acres. From the be-\\nginning there was difficulty with the payment of\\nquit-rents some refused to pay them, while others\\nneglected to pay them, or, paying them, did not get\\na proper credit. Thousands of persons settled without\\nany titles to their lands. Many of these afterwards\\nsecured titles, but some did not. In 1797 a law\\nwas passed requiring the present owners of such\\nunpatented lands to satisfy the State s claims but\\nthe law was allowed to go by default.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 61\\nAfter the Declaration of Independence the State,\\nin 1779, annulled the Royal Charter, and state gets the\\npaid the Penns 130,000 pounds sterling for common Lands\\ntheir rights in the common lands. They retained, how-\\never, their manors and their private property, and so\\nwere still the largest landowners in the State. The\\nlarger part of what remains of the old Penn manors\\nis in and around Wilkes-Barre in the Sunhury manor,\\nin Plymouth, Salem and Jackson townships. The Penn\\nestate also owns about three dozen ground -rents in\\nnorthern Philadelphia, in what was the Manor of\\nSpringettsbury, and one irredeemable ground -rent on\\nproperty in Race street near Twenty -first. This,\\nwith some reversionary rights in ground granted by\\nPenn for public buildings, is the sum total of posses-\\nsions in Pennsylvania now belonging to the heirs of\\nPenn. They had also, until within a few years,\\nreceived from the British government an annuity of\\n4,000 pounds for their losses in the Revolution.\\nPenn s policy in purchasing lands from the Indians\\nwas always an honest one. His sons, though penn s\\nin the main carrying out their father s LandPoiicy\\npolicy, had to deal with a greater and more difficult\\nproblem. They had to satisfy the Red Man when\\nit became evident that the white man would eventually\\nhave the last foot of soil in Pennsylvania. Hence,\\nsome of the later land dealings were not free from\\ninjustice. This was the case with the historic walking\\npurchase.\\nIt was the custom of the Indians to measure land\\nby walking or riding on horseback. In The walking\\n1686, William Penn bought a tract of land Purchase\\nalong the Delaware, extending back into the woods", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "62 A History of Pennsylvania\\nas far as man can go in one day and a half. When\\nthe white settlers reached the Lehigh hills, below\\nEaston, the Indians became uneasy, and wanted the\\nwalk performed. The time fixed for it was September\\n19, 1737; and the starting point, a tree near Wrights-\\ntown, Bucks county. The Proprietary had employed\\nthree men Marshall, Yeates and Jennings all fleet\\non foot and the Delaware Indians, three men. The\\nwalkers were under the supervision of the sheriff of\\nBucks county and the surveyor -general of Pennsyl-\\nvania, and were accompanied by a number of spectators,\\nsome of whom carried refreshments. The walkers kept\\na northerl}^ course on the Durham road to Durham\\ncreek, thence, a northwesterly^ course they forded the\\nLehigh at 2 o clock in the afternoon, and reached the\\nHockendauqua at sunset. Jennings and two of the\\nIndians had given out the first day hence the others\\nresumed the walk alone the next morning. Having\\npassed through the Lehigh Water Gap, Marshall, the\\nonly one who finished the walk, reached a spur of the\\nBroad mountain at 12 o clock. The distance gone over\\nin the day and a-half was about sixty miles.\\nInstead of running the shortest line from the end\\nof the walk to the Delaware, the surveyor\\nIts Extent\\nwent northeast and struck the mouth of\\nthe Lackawaxen, thus securing for the Proprietary the\\nForks of the Delaware, on the south side of the Blue\\nmountains, and the Mini sink Flats, on the north side\\nboth rich and desirable tracts of land (see map, p.\\n6). The entire walking purchase included the up-\\nper portion of Bucks, nearly all of Northampton, and\\nparts of Carbon, Monroe and Pike an area of not\\nless than 1,200 square miles.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 63\\nThe Delawares complained that the walk was not\\nfair that instead of by the compass across\\nthe country, it should have been up the\\nDelaware by the nearest path, as was done by William\\nPenn and their fathers when they tramped leisurely\\ntogether for a day and a half to determine the north-\\nern limit of Markham s purchase of 1682. The In-\\ndians in the party also objected to the pace of the\\nwhite walkers, frequently calling to the latter to ivalh\\nnot to run. One of them said afterwards: No sit\\ndown to smoke, no shoot a squirrel, but lun, lun lun,\\nall day long. It is stated that it took the surveyor-\\ngeneral afterwards four days to walk over the same\\nground. Jennings and Yeates both were supposed to\\nhave died from the effects of the walk. Marshall\\nalone was none the worse, for he died at the ripe old\\nage of ninety.\\nAt the time of the walking purchase, the Dela-\\nware Indians held their council fires at the\\nMinisink Flats. Here, on the Pocono, was\\nborn the celebrated chief, Tedyuscung, called Honest\\nJohn by the English. When his lands had been\\nwrested from him by the walk, more especially by\\nthe line to the Lackawaxen, the Six Nations, urged\\nby the Governor of Pennsylvania, in 1742 ordered the\\nDelawares to remove to Wyoming and Shamokin, on\\nthe Susquehanna. The Six Nations characterized the\\nDelawares as women, and not empowered to sell\\nlands. Tedyuscung protested but the Iroquois said,\\nDon t deliberate, but remove away. The wrong\\nrankled in the hearts of the Delawares like a smoth-\\nered fire and when the French and Indian war\\nbroke out, they openly took sides with the French, and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "64 A History of Pennsylvania\\nhelped to desolate the frontier. By the time of the\\nRevolution, they, together with the Shawanese, who\\nhad dwelt opposite Wyoming, had all been driven to\\nthe Ohio river.\\nTedyuscung, at a council held at Easton in 1758,\\nA Restoration by the help of the Quakers established\\nthe fact that the Indians had been wronged\\nby the walking purchase and other land transactions.\\nHe showed that the Six Nations had given land to the\\nDelawares, and then sold it from under their feet to\\nthe whites. As a result of this conference, a large\\ntract of land on the Susquehanna, Juniata, Allegheny,\\nand Ohio rivers, which had been purchased from the\\nSix Nations under a misapprehension, at Albany in\\n1754 (see p. 66), was restored to the Indians, and\\nmany causes of misunderstanding were removed (see\\nmap, p. 6). Had these wrongs been righted sooner,\\nor, better still, never been committed, the blood of\\nBraddock s soldiers would not have been added to the\\nprice of the land.\\nWhile Pennsylvanians were thus pressing forward\\nThe Claim and occupyiug the virgin soil from the\\nof Connecticut gouthcast through the Delaware and Le-\\nhigh valleys. New Englanders advanced from the north-\\neast. The charter of Connecticut, like that of Massa-\\nchusetts, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and\\nGeorgia, defined its western boundary to be the Paci-\\nfic ocean. Its southern boundary was to be a straight\\nline beginning at the mouth of Narragansett bay. This,\\nextended west, would have entered Pennsylvania near\\nStroudsburg and crossed the Susquehanna at Blooms-\\nburg. Penn s charter fixed the northern boundary of\\nliis province at the forty-second degree of latitude.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3458", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "66 A History of Pennsylvania\\nA large strip of territory was thus granted to both\\nConnecticut and Pennsjdvania.\\nIn 1753, an association of New Englanders, mostly\\nThe Albany from Connccticut, called the Susquehanna\\nPurchase Company, was formed to make a settlement\\nin the territory of Pennsylvania claimed by Connecti-\\ncut. The beautiful valley upon the Susquehanna,\\nwhere eleven j^ears before Tedyuscung and his tribe\\nhad built the town of Wyoming, was selected for the\\npurpose. The next year, at the general congress at\\nAlbany, the Susquehanna Company purchased from the\\nSix Nations the lands upon the Susquehanna north of\\nthe Blue mountains. Pennsylvania protested against\\nthe purchase, claiming that it had not been made in\\nopen council, but had been effected by making the\\nIndian chiefs drunk. As the congress had been called\\nto form a union of the colonies with the Six Nations\\nas allies against the French, the purchase was not\\nthen seriously opposed. Besides, Pennsylvania bought\\na large tract of land from the Six Nations at the same\\ntime, and in a way not satisfactory to the Indians.\\nAbout the close of the French and Indian war, a\\nConnecticut compauy of Connecticut settlers arrived in\\nSettles the Wyoming valley and, before winter set\\nyoming extcusive fields of wheat had been sown\\nupon lands covered with forest trees in August. But\\nowing to the scantiness of provisions, the settlers\\nreturned to Connecticut for the winter. Early the next\\nyear, in 1763, they returned, accompanied by many\\nothers. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of North-\\nampton county, to which the Wyoming valley then\\nbelonged, settlements were made at Wilkes -Barre,\\nKingston, Plymouth and Hanover. The summer passed", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 67\\nwith nothing to mar the peace and contentment of\\nthe New En glanders but in October, the Indians fell\\nupon them like a thunderbolt from a clear sky, and\\nkilled about twenty of their number. The others fled\\nsome back to Connecticut, some to New York. This\\nis known in history as the first massacre of Wyoming.\\nIt was the work of the Delawares, whom the wily\\nIroquois had made believe that Tedyuscung had been\\nassassinated by the whites.\\nThe flow of immigration, so violently and suddenly\\nchecked, did not begin again till 1768. That year,\\nat Fort Stanwix, New York, a large tract of land,\\nincluding Wyoming, was bought from the Six Nations\\nby the Proprietary, to strengthen its claim to the\\ndisputed territory (see map, p. 6). Pennsylvania\\nsettlers now arrived and laid out two manors, one on\\neach side of the Susquehanna, and extending over the\\nfarms abandoned by the New Englanders. Early the\\nnext year, a party of forty Connecticut men came to\\nresume the settlement made before. They located at\\nKingston, and after battling with departing winter,\\nenjoyed a peaceful and prosperous summer. The\\nforty were under the direction of three men, one\\nof whom was Zebulon Butler and their fort was\\nknown as the Forty Fort. In October, the sheriff\\nof Northampton county appeared, arrested them and\\nmarched them to Easton, where they were lodged in\\njail. And now the southern and northern waves of\\npopulation had met in a fierce conflict, known as the\\nPennamite and Yankee war. Forts and blockhouses\\nwere constructed, and many sieges and skirmishes fol-\\nlowed. Both parties led men to prison, drove women\\nand children away, and committed other outrages.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "68 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Connecticut men on the whole were the more\\nWestmoreland succcssful in this civil stHfc. They organ-\\nTown J2ed a government, made laws, and appointed\\njudges and other officers. Their intention was to form\\nan independent state but they could not maintain\\nthemselves alone against the Pennamites. So in 1774,\\nthey attached themselves to Connecticut, as the town\\n(township) of Westmoreland, in the county of Litch-\\nfield, Zebulon Butler was one of the judges.\\nWith the outbreak of the Revolution there came\\na lull in the strife iu Wyoming. It was\\nA Lull\\nresolved at a public meeting, That we will\\nunanimously join our brethren of America in the\\ncommon cause of defending our liberty. Two com-\\npanies of troops raised in Wyoming joined the Conti-\\nnental army, as a part of the Connecticut Line. How-\\never, as soon as independence had been achieved, the\\nold feud broke out in all its former fury. All attacks\\nfrom the Indians being at an end, swarms of new\\nsettlers arrived and added fuel to the fire. Pennsyl-\\nvania having in 1779, by an act of assembly, succeeded\\nthe heirs of Penn in the possession of all vacant terri-\\ntory, now appealed to Congress to settle the dispute.\\nBy virtue of the Articles of Confederation, that body\\nappointed a commission for the purpose. It met at\\nTrenton in 1782, and after five weeks of deliberation\\ndecided, without giving any reasons, that Connecticut\\nhad no right to the land, and that the jurisdiction and\\npreemption of the same belonged to Pennsylvania.\\nThe settlers were all satisfied with the change of\\njurisdiction: but when Pennsylvania sought\\nAt War Again T\\nto enforce her preemption rights another\\ncivil struggle ensued, causing such serious trouble", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 69\\nthat the militia had to be called out. Colonel\\nTimothy Pickering was deputized to use his influence\\nfor the restoration of order. At length, in 1799,\\nafter nearly forty years of unparalleled suffering, to\\nwhich a destructive ice -flood in 1794 had contributed\\nnot a little, affairs were amicably arranged by con-\\nfirming to the Connecticut settlers the titles to their\\nlands on payment of a small price per acre. The\\nPennsylvania claimants were satisfied by paying them\\nfor the farms they had to give up, or by giving them\\nland elsewhere in exchange.\\nAfter the settlement of the land difficulties in\\nWyoming, the valley, which is twenty- one Wyoming\\nmiles long and three miles wide, enjoyed Prosptrs\\nthe tranquility of peace. Its rich acres blossomed\\nas the rose. The county of Luzerne, named after\\nthe Chevalier de Luzerne, at that time minister from\\nFrance, had been erected in 1786. Its territory\\nthen included parts of Bradford (Ontario originally),\\nSullivan, Carbon, and all of Susquehanna and\\nWyoming. Wilkes -Barre, so called in honor of John\\nWilkes and Colonel Barre, members of the British\\nParliament and warm friends of the American colonies\\nin the Revolution, was laid out in 1773.\\nDelightful Wyoming beneath thy skies\\nThe happy shepherd swains had naught to do\\nBut feed their flocks on green declivities,\\nOr skim, perchance, thy lake with light canoe.\\nWith the exception of the Dutch on the Minisink\\nFlats, the Moravian mission station at Gna- The upper\\ndenhiitten, near the Lehigh, and a few scat- schuyikiu\\ntered farms near Orwigsburg, on the Schuylkill, there", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "70\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nwere no settlements, before the Revolution, between\\nthe Wyoming valley and the Blue mountains (see\\nPurchase of 1749, map, p. 6). This tract was not\\nmuch inhabited until after the discovery of anthracite\\ncoal.\\nThe settlement of the Susquehanna valley was be-\\ngun by John Harris, father of John Harris,\\nSusquehanna thc fouudcr of Harrisburg, and the first\\nValley\\nwhite child known to have been born in\\nPennsylvania west of the Conewago hills. The elder\\nHarris came from England quite early, and in 1705 got\\npermission as a li-\\ncensed trader to seat\\nhimself on the Sus-\\nquehanna and to\\ntrade with the Indians\\nof the Conois creek.\\nThe lands of the Sus-\\nquehanna northward\\nto the Blue mountains\\nwere finally deeded to\\nthe Proprietors by the\\nIndians, in 1736. Penn had first leased this region from\\nthe governor of New York, who had secured it from\\nthe Five Nations. The lease was for a thousand years\\nat an annual rental of a pepper -corn. Soon after\\nthe transaction of 1736, a highway, extending from the\\nDelaware to the Susquehanna, was laid out at the\\nrequest of numerous settlers of Paxtang township,\\nthen in Lancaster, now in Dauphin county. In 1749,\\nanother purchase was made (see map, p. 6) it opened\\nthe Susquehanna valley for settlement some distance\\nbeyond the Blue mountains.\\nGrave of Jolm Harris, Sr., Harrisburg.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 71\\nBefore the white man came to this portion of the\\nprovince, it had been occupied by the Dela- shamokin.\\nwares and Shawanese, under the control of sunbury\\nthe Five Nations. They had a town of some fifty\\nhouses at the fork of the two branches of the Sus-\\nquehanna, then Shamokin, now Sunbury. It was the\\nresidence of Shikellimy, the celebrated Oneida chief,\\nwho was the vice -king of the Six Nations in Pennsyl-\\nvania (see p. 5). Conrad Weiser visited the place as\\nearly as 1737, and in 1742 Count Zinzendorf and one\\nor two others made their way thither and received a\\nhearty welcome from Shikellimy. The Indians there\\nwere rough, drunken, mischievous fellows, among\\nwhom, Satan seems to have had his seat. The Six\\nNations asked the governor to send a blacksmith to\\nShamokin. One was sent by the Moravians at Beth-\\nlehem, and he opened the way for a Moravian mission.\\nSoon afterwards white settlers located in the valley\\nbelow, on both sides of the river. At the outbreak of\\nthe French and Indian war these became exposed to\\nIndian attacks, and Fort Augusta was erected at Sha-\\nmokin to protect them.\\nFort Augusta was a very important place of defense\\nin the French and Indian war and in the The Popuia-\\nRevolution. During the former, few settlers\\nventured beyond it, for it was then the most northern\\nplace of defense in the Susquehanna valley beyond\\nthe Blue mountains. Northumberland had its begin-\\nnings in a public house put up to accommodate\\nthose who came to see the land in the new purchase,\\nmade at Fort Stanwix, 1768 (see map, p. 6). This\\nwas the last purchase under the Proprietaries, and\\nit extended the limits of settlement beyond the forks", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "72 A History of Pennsylvania\\nof the Susquehanna, both along the West and the\\nNorth branches. But the North Branch beyond Blooms-\\nburg lay in the disputed territory claimed by Con-\\nnecticut, and was settled from the north. Fort\\nMcClure, near Bloomsburg, was built by the famous\\nIndian fighter, Van Campen, and named after the\\nfirst settler, James McClure, who got a patent for\\nhis land in 1772. The settlers at the lower end\\nof the North branch viewed with jealousy the occu-\\npation of the neighboring lands of Wyoming by the\\nYankees. Dr. William Plunket, as magistrate and\\ncolonel, in 1775, by authority of the governor, led an\\nexpedition against them but at the Nanticoke Nar-\\nrows he was met by the enemy and forced to return\\nwithout accomplishing anything.\\nAlong the West Branch, the stream of population\\nThe Fair-Play flowiug uorth was much strougcr for\\nSettlement thcrc wcrc few Ncw Englanders ahead\\nto block its way. Quakers from the lower counties\\nsettled Pennsborough, now Muncy, named after the\\nMonsey Indians, who inhabited that section of the\\nvalley. Fort Muncy was erected near by in 1778\\nin fact, from Sunbury to Lock Haven, there was a\\nline of forts, and each of them became the scene of\\nmany a legend of border warfare. Many Germans\\nand Scotch -Irish also found their way into the pine-\\nclad mountains of this region. There was an un-\\ncertainty, for some years after the purchase of 1768,\\nabout its exact boundaries. The Proprietaries had\\nforbidden settlement in this doubtful tract but their\\nproclamation was not heeded. Adventurers took pos-\\nsession of the land and organized a local government.\\nThey annually elected in rotation three of their num-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 73\\nber, whom they called fair-play men, to act as Judges\\nin all controversies. From their decisions there was\\nno appeal. Every newcomer had to apply to the fair-\\nplay men for his land. Any person resisting the\\nenforcement of the fair -play code was placed in a\\ncanoe, rowed to the mouth of Lycoming creek, and\\nthere set adrift. The acts of this unique court were\\nafterwards allowed as evidence in the established courts,\\nand the hona-fide settlers between Lycoming and Pine\\ncreeks each got three hundred acres of land. A most\\nsingular coincidence occurred in the history of these\\nfair-play men on July 4, 1776. Early in the sum-\\nmer they had heard that Congress contemplated inde-\\npendence from Great Britain. Accordingly, on the\\nabove date, far from the sound of the Liberty Bell,\\nthey assembled on Pine creek, and, after some patri-\\notic discussion, passed a set of resolutions declaring\\nthemselves free and independent.\\nNorthumberland county w^as erected, in 1772, out\\nof Lancaster, Cumberland, Berks, North-\\nCounties Erected\\nampton and Bedford. It was reduced to\\nits present size by the successive erection of Luzerne,\\nMiflin, Lycoming, Centre, Columbia and Union coun-\\nties. Fort Augusta (Sunbury) was made the seat of\\njustice. Lycoming county was not formed until 1795,\\neleven years after the last purchase from the Indians\\n(see map, p. 89). It comprised originally all of the\\nnorthwestern part of the State. Williamsport, named\\nprobably after William, a son of Michael Ross, upon\\nwhose land the county seat was located, was laid out\\nsoon after the formation of the county. It is one of\\nthe most beautiful towns in Pennsylvania, and is lo-\\ncated in a valley of surpassing grandeur and loveliness.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "74 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Juniata valley was settled largely by Scotch\\nThe Juniata Irish, who made their way from the Cumber-\\nvaiiey jg^^^^j vallcy through the gaps in the Blue\\nmountains. A good many Germans also located within\\nits borders but they were not encouraged to do so.\\nIn 1755, the Proprietaries instructed their agents to\\ninduce the Scotch -Irish to settle in Cumberland county\\nand the Germans in York, in order to prevent collisions\\nbetween them. Cumberland county at that time ex-\\ntended westward of the Susquehanna, and northward\\nand westward of the county of York. It included the\\nJuniata valley, and was afterwards called Mother\\nCumberland, because so many counties had been\\nformed from it. The first settlements in the Juniata\\nvalley were made a decade or more before 1750. They\\nwere established in Sherman s valley, now Perry\\ncounty, in Tuscarora valley, now Juniata county, and\\nin Aughwick valley, now Fulton county, by pioneers\\nfrom Carlisle and the Conococheague. But as the\\nlands north of the Blue mountains had not yet been\\nbought from the Indians, the latter complained and\\nthe provincial government ordered the intruders to be\\ndriven out and their cabins burned. To this event,\\nBurnt Cabins, a village in Fulton county, owes its\\nname. Many of the squatters returned, and aroused\\nanimosities among the savages, that burned with un-\\nquenchable fury during the war that soon broke out.\\nThe government, being unable to keep the intruders\\nout, made the Albany purchase in 1754 (see map, p. 6).\\nHowever, the Indians were still not satisfied. The\\npurchase, contrary to their understanding, included the\\nWest Branch of the Susquehanna. Nevertheless, a\\nland office was at once opened for the sale of lands", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 75\\nin the Juniata valley. Small and scattered settle-\\nments were made around Lewistown, Huntingdon and\\nBedford.\\nThe first settlers about Lewistown came from the\\nConococheague by way of the Aughwick. settlement of\\nThey built Fort Granville, which was Juniata vaiiey\\ndestroyed by western Indians in 1756, who forced its\\noccupants soldiers, and some settlers with their fami-\\nlies to make a forced march to Kittanning, whence\\nthey never returned. The white man, however, had a\\nstrong Indian friend on the Juniata in the person of\\nLogan, the Mingo chief. Huntingdon, long known as\\nStanding Stone, was likewise settled by way of the\\nAughwick, and is located on the site of the Stand-\\ning Stone, whose name may be regarded as a trans-\\nlation of Onojutta-Haga, or the Juniata people, a\\nname found on maps as early as 1659. Conrad Weiser\\nmentioned Standing Stone as a curiosity, and John\\nHarris described it as being fourteen feet high and\\nsix inches square and containing Indian hieroglyphics.\\nThe Indians venerated the Standing Stone, and\\nprobably carried it with them, after the sale of the\\nvalley, in 1754. Jack s Narrows, below Huntingdon,\\nis also a place suggestive of interesting history. It\\nis named after Captain Jack Armstrong, who was a\\nfriend in need to the people of the Juniata valley on\\nmany occasion s, and a terror to the Indians. Bedford\\nhad its origin in the Fort at Raystown, to which the\\nsettlers could flee for protection against Indian incur-\\nsions. In 1755, the provincial authorities sent 300\\nmen out to cut a road from Fort Loudon to Bedford,\\nto join Braddock s road west of the Alleghenies. It\\nwas completed by General Forbes in 1758, to enable", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "76 A History of Pennsylvania\\nhim to reach Fort Duquesne. Bedford was for many\\nyears a military station and a stopping place for adven-\\nturers between Carlisle and Fort Pitt. An interesting\\nspot in what is now Blair county is the Sinking\\nSpring valley. It contained lead mines, which were\\nprobably known to the French as early as 1750. The\\nIndians of this region were always supplied with an\\nabundance of lead, but where they obtained it\\nwas long a secret. In the Revolution, some of the\\nbullets fired at the Redcoats were made from the\\nSinking Spring lead.\\nAfter Braddock s defeat, the Indians fell with\\nIndian Rav- mercilcss f ury upon the infant settlements\\nages in the in the Juuiata valley, and although the\\na ey ^^Qg^^y. ^f -j^y^g (gg^ map, p. 6) had re-\\nmoved the objections to the purchase of 1754, yet\\nsavage vengeance reveled in blood till 1764. Carlisle,\\nShippensburg and Chambersburg were frequently\\ncrowded with settlers from the Juniata valley, who\\nhad fled with their families, flocks, and furniture to\\nescape the tomahawk and the firebrand. Crops were\\nharvested under the protection of the militia. On one\\noccasion, an entire school in Franklin county Master\\nBrown and his ten pupils were murdered while at\\ntheir books. It was not until Colonel Bouquet had\\ndriven the western Indians beyond the Ohio, and made\\nthem sue for peace (see p. 137), that the settlers of the\\nJuniata valley could plow their fields, gather their\\nharvests, and eat their bread, without fear of the\\nscalping -knife. From that time until the Revolution,\\nthe population grew uninterruptedly. Many Germans\\nfrom Lancaster count\\\\^ and from Maryland were now\\nattracted by the richness of the limestone valleys.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 11\\nBut duriug the Revolution there was a return move-\\nment. British marauders, with Indian allies, caused\\nmany families to remove to eastern counties for safety.\\nAlong the southern border counties east of the\\nmountains, numerous settlers were from The Maryland\\nMaryland. The reason for this was that Boundary\\nthe Baltimores laid claim to a part of Pennsylvania\\nnorth of the present line, and encouraged their people\\nto occupy it. According to his charter, Penn s prov-\\nince was to be bounded on the south by the circum-\\nference of a circle whose center was New Castle and\\nwhose radius was twelve miles in length, to be drawn\\nfrom north to west till it reached the beginning of\\nthe fortieth degree. From this point of contact, the\\nboundary line was to extend directly westward five\\ndegrees of longitude. Lord Baltimore s charter made\\nthe northern boundary of Maryland extend west from\\nthat part of Delaware bay which lieth under the\\nfortieth degree of latitude. The Baltimores contended\\nthat the words, lieth under, were to be taken liter-\\nally, as if a huge figure 40 lay over sixty geographical\\nmiles that their grant extended over the land between\\nthe 39th and 40th parallels. The Penns held that the\\nwords, beginning of the fortieth degree, in their\\ncharter, likewise had reference to the entire space\\nbetween the 39th and 40th parallels that the 40th\\ndegree began at the 39th, just as the first degree may\\nbe said to begin at the equator. The width of a\\ndegree, therefore, was in dispute, on account of the\\nunfortunate expressions in the two charters. Lord\\nBaltimore, by virtue of his charter, also laid claim to\\nthe whole peninsula between the Chesapeake bay and\\nthe Atlantic ocean north of a line drawn across from", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "78 A History of Pennsylvania\\nWatkins Point. But the phrase, ^^hactenus incultas\\nmeaning hitherto uncultivated excluded Delaware,\\nbecause it had been cultivated by the Swedes and\\nDutch. However, as there were no exact boundaries,\\nthe Marylanders were continually encroaching upon\\nthe three lower counties (Delaware), as well as on\\nthe southern border of Pennsylvania.\\nThe dispute dragged its weary length through more\\nthan eighty years. Three English sove-\\nYears of Dispute t,\\nreigns had to do with the vexatious\\nquestion. The Proprietors had a few interviews in\\nAmerica, but parted as secret enemies, especially after\\nthey had discovered that the 40th parallel did not pass\\nthrough New Castle, as had been supposed, but much\\nfarther north. With Lord Baltimore it was territory;\\nwith William Penn it was water frontage on Chesa-\\npeake bay. The latter once offered to buy sufficient\\nterritory of Baltimore to get a port on the bay, but\\nmet with a refusal. The claims were asserted with\\nviolence and occasional bloodshed. Settlers refused\\nto pay taxes, because they did not know to whom to\\npay them.\\nThese conflicts occurred chiefly in the three lower\\nScene of couutics and in York county, then Lan-\\nthe Conflict caster. In 1730, Lord Baltimore sent a bold\\nbut pliant adventurer, named Thomas Cresap, to settle\\nin the Conejohela valley, where a number of others\\nhad previously located under Maryland grants. Com-\\nmissioned as a justice of the peace, Cresap came to\\nWright s ferry and began to build boats and erect a\\nhouse. He came in conflict with Pennsylvanians across\\nthe river, and even sent one to the Annapolis jail. He\\nalso attacked John Wright, the foremost Quaker in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 79\\nLancaster county, while the latter was reaping grain\\non the west side of the Susquehanna. Not being able\\nto cope with Wright, Cresap had the governor of\\nMaryland send the militia to his assistance but the\\nQuaker farmer and his Scotch -Irish neighbors were\\nmore than a match for the Marylanders. Nevertheless,\\nCresap was a disturbing element for some time. Finally,\\nin 1736, the sheriff of Lancaster county captured the\\ndisturber of the peace by firing his house. He was taken\\nto Philadelphia in triumph and lodged in jail. Maryland\\nthen sent an armed force of three hundred men into\\nthe Susquehanna valley. After more bloodshed, these\\nwere driven back, and all efforts to colonize that\\npart of Pennsylvania with Marylanders were abandoned\\nin 1738.\\nSoon after these quarrels in York county had begun,\\nmutual agreements were made, in 1732, to settlement\\nsettle the boundaries as follows (see any Proposed\\nmap of the Middle States) That a semicircle should\\nbe drawn at twelve miles from New Castle, obedient\\nto the charter of Pennsylvania that a line should\\nbe run from Cape Henlopen directly west to the exact\\ncenter of the peninsula, and a perpendicular be drawn\\nnorthward from the western end of said line till it\\ntouched the extreme point of the circumference, thus\\nmaking a tangent; that from this poiut again a line\\nbe traced due north till it reached a point fifteen\\nstatute miles south of the most southerly point of\\nPhiladelphia that, starting at the northern end of\\nthis line, another be drawn directly west five degrees,\\nthe western limit of Pennsylvania. As the western\\nlands were then unsettled, it was agreed to run the\\nlast-named line only twenty -five miles beyond the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "80 A History of Pennsylvania\\nSusquehanna at that time. When everything was in\\nreadiness, a dispute arose as to the length of the cir-\\ncumference, and the matter hung fire till 1739, when\\nwhat is known as the temporary line was run\\nwestward of the Susquehanna as far as the Kitta-\\ntinny hills. The dispute then got into the Court of\\nChancery, and was not decided until 1750, when the\\nLord Chancellor ordered the agreement of 1732 to be\\ncarried out. The commissioners met and agreed to\\nmake the court house at New Castle the center of the\\ncircle. But Maryland insisted on a surface measure-\\nment of the radius, instead of an astronomical and\\ngeometrical measurement. The Penns would not agree\\nto this, and the work was once more put off.\\nFinally, in 1761, after Chancery had decided in\\nMason and favor of Sb horizoutal measurement, two\\nDixon s Line expcrt English surveyors, Charles Mason\\nand Jeremiah Dixon, were appointed to run the lines.\\nIt took them several years to draw the circle, fix the\\ntangent, and locate the beginning of the southern\\nboundary of Pennsylvania. This boundary, known\\nas Mason and Dixon s line, was extended westward\\nin latitude 39\u00c2\u00b0 44 for a distance of 230 miles, in\\nthe year 1767. At intervals of five miles, the survey-\\nors placed stones marked on the north with the arms\\nof Thomas and Richard Penn, and on the south with\\nthe arms of Lord Baltimore. Smaller stones were\\nplaced at the end of every mile. Where transporta-\\ntion was no longer possible beyond the foot of Side-\\nling hill to the summit of the AUeghenies heaps of\\nstones marked the line and thence to the end, posts\\nsurrounded with stones and earth. The stones used\\nas far as Sideling hill were imported from England.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 81\\nThe Indians being feared, the remainder of the southern\\nboundary of the State was run by other surveyors, in\\n1782. Mason and Dixon returned to England, but their\\nnames became household words in America. Mason\\nand Dixon s line became famous as the division be-\\ntween the free States and the slave States. The little\\ntriangular piece of land between the tangent and the\\nsemicircle, extending down from the eastern terminus\\nof Mason and Dixon s line, known as the flat iron,\\nwas recently transferred by Pennsylvania to Delaware\\nbut the transaction has not yet been completed by\\nDelaware and Congress.\\nVirginia, by virtue of her sea to sea charter, made\\nan indefinite claim to all lands west and western\\nnorthwest of her coast line. She therefore Pennsylvania\\nheld that the region about the forks of the Ohio\\nbelonged to her. Accordingly, in 1749, the Ohio Land\\nCompany, most of whose members were Virginians,\\ntwo of them being brothers of General Washington,\\nsecured from George II a grant of half a million acres\\non the branches of the Ohio. Its object was to form\\na barrier against the French, and to establish trade\\nwith the Indians. Under its auspices, Christopher Gist,\\nafterwards the companion of Washington on his journey\\nto Fort Le Bceuf explored the country. With eleven\\nother families, he settled within the present limits of\\nFayette county. To check the encroachments of the\\nFrench, a fort was begun in 1754, on the site of\\nPittsburg but the enemy captured the Virginians while\\nengaged in its erection, finished it, and named it Fort\\nDuquesne. In the year following its capture by General\\nForbes (seep.l33)it was rebuilt, and named Fort Pitt,\\nin honor of Pitt, the distinguished English statesman.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 A History of Pennsylvania\\nBefore 1758, the western part of Pennsylvania could\\nForbes Road be approaclied from the east, only by the\\nand Pittsburg pQute of the Junlata and the Kiskiminitas.\\nIn that year, Forbes finished as far as the Loyalhanna\\nthe road previously begun from Fort Loudon by way\\nof Bedford. This opened the way for numerous set-\\ntlers from the eastern counties, notably the Scotch-\\nIrish. They located in the Ligonier valley, at Hannas-\\ntown, and about the forks of the Ohio. With settlers\\nfrom Maryland and Virginia, they possessed the land\\nin comparative quiet till Pontiac s war. Pittsburg was\\nbegun in 1760, and the next year had 104 houses,\\nsheltering 332 persons. But when Pontiac s conspi-\\nracy had been hatched, the infant town was cut off\\nfrom all communication and had it not been for\\nColonel Bouquet s victory over the savages at Bushy\\nrun, in 1764 (see p. 136), it might have been wiped out\\nof existence. He forced the Indians to withdi-aw from\\nwestern Pennsylvania and retire beyond the Ohio.\\nColonel John Campbell, in 1765, laid out forty\\nsquares but the town was a poor affair then. Nor\\ndid it make much progress until after the Kevolution.\\nThe proclamation line, by which England, after the\\nFrench and Indian war, forbade the colonists to settle\\nwest of the headwaters of the rivers in the Atlantic\\nbasin, interfered with the growth of Pittsburg and\\nthe country around it. The settlers of Redstone creek\\nand Cheat river were at one time driven away in pur-\\nsuance of the proclamation. A law was passed by the\\nAssembly imposing the death penalty, without benefit\\nof clergy, for trespassing upon lands not purchased\\nfrom the Indians. But nothing daunted the trespassers;\\nthey returned again and again. To avoid these recur-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 83\\nring difficulties, the purchase at Fort Stanwix was made\\n(see map, p. 6). It opened the country around the\\nOhio for legitimate settlement. A land office was\\nopened, and a rapid increase of population followed.\\nIn 1769, the Penns surveyed a manor of 5,000 acres at\\nPittsburg and in the country east of it and south of\\nthe Monongahela. But the Manor of Pittsburg as\\nit was called was not laid out into lots as long as\\nVirginia claimed the land.\\nA new difficulty arose just before the Revolution.\\nIn 1773 the county of Westmoreland, in-\\n1 T 11 ii 1 i n Collisions\\neluding all of the southwestern portion of\\nthe province west of Laurel Hill, was formed. Hannas-\\ntown, on the old Forbes road, near the present site of\\nGreensburg, was made the county seat. It was the\\nfirst place in the Mississippi valley where justice was\\nadministered by virtue of judicial authority. It was\\nthe only collection of houses about thirty in number\\nworthy the name of town between Bedford and Pitts-\\nburg. When Virginia saw that Pennsylvania was ex-\\ntending jurisdiction over the forks of the Ohio, she\\nrenewed her claims to that country. Before the land\\nhad been purchased from the Indians, the settlers\\nwere so few that no collisions occurred. Now it was\\notherwise. Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia,\\nasserted that Pittsburg was outside of the limits of\\nPennsylvania. He placed in command Dr. John Con-\\nnelly, a Pennsylvanian, but a willing tool, who took\\npossession of Fort Pitt and changed its name to Fort\\nDunmore. Connelly defied the Pennsylvania magis-\\ntrates and other officers of the State, and commanded\\nthe people of Westmoreland county to recognize the\\nauthority of Lord Dunmore. Arthur St. Clair, a Penn-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nHouse of Arthur St. Clair.\\nsylvania magistrate, had Connelly arrested and bound\\nover to keep the peace. This the Doctor did not do.\\nHe got a commission from Virginia to act as justice of\\nthe peace in Augusta\\ncounty, which extended\\nover the disputed ter-\\nritory in Pennsylvania.\\nHe then appeared at\\nHannastown with 150\\nmen, all armed and\\nwith colors flying,\\nplaced sentinels at the\\ndoor of the court house,\\nand kept the magistrates from entering. Lord Dun-\\nmore now established a court at Fort Pitt, and de-\\nmanded obedience to its decrees.\\nThe matter next got into Congress, where such men\\nas Jefferson and Henry, of Virginia, and\\nFranklin, of Pennsylvania, advised that\\nthe troops be withdrawn. Though this was not done\\nat once, yet the Revolution brought about a more\\nbrotherly feeling and by 1779 the Virginians and\\nPennsylvanians agreed to a settlement. A com-\\nmission, on which served the celebrated astronomer,\\nRittenhouse, was appointed to run the boundary\\nby extending Mason and Dixon s line to its western\\nlimit of five degrees. There a meridian was\\ndra^^Ti as far north as the Ohio. Wide vistas were\\ncut through the forests over the high hills, and trees\\nwere deadened or felled in the valleys. Stones were\\nset up at irregular intervals and marked on the east\\nside with the letter P, and on the west side with the\\nletter V. Ceding her western lands north of the Ohio to\\nThe Settlement", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 85\\nCongress in 1784, Virginia had no further interest\\nin the boundary, and next year Pennsylvania alone\\nextended the meridian to Lake Erie.\\nAfter the Revolution, affairs in western Pennsylvania\\nwere generally peaceful. The old State road southwestern\\nwas opened along the trail of Forbes, and Pennsylvania\\nnumerous villages sprang up along its way. Greens-\\nburg was founded on the site of a blockhouse of the\\nRevolution. Hannastown had been wiped off the map\\nof Westmoreland county, July 13, 1782, by one of\\nthe most cruel Indian attacks on record. The Indians,\\nunder the famous Seneca chief, Kyashuta, arrived from\\nacross the Allegheny river early in the morning,\\napplied the torch to the historic village, and carried\\nsome of its defenceless inhabitants into captivity.\\nWashington county, which at first included Greene,\\nwas cut off from Westmoreland soon after Virginia s\\nclaim had been abandoned. ^-^i^.\\nIts original southern popu-\\nlation had gained many ac-\\ncessions from Pennsylvania\\nScotch -Irish and Germans.\\nDunkard creek, in Greene\\ncounty, bears evidence of a\\nGerman sect that found its\\nway out there from the east-\\nern counties. Fayette county\\nwas erected soon after Wash-\\nington, and it now has within\\nits borders the historic spots\\nof Great Meadows, Fort Necessity, and Braddock s\\ngrave. Allegheny, which at first included all the terri-\\ntory north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers,\\nBraddock s Grave.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwas also formed from the mother county of southwestern\\nPennsylvania Westmoreland. The town lots in the\\nManor of Pittsburg now had a ready sale. Previous to\\nthis time, there were few buildings outside the fort,\\nexcept those occupied by Indian traders and soldiers\\nfamilies. In 1790 the town contained 200 houses, 2,000\\npeople, one newspaper, and a few manufacturing\\nestTablishments. But a movement of population then\\nbegan in the United States that made it grow more\\nrapidly. New Englanders and Virginians, as well as\\nPennsylvanians, flocked into the Ohio valley because\\nthe Northwest Territory had been organized and\\nopened for settlement. Pittsburg became a place\\nof trade with these new and ever -increasing settle-\\nments and its future greatness was assured.\\nThe northwestern part of the State, known as the\\nThe Indians Indian country after the French war,\\nDisappear from coustitutcd the purchasc of 1784 (see\\nPennsylvania gj which the Indian title to\\nthe last foot of soil in Pennsj^lvania was extin-\\nguished. However, the Indians continued to infest\\nthis section until Wayne s treaty at Ft. Greenville,\\n1795. This put an end to their hostility, and only\\none chief exercised dominion thereafter within the\\nState. His reservation remains intact today. Gyant-\\nwochia, the cornplanter, became the friend of the\\nsettlers after the Revolution, and the State gave him\\npermission to select 1,500 acres of land for himself and\\nhis descendants. He chose 640 acres on the west\\nbranch of the Allegheny, about fifteen miles above\\nWarren, together with two large islands adjoining.\\nThere he located permanently with his family, about\\n1791 and there his desendants live at the present", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 87\\nday the last remnant of the Red Man in Pennsyl-\\nvania. They farm their land and have a school, which\\nis supported by the State.\\nThe Indian country was entered by the white\\nsettlers by way of the west branch of the Northwestern\\nAllegheny and the border of New York. Pennsylvania\\nErie, the oldest and most historic place in it, can boast\\nof the footprints of La Salle, and of the fort of\\nPresque Isle, the first of a number of posts established\\nby the French to make good\\ntheir leaden claims to the\\nOhio valley (see p. 124) At\\nFt. Le BcBuf Washington, at\\nthe age of 21, performed his\\nfirst public service. These\\npoints are in the triangle\\nalong the shore of Lake\\nErie. The northern boun-\\nji jj\\\\ CO. 1. l.^ Blockhouse at Erie.\\ndary of the State was the\\nsubject of mild dispute between the Penns and New\\nYork for nearly fifty years, on account of the vague\\nknowledge of the 42d degree. The charter stated\\nthat Pennsylvania should be bounded on the north by\\nthe beginning of the 43d degree, which was accepted\\nto mean the 42d degree. Occasionally grants of land\\nwithin territory claimed by the Penns were made by\\nthe governor of New York. To avoid such mistakes,\\na stone, from which the northern boundary was to be\\ndetermined, was erected in 1775 on an island in the\\nDelaware river. From this point the northern boun-\\ndary was run in 1787; but it terminated a few miles\\nsouth of Lake Erie, greatly to the dissatisfaction of\\nPennsylvania. The line was finally fixed at 42\u00c2\u00b0, and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwas ratified by both States in 1789. It terminated in\\nLake Erie four miles east of where the western boun-\\ndary terminated, thus giving Pennsylvania only four\\nmiles of water frontage. The triangle cut off was\\nincluded in the cessions made by New York and Massa-\\nchusetts to the United States. In 1792, Pennsyl-\\nvania bought it from the Federal government for the\\nsum of $151,640.50. Three years later, Erie was laid\\nout on Presque Isle; and within a short time afterward\\nthe prince, Louis Philippe, heir to the throne which\\nonce had jurisdiction of the soil where Erie stands,\\nwas entertained in the town.\\nKittanning, another place familiar in the annals of\\nnorthwestern Pennsylvania, was originally\\nKittanning i t t\\nan Indian village. It marked the western\\nterminus of the Indian path across the mountains\\nfrom Standing Stone and other points in the Juniata\\nvalley. It was destroyed in 1756 by Colonel Arm-\\nstrong (seep. 131), after whom the county is named.\\nThe country around it afterwards became the scene\\nof many of Captain Samuel Brady s encounters with\\nthe Indians.\\nA noted point on the Kittanning path was Cherry\\nTree, at the present juncture of Cambria, Clearfield,\\nand Indiana counties. It was the head of canoe navi-\\ngation on the Susquehanna. The Indians would take\\ntheir canoes out of the stream at Cherry Tree and\\nstrike the trail through northern Indiana to Kittan-\\nning. It also obtained celebrity as the northern\\nboundary of the Stanwix purchase, and is frequently\\nreferred to in old land warrants. A monument has\\nbeen erected at the place to commemorate its historic\\nassociations.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 89\\nIn the Ohio valley, west of Pittsburg, the Moravian\\nmissionaries were the first white men to lay The\\nthe foundations of settlement. Zeisberger\\nand Senseman established a mission, called Friedenstadt,\\nat the junction of the Shenango and Mahoning, in\\nLawrence county. These pious men had followed\\ntheir Indian wards all the way from Wyalusing on the\\nSusquehanna, sojourning for awhile among the Monseys\\nin Forest county. Neshannock, Mahoning, and other\\nnames of streams in this locality were brought by the\\nIndians from the Delaware valley, where they had\\nknown streams of the same name.\\nAfter the victory of Wayne, the Indian country\\nrapidly became the white man s country. Eight New\\nIn 1800, the great new county act was countie\\npassed in the Legislature, by which Beaver, Butler,\\nCounty Map in 1800.\\nMercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, Venango and Arm-\\nstrong counties were created. Pennsylvania was now", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "90 A History of Pennsylvania\\npractically settled and conveniently organized under\\nthirty -five county governments.\\nIn 1790 the population of Pennsylvania was 434,373.\\nGrowth of The increase from that year to 1800 was 39\\nPopulation pgj, cent, and for each decade thereafter to\\n1890, respectively, as follows 34 per cent, 29 per\\ncent, 29 per cent, 28 per cent, 34 per cent, 25 per\\ncent, 21 per cent, 22 per cent, 23 per cent. Owing to\\nthe French and Indian war, the Revolution, and the\\nwars in Europe after the Revolution, foreign immi-\\ngration did not add much to the population of any\\nof the States from 1750 to 1820. Hence the pioneers\\nwest of the AUeghenies during those years were mainly\\nof the native stock. However, the movement across the\\nmountains did not amount to much until the decade\\nof financial distress after the Revolution. Then\\nthe people on the seaboard flocked westward in\\nsuch numbers as to threaten the depopulation of the\\nAtlantic States. But the French Revolution checked\\nthis movement for the Americans enjoyed good times\\nthen, furnishing supplies of every sort to the nations\\nat war, and carrying them in their own ships, manned\\nby their own sailors. In Pennsylvania, the Dela-\\nware and Susquehanna valleys were favored by their\\neasy access to the sea. The State was also the\\nhighway to the west for all New Englanders, and\\nPittsburg was the gateway. A part of the great per-\\ncentage of increase was due to the emigrant business\\nthat sprang up along the route.\\nFrom 1800 to 1820, the percentage of increase fell\\nFrom considerably. There was a loss of popula-\\n1800 to 1820 i^JQj^ then, due to the opening of the North-\\nwest Territory for settlement on a credit system, and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 91\\nto the hard times caused by the incidents of the War\\nof 1812. Both conditions sent endless processions of\\nwagons and foot parties to Ohio and Indiana. Pennsyl-\\nvania, lying next to this land of promise, would natu-\\nrally lose heavily in population. Nevertheless, conditions\\nhad arisen during these years that made for an in-\\ncrease. The Embargo and Non-Intercourse acts made it\\nnecessary for the States to engage in manufacturing.\\nPennsylvania, with her iron and coal, began to build\\nfurnaces and operate mines. Philadelphia and Pitts-\\nburg became centers for the manufacture of all kinds\\nof articles needed by the people of the United States.\\nAs the native Americans were not skilled in manu-\\nfacturing, many Europeans came here to help launch\\nthe new industries. After the Napoleonic wars had\\nceased, armies were disbanded, enormous taxes were\\nlaid, and a general depression in trade and agriculture\\nensued in Europe. This caused a great influx of\\nimmigrants between 1815 and 1820, particularly from\\nGreat Britian and Ireland. It was at this time that\\nthe English, Welsh, Scotch, and Irish, from whom the\\ncoal miners were recruited for so many years, began\\nto come to Pennsylvania. So many immigrants from\\nIreland landed in Philadelphia that the Society of\\nUnited Irishmen was formed to secure employment\\nfor such as wanted to remain in eastern Pennsylvania,\\nand to furnish transportation to those who wanted\\nto go westward.\\nFrom 1820 to 1840, internal improvements and the\\ntariff for protection were inaugurated by Lumbering\\nthe United States. This was the era of and Mining\\ncanal building, steamboat construction, and Population\\ngrading of horse -power railroads. Pennsylvania now", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "92 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbecame inhabited by the lumberman. Wood -choppers,\\nsawyers, and raftsmen were added to the population.\\nLock Haven and Williamsport became known as\\nlumbering towns in this period. Lock Haven received\\nits name in 1833 from two locks in the canal passing\\nthrough it, and a haven in the river. Big Water\\nMill, the first saw mill at Williamsport, was erected\\nin 1839. The protective tariff acts of 1824 and 1828\\nstimulated manufacturing and created an increased\\ndemand for coal and iron. Many more English,\\nWelsh, Scotch, and Irish came to work in the mines\\nand furnaces, especially in the anthracite regions,\\nwhich had been made accessible by means of canals.\\nThe increase of population in Pottsville, in the year\\n1830, was spoken of in the Miners Journal as almost\\nunprecedented. Mauch Chunk and the county of\\nCarbon became justly famous through the black\\ndiamond of the Lehigh valley. Wilkes -Barre became\\nknown as the center of the Wyoming coal fields.\\nScranton, now the fourth city in Pennsylvania, sprang,\\nin 1840, from an abandoned village of five houses. It\\nbore for some time the name of Lackawanna Iron\\nWorks,\\nFrom 1840 to 1850, the population in Pennsyl-\\nvania increased much more rapidly than it\\nRailroads Built\\nhad m any decade since 1800. Foreign\\nimmigration to the United States in 1820 amounted to\\n8,000 this number increased gradually till 1842,\\nwhen it took a sudden leap, and reached the grand\\ntotal of 105,000. In 1846, when the potato famine\\nraged in Ireland, the number was 155,000. As this\\nwas the era of railroad building, Pennsylvania, with\\nits great trunk line to build over the mountains", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 93\\nand into the coal regions, absorbed an unusually large\\nnumber, especially of the Irish. The iron and lumber\\ndistricts, too, added great numbers to their population,\\nboth foreigners and Americans, on account of the\\ndemand for iron and lumber.\\nFrom 1850 to 1860, the percentage of increase fell\\nfrom 34 to 25. Foreign immigrants now\\nhad quick and easy access to the West\\nby means of railroads, and they no longer settled in\\nthe Atlantic States. For the same reason many people\\nin the East sold out and went West; while the panic\\nof 1857 forced still others to sell out and make a\\nnew start in life on the prairies of the Mississippi\\nvalley.\\nBetween 1860 and 1880, there was another great\\ndecline in the percentage of increase. This The war\\nwas due to the war for the Union in the p*\\nsixties and the business stagnation in the seventies.\\nThe former kept the people from coming into the\\nState, while the latter drove them out of it. However,\\nduring these years, the petroleum industry sprang up\\nin the Allegheny valley. Commencing with Titus ville\\nin 1859, an indescribable activity and speculation\\nspread over northwestern Pennsylvania. Adventurers\\nflocked thither from all parts of the country. What\\nis now known as the oil region was transformed\\nfrom an almost unbroken forest into camps and towns\\nin a few short years. Pithole city, now the site of\\na farm, was, in 1865, next to Philadelphia, the largest\\npost office in the State. Titusville, Oil City, Franklin,\\nTidioute, Bradford, Parker City, and Corry are all\\ntowns wholly or mostly made since the sixties by\\nthe petroleum industry.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nSince 1880, Pennsylvania has received thousands of\\nimmi rants immigrants from southern Europe Poles,\\nfrom Southern Lithuanians, Hungarians and Italians.\\nEurope Dowu to that time the growth of the\\nmining population was mainly through additions from\\nthe English, Welsh, Scotch, Irish, and Germans, either\\nby native increase or by immigration. During the\\nwar for the Union, miners\\nwages were high; but as soon\\nas capital was set free from\\nproviding for the armies, large\\nsums were invested in coal\\nfields, and over-production was\\nthe consequence. Then wages\\nwere reduced. To resist the\\noperators in the reduction of\\nwages, the miners organized in\\n1868 and 1869, and during the\\nnext decade resorted to fre-\\nquent strikes, either for higher\\nwages or shorter hours. Un-\\nable to work for lower wages on account of their improved\\ncondition of life, the nationalities that had worked\\nin the coal mines for sixty years gave their places to\\na class of people whose mode of living is much inferior.\\nMany of these were at first brought to America under\\ncontract to work for a specified amount but the\\nalien contract -labor law of 1885 prohibited such a pro-\\ncedure. Nevertheless the Poles, Lithuanians, Hungarians\\nand Italians came into Pennsylvania, and they are\\nfound here in large numbers, not alone in the coal\\nfields, but at all sorts of cheap labor in various sections\\nof the State. The census of 1890 showed the number\\nA Native Miner s Home.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "Population and Adjustment of Boundaries 95\\nof these nationalities in the five anthracite counties\\nto have been 28,216, and in 1897 the number in the\\nsame region was estimated at 50,000.\\nThere was a large increase in urban population in\\nthe State outside of Philadelphia from 1880\\nto 1890 but the rural population was less in\\nsome sections, and in many others only slightly greater.\\nWhile Philadelphia and the State increased only 23 per\\ncent, Pittsburg increased 52 per cent, and the following\\nplaces more than 100 per cent: Johnstown, McKeesport,\\nAfter 1880\\nPittsburg and Allegheny.\\nPottstown, South Bethlehem, Nanticoke, Steelton, But-\\nler, Braddock, Mount Carmel, Homestead, Du Bois,\\nMilton, Wilkinsburg, and Tarentum.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nShepherd s Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania, Part I\\nFisher s Making of Pennsylvania, Chs. x and xi; Craig s Olden\\nTime, Vol. I, pp. 529-552 (Mason and Dixon s Line) Miner s\\nHistory of Wyoming, passim; McGinness History of the West\\nBranch Valley, Vol. I, passim; Jones History of the Juniata\\nValley, passim; Albert s History of Westmoreland County, Chs.\\ni-xxxix; Craig s History of Pittsburg, passim; Warner Co. s\\nHistory of Allegheny County, Part 1, Chs. i-vii.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nTHE FORM OF GOVERNMENT\\nThe English colonial governments were of three\\nForms of kinds first, provincial, under which the\\nColonial Crown established the government, ap-\\nGovernment p^i^ted the govcmors, and instructed\\nthem how to rule secondly, proprietary, according\\nto which the Crown granted a tract of land to\\nsome individual, called the proprietary, and em-\\npowered him to establish the government, appoint the\\ngovernors, and instruct them how to rule thirdly,\\ncharter, through which the Crown gave the colonists\\nthe power to organize a government, elect the governor,\\nand hold him responsible for his acts. All the colonies\\nhad a legislature elected by the people, but the laws\\npassed could be vetoed by the governor or, if\\napproved by him, could be vetoed by the Crown\\nwithin a period of a few years. The laws were to\\nconform as nearly as possible with the laws of Eng-\\nland. The judges were appointed by the governors.\\nPennsylvania s government was of the proprietary\\nPennsylvania s form. Tliis form had its origin in the feudal\\nForm system. Pennsylvania was a huge fief\\nbestowed on William Penn by the Crown, granting him\\nthe land and giving him jurisdiction, both civil and\\nmilitary. Theoretically, the proprietary and his suc-\\ncessors were in possession of many of the ancient\\n(96)", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 97\\nrights of a count palatine but .practically, they were\\nthe executors of a democracy.\\nThe preamble of Penn s charter stated his desire\\nto enlarge the British empire, to promote provisions\\nits trade and commerce, and to educate charter\\nthe Indians in the principles of Christianity. Then\\nfollowed his request for territory in which to form\\na colony, and for powers of government. To this\\nend the Proprietary was given power to make and\\npublish laws approved by a majority of the freemen,\\nor of their representatives. In case anything should\\nhave to be remedied before the first Assembly could\\nmeet, the Proprietary alone had power to issue ordi-\\nnances. To insure loyalty, the charter provided that\\nneither the Proprietary nor the freemen should cor-\\nrespond with any power at war with England, nor\\nshould they offend any power at peace with England.\\nDuplicates of all laws should be sent to the Privy\\nCouncil in England within five years after their en-\\nactment and if not annulled within six months after\\ntheir reception, they were to remain in force. An\\nagent of the province should reside in London to\\nanswer for offenses against England on the part of\\nthe Proprietary, and to render satisfaction therefor.\\nUntil such satisfaction was rendered the Crown might\\nseize the government.\\nThe charter next provided for the establishment of\\ncourts and the appointment of judges by the Further\\nProprietary; but the Crown reserved the right Provisions\\nto hear appeals. Privileges of commerce and trans-\\nportation, and the assessment and collection of customs\\nwere granted to the Proprietary and the inhabitants\\nof the province. Parliament could levy a tax on", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "98 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe province without the consent of the Proprietary\\nor chief governor and assembly. The Proprietary\\ncould erect counties and townships and incorporate\\nboroughs and cities and, as captain- general, he could\\nform a militia and wage war, even beyond the limits\\nof his province. In the event of any misunderstanding\\nabout the charter, any word or clause was to be\\ninterpreted most favorably to the Proprietary.\\nPursuant to the charter, what is known as the\\nThe Frame of Frame of Govcmment was drawn up\\nGovernment j^y William Pcuu in England. It was\\nthe constitution under which the province of Penn-\\nsylvania was organized. He drew it up before the\\nfirst company of colonists under Markham, the\\nDeputy- Governor, sailed for America. This small\\nparty, who were to take possession of Penn s grant\\nof land and pre|)are for his own coming the next\\nyear, signed the Frame of Government before depart-\\ning, and before Penn himself signed it.\\nThe spirit of Penn s Frame of Government was\\nthoroughly republican. I will put the\\npower with the people, he said. In the\\npreface are these words\\nI know some say, Let us have good laws, and no matter about\\nthe men that execute them. But let them consider that, though\\ngood laws do well, good men do better; for good laws want [be\\nin need of] good men; but good men will never want good laws\\nnor suffer [allow] ill ones.\\nAt another place are found those words\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they have\\nbeen inscribed on the walls of the corridor in Inde-\\npendence Hall, side by side with the Declaration of\\nIndependence\\nAny government is free to the people under it, whatever be", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania\\n99\\nthe form, where the laws rule, and the people are a party to those\\nlaws; and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy and confusion.\\nIn speaking of the end of all government, Penn\\nonce made use of these words\\nTo support power in reverence with the people, and to secure\\nthe people from the abuse of power that they may be free by\\ntheir just obedience, and the magistrates honorable for their just\\nadministration for liberty without obedience is confusion, and\\nobedience without liberty is slavery. To carry this evenness is\\npartly owing to the constitution, and partly to the magistracy\\nwhere either of these fail, government will be subject to convul-\\nsion but where both are wanting, it must be totally subverted\\nthen where both meet, the government is like to endure. Which\\nI humbly pray and hope God will please to make the lot of\\nPennsylvania.\\nThe highest purpose of government, according to\\nPenn s Frame, is to secure to every person the free\\nenjoyment of his religious opinions and worship, so\\nlong as it does not extend to licentiousness or the\\nPennsylvania s Coat of Arms.\\nOriginally engraved by Caleb Lownes, 1778.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "100 A History of Pennsylvania\\ndestruction of others that is, to speak loosely or\\nprofanely of God, Christ, and the scriptures or religion,\\nor to commit any moral evil or injury against others\\nSumming up the principles of government as expressed\\nby Penn, we find that they are about all included\\nin the words Virtue, Liberty and Independence\\nwritten on Pennsylvania s coat of arms.\\nIn 1682, Penn had the Frame of Government pub-\\nThe Frame Hshcd but it was uot identical with the\\nPublished q^q signed by the colonists who had gone\\nto Pennsylvania under Markham. It consisted of\\ntwenty -four articles and forty laws. The govern-\\nment was vested in the Governor and freemen\\nof the province. The freemen were to elect a\\nProvincial Council and a General Assembly. The\\nformer was to consist of seventy -two members, to\\nserve for three years the latter, of all the freemen\\nthe first year, when the Frame was to be accepted,\\nand of two hundred of them the next year the num-\\nber to be increased as the population increased, but\\nnot to_ exceed five hundred. The Governor, or his\\ndeputy, was to be the perpetual president of the\\nProvincial Council, and was to have a treble vote.\\nThe duty of the Provincial Council was (a) to\\nThe Provincial Originate bills, which were to be published\\nCouncil thirty days before the Assembly met a\\nprovision based on a principle of the referendum of\\nmodern times (6) to see that the laws were exe-\\ncuted (c) to take care of the peace and safety of\\nthe province (d) to settle the location of ports,\\ncities, market towns, roads, and other public places\\n(e) to inspect the public treasury; to erect courts\\nof justice (g) to institute schools (h) to reward", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 101\\nauthors of useful discoveries and (i) to summon and\\ndissolve the General Assembly.\\nThe General Assembly had no power to legislate\\nand no privilege to debate. The bills The General\\noriginated and passed by the Council were Assembly\\npresented to the Assembly for approval or rejection\\nwith a plain Yes or No. It could name persons\\nfor sheriffs and justices of the peace for the Governor\\nto select from, being obliged to name twice as many\\nas were to be appointed.\\nThe Frame of Government could not be amended\\nwithout the consent of the Proprietary,\\nAmendment\\nor his heirs or assigns, and six -sevenths\\nof the freemen in both the Council and Assembly.\\nThere was not much done in the way of estab-\\nlishing a government by Deputy -Governor\\nMarkham. He administered the affairs\\nof the infant colony at Upland according to instruc-\\ntions. But when Penn himself had arrived, he called\\nthe first General Assembly to meet at Upland, Decem-\\nber 6th next. No Council having yet been chosen,\\nthe Assembly met alone, with Dr. Nicholas More as\\nchairman. Penn presented the Laws agreed upon\\nin England, and ninety others. Sixty -one of the\\nlatter were embodied in the great law or body of\\nlaws of the province of Pennsylvania. Though more\\nthan two hundred years have passed since the Great\\nLaw was enacted at Chester, it still remains, modi-\\nfied to some extent, but not greatly, as a part of the\\ngovernment of our Commonwealth. It allowed free-\\ndom of worship to all who acknowledged one God.\\nAll members of the government, as well as the voters,\\nhad to be qualified in the belief that Jesus Christ is", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "102 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe son of God and the Saviour of the world. Swear-\\ning, cursing, drunkenness, health -drinking, card- play-\\ning, scolding, and lying were all prohibited in the\\nGreat Law.\\nIn February, 1683, Penn ordered an election for\\nThe Government thc mcmbers of the Proviucial Council,\\nin Philadelphia ^iid dircctcd that when the Council should\\nmeet at Philadelphia, all the freemen should meet in\\nGeneral Assembly. The object of the session was to\\nconsider, amend, and accept the Frame of Govern-\\nment. Aside from a number of other changes, the\\nfollowing ones were made The Council was made to\\nconsist of not less than eighteen members, three from\\neach county, nor more than seventy -two the Assembly,\\nof not less than thirty -six, six from each county,\\nnor more than two hundred. The treble vote of the\\nGovernor was abolished and the veto power granted\\ninstead but he could perform no public act without\\nthe consent and advice of the Council, except that\\nPenn had during his lifetime the sole power of\\nappointing officers. Out of fifteen fundamental laws\\nmade at this session, nine had been suggested to\\nPenn by his friend, Benjamin Furly, of Holland,\\nthe promoter of the first German immigration to Penn-\\nsylvania. Furly had greatly preferred the draft signed\\nby Markham s colonists. Said he to Penn: I prefer\\nthy first draft to the last, as being the most equal,\\nmost fair, and most agreeing with the just, wise,\\nand prudent institutions of our ancestors.\\nIndeed, I wonder who should put thee upon alter-\\ning that for this, and as much how thou couldst\\never yield to such a thing. Furley had also suggested\\nan anti- slavery clause.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 103\\nThe Assembly met only once under the new Frame\\nof Government before Penn^s return to changes in\\nEngland. Immediately after his departure, Government\\nsigns of serious trouble between the Council and the\\nAssembly appeared, owing to the greater power of\\nthe former in the enactment of laws. The contentions\\nand misunderstandings that arose created prejudices\\nagainst Penn himself, both here and in London.\\nThese were deepened by a religious quarrel, started\\nin Pennsylvania by George Keith, and carried by\\nhim to England. The consequence was that Penn\\nwas suspected of disloyalty to the Crown. The gov-\\nernment of the province was taken from him, 1693,\\nand given to Governor Fletcher, of New York. Penn\\nwas unable to ward off this blow, because he was not\\nin favor with the Court of England after James II,\\nhis intimate friend, had been driven from the throne.\\nBesides, all the colonies experienced a change in the\\npolicy of the British government about this time.\\nA royal governor was sent to Maryland, and Massa-\\nchusetts had to accept a governor appointed by the\\nKing. Pennsylvania was now under the direct con-\\ntrol of the Crown, the Frame of Government was\\ndisregarded, and the Assembly modeled after that of\\nNew York. Fortunately, this state of affairs lasted\\nonly about one year in Pennsylvania. The charges\\nagainst Penn having been disproved, his government\\nwas restored to him and he again became Governor,\\nadministering affairs through Markham as Deputy.\\nWhen Penn returned to Philadelphia, in 1699,\\nhe found his colonists rather indifferent a New Form\\nto him. Ruling them at so great a dis- Government\\ntance for a period of fifteen years, had caused mis-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "104 A History of Pennsylvania\\nunderstandings. He soon learned that he must give\\nthem a new form of government. So the old Frame\\nwas abandoned and the Charter of Privileges given\\nin its place. He signed this in 1701. The new\\ndocument, granted in response to a demand from the\\npeople, provided for a General Assembly with much\\ngreater powers namely, to propose matters for legis-\\nlation, to meet annually, to adjourn itself, to be judge\\nof the election and qualifications of its own members,\\nto redress grievances, and to impeach for misdemeanor\\nin office. It also gave the people the power to elect\\nsome of the county officers; and contained a strong\\nplea for liberty of conscience. By it, too, the three\\nlower counties were to have a separate Assembly.\\nThe Charter of Privileges was indeed the envy of\\nneighboring colonies, so republican was it in its\\nnature. Philadelphia, on the same day, October 25,\\n1701, became an incorporated city, with the right to\\nelect its officers, which before had been appointed by\\nthe Governor. Through the liberality of Penn, there-\\nfore, Philadelphia is the oldest incorporated city in\\nthe United States.\\nSince the Revolution of 1688, it had been a favor-\\npenn Offers to itc projcct of the Crowu to changc the\\nSell Pennsylvania proprietary govemmcnts to royal ones.\\nDuring Penn s absence in America, a bill was intro-\\nduced in Parliament to effect the change. Hence he\\nhastened home. Before leaving he appointed Andrew\\nHamilton Governor, and James Logan Secretary of\\nthe province. On his return to England, Penn\\nstopped in Parliament the bill which was to change\\nthe proprietorships to royal colonies. But the legal\\nfees required to end this movement, the litigations", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 105\\nwith Lord Baltimore, the dishonesty of Philip Ford,\\nhis steward, and the expenses of his family and his\\nprovince, involved him financially. So he agreed, in\\n1712, with Queen Anne, to sell Pennsylvania and\\nDelaware for $60,000. Before the\\npapers could be made out, he was\\nstricken with apoplexy. After his\\ndeath, there was much litigation over\\nthe will. An agreement was finally\\neffected, 1731, by which the three\\nsurviving sons- of Penn by his sec-\\nond wife, John, Thomas and Richard,\\nbecame the Proprietors. John died James Logan.\\nin 1746, Richard in 1771, when the latter s son,\\nJohn, together with Thomas, became sole Proprietors.\\nPenn s heirs did not manage the estate so well as he\\nhad done. They occupied his place, but did not fill\\nit. They were more interested in the revenues of the\\nprovince than in its welfare. This, however, was\\nnatural for they were comparatively poor, and had\\nheavy debts to pay; moreover, they were Englishmen,\\nand not interested in Pennsylvania s government, as\\ntheir father had been. They quarreled with the\\ncolonists about the taxes and rents and the Governors\\nhad numerous disputes with the General Assembly.\\nOn one occasion, 1765, Franklin was sent to England\\nto induce the. King to take the province of Pennsyl-\\nvania as his own, so dissatisfied had the colonists\\nbecome with the proprietary governors. They pre-\\nferred to be an appenage to the Crown rather than\\na fief of the Penns. But the wrath against the\\nStamp Act quieted the feeling against the Proprietors,\\nand the movement failed. Besides, the Penns won", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "106 A History of Pennsylvania\\nback much of the loyalty and affection of the peo-\\nple by an amicable adjustment of disputes.\\nIn 1775 Pennsylvania, in common with the other\\nThe Council colouics, made a change in the executive\\nof Safety department of its government. By order of\\nthe Assembly, Governor Penn, in June, was super-\\nseded by the Council of Safety. Such a body of men\\nexercised the executive functions in all\\nthe colonies until constitutions were\\nadopted the next year and it received\\nits authority generally from popular con-\\nventions, called the provincial congress.\\nIn Pennsylvania, however, it acted by\\nauthority of the Assembly. Its chairman\\nwas Franklin, and it consisted of twenty\\n^1-.^ five, afterwards thirty, men, appointed\\nr^ from the various counties in the province.\\nPenn s Chair.\\nAmong the men on this committee were\\nBenjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, John Dickinson,\\nAnthony Wayne, George Ross, George Clymer, David\\nRittenhouse and Joseph Reed. It held almost daily\\nsessions, and its duties were many and arduous. It\\npromptly raised the troops requested by Congress,\\nand constructed the Pennsylvania State Navy three\\nmonths before Congress proposed a Continental Navy.\\nIt was the moving power of the province until July\\n22, 1776.\\nWhen there was no further hope that the King\\nThe Provincial would rcdrcss the grievances of the\\nConvention coloulcs, Cougrcss, May 15, 1776, recom-\\nmended the formation of state governments, that\\nwould, in the opinion of the representatives of\\nthe people, best conduce to the happiness and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 107\\nsafety of their constituents in particular and America\\nin general. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, being\\ncomposed mainly of adherents to the King, paid\\nno attention to this recommendation. The people\\nthen disregarded the Assembly, and called a provincial\\nconvention, composed of one hundred and eight mem-\\nbers, to meet at Carpenter s Hall, Philadelphia, June\\n18. This convention approved the recommendation\\nof Congress, and resolved that a constitutional con-\\nvention of eight representatives from each county\\nshould be called to form a new government. This\\nbody met July 15, and chose Benjamin Franklin\\npresident, and George Ross vice-president. After a\\nsession of two months, a constitution was completed,\\nSeptember 28. It was not submitted to the people\\nfor ratification, but went into effect at once.\\nDuring its session, the constitutional convention\\nassumed supreme authority in the State. The oid\\nIt appointed a Council of Safety, to per- Assembly Dies\\nform the executive duties it approved the Declara-\\ntion of Independence, levied heavy taxes on such as\\nrefused to bear arms, ordered the courts to proceed\\nagainst criminals, and appointed justices of the peace.\\nThe old Assembly met for the last time September\\n23, to make one more feeble protest against these\\nproceedings, but it soon died without a struggle-\\nThen Penn s words in the preface to the Frame of\\nGovernment,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I will put the power with the people,\\nbecame a complete reality.\\nUnder the first constitution, the General Assembly\\nconsisted of only one house. Its members The First\\nwere elected yearly. Its acts were called constitution\\nthe Acts of Assembly, a name still applied to our", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "108 A History of Pennsylvania\\nlaws. The executive power was vested in a President,\\nchosen annually by the Assembly and the Supreme\\nExecutive Council. The latter body was composed of\\ntwelve members, elected for a term of three years,\\nand it was advisory to the President. Another body\\nOBVERSE REVERSE\\nThe Seal of the State of Pennsylvania. Engraved in Paris, 1780.\\nwas provided for, the Council of Censors, consisting\\nof two persons from each city and county, whose\\nduty it was, at the end of every seven years, to see\\nwhether the constitution had been violated. A Dec-\\nlaration of Rights, a constitutional provision first made\\nin America by Virginia in 1776, and in substance the\\nsame as the English Bill of Rights of 1688, was a\\nsacred thing in the first constitution of Pennsylvania,\\nand remains in our organic law to this day. The\\nforms of township and county government remained\\nas Penn instituted them. The right to vote was\\ngiven to every resident taxpayer.\\nThe average life of a constitution in the United\\nLife of a states has been about a third of a century.\\nConstitution rpj^^ forty-fivc Statcs now in the Union\\nhave enforced nearly one hundred and twenty con-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvania 109\\nstitutions in that many years. New constitutions\\nbecome necessary to keep up with the progress of the\\ntimes. Lord Macaulay once said that the cause of all\\nrevolutions is that while nations move onward con-\\nstitutions stand still. There are numerous interests\\nnow that did not exist in 1776 all these, as they\\ncame into prominence, needed the fostering care of\\na constitution. From 1776 to 1800, there were twenty-\\nsix constitutions in force among sixteen States hence\\nten of the original constitutions were changed in\\ntwenty -five years. Most of these changes were made\\nto secure conformity with the Federal Constitution.\\nPennsylvania changed her first const^iution in\\n1790. An upper house was created, and The consti-\\nthe Assembly deprived of the sole right ^^^o\\nto make laws. The Supreme Executive Council was\\nabolished and a single executive established, who was\\nto be elected by the people. The judges of the higher\\ncourts were to serve during good behavior, instead of\\nfor seven years. The Council of Censors was discon-\\ntinued and the veto power given to the Governor.\\nThis body, with Frederick A. Muhlenberg as president,\\nhad met but once, in 1783. It then got itself into\\nsuch a snarl with the Assembly that it became very\\nunpopular. A Declaration of Rights was again incor-\\nporated, in 1790. Office-holders still had to believe\\nin God and in a future state of rewards and punish-\\nments, but the divine inspirations of the scriptures\\nwas not included in their qualifications.\\nBeginning with the new century, there was a lull\\nin the original States in the making of\\nnew constitutions, which lasted until about\\n1825. During this period a number of new States", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "110 A History of Pennsylvania\\ncame into the Union and as rank, station and prefer-\\nment are unknown in pioneer life, their constitutions\\ngreatly extended the rights of the individual. The\\nWest thus taught the East a lesson in government\\nwhich resulted in constitutional changes along the\\nAtlantic coast. Certain economic conditions, too, pre-\\nvailed about the year 1825 that led to the making\\nof new constitutions on a large scale between that\\ntime and 1850. The rapid movements of population\\ninto the West, at intervals after 1800, gave rise to the\\ngreat system of internal improvements, of which the\\nturnpikes and canals are the silent evidences. To\\nraise money for these purposes, numerous banks\\nwere organized, paper money was issued, and great\\nfinancial distress was produced.\\nPennsylvania made an effort in 1825 to revise\\nThe consti- the coustitutiou of 1790, but failed and\\ntution of 1838 thirteen years elapsed before the work was\\nundertaken. The constitution of 1838 allowed the Gov-\\nernor but two terms of three years each in any nine\\nyears in general, the powers of the Legislature were\\nenlarged nearly all the officers appointed by the\\nGovernor were made elective by the people or their\\nrepresentatives his nominations of judges were to\\nbe confirmed in the senate with open doors all life\\noffices were abolished the terms of judges were limited\\nto a certain number of years, and were conditioned\\nby good behavior the power of the Legislature to\\ngrant banking privileges was abridged and regulated\\nand the right of suffrage was extended to all white free-\\nmen having paid a state or county tax. In the con-\\nstitution of 1790, the colored man could vote, but now\\nhe could not. The revision was ratified by the people.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "The Government of Pennsylvanid 111\\nThe constitution of 1838 remained in force till\\n.1873. The principal reform then necessary The consti-\\nwas the prohibition of special and local\\nlegislation, which had become pernicious and alarm-\\ning. By referring to Article III, Section 7, of the\\nconstitution of 1873, it may be seen what the nature\\nof this legislation was. Large corporations, such as\\nrailroad, trust, insurance, mining and manufacturing\\ncompanies, had been formed under legislative grants\\nof special and exclusive privileges. Hence we find\\na long article in our present constitution on private\\ncorporations. The XV th Amendment of the Federal\\nConstitution made a change necessary in the suffrage\\nclause, which now no longer reads white freemen,\\nbut every male citizen, having paid a state or county\\ntax. Other vital reforms made were an increase in\\nthe number of senators and representatives, the\\ncreation of a Lieutenant-Governor, biennial sessions\\nof the Legislature, minority representation, ^nd the\\nelection by the people of all judges and certain other\\nofficers.\\nHaving traced the form of government in Pennsyl-\\nvania from Penn s Frame to the constitution of 1873\\nthrough a period of two centuries we find that the\\nchanges which it underwent were demanded by the\\npeople and made in their interest.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nShepherd s Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania, Part II;\\nProud s History of Pennsylvania, Chs. i and ii; Fisher s Evolution\\nof the Constitution of the United States, Chs. i-iii; Sharpless Quaker\\nExperiment in Government, passim; Franklin s Historical Review of\\nthe Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania Thorpe s Con-\\nstitutional History of the American People, Yo\\\\. 1, Chs. ii and iii.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nTHE ADMINISTRATION OF THE GOV-\\nERNMENT\\nTHE COLONIAL PERIOD\\nThe Frame of Government having been accepted\\nPolitical and the Great Law enacted, the adminis-\\nHistory Begins tration of the govcmmcnt began, and\\nwith it the political history of the Province and State\\nof Pennsylvania. The Assembly had no power to\\noriginate bills and the first political struggle of any\\nconsequence arose from this defect in the Frame of\\nGovernment. Bills originated by the Council were\\nfrequently rejected by the Assembly, for no good reason\\nexcept to assert what power it had. The deadlocks\\nthus produced caused great annoyance to the Pro-\\nprietor. So, in 1688, he sent an entire stranger,\\nCaptain John Blackwell, once an officer in Cromwell s\\narmy, to act as Governor. But a soldier Governor\\nwas not acceptable to the Quakers, and his adminis-\\ntration made matters no better. Blackwell had to be\\nrecalled and the whole Council eighteen in number\\nwith Thomas Lloyd as president, again became\\nDeputy Governors\\nIn 1691, six of the councillors from the three\\nDifficulties lower counties, or Delaware, formed them-\\nin Delaware sclvcs into a Separate Council and made\\nlaws. Their acts were declared illegal bat Penn\\n(112)", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 113\\ntemporarily satisfied them by appointing William Mark-\\nham, who sympathized with them, to administer the\\ngovernment of Delaware. Lloyd was made Deputy-\\nGovernor of Pennsylvania. Penn yielded to this\\ndivision of the executive power with great reluctance\\nfor he knew it would help his enemies in their effort\\nto deprive him of the government.\\nWhen Fletcher assumed control of Pennsylvania (see\\np. 103), Lloyd refused to serve under him,\\nFletcher s Rule\\nand Markham again became Deputy- Gov-\\nernor. Fletcher also displaced the Council with a new\\none and he got into a conflict with the Assembly about\\nsupplies to assist New York in King William s war,\\nand about taxes for the support of the government.\\nThis was a new political problem in Pennsylvania but,\\nas in all the other colonies, it became the problem to\\nbe solved by the Revolution. In dealing with it, Penn-\\nsylvania employed the same tactics as the other colo-\\nnies did namely, to grant the requests of the Gov-\\nernor on condition that he would agree to the laws\\nthey wanted. Fletcher s demands finally encroached\\nso much on the Assembly s right to grant its money as\\nit saw fit, that he met with a flat refusal, and had to\\nsend the law -makers home.\\nAs soon as Penn had flnally departed for England,\\nDelaware began to insist on its right to separate\\na separate Assembly, Governor Hamilton s Assembly for\\nadministration (1701-1703) was almost Delaware\\nwholly taken up with attempts to prevent a separa-\\ntion, but Delaware was unyielding. Its first General\\nAssembly met in 1703, and from that time until the\\nRevolution, it had a separate Legislature, but was\\nunder the same Governor with Pennsylvania.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "114 A History of Pennsylvania\\nHamilton s successor was John Evans (1704-1709).\\nHe tried to restore the union between\\nGovernor Evans t -rx i n t\\nPennsylvania and Delaware, but sided\\ntoo much with Delaware to please Pennsylvania. He\\nmade himself still more unpopular by denying the\\nright of the Assembly to adjourn at its own pleasure.\\nHe was Governor while Queen Anne s war was in\\nprogress, and it was feared at one time that French\\nmen-of-war would enter the Delaware. Evans knew\\nthe doctrine of the Quakers about war, but thought\\nthey would fight if they were attacked. So he planned\\na sham attack. He had a messenger arrive in great\\nhaste, with the news that the French were coming\\nup the river. He himself then rode through the\\nstreets, entreating the people to arm themselves.\\nSome people became badly scared, valuables were\\nthrown into wells, vessels sent up the river, and boats\\nsecreted in creeks but most of the Quakers went\\nabout their duties as usual.\\nTo the feeling of disgust which this piece of folly\\nNumerous provokcd, was added bitter resentment when\\nComplaints ^]^q Govcmor rcfuscd to let the Assembly\\nestablish a judiciary. Logan, the Secretary of the\\nProvince, came in for a share of the blame, and\\narticles of impeachment were drawn up against him.\\nAn appeal was made to Penn that if he did not put\\nan end to the evil practices of his Governor and Sec-\\nretary, the matter would be carried to the Crown.\\nComplaints were also made by the Quakers because\\ntheir magistrates had to administer oaths or resign\\ntheir offices. An order to this effect had been issued\\nby Queen Anne, because it was represented to her\\nthat a man might be tried in Pennsylvania for his", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 115\\nlife by a judge, jury and witnesses, none of whom had\\nbeen sworn.\\nEvans, having lost the respect and confidence of\\nthe Quakers, could not cope with all these Governor\\ndifficulties. Penn therefore recalled him Gookin\\nand appointed Charles Gookin Governor, who served\\nfrom 1709 to 1717. Gookin s first request was for\\nmen and money for the expedition against Canada, in\\nQueen Anne s war. The Assembly objected on the\\nground of conscientious scruples, but voted to make\\nthe Queen a present of 500 pounds, and added 200\\npounds for the Governor s own use, in case he should\\nredress their grievances. The chief grievance they\\nhad was against Logan, whom they blamed for all\\nthe evils of Evans administration. Logan demanded\\na trial, but it was refused. He then went to London\\nand explained the controversy to Penn, who acquitted\\nhim of all blame.\\nThe new Assembly chosen soon afterwards was\\nmore friendly to the Proprietary and in penn s\\nharmony with the Governor. Gookin\\nagreed to a system of courts, and to the right of the\\nAssembly to adjourn at pleasure. In return a liberal\\nsum of money was voted for the war against France.\\nGookin, in 1715, also signed a bill substituting\\naffirmations for oaths, and it was in force for five\\nyears. Then, according to the Charter, it had to be\\npresented to the Crown for approval, which it failed\\nto get. The law was reenacted at once but to pre-\\nvent the colonists from living under it for another\\nfive years. Parliament passed an act making an old\\nlaw of England, which prohibited Quakers from giv-\\ning evidence in criminal cases, sitting on juries, or", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "116\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nholding any office, apply to all the colonies and so to\\nPennsylvania. Governor Gookin now sided with those\\nin the province who were\\nanxious to cripple Quaker\\nrule. He held that the act\\nof Parliament had repealed\\nthe recent act of the prov-\\nince. This was too much\\nto be endured, and his re-\\ncall was demanded. Penn\\nhaving become too feeble-\\nminded to attend to such\\nmatters, Mrs. Penn requested\\nthe Governor s resignation.\\nAnd now neither the voice\\nnor the pen of the founder\\nof Pennsylvania ever again\\ntook part in the counsels of\\nhis province.\\nMrs. Penn appointed Sir William Keith to succeed\\nGovernor GooMu. Keith s administration (1717-1726)\\nKeith ^g^g ygj-y popular with the people but not\\nwith the Proprietary. He addressed the Crown on the\\nvexed question of allowing persons to affirm who re-\\nfused to take an oath. He urged that their scruples\\nshould be respected. The King then ratified an act of\\nParliament to that effect. The Assembly in return\\nagreed to a voluntary militia. Foreign immigration next\\ndemanded attention. The Germans and the Scotch -Irish\\ncame in such large numbers about this time that their\\nnaturalization was not looked upon with favor. A\\nbill brought in provided that applicants must produce\\na certificate from a justice of the peace certifying to\\nPenn s Desk,\\nIn the Philadelphia Library.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 117\\nthe amount of property they had and to the nature of\\ntheir religious faith. The Governor objected to these\\nscrutinies, and the Assembly granted citizenship with-\\nout them, but laid a duty on all imported foreigners\\ncoming to reside in the province. There were many\\nservants among the immigrants. Some of these were\\npoor but respectable, and were willing to serve for a\\ntime in order that they might become free afterwards;\\nothers were vagrants and felons, sent here as well as to\\nthe other colonies, by England. A duty of five pounds\\nwas imposed upon the importer of convicted felons.\\nCommerce and finance also engaged the attention\\nof the government about this time. There commerce\\nwas not a sufficient demand for the pro- Finance\\nducts of the province, consisting chiefly of flour,\\nmeats, butter and eggs. So laws were passed to\\ncreate a home consumption. Brewers and distillers\\nwere required to use nothing but home products, and\\nsome of these were made a legal tender. Rigid\\ninspection of exports was enforced to improve their\\ndemand abroad, especially in the West Indies, where\\nPennsylvania flour and salt meats sold well. But\\nthese remedies did not create a market for all that\\ngrew on the fertile farms so rapidly multiplying. Had\\nEngland allowed her colonies to engage in manufac-\\nture, Pennsylvania might have created a home market.\\nAs it was, her imports of manufactured articles far\\nexceeded her exports, and the specie was drawn off to\\npay balances abroad, money became scarce, and finan-\\ncial embarrassment followed. Governor Keith now\\ncame forward with a proposition to issue paper\\nmoney. The Assembly, having full knowledge of the\\ndisastrous effects of this kind of currency in other", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "118 A History of Pennsylvania\\ncolonies, acted with great caution, and issued just so\\nmuch as would supply the place of the specie sent\\nabroad. The issue under Keith amounted to 45,000\\npounds, secured on silver plate or land.\\nGovernor Keith was now the idol of the people,\\nGovernor but uot of Logau aud Mrs. Penn, and so\\nGordon j^g ^^g rccallcd. His successor was Patrick\\nGordon, whose wise and successful administration ex-\\ntended from 1726 to his death, in 1736. The five\\nyears for which the paper money law could be in\\noperation, without submitting it to the King for ap-\\nproval or rejection, had now expired. The King\\napproved it, but warned the province against an ex-\\ncess of such money. However, more paper was\\nissued. The Assembly had convinced Gordon of its\\nusefulness by reminding him of the fact that while in\\nthe other colonies the notes were secured only on the\\ncredit of the government, in Pennsylvania they had\\nthe additional security of the silver plate or land of\\nthe individual to whom they were issued. Other\\nmeasures of advantage were adopted during Gordon s\\nadministration. One was the appointment of a per-\\nmanent agent to represent the Assembly in London.\\nHe was to explain the laws passed, that they might\\nnot be vetoed without due consideration. The rapid\\nincrease of Swiss and German immigration again de-\\nmanded attention, even England fearing that Pennsj l-\\nvania would become a colony of foreigners. A duty\\nof forty shillings per head was laid on all foreign\\nimmigrants. But when the Scotch -Irish poured into\\nthe province, the Quakers felt the need of the Ger-\\nmans, who generally sided with them in political\\nmatters, and the odious law was repealed.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 119\\nIn 1729, the Assembly resolved to build a State\\nHouse. It had been meeting in a Quaker The state\\nmeeting-house, in a school -house, and in\\nprivate houses. Work was not commenced until 1732.\\nThe building was completed in 1741, though the\\nfinishing touches were not put on it till 1745. A part\\nIndependence Hall.\\nof it was occupied by the Assembly in October, 1735.\\nIn 1750 an addition was ordered on the south side,\\nto contain the staircase, with a place therein for\\nhanging a bell. The bell used before was probably\\nbrought over by Penn. It had hung on a small\\nbelfry in front of the buildings in which the Assembly\\nmet. Members of the Assembly who were not present\\nwithin half an hour after the bell had rung were to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "120\\nA History of Fennsylvania\\npay a tenpenny bit. The bell which has come to\\nbe known as the Liberty Bell was originally made in\\nLondon. It was twice recast here, in 1753, on ac-\\ncount of a crack it received when hung up to try\\nthe sound. It was then that the words Proclaim\\nliberty throughout the land, unto all the inhabitants\\nThe Liberty BeU.\\nthereof, were added. It was again cracked in 1835,\\nwhile being tolled in memory of Chief Justice\\nMarshall, and it now hangs over the hallway of the\\nold State House.\\nLittle did the Assembly of 1729 dream of the his-\\nHistoric toric scenes that were to be enacted in the\\nAssociations Pennsylvania State House. Here, June 28,\\n1774, resolutions were passed, making common cause", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 121\\nwith Boston, denouncing the port bill, and recom-\\nmending a congress of all the colonies; here the second\\nContinental Congress met in 1775, and remained, ex-\\ncept when the city was held by the British, till 1783;\\nhere the Declaration of Independence was passed July\\n4, 1776, and first publicly read, July 8 here the\\nArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were\\nsigned July 9, 1778, and finally ratified March 1, 1781\\nhere the Constitution was framed, May 25 to September\\n17, 1787 here the State convention ratified the Con-\\nstitution of the United States, December 12, 1787\\nand here, in the city building on the corner of Sixth\\nand Chestnut streets. Congress sat between 1790 and\\n1800, and Washington was inaugurated in 1793 and\\nAdams in 1797.\\nMrs. Penn having died in 1733, the government\\nbecame vested in her three surviving sons, The Heirs\\nJohn, Thomas and Richard. John and\\nThomas both came to Pennsylvania. John could\\nnot remain long, on account of the boundary dispute\\nwith Marj^land but Thomas remained in the province\\nnine years. Governor Gordon died while Thomas Penn\\nwas still here and for two years Logan, who had\\nbecome president of the Council, acted as Governor.\\nFrom 1738 to 1747, the governorship was held by\\nGeorge Thomas, a wealthy planter from the Governor\\nisland of Antiqua. War having been de- Thomas\\nclared between England and Spain, in 1739, Governor\\nThomas passed through the same experiences that\\nEvans and Gookin had concerning measures of defense.\\nTo his request for aid, the Assembly replied that their\\nconscience forbade them to extend it, but that he, as\\nGovernor, might organize a voluntary militia without", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "122 A History of Pennsylvania\\nconsulting them. With the aid of Franklin, he soon\\nhad more troops than the quota called for; but unfortu-\\nnately so many of them were redemptioners, anxious to\\nescape from servitude, that the Assembly refused to vote\\nany money unless these were returned to their masters.\\nThomas was stubborn, and raised funds on the credit\\nof the British government. Then the Assembly had to\\nindemnify the masters for the loss of their servants.\\nIt also gave 3,000 pounds to the Crown in aid of the\\nwar, but nothing to Thomas. Political divisions now\\nsprang up. Those who sided with Thomas were called\\nthe gentlemen s party; while those who supported\\nthe Assembly were known as the country party. At\\nan election for the Assembly, in 1742, the gentlemen s\\nparty was completely routed. Thomas then made\\npeace with the Assembly. He signed the laws passed,\\nand in return got all arrears of salary.\\nIn 1744, King George s war commenced, and Penn-\\nPeace at sylvauia ceased to be a colony of peace,\\nan End Fraucc threatened the province from with-\\nout, in the effort to take possession of the Ohio\\nvalley, and the Indians threatened it from within\\nbecause they had been unjustly deprived of some of\\ntheir lands. A battery was erected below Philadel-\\nphia by means of funds raised by lottery. Conrad\\nWeiser, the provincial interpreter, was sent among the\\nIndians to propose a treaty. The Iroquois promised\\nto prevent the French and their Indian allies the\\nDelawares and the Shawanese from marching through\\nIroquois territory to attack the English settlements.\\nHowever, the lavishness of French presents and the\\nmemories of the Walking Purchase made the set-\\ntlers on the frontier feel very uneasy.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "The Admini stration of the Government 123\\nGovernor Thomas, assisted by Franklin and Logan,\\nhad no difficulty in raising a volunteer\\nmilitia. The men who volunteered were\\ncalled Associators, a name applied for many years to\\nthe militia. They carried for the first time the so-\\ncalled provincial flag of Pennsylvania. It was de-\\nsigned by Franklin, and consisted of a lion holding a\\ncimeter and the shield of the prov-\\nince. The true provincial flag ^fe\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab. \u00c2\u00abBBK\u00c2\u00abte\u00c2\u00bb.^s\u00c2\u00bba\\n(argent, on a fesse sable, three Ml|.\\\\: Ji^-^^^^^^^^\\nplates), the banner of the Penns, was |l )f _^9/|l )y-^\\nnever unfurled in Pennsylvania. But fi. ^^^R; :l\\nits bearings are set up and displayed fJ ^^^^M^l\\non the shield of arms in the great m;^^M ,i^^^\\nseal and on the official acts and\\nproclamations issued by the State s\\nauthority. The Assembly, in sup- Provincial Flag,\\nport of the expedition against Louis-\\nburg, voted 4,000 pounds to be expended for bread,\\nbeef, pork, flour, wheat and other grain. Fortunately,\\nPennsylvania was not molested in King George s war,\\nexcept to be badly frightened.\\nWhen Thomas resigned, on account of poor health,\\nAnthony Palmer, president of the Council, Governor\\nbecame acting Governor. The successor was Hamilton\\nJames Hamilton, whose administration extended to the\\nyear 1754. He ruled the province at a time when a\\ngreat storm was gathering. The Indians, incited by\\nFrench presents and promises of lost hunting grounds,\\nnow showed open contempt for the white man of\\nPennsylvania. The Senecas, on a visit to Philadelphia,\\nkilled cattle and robbed orchards, not even sparing\\nthe property of Conrad Weiser. Such acts were com-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "124 A History of Pennsylvania\\nmitted to extort presents from the province. In this\\nthe wily Indians were successful. The Assembly voted\\nlarge sums of money on several occasions to quiet\\nthem. Nor was this the only expense. The settlers\\nhad to be reimbursed for their losses.\\nHeretofore the Proprietors had borne their share of\\nGerms of the the cxpcnsc incurrcd by Indian conferences\\nRevolution trcatics, bccausc quiet on the frontier\\nhelped the sale of land. But now, when peace had to\\nbe kept by an expensive system of presents, they refused\\nto contribute. They claimed to have given too much\\nalready for public defense. Franklin, who was in the\\nAssembly in 1751, drew up the reply to the Proprie-\\ntors, and warned them that the province might be\\nturned into a royal one. In this dispute were formed\\nthe germs of revolution which matured twenty-five\\nyears later. A powerful popular party was organized\\nto oppose the Proprietors. Logan, the provincial\\nSecretary for half a century, was dead, and his place\\nwas filled by Richard Peters, a man whose sympathies\\nwere not with the Quakers. This change made it\\npossible for the breach to grow rapidly wider.\\nThe treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was simply a truce\\nThe French bctwecn thc EugUsh and the French,\\nin the While it lasted, the English slept and\\nOhio Valley Frcuch wcrc wide awake. The Brit-\\nish government was blind to the designs of the\\nenemy, which had been for fifty years, and still were,\\nto get possession of the Mississippi valley. During\\nthe years of peace after 1748, the French explored the\\nvalleys of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, burying\\nleaden plates at the mouths of a number of tributa-\\nries, and nailing pieces of tin to trees standing near", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 125\\nby, as evidences of claims to the land drained by these\\nrivers. They then erected forts at various places along\\nthe route of exploration, and stationed troops therein.\\nOne Presque Isle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 was located at the present site of\\nErie another\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Le Boeuf at that of Waterf ord and\\nstill another\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Machault\u00e2\u0080\u0094 at that of Franklin.\\nTo resist the progress of the French, the Assem-\\nbly was asked to build a fort at the junc- Hamilton\\ntion of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers but and the\\nthe French had so long confined their hos- Assembly\\ntilities against New York and New England, that\\nPennsylvania felt at ease. Virginia then commenced\\nto build the fort but the French seized it and, after\\nfinishing it, gave it the name of Duquesne. Virginia\\nclaimed the territory in which the fort was located,\\nand promptly dispatched Washington on an expedition\\nto drive the French out. Governor Hamilton appealed\\nto the Assembly to join Virginia against the intruders;\\nbut that body decided that the French were as yet\\nonly in Virginia. After Washington s defeat at Fort\\nNecessity, another appeal was made by Hamilton but\\nas he insisted on an appropriation of money for the\\nexpedition, the Assembly again refused its consent.\\nRather than yield the right to give money on its own\\nterms, the Assembly refused to give any at all. Nor\\nwas Pennsylvania alone in this position. The other\\ncolonies, too, withheld money and supplies rather than\\ngive up their constitutional rights at the dictation of\\nthe Governors.\\nTo gain the friendship of the Six Nations, a colo-\\nnial congress was held at Albany in 1754, The Albany\\nby order of the British government. In- congress\\ndian affairs were now taken out of the hands of the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "126 A History of Pennsylvania\\ncolonies and managed by the mother country through\\nan agent appointed by the Crown. Among Pennsyl-\\nvania s delegates was Benjamin Franklin. He pre-\\nsented a plan of political union, which, though not\\naccepted, was a step toward the union formed twenty\\nyears later. However, the purchase of land from the\\nIndians by the Pennsylvania delegates was not a\\npraiseworthy act. (See p. 6.) When the Indians in\\nPennsylvania learned that they had been deprived\\nof nearly all the land west of the Susquehanna,\\nthey vowed vengeance, and cast their lot with the\\nFrench.\\nSuch was the threatening attitude of the French and\\nGovernor ludlaus whcu, iu Octobcr, 1754, Hamilton,\\nMorris wcary of his ofi ce, resigned, and was suc-\\nceeded by Robert Hunter Morris. The Assembly now\\npromptly voted 40,000 pounds of paper money, half\\nof which was for the King s use. Morris returned\\nthe bill, because he wanted the paper money to be re-\\ndeemable in five years instead of twelve, as stated in\\nthe bill. To prove its loyalty and yet not surrender\\nits absolute rights over money bills, the Assembly,\\non its own credit, borrowed 5,000jpounds, to be ex-\\npended in the King s cause. A year later, the same\\ndifficulty was solved in the same way. The Governor\\nhad secret instructions from the Proprietors not to\\nassent to any money bills unless he could have a\\nvoice in disbursing the funds thus raised. But Penn-\\nsylvania, as well as the other colonies, contended that\\nthose who pay the taxes mi^st have sole power to\\napply them. That was a principle of English liberty,\\nand the Americans were entitled to all the liberties of\\nEnglishmen.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 127\\nEngland, perceiving the designs of France to take\\npossession of the Mississippi valley, sent two Braddock\\nregiments under General Braddock to America Arrives\\nin March, 1755. Pennsylvania was asked for troops,\\nprovisions, transportation, and for a part of a com-\\nmon fund to be raised by all the colonies. The\\nAssembly met and at once provided for the opening\\nof a post road between Philadelphia, and Winchester,\\nVirginia, as well as for wagons and pack-horses.\\nFranklin undertook the task of getting 150 wagons\\nand 1,500 pack-horses. He advertised for these in\\nYork, Lancaster and Cumberland counties, and in\\ntwo weeks had more than the quota. He gave his\\nbonds for such horses as might be lost in the service.\\nClaims to the amount of 20,000 pounds enough to\\nruin him financially were afterwards presented. The\\nAssembly, after a long delay, paid his obligations.\\nThree hundred men were then put to work cutting a\\nroad from Fort Loudon to unite with Braddock s road\\ncoming up from Maryland west of the mountains.\\nTogether with New Jersey, the province also furnished\\na body of troops.\\nIt was June before Braddock s army left Fort\\nCumberland for Fort Duquesne, over the Braddock s\\nworst roads in the world. He was accom- T eie t\\npanied by Washington, two chiefs, in command of\\nsome Indians, George Croghan, the Indian agent of\\nPennsylvania, and Captain Jack, the wild hunter.\\nProgress was slow, but without danger till the\\nMonongahela had been crossed, some seven miles from\\nFort Duquesne, July 9. The army had just finished\\ndinner and resumed the march, when it suddenly came\\nface to face with the French, Canadians and Indians.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "128 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe English troops were at once confused by the\\nstrange manner of battle employed by the enemy, who\\nkept behind trees and logs, while nothing could be\\nseen but puffs of smoke. When Braddock rode up\\nand down among his men, urging them to fight, they\\nreplied that they would do so if he could show them\\nthe enemy. He got angry at Washington for sug-\\ngesting to fight the Indians in Indian fashion, and\\nwhen some of the soldiers did resort to it, he rudely\\nordered them away from their shelter. The battle\\nlasted for three hours, and had not Washington cov-\\nered the retreat with his provincials, the entire army\\nwould have been annihilated. Braddock was shot in\\nthe back just after he had ordered a retreat. He died\\non the summit of Laurel Hill the third day after-\\nwards. His body was buried in the center of the\\nroad, that the retreating army in marching over it\\nmight efface all signs of the grave. In 1804 the re-\\nmains were re -interred at the foot of a large white\\noak tree near by-\\nBraddock s defeat was followed by the greatest\\nThe Indians constcmation in Pennsylvania. The In-\\ntake Revenge (jians uow had the opportunity of aveng-\\ning the Walking Purchase, the Albany Deed, and other\\nacts of injustice, real and imaginary. They fell upon\\nthe frontier of Pennsylvania along its entire length\\na distance of two hundred miles. First they disposed\\nof the isolated settler beyond the mountains,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in the\\nvalleys of the Juniata and the Susquehanna. With\\nno neighbors nearer than four or five miles, he was an\\neasy victim. A plow in the furrow, a cabin in ashes,\\nand a family scalped, mutilated and murdered, was the\\nusual tale. Then the bloodthirsty Indians broke", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 129\\nthrough the gaps of the Blue Ridge. The French offi-\\ncers who were with them had no control over them.\\nThe main body was encamped on the Susquehanna,\\nthirty miles above Harris ferry. Thence they rav-\\naged the counties of Cumberland, Lancaster, Berks\\nand Northampton. Their atrocities were carried to\\nwithin fifty miles of Philadelphia the scalp yells\\nwere heard at Nazareth and Bethlehem, to which\\ntowns the Indians carried their prisoners and plunder.\\nGovernor Morris called the Assembly in Novem-\\nber but he rejected their bill to raise Difficulties in\\nmoney for the King s use because it taxed Raising Funds\\nthe Proprietary estates. The Assembly then raised\\n10,000 pounds by voluntary subscriptions, promising\\nto reimburse the subscribers. Petitions for arms and\\nammunition now came in from every part of the prov-\\nince. The frontier counties passed resolutions at\\npublic meetings to repair to Philadelphia and demand\\nmeasures and means of defense. A body of four hun-\\ndred Germans marched to the city, crowded into the\\nhall of the Assembly, and in personal interviews im-\\npressed their demands. The murdered and mangled\\nbodies of a family butchered by the Indians were\\ntaken to Philadelphia, like frozen venison from the\\nmountains, hauled about the streets, and actually\\nplaced in the doorway of the Assembly. About\\nthree hundred Indians who had remained faithful\\nto the memory of Penn also joined in the appeals\\nfor help. The political quarrel could not be continued\\nunder such conditions. The Proprietors offered a do-\\nnation of 5,000 pounds for the defence of the\\nprovince, and the Assembly passed a bill to raise\\nmoney without taxing the Proprietary estates.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "130 A History of Pennsylvania\\nA militia law, prepared by Franklin, was the next\\nA Militia measure of defence. The Proprietary, by\\nLaw Passed yirtue of the charter, could raise a militia;\\nbut prior to 1755, no militia law had been passed.\\nNow, however, the Assembly decided that, although\\nit was against their own scruples to bear arms, they\\nwould allow those who thought it right, to do so.\\nIt was to be altogether a volunteer\\nsystem. Franklin was made com-\\nmander. He led about five hundred\\nmen to Bethlehem, in December, to\\ngive much -needed succor to the Mora-\\nvian settlements. He remained in\\nNorthampton county till February, and\\nBenjamin Franklin. ^j^^^^ rOU^hcd it with the\\nassociators. The philosopher, scientist, journalist and\\nstatesman became so popular as a soldier that he was\\nmade a colonel, and was actually suggested to lead\\nan expedition against Fort Duquesne.\\nWhile Franklin was in the field, he erected Fort\\nAllen, opposite the mouth of Mahoning\\nFrontier Forts trir o\\ncreek, and formed a hue of communication\\nthrough the wilderness to Wyoming, establishing a\\nfort at mid -distance, called the Middle Fort. Gov-\\nernor Morris, about the same time, decided to build\\nFort Augusta at Shamokin. But there were so many\\npoints along the frontier that needed such protection\\nthat the Assembly took the matter in hand, and ap-\\npropriated 85,000 pounds for a chain of forts from\\nthe Delaware to the Maryland line. At first there\\nwere less than twenty; but at the close of the war,\\nno less than two hundred stockades and blockhouses\\nhad been erected, so as to form two distinct lines of", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 131\\ndefence on the frontier. They commanded the prin-\\ncipal passes in the mountains, and were garrisoned\\nby the militia or by the rangers. The settlers fre-\\nquently lived in the forts for months at a time, taking\\ntheir household goods, farm implements, and live\\nstock with them into the enclosure. When there was\\nno immediate danger outside, the men worked in\\ntheir fields during the day, and returned at night.\\nThey always took their rifles with them, and were\\noften accompanied by sentinels. To incite the ener-\\ngies of the militia in the forts, and of the frontiers-\\nmen in general. Governor Morris offered a reward\\nfor Indian scalps and for the recoverj^ of English\\nprisoners. The Indians could be traced and located\\nby their paths, of which there were four leading ones.\\nBut the reward for scalps did not accomplish much,\\nexcept to arouse the indignation of the Assembly.\\nMorris also planned Colonel Armstrong s famous\\nexpedition against the Indian stronghold Armstrong s\\nat Kittanning, although it was executed Expedition\\nunder his successor. The force, consisting ot three\\nhundred men, marched from Fort Shirley, now in\\nHuntingdon county, August 30, 1756, and attacked\\nCaptain Jacobs, the most active chief of that time, at\\ndaybreak of the 8th of September. Many of the In-\\ndians were sleeping in a cornfield, on account of the\\nheat. They were surprised and driven into the town.\\nAfter two refusals to surrender, their huts were set\\non fire, and many of the savages died in the flames,\\nsinging and whooping as they perished. Captain Jacobs\\nwas shot while trying to escape from a window. The\\nbest part of the victory was the capture and de-\\nstruction of great quantities of powder and other stores", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "132 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwhich the French had supplied. Colonel Armstrong\\nreceived a medal from the Council of Philadelphia in\\nrecognition of his services. If he had not destroyed\\nKittanning, Captain Jacobs would have marched for\\nFort Shirley the next day.\\nGovernor Morris was succeeded, in 1756, by Wil-\\nGovernor Ham Dcuny but the Proprietary instructions\\nDenny ^gj,Q ^q^ chaugcd. As it was no time for\\nrenewing an old quarrel, the Assembly waived its\\nrights temporarily, and passed a money bill satisfactory\\nto the Governor. They even passed a compulsory\\nmilitia law, but Denny vetoed it. Arms and ammu-\\nnition were needed more than men. Guns were out\\nof repair, flints were scarce and poor, and the forts\\nwere without cannon. Under such conditions, Arm-\\nstrong s victory lost its effect. PIT) wing and seeding\\nand harvesting had again to be done in dread fear of\\nthe Indian s tomahawk and scalping knife. The bor-\\nder counties in 1757 were kept in constant alarm,\\nand the savages carried terror even to within thirtv\\nmiles of Philadelphia.\\nFortunately, with the advent of William Pitt as\\nA Change in primc miuistcr of England, the heavens\\nthe Ministry bcgau to brightcu and the storm to lose\\nits power. England now sent men and munitions\\nof war in numbers and quantities sufficient to put\\nan end to the struggle with France. Pitt pledged\\nhimself to pay liberally all soldiers who enlisted in\\nAmerica. Pennsylvania raised 2,700 men. Of the\\nthree expeditions planned, the one against Fort\\nDuquesne was led by General John Forbes. His\\narmy consisted of the provincials of Pennsj-lvania\\nand the southern colonies and of British regulars", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 133\\n9,000 all told. It rendezvoused at Bedford, in Sep-\\ntember, 1758, and at the suggestion of Colonel Bou-\\nquet, a Swiss officer in the service of the British army,\\ncut a new road from Raystown to Loyalhanna a\\ndistance of forty -five miles. Loyalhanna was made\\nthe base of operations. A small force was sent for-\\nward to ascertain the strength of the enemy at Fort\\nDuquesne. Venturing too far, the detachment was\\nattacked, and fared no better than Braddock. En-\\ncouraged by their success, the French and Indians\\nresolved to make a sudden assault on the camp at\\nLoyalhanna, but were repulsed twice by Colonel\\nBouquet. Forbes having been detained at Carlisle\\nby sickness, reached Loyalhanna about November\\n1st. The campaign would have been postponed till\\nspring but for the capture of three French scouts,\\nwho dropped the secret that Fort Duquesne was\\nweakly garrisoned. Forbes quickly altered his plans,\\nand sent Washington forward with the Virginians.\\nBut the enemy had fled. Flaming timbers and ex-\\nploding powder were all that was left at Fort Du-\\nquesne to tell the tale of French occupation in the\\nOhio valley. Forbes was a hero; the French and\\nIndian war was over in Pennsylvania and the\\nquestion whether the Celtic or the Teutonic civili-\\nzation should prevail in North America was more\\nthan half solved. Forbes success was due in no\\nsmall degree to Frederick Post, a Moravian mis-\\nsionary. At the instance of the Friendly Association\\nof Quakers, this heroic man twice, once in July and\\nagain in October, went among the savages of the\\nWest on a mission of peace. Under the very shadow\\nof Fort Duquesne, in the presence of the French,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "134 A History of Pennsylvania\\nand in the face of threatened death, he made a treaty\\nwith the Delawares [and the Shawanese, whereby\\nthese became the friends of the English before Gen-\\neral Forbes had marched out of Loyalhanna.\\nThe Assembly, in 1757, had resumed the question\\nProprietary of taxiug the cstatcs of the Proprietary.\\nEstates Taxed rpj^^y Fraukliu to England to\\nappeal to the King and Parliament. Finding the\\nKing too busy with the war to give him an audience,\\nFranklin appealed to the people bj^ publishing a book,\\nentitled Historical Review of Pennsylvania. Com-\\ning from the man who had discovered the identity of\\nelectricity and lightning, the book was read by\\nlords and commons. The English people could see no\\nreason why Penn s estates should not be taxed, while\\nthey themselves paid heavy taxes for the war in\\nAmerica. So when finally, in 1759, the question came\\nbefore the Privy Council, Franklin won the day. His\\nfame as a diplomat spread all over America, and\\nseveral other colonies made him their representative in\\nLondon, to adjust their difficulties.\\nGovernor Denny was removed by the Proprietors\\nPontiac s lu 1759, and James Hamilton appointed in\\nConspiracy j^jg placc. The Asscmbly was now in a\\nposition to aid in the prosecution of the war in\\nCanada without endangering its rights, and it did so\\nmost generously. After the treaty of 1763 there was\\nevery prospect of a long era of peace. There was no\\nforeign foe bej ond the mountains to invade the colo-\\nnies, or to incite the Indians against the frontier.\\nThe settlers returned to their abandoned homes to\\nbegin life anew and the English government forti-\\nfied the region conquered from the French. But the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 135\\nextension of these defenses and the ^rapid advance\\nof the settlers caused a fresh uprising among the\\nsavages. Pontiac, a veritable Napoleon of the wilder-\\nness, organized all the tribes from Lake Ontario to\\nGeorgia in a grand conspiracy to repel the English.\\nIn western Pennsylvania he was ably seconded by\\nKiashuta, the viceroy of the Six Nations. The attack\\nwas to be made on all the forts and settlements on\\nthe same day but the plan miscarried, and Fort Pitt\\nwas surrounded about June 1, 1763, a few days before\\nthe warwhoop was heard in New York, Maryland and\\nVirginia. A bundle of sticks had been given to every\\ntribe in the confederacy, each bundle containing as\\nmany sticks as there were days till the time for the\\nattack. One stick was to be drawn out every morn-\\ning the day on which the last one was removed was\\nto be the time for the attack. A Delaware squaw\\non the Ohio, who was in sympathy with the whites,\\nhad purposely drawn out two or three sticks, unno-\\nticed by the warriors, and so brought about the\\nuntimely action.\\nThe whole frontier of Pennsylvania west of the\\nSusquehanna, was devastated so com- The Frontier\\npletely that Indian history in America Devastated\\npresents no parallel. The tomahawk first and the\\ntorch next, was the order which Pontiac had given\\nall along the line. Corpses and ashes marked the\\npath of destruction. Although the harvest was ripe,\\nthe farmers abandoned their grain fields and fled\\nthrough the mountain passes to the settlements\\nbeyond. On the 25th of July Shippensburg har-\\nbored over three hundred fugitives Carlisle, too, was\\nfull to overflowing, and so were other places. Colonel", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "136 A History of Pennsylvania\\nArmstrong, with some three hundred volunteers from\\nCarlisle, Shippensburg and Bedford, started from Fort\\nShirley, on the Aughwick, to destroy the Indian set-\\ntlement at Muncy, but the enemy had fled when he\\narrived there.\\nBut these and other feeble efforts at resistance\\nBouquet s Were far from effective. Unless Fort Pitt,\\nExpedition from which the Indians had cut off all\\ncommunication, could be relieved, there would be no\\nsafety east of it. General Amherst, commander of\\nthe British army in America, dispatched Colonel Bou-\\nquet to western Pennsylvania. His command was\\ncomposed of rangers from Lancaster and Cumberland\\ncounties, and about five hundred regulars, who were\\nwornout veterans, unfit for hard service, some having\\nto be conveyed in wagons. Starting from Carlisle\\nJuly 21, he marched by way of Fort Bedford and\\nFort Ligonier. On August 5, when within a short\\ndistance of Bushy run, near Braddock s field, the In-\\ndians made a savage attack on his advance guard\\nand when the main army came up a fierce battle ensued,\\nlasting the greater part of two days. Nothing but a\\nstrategy saved Colonel Bouquet s troops from being\\nannihilated. In the night he arranged them in a\\ncircle. He then ordered a feigned retreat to be made\\nat the point of the enemy s deadliest fire. The\\nIndians rushed into the circle in pursuit of the\\nretreating lines, but before they were aware of it\\nreceived such a fire from all directions that they fled\\nbeyond the Ohio in the utmost confusion. Bouquet\\nnow led his tired army to Fort Pitt, and began to\\nerect a redoubt a square stone building, which is\\nstill standing in place of the old fort. It is the last", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 137\\nBouquet s Redoubt.\\nmonument of British dominion in Pittsburg. On it is\\nthe inscription, Colonel Bouquet, A. D. 1764. The\\nIndians withdrew beyond the Ohio.\\nFor some months after the battle of Bushy Run,\\nthe frontier of Pennsylvania\\nwas comparatively quiet. The\\nraid made upon the Con-\\nestoga Indians (see p. 55)\\nespecially had a wholesome\\neffect upon the savages. But\\nwith the first appearance of\\nspring, in 1764, hostilities\\nwere renewed. The British\\ngovernment now resolved to\\ncarry the war into the\\nIndian country. Two expeditions were planned\\none against the Indians along the Great Lakes, and\\nthe other against those on the Ohio. The latter was\\nentrusted to Colonel Bouquet. The Assembly voted\\nto raise 1,000 men, 50,000 pounds, and 50 pairs of\\nbloodhounds. The use of the dogs was not put into\\neffect. Bouquet marched bravely into the wilderness\\nof Ohio, completely overawed the Indians, and made\\nthem sue for peace. They had to give up all the\\nwhite prisoners more than two hundred in num-\\nber many of whom had been in captivity since\\n1755. Some of the soldiers had relatives and friends\\namong the captives, and the reunion of such was a\\nmost affecting scene. Many of the children had\\nbecome so attached to Indian life that they had to\\nbe taken back to their homes by force. A few, who\\nhad married Indians, never returned. Those who\\ncould not be identified at Fort Pitt were brought to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "138 A History of Pennsylvania\\nCarlisle, in the hope that people east of the mouo-\\ntains might claim them. It was here that the old\\nGerman widow, Mrs. Hartman, caused her long -lost\\ndaughter to recognize her by singing a cradle song.\\nAlthough Franklin had secured the decision in\\nTo Abolish the England that the estates of the Penns\\nProprietorship ^erc to bc taxcd, yet how and upon what\\nbasis, was an open question. Governor John Penn,\\ngrandson of William, and successor to Hamilton,\\nwould not sign the grant for Bouquet s expedition\\nunless the best wild lands of the family estates were\\ntaxed at the same low rate paid by the people for\\nthe poorest and the Assembly, anxious for peace,\\nyielded. Immediately, strong opposition arose against\\nthe Proprietors, and measures were taken to abolish\\nthe Proprietorship and make Pennsylvania a royal\\nprovince. The Assembly passed resolutions rehearsing\\nthe tyranny of the Proprietary, and a bitter factional\\nstruggle ensued among the people. The anti- Proprie-\\ntary party circulated petitions praying the King to\\ntake the province under his benign protection. In\\nOctober, 1764, the Assembly passed the petition for a\\nchange of government by a vote of 27 to 3. Rather\\nthan sign the document, Issac Norris, at the last\\nmoment, resigned the position of Speaker. In the\\nfinal debate, John Dickinson and Joseph Galloway\\nmade the leading speeches for and against, respect-\\nively. Both desired the success of the democratic\\nprinciple that was asserting itself in the province\\nbut Galloway favored the abolition of the Proprietary\\ngovernment as the best way to accomplish the end,\\nwhile Dickinson believed its continuance would serve\\nthe end better.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 139\\nFranklin was appointed to carry the petition to\\nEngland and lay it before the Crown. The Proprie-\\ntors do not seem to have feared the result. Thomas\\nPenn wrote from England to a friend in Pennsyl-\\nvania We are not in fear of your mighty Goliath,\\nwhose schemes of government are not approved of\\nhere, and who may lose the government of a post-\\noffice by grasping at that of a province. In Novem-\\nber, 1765, Franklin laid the petition of the Assembly\\nbefore the Privy Council but no action was taken,\\nexcept that the Penns were required to furnish the\\nCrown a statement of the financial management of\\nthe province. However, the agitation had its whole-\\nsome effects. The Proprietors ordered Governor Penn\\nto do everything in his power to conciliate the fac-\\ntions in Pennsylvania. His task was made easy, for\\nin their wrath against the Stamp Act the people lost\\nsight of their grievances with the Proprietors. Never-\\ntheless, the effort to throw off the Proprietary Gov-\\nernment was a preparatory drill for the Revolution ten\\nyears later.\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD\\nIn 1764, Parliament announced a new doctrine of\\ntaxation to the colonies. It was to the ef-\\n1 rt n TT Stamp Act\\nfeet that m future, revenue for the King s\\nuse would be raised in America by Parliamentary acts.\\nBefore that time, internal taxes had always been im-\\nposed by the colonial legislatures. A bill passed on\\nthis doctrine of taxation without representation was\\nbrought in and passed in March, 1765. It was the\\nfamous Stamp Act. Dr. Franklin, who was in Eng-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "140 A History of Pennsylvania\\nland at the time, did all he could to prevent its pas-\\nsage; but, said he, England was provoked by Amer-\\nican claims of independence, and all parties joined\\nin resolving by this act to settle that point. No\\nsooner had the news reached America than the\\nStamp Act Congress was called to meet at New York.\\nJohn Dickinson, of Philadelphia, drafted the reso-\\nlutions, since known as the first American Bill of\\nRights. John Hughes, a member of the Assembly,\\nwas made stamp distributor for Pennsylvania but\\nwhen the bells were muf ed, the colors hoisted half-\\nmast, and acts of violence threatened, he resigned.\\nA Philadelphia newspaper appeared the day before the\\nact went into effect, with skull and cross-bones, spade\\nand shovel. The editor stopped and asked for sub-\\nscriptions due, that he might live. The storekeepers\\nresolved to buy no more British goods. To increase\\nthe product of domestic wool, lambs were no longer\\nkilled. Great frugality was practiced, even the\\npomp of woe at funerals was restrained. Such\\nwere the results accomplished in Pennsylvania by\\nthe Sons of Liberty, in opposition to the Stamp Act,\\nand when news of its repeal reached Philadelphia,\\nthey were in high glee over the victory. Thej^ dined\\nand wined the captain of the brig bringing the news,\\nand presented a gold -laced hat to him. Their kindly\\nfeeling for the mother country returned unabated\\nfor on the King s birthday, they dressed themselves\\nin English goods and gave their homespun to the poor.\\nDr. Franklin, who was largely instrumental in the\\nrepeal of the Stamp Act, had to caution his friends in\\nAmerica not to be too demonstrative, lest England\\ntake offense.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 141\\nWilliam Pitt, who rejoiced that America had\\nresisted the Stamp Act, drew a line be- External\\ntween internal and external taxation, hold- Taxation\\ning that Parliament could tax the colonies by the\\nlatter method, on the ground that it could regulate\\ntrade and raise a revenue. Accordingly, in 1767, an\\nact was passed providing for colonial revenue, to be\\nraised from a duty on wine, oil, glass,\\npaper, lead, colors and tea, the pro-\\nceeds to be used to pay the gover-\\nnors and the judges salaries in the\\nroyal provinces. Again non- importa-\\ntion agreements were proposed and\\naccepted by the Philadelphia mer-\\nchants, while the province sent pro-\\ntests to the King and to Parliament. ^^--o..\\nJohn Dickinson, in the Letters of a Pennsylvania\\nFarmer, stirred the colonists from New Hampshire\\nto Georgia with his simple, irresistible logic. The\\nfarmers especially and they were by far the most\\nnumerous class of people then were thoroughly\\naroused from their political sleep by Dickinson. He\\npointed out that any law, so far as it creates\\nexpense, is in reality a tax; that if England\\ncould tax the colonies for the support of the gov-\\nernors and judges, the salaries of these officers would\\nno longer depend on their standing with the Assem-\\nblies, but would be fixed by the King to serve his own\\nends; that the Governors might not call the Assemblies\\ntogether at all, except to make laws for the yoking\\nof hogs or the pounding of stray cattle. Dickinson s\\nletters were widely read, both here and abroad. At\\na public meeting in Boston, Hancock, Adams, War-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "142 A ^History of Pennsylvania\\nren, and others were appointed a committee to write\\nhim a letter, saluting the Farmer as the friend of\\nAmericans and the common benefactor of mankind.\\nExcepting a brief change in the governorship,\\nJohn and poUtical affairs were quiet in Pennsylva-\\nRichard Penn till 1773. Johu Pcun haviug returned\\nto England in 1771, the president of the Council,\\nJames Hamilton, acted as Governor until Richard\\nPenn, a younger brother of John, arrived a few\\nmonths later. Richard was a great favorite in Penn-\\nsylvania, but he served only till his brother John\\nreturned, in 1773. John Penn now held the governor-\\nship until the end of Proprietary government, in 1776.\\nThe duties imposed by the act of 1767 were re-\\nThe Tax movcd lu 1770 from everything but tea,\\non Tea which was taxcd three pence per pound\\nbut the non- importation agreements were faithfully\\nkept. Hence England was obliged to make arrange-\\nments at home so that the accumulated tea of the\\nEast India Company could be sold in America for\\nwhat the colonists could buy it before the tax\\nwas on it. This act gave rise to the so-called tea\\nparties. The East India Company sent several ves-\\nsels loaded with tea to the colonies, but it was not\\nallowed to be landed. At Philadelphia, the ships\\nwith the detested tea got as far as Gloucester Point,\\nwhere a committee from a mass meeting of 8,000\\npeople, assembled in the State House yard, met them\\nand warned them not to come nearer. The captain\\nwas allowed to come to town and decide for himself\\nwhether he thought it prudent to land. He came,\\nbut decided not to land. The committee also induced\\nthe consignees to resign their commissions for selling", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 143\\nthe tea. The following is a facsimile of the notice\\nsent to the consignees\\nHG**\\nsr*\\nCARD.\\nTHE PUBLIC prefent their Compliments to Meflieurs\\nJAMES AND DRlNKER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094.Wc are informed thet you\\nhave this Day received your ComminTion to en Have your native\\nCountry} and, as your frivolous Plea of having received no\\nAdvice, relative io the fcandalous Part you vrere to aA, in the\\nTea Schcme, can no longer ferve your Purpofc, nor divert our\\nAttention* WE\u00c2\u00abxpe\u00c2\u00a3t and defire you wilt immediately inform\\nthe Public, by a Line or two to be left at theCoTF\u00c2\u00a3C Houss,\\nWhether too will, or will not, renounce all Prctenfions to\\nexecute that Commiflionf that YHE. may govern ouk-\\nSCLYES ACCOH1)lKGI.Y.\\nPhiUddfbidt Dcemier 2, 1773.\\n\u00c2\u00bbC|--\\nio\\nWhen the Boston Port Bill (see any United States\\nhistory) was passed by Parliament, in Pennsylvania\\n1774, and other repressive acts designed conservative\\nto bring Massachusetts to submission, that colony\\nfelt that it could no longer resist Great Britain\\nwithout the help of the others. This was not\\ndifficult to get in some colonies for they had like-\\nwise been made to feel the rod of the mother\\ncountry. Virginia promptly passed a resolution in\\nher Legislature setting apart the day on which the\\nBoston Port Bill was to go into effect as one of\\nfasting, humiliation and prayer. Virginia, like\\nMassachusetts, had been deprived of her liberties by\\nnumerous acts of oppression and restraint, and was\\nripe for a united effort to regain what she had lost.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "144 A History of Pennsylvania\\nPennsylvania, having had a Proprietary form of gov-\\nernment, based on a most liberal charter, could not so\\nreadily trace her ills to the Crown. Moreover, the\\nprovince always enjoyed a growth and a prosperity so\\ngreat and uniform that the ills of government bore\\nless heavily on her than on other colonies. It was\\nnatural, therefore, to find a strong conservative ele-\\nment in Pennsylvania when the first steps were taken\\nto resist Great Britain.\\nSince Pennsylvania, being next to Virginia and\\nPaul Revere s CQual to Massachusctts iu populatiou,\\nVisit would influence the middle colonies by\\nher action, as the other two did their neighbors, it\\nwas important that she should respond promptly and\\nvigorously to the cry from Boston. So in May, 1774,\\nPaul Revere came to Philadelphia to explain the situ-\\nation. He was received by Joseph Reed, Thomas\\nMifflin and Charles Thomson, who introduced him to\\nother leading men. A public meeting was held\\nin the City Tavern the very next day. Speeches\\nwere made by Reed, Mifflin, Thomson and Dickin-\\nson. Dr. William Smith, provost of the Phila-\\ndelphia College, drew up a letter to be carried to\\nBoston by Revere. The letter, and a set of resolu-\\ntions accompanying it, defended the right of the\\ncolonies to give and grant their own money through\\ntheir own Assemblies the Boston Port Bill was de-\\nnounced, and deep sympathy expressed for Massachu-\\nsetts and a colonial congress was recommended.\\nCopies were sent to the other colonies, that a united\\neffort might be made throughout America to let Great\\nBritain know that a principle is far too dear to be\\nabandoned by the payment of a petty tax on tea.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 145\\nAnother and a larger meeting was held June 28,\\nin the State House. Stirring resolutions The People\\nwere again passed, similar to the others organize\\nthe Governor was asked to call the Assembly\\ntogether a congress of all the colonies was recom-\\nmended and a committee was appointed to corre-\\nspond with similar committees then organizing in the\\nother counties of the province. Governor Penn\\nhaving declined to call the Assembly, these com-\\nmittees were to be the nucleus of a new organization\\nin the movement against the oppressive acts of Eng-\\nland. Meetings were held throughout the province\\nto take the sentiments of the inhabitants. Those\\nwho favored the liberty partj^ were called Whigs,\\nand those whose sympathies were with Great Britain\\nwere called Tories. At the suggestion of the com-\\nmittee of Philadelphia, deputies were chosen from\\nevery county to meet in the city July 15. At this\\nprovincial congress, an account of what had already\\nbeen done in Pennsylvania and other colonies was\\ngiven sixteen resolutions were drawn up to express\\nthe sense of the convention on the difficulties with\\nGreat Britain and a set of instructions was addressed\\nto the Assembly. The instructions were the work\\nvery largely of John Dickinson.\\nHonor, justice and humanity call upon us to hold, and to\\ntransmit to our posterity, that liberty which we. received from\\nour ancestors. It is not our duty to leave wealth to our chil-\\ndren but it is our duty to leave liberty to them. So\\nalarming are the measures already taken for laying the founda-\\ntions of a despotic authority over us that unless we\\ncan interrupt the work, our children will not be able to over-\\nthrow it when completed.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "146 A History of Pennsylvania\\nFor attaining this great and desirable end, tht\\nThe First AsscHibly was asked to appoint delegates\\nContinental to attend a Congress of Deputies from tlie\\nCongress several colonies. The men appointed were\\nJoseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoads, Thomas Mifftin and\\nJohn Dickinson, of Philadelphia John Morton, of\\nChester Charles Humphreys, of Haverford George\\nRoss, of Lancaster, and Edward Biddle, of Reading.\\nThese were Pennsylvania s delegates to what has since\\nbeen known as the First Continental Congress, whose\\nsessions were held in Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia,\\nSeptember 5 to October 26. Dickinson was the lead-\\ning man among them. Of the six papers drawn up\\nby the Congress, he was the author of two the\\nfamous petition to the King, and the address to the\\npeople of Canada. Galloway played a conspicuous\\nbut not very honorable part. According to Bancroft,\\nhe acted as a volunteer spy for the British govern-\\nment. To the delegates from other colonies, says\\nthe historian, he insinuated as they arrived that\\ncommissioner^ with full power should repair to the\\nBritish cour after the example of the Roman, Gre-\\ncian, and Macedonian colonies on occasions of the like\\nnature. His colleagues spurned the thought of send-\\ning envoys to dangle at the heels of a minister and\\nundergo the scorn of Parliament. On the third day,\\nthe Congress was opened with praj^r, after Samuel\\nAdams had silenced the objections of Jay and\\nRutledge by declaring I am no bigot I can hear\\na prayer from a man of piety and virtue, who is at\\nthe same time a friend to his country. The man\\nnamed for this sacred duty was Rev. Jacob Duclie.\\nrector of Christ church, and first chaplain of the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 147\\nSecond Continental Congress. News had just been\\nreceived of a bloody attack on the people by the\\ntroops at Boston and as the collect for the day was\\nread, the members of the Congress believed that a\\nCarpenters Hall.\\nrude soldiery was then infesting the dwellings and tak-\\ning the lives of the people of Boston. Heaven itself\\nseemed to dictate the words of Scripture, the 35th\\nPsalm, that memorable morning\\nPlead my cause, O Lord, with them that strive with me:\\nfight against them that fight against me. Take hold of shield\\nand buckler, and stand up for mine help.\\nCarpenters Hall was built in 1770 by the Car-\\npenters Company, an organization formed\\nr t,.. Carpenters Hall\\ntor giving instruction in architecture and\\nassisting poor members widows and children. After", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "148 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe First Congress the building was occupied by\\nvarious bodies representing the province. The British\\noccupied it in 1777, the soldiers using the vane on\\nthe cupola for target practice. The First and Second\\nNational Banks both transacted their business within\\nits walls for several years. Later on it served in all\\nsorts of capacities as custom house, land office,\\nmusic hall, meeting house, school house, horse market,\\nfurniture store. In 1857, the Carpenters again took pos-\\nsession of their ancient hall, and have since kept it\\nopen as a historic relic. Half a million people\\nvisited the time -honored building during the Centen-\\nnial Exhibition, in 1876.\\nThe report of the proceedings of the First Conti-\\nThe Assembly cental Cougrcss was unanimously adopted\\nRatifies the Acts by thc Pennsylvania Assembly, early in\\nCongress Deccmbcr and the province thus became\\na member of the American Association designed to\\nsecure the enforcement of non- importation and non-\\nconsumption of British goods. Biddle, Dickinson,\\nMifflin, Galloway, Humphreys, Morton and Ross were\\nelected delegates to the Second Continental Congress,\\nto meet May 10, 1775. Franklin, on arriving from\\nhis ten years sojourn in England, in the spring of\\n1775, was at once added to the delegation. Galloway\\nhad requested to be relieved from serving on account\\nof the radical acts against England. Governor Penn\\nhad hitherto refrained from directing or controlling\\nthe Assembly in matters pertaining to the contest.\\nBut when Great Britain proposed not to tax the colo-\\nnists, provided they would tax themselves to the satis-\\nfaction of Parliament, the Governor, in a message to\\nthe Assembly, May, 1775, sided with Great Britain,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 149\\nA second provincial congress was held in Philadel-\\nphia, January, 1775. Nearly all the coun- An Echo from\\nties were represented. Resolutions were Lexington\\nadopted to provide means for the growth and manu-\\nfacture of things that used to be imported from\\nEngland. At first it was determined to exhaust all\\npeaceable measures for the restoration of American\\nrights before resorting to arms. It was not until\\nthe shot which was heard around the world had\\nbeen fired at Lexington, that a different spirit began\\nto make itself strongly felt. Thousands of people\\nnow agreed to associate for the purpose of defending\\nwith arms their lives, their property, and their liberty,\\nPennsylvania s instructions to her delegates in the\\nSecond Congress, to whom, besides Frank- Redress of\\nlin, Thomas Willing, of Philadelphia, and Grievances\\nJames Wilson, of Cumberland, were added, sought\\nhad been to combine, if possible, a redress of griev-\\nances with union and harmony between Great\\nBritain and the colonies. In this position Pennsyl-\\nvania was not alone; for the Americans generally had\\nnot yet given up the hope of reconciliation. Independ-\\nence seemed probable, but not inevitable. Franklin,\\nhowever, supported the boldest measures. Make\\nyourselves sheep, he would say, and the wolves\\nwill devour you. Dickinson favored a second peti-\\ntion to the King, and drafted it but the King\\ndetermined to listen to nothing from the illegal\\nCongress.\\nOn the 14th of June, 1775, Congress resolved to\\nraise a Continental army. Its first levy a continental\\nwas for six companies of expert rifle- Army Formed\\nmen to be raised in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "150 A History of Pennsylvania\\nand two in Virginia. A few days later two more\\ncompanies were ordered from Pennsylvania. The\\nAssembly at once recommended to the counties to\\nprovide arms and equipments for this force. It also\\nappointed a Committee of Safety June 30, consisting\\nof ten persons from the city of Philadelphia, four\\nfrom the county, two from Chester, and one from\\neach of the other nine counties. This body organ-\\nized, with Franklin as president. Its first act was to\\ndraft rules and regulations for the associators, or\\nmilitia, which included all able-bodied men between\\nthe ages of 16 and 50. Many persons declined to\\nperform military duty on the ground of conscientious\\nscruples. All such were to contribute an equivalent\\nin money for military service. The eight companies\\nof volunteer riflemen, called by Congress, were raised\\nwithout any difficulty. Lancaster county furnished\\ntwo instead of one, and so there were nine when the\\nquota had been completed. They were formed into\\na battalion, commanded by Colonel William Thomp-\\nson, of Carlisle. The companies marched for Boston\\nas soon as they were organized. On the 18th of\\nJuly, Nagel s Berks County Dutchmen the first\\ncompany to be ready arrived at Cambridge, and\\nwithin less than sixty days from the date of the call\\nof Congress, the riflemen of Pennsylvania, Maryland\\nand Virginia were all with Washington, the first\\ntroops called into the Continental army.\\nThe Committee of Safety next went to work on\\nThe American the dcfcnses of Philadelphia against an\\nNavy invasion from the sea. It put the fa-\\nmous chevaux-de-frize in the Delaware, and began the\\nGonstruction of the State Navy. In August, 1776,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 151\\nthe fleet numbered twenty -seven vessels, with Cap-\\ntain Thomas Reed as commodore, the first officer of\\nthat title in America. One of the first commissions\\nissued was that to the famous Nicholas Biddle, as\\ncaptain of the Franklin. Three months after the\\nState Navy was begun, Congress took action for the\\nconstruction of a Continental Navy, which was also\\nfitted out at Philadelphia.\\nThe opening gun of the year 1776, the most\\nmemorable of all the years of the Revo- common\\nlution, was Thomas Paine s pamphlet, sense\\nCommon Sense, brought out January 8. The son\\nof a Quaker in England, he was induced by Frank-\\nlin to come to Philadelphia, where he associated\\nwith Rittenhouse, Clymer, Rush, and other patriots\\nof Pennsylvania.\\nEverything that is right and natural pleads for separa-\\ntion. Even the distance at which the Almighty hath placed\\nEngland and America is a strong and natural proof that the\\nauthority of the one over the other was never the design of\\nHeaven. It is not in the power of Britain, or of Europe, to\\nconquer America, if she does not conquer herself by delay\\nand timidity.\\nCommon Sense was written to overthrow the\\nProprietary party in Pennsylvania, but it did more.\\nThe King had just issued his proclamation denouncing\\nthe colonists as rebels. Paine s pamphlet, therefore,\\ncame at a most opportune time to create sentiment\\nin favor of a separation.\\nIn April, the Assembly renewed its instructions to\\nthe Pennsylvania delegates in Congress The Assembly\\nnot to give their consent to a separation Tested\\nor a change of the Proprietary government. But", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "152 A History of Pennsylvania\\nCongress, May 15, recommended State governments in\\nthe colonies, and declared that all authority under the\\nCrown should be totally suppressed. On the 8th of\\nJune, the day after Richard Henry Lee, in Congress,\\nhad proposed the independence of the colonies, the\\nAssembly gave instructions which neither advised nor\\nforbade a declaration of independence, but left the\\nquestion to the ability, prudence and integrity of\\nthe delegates. This doubtful action proved the end\\nof the Proprietary Assembly once only did it again\\nhave a quorum of its members. Instead of allowing\\nthe State government, ordered by Congress, May 15,\\nto be formed by members of an Assembly sworn to\\nsupport the King, the people called a provincial con-\\nvention for that purpose. The Assembly instituted\\nby Penn did not come to an end till the obstinacy of\\nthe King left no room for reconciliation.\\nWhen, on the 1st of July, the vote on Lee s resolu-\\nLee s Resolution tlou for independence was to be taken\\nAdopted jjj committee of the whole, the Pennsyl-\\nvania delegation in Congress Franklin, Dickinson,\\nMorris, Wilson, Morton, Humphreys and Willing\\nwere divided, and cast their vote against it. Dickin-\\nson made a great speech, the burden of which was\\nthat the time was not yet ripe for such an important\\nstep. Wilson, who had held the same view before,\\ncould now no longer agree with Dickinson. Two\\nother States Delaware and South Carolina voted\\nnay; while New York, whose delegates did not\\nreceive favorable instructions till after the adoption\\nof the declaration, did not vote at all. The next day,\\nwhen the committee of the whole reported to Con-\\ngress, Delaware voted aj-e so did South Carolina.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 153\\nDelaware s vote was changed by Caesar Rodney, who\\nrode eighty miles on horseback to vote for inde-\\npendence. Dickinson and Morris remaining away,\\nPennsylvania, by the vote of Franklin, Wilson, and\\nMorton, against Humphreys and Willing, was also\\nenabled to say aye on the greatest question ever\\ndebated in America or ever decided among men.\\nThe second day of July, 1776, was not destined to\\nbecome the most memorable epoch in the Jefferson s\\nhistory of America. It was the fourth Declaration of\\nday of July when Jeflferson s Declaration I *\u00c2\u00abp=\\nof Independence, in which he set forth the reasons for\\nthe act of the second of July, was passed. On the\\nInterior of Independence Hall. Room in which the\\nDeclaration of Independence was signed.\\n8th, the Declaration of Independence was read in the\\nState House yard. At the same time the King s arms\\nwere taken from the court room and publicly burned,\\nwhile merry chimes from the church steeples and\\npeals from the State House bell proclaimed liberty", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "154 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthroughout the land. The Declaration having to be\\nengrossed, was not signed until August 2. As\\nDickinson, Humphreys and Willing had in the mean-\\ntime been succeeded in Congress by other men, their\\nnames do not appear among the signers of Pennsyl-\\nvania, who were Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris,\\nDr, Benjamin Rush, and George Clymer, of Philadel-\\nphia George Ross, of Lancaster; James Smith, of\\nYork James Wilson, of Cumberland George Taylor,\\nof Northampton, and John Morton, of Chester county.\\nBefore Dickinson left Congress, he drafted the\\nArticles of Confederation, and once more distinguished\\nhimself by the use of his pen in behalf of his country.\\nFranklin had prepared a plan of union the previous\\nyear, but it had been laid aside for the time being.\\nScarcely had the peals of the Liberty Bell died out,\\nWashington s whcu the drums of Washington s army\\nRetreat souudcd the rc treat across New Jersey, in\\nthe fall of 1776 (see any U. S. history). Pennsyl-\\nvania was in consternation. Liberal bounties were\\noffered to volunteers blankets and stockings were\\nbegged for the soldiers the assoeiators of Philadel-\\nphia and the counties around it were urged to join\\nthe army, and armed boats were sent to Trenton to\\ntransport Washington s troops across the Delaware.\\nIn the midst of this excitement, Congress fled precipi-\\ntately to Baltimore. But Pennsylvania s Committee\\nof Safety cooperated with Washington, calling on\\nevery patriot to step forth at this crisis and re-\\ninforce the depleted and disheartened army of less\\nthan three thousand men. The militia of Bucks,\\nNorthampton and adjoining counties answered the\\ncall promptly.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 155\\nAfter crossing the Delaware on his retreat, Wash-\\nington made his headquarters at Newtown, Washington\\nBucks county, while his army was sta- crossing\\ntioned eight miles above Trenton, at e aware\\nMcConkey s ferry, near Taylorsville. The Pennsyl-\\nvania militia were stationed at Bristol, under Cad-\\nwalader, and at Morrisville, opposite Trenton, under\\nEwing. Some troops were also stationed at Yardley-\\nville and other points up the river. Washington s\\nplan on the night of the ^Sth of December contem-\\nplated a combined attack on Trenton by himself,\\nEwing, and Cadwalader. Ewing, owing to the ice in\\nthe river, made no attempt to cross it. Cadwalader,\\nwith honest zeal, tried it; some of the men got over,\\nbut the horses and artillery could not reach the land\\non account of the ice. After suffering in a driving\\nsnow storm for some hours, Cadwalader and his men\\nreturned to camp and crept into their tents, without\\nfire or light. The story of Washington s crossing the\\nDelaware is familiar to every school -boy. Before\\nnight on the 26th he had landed in Pennsylvania\\nwith his thousand Hessian prisoners and started them\\non their way to Philadelphia, whence they were sent\\nto Lancaster and confined in barracks erected for\\nthe purpose.\\nThe Supreme Executive Council, chosen under the\\nnew Constitution, in February, 1777, met\\nThe Year 1777\\nMarch 4, and took the reins of govern-\\nment. Thomas Wharton, Jr., was elected President,\\nand as such was chief executive of the State. The\\nCouncil of Safety was now dissolved, Franklin, its\\npresident, having already gone to France as one of\\nthe three commissioners sent by Congress to solicit", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "156 A History of Pennsylvania\\naid. The year 1777 was to be a memorable one for\\nPennsylvania. Many such patriotic and heroic deeds\\nas that of Robert Morris, in Philadelphia, on New\\nYear s morning, and John Kelley, at Stony creek, on\\nJanuary 3 (see p. 317), were done\\nbefore it closed. Morris went from\\nhouse to house, in Philadelphia, rous-\\ning the people out of bed, to borrow\\nmoney of them. Early in the day he\\nsent Washington $50,000, with the\\nmessage Whatever I can do shall\\nbe done for the good of the service\\nThomas Wharton, Jr. _\\nif further occasional supplies of\\nmoney are necessary, you may depend on my\\nexertions, either in a public or a private capacity.\\nDuring the summer the Whigs arrested some forty\\nTories. About half of them signed their parole,\\npromising not to say or do anything against the\\nUnited States, and then were discharged. John Penn,\\nthe late Governor, refused, and he was confined at\\nFredericksburg, Virginia.\\nThe expected attack on Philadelphia was set on\\nHowe Sails Howc at Ncw York, July 5, where\\nfor he embarked his troops. On arriving at\\nPhiladelphia Delaware, he learned of the\\nchevaux-de-frize in the Delaware, and resolved to\\nenter Pennsylvania by way of the Chesapeake, an-\\nchoring his fleet in Elk river, 54 miles from Phila-\\ndelphia. Congress, which had returned from Balti-\\nmore, made a requisition on the Executive Council\\nfor 4,000 militia, and ordered Washington to leave\\nNew Jersey and march against Howe. The comman-\\nder-in-chief reached Philadelphia August 24, and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 157\\nTi/Miilikv yi^\\nBrandywine\\nled his troops, decorated with sprays of green and\\ncarrying the American flag for the first time, through\\nthe streets of Philadelphia, to encourage the patriots.\\nHere the young Marquis de Lafayette joined the army,\\nto be wounded in his first bat-\\ntle. Washington hastened on to\\nmeet the enemy, whose two divi-\\nsions had formed a juncture at\\nKennett Square, September 10.\\nBy a secret movement, he took\\nposition on the high grounds\\nabove Chadd s Ford, on the\\nnorth side of the Brandywine,\\ndirectly in Howe s path. The Betsy Ross Flag.\\nEarly on the morning of the 11th, the British, with\\na small part of their army under Knyphau-\\nsen, made Washington believe that they\\nintended to cross the Brandywine at Chadd s Ford.\\nBut he received information that their main body,\\nunder Howe and Cornwallis,\\nwould cross the river at a ford\\nhigher up. So he sent word\\nto General Sullivan, second in\\ncommand, to meet Howe and\\nCornwallis and hold them in\\ncheck, while he himself would\\ndefeat Knyphausen first and\\nthen turn his attention to the\\nmain body of the enemy. Just\\nas Washington was about to\\nattack Knyphausen, a message came from Sullivan\\nthat the British were not coming from the north,\\nand that therefore he had disobeyed his orders\\nThe Present Flag.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "158\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nBirmingham Meeting House.\\nBut Washington had been correctly informed. Howe\\nhad crossed the Brandywine above the forks at Trim-\\nble s and Jefferi s fords, and soon fell upon Sullivan\\nabove Birmingham meeting house. Washington, leav-\\ning General\\nWayne to oppose\\nKnyphausen at\\nChadd s Ford,\\nhastened to the\\nassistance of Sul-\\nlivan but this\\nGeneral had\\nalready given\\nway to the unex-\\npected attack of\\nthe British, and was on the retreat. When Washing-\\nton came up, his own troops at first fell in with the\\nfleeing soldiers of Sullivan; but Greene s corps, which\\nincluded a division of Pennsylvanians fighting on\\ntheir native soil, was finally planted in a posi-\\ntion where it could hold its ground against the\\nBritish till nightfall. General Wayne made a gallant\\nstand against Knyphausen; but the defeat of the\\nAmerican right compelled him at last to retreat and\\nabandon his cannon to the Hessian commander.\\nGeneral Greene was the last to quit the field, but not\\nbefore darkness had made further resistance impos-\\nsible. Washington s army retreated to Chester that\\nnight, and the next day to Germ an town.\\nHowe s success on the Brandywine caused great\\nGreat constematiou in Philadelphia and its\\nConsternation yiciuity. Church bclls wcrc sunk in tht\\nriver or carried away. The Liberty Bell was hidden", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Govermnent 159\\nunder the floor of Zion s Reformed church, in Allen-\\ntown the State archives were carried to Easton, while\\nthe State government removed to Lancaster. The\\nmembers of Congress rose from their beds and fled\\nin the night to Lancaster, and thence to York. The\\nwounded in battle were sent to Ephrata and other\\nplaces. Lafayette was cared for by the Moravians\\nat Bethlehem. Many of the farmers, with their\\nfamilies and their horses and cattle, sought safety in\\nthe outlying counties and to prevent the British\\nfrom entering Philadelphia before another blow could\\nbe struck, the floating bridges on the Schuylkill were\\nremoved.\\nAs soon as Washington had supplied his army at\\nGermantown with provisions and ammu- The Massacre\\nnition, he recrossed the Schuylkill, fol-\\nlowed the Lancaster turnpike and met the British at\\nWarren Tavern, a little west of Paoli but a heavy\\nrain drenched the cartridges, and he had to retire.\\nHe left General Wayne, with\\n1,500 men, near Paoli, to fall\\nupon and to destroy Howe s\\nbaggage. The British learned\\nof Wayne s position, and made\\na sudden attack on the camp\\nin the dead of night. With the\\ncry of no quarters, they bay-\\noneted the Americans in a man- Anthony Wayne.\\nner that beggared description.\\nSome of the victims passed from the sleep of night\\ninto the sleep of eternity without waking. The loss\\nwas heavy to bear, and opened the way to Philadel-\\nphia for the British.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "160 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe massacre of Paoli occurred on the uight of\\nHowe Takes thc 20th. By scvcral skilful manoeuvers,\\nPhiladelphia Howc, OH the night of the 23d, crossed\\nthe Schujdkill below Valley Forge, and took pos-\\nsession of Philadelphia on the 26th. The American\\narmy, too weak to offer any resistance, encamped at\\nSkippack creek, north of Germantown. The fact\\nthat Washington did not prevent Howe from cross-\\ning the Schuylkill was the chief ground on which,\\nthe following winter, his enemies sought to have him\\nremoved. Even John Adams cried out in despair\\nafter the massacre at Paoli O, Heaven grant us\\none great soul One leading mind would extri-\\ncate the best cause from that ruin which seems to\\nawait it\\nHowe constructed a line of redoubts from the\\nHowe in Dclawarc to the Schuylkill, along the\\nPhiladelphia prescut liucs of Poplar, Green and Cal-\\nlowhill streets. He also posted a strong force at\\nGermantown, extending from the mouth of the Wissa-\\nhickon to the Old York road. Washington broke\\ncamp on the evening of October 3, and arrived at Ger-\\nmantown at 3 o clock on the morning of the 4th.\\nGeneral Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia,\\nmoved along the banks of the Schuylkill, to fall\\nupon the Hessians at the mouth of the Wissahickon.\\nWayne and Sullivan went down the main street of\\nGermantown to attack the British at Market Square.\\nGreene followed a circuitous route by way of the\\nlime kiln road, to attack the right wing of the\\nenemy and drive them in upon the center at the\\nsame time that Wayne and Sullivan would attack\\nthem in front.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Germantown\\nThe Administration of the Government 161\\nThe battle was to begin on all quarters precisely\\nat 5 o clock. Armstrong could not drive\\nthe Hessians from their position and get in\\nthe rear of the British center, as was intended.\\nWayne and Sullivan, however, forced Howe s center\\nat Market Square into confusion, so that the British\\ncommander had to cry, For shame, light infantry\\nI never saw you re-\\ntreat before. Form\\nform it is only\\na scouting party.\\nColonel Musgrove\\nquickly took posses-\\nsion of the large and\\nstrong stone mansion\\nof Chief Justice\\nChew, and used it as\\na fort to check the advance of Wayne, whose memories\\nof Paoli found expression in the cry, Have it at the\\nbloodhounds Revenge Revenge Not willing\\nto leave an enemy in a fort Lin the rear, the\\nAmericans tried in vain to set the mansion on fire\\nand batter it down with cannon balls. This diver-\\nsion gave the English time to form for battle and\\nget reinforcements from Philadelphia. When Greene\\narrived, almost an hour late, he was outflanked, and,\\nafter fifteen minutes of heavy firing, was driven back.\\nThough Washington had placed a regiment around\\nChew s mansion, with orders not to cannonade it\\nagain, one of Greene s divisions opened fire on it\\nonce more. This occurring in the rear of Wayne s\\ndivision, he mistook it for the enemy s fire, and\\nretreated in great haste. An early morning fog\\nThe Chew Mansion.\\nK", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "162 A History of Pennsylvania\\nadded greatly to the confusion. At about half -past\\neight, Washington, seeing that the day was lost,\\nordered a retreat, which w^as made in perfect order, to\\nPerkiomen creek.\\nThe forts and vessels commanding the Delaware\\nThe Forts on wcrc ucxt attacked by General Howe, in\\nthe Delaware ^^.^qj. ^q ^q^ ^j^g flgg|^ uudcr his brothcr.\\nAdmiral Howe, to Philadelphia. There were three\\nforts Mif in, Mercer, and Billingsport. Between\\nthese forts were stretched the chevaux-de-frize, and\\nabove lay the American fleet. Billingsport had been\\nabandoned to the enemy before the battle of German-\\ntown, and on the 22d of October a body of Hessians,\\naided by the British fleet, made an assault on Fort\\nMercer. They were repulsed, with the loss of 400 men,\\nwho lay in heaps around the fort. Howe s men-of-\\nwar were equally unsuccessful, having been driven\\ndown the river by Commodore Hazle wood s Penn-\\nsylvania State fleet. The attack on Fort Mifflin was\\nheroically resisted for six long days and nights, until\\npalisades, parapets and blockhouses had been leveled\\nto the ground and 250 of its 300 defenders had been\\nkilled and wounded. The fort was then burned and\\nthe garrison removed to Red Bank. With the fall\\nof Fort Mifflin, Fort Mercer had to be abandoned also.\\nThe State fleet succeeded in stealing past the city at\\nnight into the upper waters of the Delaware, but the\\nContinental fleet was less fortunate, and had to be\\nset on fire and burned.\\nHowe s fleet now came up the Delaware and took\\nThe Battle a posltlou iu frout of Philadelphia. On\\nofvheKegs January 5, 1778, the men of the Penn-\\nsylvania fleet executed a scheme to destroy it. A", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 163\\nnumber of machines resembling kegs were prepared\\nat Burlington and placed in the river, to be carried\\ndown by the current. The kegs had spring locks so\\ncontrived as to explode on coming in contact with a\\nvessel. Unfortunately the British fleet kept close to\\nthe wharves at the time to avoid the ice. As the\\nkegs moved past the city, broadside after broadside!\\nwas hurled at them. Every chip, stick, or drift -log\\nfelt the vigor of the British guns. The aifair was\\nmost ludicrous. Francis Hopkinson ridiculed it in a\\nballad entitled The Battle of the Kegs.\\nWashington, though reinforced- by troops from\\nGates army, chose the .defensive in his\\nX TTTi TiT 1 TT 1 Valley Forge\\nstrong camp at Wnite Marsn. Here he\\nwas attacked by Howe, December 4. After a skirmish\\nwith the Pennsylvania militia and a sharp action at\\nEdge Hill, the British retired to Philadelphia without\\ndriving General Washington over the Blue moun-\\ntain, as Howe had threatened to do. And then be-\\ngan a chapter in Pennsylvania history whose events\\nmake the spot on which they transpired most sacred.\\nValley Forge The American army reached this\\nplace about the 19th of December. It is a deep,\\nrugged hollow on the west side of the Schuylkill,\\nabout six miles above Norristown. The soldiers were\\ntoo poorly clad to live in tents; so huts, 16x14, in\\nthe form of a village, were made with logs, and\\ntwelve men were assigned to each cabin.\\nWashington reported that when the army went\\ninto camp at Valley Forge no less than\\n.7 fc. ^j^g Sufferings\\n2,898 men were unfit for duty because\\nthey were barefoot and otherwise naked. They often\\nsat up all night by the fires to keep warm. There", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "164\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nWashington s Headquarters at Valley Forge.\\nwas a scarcity of provisions, the soldiers being with-\\nout meat or bread for days at a time. Washington\\nhad to issue a proclamation, commanding that one-\\nhalf of the grain in store within seventy miles of\\nhis camp should be\\nthreshed out before the\\n1st of February and\\nthe other half before\\nthe 1st of March. The\\nBritish gold at Phila-\\ndelphia was more de-\\nsirable than the Conti-\\nnental bills, and so\\nmany farmers sent\\ntheir provisions to\\nHowe. Horses and\\nwagons being scarce,\\nthe patriots yoked themselves to little wagons of\\ntheir own making, or, like beggars, carried their\\nwood and provisions on the back. Even straw to\\nlay on the cold, wet earth in the cabins was wanting.\\nThere was no lack of provisions and clothing in the\\ncountry but by mismanagement in Congress the army\\nwas not supplied with them. Washington felt most\\nkeenly for his men, a fact well attested by the praj^er\\nwhich he sent to the throne of heaven from his head-\\nquarters in the house of Isaac Potts. Added to these\\ntrials was the famous plot of General Conway, the\\nattempt to alienate Lafayette, and the clamor of Con-\\ngress and the Assembly of Pennsylvania to drive the\\nBritish out of Philadelphia. But Washington never\\nshrank from the cause of American liberty as it lay\\nhelpless and groaning in Valley Forge.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 165\\nWhile the Americans were experiencing all this\\nsuffering, Howe s army had one long Howe s winter\\nround of pleasure in Philadelphia. The in Philadelphia\\ndays were spent in pastime and the nights in enter-\\ntainments. As Franklin said, Howe did not take\\nPhiladelphia Philadelphia took Howe. The officers\\nplayed cricket and had cock-fights. A theater was\\nestablished on South street. Major Andre painted the\\ncurtain, and was the soul of the enterprise. But quite\\ndifferent was the lot of the American prisoners of war\\nin Walnut street jail It was a veritable Libby or\\nAndersonville and its keeper Cunningham was\\nthe original of Marz. The treatment was cruel, the\\nfood was not fit for swine, and the dead were\\ntumbled into pits in Washington Square, to mingle\\nwith the bones of Indians, paupers, and criminals,\\nwho had been buried there in the past. In the\\nspring Howe was superseded by Clinton and the\\nofficers gave a grand fete to the departing General.\\nIt was the famous mischianza a combination of\\nthe regatta, the tournament, the banquet and the\\nball. It was enacted at the country seat of Thomas\\nWharton, in South wark, and began in the afternoon\\nof the 18th of May with a grand regatta, which\\nstarted down the Delaware from the foot of Green\\nstreet and landed at the foot of Washington avenue.\\nHere the procession of gay officers, beautiful ladies,\\nand prominent citizens, headed by all the bands of\\nthe army, formed in line and marched between grena-\\ndiers and troopers up the slope to Wharton s man-\\nsion. Then followed a tournament. The festivities\\nof the evening consisted of dancing, faro, fireworks,\\nand feasting and lasted until the sun came up over", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "166 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe Jerseys. Once, while this revelry was at its\\nheight, the sound of cannon was heard in the north.\\nThe English officers explained to their frightened part-\\nners in the dance that it was a part of the ceremony.\\nBut it was not. A dashing fellow from Washington s\\narmy, hearing of the mischianza, took a squad of men\\nin the darkness to the line of redoubts between the\\nDelaware and the Schuylkill, painted everything within\\nreach with tar, and, at a given signal, set it on fire.\\nThe flames that shot up all along Poplar street\\nstartled Howe s army, and every cannon from river to\\nriver was fired. The British cavalry dashed out into\\nthe night, but the daring Americans were nowhere to\\nbe found.\\nSix days after this pageant of folly. Sir Henry\\nPhiladelphia Clintou dccidcd to evacuate Philadelphia.\\nEvacuated rj^j^g British Icamcd that the American\\ncapital was not of much importance to them after\\nall. The Congress had fled on wheels, and Pennsyl-\\nvania had remained loj^al. Washington s army, now\\nthoroughly drilled by Baron Steuben, a Prussian\\nofficer who had come to Valley Forge in February,\\nbecame a source of danger to the British. Besides,\\na French fleet was on the way to New York, and that\\ncity required the presence of Clinton. Just before\\nthe evacuation, on the 18th of June, three peace com-\\nmissioners from England arrived in Philadelphia, and\\nwere willing to gratify every wish that America\\nhad expressed. But it was too late. Franklin and\\nhis associates had secured an alliance with France;\\nand the American Congress refused to entertain such\\npropositions. It is said that Joseph Reed, one of\\nPennsylvania s delegates in Congress, was offered", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 167\\n10,000 pounds sterling and the best office in the\\ncolonies if he would promote the plans for peace; but\\nthat he promptly replied: I am not worth purchas-\\ning but such as I am, the King of Great Britain is\\nnot rich enough to do it. Clinton s army crossed\\nthe Delaware at Camden and Gloucester, New Jersey,\\nin great haste; while the fleet, with several thousand\\nTory refugees and all their possessions on board,\\nfloated slowly down the bay. The sky sparkled with\\nstars; the air of the summer night was soft and\\ntranquil, as the exiles, broken in fortune and with-,\\nout a career, w^ent with despair from the only city\\nthey could love.\\nWashington moved his army out of Valley Forge,\\nfollowed Clinton, and soon afterwards Washington\\nfought the battle of Monmouth, where foiiows ciinton\\nMollie Pitcher, of Carlisle, made herself famous.\\nGeneral Arnold was put in command of Philadelphia,\\nto prevent the disorders that were expected to follow\\nwhen the Whigs would return. Congress came back\\nfrom York June 25, and the State government, from\\nLancaster, the next day. Wharton having died,\\nGeorge Bryan, Vice-President of the Supreme Execu-\\ntive Council, performed the duties of the President.\\nThe Whigs now began to punish the Tories. The\\nAssembly passed an act for the attainder of divers\\ntraitors, among whom were Joseph Galloway, Rev.\\nJacob Duche, and the Aliens. The Quakers and\\nthe German sects were special objects of suspicion\\nbecause they thought it wrong to take up arms.\\nActive measures were taken for the trial of all\\npersons ac 3used of high treason; but only a few were\\nexecuted. The excitement during the trial ran very", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "168\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\npgs Wyoming\\nhigh and Arnold, who himself was afterwards court-\\nmartialed for lawless conduct while in command of\\nPhiladelphia, was not able to\\nrepress the disorder that arose.\\nHe speculated in government\\ncontracts, grew rich, and hob-\\nnobbed with the aristocracy,\\nmarrying one of its daughters\\nbefore he fled from inquiry.\\nThe year 1778 is re-\\nmembered in Penn-\\nsylvania by one other\\nevent the Wyoming Mas-\\nsacre. After Burgoyne s sur-\\nrender the British organized\\nthe Tories and Indians to make\\nwar upon the frontiers of New\\nYork, Pennsylvania and Vir-\\nginia. It was assumed, and\\ncorrectly so, that the Ameri-\\ncans could not give much\\nattention to the frontier, be-\\ncause all their available forces would be required to\\noppose Howe after he had entered Pennsylvania. So\\nthe savages were set loose like hounds to murder and\\ndevastate. In the month of June the people of\\nWyoming became aware of the approach of a large\\nforce of Tories and Indians, under Colonel John\\nButler. An appeal for help was made to Con-\\ngress, as nearly all the able-bodied men of Wj oming\\nwere in the Continental army; but no help came. So\\nwhen the enemy appeared in the valley, Colonel\\nZebulon Butler, of the Revolutionary army, who was\\nProvincial Court House at York\\nwhere Congress sat, 1777-78.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 169\\nhome on a furlough, had only about three hundred\\nraw recruits to oppose the enemy. Many people, with\\ntheir families, had collected at Forty Fort, a little\\nabove the present site of Kingston. Here, on the 3d\\nof July, Colonel Zebulon Butler, with Colonel Den-\\nnison second in command, started his little band to\\nmeet a force three times as large.\\nThe engagement began late in the afternoon. At\\nfirst the fight was spirited on both sides but the\\nmen of Wyoming could not long resist the superior\\nnumbers. An order to fall back to a better position\\nwas misunderstood as a signal for retreat. The\\nenemy then sprang forward, sounded the war-whoop\\nfrom one end of the line to the other, rushed in with\\nthe tomahawk and spear, and defeated the brave band\\nof heroic farmers. Only about fifty escaped, while\\nthose who did not fall in battle were put to death on\\nthe field in the most cruel manner. The refugees in\\nForty Fort, consisting\\nof old men, women\\nand children, were\\nallowed to depart to\\ntheir homes. But the\\nIndians soon began to\\nrob, burn, plunder and\\ndestroy in every direc-\\ntion, in spite of an\\nagreement that they\\nwould not. In a week\\nor ten days these dep-\\nredations became so\\nnumerous and heartrending that all the settlers who\\ncould get away, fled. Some came to Sunbury others\\nThe Wyoming Mouument.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "170 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwent to New York and Connecticut but most of\\nthem took refuge in the wilderness of the Pokono\\nmountains, and finally reached Stroudsburg. Those\\nwho sought safety in these mountains had nothing\\nto eat except whortleberries. Some perished in a\\ngreat swamp, which has ever since been known as\\nThe Shades of Death.\\nThe Wyoming massacre was not the only one in\\nPennsylvania in the war of the Revolu-\\nOther Massacres\\ntion. From 1777 to 1784, the frontiers\\nof the State were one vast region of bloody mas-\\nsacres. Immediately after that of Wyoming, the wild,\\nprecipitate flight, known as the Great Runaway,\\noccurred in the valley of the West Branch. All\\nsummer the tomahawk and scalping knife had been\\ndoing their deadly work there, and when the news of\\nthe massacre on the North Branch arrived, the West\\nBranch above Sunbury and Northumberland was\\nabandoned by the settlers. Boats, canoes, hog-\\ntroughs, rafts, and every sort of floating things, were\\ncrowded with women and children. The men came\\ndown in single file, on each side of the river, and\\nacted as guards. Sunbury became a frontier town, and\\nthe country below Harris Ferry, Paxtang, and Mid-\\ndletown was filled with the unfortunate refugees.\\nBedford and Westmoreland counties and the country\\nabout Pittsburg were likewise sorely afflicted at this\\ntime. A regiment of Continental troops was despatched\\nfrom Valley Forge some time in the spring for the\\nrelief of the western frontier. Most of these soldiers\\nhad enlisted from beyond the mountains early in the\\nwar, and they were now glad to go back to defend their\\nwives and childi-en. The next year Sullivan s expedi-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 171\\ntion started from Easton, and marched by way of\\nWyoming into the country of the Six Nations, in New\\nYork. He defeated an army of Tories and Indians,\\nand destroyed many Indian villages. But the punish-\\nment had no lasting effect. The ravages continued.\\nOther expeditions were organized, notably at Fort\\nPitt and the border warfare raged until 1784.\\nOn December 1, 1778, General Joseph Reed was\\nelected President of the Council and chief Paper Money\\nexecutive of the State. He went into office Troubles\\nat a time when Pennsylvania, in common with the\\nother colonies, suffered greatly from the depreciation\\nof the Continental money. The State, too, had issued\\npaper money. There was about four times as much\\nin circulation as was needed for the transaction of\\nbusiness, and prices were high and fluctuating. These\\nconditions were very favorable for speculators, and a\\nlaw was passed fixing the price of certain articles, to\\ndestroy speculation, and laying em-\\nbargoes on the exportation of goods\\nneeded by the people. But these\\nmeasures gave little relief. The\\nmilitia at one time marched down\\nChestnut street, posting placards\\nagainst Morris, Wilson, and others\\nsuspected of being speculators. At\\nWilson s house they stopped and killed\\nthe captain of the guard, and broke into the hallway,\\nwhere for a time there was stabbing and clubbing.\\nThe question of slavery, which had periodically\\nSlavery disturbed the ruling class in Pennsylvania\\nAbolished gygj, gince Pastorius protest in 1688, came\\nup now for final settlement, early in 1780. The", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "172 A Sistory of Pennsylvania\\nFriends, in their quarterly and yearly meetings, had\\nrepeatedly advised against importing and purchasing\\nnegroes. As early as 1705, a duty was imposed on\\nslave importation. In 1711 it was forbidden alto-\\ngether, but the Privy Council in England quashed the\\nact. The following year, upon petition signed by\\nmany hands, the Assembly assessed 20 pounds a head\\non imported negroes,, thinking so high a duty would\\nbe prohibitory but the act was again vetoed by the\\nCrown. A letter written by a merchant in 1715 to\\nan importer in Jamaica says I must entreat you to\\nsend me no more negroes for sale, for our people\\ndon t care to buy them. They are generally against\\nany coming into the country. Yet, in spite of all\\nopposition, it was the common incident of the day\\nbefore the Revolution to vend blacks of both sexes\\nat public sale, at the coffee houses in Philadelphia.\\nFamily servants were sent to jail to get their dozen\\nlashes for acts of insubordination. But the laws regu-\\nlating their conduct and punishment were always\\nhumane. They enjoyed as much liberty as their\\nmasters, were as well fed and as well clad, and gen-\\nerally lived under the same roof. The final movement\\nfor the abolition of slavery was made in 1779 by the\\nSupreme Executive Council, in their message to the\\nAssembly\\nHonored will that State be in the annals of mankind\\nwhich shall first abolish this violation of the rights of man-\\nkind and the memories of those will be held in grateful and\\neverlasting remembrance who shall pass the law to restore\\nand establish the rights of human nature in Pennsylvania.\\nOn the 1st of March, 1780, George Bryan, ex-Vice\\nPresident of the State, now a member of the As-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 173\\nsembly, presented a bill for the gradual abolition of\\nslavery in Pennsylvania, and urged its passage with\\ngreat earnestness. It passed by a vote of 34 to 21.\\nBy its operation there were 3,737 slaves left in the\\nState in 1790, 1,706 in lj800, 795 in 1810, 211 in\\n1820, and 67 in 1830.\\nThe Assembly about this time made another effort\\nto relieve the people from the withering The Death\\nblight of the Continental paper money. of the\\nIt tried to redeem it by taxation at the Continentals\\nrate of 1 to 40. But neither this nor any other\\nmeasure prevented the coinage of the phrase, It is\\nnot worth a Continental. To assist Congress in pro-\\nviding for the army, Robert Morris and other finan-\\nciers of the State established the Bank of Pennsyl-\\nvania, the first bank in America. The last attempt\\nto prolong the life of the Continentals was made\\nhy the Executive Council in May, 1781 but the rem-\\nedy proved fatal. Pelatiah Webster said of the pro-\\nceedings Thus fell, ended and died the Conti-\\nnental currency, aged six years.\\nThe opening of the year 1781 brought President\\nReed face to face with a very serious The Revolt at\\nproblem. The Pennsylvania Line, in Momstown\\nWashington s army at Morristown, had for some\\ntime been dissatisfied with the treatment they were\\nreceiving at the hands of Congress. Some had been\\nkept in the army beyond their time of enlistment all\\nhad arrearages of pay due them and the money they\\nhad received was worthless. On New Year s day the\\nLine broke out into open revolt and left the camp\\nfor Princeton. Here they were met by two spies, who\\ntried to induce them to join the British army, but", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "174 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthese were handed over to Washington and executed.\\nWhen Wayne, their commander, met the Pennsyl-\\nvanians at Princeton, he proposed that they reduce\\ntheir grievances to writing. This being done, Presi-\\ndent Reed and a committee of Congress set out to\\nmeet them. Before entering their camp, Reed sent a\\nnote to Wayne, asking whether it was safe for him\\nto go within the picket line of the insurgents. Their\\ncommittee replied that he need have no fear, that\\nthe whole Line was anxious to have him settle the\\nunhappy affair. After a hard -fought battle of words\\nthe difficulty was amicably settled by Reed and the\\nPennsylvania Line marched to Virginia to take a\\nmost honorable part in the closing battles of the\\nRevolution. When offered a reward for delivering\\nup the two spies, they refused it, saying Our\\nnecessities compelled us to demand justice from our\\ngovernment; we ask no reward for doing our duty to\\nour country against its enemies.\\nThe revolt of the Pennsylvania Line at Morris-\\ncompiete towu was au evidcuce of the complete\\nExhaustion cxhaustiou of rcsourccs for the Revolu-\\ntion. But none of the States was more\\nthoroughly di^ained than Pennsjdvania. This State\\nwas not only the residence of Congress, with all its\\ntrain of attendants and officers, but also of all the\\nmilitary mechanism of the country. From it the\\nquartermaster principally di-ew his wagons, his horses,\\nhis camp equipage of all kinds, besides a great num-\\nber of wagoners and artificers. Prisoners of war and\\nstate had been largely the inheritance of Pennsyl-\\nvania. All this was done at great expense to the\\nState, and burdened it with a heavy load of debt.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 175\\nThe substance of the people had been used, but in\\nits place they had nothing but money made of rags.\\nPennsylvania s share of the supplies asked for by\\nCongress in 1781, was equal in amount to eleven\\nyears taxes and all the income of the State.\\nReed s successor as President of the Supreme Ex-\\necutive Council was Vice-President William Moore, who\\nentered upon his duties in November,\\n1781. Early the next year, Pennsyl-\\nvania joined with Congress in charter-\\ning the Bank of North America, by\\nwhich Robert Morris, the superintendent\\nof finances for the Continental Con-\\ngress, was enabled to restore the credit\\nof the United States and transact its wmiam Moore.\\nfinancial affairs with greater efficiency. It was the\\nfirst incorporated bank in America, and it still exists.\\nDickinson, having returned from his six years so-\\njourn in Delaware, whither he had gone congress Leaves\\nafter his defeat for reelection to Con- Philadelphia\\ngress, soon regained his popularity. He was elected\\na member of the Supreme Executive Council in No-\\nvember, 1782, and became its President. The Execu-\\ntive Council, in April following, proclaimed the news\\nthat the preliminary treaty had been signed, and or-\\ndered the State flag to be hoisted and the bells to be\\nrung. The prisoners of war confined in barracks at\\nCarlisle, Lancaster and Reading were brought to Phil-\\nadelphia and sent to New York. The chevaux-de-\\nfrize were removed from the Delaware, that the white\\nwings of commerce might again flutter over its waters.\\nBut before the Quaker City could fully enjoy peace,\\na number of officers and soldiers of the Pennsylvania", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "I\\n176 A History of Pennsylvania\\nLine, in June, came from Lancaster and were joined\\nby others, to demand of the Council and Congress a\\nsettlement of their accounts. Their demands were so\\ninsolent that the Council rejected\\nthem. Congress urged that the\\nmilitia be called out to disarm\\nthe insurgents, but Dickinson did\\nnot favor a step so serious. Then\\njlPl Congress resolved to leave, and\\nadjourned to meet at Princeton.\\nThe leaders in this unfortunate\\nThe State Flag. j j l\\naffair were arrested and court-\\nmartialed. Two sergeants were sentenced to be shot\\nand others were to be flogged. All were subsequently\\npardoned. The Assembly and the people of Phila-\\ndelphia urged Congress to return, promising ample\\nprotection if it would do justice to the army and\\npublic creditors. But it resumed its sessions at\\nAnnapolis.\\nPeace being now assured, the State authorities\\nProblems tumcd their attention to the restoration of\\nof Peace trade and industry. Commissioners were ap-\\npointed to estimate the cost of opening a communica-\\ntion by means of roads and canals between the\\nSusquehanna and the Schuylkill. The islands in the\\nDelaware were divided between New Jersey and\\nPennsylvania, according to proximity, and distributed\\namong the several counties along the river. The two\\nStates were to have concurrent jurisdiction between\\nthe banks. The Council of Censors, with Frederick\\nA. Muhlenberg as president, held its first and only\\nseptennial session November 10, 1783, to September\\n24, 1784.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 111\\nAfter the State government had been formed, laws\\nwere passed in 1777 requiring the oath of\\nallegiance of all persons above eighteen years\\nof age, in order to enjoy the blessings of liberty and\\ncitizenship. It was a test of loyalty to the Ameri-\\ncan cause, and those who refused to take it were re-\\ngarded as Tories. Some of these did sympathize with\\nGreat Britain but others declined to take the oath\\non account of religious scruples. This class included\\nmany people of means, who paid heavy taxes, directly\\nor indirectly, and were peaceable and inoffensive dur-\\ning every stage of the Revolution. It was estimated\\nthat nearly half of the inhabitants were deprived of\\ncitizenship. In some places the number of persons\\nqualified to hold office was insufficient to administer\\nthe local government. The agitation to repeal the\\ntest laws began in 1784, but was fruitless until 1789,\\nwhen all disfranchised persons were restored to\\ncitizenship, and foreigners alone were required to take\\nan oath of allegiance.\\nFranklin returned in 1785 from his nine years\\nservice in Europe. He was soon after Frankiin President\\nelected to the Executive .Council and of Pennsylvania\\nmade its President. He thus became the chief execu-\\ntive of Pennsylvania at the extreme age of eighty\\nyears, serving until 1788. It was a singular coinci-\\ndence that during the first year of the great scientist s\\nadministration, numerous applications were made to\\nthe Assembly for aid by scientific inventors. One\\nhad made a crucible from blue-stone another wanted\\nto convert bar -iron into steel still another had a\\nmachine to clean wheat and make it into flour a\\nfourth asked encouragement in the making of i\\\\x\\\\m^", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "178 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbellows for blacksmiths while John -Fitch asked for\\nthe exclusive rights of steam navigation in Penn-\\nsylvania. Three years later one of his improved\\nsteam -packets carried passengers regularly for three\\nmonths, from Philadelphia to Burlington, N. J.\\nIn 1787, Philadelphia again became the scene of\\nThe constitu- a great Federal event the formation\\ntionai Convention ^^f ^]^q Coustitution of the United States.\\nThe Constitutional Convention went into session May\\n25, in the State House, and after a stormy session\\nof four months, ended its labors September 17. The\\ndelegates from Pennsylvania were all from Phila-\\ndelphia Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifilin, Robert\\nMorris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitz Simons, Jared\\nIngersoU, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris.\\nJohn Dickinson represented the State of Delaware.\\nPennsylvania s delegation was the largest. Of its\\neight members, the venerable President of Pennsyl-\\nvania, Benjamin Franklin, now eighty -one years old,\\nwas the Nestor of the convention. The Doctor s\\nspeeches, on account of his physical\\ninfirmities, were read by his col-\\nleague, Mr, Wilson. It was Frank-\\nlin who proposed daily prayers in\\nthe convention, and urged a spirit\\nof conciliation when the contest\\nabout representation in Congress\\nwaxed hot, saying, We are here\\nJames WUson. tO COUSUlt, UOt tO COUteud. He\\nadvocated representation in Congress based on popula-\\ntion; he opposed property qualification for representa-\\ntives and he was always a power when he spoke.\\nWhile the members were signing their names, Franklin,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 179\\nlooking towards President Washington s chair, on\\nthe back of which was cut a sun, said to those\\naround him: I have often and often, in the course\\nof the session, and in the solicitude of my hopes and\\nfears as to its issue, looked at that figure behind the\\nPresident without being able to tell whether it was\\nthe rising or the setting sun. Now I know it is the\\nrising sun. Mifflin, though saying but little, was\\nprominent and influential as a general of the Rev-\\nolution and a member of Congress. Robert Morris\\nproposed General Washington as president of the\\nconvention and was well known to the members as\\nthe great financier of the Revolution. Clymer was\\none of the members who had the honor of having\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence; he made a\\nnumber of speeches and, with Sherman, of Connec-\\nticut, was instrumental in keeping the term slaves\\nout of the Constitution of the United States. Fitz\\nSimons was a rich merchant, and objected to the\\nprohibition of a tax on exports. Ingersoll, a leading\\nlawyer, took little part, but afterwards acquired a\\nnational reputation. James Wilson was the best -read\\nlawyer on the floor. Whatever of Blackstone went\\ninto the Constitution was tested by him. Gouver-\\nneur Morris has credit for more remarks and speeches\\nthan any other member of the convention except\\nMadison. As chairman of the Committee on Arrange-\\nment and Style, Morris deserves the credit for the\\nclear and simple language of the Constitution. Dickin-\\nson stood for the interests of the small States, and\\nhis advocacy secured the equality of representation in\\nthe Senate. He drafted the section providing for the\\nformation of new States from parts of old ones.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "180 A History of Pennsylvania\\nWhile the .thirty -nine members of the convention\\nPennsylvania ^ere signing the Constitution on the\\nActs on the aftemoon of the 17th of September, in\\nConstitution j^^^^ ^f g^^^^ House, the\\nPennsylvania Assembly sat in a room above and\\nthere, early the next morning, the document was\\nread two days before Congress, in session in New\\nYork, received it. The press of Philadelphia pub-\\nlished it on the 19 th, and everybody praised\\nThe New Roof at first. Congress sent it to the\\nStates for ratification on the 28th. The Pennsylvania\\nAssembly was to adjourn sine die the next day. The\\nmembers friendly to the Constitution determined that\\na convention to adopt it should be called before\\nadjournment. On the same day that Congress took\\nits final action, and without knowing what that\\naction was, George Clymer moved in the Assembly\\nthat a convention meet in Philadelphia to consider\\nthe adoption of the new constitution. The motion\\ncarried by a vote of 43 to 19 but before fixing the\\ntime and manner of election, the Assembly took a\\nrecess, to meet in the afternoon. As it took 46 to\\nmake a quorum, the 19 opposed to the convention\\nremained away after the recess and the Assembly\\nhad to adjourn until the next morning. The action\\nof Congress having now become known, it was sup-\\nposed that the opposition of the nineteen would give\\nway but it did not. A quorum had to be secured\\nby dragging the members from Franklin and Dauphin\\ncounties McCalmont and Miley from their lodg-\\nings to the State House. With clothes torn into\\nshreds and faces white with rage, the two men were\\nmade to sit in their places until the call for the con-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 181\\nvention was complete. Thus it happened that Pennsyl-\\nvania called a convention to consider the Federal Con-\\nstitution twenty hours after the Congress in New York\\nhad agreed to submit it to the States, and twelve\\ndays after it had been finished by the convention.\\nThe violent course of the Assembly, combined with\\nabout a dozen objections to the Constitu- Pennsylvania\\ntion, made the campaign for the election Adopts the\\nof delegates very fierce. Wilson was the Constitution\\nchampion on the side of the Federalists. He made\\na powerful speech in favor of adoption in the State\\nHouse yard. Centinel, who wrote letters for the\\nnewspapers, took the opposite side, and was often\\nabusive, not even sparing Washington and Franklin.\\nRobert Morris was Bobby, the Cofferer Mifflin,\\nTommy, the Quartermaster General Gouverneur\\nMorris, Gouvera, the cunning man. The conven-\\ntion met at the State House November 21, with\\nFrederick A. Muhlenberg as chairman. The Fed-\\neralists had won 2 to 1; for the Constitution was\\nratified December 12, by a vote of 46 to 23. The\\nmembers comprised some of the best -known men\\nThomas McKean, Benjamin Rush, and James Wilson,\\nof Philadelphia Anthony Wayne, of Chester Abra-\\nham Lincoln, of Berks Timothy Pickering, of\\nLuzerne William Findley, of Westmoreland and\\nFrederick Muhlenberg, of Montgomery. Those oppos-\\ning the Constitution did so largely because it was in\\nmany ways different from their own State constitu-\\ntion. The latter had been the work of men from\\nthe frontier counties in 1776 and the representa-\\ntives of these counties were generally the ones that\\nopposed the Federal Constitution.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "182 A History of Pennsylvania\\nPennsylvania being the second State to ratify, there\\nThe Affair was not much demonstration made at the\\nat Carlisle ^[j^q g^^ when, on the 21st of Jmie,\\n1788, New Hampshire, the ninth State, ratified it,\\nPhiladelphia and other towns resolved to celebrate\\nthe new Union on the 4th of July. The enthusiasm\\nwas unbounded, but generally peaceable. A serious\\nriot broke out right after the ratification, in the town\\nof Carlisle. Thomas McKean and James Wilson were\\nburned in effigy, cannon were spiked, and a copy of\\nthe Constitution was burned.\\nThe New Roof being up and Pennsylvania\\nOpposition under it, the anti- Federalists met in con-\\nEnds vention at Harrisburg for the purpose of\\nsuggesting certain amendments. Twelve were pro-\\nposed and recommended to the Assembly for submis-\\nsion to Congress. This action ended all opposition\\nin Pennsylvania to the Constitution. Fifteen amend-\\nments had also been presented by the anti -Federalists\\nin the Philadelphia convention. They were drawn\\nup by Robert Whitehill, of Cumberland county, and\\nwere remarkable as being almost identical with the\\nfirst ten amendments afterwards added to the Con-\\nstitution. It is supposed that Madison, who pre-\\npared the amendments for Congress in 1789, made\\nuse of those offered by the anti -Federalists of Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nBenjamin Franklin, having declined a reelection on\\nPresident accouut of old age, was succeeded as Presi-\\ndent of the State, in November, 1789, by\\nGeneral Thomas Mifflin. In January following, the\\nfirst election for Presidential electors was held, and in\\nApril, Philadelphia gave a royal welcome to Wash-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 183\\nington, the first President of the United States, as he\\npassed through on his way to New York. The float-\\ning bridge at Gray^s Ferry was so\\nelaborately decorated that the pass-\\nage over the Schuylkill seemed like\\nthat along a green lane. Arches\\nof laurel spanned each end and\\njust as the carriage of the Presi-\\ndent passed under the western\\narch a laurel wreath was lowered _\\nThomas Mifflm.\\nupon his brow by a child clad\\nin white. After a banquet and fourteen toasts,\\nWashington resumed his journey.\\nA new constitution having been adopted in 1790,\\nthe last President of the State under the Governor\\nold, General Miflin, was elected the first m\\nGovernor under the new. He served three successive\\nterms, until 1.799. With his administration began the\\nsystem of internal improvements for which the State\\nbecame noted. The funding of the national debt, the\\nnational bank, the impost, the excise all tended to\\nmake money plentiful. The favorite form of improve-\\nment all over the country was the canal. In Penn-\\nsylvania, the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna\\nwere to be made navigable and connected with one\\nanother by means of canals. This eastern system was\\nthen to be linked in the same way to the waters of\\nthe Allegheny, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The\\nLegislature also recommended a turnpike from Phila-\\ndelphia to Lancaster, as well as roads in other parts\\nof the State. To facilitate these schemes of internal\\nimprovement, companies were chartered by authority\\nof the State. So many more shares were subscribed", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "184 A History of Pennsylvania\\nin some of them than were authorized by law, that\\nthe names of the purchasers were put into a wheel,\\nand enough drawn out to form the company.\\nThe Federal government having gone into the\\nbanking business at Carpenters Hall, Phila-\\nState Banks\\ndelphia, in 1791, through the establishment\\nof the famous Bank of the United States, Pennsyl-\\nvania followed the example in 1793. The Legislature\\nchartered the Bank of Pennsylvania, and the State\\ntook one -third of the entire stock. Branches were estab-\\nlished at Lancaster, Harrisburg, Reading, Easton and\\nPittsburg. The State continued the partnership for\\nfifty years.\\nIn 1793, the yellow fever appeared in Philadelphia.\\nThe Yellow It lastcd from August to November, and\\nFever Carried off about five thousand people.\\nThe streets were deserted by all except those who\\nburied the dead. Exposed coffins on chair -wheels\\nwere constantly in sight, but no mourners accompa-\\nnied them. The dead were hurriedlj^ laid in large\\npits, which would receive many before filling up.\\nSome 17,000 persons left the city, or one -third\\nof the population. Germaiitown was a favorite place\\nfor the fugitives. Both the State and the United\\nStates governments moved their offices to that town.\\nTHE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD\\nIn March, 1791, Congress laid a tax of 25 cents a\\nThe Whisky gallou Oil w^luskj^ mauufacturcd in the\\nInsurrection United Statcs. At that time the Mississippi\\nwas not yet open to the Americans for transporta-\\ntion hence the farmers around Pittsburg had no", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 185\\noutlet for their grain. So they turned it into\\nwhisky, which found a market nearer home. The\\ninhabitants of that section had an inborn hatred for\\nexcise taxes. Their Scotch -Irish ancestors had re-\\nsisted such taxes in Ireland. Moreover, the Revolu-\\ntion had been fought without a tax by the United\\nStates government and the pioneers beyond the\\nmountains could not understand why one was neces-\\nsary now. So in September, 1791, when a collector\\nappeared in Washington county, he was fiercely as-\\nsaulted and had to flee for his life. About the same\\ntime delegates from Fayette, Allegheny, Westmore-\\nland and Washington counties met in Pittsburg and\\npassed resolutions against the excise. Resistance more\\nor less violent was made against the collection of the\\ntax for several years, but no blood was shed until\\nJuly 16, 1794. Then the house of the inspector.\\nGeneral Neville, was surrounded by a company of\\nmilitia, and one of their number was killed by the\\nshots that were exchanged. The next day Neville s\\nhouse and barn were burned, but not until the leader\\nof the militia. Major McFarlane, a veteran of the\\nRevolution, had been shot by the occupants. The\\ndeath of McFarlane greatly incensed the people, and\\na mass -meeting was held on Braddock s Field, August\\n1. It was resolved to march to Pittsburg, where the\\nFederal collectors had their headquarters. Fearing\\nthe town would be burned by the Whisky Boys,\\nthe people sent a committee out to reason with them.\\nBy the tact of Judge Brackenridge^ who preferred the\\nloss of four barrels of old whisky to the loss of a\\nquart of blood, they were led through the town and\\nout of it again without doing any harm.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "186 A History of Pennsylvania\\nPittsburg was saved by a free treat, but the\\nFederal government, as well as that of\\nAn Army Raised r-,\\nthe State, now concluded that something\\nstronger than whisky even was required to end the\\ndisturbance. President Washington sent a commis-\\nsion to make peace, if possible, and\\nordered an army of 12,000 men to\\nbe collected from Pennsylvaiiia, New\\nJersey, Maryland and Virginia. Gov-\\nernor Mifain sent Chief Justice Mc-\\nKean and General William Irvine to\\nascertain the state of the rebellion,\\nand called a special session of the\\nAlbert GaUatin. i t T) i j\\nLegislature. Judge Brackenridge and\\nAlbert Gallatin acted as mediators between the com-\\nmissioners and the insurrectionists, and after one\\nmonth of hard work Q.ame to an amicable agree-\\nment. All those willing to do so were to sign\\npapers signifying their submission to the govern-\\nment but many failed to sign. Washington, there-\\nfore, ordered an advance of the army. Soon after-\\nwards William Findley, at the head of a committee,\\nmet him at Carlisle, whither the President had come,\\nand assured him that peace would be restored.\\nWashington replied that the army was already on the\\nmarch, but that no violence would be used if the\\ninsurrectionists had submitted. No further resistance\\nwas offered. It had been demonstrated that the\\nFederal government was no rope of sand, to be broken\\nwhenever a State or a part of a State was opposed\\nto a law.\\nThe difficulties of the Federal government with\\nFrance and England, when those nations commenced", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 187\\nwar with each other in 1793, made themselves felt in\\nthe State. In common with the whole\\ncountry, the people of Pennsylvania sym-\\npathized with France. Jay s treaty with England,\\nmade the following year, caused such a division of the\\nAmericans that they were all either Frenchmen or\\nEnglishmen in their politics. At the election for the\\nAssembly, there were treaty and anti- treaty\\ncandidates. Genet, the French minister, received the\\nmost flattering attention from the day he arrived until\\nhe was recalled. When Adet, his successor, ordered\\nall Frenchmen in America to wear the tri- colored\\nFrench cockade, everybody in Philadelphia wore it.\\nGovernor Miflin and his associates in the State gov-\\nernment openly sympathized with France. Even after\\nFrance had asked a tribute from the American min-\\nister, and while millions for defense but not one cent\\nfor tribute, reechoed over the land, the Pennsylvania\\nSenate passed resolutions against a war with France.\\nHowever, the House would not concur, and when war\\nwas imminent. Governor Miflin called on the militia\\nto prepare for defense. Joseph Hopkinson s Hail\\nColumbia, sung for the first time in a Philadelphia\\ntheater April 25, 1798, to the tune of The Presi-\\ndent s March, added greatly to the war feeling.\\nThe words were caught up and repeated throughout\\nthe country.\\nThe agitation for the removal of the capital from\\nPhiladelphia began in 1784. In that Removal of the\\nyear a committee, which had been ap- state capital\\npointed on opening communication with the Susque-\\nhanna, reported that John Harris, of Harris Ferry,\\nhad offered some land to the State, which it might use", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "188 A History of Pennsylvania\\nfor public purposes. Soon afterwards other interior\\ntowns made efforts to secure the capital but Harris-\\nburg and Lancaster were the principal competitors.\\nIn 1795 Carlisle was the choice of the House, but not\\nof the Senate. The next year Lancaster was selected\\nby the House in preference to Carlisle or Reading\\nbut the Senate again dissented. In 1798, Harrisburg\\nand Wright s Ferry were voted for, but without an\\nagreement. The following April Lancaster was se-\\nlected to be the seat of government after the first\\nMonday of November, 1799.\\nEarly in Adams administration, the Federal gov-\\nernment imposed the so-called house\\nFries Rebellion\\ntax, which required the assessors to\\nmeasure and register the panes of glass in windows.\\nTo the Germans the tax seemed tyrannous and in\\nthe counties of Berks, Lehigh, Northampton, Mont-\\ngomery and Bucks they resisted the enforcement of\\nthe law. From the fact that the women in certain\\nplaces poured hot water on the assessors, the in-\\nsurrection got the name of Hot Water Rebellion\\nwhile through its leader it also received the name of\\nFries Rebellion. John Fries, a soldier of the\\nRevolution, was a well known character in the Ger-\\nman section north of Philadelphia. He was an\\nauctioneer, and was endowed with the power of\\nleadership. With a plumed hat on his head, a pistol\\nand a sword at his side, his little dog Whisky\\nat his heels, and about sixty armed men around him,\\nhe marched from place to place, to the sound of fife\\nand drum, and harangued the Germans on the in-\\njustice of the house tax. He did this for several\\nmonths before the government took any notice of it.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 189\\nFinally, a United States marshal arrested twelve of\\nhis men and confined them in the Sun Inn, Bethle-\\nhem. Fries went to their rescue. He appeared be-\\nfore the inn in March, 17^9, and demanded the sur-\\nrender of the prisoners. The marshal had to yield,\\nand Fries marched away in triumph. By order of\\nPresident Adams, Governor Mifflin now called out the\\nmilitia, and Fries, betrayed by Whisky, was cap-\\ntured in a swamp south of Allentown. He was tried\\nin Philadelphia for high treason, convicted and con-\\ndemned to die but President Adams pardoned him\\nThe successor to Mifflin was Thomas McKean, then\\nChief Justice. He, too, served three succes- Governor\\nsive terms, 1799-1808. In a speech after his McKean\\nelection he applied the epithets, traitors, refugees,\\nTories, French aristocrats, British agents, apostate\\nWhigs, etc., to the Federalists; and when Governor\\nhe removed the old soldiers of the Revolution from\\noffice as fast as he could. For this conduct he received\\na vote of censure in the Senate, and but narrowly es-\\ncaped a like rebuke from the House.\\nThis unhappy beginning resulted in\\na bitter contest with the Legislature,\\nlasting during his entire administra-\\ntion. At one time he was in danger\\nof impeachment, one of the charges\\nbeing that he allowed his clerk to\\naffix the official signature to public\\ndocuments by means of a stamp. In\\n1799 many petitions for the unconditional abolition of\\nslavery were sent to the Legislature. By the law of\\n1780, the children born of slaves thereafter were to be\\nservants, not slaves, and that only until they were", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "190 A History of Pennsylvania\\ntwenty -eight years old. This condition was obnoxious\\nto many people and the free negroes offered to pay\\nfor freeing their brethren unconditionally.\\nIn 1802 the Legislature passed an act which\\nA Famous bccame the foundation of the public school\\nTrial system. It provided for the education of\\nthe poor gratis. Great interest was shown, also, at\\nthe opening of the century, in architecture, manufac-\\nture, horticulture, literature, and the useful arts a\\nnumber of societies being chartered by the Legisla-\\nture to promote one or more of these. But such\\nuseful things were lost sight of in the political tur-\\nmoil of the time. In January, 1805, when Justice\\nChase, of the Supreme Court of the United States,\\nwas about to be tried at the bar of the Senate for\\nhigh crimes and misdemeanors, a famous trial of\\na like nature occurred in Pennsylvania. Three jus-\\ntices of the Supreme Court of the State Edward\\nShippen, chief justice, and Jasper Yeates and\\nThomas Smith, associates had been impeached by\\nthe House for the arbitrary committal of a suitor for\\ncontempt of court. H. H. Brackenridge, the fourth\\njustice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, was also\\nto be removed, but Governor McKean refused when\\nthe Legislature asked him to do so. Caesar A. Rodney,\\nof Delaware, was employed by the Legislature to act\\nas counsel against the judges, because no lawyer in\\nthe State would do it. After a long struggle, the\\nSenate came to a vote in the case of Shippen,\\nYeates and Smith. It stood for conviction 13\\nguilty and 11 not guilty. As three less than the\\nrequired two- thirds voted guilty, the judges were\\nacquitted.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Oovernment 191\\nThe much -hated embargo act of the Federal gov-\\nernment made itself felt in Philadelphia Effects of\\nvery early in 1808. Discontented, hungry the Embargo\\nand penniless sailors marched to the City Hall, under\\nthe folds of the Stars and Stripes, to ask the mayor\\nwhat they should do to keep from starving. Yet the\\nPennsylvania Legislature, in common with that of\\nother States, supported the embargo act in various\\nresolutions. At the same time, it admitted that cer-\\ntain evils existed, to wit, the great scarcity of\\nmoney in the Commonwealth and it appointed a\\ncommittee to consider measures to stop the sale of\\nproperty for the payment of debts.\\nAfter Thomas McKean had served as long as the\\nConstitution would permit, he was sue- Governor\\nceeded by Simon Snyder, the first native snyder\\nexecutive of Pennsylvania born outside of a Quaker\\ncounty. He served three terms from 1808 to 1817.\\nThere were three parties in the field with a candidate for\\nGovernor the Democrats (Snyder),\\nthe Constitutional Democrats, or\\nQuids (Spayd), and the Federalists\\n(Ross). The cry of the Federalists\\nwas Free trade and no embargo. The\\nDemocrats generally supported Jeffer-\\nson and his embargo, and passed a\\nresolution in the Legislature early in\\nSimon Snyder.\\n1809 recommending that the members\\nof the next Legislature appear in clothes of domestic\\nmanufacture. The Legislature also ordered that no\\nBritish precedent should be read or quoted in courts of\\njustice, nor any British decision made after July 4,\\n1776, except those on maritime and international law.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "192 A History of Pennsylvania\\nWhen the United States bank went ont of exis-\\ntence in 1811, a great demand for State\\nbanks was made. Such was the mania for\\nlocal banks that in 1814 a bill to charter forty -two\\nof them was passed, vetoed by the Governor, and passed\\nover his veto. After the capture of Washington\\nby the British, the banks of Baltimore and Phila-\\ndelphia suspended specie payment, a measure which\\nwas followed by the banks throughout the country.\\nTWO CENTS TWO CENTS\\nI promise to pay the Bearer Two Cents\\non Demand at the\\nSchuylkill Bank\\nWhen a sum amounting to one dollar shall be\\npresented.\\nPhiladelphia, July 4, 1815. Eichard Bache.\\nThe scarcity of coin gave rise to the use of notes\\nfor small sums shinplasters issued by individ-\\nuals. With the establishment of banks all over the\\nState, public improvements were extended. Petitions\\nto the Legislature for money to improve the roads\\nwere especially numerous.\\nWhen the second war with Great Britain was de-\\nclared, June 18, 1812, Pennsylvania was\\nThe War of 1812\\nready with three times as many troops as\\nwere required to fill her quota. In December follow-\\ning Governor Snyder, in his message to the Legisla-\\nture, said\\nThe sword of the Nation, which for thirty years has besn\\nresting in the scabbard, has been drawn to maintain that inde-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 193\\npendenee which it had gloriously achieved. In the war of the\\nRevolution our fathers went forth, as it were, with a sling,\\nand with a stone, and smote the enemy. Since that period\\nour country has been abundantly blessed and its resources\\ngreatly multiplied; millions of her sons have grown to man-\\nhood, and, inheriting the principles of their fathers, are deter-\\nmined to preserve the precious heritage which was purchased\\nby their blood, and won by their valor.\\nPennsylvania s soil received none of the blood shed\\nin this war but her sons bled and died at Chippewa,\\nLundy s Lane, on Lake Erie, and at Baltimore, and\\nshared in the glorious victory at New Orleans, When\\nGeneral TannehilPs brigade of 2,000 volunteer militia\\nreached Niagara, they promptly crossed the line into\\nCanada, and gallantly followed the flag of the\\nUnited States government into a foreign country.\\nThe historic dialogue at Lundy s Lane Major,\\ncan you take that battery I can try, sir\\nwas between General Brown, a native of Bucks\\ncounty, and Major Miller, of Gettysburg\\nThe greatest contribution by Pennsylvania to the\\nwar of 1812 was what Erie did in helping\\nPerry s Fleet\\nto build and man Perry s fleet. Had it not\\nbeen for Captain Daniel Dobbins, of Erie, Perry\\nmight never have been enabled to send the famous\\ndespatch, September 10, 1813: We have met the\\nenemy, and they are ours. Dobbins, as commander\\nof a trading vessel, had the year before been a pris-\\noner of the British at Detroit. Believing that his\\nexperience would be of value, he went to Washington\\nand told the President and his Cabinet that a fleet\\nought to be built at Erie for the purpose of sweeping\\nthe British from the lakes. He returned with orders\\nto build two gunboats. Late in October he gathered\\nM", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "194 A History of Pennsylvania\\na few house -carpenters, and by January, 1813, had\\nmade such progress that he was instructed to build\\ntwo sloops -of -war. Every stick of timber had to be\\ncut from the stump, while deep snows covered the\\nroots and wintry blasts whistled through the tops.\\nIn March, when Perry arrived, the keels and ribs\\nwere ready at the harbor of Erie. He hastened the\\nwork still more by ordering men from Philadelphia\\nand New York to assist. Frequently a piece of\\ntimber that became part of a ship on an afternoon\\nhad been part of a tree in the forest that morning.\\nThe men of Erie stood guard over the ships while in\\nprocess of construction they went to Buffalo and\\nPittsburg for supplies and when at last Perry was\\nforced to say to the naval authorities, For God s\\nsake, and yours, and mine, send me men and officers,\\nand I will have the enemy s ships in a day or two,\\nthe militia around Erie responded to his call and\\nhelped to win the great victorj^ that made him the\\nyoung Nelson of America.\\nOne other event of this war caused a great stir\\nwithin the borders of this State the burning of\\nWashington. Governor Snj^der, August 26, 1814, in\\nobedience to an order from President Madison, made\\na call for the militia of the counties nearest to the\\nCapital. They assembled at Carlisle, York, and Mar-\\ncus Hook. Those who were ordered to Washington\\ntook part in the attempt of General Winder to keep\\nthe British invaders out of the Capital. Among the\\nheroes who won distinction on the sea were Commo-\\ndore Stephen Decatur, Lieutenant James Biddle, and\\nCaptain Charles Stewart, each of whom was honored\\nby the Legislature with a gold-hilted sword.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 195\\nIn February, 1810, Governor Snyder approved the\\nact of the Legislature establishing permanently the\\ncapital at Harrisburg, before the close of October,\\n1812. The records were in danger of destruction at\\nThe Old Capitol. Built 1819-21 destroyed by fire February 2, 1897.\\nLancaster, and a more central place was desired. The\\nplaces voted on were Lancaster, Harrisburg, North-\\numberland, Belief onte, Columbia, Carlisle, Reading and\\nSunbury. Harrisburg was selected because a very\\ngreat portion of the produce of the State would find\\nits way to market by means of the Susquehanna and\\nits branches. It was argued that men of capital\\nwould locate at the seat of government if it admitted\\nof commerce and was within easy and close communi-\\ncation with Philadelphia. William McClay gave ten\\nacres of land to the State, in addition to the four\\nacres already appropriated by John Harris. The cor-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "196 A History of Pennsylvania\\nnerstone of the capitol was laid May 31, 1819 the\\nbuilding was completed in 1821 and first occupied by\\nthe Assembly January 3, 1822. Before it was com-\\npleted, the State government was quartered in the old\\nDauphin county court-house.\\nTowards the close of Snyder s administration, there\\nA Bitter wcrc old-school Dcmocrats and new -school\\nQuarrel Dcmocrats. The former were opposed to the\\nsystem of caucus nomination, by which Congress and\\nthe State Legislature made known their preferences\\nfor President and Governor. The new school, in 1817,\\nnominated William Findlay for Governor the other\\nwing of the party presented the name of Joseph\\nHiester to the voters of the State. The Federalists\\nvoted for Hiester but Findlay carried the State by\\na small majority. When the Legislature met in\\nDecember, petitions were presented protesting against\\nthe election of Findlay. A motion to suspend the\\ninauguration was made in the House. Beyond causing\\nmuch rancor, the petitions were fruitless.\\nWilliam Findlay was Governor for one term only,\\nfrom 1817-1820. The war between the\\ntwo schools of the Democratic party over\\nmethods of nomination was kept up briskly, and party\\nspirit ran high. Petitions were sent to the Legisla-\\nture asking for an investigation into the conduct of\\nthe Governor. A committee was appointed to make\\na report of the charges, of which there were nine\\nbut no action was taken, because the report of the\\ncommittee was not in favor of it.\\nGovernor Findlay was an ardent advocate of inter-\\nnal improvements. He presented a plan for the\\nnavigation of the principal rivers as near to their", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 197\\nsources as possible the heads of the streams to be\\nconnected by short portages. In this he was but\\nseconding a like movement by other States and the\\nUnited States all along the Atlantic\\nseaboard. During the second war\\nwith England, the Southern and Mid-\\ndle States were blockaded and the\\ncoast trade had to be abandoned.\\nInstead, a system of inland trade\\nsprang up between New England and\\nthe South, which resulted in certain\\ntrunk line routes running north and south. After\\nthe war, when the Indians and the British were no\\nlonger a hindrance to the settlement of the North-\\nwest, great quantities of ware and merchandise had\\nto be sent westward. But there were no roads\\nin that direction so the natural thing to do would\\nbe to open the rivers for navigation. Steamboats,\\nwhich had hitherto been used only for passengers,\\nwere now to take the place of the ox and horse\\nmarine in carrying freight. Commissioners of\\nMaryland and Pennsylvania jointly examined the\\nSusquehanna, and reported that $20,000 would clear\\nthe river from Harrisburg to Tioga Point. With a\\ncanal, twenty- three miles long, from the head of the\\nWest Branch to the Allegheny, the Mississippi valley\\ncould be reached. From the head of Chautauqua lake,\\na canal nine miles long would open an easy route to\\nLake Erie and the other great lakes. By means of\\nanother water route to Harrisburg and Pittsburg, by\\nway of the Schuylkill, the Swatara and the Juniata,\\nPhiladelphia could be connected with the Pacific ocean\\nat the mouth of the Columbia with only seventy- five", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "198 A History of Pennsylvania\\nmiles of canal. Such were the calculations made to\\noutdo New York on the north, and such were the\\ndreams of Pennsylvania while the nightmare of the\\nErie canal disturbed her sleep!\\nAt the election for Governor in October, 1820, the\\nThe Elections coutcst was entirely confined to State\\nof 1820 issues. The new -school Democrats had\\ngiven Findlay a unanimous nomination for another\\nterm. Joseph Hiester, his opponent, was supported\\nby the old -school Democrats and the Federalists.\\nUnder the constitution of 1790, the Governor had\\nmany offices to fill, and thus made many enemies. It\\nwas this that defeated Findlay for reelection. At\\nthe presidential election in November, Pennsylvania\\nwas the only State in the Union that made any oppo-\\nsition to Monroe. It was based on his approval of\\nthe Missouri Bill. On election day, therefore, the\\nanti- slavery men of Pennsylvania voted for DeWitt\\nClinton.\\nGovernor Hiester served one term from 1820 to\\n1823. He foresaw the party strife\\nthat awaited him for he urged the\\nLegislature iu his first message to\\nreduce the great power and patronage\\nof the Executive. Findlay became a\\ncandidate for the United States Sen-\\nate in January following but no one\\nosep les ei. getting a majority, the Legislature\\nadjourned sine die. This unfinished business in-\\ncreased the rancor of party; but early in 1822 ex-\\nGovernor Findlay was elected Senator, and that\\ncontest was eliminated from the struggle between the\\ntwo factions.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 199\\nThe movement for internal improvement did not\\nabate during Hiester s term. The great p^^j^j.^\\nhighways to the West were not to be improvements\\na mere fancy. The Legislature in 1821 Education\\nchartered a number of canal and turnpike companies,\\nand appropriated money for the same. The subject\\nof education received considerable attention at this\\ntime. Governor Hiester said in his message Above\\nall, it appears an imperative duty to introduce and\\nsupport a liberal system of education, connected with\\nsome general religious instruction.\\nHiester not being a candidate for reelection, the\\nDemocrats nominated John Andrew Shulze The Elections of\\nfor Governor in 1823. The Federalist i823andi824\\ncandidate was Andrew Gregg, a former Democrat.\\nShulze was elected, and was the choice of the\\nDemocratic wing which supported Calhoun and\\nCrawford against Jackson in 1824. However, the\\nhero of New Orleans got the electoral vote of Penn-\\nsylvania by an overwhelming majority. Crawford,\\nhaving been nominated by a congressional caucus,\\nhad no chance in this State, where the\\nDemocrats had been split since 1817\\non methods of nomination.\\nGovernor Shulze was in office from\\n1823 to 1829, serving two terms. Governor\\nAssuming that the Legislature shuke\\nknew the wants of the State better\\nthan he, Shulze, in his first message, John Andrew Shuize\\nrecommended but one thing for their consideration\\neducation. Said he, Convinced that even liberty\\nwithout knowledge is but a precarious blessing,\\nI can not too strongly recommend this subject to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "200 A History of Pennsylvania\\nyour consideration. The Legislature accordingly\\npassed a law providing for the education of all\\nchildren between six and fourteen at public expense\\nbut no child was to have this privilege for more than\\nthree years. Being violently opposed, the law was\\nrepealed in 1826.\\nThe subject of internal improvements was another\\nInternal im- vcry Uvc qucstiou at this time. Coal, iron\\nprovements ^ud mauufacturcs were becoming great in-\\ndustries in Pennsylvania. The Schuylkill and the\\nUnion canals, connecting Philadelphia with the Sus-\\nquehanna, were finished. The great Pennsylvania\\ncanal was begun near Harrisburg in 1827. The\\nseveral parts, including the Delaware, the Columbia,\\nthe Harrisburg, the Juniata, and the Western divi-\\nsions, having altogether a length of 425 miles, were\\ncompleted in 1830. A board of five canal commis-\\nsioners was created by the Legislature in 1825, to\\nmanage Ihis stupendous system for the State. The\\nmoney needed was borrowed from banks by authority\\nof the Legislature. Governor Shulze opposed this\\nplan, favoring taxation to pay at least a part of the\\nenormous expense. But the people did not care for\\ndebts in this era of good feeling, and before the\\nclose of Shulze s second term the State, had borrowed\\n$6,000,000. It required all his skill and energy to\\nremedy the evils that followed.\\nDuring the Presidential campaign of 1824, when\\nfour candidates were before the people,\\nGovernor Wolf mi\\nthe old parties were broken up. The name\\nFederalist sank into oblivion. Its place for a brief\\nperiod was taken by the anti-Masons, who, in 1829,\\nnamed Joseph Ritner as their candidate for Gover-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 201\\nnor. The Democratic candidate was George Wolf,\\nwho won the election by a majority of 17,000,\\nWhen Governor Wolf assumed office, he reported to\\nthe Legislature that $8,300,000 had been borrowed\\nby the State since the first loan for\\npublic improvements was authorized\\nin 1821, and that $3,459,533 was\\nstill needed to complete the canals\\nand railroads included in the system.\\nThe public works were pushed to\\ncompletion, and in a few years\\nGovernor Wolf and others, upon\\nwhose shoulders the responsibility rested heavily for\\na time, had the proud satisfaction of seeing the\\nState prosper greatly under its system of water\\ncommunication. Clinton s Big Ditch in New York\\nnow had a worthy rival.\\nGovernor Wolf, in his first inaugural addi;ess, like\\nall his predecessors under the constitution PubUc\\nof 1790, addressed himself to the subject of Education\\npublic education, and proved himself a warm friend\\nof that cause. But all the Governors, from Mifflin\\ndown to Wolf, and all the legislative reports, bills,\\ndiscussions and enactments, reached no higher ground\\nthan the free instruction of the poor, or, at best, a\\ngeneral system of free primary instruction. Up to\\n1830, the great free -school system, as we now have\\nit, was still in embryo. Even Wolf, when he became\\nGovernor, spoke only of ensuring to every indigent\\nchild in the Commonwealth the rudiments of learn-\\ning. But in his message to the Legislature of\\n1830-31, he gives evidence of broader ideas when he\\nspeaks of the blessings of education to the whole", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "202 A History of Pennsylvania\\ncommunity, to every individual susceptible of par-\\ntaking of them, to the poor, as well as to the rich.\\nI am thoroughly persuaded that there is not a single\\nmeasure of all these which will engage your deliberations in\\nthe course of the session of such intrinsic importance to the\\ngeneral prosperity and happiness of the people of the Common-\\nwealth, to the cause of public virtue and public morals, to the\\nhopes and expectations of the rising generation, to whom the\\nfuture political destinies of the Eepublic are to be committed,\\nor which will add so much to the sum of individual and social\\nimprovement and comfort, as a general diffusion of the means\\nof moral and intellectual cultivation among all classes of our\\ncitizens.\\nThe people, too, had advanced. Petitions for the\\nThe Common establishment of a better system of pub-\\nschoois lie education had come before the Legis-\\nEstabhshed laturc from twenty -four counties, while\\nonly a few remonstrances were presented. Much\\ncredit is due to the Pennsylvania Society for the Pro-\\nmotion of Public Schools. It memorialized the Legis-\\nlature repeatedly in favor of public schools. Yet all\\nthat was done at the session of 1830-31 was to pro-\\nvide for a common school fund, the interest of\\nwhich was to be distributed and applied to the sup-\\nport of common schools in a manner to be determined\\nby future legislation. In his next message, the Gov-\\nernor emphasized the importance of further legisla-\\ntion. Yet, though the question came up annually\\nthereafter, nothing was accomplished until 1834. The\\npeople had become wide awake now. Public meet-\\nings were held all over the State, resolutions were\\npassed, comparisons with other States were made, and\\nan increased number of free -school members was in\\nboth houses of the Legislature. The result was that", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 203\\non March 15, 1834, An Act to Establish a General\\nSystem of Education by Common Schools was\\npassed. In the House but one man voted nay in\\nthe Senate, three.\\nIn strange contrast with this unanimity was the\\nopposition to the law in the next Legis- The common\\nlature. A majority of the members went schools saved\\nto Harrisburg resolved to repeal it. The enemies of\\nfree schools had attacked the measure of 1834 in all\\nparts of the State. Families, neighborhoods, churches,\\nnewspapers all quarreled with one another and\\namong themselves. In some instances members of\\nthe Legislature who had voted for the free -school law\\nmade humiliating and dishonorable confession of\\nhaving done wrong, else they would not have been\\nreturned. The Senate was especially hostile to the\\nact of 1834, and repealed it in March, 1835. Thirteen\\nof the nineteen who voted for the repeal had the pre-\\nvious year voted for free schools. The House, fortu-\\nnately, was more friendly; but what it would have\\ndone had it not been for the speech\\nof one member Thaddeus Stevens\\ncannot be told. It was said by eye-\\nwitnesses of the great fight in that\\nbody that Stevens saved the 11th\\nday of April, 1835, for the common\\nschools in Pennsylvania.\\nWho would not rather do one living\\ndeed than have his ashes enshrined in Thaddeus Stevens,\\never-burnished gold Sirs, I trust that when we come to\\nact on this question, we shall take lofty ground look be-\\nyond the narrow space which now circumscribes our vision,\\nbeyond the passing, fleeting point of time on which we\\nstand and so cast our votes that the blessing of education", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "204 A History of Pennsylvania\\nshall be conferred upon every son of Pennsylvania shall\\nbe carried home to the poorest child of the poorest inhab-\\nitant of the meanest hut of your mountains, so that even he\\nmay be prepared to act well his part in this land of freemen,\\nand lay on earth a broad and a solid foundation for that endur-\\ning knowledge which goes on increasing through increasing\\neternity.\\nGovernor Wolf was nominated for a third term\\nGovernor but was defeated by Joseph Ritner, the anti-\\nRitner Mason and Whig candidate, who had been\\nhis opponent twice before. Rev. H. A. Muhlenberg,\\nanother candidate, divided the Democratic vote.\\nPublic Education, the banner under which Gov-\\nernor Wolf fought his campaign, had much to do\\nwith his defeat. But Ritner, although some of his\\nsupporters were no -school -tax and no -free -school\\nmen, proved to be an equally staunch friend of the\\nnew law. In his annual messages he favored in-\\ncreased State aid to the common schools, and had\\nthe satisfaction of seeing it raised from $75,000 to\\n$400,000 a year. He was ably supported in his pol-\\nicy by his Secretary of the Commonwealth and Super-\\nintendent of Common Schools, Thomas\\nH. Burro wes.\\nGovernor Ritner s administration was\\nFinancial also chargcd with the task of\\nDifficulties making the public works\\nanswer the great object for which\\nthey had been originally designed the\\noseph Ritner. p^^|^j|g good. This provcd to be a\\ndifficult task on account of financial troubles. A\\nvast amount of paper money had been issued while\\nthe works were in process of construction. Ritner\\nwanted this kind of monev reduced to within the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 205\\nactual value and amount of its principal. In the\\npanic of 1837 (see any U. S. history) the banks all\\nsuspended specie payment, and paper money was the\\nonly medium of exchange. Jackson s famous specie\\ncircular and other measures had forced gold and\\nsilver out of circulation.\\nThe adoption of a new constitution\\nwas the last important\\nGovernor Porter\\nevent of Governor Kitner s\\nadministration. His successor was\\nDavid R. Porter, who was Governor\\nfrom 1838 to 1845. The campaign\\nwas very heated, and when the election\\nwas over the friends of Governor Ritner resolved\\nto make an investigation of alleged frauds. The\\nLegislature which met December 4, 1838, was anti-\\nMasonic and Whig in the Senate in the House\\nboth parties claimed a majority. Accordingly, two\\nSpeakers were elected in the House Thomas S.\\nCunningham, of Beaver county, by the anti- Masons\\nand Whigs, and William Hopkins, of Washington\\ncounty, by the Democrats. Both Speakers occupied\\nseats on the platform, a double-headed organization\\nwas effected, and both factions adjourned, to meet the\\nnext day. But the anti -Masons and Whigs met\\nagain in the afternoon. Some spectators, friends of\\nthe Hopkins party, went up to the platform and\\ncarried the Speaker pro tern, down into the aisle.\\nOvercome by superior numbers, the Cunningham\\nHouse then adjourned to what is now the Lochiel\\nHotel. The Senate also had to adjourn, the Speaker\\njumping out of a window twelve feet high, through\\nthorn bushes and over a seven -foot picket fence.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "206 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThings now assumed a threatening aspect. A\\nThe Buck- public meeting was held counselling mod-\\nshot War eration business was suspended for several\\ndays Governor Ritner called out the militia under\\nGeneral Patterson and, had not President Van Buren\\ndeclined to order them, United States troops from\\nCarlisle would have been on the scene too. The\\npresence of the bayonet enabled the peacemakers to\\nrestore quiet. The Senate recognized the Democratic\\nwing of the House as the rightful organization, and\\nwhat is known as the Buck-shot War came to an\\nend. The ammunition for the infantry at this time\\nwas buck-shot cartridges. It is said that the Cun-\\nningham men made some of these cartridges at their\\nheadquarters and sent them by a negro to the\\narsenal, to be used on the mob that the negro was\\ncaught and compelled to give up his cartridges to the\\ncaptors, who distributed them among their friends as\\nmementoes. Hence the name Buck-shot War.\\nThe suspension of specie payment continued to\\nFinancial disturb busiucss. lu 1842 an act was\\nTroubles passcd by the Legislature compelling banks\\nto resume. Refusal to do so was to be followed by\\na forfeiture of their charters. Some resumed others\\ntried but had to close their doors, while a few refused\\nto obey the law. So depreciated paper money re-\\nmained the currency until the Legislature agreed to\\nfill the State s empty treasury by means of taxation\\na measure that had been strongly urged by Wolf.\\nThe newspapers of those days all published rates of\\ndiscount and descrip*;ions of counterfeit notes, and\\nthese were consulted by the people when they paid\\nor received paper money.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the government 207\\nGovernor Porter had occasion to make a defense of\\nthe Germans and the German language Governor Porter\\nin one of his veto messages. An act and the Germans\\nhad been passed abolishing the printing of the laws\\nin the German language. One -third of the popula-\\ntion was German. In most of the eastern counties,\\nGerman was the language of daily intercourse, of the\\nschools, and of the newspapers. Governor Porter\\ncould, therefore, see nothing unreasonable in publish-\\ning the laws in the only language those people could\\nunderstand. A few years later, when a Superinten-\\ndent of Public Printing was established, it was\\nordered that he should receive bids for both English\\nand German printing, and there was an English and\\na German State Printer until 1856.\\nThe Missouri Compromise had resulted in a gen-\\neral movement in the North against slavery.\\nRace Riots\\nAbolition societies were formed, newspapers\\nw^ere established, and men and women took the plat-\\nform. In 1833, a convention met at Philadelphia\\nand formed the American Anti- Slavery Society. This\\nagitation brought on riots in Philadelphia between the\\nwhites and the blacks. The most serious occurred\\nwhen Pennsylvania Hall was dedicated, in May, 1838.\\nIt had been erected by the Anti -Slavery Society for\\nthe free discussion of that cause. All went well\\nuntil the evening of the third day, when a crowd of\\nroughs threw stones into the windows and hissed and\\nhooted the speakers. The next night a larger body\\nput out the lamps in the neighborhood, broke into\\nthe hall, set it on fire, and turned on the gas to assist\\nthe flames. The work of destruction was complete\\nfor nothing but the walls was left of this monument\\nto free speech.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "208 A History of Pennsylvania\\nIn 1843, a new party appeared in American poli-\\ntics the Native American\u00e2\u0080\u0094 which, among\\nPolitical Riots Q^Yier things, held that foreigners should\\nnot be appointed to office. In Philadelphia the move-\\nment was attended the next year by disorderly meet-\\nings, fatal riots, ^nd the burning of houses and\\nchurches. In May, Governor Porter ordered General\\nPatterson to restore order with the militia, which he\\ndid. But on the following Fourth of July there was\\na grand Native American procession in Philadelphia.\\nThis revived bitter memories, and the rioting began\\nanew, lasting for several days. The city was put\\nunder martial law. Troops moved upon the mob\\nwith deadly effect while, the rioters procured a can-\\nnon and fired chains, bolts, spikes and other missiles\\nat the soldiers. The Governor, who had come to\\nPhiladelphia in person, now called out additional\\ntroops, and was soon able to withdraw the militia\\nand entrust the city again to the mayor. The Legis-\\nlature then passed a law strengthening the govern-\\nment of the city of Philadelphia, and the riots which\\nhad disgraced the city for ten years ceased.\\nAccording to the Constitution of\\n1838, the Governor con Id\\nnot hold office longer\\nthan six in any term of nine years.\\nGovernor Porter, therefore, retired, and\\nwas succeeded by his Secretary of the\\nCommonwealth, Francis R. Shunk, who\\nFrancis R. Shunk. gervcd ouc term and about six months\\nof a second term. Having become ill. Governor\\nShunk, July 9, 1848, addressed a pathetic letter from\\nhis death-bed to the people of Pennsylvania, and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 209\\nresigned his office. He died, deeply lamented, July\\n30, at Harrisburg,\\nIn taking leave of you under circumstances so solemn,\\naccept my gratitude for the confidence you have reposed in me.\\nMy prayer is that peace, virtue, intelligence, and religion may\\npervade all your borders that the free institutions you have\\ninherited from your ancestors may remain unimpaired till the\\nlatest posterity that the same kind Providence which has al-\\nready so signally blessed you may conduct you to a still higher\\nstate of individual and social happiness and when the world\\nshall close upon you, as I feel it soon about to close upon me,\\nthat you may enjoy the consolation of the Christian s faith,\\nand be gathered, without a wanderer lost, into the fold of the\\nGreat Shepherd above.\\nGovernor Shunk was chief executive of Pennsyl-\\nvania during the Mexican war. Presi-\\no The Mexican War\\ndent Polk called for six regiments from\\nthis State. In response, ninety companies were\\nformed, making three regiments more than were\\nasked, while only two regiments and several detached\\ncompanies were mustered into service. These distin-\\nguished themselves by their bravery at Vera Cruz,\\nCerro Gordo, Chepultepec and Mexico. In memory of\\ntheir valor the State erected a towering monument on\\nCapitol Hill, at Harrisburg. The victories of peace\\nduring this administration were equally important. In\\n1845, the first telegrajjh poles were erected within the\\nState, and a line was opened from Philadelphia to\\nNew York. The first movement toward the construc-\\ntion of the Pennsylvania railroad between Harrisburg\\nand Pittsburg took place in the same year.\\nAfter Governor Shunk s resignation there was\\nan interregnum until July 26, when the Governor\\nSpeaker of the Senate, agreeably to the Johnston\\nConstitution, took the office for the unexpired termc\\nN", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "210 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe person who thus became acting Governor was\\nWilliam F. Johnston, and he was nick -named His\\nAccidency. Johnston was also the choice of a small\\nmajority at the election for the unexpired term. He\\nbelonged to the Whigs, who were in\\nthe ascendency in 1848, electing Gen-\\neral Taylor President. In the North\\nthey were opposed to the extension of\\nthe slave power. In Pennsylvania the\\nAssembly passed an act prohibiting\\njudges of the State from executing\\nWilliam F. johnstoB ^he fugitive slavc law of 1793, and\\nforbidding the use of the jails for the\\ndetention of fugitive slaves. The privilege of non-\\nresidents to keep slaves temporarily in the State was\\nalso cancelled. These acts were severely condemned\\nby the Southern States.\\nIn 1850, a new fugitive slave law was passed by\\nThe Congress, by which United States com-\\nunderground missioucrs wcrc authoHzcd to turn over a\\nnegro to anybody who claimed him as an\\nescaped siave. For years the fugitive slave had felt\\nsafe when he reached Pennsylvania but now he had\\nto flee to Canada. In this he was assisted by an\\norganization known as the Underground Railroad.\\nThe origin of this name may be traced to Columbia,\\nLancaster county. That town was laid out by\\ndescendants of the Quaker John Wright (see p. 78),\\nand they reserved some lots in it for free colored\\npeople. It, therefore, became a refuge for runaway\\nslaves. Their masters could track them as far as\\nColumbia, where all traces disappeared and it was\\ndeclared that there must be an underground idil-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 211\\nroad leading out of it. Through the secret assist-\\nance of the anti- slavery people, the fugitive slaves\\nwere sent across Lancaster, Chester, Montgomery and\\nBucks counties to West Chester, Philadelphia, Quaker-\\ntown and Stroudsburg. To these points the negroes\\nwould travel in small parties by night and be con-\\ncealed by friends in cellars, garrets, hay lofts, and\\nother hiding places, till all danger from pursuit had\\npassed. Another line came up from Maryland\\nthrough Chester county. Some fugitive slaves entered\\nthe State by way of Bedford and followed the moun-\\ntains to Potter county, whence they were forwarded to\\nCanada. Erie, too, was a favorite station. Under the\\nlaw of 1850, the least assistance given to a fugitive\\nslave was punished if it was discovered. A man in\\nCumberland county was tried in the United States court\\nfor giving a few slaves something to eat after a night s\\nrest in his barn. Though not convicted, he had to sell\\nhis farm to pay the expense of the trial.\\nIn 1851, a serious riot occurred at Christiana, Lan-\\ncaster county, one of the stations of the The Riot\\nUnderground Railroad. It grew out of an Christiana\\nattempt to arrest three fugitive slaves harbored in the\\ncabin of a negro farm hand named Parker. The\\nowner of the slaves, accompanied by a United States\\nmarshal and his posse, appeared early one morning in\\nSeptember. A demand to surrender was answered by\\na shot from the garret and the blowing of a big\\ndinner horn. As a gang of kidnapers had been\\nabout for some time, the neighbors understood the\\nsignal as that for serious action. White men and\\ncolored men with guns, scythes, and clubs, ran from\\nevery direction. The slave -owner was advised to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "212 A History of Pennsylvania\\nleave; but he wanted his property, dead or alive.\\nIn the encounter which followed he himself was mor-\\ntally wounded by one of his own slaves. A number\\nof the free colored men were arrested and indicted for\\ntreason but only one was tried, and he was acquitted.\\nThe riot at Christiana caused a profound sensation\\nall over the country. It happened in the midst of the\\ncampaign for Governor, and became an issue at the\\nelection.\\nGovernor Johnston was defeated for a second term\\nGovernor by William Bigler, the Democratic candi-\\nBigi^ date, who served from 1852 to 1855. The\\ncommon school system having been extended to\\nevery district in the State in 1849, improvements\\nin it could be made more easily and effectually. In\\nhis first annual message, Governor Bigler made a\\nstrong plea for professional teachers and other needed\\nimprovements; and he had the satisfaction of signing\\na bill creating the office of county superintendent.\\nProvisions for the education of feeble-minded children\\nwere also made during his term.\\nThe enormous State debt, amount-\\nThe state iug iu 1848 to morc than\\n$40,000,000, was reduced by\\n$700,000 during the previous admin-\\nistration by means of a sinking fund.\\nThe Governor, therefore, urged the\\ncompletion of the canal along the\\nNorth Branch of the Susquehanna\\nWiiham Bigier. ^ork that had been neglected for\\nten or twelve years. The canal was to give an\\noutlet to the boundless coal-fields in that region.\\nAnother powerful impulse to the development of the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 213\\nState was given by the completion of the Pennsyl-\\nvania railroad, in 1854. The era of great expendi-\\ntures was now about over. Governor Bigler might\\nwell congratulate the people on the fact that hence-\\nforth money would flow into the\\ntreasury instead of out of it.\\nIn the election for Governor in\\nOctober, 1854, the Whigs\\nGovernor Pollock\\nand Native Americans\\nelected their candidate, James Pollock,\\nagainst William Bigler, Democrat, and\\nB. Rush Bradford, Free Soil, by a large\\n-i. mi- A J? 1 James Pollock.\\nmajority. The question of slavery was\\ndisrupting both the Whigs and Democrats throughout\\nthe country. Thi\u00c2\u00ab rupture in the old parties, and the\\nimmense foreign immigration about the middle of the\\ncentury, gave a new but brief lease of life to the\\nNative Americans. This party had now come to be\\ncalled the Know -Nothing Party, from the fact that\\nits members, when questioned about their purposes\\nand principles, would say, I don t know.\\nIn 1857, the Legislature passed an act directing the\\nmain line of public works between Phila- The Pubiic\\ndelphia and Pittsburg to be sold. The works soid\\nPennsylvania Railroad Company purchased them for\\n$7,500,000. The canals on the Susquehanna and its\\nbranches above the mouth of the Juniata, together\\nwith the Delaware division, were sold the following\\nyear to the Sunbury and Erie Railroad Company for\\n$3,500,000. These canals, after the railroads had\\nbeen built, had failed to be a source of revenue to\\nthe State. The proceeds of the sale greatly lessened\\nthe public debt, and the people were relieved of bur-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "214 A History of Pennsylvania\\ndensome taxation. The transfer of the canals and\\nrailroads to private corporations closed the history of\\npublic improvements in the line of transportation.\\nIn 1857, a great financial panic occurred in the\\nThe Panic United Statcs, and a wave of bankruptcy\\nof 1857 swept round the civilized world. It was\\ndue to speculation, resulting, probably, from the dis-\\ncovery of gold in California and Australia. The\\nbanks of Pennsylvania, in common with others all\\nover the country, became more or less embarrassed,\\nand had to suspend specie payments. Governor\\nPollock called an extra session of the Legislature, in\\norder to release the banks from the penalties previ-\\nously prescribed for suspension, and to give relief to\\ndebtors. Through this timely action, ruin and bank-\\nruptcy were avoided. The year 1857 is also memorable\\nin the history of the State as closing the career of\\none of her greatest sons Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, the\\nArctic explorer. His body lay in state in Indepen-\\ndence Hall, was viewed by thousands of people, and\\nfollowed to the grave by scientists, statesmen, pro-\\nfessors and students from all over the land.\\nIn the midst of the financial disaster came the\\nThe Republican Campaign for Governor. William F.\\nParty Organized Packer was uomiuatcd by the Democrats,\\nDavid Wilmot by the Free Soilers, and Isaac Hazle-\\nhurst by the Americans. The j^ear before, the Repub-\\nlican party had made its appearance as a national\\norganization at Pittsburg, and a few months later\\nnominated its first candidate for President, at Phila-\\ndelphia. David Wilmot received the support of the\\nRepublicans because the new party was to absorb the\\nFree Soilers. The Democratic candidate was successful.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 215\\nWhen Governor Packer assumed office in Januarj^,\\n1858, the currency of the State was\\nGovernor Packer\\nstill in a disordered condition. But\\nthe attention of the people of Pennsylvania, from 1858\\nto 1861, was riveted on national affairs. Two\\ndays after the inauguration of Pennsylvania s only\\nPresident, the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States decided that a slave\\ncould be taken into the territories the\\nsame as a horse or an ox, and that,\\ntherefore, Dred Scott, the Missouri\\nslave, was not a free man. A little\\nlater Buchanan, ignoring the vote of\\nthe free settlers against it, urged the wniiam f. Packer.\\nadmission of Kansas as a slave State. These acts\\nof the government at Washington alienated many\\nof the President s supporters in Pennsylvania, chief\\nof whom was Joho W. Forney.\\nThe next affair to add fury to the political fire\\nwas the raid of John Brown one Sunday john Brown-s\\nnight in October, 1859, and his execution\\non the gallows, December 2. Brown had made Cham-\\nbersburg his base of operations for some weeks, and\\nwas known there as Dr. Smith, engaged in mining\\nin the State of Maryland. When his sentence of\\ndeath had been passed, the Abolitionists of the State\\nwere filled with indignation. At a meeting in Phila-\\ndelphia, on the morning of the hanging, Lucretia Mott\\nthe Quaker Abolitionist and other speakers ex-\\npressed their sympathy, under a storm of hisses and\\ngroans. Two days later the body of Brown passed\\nthrough the city, and there was a great clamor from\\nthe Abolitionists and the colored people for a view of", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "216 A History of Pennsylvania\\nit. For fear of violence, a trick was played on the\\ncrowd outside the depot. A box, in imitation of a\\ncoffin, was solemnly carried out by six men, while\\nthe real body was quietly and safely conveyed to the\\nNew York ferry. Fresh alarm and anxiety were cre-\\nated when, in the same month. Governor Wise, of\\nVirginia, requested the southern medical students in\\nPhiladelphia to finish their course at Richmond and\\nother cities in the South.\\nThe year 1860, from January to December, was\\nThe Election givcu to ouc contiuuous agitatlou of\\nof 1860 ^\\\\^Q slavery question, particularly in its\\nbearings on the elections for President and Governor.\\nThe Democrats of the State were divided in the\\nchoice for President, between Breckenridge and\\nDouglas on the candidate for Governor, Henry D.\\nFoster, they were united. The Republicans had a\\nmajority for Lincoln, and elected Andrew G. Curtin\\nGovernor. Bell, the Union candidate for President,\\ngot about 12,000 votes in Pennsj lvania. When\\nGovernor Packer wrote his last message to the Legis-\\nlature, South Carolina had already seceded, and other\\nStates were considering the same step. The advo-\\ncates of secession, said the Governor, claim that\\nthe Union is merely a compact between the several\\nStates composing it, and that any one of the States,\\nwhen aggrieved, maj% at its pleasure, declare it will\\nno longer be a party to the compact. This doctrine\\nis clearly erroneous.\\nThe first decided resistance to President Buchanan s\\nFirst Resistance to Secretary of War, who was a South-\\nthe South erner, and quietly strengthened the\\nmilitary posts of the South, came from Pittsburg,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 217\\nlate in December, 1860. It was learned that 700\\ntons of arms and ammunition were to be shipped\\nfrom the arsenal at Lawrenceville, Allegheny county,\\nto New Orleans. Several public meetings were held,\\nand were attended by thousands of people. Reso-\\nlutions were passed that the President should purge\\nhis Cabinet of disloyal members, and, as a Pennsyl-\\nvanian, see to it that the Republic suffer no detri-\\nment as long as it were in his hands. While a\\ncommittee went to Washington to protest, cannon were\\nconveyed to the wharf and loaded on the steamer. At\\nthis critical moment Edwin M. Stanton, Buchanan s\\nAttorney -General, sent a telegram that the order\\nwould be countermanded in a few days.\\nOn the 15th of January, 1861, began the most\\nmemorable administration in the history\\nGovernor Curtin\\nof Pennsylvania that of the War Gov-\\nernor, Andrew G. Curtin. In his inaugural address,\\nhe declared that Pennsylvania would render a full\\nand determined support of the free institutions of the\\nUnion, and pledged himself to defend the Constitu-\\ntion against all its enemies. The\\nLegislature likewise took a firm stand\\nin behalf of the Constitution and the\\nUnion. When Lincoln stopped at\\nHarrisburg, February 22d, on his\\nway to Washington, he was enthusi-\\nastically received in the chamber of\\nthe Assembly, where the members\\nof both houses had assembled to e^. Curtin.\\ngreet him and to hear his inspiring oratory. It\\nwas after this reception that Lincoln s famous secret\\nride to Washington was planned at the Jones House", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "218 A History of Pennsylvania\\n(now the Commonwealth Hotel). He had been in-\\nformed that a plot existed in Baltimore to assas-\\nsinate him on his way through that city. As it had\\nbeen published far and wide that he was to leave on\\nthe Northern Central Railroad early the next morn-\\ning, Governor Curtin, Secretary Slifer, Senator\\nMcClure, and Colonel Scott, of the Pennsylvania\\nRailroad, decided, very much against Mr. Lincoln s\\nwishes, that he should leave Harrisburg that evening\\nand pass, by way of Philadelphia, through Baltimore\\nat an unexpected hour. To deceive the throng out-\\nside the hotel, Governor Curtin called for a carriage\\nand had himself and the President-elect driven in the\\ndirection of the Executive Mansion. When near\\nthere, a circuitous route was taken to the depot.\\nLincoln, accompanied by a friend, who was armed\\nwith a small arsenal of weapons, hastily took a special\\ntrain for Philadelphia. Colonel Scott then, with his\\nown hands, cut all the telegraph wires leading out of\\nthe city and nervously awaited a cipher despatch that\\nLincoln was to send when he arrived at Washington.\\nIt was a long, anxious night for those who were in\\nthe secret. With the dawn of day came these words\\nPlums delivered nuts safely signifying that all was\\nwell. Lincoln always regretted that he had gone to\\nWashington in that way; for it is not believed that\\nany plot to assassinate him had existed.\\nThe day after Fort Sumter was evacuated, Presi-\\nThe First dcut Lincolu called for 75,000 troops, Penn-\\nDefendera sylvauia s Quota bciug 14,000. Governor\\nCurtin telegraphed the call all over the State, and so\\nquick was the response that five Keystone companies\\nnow wear the proud badge of the First Defenders.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 219\\nThey were the Ringgold Light Artillery, of Reading;\\nthe Logan Guards, of Lewistown the Washington\\nArtillery and the National Light Infantry, of Potts-\\nville; and the Allen Rifles, of Allentown. The Ring-\\ngold company was the first to reach Harrisburg, arriv-\\ning there the day after the President s call. In the\\nstreets of Baltimore the First Defenders suffered\\nthe taunts, sneers and insults of the same mob that\\nattacked the Sixth Massachusetts the next day. But\\nthey never wavered under the constant fire of bricks,\\nclubs, stones and earth. After they had boarded the\\ntrain for Washington, the mob tried to derail the\\ncars, detach the locomotive and break the machinery.\\nDuring it all, the Governor of Pennsylvania, with\\nbreathless anxiety, listened to the click of the tele-\\ngraph at Harrisburg, as it reported step after step of\\nthe perilous march through Baltimore. At 7 o clock\\non the evening of the 18th the First Defenders\\nreported at Washington. Congress afterwards passed\\na resolution, thanking the 530 soldiers from Penn-\\nsylvania who passed through the mob at Baltimore\\nand reached Washington on the 18th of April last,\\nfor the defence of the National Capital.\\nRecruits now poured into Harrisburg by the thou-\\nsands, overflowing the depots, the streets, and the\\ncapitol grounds. A great camp was established, called\\nCamp Curtin, in the northwest suburbs. Before the\\nend of the month twenty -five regiments were formed\\nthere and sent to the front, while thirty -more were\\noffered but not accepted. Simon Cameron, Secretary\\nof War, Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, and\\nGovernor Curtin, all favored a much larger army than\\nLincoln had called for.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "220 A History of Pennsylvania\\nOn the 15tli of May the Legislature, in extra\\nThePennsyi- session, Ordered the formation of the fa-\\nvania Reserves nious Pennsylvania Reserves. George A.\\nMcCall was appointed major-general, and John F.\\nReynolds, George G. Meade and O. E. 0. Ord, briga-\\ndier-generals. They numbered 16,000 men, thirteen\\nregiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of\\nartillery, who were to serve three years. They were\\nto be drilled and equipped, ready for any call that\\nmight be made. The wisdom of this measure was\\nseen in July, when the Union forces came rushing\\nback from Bull Run, defeated and disorganized. The\\nPresident instantly called for the Pennsylvania\\nReserves. Under the call of Father Abraham for\\nfive hundred thousand more, the Reserves now en-\\ntered upon a career of honor and glory.\\nIn 1862, the State was called on to do little except\\nMany Soldiers to f umisli her quota of troops but the\\npeople in their private capacity did much.\\nMason and Dixon s Line was the gateway to the\\nSouth during that year, the Mississippi valley being\\nstill in the hands of the Confederates. As the troops\\npassed through our cities and towns on their way to\\nthe front, acts of kindness innumerable were shown\\nto them. Train loads were refreshed with sandwiches\\nand coffee. In Philadelphia, throughout the war, the\\nUnion and Cooper -shop volunteer refreshment saloons\\nwere kept open with free contributions. Nearly a\\nmillion of soldiers from the North and East, as they\\npassed to and fro, were made happy with something\\nto eat and drink. At one time a fair was held in\\nLogan Square and $1,500,000 raised for the sick and\\nwounded.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 221\\nIn August, 1862, a State draft, under the direction\\nof the United States, was made. The men Drafts and\\ndrafted could furnish substitutes, for whom substitutes\\nas much as $1,500 was paid. A regular business of\\nbuying and selling substitutes sprang up at Camp\\nCurtin, and enormous profits were made in the traffic.\\nSubstitutes were employed who were incompetent or\\ndisloyal, shirking duty in the field and deserting at\\nthe first opportunity. In 1863, a second draft was\\nmade, but by the direct authority of the United States.\\nOn the day appointed for the drafting, the names of\\nall previously enrolled in a certain district, each written\\non a separate ballot, were placed in a wheel, from\\nwhich a person blindfolded drew a number of names\\nequal to the quota of the district. Persons drafted\\ncould be excused from service on the production of a\\nsubstitute or the payment of $300.\\nNo sooner had the war fairly commenced than it\\nbecame evident that Pennsylvania would\\nStuart s Raid\\nbe invaded. The first opportunity came\\nto the enemy in the fall of 1862. On the 10th of\\nOctober, General J. E. B. Jeb Stuart made a cav-\\nalry raid through Franklin county. His troops rode\\ninto Chambersburg in the evening, cut off telegraphic\\ncommunications, ransacked the stores, and terrified\\nthe inhabitants all night with the tramp of horses\\nand the rattling of sabers. The next morning they\\nmade a raid on a warehouse containing military stores.\\nWhat they could not pack on their horses, of which\\n1,200 had been taken on the raid through the county,\\nthey destroyed by setting fire to the building. The\\nflames spread to the depot of the railroad and con-\\nsumed it, too. The raiders then beat a hasty retreat to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "222 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe Potomac, and thence to Virginia, after causing a loss\\nof about $150,000. Chambersburg was within a night s\\nride from the Confederate lines all through the war.\\nPennsylvania was the land of promise to General\\nLee and the army of northern Virginia.\\nIts rich granaries, great coal-fields, and\\nextensive factories of war supplies were tempting\\nobjects for capture and destruction. Lee s defeat\\nat Antietam foiled the first attempt, but did not\\ndestroy the desire. His victory at Chancellors ville\\ngave the opportunity to try again. In June, 1863,\\nthe border counties of the State, from one end of\\nMason and Dixon s Line to the other, were threatened\\nwith invasion. The Secretary of War, Stanton, tele-\\ngraphed to Pittsburg that the gunshops of that\\ncity were to be destroyed. Immediately all the great\\niron plants were closed and the men were kept at work\\nfor two weeks, throwing up intrenchments. Though\\nno attack was made as far west as the Monongahela\\nvalley, Confederate scouts visited McConnellsburg,\\nFulton county, and Mt. Union, Huntingdon county.\\nOn Monday morning, June 15, a detachment of Lee s\\narmy, Jenkins cavalry, entered Greencastle, and in the\\nevening the streets of Chambersburg again resounded\\nwith the clatter of Southern troopers. After scouring\\nFranklin and Fulton counties for horses and provi-\\nsions, the force proceeded to Shippensburg and thence\\nto Carlisle, regaling themselves and baiting their steeds\\nat the expense of the public authorities. Next came\\nGeneral Ewell with the vanguard of Lee s entire\\narmy. He arrived at Carlisle on the 27th of June,\\na few hours after Jenkins. Ewell made a requisition\\nfor a large amount of supplies, including even qui-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 223\\nnine and chloroform. His force remained at Carlisle\\nuntil the night of the 30th. They destroyed the rail-\\nroad bridge? threatened Harrisburg by making raids\\nin that direction to within a few miles of the city,\\nand caused vast numbers of the population of the\\nCumberland valley to flee across the Susquehanna,\\nwith horses, cattle, and movable things of every\\ndescription.\\nAt Harrisburg there was great consternation.\\nEarthworks and other defenses, known Great\\nas Fort Washington, were erected on the consternation\\nwest side of the river. Governor Curtin, on the 26th,\\nhearing of the approach of the invaders, called for\\n60,000 men to defend the State. Even the veterans\\nof the war of 1812 tendered their services, so great\\nwas the necessity of the hour. General W. F. Smith,\\nwho was put in command of the volunteers, marched\\ninto Carlisle as Ewell marched out. Scarcely had Smith\\nencamped, when a body of Confederate cavalry reap-\\npeared, and, after firing, demanded the surrender of\\nthe town. This was refused. Then the town was\\nshelled and set on fire but the Confederates were\\nneeded elsewhere the battle of Gettysburg had\\nbegun.\\nEarly s division of EwelPs corps was sent in\\nadvance of Lee s army in the direction r^^^ Bridge\\nof Gettysburg, by way of Cashtown. At at wrightsviiie\\nthe latter place, this force was divided,\\nGordon s brigade taking temporary possession of Get-\\ntysburg on the 26th, while Early himself proceeded to\\nYork, and occupied that town the next day. As soon\\nas York had learned of the approach of the Confed-\\nerates, the small body of troops stationed there fell", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "224 A History of Pennsylvania\\nback to Wrightsville. Here a slight skirmish\\noccurred but the bridge having been set on fire by\\nthe citizens of the town, the enemy could go no\\nfarther. At a public meeting, the people of York, on\\ndemand of General Early, contributed goods and\\nmoney to the amount of $35,000. No damage was\\ndone to private property but the railroad suffered\\nsome loss.\\nThe most important side -skirmish connected with\\nThe Skirmish thc battlc of Gettysburg was the cavalry\\nat Hanover engagement at Hanover, York county,\\nbetween General Kirkpatrick and General Stuart.\\nThe latter had not crossed the Potomac with Lee, and\\nhis whereabouts were unknown. On June 30, while\\nGeneral Kirkpatrick s troopers, dismounted in the\\nstreets, were eating a luncheon served by the people\\nof Hanover, Stuart suddenlj^ attacked the rear and\\nthrew it into confusion. Moving out into the open\\ncountry, the Union cavalry formed in line of battle\\nand, after fighting until dark, drove the enemy from\\ntheir position.\\nThe attempts to secure the bridges at Harrisburg\\nGettysburg- and Wrightsvillc having failed, it became\\nThe First Day gvidcut that a battle would have to be\\nfought on the west side of the Susquehanna. So\\nwhen Lee halted on the diamond at Chambersburg,\\nhe turned his tired horse to the right and rode towards\\nGettysburg instead of Harrisburg. Meade s army had\\nbeen marching northward, to the east of Lee s, in the\\ngeneral direction of Harrisburg. General Reynolds,\\nsecond to Meade in command, was on the extreme\\nleft with the 1st Corps, closely watching the move-\\nments of the enemy. At Gettysburg, July 1, he met", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 225\\nthe advance forces, under General Hill, as they were\\nabout to enter the town. And now the great battle\\nwas on. But it had scarcely begun when the Union\\narmy suffered its greatest loss. While General\\nReynolds was riding forward to select ground for a\\nline of battle, he fell, pierced\\nthrough the head by a ball\\nfrom a sharpshooter s rifle.\\nDoubleday, who succeeded\\nhim, fought desperately on\\nSeminary Ridge till the hot\\nJuly sun stood at high noon.\\nGeneral Howard then came\\nup with the 11th Corps.\\nThe enemy charged upon\\nhim with a tremendous force,\\nthreatening to overlap both\\nflanks. He ordered a re-\\ntreat, and the two bleed-\\ning and exhausted corps\\nfled through the streets of Gettysburg to Cemetery\\nHill. When Meade, who was still some fifteen miles\\naway, and did not arrive till late at night, heard of\\nthe death of Reynolds, he ordered General Hancock\\nto leave the 2d Corps and hasten to Gettysburg to\\nassume command of the forces already there. The\\nUnion army 100,000 strong now came up, one corps\\nafter another, and during the night took position\\n(in the form of a fish-hook) on Cemetery Ridge\\nas far back as Round Top on the left and Culp s\\nHill on the right. Lee s line, similar in form, but\\nmuch longer, was along Seminary Ridge. His army\\nnumbered about 80,000.\\nReynolds Mon*iment, on.\\nSeminary Ridge.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "226\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nThe Second Day\\nThe second day, until 3 o clock, was spent by\\nboth armies in removing fences, digging\\nrifle-pits, building stone defenses, strength-\\nening weak points, distributing ammunition, and pro-\\nviding hospitals. About 4 o clock Lee opened fire on\\nMeade s left. General\\nSickles was in command\\nthei-e, with the 3d Corps,\\nand by some mistake\\nhad taken an isolated\\nposition Instantly both\\nlines in that quarter were\\na blaze of artillery and\\nmusketry. Longstreet s\\nConfederate corps came\\non like the resistless\\ntide. The Union troops\\nwavered and fell back.\\nSickles was wounded\\nand carried off the field.\\nHumphreys lost 2,000\\nof his 5,000 men in\\ngetting back to the posi-\\ntion intended to be oc-\\ncupied in the first place. A division of reinforcements\\nsent over from Hancock s corps lost two brigadiers\\nZook and Cross. But there was a natural stronghold\\nnear by Little Round Top. By the foresight of\\nGeneral Warren, this was saved to the Union forces,\\nbut the blood shed at this point, which included\\nthe famous Devil s Den, was most appalling. Had\\nLongstreet taken Round Top, the assaults on the\\nlines next to Cemeterj Hill could not have been with-\\nMeade s Statue.\\nIn FairmoTint Park, Philadelphia.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 227\\nstood. As it was, the action there soon ended\\nbut not before Hancock and the general next in\\ncommand of the 2d Corps were both wounded.\\nJust as the curtain of night was falling upon the\\nscene of carnage on the left, General The Louisiana\\nEwell attacked Cemetery Hill, held by tigers\\nHoward s corps. It was here where the Louisiana\\nTigers made their famous assault. Those desperate\\nfighters came up to the very mouths of the cannon\\nand actually spiked two of the Union guns. At this\\ncritical moment a brigade of German troops fell upon\\nthe victorious Tigers, and in a hand-to-hand charge\\ndrove them down the hillside. It was the Waterloo\\nof the Tigers.\\nLee had now attacked the whole Union line except\\nthe extreme\\nright, held by\\nGeneral Slocum, with the\\n12th Corps. Here Gen-\\neral Early, of EwelPs\\ncorps, under cover of\\nWhere Hancock was wounded.\\ndarkness and timber, began a vigorous attack on\\nGulp s Hill and points beyond, but was bravely", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "228 A Sistory of Pennsylvania\\nrepulsed. However, there was a gap in the Union line,\\ncaused by the withdrawal of General Geary to the\\nsupport of Round Top. Taking advantage of this,\\nthe enemy broke through and got within a third of\\na mile of Meade s headquarters.\\nThe break made in Geary s division the evening\\nbefore naturally caused the battle to be\\nThe Third Day\\nrenewed in that quarter early m the morn-\\ning of the third day. Geary, having returned, opened\\na furious cannonade to dislodge the intruders. Ewell,\\nwho had been reinforced by parts of Longstreet s and\\nHill s corps during the night, responded with fatal\\neffect all along the line of Slocum, even to Cemetery\\nHill but it Avas solid now and well defended. In\\nfront of Geary s command, the slain were lying in\\nheaps. At 10 o clock Ewell fell back, and the. battle\\nof Gettysburg on the right ended.\\nThen there was a pause of three hours an omi-\\nnous silence, such as sometimes goes\\nPickett s Charge\\nbefore a crash of thunder. Lee was\\nmassing his artillery of 115 guns opposite Cemetery\\nHill. Meade saw Avhat was proposed to be done, and\\nprepared for it. At 1 o clock the signal gun was\\nfired on Seminary Ridge. For two hours an artillery\\nduel raged such as had never shaken the atmosphere\\nof either continent. Trees, rocks, and tombstones\\nwere shattered horses and men were mangled\\nguns, swords, and cannon were dyed in blood. When\\nit ceased, Pickett s brave Virginians, who had just\\nreached the battle-field, made their famous charge\\nupon the Union center. Nothing in history sur-\\npasses it in heroism and sacrifice. When they neared\\nthe coveted hill, seventy iron throats poured grape,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 229\\nshell, and canister upon them. Yet on they went,\\neven to the cannon s mouth, and for one brief\\nmoment a Confederate flag waved over the Union\\nguns. But Hancock s\\ninfantry quickly ad-\\nvanced and recovered\\nthe lost ground. The\\nraw troops with whom\\nPettigrew was to sup-\\nport the charge gave\\nway at the same mo-\\nment, and Pickett was\\nleft alone to contend\\nwith the Union forces ^^^^i War.\\nnow pressing him on every side. The usual sequel\\nof retreat did not follow. Pickett s charge ended\\nin almost total destruction. The field on which he\\nfought had been mown with the scythe of Death.\\nDuring the time of this last and supreme effort of\\nLee, there was a general movement against ^j^^ Reserves\\nMeade s army all along the line but it and Gregg s\\nwas of little consequence elsewhere. On cavairy\\nthe left, in front of Little Round Top, the Pennsyl-\\nvania Reserves drove back Hood and McLaws, cap-\\nturing 5,000 stand of arms and taking 300 prisoners.\\nOn the right. General Gregg gained a decisive victory\\nover Stuart in a cavalry engagement. The following\\nmorning Lee was on the retreat to the Potomac but\\nthat day and the next were employed by Meade in\\nsuccoring the wounded and burying the dead. Gov-\\nernor Curtin soon afterwards proposed to the Governors\\nof the different States whose regiments took part in\\nthe battle, that a cemetery be purchased for the final", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "230 A History of Pennsylvania\\nburial of the Union dead. The grounds embraced in\\nthis cemetery were at first owned by this State, and\\nthe expenses of maintaining them borne by the sav-\\neral States interested. The cemetery was dedicated\\nNovember 19, 1863, as Abraham Lincoln said on that\\noccasion, to be a final resting place for those who\\nhere gave their lives that the nation might live. In\\n1872 the United States government succeeded to the\\nownership and management. The entire battlefield is\\nnow the property of the nation, and the position of\\nevery military organization which fought upon the\\nfield has been marked by monuments, not to decay by\\nthe touch of Time. And Gettysburg will be the Mecca\\nof patriots as long as our fair land endures.\\nIn 1864, the Confederates once more made a raid\\nThe Burning of luto Pennsylvania, and burned Chambers-\\nchambersburg burg. Thcy appeared outside of the town\\non the evening of the 29th of July, but were delayed\\nin their entrance until daylight of the 30th. They\\nplanted two batteries and fired a few shots before\\nthe whole column of 3,000 entered. Soon after the\\noccupation, McCausland, the commander, demanded\\n$500,000 in greenbacks or $100,000 in gold, to be\\npaid within half an hour. On refusal, the town was\\nto be burned. He was told that Chambersburg\\ncould not and tvoiild not pay any ransom. Then he\\nhad the court-house bell rung for a public meeting;\\nbut no one attended. Arrests of prominent citizens\\nwere next ordered, and threats were made to carry\\nthem to Richmond if they did not pay the ransom.\\nWhen all this proved to no purpose, he set the town\\non fire. In a few hours $3,000,000 worth of property\\nwas destroj^ed, 3,000 people were left homeless and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 231\\nmany of them penniless, and for miles around the\\ncountry was crowded with terror-stricken refugees.\\nChambersburg was the only town totally destroyed,\\nwithin the limits of the Union States.\\nAt the close of the war, Governor Curtin, in a\\nspecial message to the Legislature, said Pennsylvania s\\nthat the resources of Pennsylvania, Battle Flags\\nwhether in men or money, have neither been withheld\\nnor squandered. The State furnished, all told, 270\\nregiments and several unattached companies, number-\\ning 387,284 men. Every regiment was supplied with\\na battle-flag, emblazoned with the number of the\\nregiment and the coat -of -arms of the Commonwealth.\\nThe Reserves and other early regiments were provided\\nwith flags bearing additional inscriptions of battles\\nof the Revolution, the war of 1812, and the Mexican\\nwar, participated in by Pennsylvania regiments of\\nthe same number. These flags were presented by\\nGovernor Curtin in person. Most of them have\\nsince been returned to the State, some tattered and\\ntorn and stained with blood. They constitute an in-\\nteresting relic, and are preserved in the Executive\\nBuilding of the Capitol at Harrisburg.\\nWhen the Pennsylvania regiments were drawn up\\nto receive their battle -flags. Governor The sowiers\\nCurtin always pledged the State to sus- orphans\\ntain, clothe and educate the children of those who\\nhad families. So when, in 1863, Colonel Thomas\\nA. Scott, on behalf of the Pennsylvania Railroad\\nCompany, donated $50,000 for bounties to volunteers,\\nit was decided to use that fund in another way;\\nnamely, to establish schools for soldiers orphans.\\nA number of schools willing to take pupils were", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "232 A History of Pennsylvania\\nselected in various parts of the State, and by 1865\\n266 soldiers orphans were enrolled in them. Through\\nthis measure, Pennsylvania erected a monument to\\nher soldiers that is more enduring than the granite\\ncolumns that have been raised on the battlefields.\\nAt the election for a successor to the great War\\nGovernor, John W. Geary, the Repub-\\nlican candidate, received a majority of\\n17,000 votes over Hiester Clymer, the\\nDemocratic candidate. Gearj^ was Gov-\\nernor for two terms from 1867 to\\n1873. The whole country, but more\\nespecially the North, prospered greatly\\nJohn w. Geary. ^f^gj, ^jj^ Pennsylvania, with its\\nvast material resources, enjoyed unusual business\\nactivity. However, there was one section in the State to\\nwhich the ravages of the war were a decided drawback.\\nIt embraced the so-called border counties York,\\nAdams, Cumberland, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford, and\\nPerry. These suffered greatly on account of the\\ndepredations that had been committed in the course\\nof the various invasions. When the Legislature ^as\\nappealed to for aid, it passed an act in 1868 by\\nwhich the claims for damages were satisfied in some\\ndegree. The national government has likewise made\\nreparation for many losses, and is still appealed to\\nfor the settlement of others.\\nAside from the saw -dust war, a disturbance in\\nGovernor WilHamsport, in 1871, requiring the pres-\\nHartranft q^qq ^f ^\\\\^q military, the Commonwealth\\nenjoyed peace and tranquillity until 1872. That\\nyear the Liberal Republicans (see any U. S. his-\\ntory) nominated Horace Greeley, editor of the New", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 233\\nYork Tribune, against President Grant, who was the\\nregular Republican candidate for a second term. The\\nDemocrats had practically no candidate, but indorsed\\nGreeley. The canvass throughout the country was\\nmarked by intense partisan feeling which affected\\nthe campaign for Governor. The Re-\\npublican nominee was General John\\nF. Hartranft the Democratic, Charles\\nR. Buckalew. A number of prom-\\ninent Republicans in Pennsylvania\\njoined the ranks of the Liberals and\\nsupported Buckalew for Governor.\\nAfter a great political battle, Har-\\ntranft was elected. At this election, J\u00c2\u00abi^^ f. Hartranft.\\nthe Prohibitionists for the first time presented a\\ncandidate S. B. Chase for Governor. He received\\n1,259 votes.\\nThe great financial crisis of 1873 marked the end\\nof the prosperous times that followed The Financial\\nthe war. It was precipitated upon the\\ncountry from Philadelphia, by the failure of Jay Cooke\\nCo., who were forced to close the doors of their\\nbanking-house on the 18th of September. Before\\nnight, runs were made on the other banks of the city,\\nand in a few days a number of them had to suspend.\\nThese failures began the long train of business and\\nlabor difficulties that made the next few years so\\ndark to trade and industry. Early the next year a\\nrailroad strike occurred at Susquehanna, because the\\nNew York and Erie road did not make monthly\\npayments promptly. Troops had to be sent by the\\nGovernor to restore order. About this time, too,\\ndisturbances in the coal regions began to be serious.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "234 A History of Pennsylvania\\nThe first strike of any consequence occurred in the\\nanthracite section in 1868, for an eight -hour day.\\nIt was not successful, but it resulted in a compact\\norganization of the miners. In 1871, the State militia\\nhad to be sent to Scranton on account of a strike\\nagainst reduction of wages. It was settled by ar-\\nbitration, the first noteworthy example of this mode\\nof settlement in the United States. Other strikes of\\nminor importance occurred but on January 1, 1875,\\nthe miners of the Lehigh and Schuylkill regions\\nwent out on what became known as the long strike.\\nIt lasted until July, and ended in the unconditional\\nsurrender of the miners. It was generally peaceable\\nbut at one time the Governor had to send the militia\\nto quell disorder.\\nOn July 4, 1874, ground was broken in Phila-\\ncity Hall and the dclphia for the Centennial Exhibition\\nCentennial buildiugs, aud thc comer-stonc of\\nthe City Hall was laid. The latter is the largest\\npublic building in America, built of white marble,\\nin the renaissance style. The main tower, 547 feet\\nhigh, surmounted by a statue of William Penn, 36\\nfeet high and facing northeast in the direction of\\nthe famous elm, is the highest in the world. The\\nbuilding contains some 500 rooms, and has a floor\\narea of 14% acres. It has alreadj- cost about\\n$22,000,000, and is not completed. The Centennial\\nExhibition, which was to commemorate the Declara-\\ntion of Independence, had made such progress by\\nJuly 4, 1875, that the colossal figure of Columbia,\\non Memorial Hall, was unveiled on that day. For\\nMemorial Hall, the State and Philadelphia appropri-\\nated the money otherwise the Centennial was an", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 235\\nenterprise of the whole country. About 180 buildings\\nwere erected on the grounds. The five great build-\\nings were the Main Exhibition Building, Machinery\\nHall, Memorial Hall, Agricultural Hall and Horticul-\\nCity Hall, Philadelphia.\\ntural Hall. The States of the Union each had a build-\\ning and so had the United States, the foreign govern-\\nments and some enterprising individuals. The four\\ngreat days were the opening day, May 10 Indepen-\\ndence Day, July 4 Pennsylvania Day, September 28\\nand closing day, November 10. The Fourth of July\\nhad brought to Philadelphia a large number of people\\nfrom all over the United States, but Pennsylvania\\nDay was the most memorable to this State for on", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "236\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nthat day 275,000 of its people surged through the\\ngrounds of the Exhibition. The highest attendance\\nbefore that had been 99,000. The closing day oc-\\nThe Centennial Exhibition.\\ncurred under the gloom of a bitter Presidential contest\\nin the United States, and, excepting the magnificent\\npyrotechnic display in the evening, was uneventful.\\nPresident Grant gave the signal for closing the Exhi-\\nbition, and instantly the great Corliss engine in\\nMachinery Hall ceased to move.\\nThe year 1877 is noted for the most extensive\\nThe Railroad aiid dcstructivc Hots that ever broke out\\nRiots jj^ Pennsylvania. They grew out of the\\ngreat railroad strike inaugurated throughout the\\nUnited States on the 14th of July. At Pittsburg\\nsome two thousand freight cars were destroyed, many\\nrailroad buildings laid in ashes, and miles of tracks\\ntorn up. The sheriff was helpless against the lawless\\nmob who took advantage of the strike and engaged in\\nplunder and destruction. Governor Hartranft was\\nen route on a visit to the Pacific coast, and had to\\nreturn. On the 22d of July, before reaching home,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 237\\nhe telegraphed an order calling* out the National\\nGuard. But the armed mob was not to be dispersed\\nby the State troops, and United States troops had to\\nbe brought upon the scene before quiet could be\\nrestored. The disturbance at Pittsburg was the signal\\nfor disorder at other points. At Philadelphia and\\nHarrisburg it was nipped in the bud. At Reading the\\nrailroad bridge across the Schuylkill was burned, and\\nthe National Guard came into fatal collision with a\\nbody of strikers in the streets. A company of United\\nStates troops were encamped there until, late in the\\nfall. At Scranton and Wilkes -Barre passenger trains\\nwere fired at as they passed through, and the tracks\\ngreased to stop them. In this section the miners,\\ntoo, went on a strike, but the military prevented any\\ndestruction of property such as characterized the\\nstrike at Reading and Pittsburg.\\nAt the election for Governor in 1878 there were\\nfour candidates Henry M. Hoyt, Repub-\\nA n -r-r T^.i T^ fx 1 Govcmor Hoyt\\nlican Andrew H. Dill, Democrat Samuel\\nR. Mason, Greenback and Franklin H. Lane, Prohi-\\nbition. The Republican candidate was elected. Tn\\nJanuary, 1879, the first Legislature\\nholding a biennial session met. The\\nindustries were still suffering from\\nhard times, but there were signs\\nof returning prosperity present. Gov-\\nernor Hoyt, in his inaugural, reminded\\nthe people that they spent more than\\nthey earned, that the extravagance\\nof the rich is not the gain of the ^-^^^Hoyt.\\npoor, that waste and profusion are not for the good\\nof trade. Then, too, frequent assassinations and", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "238 A History of Pennsylvania\\nother outrages were committed on justices, con-\\nstables and mining bosses in the anthracite\\nregions. To expose these lawless deeds and bring\\nthe criminals to justice, detectives had to be em-\\nployed. Plots and counter -plots were laid and a\\nfeeling of great uneasiness prevailed. Governor Har-\\ntranft, in his last message, advocated arbitration and\\nconciliation as a better policy than repression to\\nrestore tranquillity. The State had paid annually for\\neight years $100,000 for the suppression of labor\\ntroubles.\\nThe Legislature of 1879 ordered an investigation of\\nImportant two sham mcdical colleges in Philadelphia,\\nMeasures which sold diplomas to applicants without a\\nknowledge of medicine. It authorized another peni-\\ntentiary, which two years later became the Hunting-\\ndon Reformatory. It reorganized the National Guard,\\nwhich was made to consist of 8,220 officers and\\nenlisted men in a single division three brigades,\\nthree batteries of artillery, the battalion of State Fen-\\ncibles, and two independent companies.\\nIn 1881, an effort was made by the Legislature to\\nhave the remains of William Penn\\nremoved from the graveyard at Jor-\\ndan s meeting-house, in Buckinghamshire, England,\\nand interred in Philadelphia. The heirs of Penn\\nobjected but the absence of his bones did not mar\\nthe bi- centennial celebration of his arrival in the\\ngood ship Welcome. The affair was begun at Chester,\\non Monday, October 23, 1882. Some characters rep-\\nresenting William Penn and his colonists landed at\\nthe foot of Penn street, where they were received by\\nLieutenant Markham and a group of Quakers, Swedes", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 239\\nand Indians, appropriately costumed. At midnight\\ntwo hundred strokes of the State House bell\\nannounced the beginning of landing day in Phila-\\ndelphia. Fully 500,000 strangers were in the city\\nto see the Welcome come up the Delaware, about 9\\no clock in the morning. The landing was made at\\nthe foot of Dock street, according to tradition. A\\nprocession was formed, and at the grand stand\\nGovernor Hoyt greeted Penn and his suite. The\\nfounder then made an address, to which Sachem Tam-\\nanend, of the Delawares, made a reply. The proces-\\nsion, which included more than 20,000 men in line,\\nand required four and a half hours in passing, was\\nvery unique. It showed the gradual progress made\\nduring the two centuries of the State s existence. The\\nfestivities continued until Friday.\\nAt the election in 1882, there were five candidates\\nfor Governor; viz., Robert E. Pattison, Governor\\nDemocrat James A. Beaver, Republican Pattison\\nJohn Stewart, Independent Republican Thomas A.\\nArmstrong, Greenback Labor and\\nAlfred C. Pettit, Prohibition. As\\nGovernor Hoyt said in his last mes-\\nsage, the people determined upon a\\nchange, for the Democratic candidate\\nwas elected. Following the example\\nof President Jefferson, Mr. Pattison\\nwould not ride in a carriage from the\\ndepot at Harrisburg, but walked to\\nthe hotel at the time of his inauguration. In his\\nmessages, too, he advocated economy in the public\\nservice, recommending various reforms intended to\\nlessen expenses.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "240 A History of Pennsylvania\\nOn the day fixed by the Legislature for adjourn-\\nA Long Extra ment, June 6, 1883, the Governor called\\nSession extra session to meet the following\\nday. The object was to redistrict the State into\\nsenatorial and representative districts, in obedience to\\nthe Constitution, Article II., section 18 also to make\\na new apportionment in congressional and judicial\\ndistricts. The Legislature had failed to do this work\\nat the regular session, because the two houses, being\\nof different political complexion, could not agree.\\nThe extra session continued until December 6. Bills\\nwere introduced to meet the purpose of the call; but\\nonly the one rearranging the judicial districts became\\na law. The others failed on account of political dis-\\nagreements. The expense incurred was heavy and\\ncaused much dissatisfaction. The members were paid\\nten dollars per diem. To avoid a recurrence of so\\ngreat an expense through an extra session, the law\\nwas changed in 1885. The compensation for both\\nthe regular and extra sessions now is a fixed amount,\\n$1,500 for the regular and $500 for the extra,\\nregardless of the length. Other important legislation\\nat the session of 1885 was creating corporations for\\nthe production, conveyance and distribution of nat-\\nural gas; requesting the Governor to designate a day\\nas Arbor Day; and requiring in the common schools\\nthe study of physiology and hygiene, with special\\nreference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants\\nand narcotics.\\nThe question of temperance received attention in\\nTemperance and othcr dircctious also about this time.\\nProhibition ^g g^j^iy j^g ;^g72^ Pennsylvania put a\\nlocal option law upon the statute books, but it", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 241\\nwas repealed soon afterwards. With the sudden\\ngrowth of the Prohibition party in the Presiden-\\ntial campaign of 1884, there came a demand for legis-\\nlation to restrict, and even to prohibit, the liquor\\ntraffic. There were at the time 7,000 licensed drink-\\ning places in Philadelphia alone. In obedience to a\\nloud call from all over the State, the Legislature in\\n1887 passed the so-called high license bill, which\\nfixed the fees for the right to sell liquor at retail as\\nhigh as $500 and $300 in cities, and proportionately\\nhigh in boroughs and townships. At the same time,\\nan amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the\\nmanufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor as a bev-\\nerage, was proposed. This proposition having been\\nagreed to also by the next Legislature, an election was\\nheld June 18, 1889, for the purpose of ratifying or\\nrejecting the amendment. A very spirited campaign\\nensued but the amendment was lost by a vote of\\n484,644 to 296,617, the vote by counties being 3S\\nagainst it and 28 for it. Later on, the high license\\nact was amended so as to increase the amount in\\ncities of first and second class.\\nAt the election for Governor in 1886 there were\\nfour candidates, as follows James A. g^^^^\\nBeaver, Republican Chauncey F. Black, Assumes\\nDemocrat; Charles S. Wolf, Prohibition; ^ew Duties\\nand Robert J. Houston, Greenback. The Republican\\ncandidate was successful. The Legislature in 1887\\ndid what it had been asked to do by Governor Patti-\\nson when he called the extra session in 1883. The\\nState was apportioned into twenty -eight congressional\\ndistricts, and representative districts were provided\\nfor 204 members of the House. At this session, too.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "242\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nJames A. Beaver.\\nthe appropriation for common schools was increased\\nfrom $1,000,000 to $1,500,000; the dissemination of\\nvile literature was declared to be a misdemeanor; the\\neastern standard time was made the standard\\nthroughout the Commonwealth the\\nculture of trees was encouraged and\\ntheir wilful destruction prohibited\\nand hospitals were established for\\npersons injured in the coal fields. It\\nis seen from the nature of these laws\\nthat the State assumed new duties\\nand responsibilities about this time,\\ndoing things that used to be done\\nby the people in their private capacity or were not\\ndone at all. The employment of women and children\\nin factories was regulated and provision made\\nfor their safety, while the fish in the streams and the\\ngame in the forest were protected against ruthless\\ndestruction.\\nAnother example of the\\nThe Johnstown growiug iutcrCSt\\nFi\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0 i of the State in\\nits people was furnished bj^\\nthe floods of 1889. On May\\n31 the regions of the West 3\\nBranch of the Susquehanna,\\nthe Juniata, and Conemaugh\\nrivers were visited by floods\\nwhich had no parallel in\\nhistory. Many villages, towns\\nand cities on the eastern\\nslope of the AUeghanies were,\\nfor a time, rendered utterly helpless.\\nJohn Baker.\\nOn the western", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 243\\nslope, Johnstown and its neighboring towns were almost\\nobliterated. Three thousand lives were lost in the\\nConemaugh valley, more quickly than the story of the\\ndisaster can be told. The cause of this terrible loss\\nThe Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge and the Wreckage above It.\\nof life was the breaking of a dam covering 600 acres\\nof land and calculated to hold 500,000,000 cubic feet\\nof water. It was situated on the South Fork, two\\nmiles south of the junction with the Conemaugh and\\nten miles east of Johnstown. On the afternoon of\\nMay 31 it rose slowly until it poured over the top.\\nThen some old leakages became larger, the breast\\nbroke, and the water rushed forth like a demon. John\\nBaker, the Paul Revere of the occasion, rode a race\\nwith it for a while and saved many people; but the\\ndeath -dealing wave, now laden with trees, houses,\\nwreckage and human beings, defied steam whistles\\nand telegraphic instruments. It ploughed through\\nSouth Fork, Mineral Point, Franklin, East Conemaugh,\\nWoodvale, Conemaugh, Johnstown, Kernville, Mill-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "244 A History of Pennsylvania\\nville, and Cambria. It was late in the afternoon, and\\nthe night that followed was one of unutterable agony.\\nMorning dawned upon a scene that beggared descrip-\\ntion; and when the people learned what had happened\\nat Johnstown, they extended aid and sympathy as\\nunparalleled as the catastrophe itself. Relief commit-\\ntees were organized in Philadelphia and Pittsburg to\\nfurnish aid and to help bury the dead. Governor\\nBeaver appointed a Flood Relief Commission to dis-\\ntribute a fund that had swelled to more than\\n$1,000,000. The State Board of Health was early\\non the ground to enforce the sanitary laws, and the\\nmilitary came there to preserve order. To pay the\\nState s expenses, generous men of means advanced the\\nmoney till the Legislature would reimburse them.\\nThere never was a more beautiful example of public\\nand private charity in all history.\\nAt the election for Governor in 1890, there were\\nGovernor again four candidates Robert E. Pattison,\\nPattison Democrat George W. Delamater, Repub-\\nlican John D. Gill, Prohibition and T. P. Rynder,\\nLabor. Mr. Pattison was elected for a second term.\\nUnder the Constitution of 1873, a person holding the\\noffice of Governor is not eligible for the next suc-\\nceeding term. Probably the most important act of\\nthe Legislature of 1891 was the passage of the Ballot\\nReform Law. The voter was not sufficiently free\\nand independent in casting his ballot, and the cry for\\npurer elections was heard all over the Commonwealth.\\nThe law passed is known as the Australian system,\\nthe nature of which is that it preserves to a man\\nfreedom and secrecy in the discharge of his duty as\\nan elector.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 245\\nThe years 1891 and 1892 are memorable on\\naccount of great labor troubles. On the\\n_ Labor Troubles\\n2d of April, 1891, the sheriff of West-\\nmoreland county telegraphed to the Governor that\\nseven persons had been killed and twenty -one\\nwounded at Moorewood, and that he was unable to\\nsuppress the disorder. Two regiments of the National\\nGuard were sent there, and order was at once restored.\\nThe following year, on July 6, the sheriff of Alle-\\ngheny county telegraphed to Harrisburg that a colli-\\nsion with fatal results had occurred at Homestead\\nbetween striking workingmen and armed deputies and\\nwatchmen, and that he was unable to cope with the\\nrioters. The cause of the strike was that the Car-\\nnegie Steel Company attempted to reduce the wages\\nof some of its employes, who numbered about 4,000\\nmen. Those who refused to accept the new scale of\\nwages were locked out, and then the trouble began.\\nOne act followed another until the men locked out\\nhad practical possession of the works. The company\\nnow brought a force of Pinkerton detectives from\\nChicago to protect its own property. When these\\narrived in barges from Pittsburg, they were attacked\\nas they attempted to land and a serious riot ensued,\\nin which the Pinkertons got the worst. About a\\ndozen lives were lost and scores of persons were\\nwounded. When the National Guard arrived, the\\ntown was well-nigh under the reign of mob law; but\\na two -weeks presence of the Second and Third Bri-\\ngades restored order. The Homestead riot and other\\nlabor troubles caused much agitation in and out of\\nthe Legislature for several years in favor of a board\\nof arbitration to settle all labor difficulties in the State.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "246 A History of Pennsylvania\\nAt the World s Columbian Exposition at Chicago,\\nin 1893, the Legislature spent $300,000\\nPennsylvania\\nat the to show the products of farm and tac-\\nWorld sFair ^.|j^ J CduCatioU,\\nand all the best results of the State s material\\nprosperity. The Pennsylvania State Building, with\\nits facsimile State House tower, and its old Lib-\\nerty Bell in the main entrance, was a favorite\\nspot at the World s Fair. In the same year a\\nbeautiful building was erected at Harrisburg, to be\\nused by the Executive Department and the State Li-\\nbrary. It cost half a million dollars, and was made\\nfireproof to preserve the official records, documents\\nand books. The Library contains about 100,000 vol-\\numes and is, with a single exception, the most valua-\\nble State library in the country.\\nAt the election for Governor in 1894, there were\\nGovernor fivc Candidates, as follows: Daniel H. Hast-\\nHastings i^gg^ RepubUcau William M. Singerly,\\nDemocrat; Charles I. Hawley, Prohibition; Jerome T.\\nAllman, People s; and Thomas H.Grundy, Socialist-\\nLabor. Hastings majority was with-\\nout a parallel in the history of guber-\\nnatorial elections. The Legislature of\\n1895 made a very marked expansion\\nin the public service. It created a\\nnumber of new departments and\\noffices. The agricultural department,\\nwith its kindred industries of dairy\\nand food supplies, horticulture and\\nDaniel H. Hastings, f^j^ggi^ry, was established in the inter-\\nests of farmers. A banking department was created to\\nexecute the laws of banking and financial institutions", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 247\\nin general. A new court of seven judges the\\nSuperior Court was established to lessen the work\\nof the Supreme Court\\nOn Tuesday, February 2, 1897, the clock in the\\ntower of the State Capitol struck twelve ^he capitoi\\no^ clock noon as usual but when it struck Destroyed\\nagain, it tolled its own death -knell, for at\\n1 o clock the fire that destroyed the historic building\\non that day had already encircled the dome like a\\nhydra -headed serpent; and the old clock and all that\\nwas dear about Pennsylvania s capitoi was doomed to\\nbe no more. Many books and records that could not\\nbe replaced were destroyed. The old building had\\nan interesting history. It had witnessed the inaugu-\\nration of sixteen Governors; Presidents Harrison,\\nTyler, Taylor, Lincoln, Grant and Hayes had been\\nwithin its walls, and Webster entranced an audience\\nin it with his eloquence, Lafayette was tendered a\\npublic reception in the old Senate chamber, and in\\n1860 a similar honor was accorded to the Prince of\\nWales. The Legislature, after the fire, resumed its\\nsessions in Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, of\\nHarrisburg. A new Capitol building was author-\\nized to be erected, fire -proof and of the renaissance\\nstyle of architecture, the cost not to exceed $550,000.\\nWork was begun in the summer of 1898, the corner-\\nstone was laid on the 10th of August, and the build-\\ning was occupied by the Legislature January 3, 1899.\\nExtensive strikes again broke out in the coal\\nregions in the summer of 1897. In the Extensive\\nbituminous fields of western Pennsylvania\\none was in progress from July 4 to September 11,\\nhaving been a part of a general movement extending", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "248 A History of Pennsylvania\\nover West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. In\\nthe main it was peaceable. A new method of restrain-\\ning the strikers was put into effect namely, the\\ncourts granted injunctions enjoining the strikers from\\nassembling in the paths and roads upon the property\\nof the mining companies, and from interfering with\\nsuch employes as desired to work. Scarcely had the\\nbituminous strike ended when one broke out in the\\nanthracite region. The miners wanted higher wages,\\nand tried to stop the collieries by inducing other\\nminers not to work. On September 10 the sheriff of\\nLuzerne county, with about a hundred deputies, met a\\nbody of strikers mostly Hungarians, Poles, Lithu-\\nanians, and Slavs who were marching to a colliery\\nat Lattimer to persuade others to join them. Con-\\nsidering such a demonstration unlawful, he ordered\\nthem to disperse. Some tried to force their way past\\nhim. In an instant the deputies fired into the miners,\\nkilling some twenty and wounding about fifty others.\\nThree thousand troops of the National Guard were\\nsoon tented about Hazleton, and no further violence\\noccurred. The sheriff and his deputies were arraigned\\nfor murder, but they were acquitted on the ground\\nthat they had not overstepped the bounds of reason\\nin trying to preserve order.\\nOn the 21st of April, 1898, the United States, after\\nThe Spanish thirty -three j^ears of peace, became involved\\nin a war with Spain. Two days later.\\nPresident McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers.\\nPennsylvania s quota was 10,762. Governor Hastings\\nordered the National Guard 9,222 men to mobilize\\nat Mount Gretna, where they, and others needed to\\nfill up the quota, w^ere sworn into the service of the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "The Administration of the Government 249\\nUnited States for two j^ears unless sooner discharged.\\nAbout a month later a call for 75,000 more volunteers\\nwas made, and Pennsylvania furnished 6,462 addi-\\ntional men. The Tenth regiment was sent to\\nManila, and took part in a number of engagements\\nduring the year s service in the Philippines. The\\nSixteenth, the Fourth, and the cavalry and artillery\\nwere sent to Porto Rico. The Sixteenth was engaged\\nat the capture of Coamo. The other Pennsylvania\\nregiments, though equally anxious to fight, had to\\ncontent themselves with camp duty in the United\\nStates.\\nAt the election for Governor in\\n1898, there were four candidates\\nWilliam A. Stone, Republican\\nGeorge A. Jenks, Democrat; Silas C.^^\\nSwallow, Prohibitionist, People s, S\\nLiberty and Honest Government and\\nJ. Mahlon Barnes, Socialist -Labor, wniiam a. stone.\\nThe Republican candidate was elected and his admin-\\nistration began January 17, 1899.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nFisher s Pennsylvania Colony and Commonwealth, passim;\\nEgle s History of Pennsylvania, pp. 45-276; Seharf and West-\\neott s History of Philadelphia, Vol. I; Proud s History of Penn-\\nsylvs.nia; Gordon s History of Pennsylvania; Armor s Lives of\\nthe Governors of Pennsylvania; Carpenter and Arthur s History\\nof Pennsylvania; McMaster and Stone s Pennsylvania and the\\nFederal Constitution; Colonial Becords and Pennsylvania Archives\\nVotes and Minutes of the Assembly, 1682-1790 The Governors^\\nMessages in the House and Senate Journals, 1790-1898 Statutes\\nat Large of Pennsylvania; Pepper and Lewis Digest of the\\nLaws of Pennsylvania.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nTHE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY\\nBefore the Revolutionarj- war, Pennsylvania s chief\\nCommerce and industries Were agriculture and commerce.\\nAgriculture Like the other colonies in America, the\\nbefore 1775 proviucc was prohibited by Great Britain\\nfrom engaging in manufacturing. Sawmills and grist\\nmills were numerous along the creeks, for the settlers had\\nto have lumber for dwellings, and flour for bread but\\nother manufactures were confined to a few simple\\narticles for home consumption.\\nThe first articles of trade were furs, skins, and\\ntobacco, obtained from the Indians. This primit-ive\\ncommerce increased rapidly in variety and quantity.\\nIn 1731, the exports were wheat, flour, biscuit, beef,\\npork, butter, cheese, cider, apples, soap, candles,\\nstarch, hair-powder, leather, wax, beer, linseed oil,\\npeltry, hemp, lumber and drugs (sassafras, calamus,\\naromatics, snakeroot, etc.).\\nA number of ships were built each year for sale,\\nover and above what were employed by the merchants.\\nGreat quantities of corn were sent to Portugal and\\nSpain, the Canaries and the Azores, and frequently\\nship and cargo were sold. The proceeds were in-\\nvested in England for manufactures needed in the\\nprovince. An extensive trade sprang up with the\\nWest Indies, especially with the French and Dutch\\nislands. What was not sold for cash was exchanged\\n(250)", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n251\\nfor rum, sugar and molasses. All the ports of the\\nother English colonies, from New Hampshire to the\\nCarolinas, were visited by ships from Philadelphia\\nand Newfoundland fish were carried in Pennsylvania\\nbottoms to Mediterranean and Caribbean ports.\\nIn 1740, the population of Pennsylvania had\\nequaled and exceeded that of all the other Rank in\\ncolonies, except Maryland, Massachusetts, Population\\nand Virginia. Ten years later, Maryland was passed\\nin the race after the Revolution, Massachusetts\\nand Virginia had to give\\nup its place as second\\nin the Union to Penn-\\nsylvania in 1830 while\\nfor nearly a hundred\\nyears after 1750, Phila-\\ndelphia was the metrop-\\nolis of America. When\\nit is remembered that\\nPennsylvania is next to\\nthe youngest of the thir-\\nteen original colonies,\\nits rank as second in\\npopulation and wealth,\\nattained so early in its\\nhistory, and kept to the\\npresent time, is a mat-\\nter of just pride. The\\ncommercial transactions of the province produced the\\ngreatest financiers of America. Robert Morris was\\nthe financier of the Revolution, and even before that\\ntime, he, with a few others, had established a credit\\nin Europe, which was used for banking purposes\\nStephen Girard, City Hall, Philadelphia,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "252 A History of Pennsylvania\\namong commercial men. The need of a bank in Phil-\\nadelphia had been felt by her merchants long before\\nthe first one in America was established there, in\\n1780. Stephen Girard amassed ten million dollars,\\nand became the richest man in the United States.\\nThe decline of commerce dates from the War of\\nDecline of 1812. During the Napoleonic wars, Penn-\\ncommerce sylvania, in common with all the colonies,\\nenjoyed great commercial prosperity. Farm products\\nwere in great demand in Europe, and American ves-\\nsels had to carry them because we were about the\\nonly neutral on the sea. But when England and\\nFrance, by their orders and decrees against our ships\\nand cargoes, made it necessary for Jefferson, in self-\\ndefense, to resort to embargo and non- intercourse,\\nAmerican commerce got a serious blow and for some\\nreason, Philadelphia never recovered from it. With\\nthe completion of the Erie canal in 1825, New York\\nbecame the commercial emporium of the United\\nStates.\\nAs long as Philadelphia was preeminent in com-\\nmerce, her wealth made her the chief patron\\nCommercial\\nProsperity and of litcraturc, scicncc and art, in America.\\nLetters Audrcw Bradford s American Weekly\\nMercury (1719), the third newspaper in the colonies,\\nChristopher Saur s High German Pennsylvania His-\\ntoriographer (1739), and Dr. Franklin s General Mag-\\nazine and Historical Chronicle (1741), the first maga-\\nzines, and John Dunlap s American Daily Advertiser\\n(1784), the first daily paper, were the forerunners\\nof the many books and periodicals that were to be\\nsent forth from the Delaware. Two of the colonial\\nnewspapers, the Pennsylvania Gazette and the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 253\\nPennsylvania Journal, were carried through the\\nRevolutionary period, and, together with the Penn-\\nsylvania Packet (1771), exercised an incalculable\\ninfluence in shaping the affairs of the new nation.\\nSuch men as Fenno, Bache and Duane made a last-\\ning impression upon United States history, in that\\nthey helped to shape and fashion the political parties.\\nIn the early part of the nineteenth century, such mag-\\nazines as the Portfolio and Graham s filled the\\nplaces now occupied by the North American,\\nForum, Century, and others. Longfellow,\\nBryant, Cooper, Willis, Lowell, Poe and Morris\\nall made their debut in the old Philadelphia peri-\\nodicals. In this literary atmosphere were brought\\nforth the pioneer of American novelists, Charles\\nBrockden Brown, the first American theater, the first\\nmedical school, the first law school and the first\\ncirculating library.\\nScience and art were likewise greatly encouraged.\\nFranklin s discoveries had become known\\nScience and Art\\nin the remotest parts of the civilized world.\\nHe induced Provost Smith and Tom Paine to come\\nto Pennsylvania, and the great chemist, Dr. Priestly,\\nfound refuge here from his persecutors in England.\\nDavid Rittenhouse, under Pennsylvania skies, became\\nthe greatest astronomer of his time while the birds\\nin Bartram s famous botanical garden on the Schuyl-\\nkill made Alexander Wilson the celebrated ornitholo-\\ngist. Audubon, too, acquired much of his bird -lore\\nin Pennsylvania, greatly to the neglect of his farm\\nand it was in Philadelphia that he resolved on the\\npublication of his great work Birds of America.\\nOf the museums then in the country, Peale s was", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "254\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nthe greatest. No stranger failed to see his natural\\nwonders and works of art in the State House. The\\nfamous paintings of more than a hundred statesmen\\nand soldiers hanging in one room, and painted by\\nPeale and his son Rembrandt, became the nucleus of\\nthe Pennsylvania Academy of Fine ^.rts, in 1806.\\nThe man to honor our State most in the fine arts was\\nBenjamin West, though in later years a Hovender and\\na Rothermel added new glory to our achievements in\\nthat field.\\nAs long as the people of Pennsylvania were en-\\ngaged chiefly in agriculture and commerce, all the\\nroads led to Philadelphia. These at first were mere\\nhorse -waj^s, in which the pack-horse, followed by\\ncalves and sheep, carried the products of the farm\\nin wallets, sacks and baskets. The things purchased\\nin town were carried\\nback in the same\\nway, only the load\\nwas much lighter\\nfor the people needed\\ntheir money to pay\\nfor their land. Later\\non, the pack-horses\\ncarried great quanti-\\nties of merchandise\\nBirthplace of Benjamin West, Swarthmore, intO the interior tO\\nDelaware County. Carlisle, ShippCUS-\\nburg, Mercersburg, and even into the Monongahela\\nvalley. The iron made in the Juniata valley was at\\nfirst carried to Philadelphia and Pittsburg in this\\nway. Fifty or a hundred were frequently in one row,\\ndivided into sections of twelve or fifteen, with a naan", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 255\\nat the end of each section. The first departure from\\nthis mode of transportation was the sled in winter\\nand wagons came into use as roads were made. The\\nConestoga wagon was first used about 1760. These\\nhuge vehicles, drawn by six, eight or more horses,\\nConestoga Team.\\noften had a capacity of four tons. Their covers were\\nof linen, high at each end, and their wheels were\\nbroad, to keep them from sinking into the mire of\\nthe country roads.\\nThe first turnpike in the United States was that\\nbetween Philadelphia and Lancaster. The The\\nroad between these two places was the Lancaster Pike\\nbeginning of the chief highway to the West. It went\\nthrough Chester and Lancaster counties, crossed the\\nSusquehanna at Wright s Ferry, passed through York,\\nCarlisle, Shippensburg and Bedford, thence across the\\nAUeghenies to Pittsburg the metropolis of the West\\nafter the Revolution. On this historic road thousands\\nof emigrants traveled in the summer months to\\nPittsburg, where they fitted out for their new homes\\nwhile long trains of wagons brought the produce of\\ntheir farms to Philadelphia. The way was broad and\\nlevel in the lowlands, but narrow and dangerous in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "256 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe mountains, and beset with steep declivities. Many\\ninns were found along the route, and the villagers\\nliving about them did a thriving business but\\nTo the merry wayside tavern\\nComes the noisy throng no more\\nAnd the faded sign complaining,\\nSwings unnoticed at the door.\\nThomas Buchanan Bead.\\nIt was this transportation to and from the West\\nthat gave rise to the project of the Lancaster pike in\\n1792. When finished it was the wonder of America.\\nThe Lancaster pike was the first important piece\\nother of work douc in the line of internal\\nImprovements improvements, which began to be made\\nabout 1790. The opening of the Northwest Territory\\nfor settlement made it necessary to carry out schemes\\nthat had been the dream of years, and turned the\\nattention of capitalists from the sea to the land. All\\nover the United States turnpikes, bridges and canals\\nwere projected. Hamilton s funding system (see any\\nU. S. history), the United States Bank, the impost and\\nthe excise, all worked together for good times. In\\n1791 three canals were begun, one along the banks\\nof the Brandy wine, another between the Delaware and\\nthe Schuylkill, and still another between the Schuylkill\\nand the Susquehanna. These were the beginnings of\\nthe great system of canals, connecting the valleys and\\nstreams, and binding together the different parts of\\nthe State, to an extent and at a cost unequaled by\\nany similar works in America. The Lancaster pike\\nwas extended until in the year 1806 it reached Pitts-\\nburg. Around Philadelphia a perfect network of such", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n257\\nroads came into existence, and their substantial stone\\nbridges were an object of admiration to the traveler\\nin Pennsylvania.\\nRoads, bridges and canals were not the only means\\nthought of at this time for the improvement Fitch s\\nof the interior. Long before Fulton, in steamboat\\n1807, made his trip to Albany in the famous Clermont,\\nJohn Fitch had steamed up and down the Delaware\\nbetween Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.\\nJ=^\\nModel of Fitch s Steamboat.\\nThe idea of steam navigation had come to Fitch while\\nat the village of Neshaminy, Bucks county, in 1785.\\nHe made a model and tried it in a stream. He formed\\na company in Philadelphia to furnish the capital\\nneeded. A German clockmaker of that city, Henry\\nVoight, helped him to make the boiler and engine.\\nAfter several trials on the Delaware, in the summer of\\n1786, the boat reached the rate of seven miles an\\nhour. Then he built a larger one forty-five feet long;\\nand on August 22, 1787, in the presence of the mem-\\nbers of -the Constitutional Convention and a vast\\nconcourse of other spectators, he propelled it up and\\ndown the Delaware to the great astonishment of the\\nmultitude. About a year later. Fitch had so improved\\nhis steamboat that it began to make regular trips\\nfrom Philadelphia to Burlington, going up one day", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "258 A Historij of Pennsylvania\\nand returniug the next. On Sundays it made return\\ntrips to Chester. A time-table, with rates of fare,\\nappeared in the Philadelphia papers from June to\\nSeptember, for several years, but the competition of\\nsailing packets and stage-coaches made the enterprise\\nunprofitable and the trips were abandoned.\\nIn 1804, Oliver Evans ran a paddle-wheel steamboat\\nsteam on the ^l^wu the Schuylkill and up the Delaware\\nOhio and as far as Dunk s Ferry (now Beverly, New\\nMississippi Jersey) and back without accident or delay.\\nBut it remained for Robert Fulton to make a success\\nof steam navigation, and no place in Pennsylvania prof-\\nited more by his invention than Pittsburg. Before\\n1811, keel-boats, Kentucky flat-boats and Indian\\npirogues were the means of transportation down the\\nOhio. From St. Louis rude boats and rafts floated\\ndown the Mississippi to Natchez and New Orleans.\\nBut the current was too rapid for this kind of craft\\nto return and so they were rudely put together and\\nsold for lumber at their destination. In 1810, to test\\nFulton s plan of navigation on this interior waterway,\\na boat 138 feet long, of some 300 tons burden, was\\nbuilt at Pittsburg. It was christened the New Orleans,\\nand launched in 1811. The steamboat left for the\\nCrescent City in December following. Others were\\nconstructed, and from that time on, Pittsburg built\\nmany river steamboats, and its trade with the Ohio\\nand Mississippi valleys became immense.\\nRailroad building also dates back to the time of\\nopening ways of transportation to the inte-\\nrior. Oliver Evans, as early as 1773, said he\\ncould apply his steam engine to propel carriages upon\\nthe land; and in 3782 he had succeeded in making", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n259\\none. In 1805, he exhibited a land -carriage in public.\\nIn 1809, Thomas Leiper constructed a wooden railroad\\ntrack from a stone quarry in Delaware county to a\\nboat landing at Ridley, a distance of nearly a mile.\\nThis was the first railroad in America. The track\\nconsisted of oak rails laid on blocks eight feet apart,\\nand a single horse drew the four wheeled carriage\\nJolin Bull Engine, 1831. Camden and Amboy Railroad.\\nhaving a weight of more than 10,000 pounds. The\\nroad was in operation for many years.\\nThe next railway in Pennsylvania, built in 1827,\\nand also operated by horse -power, was that leading\\nfrom the coal mines at Mauch Chunk to the Lehigh\\nriver, a distance of 9 miles 6 miles longer than the\\none at Quincy, Mass., constructed the year before.\\nThus one experiment gave rise to another, and in\\n1829, the Delaware and Hudson Company tried the\\nlocomotive from their mines to Honesdale, the first\\nactual and practical use of steam on an American\\nrailroad. The first railroad in Pennsylvania for pas-\\nsenger and freight traffic was the Germantown road.\\nThe first passenger train left Ninth and Green streets,\\nPhiladelphia, June 6, 1832, and was drawn by horses.\\nOn the 23d of November following, a locomotive", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "260\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nengine, Old Ironsides, was put on the track, at a\\nspeed of 28 miles an hour.\\nThe first railroad to the interior of the State was\\nThe Columbia the Columbia Railroad, from Philadelphia\\nRailroad ^q Columbia. The State undertook this\\nwork in connection with the building of the canals.\\nIn April, 1834, an excursion by members of the\\nLegislature, Canal\\nCommissioners, and\\nothers, left Harris-\\nbiirg, being towed to\\nColumbia, by a canal\\npacket, and thence\\ncarried by rail to\\nLancaster, where they\\nremained all night.\\nThe next morning\\nthey started for Phila-\\ndelphia, the cars being\\ndrawn by horses, and\\nreached the city in\\neight and a half\\nhours, including stop-\\npages. Before winter\\nthe road was in full\\noperation. The cars\\nwere owned and run by the proprietors of the old\\nstage lines. Anj-body could use the road _by paying\\ntwo cents a mile for each passenger, and $4.92 for\\neach car sent over it. It had a single track at\\nfirst, with turn-outs here and there, and there were\\nfrequent fights for the right of way. In the sum-\\nmer of 1835, cars and boats ran from Philadelphia\\nA Modern (Jompartment Car.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n261\\nthrough to Pittsburg, partly by canal and portage\\nrailroad, in three and one -half days but by that\\ntime the canal commissioners had procured locomo-\\ntives and a new rail-\\nroad from Lancaster\\nto Harrisburg, via\\nMount Joy, had been\\nbuilt. The head of\\nthe canal navigation\\neast of the Alleghenies\\nwas Hollidaysburg.\\nHere the Portage Rail-\\nroad, crossing the\\nmountains by five in-\\nclined planes on each\\nside, the cars drawn\\nby stationary engines,\\nconnected with Johns-\\ntown. From the lat-\\nter place the canal\\nalong the Conemaugh\\ncompleted the route\\nto Pittsburg. In 1834,\\nan emigrant s boat\\nfrom the North Branch\\nOld Portage Road.\\nof the Susquehanna passed over the inclined planes\\non trucks while the family was in it. It was launched\\nagain at Johnstown, reached Pittsburg, was run into\\nthe Ohio, floated down to Cairo, and was towed up\\nthe Mississippi to St. Louis. The route of transporta-\\ntion between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, with some\\ndeviations, has since become the main line of the\\nPennsylvania Railroad. With its numerous branches", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "262\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nin the State, and its lines outside, it connects New\\nYork, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington with\\nPittsburg, Erie, Cleveland, Toledo, Columbus, Cincin-\\nThe Horseshoe Ciu ve.\\nnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago, as well as\\nNew England and the South.\\nThough these internal improvements were begun\\nThe Use to dcvclop thc agricultural resources of\\nof Coal Pennsylvania and to put the State in\\ncommercial relations with the West, their vast ex-\\ntension and final completion had other causes.\\nThe Conestoga wagons might have transported the\\nfarmer s produce to market for many j^ears more, had\\nnot Philip Ginter, the hunter, in 1791, discovered\\nstone coals, under the roots of a fallen tree, nine\\nmiles west of Mauch Chunk. Anthracite coal had\\nbeen used in the Wj-oming valley in 1768 and dur-\\ning the Revolutionary war it was shipped down the\\nSusquehanna for the use of the arsenal at Carlisle.\\nOn a map of Pennsylvania, published in 1770, coal is\\nmarked as occurring near the present town of Potts-\\nville. Pittsburg, too, had used fuel dug from a high\\nblutf before the town, and even then was entitled to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 263\\nbe called the Smokj^ City. Ginter had his speci-\\nmen examined in Philadelphia, and the Lehigh Coal\\nMine Company was formed there. Ten thousand\\nacres of land at Summit Hill were purchased and a\\nhalf dozen arks, loaded with coal, were started down\\nthe Lehigh to Philadelphia. But wood was plenty,\\nand the use of stone coals was not understood.\\nAlthough handbills were printed in English and Ger-\\nman explaining the method of burning it, yet the\\nnew fuel found no paying market, and it was used to\\npave the sidewalks. The same disappointments were\\nexperienced by shippers of anthracite coal from the\\nSchuylkill region. One man was actually threatened\\nwith arrest as a swindler and an impostor, because\\nhis rocks, after poking and raking and stirring\\nand blowing them for half a day, would not burn.\\nIt was not until after the second war with Great\\nBritain, during which the embargo, the non- intercourse\\nact and the blockade started manufacturing in the\\nUnited States, that coal came into extensive use.\\nThen canal and railroad building received a fresh\\nimpetus. First, the Lehigh and Schuylkill canals were\\nmade to tap the anthracite fields, the one completing\\ncommunication with Philadelphia in 1820 and the\\nother in 1825. Then, in 1833, the Philadelphia and\\nReading railroad company was chartered. It was the\\nfirst of the coal roads, and by its enormous traffic it\\nhas become a great system, controlling about a thou-\\nsand miles of line in a comparatively small portion\\nof the State. The cities and towns which it reaches\\nhave had a wonderful growth in manufactures of all\\nkinds. The coal fields of the Wyoming valley devel-\\noped the two cities, Wilkes -Barre and Scranton, and a", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "264\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nscore or more of smaller towns equally thriving, whose\\nchief outlets east and west are the Lehigh Valley and\\nthe Lackawanna railroads.\\nPractically all the anthracite coal produced in this\\ncountry comes from the hills and valleys of the Blue\\nmountains, from the head waters of the Schuylkill\\nand the Lehigh rivers, northward and westward to\\nthe Susquehanna an area of a little less than 500\\nsquare miles. The counties included in the field are\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^Sf^ii^^^^\\nNanticoke Coal Breaker.\\nchiefly Schuylkill, Carbon, Luzerne, Lackawanna and\\nNorthumberland and the number of persons employed\\nin 1895 was 143,610. The bituminous field includes\\nthe whole section of the State in and west of the\\nAllegheny mountains. The great center of all the in-\\ndustries that owe their existence to bituminous coal\\nis Pittsburg. The number of employees in mining this\\nkind of coal, in 1895, was 84,904.\\nThese vast deposits of coal enabled Pennsylvania\\nto become a great manufacturing State\\nManufacturing\\nfirst, m the number of establishments and\\nthe amount of capital invested, and second, in the\\nvalue of manufactured products. In 1890, the number", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 265\\nof persons employed was 620,562, and the value of\\nthe manufactures $1,331,794,901. Manufacturing in\\nthe United States had its beginning on an enlarged\\nscale in the adoption of the Federal Constitution. It\\nput an end to the conflicting and restricting legislation\\nof the States; and it gave the Federal government the\\npower to protect home against foreign manufactures\\nwhenever necessary. During the Revolution many\\nthings were made here that used to be imported from\\nthe mother country; but from the force of habit,\\nthe people secured them again from the same source\\nafter the war, and opposed home manufactures to\\nsuch an extent that^ the impost proposed by Congress\\nin 1786 was violently assailed. The love of agri-\\nculture and commerce was deeply rooted. It was\\nargued that the way to make money was to sow the\\nfields with grain, harvest it when ripe, send a fleet of\\nships to the marts of the world, and have them come\\nback laden with gold. The more poetic ones con-\\ntrasted the low of cattle and the bleat of lambs with\\nthe din of mills and factories.\\nBut such alluring pictures did not determine the\\npolicy of Pennsylvania. A few clear heads saw things\\notherwise, chief among whom was Tench Coxe, of\\nPhiladelphia. When cotton was still growing in\\ngardens among rose bushes and honeysuckle vines,\\nhe saw that it would some day be king in America.\\nNo sooner had the Revolution ended than Coxe tried\\nto import a model of Awkwright s famous spinning\\njennies but the British government seized it on the\\neve of shipment, and Massachusetts set up the first\\nstock-card and spinning-jenny. Nevertheless, through\\nhis efforts, Philadelphia and the State at large became", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "266 A History of Pennsylvania\\ndeeply interested in the manufacture of cotton and\\nother goods. In 1789, hosiery, hats, gloves, coarse\\nlinens and woolens, cotton goods and many other\\narticles were made in the State. Premiums were\\noffered by the Pennsylvania Society for the Encourage-\\nment of Manufactures for the best specimens of\\nthese articles. In the same year, the Assembly passed\\nAn act to assist cotton manufactures of this State,\\nand offered bounties for the introduction of the\\nAwkwright patents. It is said that Samuel Slater,\\nthe father of American cotton manufactures, was\\ninduced by these bounties to emigrate to America.\\nGeneral Washington used to point with pride to the\\nPhiladelphia fabrics worn by his wife. The worsted\\nhosiery made in Germantown, Bethlehem, Lancaster\\nand Reading undersold those of the same fineness\\nmade in England. Two hundred and fifty stocking-\\nlooms, each averaging about two pair a day, were in the\\nState before 1790. One -fourth of the men in Phila-\\ndelphia had already become manufacturers of one kind\\nor another. Early in the nineteenth century, travelers\\nwere astonished at the great number of factories in\\nthe State. But it was, not until about 1840, when the\\ncoal industry and the iron industry joined hands, that\\nPennsylvania entered fuUj upon its great manufac-\\nturing career.\\nThe earliest irjon produced from native ore was\\nmade at Coventrv Forge, Chester county.\\nIron Furnaces\\nin 1720. Folio wnig this, furnaces and\\nforges were operated at various points in the south-\\neastern part of the State, Manatawny and Green\\nLane, in Montgomory county Warwick, in Chester\\nGlasgow, in Berks Cornwall and Colebrook, in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 267\\nLebanon; and Elizabeth, in Lancaster, where Baron\\nSteigel made some of the first stoves cast in this\\ncountry. In 1786, there were within forty miles of\\nLancaster, seventeen furnaces, forges, rolling and\\nslitting mills, and two boring and grinding mills for\\nthe manufacture of gun barrels. The old forge at\\nthe junction of Valley creek and the Schuylkill gave\\nus one of the most memorable names in American\\nhistory Valley Forge. In York and Cumberland\\ncounties, too, furnaces and forges were established\\nbefore the Revolution. William Denning made wrought\\niron cannon for the Continental army, and a monu-\\nment was recently erected by the State at his grave\\nin Newville. After the Revolution the iron industry\\nspread through the Juniata valley, where scores of\\ntowns and villages by their names testify to the pres-\\nence of forges and furnaces in the earlier days. The\\nfirst furnace west of the Alleghenies was built about\\n1790, on Jacob s creek, fifteen miles from its junction\\nwith the Youghiogheny, where cannon balls were made\\nfor the defense of Pittsburg against the Indians.\\nBefore 1840, iron was made only in charcoal fur-\\nnaces. As other States had an abundance\\nCoal Furnaces\\nof ore too, Pennsylvania might not have\\nbecome the first in the manufacture of iron products,\\nhad it not been discovered that anthracite coal could\\nbe used as a smelting fuel. It marked an era in the\\nhistory of iron manufacture when hard coal was sue\\ncessfully used at Mauch Chunk and Pottsville, in the\\nreduction of iron ore. About the same time, a coke\\nand raw coal furnace was erected in Armstrong\\ncounty, and the manufacture of bituminous iron com-\\nmenced. Coal furnaces were now rapidly built in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "268 A History of Pennsylvania\\nevery section of the State accessible to the coal fields.\\nMills for the manufacture of all kinds of iron products\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2were established in great numbers. Towns and cities\\nsprang up railroads and canals were built to connect\\nthem and the farmers found a new market for their\\nproducts among the coar miners and iron workers.\\nNo place in Pennsylvania benefited more from the\\nPittsburg and Irou iudustry than Pittsburg and the cities\\nits Neighbors g^^^ towus iu its vlciuity. From the extent\\nof its iron works, it came to be known as the Iron\\nCity, and from the heavy clouds of bituminous smoke\\noverhanging it, the name of Smoky City was also\\ngiven to it. By reason of its position as chief gate-\\nway to the West and of its coal, iron, oil and natural\\ngas, it is the chief center for the manufacture of iron\\nand steel in the United States. The city is equally\\ngreat in other things which its bountiful fuel enables\\nit to make. About half the glass factories in the\\nUnited States are located there an industry which\\nthe town began in 1797. When the use of natural gas\\nas fuel became common, Allegheny county acquired an\\nadditional facility for manufacturing, and in recent\\nyears it has become an empire in itself, including\\nbesides Pittsburg and Allegheny, McKeesport, Mifflin\\nTownship, Braddock, Homestead, and other populous\\ntowns and townships.\\nNatural gas had been known to exist in and around\\nPittsburg for many years, but was not utilized, except\\non a small scale, before 1884, when George Westing-\\nhouse became interested in it, and drilled a well on\\nthe grounds of his own residence. In two years\\ntime, pipe-lines radiated from Pittsburg like the spokes\\nof a wheel, and gas was brought there from a distance", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n269\\nof more than a hundred miles. The daily consumption\\nhas been as high as 120,000,000 cubic feet.\\nThere are many other cities and towns that owe\\ntheir growth chiefly to the manufacture of iron and\\nits products, among which are Johnstown, New Castle,\\nSteelton, Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton, Phoenixville,\\nDanville, Kensington (a part of Philadelphia) and\\nChester. The last two named are noted for the\\nbuilding of iron steamships, the yards being known\\nrespectively as Cramp ^s and Roach s. The construc-\\ntion of iron steamships has been brought to such\\nCramp s Ship Yard\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Launching of the Yorktown and the Vesuvius.\\nperfection on the Delaware that it is sometimes called\\nthe Clyde of America. After our war with Spain,\\nall the world wanted to know how war vessels were\\nbuilt at Kensington. Russia ordered several ships at\\nCramp s at once, recalling to our memory the offer\\nshe made to Samuel Humphreys after the War of\\n1812.\\nThe lumber industry became extensive with the\\nbuilding of railroads, towns and cities, and The Lumber\\nthe manufacture of machinery incident to industry\\nthe establishment of the coal and iron industries.\\nPhiladelphia, Pittsburg and Erie had been building", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "270 A History of Pennsylvania\\nships and using lumber as an article of commerce\\nbefore. Ship carpenters were among the very first\\nmechanics in the Province. The Swedes had been\\nbuilding vessels before Penn came, and in 1683 a ship\\nyard was established in Philadelphia. Other yards\\nand docks were opened there, and the city became\\nfamous for ship building. It was a common practice\\nto sell both ship and cargo in foreign ports. During\\nthe Revolution, a Continental and a State fleet were\\nbuilt on the Delaware, and when Congress established\\nthe Navy Department, in 1798, the first navy yard was\\nlocated there. The extensive construction of wooden\\ncraft was discontinued about 1860. Erie has been a\\ngreat lumber market ever since Perry s gallant fleet\\nwas constructed from trees in the surrounding forest\\nwhile Pittsburg built many steamboats for the southern\\nand western rivers, and appropriated the products of\\nthe forest in other ways.\\nThe lumber industry of later years centered in the\\ncity of Williamsport. After 1840, it made such rapid\\nprogress, that a great boom was erected in the river at\\nthat place, for the purpose of holding the logs floated\\ndown from the pineries above until they could be taken\\nout and sawed. Before 1850, the logs used to be\\ncaught by men in small boats and tied into rafts. The\\nboom proved so successful that it was enlarged from\\ntime to time, until it extended a long distance up the\\nriver. In the spring it is packed so solidly with logs\\nthat one can walk across the river on them. The large\\npiers, the heavy timbers bolted together, and the con-\\nstruction of the dam, is an immense piece of work.\\nThe number of mills in Williamsport engaged in manu-\\nfacturing lumber, and dressing it in various ways, has", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 271\\nmade the town one of the most flourishing in the State.\\nLock Haven is the next largest emporium in the lum-\\nber district. The West Branch boom was erected\\nthere about the same time as that at Williamsport,\\nand the sawmills are extensive. The forests from\\nThe Boom at Williamsport.\\nwhich this great lumber industry was developed are\\nmostly white pine and hemlock, and are located along\\nthe West Branch of the Susquehanna and its tribu-\\ntaries.\\nThe last great industry of Pennsylvania is that\\nof petroleum. Only about forty years have p^^^^j^^^\\npassed since the first still was charged with\\npetroleum, and the first barrel of refined oil was offered\\nfor sale yet its exports rank fourth in value, being\\nsurpassed only by cotton, breadstuff s and provisions\\nwhile every home in our own land enjoys its beneficent\\nlight. It is estimated that the total capital employed\\nfor the production, manufacture and transportation of\\npetroleum and its products amounts to $300,000,000.\\nThere is evidence that this oil was used in the gray\\ndawn of history\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in Nineveh, Babylon and Egypt.\\nCertain it is, that in America the Indians collected\\ntheir Seneca oil from petroleum springs and in-\\ndications are not wanting to show that the Mound\\nBuilders had dug wells in Pennsylvania and Ohio.", "height": "3409", "width": "2107", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "272\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nDrake s Oil Well\\nThe French, in the^ir explorations, made note of a\\nfountain at the head of a branch of the Ohio, the\\nwater of which is like oil. English and American\\nsoldiers on duty in western Pennsylvania halted at\\noil creek, and bathed their rheumatic joints with\\nthe oil that floated on it. Later on, while boring for\\nbrine to make salt, oil appeared, greatly to the annoy-\\nance of salt operators.\\nThe history of the industry dates from the year\\n1858, when, on the 28th of August, E.\\nL. Drake struck oil on Watson s Flats,\\nnear Titusville. He was the first man to drive a pipe-\\nthrough the sand\\nand clay. After\\nputting down a tube\\nto the depth of 36\\nfeet he struck rock.\\nThen he commenced\\nto drill. When, on\\nSaturday night, Au-\\ngust 27, the bore\\nhad penetrated the\\nrock 33 feet, the\\ndrill dropped into\\na crevice about 6\\ninches. The tools\\nwere pulled out and\\nput aside, to resume work on Monday. Uncle Billy\\nSmith, who did the boring, went to the well on Sun-\\nday, and found a liquid within a few feet from the\\ntop. He dipped some of it up, and lo! it was oil.\\nThe pump was started on Monday, and the well pro-\\nduced at the rate of 25 barrels a day.\\nColonel Drake s Oil Well.", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History\\n273\\nother Wells\\nOil had been collected near Titusville, on an island\\nat the junction of Oil and Line creeks,\\nfor nearly ten j^ears before Drake bored\\nhis well. It was done by means of a series of pits,\\narranged like separa-\\ntors, the water flowing\\nbelow, leaving the oil\\nfloating^ on the surface,\\nto be dipped up with\\nblankets. Specimens of\\nthis oil had been exam-\\nined and its use for\\nilluminating purposes\\ndemonstrated. As the\\nwhale oil industry was\\nthen on the decline,\\nand the burning fluid\\nmade of English and\\nNova Scotia coal was not satisfactory, there was a\\ndemand for a new illuminant. The success of Drake s\\nwell, therefore, soon brought forth others in great\\nnumbers, along Oil and French creeks and the Alle-\\ngheny river.\\nThe next discovery was the flowing well. These\\ngushers or petroleum fountains greatly increased the\\nquantity produced. In 1862 the drillers, becoming\\ncrowded in the river bottoms, pushed back into the\\nadjacent country, and discovered that the high lands\\nof Clarion, Butler, Armstrong, McKean and Warren\\ncounties also covered the hidden treasure. The pro-\\nduction in Washington and Greene counties did not\\nbecome important until 1885. According to the cen-\\nsus of 1890, there were 31,768 producing wells in the\\nOil Derricks.", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "274 A History of Pennsylvania\\nState. Adding to this number those not then in\\noperation, there were probably as many oil derricks\\nin Pennsylvania as there are square miles.\\nThe transportation of oil was at first in barrels,\\nTransportation hauled on trucks to Oil City, or on barges,\\nof Oil which were carried down the shallow\\nstream by means of artificial floods produced by open-\\ning a series of dams. At Oil City the barrels were\\ntransferred to larger boats and shipped to Pittsburg,\\nthe great distributing center. In 1866, the Allegheny\\nValley railroad was opened, and cars built specially\\nfor transporting oil. In time, the pipe line displaced\\nthe car and boat. This method was first used at\\nPithole, for a distance of four miles, over an ascent\\nof 500 feet. The owners and drivers of oil wagons\\nthreatened vengeance upon the proprietor of the little\\npipe line, and it had to be guarded by an armed\\npatrol. Today the oil region is a network of pipes,\\nand great trunk lines supply the needs of New York,\\nPhiladelphia, Baltimore, Cleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburg\\nand Chicago. The total length of pipe line trans-\\nporting Pennsjdvania crude oil, is about 25,000 miles\\na girdle for the earth. The trunk line to Phila-\\ndelphia starts at Colgrove, McKean county, its 6-inch\\npipe extending over a distance of 235 miles. Pe-\\ntroleum has also added greatly to the manufactures.\\nThe number and variety of its products are almost\\nlimitless.\\nAnother interest of considerable magnitude is that\\nof the slate quarries, which are found in the\\nnorthern half of Northampton and Lehigh\\ncounties and the eastern quarter of Berks county. The\\nslate region has an extreme length of 50 miles and a", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "The Industrial History 275\\nmaximum breadth of 13 miles. Some slate is also\\nfound in Chester and York counties. The first quarry\\nwas opened in upper Mount Bethel township, North-\\nampton county, about the year 1812. Since then the\\nindustry has added much to Pennsylvania s wealth, as\\nthe annual shipments of such towns as Slatington,\\nPen Argyl and Bangor will show. The Slatington\\nregion alone in 1882 produced as high as 110,000\\nsquares of roofing slate (4 or 5 squares to a ton),\\n30,000 cases of school slate (10 dozen to a case) and\\n100 blackboard cases. The use of slate for black-\\nboard purposes has since then greatly increased.\\nFor many years the nickel mines in Bart township,\\nLancaster county, known as the Gap\\nNickel and Zinc\\nMines, were an important mining interest.\\nThey had been worked at intervals from the year\\n1718 for their copper. In 1852, it was discovered\\nthat large quantities of nickel had been mined with\\nthe copper and thrown away as refuse. The Gap\\nCopper Mines at once became the Gap Nickel Mines,\\nand smelting works were put up near by. There were\\nmined and smelted more than 600 tons of ore in a\\nmonth when the production was at its highest but\\nthe industry has been abandoned for some time.\\nAnother ore of much value is the zinc ore of\\nLehigh county. The mine is situated at Friedensville,\\nand consists of very large and extended excavations.\\nIt has been worked to a depth of 250 feet, though in\\nlate years it has been idle. Then, there are the\\nbrown -stone quarries near Hummelstown, Dauphin\\ncounty, and the blue-stone quarries of northeastern\\nPennsylvania, both of which are widely known in the\\neastern part of the United States.", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "276 A History of Pennsylvania\\nAlthough mining and manufacturing are the lead-\\ning interests in Pennsylvania, its agricul-\\nAgriculture i i -nr i\\nture must necessarily rank high. We have\\nsome of the -finest farming land in the world, and our\\nthriving and populous towns and cities afford a mar-\\nket for all that the farmers can produce, and a great\\ndeal more. In the production of corn and wheat, the\\nState surpasses all the other Atlantic States and its\\ndairy and truck farms surround a hundred centers of\\npopulation large enough to consume the products.\\nThe small farms of Pennsjdvania are more profitable\\nthan the large ones, here or elsewhere, in proportion\\nto the capital invested. Of the six counties in the\\nUnited States whose agricultural products were the\\nmost valuable in 1889, Lancaster ranked first and\\nChester and Bucks third and fourth respectively; while\\nthe Young farms, in Dauphin county, are pronounced\\nthe finest in the world.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nScharf and Westeott s History of Pkiladelphia, Vol. Ill, Chs.\\nliii-lvi Wilson s History of Pennsylvania Railroad Company\\nFisher s Pennsylvania Colony a7id Commomvealth, Ch. viii Trego s\\nGeography of Pennsylvania, pp. 116-164 Bowen s Pictorial Sketch\\nBook of Pennsylvania Petroleum, Its Production and Products in\\nPennsylvania, in the Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics,\\n1897; Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No. 13, November, 1897;\\nSypher s School History of Pennsylvania, Ch. xxxv; Governors\\nMessages, in the House and Senate Journals, 1790-1898 Swank s\\nIron and Coal in Pennsylvania; McMaster s History of the People\\nof the United States, Vol. I, See Index for Manufactures, Vol.\\nII, See Index for Internal Improvements.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nEDUCATION IN PENNSYLVANIA\\nAt the time when the Dutch and the Swedes settled\\non the Delaware, the schools of Europe Among the\\nwere usually under the control of the Dutch and\\nchurch. The minister himself was the swedes\\nschoolmaster, or the schoolmaster was the minister s\\nassistant. Evert Pieterson, who taught the first school\\non the west bank of the Delaware, in a church at\\nNew Castle, 1657, was to act as Sexton, Psalm -Setter,\\nComforter of the Sick, and Schoolmaster. The peo-\\nple were poor and scattered, and the few churches\\nand preachers among them had to do double duty.\\nIn many cases the parents taught their children under\\nthe oversight of the clergyman. A-B-C books, prim-\\ners, and catechisms were sent from Sweden in large\\nnumbers.\\nBut the schools of the Dutch and the Swedes\\nare merely an historical curiosity. The Foundations\\nfoundations of education in Pennsylvania\\nwere laid by William Penn and the Assembly at its\\nfirst and second sessions. The twelfth provision of\\nthe Frame of Government says\\nThat the Governor and Provincial Council shall erect and\\norder all public schools, and encourage and reward the authors\\nof useful sciences and laudable inventions.\\nPenn held that the government is a trustee for\\n(277)", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "278 A History of Pennsijlvania\\nthe youth, and must look after their education. In this\\nway it would endear itself to the people for they\\nwould remember the government more for their edu-\\ncation than for their estates. The practical or indus-\\ntrial side of education was especially emphasized by\\nthe founder of our State. His ideas and plans are\\nexpressed in the following act of the Assembly which\\nmet at Philadelphia in 1683\\nAnd to the end that poor, as well as rich, may be instructed\\nin good and commendable learning, which is to be preferred\\nbefore wealth. Be it enacted, etc., That all persons in this\\nProvince and Territories thereof, having children, and all the\\nguardians and trustees of orphans, shall cause such to be in-\\nstructed in reading and writing, so that they may be able to\\nread the Scriptures and to write by the time they attain to\\ntwelve years of age and that then they be taught some useful\\ntrade or skill, that the poor may work to live, and the rich if\\nthey become poor may not want of which every County Court\\nshall take care. And in case such parents, guardians or over-\\nseers shall be found deficient in this respect,, they shall pay for\\nevery such child five pounds.\\nThis act of 1683 took advanced ground. It pro-\\nschoois vided for state education, universal edu-\\nEstabiished catiou, iudustHal education, and com-\\npulsory education. Acting upon its provisions, Penn\\nand the Provincial Council that same year engaged\\nEnoch Flower, from England, to open a school in a\\nhouse built of pine and cedar planks. In 1689, the\\nFriends Public Grammar School, which afterwards\\nbecame the William Penn Charter School, was opened\\nin Philadelphia. The master had to be licensed by\\nthe Governor and Council. It was not a public school\\nin the American sense now, but resembled the so-\\ncalled public schools of England. It was endowed", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Education in Pennsylvania 279\\nand free only to the poor, who were educated in branch\\nschools located in various parts of the town.\\nThis was all that was done by the State for the\\neducation of its people, down to the Revo- The church\\nlutionary War. The Charter of Privileges schools\\n(see p. 104) contained no clause even relating to edu-\\ncation. As stated before, church and school dwelt\\nunder the same roof in those days but as there\\nwere so many churches in Pennsylvania, it was im-\\npossible to have, a state school. The various sects\\nand churches had schools of their own. The earliest\\nschool started by private effort was one on Tinicum\\nisland. Darby, too, became the seat of a school, in\\n1692. One was established at Germantown in 1701,\\nwith the learned Pastorius at its head. No sooner\\nhad Christ Church been founded than a school house\\nsprang up by its side. Schools are known to have\\nbeen taught by the Baptist preachers in their early\\nchurches in Bucks and Chester counties. The Scotch-\\nIrish regarded the church and the school house as\\ntwin agents of civilization, and their clearings were\\nnever without them. The Catholics, with whom it is\\nthe policy even now to entrust education to the\\nchurch, are known to have had a school in the\\npriest s house at Goshenhoppen, Berks county, soon\\nafter their German mission was established there.\\nThe Lutherans at New Hanover, Montgomery county,\\nreceived a gift of fifty acres of land for their church\\nand school. One of the fathers of the Reformed\\nChurch in Pennsylvania preached and taught in his\\nown house in Montgomery county for some years soon\\nafter 1720.\\nNo church or sect was more active in education", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "280\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nDock s Table and Bench.\\nthan the Moravians. At Nazareth, Bethlehem and Lititz\\nthey had nurseries, where the children above one or\\ntwo years of age were fed, clothed, instructed and\\ncared for at the expense of the brethren. Later paro-\\nchial schools, with infant departments attached, dis-\\nplaced the nurseries. The Mennonites at German town\\nbuilt a log church in 1706, which was afterwards\\nused as their school\\nhouse. In the present\\nbuilding, 130 j^ears old,\\nstands the table at which\\nthe pious schoolmaster\\nof the Skippack Chris-\\ntopher Dock sat when\\nhe taught school in that\\ntown. He is the author of\\nthe first book on school\\nteaching published in America. He died one evening\\nafter school while kneeling at his desk to pray as\\nwas his custom. The Schwenckf elders and Tunkers,\\nworshiping for many years in houses and barns, in-\\nstructed their children at home. Among the Seventh\\nDay Baptists at Ephrata, a hive of intellectual activity,\\nthe first Sabbath school in America was opened.\\nWhere people lived five or ten miles from a church,\\nNeighborhood or whcrc Si Variety of religious denomina-\\nschoois tions existed, schools were organized by\\nneighborhoods. These were known as pay or\\nsubscription schools. The building of a house and\\nthe employment of a teacher was usually entrusted to\\na committee elected by the neighborhood. The money\\nneeded was raised by voluntary subscription. The\\npay schools soon outnumbered those sustained by re-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Education in Pennsylvania 281\\nligious bodies, owing to tlie intermixing of the sects\\nand churches as the population grew. It was said of\\nthe country around Philadelphia that by 1750 a school-\\nhouse stood in almost every ridge of woods. When\\nthe people crossed the mountains and came in contact\\nwith settlers from Maryland, Virginia, New York and\\nNew England, there was such an intermingling socially,\\nthat neighborhood schools had few prejudices to en-\\ncounter. Many ministers were teachers, but the\\nchurches were not organically connected with primary\\neducation in central, western, and northern Pennsyl-\\nvania. In the Wyoming valley, 960 acres of land were\\nset apart in each township for the public use of a\\nGospel Ministry and schools. Some of the schools\\nin that section were altogether free before the Revo-\\nlution. They were supported by the public fund and\\na tax on property.\\nWhen the Revolution made necessary the formation\\nof a new constitution in Pennsylvania, The constitutions\\nthis is what was said in it about edu-\\ncation\\nA school or schools shall be established in each county by\\nthe Legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such\\nsalaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them\\nto instruct youth at low prices and all useful learning shall be\\nduly encouraged and promoted in one or two Universities.\\nThe State, in 1776, took no ground in advance of\\nthe church and community schools, when it proposed\\nto furnish elementary instruction at low prices.\\nBoth classes of schools had always striven to reach\\npeople of moderate circumstances. In 1790, however,\\nTimothy Pickering, of Luzerne, supported by Thomas\\nMcKean, of Philadelphia, William Findley, of West-", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "282\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nAlexander Wilson s School House, 1804.\\nmoreland, and others, succeeded in getting the words\\nw such a manner that the poor may he taught gratis\\nattached to the constitutional clause on schools. On\\nthese words rests the\\nsystem of common\\nschools for, in order\\nto teach the poor gratis,\\nit was finally determined\\nto teach the rich gratis,\\ntoo.\\nThe idea of teaching\\nCharity thc poor at pub-\\nschoois i[q expense was\\nstimulated in its slow\\ngrowth by several\\neducational movements.\\nThe charity schools of\\nPhiladelphia helped to develop it. A charity school\\nto qualify a number of the poorer sort as school-\\nmasters in the country, was at- first connected with\\nwhat is now the Universitj^ of Pennsylvania. The\\nattempt to teach the Germans the English language\\n(see p. 49) was a step towards lending a helping hand\\nin education. It was the first educational movement\\nto become general in the province. The schools of\\nthe Quakers, but more especially of the Moravians, for\\nthe education of the Indians, an object set forth in\\nPeun s charter for the founding of Pennsylvania,\\nwere noble examples of free education for the poor.\\nThen, there were the schools for colored people, in\\nPhiladelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburg, and elsewhere.\\nThey were open day and evening, for j-oung and old,\\nand were taught by volunteers, who served by turns.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Education in Pennsylvania 283\\nThe movement that led up nearest to the present\\nfree schools was the Lancasterian system The Lancas-\\na scheme by which the poor could be taught system\\ngratis at a very low expense. After 1790, repeated\\nefforts were made to carry out the constitutional pro-\\nvision in relation to the education of the poor. But\\nthe laws passed resulted in dividing the people into\\ntwo classes the rich and the poor. The children who\\nwere taught gratis became known as pauper scholars,\\nand were ashamed to go to the pauper schools, while\\nthe pay scholars, were too proud to go. The Lan-\\ncasterian system, named after Joseph Lancaster, an\\nEnglishman, and devised by him in London, at the\\nclose of the eighteenth century, employed the older pupils\\nas monitors to instruct the others. Lancaster prepared\\nhis pupil assistants for their daily work somewhat after\\nthe method employed by a Sunday school superintendent\\nat his teachers meetings. The system was tried in Phila-\\ndelphia with such satisfactory results that the Legis-\\nlature passed a law in 1818, establishing public schools\\nin that city, in which it was to be used in its most\\napproved state. Lancaster himself came to Philadel-\\nphia to carry the law into effect. Four years later,\\nLancaster was formed into a second school district\\nlike that of Philadelphia, in which public schools of\\nthe Lancasterian kind were supported by public taxes.\\nDauphin county, in 1827, was authorized to have the\\nsame kind of schools; and a number of other places\\nin the State introduced them.\\nThe Lancasterian system was followed by marked\\nimprovements. The pupil -teacher, trained improvements\\nunder the eye of an experienced master, followed\\nwas better than the pedagogue of colonial times, who", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "284 A Historij of Pennsylvania\\ngenerally tramped the country when he did not teach.\\nWith better teachers came better houses stone, brick\\nor frame and a more extended course of study than\\n_ the three R s, including ge-\\nography and Lindley Mur-\\nray s English grammar.\\nBut in spite of these im-\\nprovements, less than\\n24,000 children attended\\nschool at public expense in\\nAn Old School House. 1825. 1833- Only about 5V of the\\nentire population whereas,\\nnow the school enrollment is about i of the popula-\\ntion. It was not until the law of 1834 (see p. 202)\\nhad removed distinctions of birth and wealth that the\\nlittle red school house dotted all the hills and valleys\\nof Pennsylvania.\\nThe free school law of 1834 allowed the people\\nof each district to decide at an election\\nThe Free Schools\\nwhether to adopt it or not. About half\\nof the districts accepted it then, and by 1848 it had\\ngrown so much in popular favor that it was made\\ngeneral. However, if a district was willing to lose\\nits State appropriation, it was not compelled to\\nmaintain free schools and it was not until 1874\\nthat the last district accepted the law. State Su-\\nperintendent Wickersham then said, in his annual\\nreport: For the first time in our history, the door\\nof a public school house stands open to receive every\\nchild of proper age within the limits of the State.\\nThe progress of popular education after 1850\\nwas very rapid. In 1854, greater power to collect\\nthe school tax was given geography and grammar,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "Education in Pennsylvania 285\\ntogether with such higher branches as the directors\\nmight prescribe, were to be taught in every school\\nprovision for graded schools was made and the\\noffice of county superintendent was established. Three\\nyears later, the State Superintendency of Common\\nSchools was made a separate office before that its\\nduties were performed by the Secretary of the Com-\\nmonwealth. At the same time the Normal School law\\nwas passed, by which the State was divided into\\ntwelve districts, later increased to thirteen, in each\\nof which, beginning with 1859, has been established\\na school for the professional preparation of teachers.\\nAs there are many children and youths in the\\ncharitable and penal institutions, it was The state s\\nfelt necessary to have some oversight given interest Grows\\nto their instruction and training, especially as the\\nState grants financial aid to their support. For this\\npurpose the State Board of Public Charities was in-\\nstituted in 1869. For the same reasons the Soldiers^\\nOrphan Schools were placed under State supervision.\\nEvening schools were authorized by law in 1883,\\nwhen it was ordered that if the parents of twenty or\\nmore pupils, above the age of six years, made appli-\\ncation, a free evening school for a term of not less\\nthan four months should be established. But the\\ncrowning acts to make elementary education universal\\nwere the free text -book law of 1893, and the com-\\npulsory attendance law of 1895. Children between\\nthe age of eight and thirteen years and those between\\nthirteen and sixteen, unless usefully employed are\\nnow required to attend school at least 70 per centum\\nof the time during which the schools are open in\\ntheir district. Such attendance is possible, because", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "286 A History of Pennsylvania\\nall books and supplies are free. The State, by local\\ntaxation, and by general appropriation ($5,000,000),\\nspends about $20,000,000 for the common schools every\\nyear.\\nHigher education by public authority began with\\nThe state and a rcsolutlou of thc Proviuclal Council,\\nHigher Education (3allijjg for a School of Arts and Sci-\\nences, out of which grew the William Penn Charter\\nSchool (see p. 278). This institution developed into\\na school in which Latin, Greek, and other higher\\nbranches were taught, and is today one of the\\noldest of its kind in this country. The next step\\nwas taken by Franklin and others, when, in\\n1749, they founded the Academy and Charitable\\nSchool of the Province of Pennsylvania. This\\nacademy, in 1755, became the College at Phila-\\ndelphia, and in 1779 the University of Pennsylvania\\nand with each act of incorporation, the institution\\nreceived a grant of land and money. The other\\ncolleges and academies now in the State were all\\nestablished after the Revolutionary war. As long\\nas there were no free schools, the act of incorporation\\nusually carried with it a grant from the State, on\\ncondition that a certain number of poor students\\nshould receive instruction free. The colleges and\\nacademies, during that time, also received an annual\\nappropriation on the same condition. In 1838 there\\nwere nine colleges and one hundred and seven acade-\\nmies and female seminaries receiving appropriations.\\nA few years later, when the State was hard pressed\\nfor money on account of its public improvements,\\nand when the common schools needed all the financial\\nassistance possible, the appropriations were withheld.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Education in Pennsylvania 287\\nAs the common schools grew in favor, the necessity\\nfor the scholastic and professional prepa-\\nNormal Schools\\nration of teachers became apparent. For\\nthis specific and technical purpose Normal Schools were\\ninstituted. On account of their vital importance to the\\nState they receive aid from that source.\\nMost of the colleges in this State are denominational.\\nThe first college in Pennsylvania the The church and\\nfamous Log College was of this kind. Education\\nIt was established in 1726 by Rev. Wm. Tennent,\\npastor of the Neshaminy Presbyterian church, Bucks\\ncounty. Tennent prepared young men there for the\\nministry and other callings, Out of this school grew\\nPrinceton College, New Jersey. Like Log College,\\nother schools were taught here and there, in colonial\\ntimes, by learned divines who knew enough Latin to\\nmake it the language of the schoolroom. But the era\\nof colleges proper did not come much before the nine-\\nteenth century. It requires wealth to found higher in-\\nstitutions of learning. When the churches once had\\nmeans, they soon had colleges. Pennsylvania now\\nhas five universities and twenty -seven colleges. That\\nmost of them are denominational is due to the fact\\nthat so many churches and sects settled the State.\\nBut the common schools, normal schools and col-\\nleges do not include all that the State and its people\\nhave done for education. We need but mention\\nGirard College and the School for the Blind, in\\nPhiladelphia, the School for Feeble-minded Children\\nin Media, Lincoln University at Oxford, the Reforma-\\ntory at Huntingdon, the Pennsylvania Reform School\\nat Morganza, the School for the Deaf and Dumb in\\nPittsburg as well as like institutions in other parts", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "288 A History of Pennsylvania\\nof the State to appreciate what giant efforts have\\nbeen put forth for the improvement of all classes of\\nsociety.\\nPennsylvania is known as the Keystone State\\nThe Keystone possibly on account of the fact that six\\nstate Qf j^^Q tt original thirteen are to the north\\nand six to the south of her but probably because\\nshe was considered to hold the balance of political\\npower between six free States and six slave States,\\nafter the Union under the Constitution had been\\nformed. Whichever reason may be the true one, it\\nlong since ceased to exist and if we would continue\\nto occupy the proud position we must do it by our\\nrank in the Union. But the rank of a State de-\\npends upon her schools.\\nBOOKS FOR READING AND CONSULTATION\\nGraydon s Memoirs, ch. i; Scliarf and Wescott s History of\\nPhiladelpliia, Vol. Ill, ch. xlvii Proposals Belating to the Edu-\\ncation of Youth in Pennsylvania, 1749; Boone s Education in the\\nUnited States, see Index; Watson s Annals of Philadelphia, Vol.\\nI, pp. 286-297, and Vol. Ill, p. 163; Wiekersham s History of\\nEducation in Pennsylvania; The Common School Laws of Penn-\\nsylvania.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\\nTHE GOVEBNOES OF PENNSYLVANIA\\nWILLIAM MARKHAM under Penn, 1681 1682 under\\nFletcher, 1693-1695 under Penn, 1695-1699 and in Delaware\\nunder Penn, 1691-1693) was a cousin of William Penn, a soldier by-\\nprofession, and but twenty -one years of age when he arrived as\\nDeputy- Governor. He came to Philadelphia by way of New York,\\nwhere he informed the Governor of that colony that his rule of the\\nDelaware had passed into William Penn s hands. He died in Phila-\\ndelphia, 1704, and was buried with military honors by direction of\\nGovernor Evans. Pennsylvania owes much to William Markham.\\nHe nursed the colony in its infancy, and the child no doubt caused\\nhim many a sleepless night.\\nWILLIAM PENN (1682-84, 1699-1701) was born in London in\\n1644. His father was Admiral William Penn, who had distinguished\\nhimself in the British navy, and was anxious that his only son should\\nbe a man of prominence. To this end, he sent William to Oxford.\\nWhile there, the youth became deeply impressed by the preaching\\nof the Quaker, Thomas Loe, and was expelled from college for re-\\nfusing to comply with certain regulations of dress, which he now\\nregarded as wrong. To efface the impressions of Loe s preaching.\\nAdmiral Penn sent his son to the Continent, where he traveled for\\na time. Upon returning, William studied law, became an attache\\nto his father in the naval service, and in 1665 assumed the man-\\nagement of a family estate near Cork. He acquired some military\\nrenown as a soldier, and had a portrait of himself painted in mili-\\ntary costume. While in Ireland, Penn once more heard Thomas\\nLoe preach, and this time the arrow of conviction went straight to\\nhis heart. He joined the Friends, adopted their principles, and\\nshared their persecutions. At a meeting in Cork, he, with others,\\nwas arrested and thrown into prison. When released, he began to\\npreach and write the Quaker doctrine. The conversion to the\\nQuakers of so prominent a person as the son of Admiral Penn was\\nthe talk of the kingdom. The father tried hard to undo Loe s\\nwork, and even made his son leave home but William refused to\\ndepart from the Quaker customs, even so much as to take off his\\nhat to his father, the King and the Duke of York. During his\\nbanishment from home, a mother s love provided him secretly with\\nS (289)", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "290 A History of Pennsylvania\\nan allowance. His writings being regarded as heretical, he was\\narrested and thrown into the Tower of London for eight months,\\nwhere he wrote his celebrated work, No Cross, No Crown. Ad-\\nmiral Penn now became touched by the heroic conduct of his son,\\nand had him liberated. The two were reconciled, and William\\nagain took charge of the estates in Ireland, but only for a short\\ntime. Resuming his preaching in England in 1670, he was once\\nmore thrown into prison. After being released again, he continued\\nto write, preach, and travel in the interests of civil and religious\\nliberty, and upon his return from Germany and Holland his his-\\ntory merged into that of Pennsylvania.\\nTHOMAS LLOYD (President of Council, 1684-86; one .of five\\nCommissioners, 1686-88 President of Council, 1690-91 Deputy-\\nGovernor, 1691-93) was entrusted with the keeping of the Great\\nSeal when Penn sailed for England in 1684. He had been educated\\nat Oxford and had held places of trust in England. Having become\\na Quaker, he resolved to come to Pennsylvania, where he arrived in\\n1683, on the same ship with Pastorius. Lloyd s first office was\\nthat of land commissioner, of whom there were three. When he\\nasked to be relieved from his executive duties in 1688, Penn gave\\nhis consent very reluctantly, yet he afterwards served twice in the\\nsame capacity. He died in 1694, at the early age of 45.\\nJOHN BLACKWELL (1688-90) had been a captain in Crom-\\nwell s army, and was at the time of his selection in one of the\\nNew England colonies. Since no Friend, says Penn, would\\nundertake the Governor s place, I took one that was not, and a\\nstranger, that he might be impartial and more reverenced. But\\nPenn s hopes were not realized. After a little more than a year of\\nturbulent rule, the Military Governor was relieved of his authority;\\nand he expressed his thanks that he had escaped from his troubles.\\nANDREW HAMILTON (1701-1703), the first Deputy-Gover-\\nnor after Markham s long and repeated rule, was a native of Scot-\\nland and a merchant in Edinburgh. On his arrival in America, he\\nwas made Governor of New Jersey. He planned a system of post\\noffices in the colonies, and was made Deputy Postmaster -General\\nfor all the plantations. He died as Governor of Pennsylvania,\\nwhile on a visit to his family at Amboy, New Jersey, in 1703.\\nEDWARD SHIPPEN (President of Council, 1703-04) succeeded\\nto executive authority on the death of Hamilton. He was Phila-\\ndelphia s first mayor. Tradition has it that he was distinguished\\nfor three things\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the biggest man, the biggest house and the biggest\\ncarriage. He came early into the province from Boston, whither\\nhe had gone from England, and whence he had fled on account of\\nthe persecutions meted out to the Quakers. He was tlie grand-\\nfather of Chief Justice Shippen and an ancestor of Dr. William\\nShippen, the first medical lecturer in Philadelphia, and the second\\nin America.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 291\\nJOHN EVANS (1704-1709) was of Welsh descent, but born in\\nLondon. When appointed Governor, he was a member of the\\nQueen s household. He was too young and inexperienced to make\\na good executive, while his private life gave great offense. William\\nPenn the younger had come with him to Philadelphia, and the\\ntwo held high carnival at times in the staid and quiet city of that\\nday.\\nCHARLES GOOKIN (1709-17) was an Irishman. He was the\\nopposite of Evans in age and morals; yet he did not please the\\nAssembly. He had been a captain in the English army, and the\\nselection of a military Governor under Penn, the Apostle of\\nPeace, was somewhat of an anomaly. He returned to England\\nafter his term of office.\\nSIR WILLIAM KEITH (1717-26) was the son of a Scotch baron,\\nand had held office under the British government before he was\\nappointed Governor, having been for some time the King s surveyor\\nof customs for the southern provinces. In this capacity he had\\nvisited Philadelphia and become favorably known there. Having\\nmade himself popular with the people, he was elected to the As-\\nsembly upon retiring from the governorship. He went back to Eng-\\nland afterwards and died in obscurity.\\nPATRICK GORDON (1726-36) was another military man, hav-\\ning served from his youth in the English army. William Penn had\\ndied in Keith s administration and Gordon was accordingly ap-\\npointed by Springett Penn, the heir-at-law of the proprietary\\nfamily. He died in office in 1736, after ten years of a happy ad-\\nministration.\\nJAMES LOGAN President of Council, 1736-38 came to\\nAmerica with Penn on his second visit in 1699, as secretary. He\\nwas born in Ireland, of Scottish parentage, in 1674, and at the age\\nof thirteen had acquired Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Later he\\nbecame proficient in mathematics and ther modern languages. He\\nmade investigations in botany and other sciences, wrote books and\\ncorresponded with the learned men in Europe. His library was\\njoined with Franklin s to make the Philadelphia library, the first\\ncirculating library in the colonies. Penn invested him with many\\nimportant trusts, which were nobly discharged. Although he never\\nwas Governor in name, in his capacity as secretary of the Province,\\nmember of the Council, commissioner of property, and Chief\\nJustice, he was everything to Penn and the Penn family from the\\nday he entered their service until he died, in 1751, He was a\\nwarm friend of the Indians. His classic home at Stenton, near\\nGermantown, was nearly always surrounded by Indian delegations,\\nwho camped there to seek advice and favor from their honored\\nfriend hid in the bushes.\\nSIR GEORGE THOMAS 1738-47 the son of a wealthy\\nplanter, was born at Antigua, in the West Indies. He was a mem-", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "292 A History of Pennsylvania\\nber of the government of that island when appointed, and after his\\nterm of office was Governor of the Leeward and Carribee Islands.\\nHe afterwards became a baronet, and died in London.\\nANTHONY PALMER (President of Council, 1747-48) was a\\ngentleman of wealth, who had come to the Province in 1708, from\\nthe West Indies. It is said that he lived in great stj^le, keeping a\\ncoach and a pleasure barge, in which he made his visits from the\\nGovernor s House at Shackamaxon to the city. He died in\\n1749.\\nJAMES HAMILTON (1748-54, 1759-63, and President of\\nCouncil in 1771) was a native of Philadelphia, possessed of a large\\nfortune, and experienced in the affairs of the Province by serving\\nas Prothonotary. He was twice appointed Governor, serving ten\\nyears altogether. He held other offices, and was a very popular\\nman until the Revolutionary movement began, when he took sides\\nwith the Crown. He died in New York in 1783.\\nROBERT HUNTER MORRIS 1754-56 was bred a lawyer,\\nand was Chief Justice of New Jersey for twenty years. His ad-\\nministration in Pennsylvania occurred at a stormy time in the his-\\ntory, and neither he nor the Province had many pleasant recollec-\\ntions of it. Upon his retirement, he returned to New Jersey,\\nwhere he died in 1764.\\nWILLIAM DENNY (1756-59) was born in England. On\\nfinishing his career as Governor of Pennsylvania, he returned\\nthither, where he retired on an annuity from the Crown. He was\\nreceived at Philadelphia with great honors but his disagreements\\nwith the Assembly made his recall necessary. He had to sign bills\\ncontrary to his instructions in order to get his salary.\\nJOHN PENN (1763-71 and 1773-1776), the son of Richard and\\ngrandson of William Penn, was a native of Philadelphia, born in\\n1728. He was twice Governor from 1763 to 1771, and again from\\n1773 to the end of the proprietary government, in 1776. He re-\\nmained here during the Revolution, and, having refused to sign a\\nparole, was confined in New Jersey and Virginia. He died at his\\nhome in Bucks county, 1795, and was buried in Christ s graveyard,\\nfrom which his remains were afterwards transferred to England.\\nRICHARD PENN (1771-73), brother of John Penn, and, hence,\\nalso grandson of William Penn, was born in England, 1734. After\\ncoming here, he became a member of the Provincial Council and a\\nnaval officer. As Governor, he secured public confidence to such\\nan extent that when, in 1775, he sailed for England, the second\\npetition of Congress to the King was entrusted to him for pre-\\nsentation to the Privy Council. Parliament availed itself of his\\ninformation on American affairs, and he subsequently became a\\nmember of that body. He died in England in 1811.\\nBENJAMIN FRANKLIN (chairman of Committee of Safety,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches\\n293\\nFranklin s Grave.\\n1776-77; and President of Supreme Executive Council, 1785-88)\\nwas born at Boston, in 1706, but disagreeing with his brother, to\\nwhom he had been apprenticed as a printer, he came to Philadel-\\nphia in 1723. He got work from Andrew Bradford, and in a year\\nhad saved enough to seek his fortune in London. He soon re-\\nturned to Philadelphia, and again worked as a journeyman but\\nnot long, for in 1830 he had\\na printing establishment,\\nwas editor and proprietor of\\nthe Pennsylvania Gazette, and\\nhad married Deborah Reed,\\nthe girl that laughed at him\\nwhen he walked past her\\nhouse eating dry rolls. Two\\nyears later, Franklin pub-\\nlished Poor Eichard s Al-\\nmanac, the first number be-\\ning for the year of Christ\\n1733. He was now a busy\\nman, yet he studied French,\\nItalian, Spanish, and Latin,\\nwrote pamphlets and essays,\\nand gave time to society and\\nthe lodge. In 1736 he got\\nhis first salaried office, clerk of the Assembly and with that\\nappointment began his long life of public service, more varied\\nand extended than that of any other man in America. The fact\\nthat he signed the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of\\nalliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and\\nthe Federal Constitution, shows what great services he rendered\\nto the United States. The last years of his life were spent in\\ngreat feebleness and much physical suffering, and death was wel-\\ncome when it came, April 17, 1790. His remains were buried in\\nChrist Church graveyard, at the corner of Fifth and Arch streets,\\nwhere thousands stop every year to look at the modest tomb-\\nstones of Benjamin and Deborah Franklin.\\nTHOMAS WHARTON, JR. (1777-78), was born in Philadel-\\nphia, 1735, his grandfather having emigrated from England to\\nPennsylvania the year after Penn s arrival. Being a warm\\nsupporter of the Revolution, he was made President of the Su-\\npreme Executive Council, in 1777, and as such, became the first\\nExecutive of Pennsylvania as a State. He died in office while the\\nseat of government was temporarily at Lancaster, during the oc-\\ncupation of Philadelphia by the British. At the request of the\\nvestry, his body was entombed within the walls of Trinity Church,\\nLancaster.\\nGEORGE BRYAN (May- December, 1778) was Vice-President\\nof the Council when Thomas Wharton, Jr., died. He thereupon", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "294 A History of Pennsylvania\\nassumed the office of President and Chief Executive. He was a\\nnative of Ireland, and upon settling in Philadelphia engaged in\\nthe mercantile business, but was not successful. He was long in\\nthe public service member of the Stamp Act Congress, of the\\nAssembly, and of the Executive Council. He was a sincere pa-\\ntriot at all times, and his sympathy for his fellowman made him\\na champion for human freedom. (See p. 172.) He died in 1791,\\nand lies buried in the Presbyterian graveyard, Arch street, near\\nFifth, Philadelphia.\\nJOSEPH REED (1778-81) was born at Trenton, New Jersey,\\n1741. After graduating at the College of New Jersey (Princeton),\\nand studying law in London, he practiced law and held of ce in his\\nnative State. Upon settling in Philadelphia, he became at once\\nprominent in public affairs, serving on the Committee of Corres-\\npondence, in Congress, and in the Continental Army. He declined\\nthe ofQce of Chief Justice of the State, as well as a brigadier-\\ngeneralship. As President of the Council, he was popular with the\\npeople en account of his energy, activity and patriotism. He was\\na leader in the establishment of the University of Pennsylvania,\\nthe abolition of slavery, and the divestment of the Penns of their\\nproprietary rights. He died in Philadelphia, 1785, at the early\\nage of 44, literally worn out in the service of his country.\\nWILLIAM MOORE (1781-82), born in Philadelphia, was a\\nmerchant when the Revolution drew him into public affairs. He\\nwas active in the measures adopted by the State and Congress to\\nremove the oppressions of England. After his term of oflBce as\\nPresident of the Council, he entered the Assembly and kept up his\\ninterest in public affairs till he died, in 1793.\\nJOHN DICKINSON (1782-85), though born in Maryland (1732)\\nand living in Delaware for a time, is claimed by Pennsylvania as\\none of her greatest sons. After studying law in Philadelphia and\\nLondon, he hung out his sign in Philadelphia. As early as 1764\\nhe was a member of the Assembly, and for the next twelve years\\nthe leading man in Pennsylvania. His star went down for a\\ntime, because he opposed the Declaration of Independence as\\npremature but he was too great to skulk. He shouldered the\\nmusket in defense of liis country, and was made brigadier- general\\nof the State militia. After he had retired to his farm in Delaware,\\nhe was first sent to Congress by that State and then elected as its\\nexecutive. When the Revolution was over, Dickinson returned to\\nPhiladelphia and was soon after honored with the presidency of\\nthe Executive Council. In the Constitutional Convention, in 1787,\\nand in the campaign for its ratification by the States, he again\\ndemonstrated his great power and influence. When our relations\\nwith France were on tlie point of breaking, he took up his pen\\nfor the last time. John Dickinson died at Wilmington, Delaware,\\nin 1808.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 295\\nTHOMAS MIFFLIN (1788-99), by his conspicuous services as\\nstatesman and soldier in the Revolutionary period and after, holds\\na high place in the history of Pennsylvania. He was born in\\nPhiladelphia in 1744, trained in the faith of the Quakers, and in-\\ntended for the mercantile business, which he pursued for a time.\\nHe was chosen to the Assembly at the age of 28, and two years\\nlater he was a member of the first Continental Congress. At the\\nopening of the Revolution he entered the Continental Army as\\nmajor of a Pennsylvania battalion, and after the battle of German-\\ntown resigned as major-general. At the battle of Long Island,\\nMifflin covered the retreat and, in spite of a dreadful mistake in\\nhis orders, did it heroically. His resignation was forced upon him\\nby impaired health, but Congress would not accept it, and he con-\\ntinued his duties as quartermaster -general till 1778, and later on\\nreceived the thanks of Congress for wise and salutary plans rec-\\nommended, to reduce the general expenses. After the war, he\\nwas elected to Congress and served as President for a year. He\\nwas also a member of that great and honorable body which framed\\nthe Federal Constitution. His valuable services in the Legis-\\nlature as Speaker of the Assembly and president of the Council,\\nand in the convention which framed the constitution of 1790, over\\nwhich he presided, made him the almost unanimous choice for the\\nfirst Governor of the State. After holding this high office as long\\nas the constitution permitted, he again- entered the Legislature\\nand died in the harness, at Lancaster, in 1800. His remains are\\nburied at the German Lutheran church of that city.\\nTHOMAS M KEAN (1799-1808), whose parents were natives\\nof Ireland, belonged to Pennsylvania and Delaware. He was born\\nin Londonderry, Chester county, 1734, but studied and practiced\\nlaw in New Castle, Delaware, and was a member of the Legisla-\\nture of that State. Having been well educated and endowed with\\ngreat ability, he became one of the pillars of the Revolution. In\\nthe Stamp Act Convention, held in New York, he assisted in\\ndrawing up the address of the colonies to the House of Commons.\\nHe was a member of the Continental Congress from both Pennsyl-\\nvania and Delaware, sitting in that body from 1774 to 1783. At\\none time he was both Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and President\\nof Congress. He was at the head of the Supreme Court in Penn-\\nsylvania for twenty-two years. He died in Philadelphia in 1817,\\nand was buried in the grounds of the Presbyterian church, on\\nMarket street.\\nSIMON SNYDER (1808-17) was born at Lancaster, and was\\nthe first of the German Governors of Pennsylvania. He was a\\ntanner by trade, but of studious habits. At the age of 25 he en-\\ngaged in the mercantile business at Selinsgrove, now Snyder\\ncounty. He began his public career as justice of the peace. He\\nhelped to frame the Constitution of 1790, and after he entered the\\nLegislature was chosen Speaker of the House for six successive\\nterms. He was a candidate for Governor four times, being de-", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "296 A History of Pennsylvania\\nfeated the first time by a small majority and elected the other\\ntimes by large majorities. He died in 1819, while a member of\\nthe Senate, and his body rests in Selinsgrove.\\nWILLIAM FINDLAY (1817-20), of Scotch-Irish descent, was\\nborn at Mereersburg, Franklin county. He began life as a farmer.\\nAfter he was twenty -nine he was elected to the Legislature for a\\nnumber of terms, and subsequently held the office of State Treas-\\nurer for ten years. After serving one term as Governor, he was\\nelected United States Senator and served one term. He finished\\nhis public career as an official of the United States mint. Mr.\\nFindlay died at Harrisburg in 1846, at the residence of his son-\\nin-law, Governor Shunk, and was buried in that city.\\nJOSEPH HIESTER (1820-23) was a native of Bern township,\\nBerks county, his father having emigrated from Germany. Joseph\\nserved his country most loyally in the Revolution. He raised a\\ncompany at the very outbreak, and when the battalion was formed\\nwas appointed major. He was wounded and taken prisoner in the\\nbattle of Long Island, and was confined in a prison ship for a\\nyear. When exchanged, he was again wounded at Germantown.\\nHe received extensive training as a statesman in the Legislature,\\nthe constitutional convention of 1790, and Congress. He died in\\n1832, and is buried in the grounds of the German Reformed\\nchurch of Reading.\\nJOHN ANDREW SHULZE (1823-29), born at Tulpehocken,\\nBerks county, was the son of a German clergyman, and he himself\\nhad served as pastor of several Lutheran congregations in Berks\\ncounty before his health demanded that he should engage in some-\\nthing else. He entered the mercantile business at Myerstown,\\nthen Dauphin county, and, becoming interested in polities, was\\nelected to the Legislature. When the new county of Lebanon was\\norganized, in 1813, he accepted an office in it, which he held for\\neight years. After that, he again entered the Legislature, serving\\nin both houses. At the end of his second term, he engaged in\\nagricultural pursuits, but before his death he removed to Lancas-\\nter, where he died in 1852.\\nGEORGE WOLF (1829-35) was a native of Allen township,\\nNorthampton county, but his father had been born in Germany.\\nGeorge received a classical and a legal education, and was well\\nprepared for the important duties of his life. He studied law while\\nhe was principal of an academy, and rose rapidly in public favor.\\nHaving been a clerk in a county office before he was of age, it is\\nnot surprising that he had been postmaster of Easton, clerk of the\\norphans court and member of the Legislature before he was forty.\\nIn 1824 he was elected to Congress, and served in that body till\\nelected Governor, in 1829. After serving in the gubernatorial chair\\nfor six years aad writing his name indelibly upon the pages of Penn-\\nsylvania s history, he entered the service of the United States in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 297\\nthe capacity first of Controller of the Treasury and afterwards\\nof Collector of the Port in Philadelphia, in which city he died in\\n1840. His remains were buried in Harrisburg, the scene of his\\ngreat services in behalf of his beloved State. Governor Wolf was a\\nman of the people and always mindful of their best interests. He\\nwas the first executive to have his office in the Capitol; his prede-\\ncessors had used a room in their private residence for that purpose,\\nmuch to the annoyance of those who were not accustomed to ser-\\nvants in waiting, stationed at every turn.\\nJOSEPH RITNER (December 15, 1835 -January 15, 1839) was\\nthe third Governor born in Berks county. His father was a\\nGerman farmer and, like most farmer boys of his day, Joseph\\nreceived but a meager education. When a young man, he removed\\nto Washington county, where he engaged in farming. By the\\nforce of his mental vigor, he soon proved himself a useful man\\nin his new home, and the people honored him with a seat in\\nthe Legislature. He served six years and rose to the position of\\nSpeaker. As the successor of Wolf, he became the guardian of a\\nprecious legacy the common school law and he handed it down\\nto posterity without the loss of one jot or tittle. At the end of\\nhis career as Governor, Eitner retired to a farm near Mount\\nRock, Cumberland county, where he died at the ripe old age of\\neighty-nine. President Taylor, in 1848, appointed him Director\\nof the Mint at Philadelphia, but a favorite of Fillmore succeeded\\nto the office soon afterwards. The following are the opening\\nlines of a poem by Whittier on Ritner s message of 1836:\\nThank God for the token one lip is still free,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOne spirit untrammelled,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 unbending one knee\\nDAVID RITTENHOUSE PORTER (1839-45), whose paternal\\nancestors had come from Ireland, was born in Montgomery county,\\nnear Norristown. Andrew, his father, was an officer in the Revo-\\nlutionary army and was once offered a position in Madison s Cabi-\\nnet. Horace Porter, son of the Governor, distinguished himself in\\nthe Rebellion and was appointed Minister to France by President\\nMeKinley. David received a classical education and, while assist-\\ning his father, who was Surveyor- General, studied law; but\\nhis health demanded a more active occupation. He therefore en-\\ngaged in the manufacture of iron in Huntingdon county. After\\nrepresenting his adopted county in the Legislature, both as Repre-\\nsentative and Senator, he was elected Governor and served two\\nterms. He died at Harrisburg in 1867, and was buried there.\\nFRANCIS RAWN SHUNK (1845-48) was of German descent\\nand a native of Montgomery county, having been born near the\\nTrappe, in the same year, with Governor Porter, 1788. At the\\nearly age of fifteen he began to teach, and when a young man he\\nwas appointed clerk in the Surveyor- General s office by Governor\\nPorter s father. In 1814 he shouldered the musket in defense of\\nBaltimore against the British. At the age of twenty-eight he\\nbegan the practice of law and became interested in politics. He", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "298 A History of Pennsylvania\\nwas clerk of the House of Representatives for several years and\\nsecretary to the Canal Commissioners. In 1842 he removed to\\nPittsburg and practiced his profession. About six months before\\nhis term as Governor had expired, he was forced to resign on ac-\\ncount of shattered health. He died July 30, 1848, and his dust\\nreposes with that of his kindred, at the Trappe, his native place.\\nWILLIAM FREAME JOHNSTON (1848-1852), whose father\\nwas Scotch-Irish, was born at Greensburg, Westmoreland county,\\n1808. He received a common school and academic education,\\nstudied law and began the practice of his profession in Armstrong\\ncounty. He soon rose to prominence and became district at-\\ntorney. He next represented his county in the House, and later,\\nhis district in the Senate. In the financial crisis of 1837, he\\nproposed a measure of relief in the Legislature, whose salutary\\neffects made him very popular. After his term as Governor, he\\nwas engaged in the manufacture of iron and the production of coal\\nand petroleum. He was appointed Collector of the Port at Phila-\\ndelphia by President Johnson, but the Senate would not confirm\\nhim on account of its hostility to the administration. He died at\\nPittsburg in 1872, and was buried there.\\nWILLIAM BIGLER (1852-55) was born of German parents, at\\nShermansburg, Cumberland county. While William was quite\\nyoung, the family removed to Mercer county, where the father died\\nand left them struggling on on a small backwoods farm. It would\\nhave been a great solace in his dying hour if he could have seen\\nthe future of two of his sons, one of whom, John, became Gover-\\nnor of California, and the other, William, Governor of Pennsyl-\\nvania. Burdened with the support of their widowed mother, the\\nboys had to be content with a meager schooling. William learned\\nthe printing trade, and was employed for several years by his\\nbrother John, in the ofiice of the Centre Democrat, published at\\nBellefonte. Andrew G. Curtin, afterwards Governor, influenced\\nWilliam to commence the publication of a political paper at Clear-\\nfield. Under many misgivings, he founded the Clearfield Democrat,\\nand laid the foundation of his political career. Disposing of his\\npaper, he went into the lumber business and became the fore-\\nmost lumber merchant on the West Branch. He was elected to the\\nState Senate in 1841, and in his own county received every vote\\ncast but one. He was elected Speaker twice, and reelected to the\\nSenate twice. His great service in the Legislature was rendered\\nin advocating the bill giving the right of way for the construction of\\nthe Pennsylvania Central railroad. A great effort was made then to\\nconnect Philadelphia and Pittsburg by means of the Baltimore and\\nOhio railroad, through Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and the west*\\nern counties of Pennsylvania, instead of by a direct route across\\nthe Alleghenies. After his retirement from the Governor s office,\\nhe became president of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Com-\\npany, and represented the State one term in the United States", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 299\\nSenate. At the close of his public life, he devoted himself to his\\nbusiness affairs and to the welfare of his town Clearfield where\\nhe died and was buried in 1880.\\nJAMES POLLOCK (1855-58), whose ancestors emigrated from\\nthe north of Ireland and settled in Chester county, was born at\\nMilton, Northumberland county, 1810. He was educated at the\\nacademy of his native town and at Princeton College. His schol-\\narly attainments secured him the degree of LL.D. from his alma\\nmater and from Jefferson College. Soon after being admitted\\nto the bar, he was elected district attorney of Northumberland\\ncounty. He represented his district in Congress from 1843 to 1849,\\nand was then appointed president judge of the district including\\nNorthumberland. After the expiration of his official term, Gover-\\nnor Pollock resumed the practice of law at Milton. He bore a\\nprominent part in the convention at Washington, between the\\nNorth and South, in 1860, to prevent an appeal to arms for the\\nsettlement of the strife between the two sections. He was Director\\nof the Mint at Philadelphia from 1861 to 1866, and was instru-\\nmental in getting the motto, In God we trust, placed upon the\\ncoins. He received the same appointment again under Grant s\\nadministration. Mr. Pollock remained an honored and respected\\ncitizen until his death, which occurred in Lock Haven, in 1%2Q^ His\\nremains are interred in the Milton cemetery.\\nWILLIAM FISHER PACKER (1858-61), of Quaker ancestry,\\nwas born in 1807, in Howard township, Centre county, his father\\nhaving removed from Chester county. Like his predecessors,\\nPollock and Bigler, William was left fatherless when a child, and\\nhad to encounter the hardships of life early. He learned the art\\nof printing before he was fifteen, but, after working at the trade\\nfor a few years, studied law at Williamsport. However, he never\\napplied for admission to the bar. Instead, he bought an interest\\nin the Williamsport Gazette, and later helped to establish the\\nKeystone, a Democratic paper at Harrisburg. He served on the\\nBoard of Canal Commissioners, was Auditor- General, and a member\\nof the House and Senate before he became Governor. While in\\nthe Legislature, he took the leading part in passing the bill to in-\\ncorporate the company that built the Northern Central railroad\\nabove Harrisburg. At the close of his term as Governor, Mr.\\nPacker, owing to declining health, retired to his home in Williams-\\nport, where he died and was laid to rest in 1870.\\nANDREW GREGG CURTIN (1861-1867) was born, 1817, in\\nBelief onte. Centre county. His father was a native of Ireland,\\none of the first iron manufacturers in central Pennsylvania, and a\\nman of liberal education and great prominence. Andrew was edu-\\ncated in private schools at Bellefonte and Harrisburg, and in the\\nacademy at Milton. He read law at home, and took a course at\\nDickinson College. He commenced the practice in 1839, and at\\nonce took high rank in his profession. He entered the political", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "300 A History of Pennsylvania\\narena to win. After helping Harrison and Clay and Taylor in\\ntheir Presidential contests, his first prize came in the form of Sec-\\nretary of the Commonwealth and Superintendent of Common\\nSchools, under Pollock. As School Superintendent, he labored\\nhard to enable the law establishing the county superintendency to\\ntake root in public opinion. Grovernor Curtin was called to rule\\nthe State at the most critical period of its history but he was equal\\nto the occasion, and fulfilled every expectation that his inaugural\\naddress of 1861 had aroused in the minds of the people. So ar-\\nduous were his duties that, at the end of his first term, his health\\ndemanded a change, and in November, 1864, he sailed for Cuba, to\\nspend the winter months there. In 1868, he was a prominent\\ncandidate for Vice-President on the ticket with Grant, and when\\nthe latter had been elected President, he made Curtin Minister to\\nRussia, a position he held till 1872. Pennsylvania s Y\\\\^ar Gover-\\nnor will always be held in the dearest remembrance. He de-\\nvoted every moment of his time, every thought of his mind, and\\nevery fiber of his strength, to the success of the Union army and\\nthe welfare of the boys from Pennsylvania who fought in that\\narmy. Yea, more From the time of that cold Thanksgiving\\nmorning when the two waifs, begging at his house in Harrisburg,\\ntold him their father had been killed in battle, his great heart also\\nhad a place for the soldiers orphans. After retiring from public\\nlife, Mr. Curtin resided in Bellefonte until his death, in 1894. His\\nremains rest in Union Cemetery.\\nJOHN WHITE GEARY (1867-73), of Scotch-Irish descent,\\nwas born near Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland county, 1819. Be-\\nfore he had graduated at Jefferson College, his father died and he\\nhad to teach school to finish his course. After a brief experience\\nas a merchant s clerk in Pittsburg, he became a civil engineer.\\nWhen the Mexican war broke out, his career as a soldier began\\nwith the appointment of lieutenant- colonel. Having won distinc-\\ntion at Chapultepec, Geary was made Colonel, and first comman-\\nder of the city of Mexico after its capture.\\nLater, when the conquests of the war had been\\nput under the control of the United States,\\nColonel Geary was made postmaster of San\\nFrancisco, then alcalde of the city, and finally its\\nfirst mayor. Upon his return to Pennsylvania,\\nhe lived on his farm in Westmoreland county\\nuntil 1856, when he was made Governor of the\\nTerritory of Kansas. He found the anti-slavery\\nand pro -slavery parties arrayed in arms against\\neach other but he disbanded their armies and\\nsent them home. Under his course, the cause\\nJames Buchanan. slavery would have been crushed in Kansas\\nthen, but he resigned when Buchanan was\\nelected, because he felt that he was no longer wanted. Early in\\n1861, he raised the 28th Pennsylvania regiment and rose to the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 301\\nrank of brigadier-general. His command won glory at Fredericks-\\nburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, and in Sher-\\nman s march to the sea. After the capture of Savannah, General\\nGeary was made Military Governor. His ripe experience and\\npatriotic services made him a great favorite for Governor of Penn-\\nsylvania in 1866. His second term expired January 21, 1873, and\\nhe died suddenly on the 8th of the following month, at the Capital\\ncity, where he was buried.\\nJOHN FREDERICK HARTRANFT (1873-79) was born in New\\nHanover township, Montgomery county, in 1830. As his name\\nindicates, he was of German descent. Preparing for college at\\nTreemount Seminary, Norristown, and taking the freshman year at\\nMarshall College, Mercersburg, he graduated at Union College,\\nSchenectady, in 1853. He read law, and was admitted to the bar\\nat Norristown in 1859. Two years later, the young lawyer raised\\nthe 4th Pennsylvania regiment and helped to fight the battle of\\nBull Run, as a member of General Franklin s staff, the three\\nmonths enlistment of his regiment having expired the day before.\\nHe then organized the 51st regiment, led the famous charge that\\ncarried the stone bridge at Antietam, participated in all the\\nengagements of the 9th corps, including Vicksburg was made\\nbrigadier -general in 1864, gallantly recaptured Fort Steadman,\\nand was breveted major-general. After the war, he served as\\nAuditor -General of the State two terms. When he retired from the\\nGovernorship, he was made major-general of the National Guard,\\nand served successively as Postmaster and Collector of the Port, in\\nPhiladelphia. He died at Norristown, in 1889, and his body rests\\nby the banks of the Schuylkill. An equestrian statue has been\\nerected to his memory on the Capitol grounds in Harrisburg.\\nHENRY MARTIN HOYT (1879-83), a descendant of an old\\nNew England family, was born at Kingston, Luzerne county, in\\n1830. He worked upon his father s farm until he was grown.\\nThen he prepared for college and entered Lafayette, but finished\\nhis education at Williams College, Mass., in 1849. He was a\\nteacher in a high school at Towanda and in Wyoming Semi-\\nnary at Kingston. He was admitted to the bar at Wilkes-Barre,\\nin 1853. At the outbreak of the civil war he helped to raise the\\n52d regiment, and was made lieutenant -colonel. For meritorious\\nservice he was mustered out at the close of the war as brevet\\nbrigadier- general. He served as Judge in the courts of Luzerne\\nand as Internal Revenue Collector before he became Governor.\\nWhen he left Harrisburg he practiced law in Philadelphia and\\nLuzerne, and gained no little reputation as a historian and po-\\nlitical economist. He died in Wilkes-Barre in 1892, and is buried\\nthere.\\nROBERT EMORY PATTISON (1883-87 and 1891-95), whose\\nancestors dwelt across Mason and Dixon s Line, is the son of a\\nprominent Methodist clergyman, and was born at Qiiantico, Som-", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "302 A History of Pennsylvania\\nerset county, Maryland, in 1850. The father removing to Phila-\\ndelphia, Robert was educated in the public schools of that city,\\ngraduating as the valedictorian of his class in the Central High\\nSchool. He was admitted to the bar in 1872, and five years later\\nwas elected City Controller, an office which his valuable services\\nenabled him to hold for two terms, though he did not belong to\\nthe ruling party. On the strength of the popularity thus ac-\\nquired, he was nominated and elected Governor in 1882, the\\nyoungest that the State has ever had, being but thirty-two years\\nold. Having spent four years as a private citizen, he was again\\nelected Governor. Since his retirement in 1895, he has been\\nliving in Philadelphia.\\nJAMES ADAMS BEAVER (1887-91), whose forefathers\\ncame from the Palatinate, in Germany, was born at Millerstown,\\nPerry county, in 1837. He was prepared for college at Pine Grove\\nMills Academy, Centre county, and graduated at Jefferson Col-\\nlege, Canonsburg, in 1856. He studied law at Belief onte and\\nbegan his professional career there. When the civil war com-\\nmenced, he entered the army as first lieutenant of the Bellefonte\\nFencibles. He rose to be lieutenant -colonel of the 45th regiment,\\ncolonel of the 148th, a regiment mostly recruited in his own county,\\nand, for distinguished conduct at Cold Harbor, to that of brevet\\nbrigadier -general. He was several times wounded and spent\\nweary weeks in the hospital. At Ream s Station, where he lost\\nhis leg, he joined his regiment when he had barely recovered from\\na ghastly wound in his side, received in the first assault upon\\nPetersburg. Mr. Beaver became a prominent lawyer and business\\nman after the war, earnest in every duty and greatly devoted to\\nreligion and education. In 1895 he was appointed one of the\\njudges of the Superior Court.\\nDANIEL HARTMAN HASTINGS (1895-99) was born in Lamar\\ntownship, Clinton county, in 1849. His father was a native of\\nIreland, and his mother, of Scotland. Daniel passed his boyhood\\ndays on a farm, attended the public schools, and before he was\\nfifteen years of age taught a school in his own neighborhood. In^\\n1867 he had attained such standing as a teacher that he went to\\nBellefonte to take charge of the academy at that place. He next\\nbecame principal of the public schools of Bellefonte, filling the\\nposition for seven years and improving himself by private study at\\nthe same time. After editing the Belief onte Bepuhlican, he read\\nlaw and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He subsequently became\\ninterested in coal mining in Cambria county. It was while on\\nbusiness at Hastings, of that county, that the memorable flood\\noccurred at Johnstown. Being Adjutant- General of the State, he\\nmade it his duty to assume control of the great work of relief ex-\\ntended to the sufferers, and won high praises for his services. He\\nwas a candidate for Governor in 1890, but was defeated in the\\nconvention by twelve votes.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 303\\nWILLIAM ALEXIS STONE (1899-1903), of New England and\\nPennsylvania German descent, was born in Delmar township, Tioga\\ncounty, 1846. His early life was spent on his father s farm. He\\nwas educated at the State Normal School in Mansfield. He joined\\nthe army before he was eighteen years old, as a private in the 187th\\nregiment, and participated in the siege of Petersburg. He was\\nseveral times promoted and was advanced to the grade of second\\nlieutenant in 1865. After the war. Governor Hartranft appointed\\nhim assistant adjutant -general of the Thirteenth division. Na-\\ntional Guard, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He studied\\nlaw and was admitted to the bar in 1870, first practicing in Wells\\nboro and later in Pittsburg, where he served as United States\\nDistrict Attorney for the Western district of Pennsylvania. Be-\\nfore becoming Governor, Mr. Stone served as a member of Con-\\ngress for eight years.\\nOTHER HISTORICAL PERSONS\\nWILLIAM ALLEN, of Philadelphia, was Chief Justice of\\nPennsylvania from 1750 to 1774. He aided Benjamin West, and\\ncooperated with Dr. Franklin in founding the College of Philadel-\\nphia. He bought the land for the State House aiid paid for it with\\nhis own money. He believed in the cause of the colonies, but not\\nin revolution or independence. He went to England in 1774, and\\nthere advocated a plan for restoring harmony. His sons agreed\\nwith him in sentiment, and all were on both sides of the contest at\\none time or another. Andrew was on the Council of Safety and in\\nthe Continental Congress, but deserted the cause in 1776, and his\\nestate was confiscated. William was with Montgomery at Quebec,\\nbut in 1778 raised the regiment of Pennsylvania Loyalists. James\\ntook no part, but remained quiet in the country.\\nJOHN ARMSTRONG, of Carlisle, after his daring achieve-\\nment at Kittanning, was of continued service to the frontier set-\\ntlements during the French and Indian war, and in the Revolution\\nhe rose to be a major-general. He was at Fort Moultrie, and\\ncommanded the militia at Brandy wine and Germantown. He served\\ntwice in the Continental Congress.\\nJACK ARMSTRONG, known as Captain Jack, the black\\nhunter, the black rifle, the wild hunter of the Juniata, the\\nblack hunter of the forest, was from Cumberland county. He\\nentered the wilds of the Juniata, built himself a cabin and lived by\\nhunting and fishing. One evening when he returned from his\\nsports, he found his wife and children murdered and his cabin\\nburned. From that time on he forsook civilized life, lived in caves,\\nand protected the frontier settlers from the Indians, asking no re-\\nward but the gratitude of those whom he rescued. Jack s Nar-\\nrows, a narrow passage of the Juniata through Jack s mountain,\\nbelow Huntingdon, was named after him.", "height": "3409", "width": "2140", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "304 A History of Pennsylvania\\nJOHN JAMES AUDUBON was a worthy successor of Alex-\\nander Wilson in bird- lore Though born in Louisiana, he spent\\na number of years in Pennsylvania. His father, in 1798, had\\nbought him the Millgrove farm on the Perkiomen, near Schuylkill\\nFalls. Here he married the daughter of an Englishman, who was\\nhis neighbor. Though he had previously formed a passion for\\nbirds, it was on this farm, where he had much leisure, that he\\npored over the idea of a great work on ornithology. He sold his\\nplace in 1810 and with the proceeds sailed down the Ohio, with his\\nwife and child, on a bird sketching expedition. He spent years in\\nAmerican woods. In 1824 he went to Philadelphia, where he met\\nCharles Lucien Bonaparte, who encouraged him to publish the re-\\nsults of his researches. After two years more of exploration, he\\nwent to England to get subscribers for his work on The Birds of\\nAmerica. He revisited America three times to make further re-\\nsearches, and died in 1851.\\nBENJAMIN FRANKLIN BACHE was born in Philadelphia in\\n1769. His father had come from England, and married Sarah,\\ntne only daughter of Benjamin Franklin. The lad accompanied\\nhis grandfather. Dr. Franklin, to Paris, pursued his studies there\\nand acquired a knowledge of printing. On his return to Phila-\\ndelphia he graduated at the College of Philadelphia, and in 1790\\npublished the first number of the General Advertiser, whose name\\nwas afterwards changed to the Aurora and General Advertiser.\\nThis paper became an ardent champion of the French Republic,\\nand represented the anti- Federal party. Bache died of yellow\\nfever in 1798.\\nJOHN BARTRAM, born in what is now Delaware county, in\\n1699, was the father of American botany. He established a\\nbotanical garden the first ever attempted on this side of the\\nAtlantic ou the west bank of the Schuylkill, a little below\\nPhiladelphia, near Grey s Ferry. His mind was probably di-\\nrected to a serious study of botany by James Logan. By the aid\\nof friends Bartram was enabled to travel and gather specimens,\\nmaiiy of which were sent to Europe and eagerly studied there.\\nHis son William devoted himself to the same pursuit, and, being a\\nsingle person, he traveled extensively, and on his return lived a\\nlife of seclusion at the old homestead.\\nEDWARD BIDDLE was born in Philadelphia, and served as\\nan officer in the French and Indian war. He then became emi-\\nnent as a lawyer in Reading. He entered the Assembly before\\nthe Revolution, became its Speaker, and was a member of the first\\nContinental Congress. He was also a member of Congress in\\n1776, and one of the foremost advocates of independence, but\\ncould not attend the sessions on account of a lingering disease, to\\nwhich he succumbed in 1779.\\nNICHOLAS BIDDLE was born in Philadelpliia in 1750. At\\nthe age of fifteen he was left with three other shipwrecked sailors", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "Biographical Shetches 305\\non an uninhabited island in the West Indies, and was not rescued\\nfor two months. He next entered the British navy; but soon re-\\nsigned in order to join a Polar expedition. Horatio Nelson, the\\nhero of Trafalgar, was onboard the same vessel. At the outbreak\\nof the Revolution Biddle was placed in charge of a vessel on the\\nDelaware, but afterwards was sent to the Bahamas, where he\\nmade valuable captures. His next achievement was the capture\\nof eleven vessels and several hundred men, on a cruise to the\\nbanks of Newfoundland. He had only one vessel with which to\\ntake these prizes and bring them back to Philadelphia. Biddle\\nwas now placed in command of the best ship of the navy and\\nordered to the West Indies. There, in 1778, he fell in with a\\nBritish ship of superior armament, but would have won had not\\nthe magazine exploded and killed him and all his crew but four.\\nJAMiES BIDDLE was a native of Philadelphia. He served in\\nthe war with Tripoli, and was taken prisoner. In the war of 1812\\nhe was a lieutenant on the Wasp when she captured the Frolic.\\nHe was put in command of the prize, but both ships were captured\\nand taken to Bermuda. After his exchange he commanded the\\nHornet, and was wounded in the capture of the British Penquin.\\nBesides a gold medal, Congress gave him the rank of captain.\\nJEREMIAH SULLIVAN BLACK was born in the Glades,\\nSomerset county, and was educated in a log school -house near\\nhis father s farm. He studied law and settled at York. At the\\nearly age of thirty-two he was elevated to the bench, reaching the\\nSupreme Court of Pennsylvania nine years later, and serving in it\\neighteen years. He became Attorney -Greneral in Buchanan s\\nadministration, and towards its close was transferred to the posi-\\ntion of Secretary of State. Upon his retirement from office, in\\n1861, he resumed the practice of law at York.\\nHUGH HENRY BRACKENRIDGE came to America from\\nScotland at the age of five and settled, with the rest of the family,\\nin York county. He graduated at Princeton by teaching school at\\nintervals and tutoring at college. He thought nothing of walk-\\ning twenty or thirty miles to get the loan of a book or newspaper.\\nHe taught school after graduation, and early evinced his ability as\\na writer. In 1776 he went to Philadelphia and edited the United\\nStates Magazine. He was licensed to preach, and served as chap-\\nlain in the Revolutionary army but he studied law and settled in\\nPittsburg. Here he distinguished himself as a lawyer, a politician,\\na judge, and a writer. Brackenridge was mixed up to some ex-\\ntent with the Whisky Insurrection, and he published an account\\nof it. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from\\n1799 to 1816. His chief work as an author is Modern Chivalry,\\nin which he gives an admirable picture of society in western\\nPennsylvania at the close of the eighteenth century.\\nWILLIAM BRADFORD was one of the Quakers who, in", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "306\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\n1682, landed in the woods where Philadelphia now stands. He\\nwas the first printer in the Province, but after a time was charged\\nwith printing seditious writings, though not convicted. How-\\never, he had become obnoxious to the settlers and went to New\\nYork, where, in 1725, he started its first newspaper, The Neio\\nYork Gazette. For thirty years he was the only printer in the\\ncolony of New York. His son Andrew, born in Philadelphia in\\n1686, was the only printer in Pennsylvania till about 1725, and he\\nstarted, on December 22, 1719, the third newspaper in the colo-\\nnies and the first in Philadelphia, the American Weeldy Mercury.\\nHe also had a book store, and was postmaster of the city for a time.\\nSAMUEL BRADY was born in Shippensburg, and removed\\nwith his father to Union county, where he became a typical fron-\\ntiersman. He joined the Revolutionary army at Boston when but\\nseventeen, and at the battle of Monmouth won the rank of cap-\\ntain. Like Van Campen, he was now selected to fight the Indians,\\nand was stationed at Fort Pitt. In this capacity he won a reputa-\\ntion for skill and daring that was not surpassed in all America.\\nHe hunted and killed Indians like game in the forest. He shot\\none Indian off a horse while the savage was carrying away a woman\\nand her child he killed three others while they were sitting on a\\nlog planning how to make sure of his scalp and he escaped from\\ndeath at the stake by pushing a squaw with a papoose on her\\nback into the fire that had been kindled for him.\\nCHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN was born in Philadelphia\\nin 1771, having descended from those who came to Pennsylvania\\nin the good ship Welcome. He was the first American of note\\nwho made literature a profession, He established the Literary\\nMagazine and American Begistcr in 1803 but discontinued it at\\nthe end of five years. Two of his novels, Arthur Mervyn and\\nEdgar Huntley, attained\\nto the rank of standard\\nromance but most of them\\nhave long since been for-\\ngotten, though they were\\nread with avidity in his\\nday. Brown lived in hum-\\nble circumstances, in a\\nlow, two story brick house,\\nstanding a little in from the\\nstreet, with never a tree or\\na shrub near it. He died\\nin 1810.\\nJAMES BUCHANAN,\\nfifteenth President of the\\nUnited States, was born at\\nStony Batter, near Mercersburg, Franklin county, April 23,\\n1791. He was the son of a Scotch -Irish trader, and was educated\\nBirthplace of James Buchanan.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 307\\nat Dickinson College. He began the practice of law in Lancas-\\nter, 1812, and soon entered the Legislature. For ten years from\\n1821, he was a member of Congress. After serving as Minister\\nto Russia one year, he entered the United States Senate in 1834,\\nand continued in that body till he was made Secretary of State\\nby President Polk. In this position he had to settle the questions\\nof 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 or fight, of the acquisition of Texas, and of the\\nMexican war. Pierce sent him to England as Minister, and he\\nwas present at the Ostend conference, which was to bring about\\nthe sale of Cuba to the United States. In 1856 he was elected\\nPresident, receiving besides the vote of several Northern States\\nthat of every slaveholding State except Maryland. Towards the\\nclose of his term, especially after Lincoln s election, the slave\\npower made his administration most difficult, and his so-called\\ntemporizing policy was severely criticised. After his career in\\nthe White House he lived in retirement on his estate near Lan-\\ncaster, known as Wheatland. Here he died June 1, 1868.\\nTHOMAS H. BURRO WES, a native of Lancaster county, was\\neducated at Quebec and in Trinity College, Ireland. He became\\na lawyer and practiced his profession in Lancaster. After serving\\nin the Legislature, he was appointed Secretary of the Common-\\nwealth by Governor Ritner, in 1835, and as such was ex-officio\\nSuperintendent of Common Schools, and entrusted with the execu-\\ntion of the free school law passed the year before. His hand\\nfashioned much of the school legislation between 1836 and the end\\nof his second term as Superintendent of Common Schools, in 1863.\\nThus this man, who confessed in 1836 that he knew no more about\\nthe details of schools than about the local geography of the moon,\\nbecame a pillar in the structure of public education in Pennsylvania.\\nZEBULON BUTLER was born in Connecticut, and was a\\nmember of the committee of three under whose direction the first\\nsuccessful settlement was made in the Wyoming valley by the\\nNew Englanders. He was one of the judges while the valley was\\nattached to Connecticut as the town (township) of Westmoreland.\\nHe was an officer in the Revolution. Being home at the time of\\nthe Massacre of Wyoming, he was the leader of the settlers on that\\ndreadful July day, 1778. Ho died in Luzerne county, 1795.\\nJOHN CADWALADER, of Welsh descent and born in Phila-\\ndelphia, was commander of The Silk Stocking Company when\\nthe Revolutionary movement began, and at once entered the\\nservice of the army. He was made brigadier-general and placed\\nin command of the Pennsylvania militia. He cooperated in the\\ncapture of the Hessians and was present as a volunteer at\\nBrandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. When the Conway\\ncabal was formed, he challenged Thomas Conway to a duel and\\nshot him in the mouth, but was himself unhurt.\\nSIMON CAMERON was a native of Lancaster county. He", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "308 A History of Pennsylvania\\nworked at the printer s trade in his boyhood and youth, and ed-\\nited a newspaper in Doylestown and at Harrisburg after he had\\nbecome of age. He next became interested in banking and the\\nconstruction of railroads, and soon acquired wealth. He was\\nelected United States Senator by the Democrats in 1843 but\\nafter the repeal of the Missouri Compromise he became a Re-\\npublican. In 1857 he was again elected Senator, and served till\\n1861, when Lincoln appointed him Secretary of War. Not agree-\\ning with the President on the question of freeing and arming the\\nslaves, Cameron resigned and accepted the post of Minister at St.\\nPetersburg. He was once more elected Senator in 1867, and\\nserved continuously for ten years. He died in 1889.\\nANDREW CARNEGIE came from Scotland at the age of ten\\nyears, his family settling in Allegheny. He began life there in a\\ncotton factory, then became a messenger boy for a telegraph com-\\npany and worked himself up to the position of superintendent.\\nHe made a fortune in oil, became interested in iron works, and soon\\nwas the largest manufacturer of iron, steel rails, and coke in the\\nworld. His public gifts, in the form of libraries to Pittsburg,\\nAllegheny, and other places have been princely. His success in\\nPennsylvania was so gratifying to his admirers in Great Britain\\nthat a seat in Parliament was offered to him and the freedom of\\ncities extended.\\nGEORGE CLYMER, whose name is affixed to the Declaration\\nof Independence, was born in Philadelphia, and fell heir to the\\nmercantile business of his uncle. When the opposition to Eng-\\nlish rule became active, he resolved to live as a freeman or perish\\nas a patriot. He was chairman of Philadelphia s tea committee,\\nContinental treasurer, member of the Council of Safety, and a\\ndelegate in Congress at various times after July 20, 1776. In this\\nbody he labored hard and took high rank. His family lived in\\nChester county, and when he visited them he did so only for a\\nnight at a time. After the Revolution Mr, Clymer entered the\\nAssembly, where his greatest service was that performed in behalf\\nof abolishing the death penalty in all but the most flagrant cases\\nof crime. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention,\\nand of the first Congress. After serving as Revenue Collector of\\nPennsylvania during the Whisky Rebellion, he retired to private\\nlife and died in 1813, at Morrisville, Bucks county.\\nJAY COOKE was born in Ohio, and entered a banking house\\nin Philadeli)hia at the age of seventeen, becoming a partner when\\nhe arrived at his majority. He established the firm of Jay Cooke\\nife Co. in 1861, and placed most of the loans of the United States\\nduring the Civil War. His success as the agent of the Govern-\\nment gave him the name of the Financier of the Rebellion.\\nThe house prospered until it became the fiscal agent of the North-\\nern Pacific Railroad Company. He failed September 19, 1873,\\nBlack Friday, and precipitated the panic of that year. Though", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "Biographical SJcetches 309\\nCooke lost his fortune, his character was unsullied. His mag-\\nnificent mansion Ogontz, named after an Indian chief who was\\nhis friend in childhood is now Ogontz Seminary for Young\\nLadies, and is situated at Chelton Hills, Montgomery county.\\nMARGARET CORBIN was another heroine like Mollie\\nPitcher. She was wounded and utterly disabled at Fort Wash-\\nington, while she heroically filled the post of her husband, who\\nwas killed by her side, serving a piece of artillery. Her name is\\nfound on the rolls of the Invalid Regiment of Pennsylvania, as it\\nwas discharged in 1783. She was born in Franklin county, and\\ndied in Westmoreland county about 1800.\\nTENCH COXE, born in Philadelphia and educated there, be-\\ncame a merchant at the age of twenty-one in the year of the\\nDeclaration of Independence. He turned royalist and left the\\ncity to join the British. He returned with Howe and was arrested\\nand paroled after the evacuation of the city. Then he turned\\nWhig and entered upon a long political career. He sat in the\\nAnnapolis convention, in the Continental Congress, and held\\nother high places but veered from one side of party politics to\\nanother. His claims to a place in history lie in his labors for\\nAmerican manufactures and his writings on political economy. He\\nmay justly be called the father of the American cotton industry.\\nWILLIAM CRAMP was born in Kensington, now in Phila-\\ndelphia. He began ship building on the Delaware in 1830, when\\nhe was but twenty-three years old. At first he built only barks\\nand brigs, but he soon received orders for larger vessels. As his\\nsons grew up and learned the business, he took them into partner-\\nship, under the name of William Cramp Sons. The Civil War\\nheralded them throughout the world as chiefs in their craft. It\\nwas then that the Delaware became known as the Clyde of\\nAmerica. New Ironsides was built for the Government in\\nseven months after the order had been received. Foreign nations\\nhave had war vessels built at Kensington, and our own navy has\\nreceived its finest marine warriors from the Cramps. William\\nCramp died in 1879.\\nGEORGE M. DALLAS, a lawyer of Philadelphia, mayor of\\nthat city, and district attorney, was United States Senator from\\n1831 to 1832, when he became Attorney- General of the State. For\\ntwo years he held the post of Minister to Russia. Dallas was\\nelected Vice-President on the ticket with Polk, in 1844. He was\\nput on the ticket to hold the protectionist vote in Pennsylvania for\\nPolk, as against Clay but in spite of this he gave the casting vote\\nin the Senate for the Walker Tariff of 1846. His last public office\\nwas that of Minister to England, under Buchanan s administration.\\nSTEPHEN DECATUR was born in Maryland while his father\\nsojourned there on account of British occupation of Philadelphia.\\nWhen the family returned in 1779, Stephen was three months old.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "310 A History of Pennsylvania\\nHe began service in the navy in 1798. In 1804 lie distinguished\\nhimself by destroying the Philadelphia, which had fallen into the\\nhands of Tripoli. In the war of 1812 he captured the British ship\\nMacedonian, and, after a stubborn fight, had to surrender the un-\\nseaworthy President. In 1815 he performed a most valuable service\\nfor his country by humbling the Barbary powers, with a squadron\\nof ten vessels. He concluded a treaty by which tribute was\\nabolished and prisoners and property restored, thus adding another\\njewel to the crown of the American navy. He ended his career in\\na duel with Commodore Barron in 1820.\\nWILLIAM DUANE was the successor of Baehe (see p. 304)\\nin the management of the Aurora. He was a native of the north-\\nern part of New York. When a lad of five, he was brought to\\nPhiladelphia by his widowed mother, but soon afterwards taken to\\nIreland, where he was educated and apprenticed to a printer.\\nComing back to Philadelphia in 1796, he was employed as one of\\nthe editors of the Aurora. After Baehe s death, the paper was\\nknown for years as Duane s paper and was a powerful instru-\\nment m the organization and upbuilding of the Republican, or\\nDemocratic party.\\nREV. JACOB DUCHE was born in Philadelphia, and graduated\\nat the college of that city, completing his studies in England. As\\nrector of Christ Church, he was a man of great influence when the\\nRevolution commenced. He was chaplain of Congress in 1776,\\nand gave all his salary for the relief of soldiers widows and\\norphans. But his loyalty to the American cause failed when the\\nBritish took possession of Philadelphia. He helped to welcome them,\\nand wrote a letter to Washington urging him to give up a hopeless\\nstruggle. The letter was laid before Congress, and Duche fled to\\nEngland. He returned some time after the war, but his influence\\nand position were gone.\\nJOHN ELDER, one of the first clergymen in the vicinity of\\nHarrisburg, was a Presbyterian from Ireland, a graduate of the\\nUniversity of Edinburgh, a scholarly man and of varied ability.\\nHe was pastor of the congregation at Paxtang for nearly sixty\\nyears.. During the troublesome times with the Indians, he was\\ncolonel of the Paxtang Rangers. He and the men of his congre-\\ngation frequently carried their rifles with them to church, so con-\\nstant was their danger from the savages. The graveyard at Pax-\\ntang, where Colonel Elder lies buried, and that at Derry Church,\\nboth in Dauphin county, are Meceas for the Scotch-Irish.\\nOLIVER EVANS was a native of Delaware, but early in life\\ncame to Philadelphia, where he made the first high-pressure\\nsteam engine and the first steam dredging machine used in this\\ncountry. This machine was put on wlieels and propelled itself to\\nthe Schuylkill river, where it w;is filted with a steam paddle and\\nnavigated down the Schuylkill and up the Delaware a short dis-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 311\\ntanee. It is supposed to have been the first steam carriage on\\nland in America. He urged the construction of railroads with\\nrails of wood or iron, but had not the means to carry his ideas into\\nexecution.\\nJAMES EWING was a native of Lancaster county, but early\\nin life settled in York. He was a lieutenant in Braddock s expedi-\\ntion, served with distinction through the whole of the Revolution,\\nand rose to the rank of brigadier-general.\\nJOHN FENNO was a native of Boston. He established the\\nGazette of the United States in New York, when the Government\\nunder the Constitution began, and removed it to Philadelphia the\\nnext year in order to publish it at the capital of the nation.\\nFenno s paper became a strong advocate of the Federal party and\\nbitterly opposed the French faction in the United States. He\\ndied of yellow fever in 1798, four days after the death of his\\npolitical antagonist Bache, of the Aurora.\\nWILLIAM FINDLEY, a native of Ireland, came to Pennsyl-\\nvania in early life, served in the Revolution, and settled in West-\\nmoreland county, where he became active in politics. He was a\\nmember of the Legislature and of the State convention that\\nadopted the Federal Constitution. This he actively opposed on\\nthe ground of its centralized power. He was eleven times elected\\nto Congress, serving from 1791 to 1799 and from 1803 to 1817.\\nHe was an ardent supporter of the Jeffersonian party and was a\\ngreat power as a speaker.\\nTHOMAS FITZSIMMONS came to Philadelphia from Ire-\\nland and engaged in the mercantile business. He served in the\\nRevolution as captain of a company, and his firm subscribed\\n$20,000 for the support of the army. He was a member of the\\nAssembly for many years and a delegate in the Continental\\nCongress from 1782-3. After his services in the Constitutional\\nConvention in 1787, he served in the Federal Congress from 1789\\nto 1795.\\nJOHN WEISS FORNEY was born in Lancaster, in 1817, and\\nlearned the printer s trade. He went to Philadelphia and for a\\nlong time edited The Pennsylvanian. He was clerk of the House\\nof Representatives at Washington, and while in that position ed-\\nited the Union. In 1857 he began the Philadelphia Press, and\\ncontinued to be its editor till 1877. Under his management the\\npaper became a very powerful organ, receiving and inflicting many\\nheavy blows. It was popularly known as Forney s Press. In\\n1878, Colonel Forney established Progress, a weekly literary jour-\\nnal, modeled after the London World. He died in 1881, widely\\nknown and deeply mourned, having enjoyed the friendship of all\\nthe leading men of the nation during his long career as a journalist.\\nJOHN FITCH was born in Connecticut, and was a watchmaker", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "312 A History of Pennsylvania\\nby trade. He made guns for the Continental Army, and was with\\nthe troops at Valley Forge. Eobert Fulton is said to have had\\naccess to his drawings and papers, and it was proved by the\\ncourts, in 1817, that his inventions and those of Fitch were in\\nsubstance the same. Fitch once said that the day would come\\nwhen some more potent man will get fame and riches from my\\ninvention, but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do\\nanything worthy of attention. After his enterprise on the Dela-\\nware had failed he went to France, but the French Revolution pre-\\nvented a renew^al of his steam navigation there. He finally went\\nto Kentucky, where he had some land. Becoming involved in\\nlaw suits with intruders on his possessions there, he committed\\nsuicide in 1798.\\nROBERT FULTON, the successful inventor of the steamboat,\\nwas born at Little Britain, Lancaster county, in 1765. He was\\nat first a portrait painter, and at the age of\\ntwenty- one went to England. There he\\nsoon became interested in engineering and\\ninventions. He next lived in France, where\\nhe invented the torpedo and vaiuly tried to\\nget Napoleon, as well as the British Min-\\nistry, to adopt it. He returned to America\\nin 1806, and the next year the Clermont\\nsteamed from New York to Albany. He was\\nafterwards employed by the Government in\\nprojecting navigation schemes; but owing to\\nlawsuits over his patents, he never amassed\\nRobert Fulton fortune from his inventions, though they\\nbrought fortunes to other men. and were of\\nthe greatest importance in developing the interior of the United\\nStates. He died in New York in 1815.\\nALBERT GALLATIN, who made a lasting mark on the sur-\\nface of national politics, w^as born at Geneva, Switzerland, and\\nbecame one of the most illustrious American statesmen. He was\\neducated in the university of his native city and came to America\\nin 1780, at the age of nineteen. After varied experiences he\\nsettled in Fayette county, where he founded New Geneva and\\nestablished glass-works. He soon entered the Legislature, and\\nin 1793 was elected United States Senator, but was not admitted\\nto his seat on account of a question raised about the time of\\nills citizenship. After his services as a mediator in the Whisky\\nInsurrection, he entered Congress and distinguished himself in\\nfinancial matters. From 1801 to 1813 he was Secretary of the\\nTreasury, and made a record as one of the ablest American finan-\\nciers. He was one of the commissioners that negotiated the treaty\\nof Ghent, doing more than anyone else to close the war of 1812.\\nMadison offered to make him Secretary of the Treasury once more,\\nbut he declined, and accepted the place of Minister to France,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 313\\nwhich post he held seven years. In 1826 he was sent as Envoy\\nExtraordinary to Great Britain. After retiring from political life,\\nhe engaged in banking in New York city, and died at Astoria, on\\nLong Island, in 1849.\\nJOSEPH GALLOWAY was Speaker of the Pennsylvania As-\\nsembly from 1766 to 1774, and he proposed a form of government\\nin the Provincial Congress favorable to the Crown. When the\\nHowes issued their proclamation in 1776, granting amnesty to such\\nAmericans as would forsake their revolutionary course, Gallo-\\nway s courage failed him and he turned Tory, together with the\\nAliens, one of the most noted families in the Province.\\nGalloway has fled and joined the venal Howe;\\nTo prove his baseness, see him cringe and bow,\\nA traitor to his country and its laws,\\nA friend to tyrants and their cursed cause, etc.\\nHis estates, with that of other Tories, were confiscated, and he went\\nto England.\\nSTEPHEN GIRARD was a descendant of a French seafaring\\nfamily, living near Bordeaux. When a boy of eight he lost his\\nright eye and a little later his mother. Doubly unfortunate,\\nStephen was anxious to escape from the surroundings of his youth.\\nReceiving several thousand dollars from his father, he sailed as a\\ncabin boy to Santo- Domingo, made some money and formed a love\\nfor the sea. At the age of twenty-eight he sailed from Bordeaux\\nas captain, never to return. Two years later, in 1776, he came to\\nPhiladelphia and stocked a small store with a cargo he had brought\\nfrom the West Indies. He amassed a large fortune in foreign\\ntrade, his ships making voyages to Europe, India and China. He\\nwas very frugal in private life, but generous in public affairs. He\\nworked in a hospital for several hours each day during the yellow\\nfever epidemic, and staked his fortune to assist the country of his\\nadoption in the war of 1812. He gave large sums to charity, and\\nfounded Girard College, which continually supports and educates\\nsome two thousand orphan boys within its walls.\\nDAVID M MURTRIE GREGG was born in Huntingdon in\\n1833, graduated at West Point, and was assigned to the dragoons.\\nAfter serving in several Indian campaigns, he entered the stern\\nservice of actual war in 1861. He began as first lieutenant in the\\ncavalry and rose to be brevetted major-general of volunteers. He\\nparticipated in most of the battles of the Army of the Potomac,\\nand greatly distinguished himself as a commander of cavalry. His\\nsterling qualities as a private citizen have been recognized on\\nseveral occasions since the war. He was appointed Consul at\\nPrague, Bohemia, in 1874, and was Auditor -General of the State\\nfrom 1892 to 1895. He lives in Reading.\\nGALUSHA A. GROW came to Pennsylvania from Connecti-\\ncut in 1847, at the age of twenty-three, and settled in Susque-\\nhanna county. He represented the Wilmot district in Congress", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "314 A Hisforjj of Pennsylvania\\nfrom 1851 to 1863, occupying the Speaker s chair during the trying\\ntime of 1861 to 1863. He then engaged in extensive business enter-\\nprises, being president of a railroad and residing for a while in\\nTexas. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1879, but was\\na candidate for United States Senator in 1881, in a long, hard-\\ncontested struggle in the Legislature. He was then out of poli-\\ntics until 1894, when he was elected Congressman-at-large by the\\nenormous majority of 188,000. He has been in Congress ever\\nsince as tall and erect as in the days before the Civil War,\\nwhen Keitfc, of South Carolina, assaulted him on the floor of the\\nHouse and got the worst of the encounter.\\nWINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK was born in Montgomery\\ncounty in 1824, and graduated from West Point at the age of\\ntwenty. He earned the title of veteran in the Mexican war by\\nhard and gallant fighting, and held honorable positions in the\\nregular army until the war of the Union broke out. Then he was\\nsummoned to Washington and made a brigadier-general in the\\nArmy of the Potomac. He was promoted to the rank of major-\\ngeneral, and by his magnificent bearing he won the soubriquet of\\nThe Superb. His name was never mentioned as having com-\\nmitted a blunder in battle for which he was responsible. He was\\nthe Democratic candidate for President in 1880, but was defeated\\nby James A. Garfield. He died in 1886, and is buried at Nor-\\nristown.\\nJOHN HARRIS, the first permanent settler on the Susque-\\nhanna, was from Yorkshire, England, and came to Philadelphia\\nsome time before 1698. In 1705, he located on the Susquehanna\\nas an Indian trader licensed by the province. He noticed the\\nadvantage of the location at the point where the Paxtang flows\\ninto the Susquehanna, and in 1825 established himself tliere per-\\nmanently, buying a large tract of land including the lower part\\nof the present site of Harrisburg. He acquired a powerful sway\\nover the Indians by his courage and good judgment. On one\\noccasion he refused rum to some drunken Indians, and they tied\\nhim to a mulberry tree on the river front and were going to burn\\nhim. He was released by some friendly Indians who came to the\\nspot just as the others were kindling the fire. When he died,\\nin 1748, his remains, by his own request, were buried at the foot\\nof that tree. Its decayed trunk stood in Harris Park till 1889.\\nThe grave is enclosed with an iron fence. His son, John Harris,\\nwas the founder of Harrisburg, and a prominent man in the\\naffairs of the province, especially in the Indian wars. In 1753\\nhe got a charter to run a ferry across the Susquehanna, and the\\nplace became known as Harris Perry.\\nJOHN HAZLEWOOD was an Englishman by birth and came\\nto Philadelphia as caj tain in the merchant marine. After he had\\nbeen made commodore of the PennsylvaTiia navy, the Continental\\nvessels in the Delaware were also put under his command. While", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 315\\nLord Howe was with his floot in Dohxware bay, in 1777, he sent\\nfor Commodore Ilazk^wood iuid i)romiso(l liim His Majdsly s pardon\\nand kind treatment il! ho woukl surrendor tlie Pennsylvania fleet.\\nHis only reply was that he would defend the fleet to the last.\\nJOHN HECKEWELDER was born in P^nj^land, and came to\\nPennsylvania with his ])ai*ents when he was twelve years old.\\nPie became a Moravian missionary, and worked chiefly among the\\nDelawares after they had been removed to tlie Ohio. He pub-\\nlished his observations upon i\\\\m\\\\v huiguage, Inihits and character.\\nHis views, which are v M y favora)\u00c2\u00bble to the Indians, have been\\nwarmly attacked and w:ii mly del endcHl. AftcH laboring forty\\nyears among them, he went to Jiethlehem, where he passed the\\nremainder of his days in retirement.\\nFRANCIS HOPKINSON was a Pliiladelphlan, a graduate of\\nthe University of Pennsylv;inia, and a lawyer by profession.\\nAfter spending a fcsw yeai-s in J^higland, he settled in Boi deiitown,\\nNew Jersey, which State he represented in Congmss when the\\nDeclaration of Independence was signed. He helpcMl to draft the\\nArticles of Confederation. He was also at the head of the Navy\\nof the Revolution for a time. By his witty satires and popular\\npoems an l songs, he greatly aiihnl tlie cause of liberty. lie was\\nJudge of the Adraii-alty for Pennsylvania from 1771) to 1789, and\\nafterwards a United States District Judge.\\nJOSEPH HOPKINSON, son of Francis Hopkinson, of Revo-\\nlutionary fame, was, like his father, a Piiiladelphian, a graduate of\\nthe University of Pennsylvania, a lawyer, a (congressman, and a\\nUnited States District .ludge. JFe is known in literature by a\\nsingle brief production only, the ])atriotic song of Hail Columbia,\\nwhich was encored the fii st time it was sung, by an audience that\\nwas mad as the priestess of tiio Doric God.\\nTHOMAS HOVENDEN was Irish by birth and educated at the\\nCork School of Design. When a young man he came to America\\nand studied art in New York. Later he went to Paris to study,\\nand when he returned settled in Plymouth township, Montgomery\\ncounty. He was a member of numerous art societies in Phila-\\ndelphia and New York. Ho painted many famous pictures, but\\nis best known to the world by Breaking Home Tic^s. Many a\\nsilent tear was dropped at the World s Fair by the multitudes that\\ndaily stood looking at Bieaking Home Ties. What Home,\\nSweet Home is in song, Breaking Homo Ties is on canvas.\\nHovend(ai s negro pictui os, notably The Jjast Mom(uits of John\\nBrown, were paint(Ml in the studio of an old barn that had once\\ndone service on the underground railway. The Confederate in a\\nPennsylvania Farm House was his noblest expression of the\\ndomestic incidents of the Union war. Ilovenden lost his life while\\ntrying to rescue a child from death under a locomotive, near Nor-\\nristown in 1895.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "316 A History of Pennsylvania\\nCHARLES HUMPHREYS, brother of Joshua the shipbuilder,\\nwas born at Haverford, now Montgomery county. For many years\\nhe was a successful miller. He was a member of the Assembly in\\n1764 and again in 1775. In the latter year he became a member of\\nthe Continental Congress and, although he opposed the oppres-\\nsive measures of Great Britain, he voted against the Declaration of\\nIndependence.\\nSAMUEL HUMPHREYS was a noted shipbuilder of Phila-\\ndelphia. His father, Joshua, had been engaged there in the same\\noccupation, and had designed and constructed the Constitution,\\nthe Chesapeake, the Congress, the President, and the United\\nStates. After the war of 1812, Samuel was asked to come to\\nRussia to organize a navy, but declined, saying, Whether my\\nmerit be great or small, I owe it all to the flag of my country, and\\nthat is a debt I must pay. Because he had designed, drafted,\\nand constructed most of the ships launched at the port of Phila-\\ndelphia, and thus had helped to make the American navy victori-\\nous over England a victory which France, Spain and Holland\\nhad all failed to achieve he was made Chief Naval Constructor of\\nthe United States. He held this distinguished place until he died,\\nin 1846.\\nJARED INGERSOLL, born in Connect icut and educated at\\nYale, met Benjamin Franklin in Paris, and soon after commenced\\nthe practice of law in Philadelphia, where he rose to distinction.\\nHe was an ardent patriot during the Revolution, member of Con-\\ngress in 1780-81, and so was well prepared for the great duty of\\nhis life to help frame the Constitution. He held important State\\noffices afterwards, and declined the appointment of Chief Justice of\\nthe Federal Court.\\nWILLIAM IRVINE was born in Ireland, and settled at Carlisle\\nas a physician when he was twenty-one years old. In 1776 he\\nraised a regiment and joined the army in Canada, where he was\\ncaptured at the battle of Three Rivers. After his exchange iu\\n1778, he was put in command of a Pennsylvania brigade at the\\nbattle of Monmouth, and remained its commander until 1781. He\\nwas then transferred to Pittsburg to guard the frontier, which was\\nmenaced by tlie British and Indians. While there he became\\ninterested in the northwestern section of the State, and it was\\nlargely through him that tlie State afterwards purchased the\\ntriangle. To show its gratitude for his labors, the State donated\\nhim a tract of land on Lake Erie. General Irvine was a member\\nof the Continental Congress two years and of the third Congress\\nunder the Constitution. His last service in the field was as senior\\nmajor-general in command of the troops raised to suppress the\\nWhisky Insurrection. The close of his life was spent in Phila-\\ndelphia, where he held a Federal office. General Irvine had two\\nbrothers in the Revolution and three sons in tlie War of 1812.\\nELISHA KENT KANE was a native of Philadelphia, and a", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 317\\ngraduate in medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. He\\nserved on the medical corps of the United States Navy, and thus\\ncultivated a love for travel, which he gratified by visiting many\\nparts of the world. He evinced his daring on the Philippine\\nIslands by descending the crater of a volcano to its very bottom,\\ncharring his boots and becoming insensible from gas. In 1850, he\\njoined the Arctic expedition sent out in search of Sir John\\nFranklin. Upon the return of the expedition from its fruitless\\nvoyage, he organized one under his own command and set sail in\\n1853, taking as sargeon Dr. I. I. Hayes, of Chester county, who\\nafterwards himself became a noted Arctic explorer. Though\\nFranklin was not found. Dr. Kane s explorations and scientific\\nobservations were most valuable. He reduced to geographical\\ncertainty more than a thousand miles of coast line in Greenland.\\nJOHN KELLEY was born in Lancaster county, but became\\na frontiersman in Union county. In December, 1776, he joined\\nWashington s army as major in the Northumberland battalion.\\nAfter the battle at Princeton, when Cornwallis was close upon the\\nheels of Washington s army, the commander-in-chief detached\\nKelley with a party of Pennsylvania troops to destroy a bridge on\\nStony creek, to prevent the advance of the enemy. Kelley cut the\\ntimbers with his own hand midst a rain of British balls. When the\\nbridge fell, he went down with it into the floating ice, and made\\nhis way into camp the same night, not alone, but in company with a\\nBritish soldier whom he had captured on the way. Kelley died at\\nLewisburg, where a monument was erected in his honor.\\nKIASHUTHA had his home on the broad bottom-lands just\\nabove Sharpsburg, Allegheny county, which still bear his name.\\nHe was one of the active and remarkable Indians of Pennsylvania.\\nHe appears to have been detailed by the Iroquois, as early as 1758,\\nto watch the Delawares and Shawanese, then living at and near\\nFort Duquesne. He lent himself to the schemes of Pontiac\\nand allied himself with the British m the Revolutionary war.\\nLater, he again became the\\nfriend of the settlers, visited\\nGeneral Wayne, and tried to\\ninduce the western Indians to\\nsubmit to the Government.\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN\\nwas born in Amity township,\\nBerks county, in 1736. He\\nwas a man of considerable\\ninfluence in the General As-\\nsembly, in the Pennsylvania\\nconvention to ratify the Fed- Home of Mordecai Lincoln,\\neral Constitution, and in the\\nState convention which framed the Constitution of 1790. He died\\nat his residence in Exeter township, in 1806. His father was", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "318 A History of Pennsylvania\\nMordecai Lincoln, who had come to Berks county from Massa-\\nchusetts, and died in Amity township in 1735. Mordecai had\\nmuch property some of which was in New Jersey, where he\\nwilled three hundred acres to his son John. This John Lincoln\\nleft New Jersey some years later, established himself in Virginia,\\nand was the grandfather of the President. The Lincolns were\\nclosely allied to the ancestors of Daniel Boone, also of Berks\\ncounty. Squire Boone, the father of Daniel, was one of the ap-\\npraisers of Mordecai Lincoln s estate, and his loving friend and\\nneighbor while Abraham Lincoln, the subject of this sketch,\\nwas married to Anna Boone, a first cousin of Daniel.\\nLOGAN was the second son of Shikellimy, and was named after\\nJames Logan, the Indian s best friend after Penn had left the\\nprovince. Logan lived for a long time near a large spring still\\nbearing his name in the Kishacoquillas valley, six miles from\\nLewistown. Removing to the west in 1771, he located on the Ohio\\nriver some thirty miles above Wheeling. Here his whole family\\nwas murdered by some whites, in a drunken carousal. To avenge\\nthis foul deed, he ordered his chiefs to commit the most frightful\\nbarbarities among the whites. When he was asked to consent to a\\ntreaty of peace, he made a reply that schoolboys might well commit\\nto memory. It opens with these words: I appeal to any white\\nman to say, if ever he entered Logan s cabin hungry, and he gave\\nhim not meat if ever he came cold and naked and he clothed him\\nnot.\\nALEXANDER KELLY McCLURE was a native of Sherman s\\nvalley. Perry county. He was a farmer s son, educated in the\\nvillage school, and apprenticed to the tanner s trade. But when\\nhe had learned it he established the Juniata Sentinel at Mifflin.\\nHe next took charge of the Chambersburg Repository, and at the\\nage of twenty- six became a lawyer. Having taken a very active\\npart in State and National politics, he soon after entered the Legis-\\nlature, and was chairman of the Senate Committee on Military\\nAffairs in 1861-62. He was a close friend of Curtin and Lincoln,\\nhaving done yeoman service for the election of both he played a\\nprominent part in Pennsylvania and the Nation during the Civil\\nWar. When the Confederates burned Chambersburg, he had\\nscarcely time to get out of town before the invaders torch was\\napplied to all the property he had. In 1868 he went to Phila-\\ndelphia, and after practicing law there and serving another term\\nin the State Senate, he estal)lished the Times, in 1875, of which he\\nhas ever since been the editor. His close relations with Lincoln\\nand other public men of the Civil War enabled him to write a\\nvaluable work, entitled Lincoln and the Men of War Times.\\nGEORGE A. M CALL was born in Pliiladelphia, graduated at\\nWest Point, and served in the Seminole and Mexican wars.\\nPresident Taylor made him Inspeetor-Genernl of tlie United States\\narmy, and in 1861 Governor Curtin appointed him major-general", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 319\\nof the Pennsylvania Reserves. He was with the Army of the\\nPotomac until the battle of Frazier s Farm, where he was taken\\nprisoner. After his exchange, his health made it necessary for\\nhim to resign. He died near West Chester in 1868.\\nGEORGE BRINTON M CLELLAN was born in Philadelphia\\nin 1826, and educated at the University of Pennsylvania and at\\nWest Point. He had just finished his military course when the\\nMexican war commenced. After it was over the Government sent\\nhim to Europe as an expert, to report the operations of the\\nCrimean war. Upon his return, he was engaged by the Illinois Cen-\\ntral Railroad as civil engineer, and afterwards became a railroad\\npresident. When the Civil War broke out he was appointed\\nmajor-general and placed in command of Western Virginia, where\\nhe greatly distinguished himself. After the disaster at Bull Run,\\nhe was made commander of the Army of the Potomac, and soon\\nafter succeeded General Scott as commander-in-chief. In organ-\\nizing the Army of the Potomac, he performed a most valuable\\nservice but in his campaigns before Richmond, he disappointed\\nthe authorities at Washington, and was relieved of the command.\\nPope s disasters restored MeClellan for two months, in which time\\nhe fought the battle of Antietam. When he was again removed\\nand placed on waiting orders, he resigned from the army, in 1864.\\nThe same year he was the Democratic candidate for President, and\\nreceived 21 electoral votes. He was Governor of New Jersey,\\n1878-1881, and died at South Orange, in that State, in 1885.\\nLittle Mac was very popular with the Army of the Potomac,\\nin spite of criticism outside of it.\\nGEORGE GORDON MEADE was born in Cadiz, Spain, while\\nhis father was United States Consul there. Upon the return of\\nthe family to Philadelphia, George was educated in the public\\nschools, and afterwards entered as a cadet at West Point. He\\nserved in the Indian war in Florida and in the Mexican war, and\\nwas promoted for brave conduct in battle. In 1861 he was made a\\nbrigadier -general in the Pennsylvania Reserves. The next year\\nhe rose to the rank of major-general, and after the battle of Chan-\\ncellorsville was assigned to the command of the Army of the\\nPotomac, which position he held until the close of the war.\\nGeneral Meade was highly honored by the people for his high\\ncharacter, his great military ability and the important part he\\ntook in the war of the Union. Philadelphia presented him a\\nhouse, and after his death, in 1872, raised a fund of $100,000 for\\nhis family.\\nWILLIAM M. MEREDITH, who for many years held the fore-\\nmost rank in Pennsylvania as a lawyer, was born in Philadelphia.\\nHe helped to frame the Constitution of 1838 and that of 1873, being\\nchairman of the convention that framed the latter. He became\\nSecretary of the Treasury in 1849 and held the office until Presi-\\ndent Taylor s death. He was Governor Curtin s Attorney -General,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "320 A History of Pennsylvania\\nand was offered the position of counsel for the United States in the\\nGeneva arbitration of the Alabama question. Pennsylvania has\\nreason to be proud also of Samuel Meredith. The Merediths are\\nWelsh. Samuel s father came from Wales and had the honor of\\nentertaining Washington when the latter first came to Philadel-\\nphia a young man unknown to greatness and to fame. The two\\naccidentally met in a coffee-house, and Meredith made the young\\nVirginian his guest while remaining in the city. Samuel, the\\nson, was a prominent officer in the devolution and for a long time\\nafterwards was Treasurer of the United States. He was a partner\\nin business with George Clymer, and the firm contributed liberally\\nto the cause of liberty. Ai30ut 1800 they invested largely in lands\\nin northeastern Pennsylvania. Meredith built himself a mansion\\nat Belmont, near Pleasant Mount, Wayne county, where he died\\nin 1817. He lies buried in a neglected grave.\\nGOUVERNEUR MORRIS came to Pennsylvania in 1778, as a\\ndelegate from New York to the Continental Congress, then in\\nsession at York. He became a citizen of Pennsylvania, and prac-\\nticed law in Philadelphia. He was Assistant Superintendent of\\nFinances under Robert Morris, delegate from Pennsylvania to the\\nConstitutional Convention, and Minister to France. After his\\nreturn from Europe, he again lived in New York, where he died\\nin 1816.\\nROBERT MORRIS, the financier of the Revolution, emigrated\\nfrom Liverpool to Philadelphia when he was a boy, and served\\nas a clerk for the Willings the rich merchant firm of which he\\nwas afterwards a member. He rescued Congress repeatedly from\\nfinancial crises, by borrowing money on his own and his firm s\\ncredit. The $1,500,000 for Washington s campaign against Corn-\\nwallis was raised by his exertions and on his own notes. From\\n1781 to 1784 he was Superintendent of Finance, and on several\\noccasions kept the new nation from going into bankruptcy. When\\nthe Constitutional government, which he helped to form, went\\ninto effect, he was elected United States Senator. He was urged\\nto become Secretary of the Treasury, but he refused, and sug-\\ngested Hamilton. In his later years he was unsuccessful in busi-\\nness, lost his fortune, and was at one time imprisoned for debt.\\nThus the man who once had owned the most magnificent home in\\nthe city of Philadelphia died in comparative poverty.\\nJOHN MORTON was of Swedish ancestry and was born in\\nRidley township, Chester county (now Delaware). His education\\nwas very limited, but hisialents were great. He was a surveyor\\nand a farmer until he became engrossed in public business. He was\\njustice of tlie peace, slieriff, common pleas and supreme judge,\\nmember and Speaker of the Assembly, delegate to the Stamp Act\\nCongress, to the first Continental Congress and to the second. His\\nlast year in Congress was the most important part of his life; for\\nhe was called on to decide whether to vote for the Declaration of", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 321\\nIndependence or against it. He chose the wiser course and voted\\nfor it. He died in April, 1777, at the age of fifty-four, and lies\\nburied at St. James church, in Chester. To those who could not\\nforgive him for his vote in favor of independence, he said in his\\ndying hour: Tell them they will live to see the hour when they\\nshall acknowledge it to have been the most glorious service I ever\\nrendered to my country.\\nLUCRETIA MOTT, a native of Massachusetts and the wife of\\nJames Mott, began her career in Pennsylvania as a school teacher\\nin Philadelphia. Soon after she became a preacher in the Society\\nof Friends. She made a tour through New England and the Middle\\nStates, preaching and denouncing slavery and intemperance. She\\nwas one of the founders of the American Anti-slavery Society, in\\n1833. She was a delegate to the World s Anti- slavery convention,\\nheld in London, 1840, but was excluded because she was a woman.\\nHer exclusion increased the woman s suffrage agitation, in which\\nshe now became a leader. She took part in the first woman s\\nrights convention, in 1848. She remained active in the cause of\\nanti-slavery and woman s rights to the end of her long life, in 1880.\\nHEINRICH MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG was born in Ger-\\nmany in 1711. He was a graduate of Gottingen and a man of great\\nscholarship and culture. He had intended to become a missionary\\nin Bengal, but received a call from Pennsylvania to labor among\\nthe destitute Lutheran population, which had been much neglected.\\nHe labored hard in his pastoral charge of Philadelphia, New\\nHanover and Providence, and preached in many other places,\\nmaking long journeys and gaining a wide acquaintance. He was\\nalso instrumental in bringing other educated ministers from Ger-\\nmany into the province, thus laying a deep and broad foundation\\nfor the Lutheran Church. During the Revolution he was an ardent\\npatriot, and through his great influence did much for the cause of\\nliberty. He was so outspoken that his life was often in peril. At\\nhis death, which occurred in 1787, there was deep and widespread\\nsorrow, which found expression in tolling bells, churches draped\\nin mourning and the preaching of many funeral sermons.\\nJOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLENBERG, son of Heinrich\\nMelchior, was born in Montgomery county, and educated at Halle,\\nGermany. He studied for the ministry and preached at Wood-\\nstock, Virginia, when the Revolution broke out. He showed his\\npartiality for a soldier s life while in Germany, for he ran away\\nfrom the university and joined the dragoons. It was not sur-\\nprising that he told his congregation in- Virginia one Sunday that\\nthere was a time to fight and a time to preach. At the close of the\\nservice he tore off his gown, showing himself in full uniform, and\\nreading his commission as colonel. He invited the men of his\\ncongregation to follow his example, and they did almost to a man.\\nHe did valiant service for the cause of liberty, and retired at the\\nclose of the war with the rank of major-general, having partici-\\nU", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "322 A History of Pennsylvania\\npated in nearly all the campaigns in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and\\nVirginia, as well as at Stony Point and Charleston. Soon after he\\nreturned to Pennsylvania, where he was elected to the Executive\\nCouncil and both houses of Congress. He closed his public career\\nas Collector of the Port at Philadelphia. He and Robert Fulton\\nare Pennsylvania s representatives in Statuary Hall of the National\\nCapitol.\\nFREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, son of Heinrich\\nMelchior, was born in Montgomery county, educated at Halle, Ger-\\nmany, and preaiihed for a time in New York city. He represented\\nPennsylvania in the Continental Congress in 1778 and 1780, and\\nwas president of the convention that ratified the Constitution of\\nthe United States. When the new government was organized in\\n1789, Frederick A. Muhlenberg was chosen Speaker of the first\\nHouse of Representatives. He was also Speaker of the third Con-\\ngress.\\nGOTTHILF HEINRICH MUHLENBERG was another son of\\nHeinrich Melchior. He, too, was educated at the University of\\nHalle, which he entered at the age of ten and attended for seven\\nyears. Then he traveled in Germany and England. When he\\nreturned to America he was ordained as a minister and assisted his\\nfather in the church in Philadelphia. When the British took pos-\\nsession of the city he retired to the country, where he devoted\\nhimself to his favorite study botany and acquired a world-wide\\nreputation as a botanist.\\nLINDLEY MURRAY, of Quaker descent, was born on the\\nSwatara, within the present limits of Dauphin county, in 1745.\\nHe resided in England the greater part of his life but his school\\nbooks were republished in this country, numerous editions being\\nbrought out in Philadelphia. They soon displaced the text-books\\nof other authors in Pennsylvania, notably those of Noah Webster,\\nwhich had been so largely used.\\nJOHN NEVILLE was a native of Virginia, served with Brad-\\ndock and through the Revolution. Becoming a citizen of Allegheny\\ncounty, he held several important civil offices. In 1791, when the\\nexcise law was passed, President Washington appointed him in-\\nspector for western Pennsylvania, hoping that his great popularity\\nwould allay the opposition to the law in that section.\\nISAAC NORRIS was a very influential Quaker of Philadelphia.\\nIsaac, his father, was likewise a prominent man in the Province,\\nand lived in great luxury in a mansion at Fair Hill. Isaac, the\\nson, acquired a large fortune in addition to what he inherited.\\nHe became a member of the Assembly in 1734, and was Speaker of\\nthat body for fifteen years after 1751. Norris proposed the in-\\nscription Prochiim liberty throughout the land unto all the in-\\nhabitants thereof, on the State House l)ell, wliich was ordered\\nfrom England the first year he was Speaker. He was a strict", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 323\\nQuaker, and defended the peace policy of the province whenever\\nwars broke out. His followers, in opposition to the war party,\\nwere called the Norris party.\\nTHOMAS PAINE, familiarly called Tom Paine, came to Phil-\\nadelphia from England, where he had been an exciseman and a\\npolitical writer. He came here at the opening of the Revolution\\nand edited the Pennsylvania Magazine. Besides his Common Sense,\\nhe published the Crisis, which appeared at intervals during the\\nwar. His services as a writer were of great value to the American\\ncause. After the formation of the State, he was clerk in the Leg-\\nislature. When the French Revolution broke out, he was first in\\nFrance and then in England. Being outlawed by the English on\\naccount of his Rights of Man, he returned to France, was elected\\nto the convention, imprisoned by the Jacobins, and wrote his\\nAge of Reason. He returned to the United States, and died in\\nNew York in 1809.\\nFRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS, born in Germany in 1651, was\\neducated in the classical and modern languages and all the science\\nof his age, and trained in the practice of the law. He arrived in Phil-\\nadelphia, August, 1683, and in October began to lay out German-\\ntown. He was its first bailiff, a member of the Assembly, and a\\nsigner of the first protest against slavery made in America. This\\nprotest is the subject of Whittier s poem, The Pennsylvania\\nPilgrim. Pastorius taught school in Germantown and Philadel-\\nphia for many years. He published several works and left others\\nin manuscript. His Latin prologue to the Germantown book of\\nrecords was translated by Whittier in^the ode beginning Hail to\\nPosterity. He died in Germantown in 1719.\\nROBERT PATTERSON came to this country from Ireland\\nwhen quite young and entered the employ of a merchant in Phila-\\ndelphia. After going through college, he entered the army in the\\nWar of 1812, and rose to be captain. He then became a promi-\\nnent manufacturer in Philadelphia. When the Mexican war broke\\nout, he again buckled on his sword, and was appointed major-\\ngeneral of United States volunteers. He distinguished himself at\\nCerro Gordo, and when the Civil War commenced, the offer of his\\nservices at the first call for volunteers was very welcome. He was\\nassigned to the command of the department of Pennsylvania,\\nDelaware and Maryland. Having enlisted only for three months,\\nand being nearly seventy years old, he was mustered out of ser-\\nvice after the battle of Bull Run. He engaged again in manu-\\nfacturing! and lived to the ripe old age of eighty- nine.\\nREMBRANDT PEALE, born in Philadelphia in 1778, was the\\nson of Charles W. Peale, who was for nearly twenty years the\\nonly portrait painter of note in America, having made the first\\nlikeness of Washington, and the likenesses of nearly all the Revo-\\nlutionary oflBcers. The son produced a portrait of Washington at", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "324 A History of Pennsylvania\\nthe age of seventeen. He studied abroad for a number of years,\\nand when he returned to Philadelphia painted the famous Court\\nof Death and The Roman Daughter. He made a great effort\\nto have drawing introduced in the schools, but was not very success-\\nful. Both the father and the sou studied under Benjamin West.\\nEembrandt died in 1860.\\nTIMOTHY PICKERING, though a native of Massachusetts\\nand a resident of that State in the early and late years of his life,\\nwas identified with so much of Pennsylvania s history that he\\ndeserves a place in it. As adjutant -general in Washington s\\narmy, he was at Brandywine and Germantown later he served on\\nthe Board of War and was made quartermaster -general. At the\\nclose of the war, he went into business in Philadelphia, but re-\\nmoved to Wilkes-Barre in 1786. He was the leading spirit in the\\nsettlement of the land dispute between Pennsylvania and the\\nConnecticut settlers in the Wyoming valley. He organized\\nLuzerne county, and was a delegate from that county in the Penn-\\nsylvania convention that ratified the Constitution of* the United\\nStates. He negotiated treaties with the Six Nations, was succes-\\nsively Postmaster- General, Secretary of War, and Secretary of\\nState. From the last office he was dismissed by John Adams be-\\ncause he would not resign. He again settled on his lands in\\nPennsylvania; but a number of his friends in Massachusetts\\nbought them in order to induce him to return to his native State,\\nwhich he did, and afterwards served in both houses of Congress.\\nMOLLY PITCHER S true name was Mollie Hays. Her\\nhusband was an artillery sergeant. She accompanied him to the\\nwar, and after two years of camp life immortalized her name at\\nthe battle of Monmouth by taking his place at his gun when he\\nwas wounded and by carrying water for the wounded after the battle.\\nThe latter act won for her the name of Molly Pitcher. After\\nSergeant Hays died, she married George McCauley. This ex-\\nplains the inscription on her tombstone in the old Carlisle grave-\\nyard\\nMOLLIE McCAULEY,\\nRENOWNED IN HISTORY AS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2MOLLIE PITCHER,\\nTHE HEROINE OP MONMOUTH.\\nDIED JANUARY. 1833, AGED 79 YEARS.\\nERECTED BY THE CITIZENS OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, JULY 4, 1876.\\nDR. WILLIAM PLUNKET was the first resident physician of\\nNorthumberland county. He was a native of Ireland, and on his\\narrival in America settled at Carlisle. Ho was lieutenant and\\nsurgeon in the French and Indian war, an l received for his ser-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Biographical SJcetches 325\\nvices several hundred acres on the West Branch. To this he gave\\nthe name of Soldier s Retreat and established his residence\\nthere. He took part in the opening scenes of the Revolution, but\\nbecame neutral afterwards.\\nJOSEPH PRIESTLY was an English Unitarian clergyman,\\na scientist, and an author. He made many discoveries in chem-\\nistry, and in 1774 discovered oxygen gas. His theological views\\nbeing obnoxious, his church and property were destroyed by a\\nmob and he came to America in 1794. He resided at North-\\numberland and continued his scientific investigations there until\\nhis death, in 1804. In 1874, the scientists of America celebrated\\nthe centennial anniversary of the discovery of oxygen at North-\\numberland.\\nSAMUEL J. RANDALL was born in Philadelphia, in 1828,\\nand engaged in mercantile pursuits. He entered politics as mem-\\nber of the councils. He served in the State Senate, and at the\\noutbreak of the Rebellion joined the Union army as a private.\\nIn 1863 he was elected to Congress, where he remained until his\\ndeath, in 1890. He was Speaker of the House from 1876 to 1881,\\nand was long the recognized leader of the Democrats in the\\nHouse, except in matters pertaining to the tariff, on which ques-\\ntion he was a protectionist. His national reputation made him a\\nprominent candidate for the Presidency, and he was brought for-\\nward in the Democratic conventions of 1880 and 1884.\\nTHOMAS BUCHANAN READ, the Poet-Painter, was born\\nin East Brandywine township, Chester county lived in Philadel-\\nphia and Cincinnati, spent much of his time abroad, and died in\\nNew York, in 1872, shortly after his return from the last sojourn\\nin Europe. He was not alone a great poet, but an artist, too. His\\nportrait of Sheridan and His Horse has attained almost equal\\ncelebrity with his popular poem on Sheridan s Ride. Longfel-\\nlow s Children is another favorite painting. His reputation as a\\npoet rests in the short lyrics contained in his Lays and Ballads.\\nSheridan s Ride was dashed off by the author at a hotel an\\nhour or so before attending a reception given to General Sheridan.\\nJOHN FULTON REYNOLDS was a native of Lancaster and\\na West Point graduate. After gallant services in the Mexican\\nwar, he was appointed commander of cadets at the military\\nacademy. He entered the war of the Union as lieutenant-colonel\\nand rose to the command of a corps. General Meade and the en-\\ntire Army of the Potomac lost a brave soldier and a noble gentle-\\nman when Reynolds fell before Gettysburg. He was but forty-\\nthree years old, and had it not been for a sharp-shooter s bullet\\nhe might have won glory on many another battlefield. His re-\\nmains were buried in the Lancaster cemetery on the Fourth of\\nJuly, when Lee s army was in full retreat across Mason and\\nDixon s Line.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "326 A History of Pennsylvania\\nDAVID RITTENHOUSE was born on a farm near German-\\ntown, in 1732. He showed his mechanical genius at the age of\\nseven by making a little waterwheel, and ten years later he had\\nmade a clock with his own hands. Mathematics engaged his mind\\nwhile at work on the farm. He used fences and iDuildings as\\nblackboards. Before he was of age he had mastered the method\\nof fluxions, of which he for a long time supposed himself the sole\\ndiscoverer. He constructed the most complete orrery that had\\never been made it is now in possession of Princeton University.\\nLater on he made a still larger one for the University of Penn-\\nsylvania. Rittenhouse succeeded Franklin as president of the\\nAmerican Philosophical Society, and was also a prominent man\\nin the councils of the State and Nation. He helped to form the\\nfirst constitution of Pennsylvania, was State Treasurer from 1777-\\n1789, member of the Board of War, and the first Director of the\\nUnited States Mint. He died in 1796, at his home in Philadel-\\nphia, corner of Seventh and Arch. An eulogium upon his char-\\nacter was delivered in the presence of Washington, members of\\nCongress, the State Legislature, and the City Councils.\\nSAMUEL RHOADS was a wealthy builder in Philadelphia\\nand repeatedly a member of the Assembly before the Revolution.\\nHe was elected to the first Continental Congress while he was\\nmayor of the city. He helped to found the Pennsylvania hos-\\npital and was an active member of the Philosophical Society.\\nJOHN ROACH, a native of Ireland, came to this country at\\nthe age of fourteen, and settled in New York as a machinist. He\\nestablished a foundry and made the largest engines then in use.\\nHe was very successful, and in 1871 bought the shipyards at\\nChester. His plant covered 120 acres and was valued at\\n$2,000,000. He built sixty-three vessels in twelve years, chiefly\\nfor the United States. On the refusal of the government to ac-\\ncept the Dolphin, in 1883, he made an assignment and closed his\\nworks; but they were re-opened when the vessel was accepted.\\nHe built more than a hundred iron vessels altogether, and con-\\nstructed the sectional dock at Pensacola, Florida. He died in\\n1887.\\nGEORGE ROSS was a native of New Castle, Delaware, and\\nwas classically educated. He settled in Lancaster, 1751, and\\npracticed law. He served in the Assembly several years and\\nwas prominent in all the movements that led to the Revolution.\\nHis first important service was performed as a delegate to the\\nProvincial Convention in 1774. The Assembly elected him as one\\nof the delegates to the first Continental Congress. He next\\nraised a company of associatoi s, and was president of the Lan-\\ncaster Military Convention, July 4, 1770. He was vice-president\\nof the convention that framed the first State Constitution, and at\\nthe same time a member of Congress, affixing his name to the\\nDeclaration of Independence, August 2, 177(5, in a hand that was", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Biographical SJietches\\n327\\nsecond only to John Hancock s in strength and boldness. He\\ndied, as Judge of the Admiralty Court, in 1779. A memorial pil-\\nlar was erected in 1897, on the site of his house in Lancaster.\\nBETSY ROSS was the wife of John Ross, a nephew of George\\nRoss, the signer. The\\nhouse where the flag was\\nmade is now 239 Arch\\nstreet, below Third, in\\nPhiladelphia a small two-\\nstoried and attic tenement,\\nformerly No. 39. She was\\na Quaker lady, engaged in\\nupholstering. Washington\\nwas a frequent visitor at her\\nhouse and knew her skill\\nwith the needle. She em-\\nbroidered his shirt ruffles\\nand did many other things\\nfor him He together with\\nRobert Morris and George\\nRoss, her husband s uncle,\\ncalled on her, in June, 1776,\\nand told her they were a\\ncommittee of Congress and\\nwanted her to make the flag\\nfrom a rough drawing.\\nShe replied, I don t know\\nwhether I can, but I ll try.\\nShe suggested that the de-\\nsign was wrong, the stars\\nbeing six-pointed and not\\nfive-pointed, as they should be. This and other changes on the\\ndrawing were made by General Washington, in her back parlor.\\nPETER FREDERICK ROTHERMEL was born in Nescopeck,\\nLuzerne county, 1821. He came to Philadelphia in his childhood,\\nand commenced life as a surveyor. At the age of twenty -two he\\nfollowed the natural bent of his mind, dropped the surveyor s\\nchain and took up the painter s brush. In 1856 he went to Europe\\nand studied art three years. On his return he was elected a mem-\\nber of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He produced\\nnumerous well-known paintings, some of which are owned abroad.\\nAfter the CiviJ War the Legislature of Pennsylvania commissioned\\nhim to paint the Battle of Gettysburg. He completed the colossal\\nwork in 1871, and received $25,000 for it. It hung in Memorial\\nHall, Philadelphia, until the Executive Building was erected at\\nHarrisburg, when it was placed on the wall of the Flag Room.\\nHe died at his home in Liufield, Montgomery county, August,\\n1895, in the same week with Hovenden.\\nBetsy Ross House.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "328 A History of Pennsylvania\\nBENJAMIN RUSH was born in Byberry township, Philadel-\\nphia county, northeast of the city. He graduated at Princeton\\nand studied medicine here and abroad. He practiced his profes-\\nsion in Philadelphia with great devotion and success. During the\\nyellow fever epidemic of 1793, he stuck to his post when all but\\ntwo other physicians had fled. For a whole week, he visited and\\nprescribed for about 120 patients per day, and many had to leave\\nhis office unaided. He was a professor of medicine in the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania, and had numerous office students. To\\nhis fame as a practitioner and teacher of medicine, Dr. Rush\\nadded the distinction of being an eminent author. He was the\\nfirst writer on temperance in America. He also mixed in the\\ncouncils of the State and Nation, and employed his talents in the\\ncause of liberty. In July, 1776, he was chosen a member of Con-\\ngress, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ-\\nence, though not one of the delegates present at the adoption.\\nCHRISTOPHER SAUR (now Sower) was born in Germany,\\ngraduated at Marburg University, and studied medicine. He\\ncame to Philadelphia in 1724, settled in Lancaster county as a\\nfarmer, but removed to Grermantown soon afterwards. Feeling the\\nwant of books among his countrymen here, especially in the line\\nof religion, he imported Bibles and other works from Germany.\\nAfter he had established his printing house, he issued in the Ger-\\nman language an almanac long continued by his descendants, a\\nmagazine among the first in America, and in 1843, the Bible\\nLuther s translation, the largest work yet published in the colonies,\\nand with the exception of Eliot s Indian Bible, the first Bible\\nprinted in America. Saur is supposed to have invented cast-iron\\nstoves; at least he introduced them into general use. He also\\npracticed his profession and made eight-day grandfather clocks.\\nHis son, Christopher, who was likewise a prominent man in the\\nprovince, especially in the Tunker Church, continued the publish-\\ning business. The house is still known as the Christopher Sower\\nPublishing Company, after an unbroken existence of one hundred\\nand fifty years.\\nMICHAEL SCHLATTER was born in Switzerland and was\\nsent to America by the Reformed Synod of Amsterdam to look\\nafter the German emigrants of that denomination in Pennsylvania.\\nHe was pastor of the churches in Philadelphia and Germantowu\\nand organized congregations in this State and in New Jersey,\\nMaryland and Virginia. He induced other ministers to come to\\nAmerica anti assisted in organizing the synod of America. His\\nwork in behalf of the education of the German settlers was untir-\\ning and most laudable. In 1757 he was chaplain of an expedition\\nto Nova Scotia against the Frencli, and for espousing the cause of\\nliberty in the Revolution he was imprisoned when the British\\noccupied Philadelphia.\\nTHOMAS A. SCOTT was born in Franklin county, and on", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 329\\naccount of his father s death was obliged to leave school at the\\nage of ten years and earn his livelihood. After filling several\\nclerical positions, he began his railroad career at Columbia, where\\nhe was collector of tolls on the line of the State railroad. He\\nwas promoted to be chief clerk in the collector s office in Phila-\\ndelphia; and in 1850 he entered the service of the Pennsylvania\\nRailroad Company as station agent at Duncansville, then the\\nwestern terminus of the road. He now rose from one position to\\nanother, becoming vice-president of the company in 1860, and\\npresident in 1874. It was largely owing to Colonel Scott that the\\nPennsylvania railroad attained to its high rank among the trunk-\\nlines of America a rank that is second to none. It was during\\nthe war of the Rebellion that his great abilities were put to the\\nseverest test. Governor Curtin called him to Harrisburg in 1861\\nto direct the movement of troops from the North and the West\\nwhile en route through the State on their way to Washington.\\nWhen the bridges of the Northern Central railroad had been de-\\nstroyed, Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, asked Governor Cur-\\ntin to send Scott to Washington in order to open a new route.\\nThough he was needed in Harrisburg, the Governor released him\\nand in a short time the movement of troops below Mason and\\nDixon s line was again uninterrupted. When Lincoln heard the\\ngood news, he said, Thank God we are all right again Scott was\\nnow mustered into the United States service as colonel and ap-\\npointed Assistant Secretary of War. In this position he kept up\\nan. incessant stream of cars, carrying troops and supplies, across\\nthe Potomac and the Ohio into the heart of the Confederacy.\\nColonel Scott s useful and well-rounded life ended in 1881.\\nSHIKELLIMY was of Oneida birth and was probably born in\\nNew York. He first appeared in Pennsylvania about 1728, living\\non the West Branch, below Milton. Later on, he established him-\\nself at Shamokin as the chief of all the Iroquois on the Susque-\\nhanna. His influence was courted by the provincial authorities,\\nand he attended nearly all the treaties made in his time. He was\\na warm friend of the Moravian missionary, Zeisberger, and of\\nWeiser. W^hile in Bethlehem the last time he was converted. On\\nhis way home he took sick, and died shortly after his return.\\nZeisberger was his spiritual adviser in the last hours, and had him\\nburied in a coffin. Another important and interesting character,\\nnear Shamokin, was Madame Montour, a French Canadian, who\\nhad married Roland Montour, a Seneca brave, and lived on the\\nChenasky as early as 1727. In that year she acted as interpreter\\nin Philadelphia between the Governor and the Five Nations. At\\nthe death of her husband, John and Thomas Penn condoled with\\nher publicly, in Philadelphia, while she attended a treaty. Her\\nson Andrew was also a provincial interpreter for a number of\\nyears. He received a grant of land northwest of Carlisle, and was\\ncaptain of a company of Indians in the English service. The\\nFrench set a price of \u00c2\u00a3100 on his head.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "330 A History of Pennsylvania\\nWILLIAM SMITH, D.D., was a native of Scotland, educated\\nat the University of Aberdeen, and of g^reat learning and executive\\nability. He came to New York at the age of twenty-four, but was\\ninduced by Franklin to settle in Philadelphia and become the first\\nProvost or President of the College of Philadelphia, a position he\\nheld until the institution was merged into the University of Penn-\\nsylvania. He took great interest in political affairs, as well as in\\nmatters of church and education. He sided with the Proprie-\\ntaries, and the Assembly had him arrested at one time and thrown\\ninto jail. But his work as a teacher went on, for his classes met\\nhim in the prison. When the Revolution commenced he was an\\nardent supporter of the American cause, preaching loyal sermons\\nand making patriotic addresses. However, in 1777, he was arrested\\nfor disloyalty, supposedly because he regarded the Declaration of\\nIndependence as premature. He gave his i)arole and retired to\\nMaryland, whence he returned in 1789, to receive back what he\\nalways called My College.\\nJAMES SMITH was one of the men who signed the Declara-\\ntion of Independence. When a lad, he came to this country from\\nIreland, and settled with his father on the west bank of the Sus-\\nquehanna. He was educated in the classics to some extent, be-\\ncame a surveyor and a lawyer, practicing these blended professions\\nfirst near Shippensburg, then at York. He resided all the rest of\\nhis life in York, and was for a long time the only resident lawyer\\nthere. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he at once took an\\nactive part in behalf of liberty. He raised the first Pennsylvania\\ncompany for resistance to Great Britain, was a member of the\\nProvincial Convention in 1774, and served as a delegate in Con-\\ngress. He died in 1806.\\nEDWIN M. STANTON, of Quaker stock, was born in Ohio,\\nand practiced law there until 1848, when he settled in Pittsburg\\nand became leader at the bar of Allegheny county. He went into\\nBuchanan s cabinet as Attorney-General, to fill a vacancy. When\\nSimon Cameron resigned the portfolio of Secretary of War, Lincoln\\nselected Stanton to fill the place. His management of the War\\nDepartment was noted for vigor and integrity. He became em-\\nbroiled at times with politicians and officers, especially with\\nMcClellan and Sherman. He remained in Johnson s cabinet after\\nLincoln s death, but was suspended by the President on account\\nof serious disagreement. This action brought the quarrel be-\\ntween the President and Congress to a head. Stanton was re-\\nstored but again removed, and the President s impeachment fol-\\nlowed. Congress passed a vote of thanks to Mr. Stanton on his\\nretirement. He resumed the practice of law, but his long and\\narduous labors had undermined his strength, and he died in 1869.\\nARTHUR ST. CLAIR came to America as a Britisli soldier, in\\n17r)8. He was lioni in Edinburgh, Scotland, and served under\\nGeneral Wolfe at Quebec. He established himself in Westmore-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 331\\nland county, and took the side of the colonies in the Revolution.\\nHe served through the whole war and rose to the rank of major-\\ngeneral. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1785 to 1787, and was president of that body when it\\npassed the famous Ordinance of 1787, by which the Northwest\\nTerritory was organized. He was Governor of this Territory from\\n1789 to 1802. He commanded the expedition against the Miami\\nIndians, which ended so disastrously. He was sick at the time\\nand gave his orders on a litter but public opinion obliged him to\\nresign his command. After his long and distinguished public ser-\\nvice, he lived poor and neglected on Chestnut Ridge, Westmore-\\nland county, till he died, in 1818.\\nTHADDEUS STEVENS was born in Vermont. He made\\nshoes, taught a country school, and graduated at Dartmouth Col-\\nlege before he came to Pennsylvania, as assistant teacher in the\\nacademy at York. Stepping from teaching to law, he began to\\npractice at Gettysburg. He rapidly rose to distinction, and was\\nsent to Harrisburg as a law-maker. He took no prominent part\\nin the passage of the free school law except to vote for it. But\\nwhen its repeal was threatened, he defended it with all his match-\\nless logic and eloquence, and won the day against determined op-\\nposition. In honor of its author, the speech was beautifully\\nprinted on silk by some free school friends in Reading, and\\nproudly kept by him until his death. He performed great ser-\\nvices for the nation later on, but he himself always regarded his\\nsuccessful defense of free schools in Pennsylvania as the greatest\\nachievement of his life. In 1841 he removed to Lancaster, where\\nhe was elected to Congress in 1848. He served in that body four-\\nteen years, dying in Washington in 1868. He was one of the\\nboldest and ablest statesmen who sustained the Union in its\\nhour of peril. He was a sincere and consistent friend of the\\ncolored race. He ordered in his will that his body should not be\\nburied in a cemetery where the color line was drawn. He served\\nin Congress when he ought to have been at home enjoying the\\ntwilight of his life for during his last year he was daily carried\\nin a chair to his seat.\\nCHARLES STEWART was born in Philadelphia, and entered\\nthe United States Navy in 1798. He captured three French ships\\nin 1800, and distinguished himself in the Tripolitan War. In the\\nsummer of 1813 he took command of the Constitution, and captured\\nthree English vessels that year, and two in each of the following\\nyears of the war. He received a vote of thanks, a sword, and a\\ngold medal, from Congress; a vote of thanks and a sword from the\\nPennsylvania Legislature and from New York the freedom of the\\ncity. From the people he received the sobriquet of Old Iron-\\nsides. He remained in the navy till he died, in 1869, a period of\\nseventy-one years, and rose to be rear-admiral. He was the\\ngrandfather of Charles Stewart Parnell, the great Irish Home Rule\\nleader in the British Parliament.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "332\\nA History of Pennsylvania\\nHENRY WILLIAM STIEGEL, the founder of the quaint old\\ntown of Manheim, Lancaster county, emigrated from Manheim,\\nGermany. He was a very eccentric character. He made frequent\\nvisits to his furnace and always drove a four-in-hand. It is said\\nthat he had a watchman stationed in the cupola of his mansion to\\nannounce his return home by firing a cannon. A band organized\\namong his employes then proceeded to the cupola and many of the\\nvillagers repaired to his residence to join in the demonstrations.\\nAmong the recorded facts of his eccentric life is this: When he\\ndeeded the lots upon which the Evangelical Lutheran church was\\nbuilt, in 1770, the price was to be a red rose, to be paid yearly\\nupon demand. The red rose is paid to his descendants to this\\nday. It constitutes a very unique and beautiful observance in the\\nchurch, and has attracted much attention in recent years in the\\nnewspapers and magazines. The Baron afterwards became re-\\nduced in circumstances, and ended his life in a log house at\\nWomelsdorf, where he taught a village school.\\nBaron Stiegel ist der mann,\\nDer die CEfen gieszen kann.\\nBaron Stiegel is the man\\nWho can cast the stoves.\\nBAYARD TAYLOR (1825-1S78) was a native of Kennett\\nSquare, Chester county, and lived there after his many travels by\\nland and sea, though he died at Berlin, Germany. Before he was\\ntwenty -one, he went to\\nEurope and made a trip on\\nfoot among the most inter-\\nesting places. His experi-\\nences were recorded in\\nViews Afoot, or Europe\\nSeen with Knapsack and\\nStaff. This work made him\\nfamous at once, and he was\\nin a position to write other\\nbooks of travel, poetry and\\nfiction\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and to become pop-\\nular as a journalist and lec-\\nturer. As a novelist, he de-\\npicted American life, par-\\nticularly life in Pennsylva-\\nnia, as in Hannah Thurs-\\nton and The Story of Kennett. In his verse, too, he often\\ndrew material from his own State, as, in The Pennsylvania\\nFarmer. The greatest of his poetic efforts is the translation of\\nGoethe s Faust. He loved Germany and tlie German people.\\nWhile his father was a descendant of an English immigrant of\\n1681, his grandmothers on botli sides were of German descent. It\\nwas a fitting coincidence, tlierefore, that he should have died in\\nthe German capital, as tiie American minister to Germany.\\nLibrary of Buyard Taylor at Cedarcroft.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 333\\nBayard Taylor was the greatest literary man Pennsylvania has\\nproduced, and Kennett Square may be proud to be his cradle\\nand his grave.\\nGEORGE TAYLOR was an Irishman by birth, the son of a\\nclergyman, who gave him an education more liberal than most\\nyouths received at that time. On his arrival in America he paid\\nfor his passage by working in the iron works of Durham, Bucks\\ncounty. He made money, bought an estate in Northampton\\ncounty, and fixed his residence there. He was soon after sent to\\nthe Assembly and served five years in that body. He was active in\\nthe movement which led to the Revolution, and entered Congress\\nin July, 1776, with Ross, Smith, Rush and Clymer, to take the\\nplaces of those who had opposed the Declaration. He was there-\\nfore one of the members not in Congress on the 2d of July, but on\\nthe 2d of August, when the engrossed document was signed.\\nTaylor died in Easton in 1781.\\nTEDYUSCUNG was a frequent visitor to Philadelphia, and\\nhad acquired a free use of English. He was one of the ablest\\nof Indian chiefs, but was too fond of liquor. At Albany, while\\nnegotiating a treaty, he was so much under its influence that his\\nwife had to rebuke him publicly. At his earnest request, he was\\nbaptized by the Moravians; but he relapsed into his old ways,\\nthough not without regret. Blamed by his own people for siding\\nwith the English, and envied by the Iroquois for his influence in\\nthe councils of the province, he was between two fires during\\nmost of the French and Indian war. In 1763, he burned to death\\nin his own house at Wyoming while asleep in bed. Some Iro-\\nquois Indians put him to sleep with liquor and then set fire to his\\nhouse. Tedyuscung was the last chief of the Delawares on the\\neast side of the Alleghenies.\\nWILLIAM TENNENT was a native of Ireland, liberally edu-\\ncated, and while there a clergyman in the Episcopal Church. He\\ncame to America in 1718, and was received as a minister into the\\nPresbyterian Church. After a brief pastorate in New York, he\\ncame to Bucks county, where he remained to the close of his life.\\nHe preached at Neshaminy; and on land that was given him by\\nJames Logan he erected the Log College, a name probably\\ngiven to the school at first in contempt. About 1840 a part of one\\nof the logs was found and a cane made from it and given to one of\\nthe professors of Princeton Seminary.\\nCHARLES THOMSON came to Pennsylvania from Ireland at\\nthe age of eleven. He was a very influential man during the\\nRevolution, both in the councils of the State and the United\\nStates. He was called the Sam Adams of Philadelphia. He\\nwas scholarly and true to his principles. The Indians had so\\nmuch respect for him that he was elected a member of the Dela-\\nware tribe. They called him the man of truth, and it used to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "334 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbe a saying It is as true as if Charles Thomson s name were\\nunder it. lie was Secretary of the Continental Congress during\\nits entire history from 1774 to 1789. He had made a careful\\nrecord of all the proceedings and reduced it to the form of a book\\nbut for fear of offending some of the Eevolutionary families, he\\nafterwards burned the manuscript. This was probably the greatest\\nmistake of his life for much valuable history is buried in his\\ngrave. He died in 1824.\\nMOSES VAN CAMPEN was a Dutchman from the Minisink\\nsettlement on the Delaware, but lived near the present site of\\nBloomsburg most of his life, and was famous for his daring in the\\nborder warfare on the Susquehanna. He and\\na companion once freed themselves at night\\nfrom a guard of nine Indians, killing all but\\none of them. After this wonderful escape,\\nhe was in great demand to organize bands\\nagainst the Indians. In 1782 he was ordered\\nby the government to clear the West Branch\\nabout Williamsport of Indians. But in this\\nhe failed for he was captured, carried to\\nNiagara, and delivered to the British. When\\nthe Indians learned who he was, they de-\\nmanded him back. The British officer prom-\\nised to protect him if he would renounce the\\nMoses Van Campen. American cause. He replied that he would\\ndie the most cruel death the Indians could in-\\nflict before he would dishonor the character of an American officer.\\nHis loyalty secured him protection, and he was exchanged when\\nthe war closed. He died in New York State at a very old age.\\nJOHN WANAMAKER was born in Philadelphia in 1838 and\\nreceived a common school education. He became a merchant and\\nbuilt up the largest retail business in the United States. He was\\na member of the Centennial Commission and contributed much to\\nits success. He has always taken great interest in Christian and\\nphilanthropic work. He is the superintendent of the largest Sun-\\nday School in the world, and a very prominent member of the\\nYoung Men s Christian Association. He was Postmaster-General\\nin President Harrison s Cabinet, and made many improvements in\\nthe postal service by his business-like methods.\\nANTHONY WAYNE was a native of Chester county, and\\nplayed the soldier so much in his boyhood that his father made him\\nchoose between the farm and his books. He took the latter and\\nbecame a surveyor. In 1774 he was sent to the Provincial Conven-\\ntion in Philadelphia, then to the Assembly, and the next year was\\na member of the Committee of Public Safety. In 1776 he joined\\nthe Northern array as colonel of a regiment. His soldierly quali-\\nties secured him promotion first to the rank of brigadier and then\\nto that of major-general. He was wounded at Three Rivers,", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 335\\nfought at Brandy wine, was twice wounded at Germantown, re-\\nceived honorable mention for bravery at Monmouth, and a gold\\nmedal from Congress for his capture of Stony Point. The people\\nexpressed their appreciation of his daring by calling him Mad\\nAnthony. He was also present at the capture ef Cornwallis.\\nGeorgia afterwards gave him a farm for driving the British out of\\nher borders. In 1791 that State sent him to Congress, but in a\\ncontest for a seat he lost. He then received the command of the\\nFederal army, and once more distinguished himself by subduing\\nthe Indians of Ohio in the battle of Fallen Timbers. He died in\\nthe old fort at Presque Isle in 1796, and was buried at the foot\\nof the flag-staff, according to his request. In 1809 his remains\\nwere carried to Chester county.\\nCONRAD WEISER at the age of fourteen emigrated from\\nGermany with his parents and a company of Palatines. They\\nsettled in a body in New York. Here young Conrad lived for\\neight months with an Indian chief, who took a great fancy to him\\nand taught him the Indian language, so valuable in his life. In\\n1723, with many of his German neighbors in New York, he settled\\nat Tulpehocken, near Reading. He engaged in farming and ac-\\nquired a large tract of land in Heidelberg township. His knowl-\\nedge of the Mohawk secured him the position of interpreter for\\nthe province, in 1732. He held this position as long as he could\\nattend to its duties, and was present at all the treaties made.\\nHis word was held in great respect by the red men. During the\\nFrench and Indian war he was commander of all the forces raised\\nwest of the Susquehanna. In his last years he lived in Reading.\\nHe died in 1760, and is buried in the family graveyard, near\\nWomelsdorf.\\nBENJAMIN WEST was born in the county of Chester (now\\nDelaware) in 1738. He was born a Quaker and had a strong de-\\nsire to become a painter, but received little encouragement be-\\ncause his sect then were opposed to likenesses of all kinds.\\nHowever, he overcame all obstacles in his way. He drew his\\nsister s baby while he watched it, he learned from the Indians\\nhow to prepare some simple colors, and he despoiled the cat s\\nwhiskers to make a brush. A present of a painter s outfit was\\nsent to Ben one day by a Friend in Philadelphia, who had de-\\ntected his wonderful talents while on a visit to the Wests. With\\nit he made a painting that gave evidence of his future greatness.\\nIn 1759, he visited Italy to study under the great artists. Then he\\nfound his way to London, where he was patronized by the King\\nand became the president of the Royal Academy of Arts. He died\\nin London in 1820.\\nGEORGE WESTINGHOUSE was born in New York, and as a\\nboy became familiar with machinery in his father s agricultural\\nworks at Schenectady. He entered the Union army in 1863, and\\nafter his return became a student at Union College. However, the", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "336 A History of Pennsylvania\\nspirit of invention, which had made him most useful in the army,\\nwas too strong to be shut within college walls. Going to Troy one\\nday, a delay, caused by a collision, suggested to Mr. Westing-\\nhouse the idea of a brake under the control of the engineer.\\nBeing invited to Pittsburg, as agent for the introduction of steel\\nfrogs, he traveled much among railroad men, and finally got con-\\nsent to try his air-brake on the Pan-Handle, between Pittsburg\\nand Steubenville. A train of four cars and an engine was fitted\\nout, in 1868, and the first application of the brake prevented a\\ncollision with a wagon on the track. The Westinghouse Air-\\nBrake Company was formed the next year, and since then Mr.\\nWestinghouse has taken out more than 1,000 patents, including\\nthose of the air-brake, the union switch and signal apparatus,\\nand electric lighting. In 1891 the Westinghouse Electric and\\nManufacturing Company was organized for the manufacture of all\\nthese patents. The works are in East Pittsburg and employ thou-\\nsands of operatives.\\nWILLIAM WHITE, of Philadelphia, graduated from the col-\\nlege there at the age of 17. He completed his theological\\nstudies in 1770, took holy orders in England, and commenced\\nhis career as an Episcopal clergyman in his native city, in 1772.\\nHe was a zealous supporter of the Revolution, and fled to Mary-\\nland when the British occupied Philadelphia. He was chaplain\\nto Congress from 1787 to 1801. Dr. White was made bishop of\\nPennsylvania in 1786 one of the first three in America.\\nROBERT WHITEHILL, of Cumberland, but native in Lan-\\ncaster county, resided on a farm two miles west of Harrisburg.\\nHe was in public life for a long time, and made a brilliant and\\nsuccessful record. During a term as Senator of Pennsylvania, he\\nwas Speaker at the celebrated impeachment of the Supreme\\nCourt. He was elected to Congress in 1805, and served in that\\nbody till his death, in 1813. From 1774, when he served on the\\ncounty committee, to the time of his death, he filled almost every\\nposition in the gift of the people.\\nJAMES PYLE WICKERSHAM was born in Chester county,\\nand began his career as an educator by teaching school at the age\\nof sixteen. After equipping himself at the Unionville Academy,\\nhe took the principalship of the Marietta Academy, in Lancaster\\ncounty. He was elected the first superintendent of schools in\\nLancaster county. To improve the teachers he held a Teachers\\nInstitute at Millersville, and thus laid the foundation of the\\nNormal School at that place the first in the State of which he\\nbecame the principal. He served in this capacity for ten years,\\nwhen Governor Curtin made him State Superintendent of Com-\\nmon Schools. He now had a wide field of usefulness, and he cul-\\ntivated every part of it with s])londid i-esults during his fourteen\\nyears of office. Before his death, in 181)1, he wrote a History ot", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "Biographical Sketches 337\\nEducation in Pennsylvania, which is a very valuable contribution\\nto the history of the State.\\nTHOMAS WILLING was the business partner of Robert\\nMorris. The firm was of great assistance to the Revolutionary\\ncause in supplying stores and funds. Mr. Willing was mayor of\\nPhiladelphia, Judge of the Supreme Court, president of the Pro-\\nvincial Congress of 1774, and became a member of the Conti-\\nnental Congress in 1775. He voted against the Declaration of\\nIndependence on the ground that it was not the time for such a\\nstep.\\nDAVID WILMOT, of Bradford county, was born in 1814, and\\neducated at an academy. He began the practice of law at Wilkes\\nBarre but soon afterwards settled in Towanda. He became a\\nprominent Democratic politician and served in Congress from\\n1845-51. He was the author of the Wilmot proviso, providing\\nthat slavery be excluded from territory to be purchased from\\nMexico in 1846. It passed the House, but not the Senate. For\\nseveral years the Wilmot proviso was brought up and debated\\nwhen new territories were to be organized. After serving as\\npresident judge in the Bradford district, he became United States\\nSenator in 1861. Two years later, he was made Judge of the\\nUnited States Court of Claims. He died at Towanda in 1868, and\\nthe famous proviso is inscribed on his tombstone.\\nJAMES WILSON was a Scotchman, educated at Glasgow,\\nSt. Andrew s and Edinburgh Universities. He emigrated to\\nAmerica, and, after practicing law at Reading, appeared in public\\nlife as a delegate from Cumberland county to the convention that\\nmet in Philadelphia to concert measures preparatory to the First\\nContinental Congress. He retained his residence in Carlisle till\\n1777, when he removed to Annapolis, Maryland, and the next year\\nfinally settled in Philadelphia. He was prominent in the discus-\\nsions preceding the Revolution, was several times a delegate in\\nCongress, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence who also sat in the Constitutional Convention, in 1787.\\nIn 1789 he was appointed one of the first associate justices of\\nthe Supreme Court, and was at the same time a law professor in\\nthe University of Pennsylvania. Wilson s fame rests chiefly in\\nthe fact that of the fifty -five delegates to the Constitutional Con-\\nvention, he was the best prepared, by his knowledge of history\\nand the science of government, for the work that was to be done.\\nNone spoke more to the point and none, excepting Gouverneur\\nMorris and Madison, was so often on his feet. He died in North\\nCarolina while on his judicial circuit, and was buried there.\\nALEXANDER WILSON was a Scotchman, who came to this\\ncountry in 1794 with a few borrowed shillings and no acquain-\\ntances. He worked at first with a copper -plate printer, then with\\na weaver, in Philadelphia. He followed teaching next, and, while\\nhe taught a school near Darby, Delaware county (seepage 282),", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "338 A History of Pennsylvania\\nbecame acquainted with the famous naturalist, William Bartram,\\nwho, by his own love of birds, deeply interested the young man\\nin that branch of nature. Wilson resolved to make a collection\\nof all the birds of America. He set out on his first expedition\\nin 1804, He studied drawing and etching, and prevailed upon\\na Philadelphia publisher to undertake an American Ornithology,\\nof which there are nine volumes. He traveled extensively in\\nthe United States, collecting specimens, for nearly a decade.\\nIn his eagerness to get a rare bird, he swam across a river\\nand caught cold, which ended in his death, at Philadelphia, in\\n1813. Wilson was also a poet. He gave us a beautiful glimpse\\ninto his life at Darby in his poem The Solitary Tutor.\\nDAVID ZEISBERGER was a Moravian missionary, who emi-\\ngrated to Georgia from Moravia, in the Austrian empire. He\\ncame to Pennsylvania to assist in the building of Bethlehem and\\nNazareth. He studied the Delaware language at Bethlehem, and\\nwent among the Five Nations to acquire the use of theirs. He\\nnot only did missionary work among Pennsylvania Indians, but\\namong those of New England and the South. When the various\\ntribes had been driven to Canada and beyond the Ohio, Zeisberger\\nfollowed even thither. He died in Goshen, Ohio, a town which\\nhe founded. He published Indian school books of various kinds,\\nand left a diary extending over the years from 1781 to 1798.\\nCOUNT VON ZINZENDORF, founder of the Moravian colony\\nat Bethlehem, was born at Dresden, Germany, in 1700, educated at\\nHalle, and after traveling for a time as a religious reformer, was\\nappointed a member of the Saxon state council. But political life\\nwas not to his taste, and he became interested in the Moravian\\nbrethren, among whom he was ordained a bishop. When he had\\nplanted the settlements in America and organized a number of\\nmissionary stntions among the Indians, he returned to Herrnhut,\\nhis estate in Saxony, where he died.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nPrincipal Officers of the United States Government from Pennsyl-\\nvania, 1783 to 1897\\nName\\nDate of ap-\\npointment\\nBorn\\nDied\\nPresidents\\nPrior to the adoption of the ConstitutiQn\\nThomas Mifflin..\\nArthur St. Clair.\\nNov. 3.1783\\nFeb. 2,1787\\n1744\\n1734\\n1818\\nPresident\\nUnder the Constitution\\nJames Buchanan\\nVice President\\nGeorge M. Dallas\\nSecretaries of State\\nTimothy Pickering\\nJames Buchanan\\nJeremiah S. Black\\nSecretaries of the Treasury\\nAlbert Gallatin\\nAlexander J. Dallas\\nRichard Rush\\nSamuel D. Ingham\\nWilliam J. Duane\\nWalter Forward\\nWilliam M, Meredith\\nSecretaries of War\\nTimothy Pickering\\nJames M. Porter\\nWilliam Wilkins r\\nSimon Cameron\\nEdwin M. Stanton\\nJ. Donald Cameron\\nSecretaries of the Navy\\nWilliam Jones\\nAdolph E. Borie\\nSecretary op the Interior\\nT. M. T McKennan\\n(339)\\nTerm of\\nService\\nBorn\\nDied\\n1857-1861\\n1845-1849\\n1795-1800\\n1845-1849\\n1860-1861\\n1801-1814\\n1814-1817\\n1825-1829\\n1829-1831\\n1833\\n1841-1843\\n1849-1850\\n1795\\n1843-1844\\n1844-1845\\n1861-1862\\n1862-1868\\n1876-1877\\n1791\\n1792\\n1745\\n1791\\n1810\\n1761\\n1759\\n1780\\n1773\\n1780\\n1786\\n1799\\n1745\\n1793\\n1779\\n1799\\n1814\\n1833\\n1760\\n1809\\n1794\\n1868\\n1864\\n1829\\n1868\\n1883\\n1849\\n1817\\n1859\\n1860\\n1865\\n1852\\n1873\\n1829\\n1862\\n1865\\n1889\\n1870\\n1831\\n1852", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "340 Aj)pendix\\nPrincipal Officers of the United States Government\u00e2\u0080\u0094 continued\\nName\\nPostmasters Genekal.\\nTimothy Pickering\\nJames Campbell\\nJohn Wanamaker\\nCharles Emory Smith\\nAttorneys General\\nWilliam Bradford\\nRichard Rush\\nHenry D. Gilpin\\nJeremiah S. Black\\nEdwin *!SI. Stanton\\nWayne MacVeagh\\nBenjamin H. Brewster\\nAssociate Justices op the Supreme Court\\nJames Wilson\\nHenry Baldwin\\nRobert C. Grier\\nWilliam Strong\\nGeorge Shiras, Jr\\nPresidents pro tem. of the Senate\\nWilliam Bingham\\nJames Ross\\nAndrew Gregg\\nSpeakers House of Representatives\\nF. A. Muhlenberg\\nF. A. Muhlenberg\\nGalusha A. Grow\\nSamuel J. Randall\\nTerm of\\nService\\nBorn\\n1791-1795\\n1745\\n1853-1857\\n1812\\n1889-1893\\n1838\\n1898\\n1842\\n1794-1795\\n1755\\n1814-1817\\n1780\\n1840-1841\\n1801\\n1857-1880\\n1810\\n1860-1861\\n1814\\n1881\\n1833\\n1881-1885\\n1816\\n1789-1798\\n1742\\n1830-1846\\n1770\\n1846-1870\\n1794\\n1870-1880\\n1808\\n1892\\n1832\\n1797\\n1729\\n1797-1799\\n1761\\n1809\\n1755\\n1789-1791\\n1750\\n1793-1795\\n1750\\n1861-1863\\n1823\\n1876-1881\\n1828\\n1829\\n1795\\n1850\\n1860\\n1883\\n1869\\n1888\\n1798\\n1846\\n1870\\n1895\\n1808\\n1847\\n1835\\n1801\\n1801\\n1890\\nSenators\\nWilliam Maelay 1789-1871\\nRobert Morris 1789-1795\\nAlbert Gallatin 1793-1794\\nJames Ross 1794-1803\\nWilliam Bingham 1705-1801\\nJohn P. G. Muhlenberg 1801\\nGeorge Logan 1801-1807\\nSamuel Maelay 1803-1808\\nAndrew Gregg 1807-1813\\nMichael Leib 1808-1814\\nAl)ner Leacock 1813-1819\\nJonathan Roberts 1814-1821\\nWalter Lowrie 181!)-1825\\nWilliam Findlay 1821-1827\\nWilliam Marks 182.5-1831\\nIsaac D. Barnhard 1827-1831\\nGeorge Mifflin Dallas 1831-1833\\nWilliam Wilkins 1831-1834\\nSamuel McKean 1833-1839\\nJames Buchanan 1834-1 845\\nDaniel Sturgeon 1839-1851\\nSimon Cameron 1845-1849\\nJames Cooper 1849-1855\\nRichard Brodhead 1851-1857\\nWilliam Bigler 1855-1861\\nSimon Cameron 1857-1861\\nDavid Wilmot 1861-1863\\nEdward Cowan 1861-1867\\nCharles R. Buckalew 1863-1869\\nSimon Cameron 1867-1877\\nJohn Scott 1869-1875\\nWilliam A. Wallace 1875-1881\\nJ. Donald Cameron 1877-1897\\nJohn I. Mitchell 1881-1887\\nMatthew Stanley Quay 1887-1899\\nBoise Penrosd 1897-", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAdams county,232. See also Gettysburg.\\nAdolphus, Gustavus, 17.\\nAgriculture, 250, 276 department of,\\n246.\\nAlbany, Congress, 125 purchase, 66,\\n128.\\nAlgonquins, 1.\\nAllegewi Indians, 2.\\nAllegheny, valley, 64, 93, 124; county,\\n85, 185; city, 268, 308.\\nAliens, the, 167, 303.\\nAUentown, 45, 60, 159, 219, 268.\\nAllman, Jerome T., 246.\\nAmendment, of Frame of Government.\\n101, 102; of Federal constitution, 182;\\nof State constitutron, 241.\\nAmerican Philosophical Society, 326.\\nAndastes, 3.\\nArbor Day, 240.\\nArmstrong, John, 88, 131, 161, 303;\\nCaptain Jack, 75, 127, 303; Thomas\\nA., 239; county, 89, 267, 273.\\nArmy, Washington s, troops for, 150;\\nretreat of, to Pennsylvania in 1776,\\n154 crossing the Delaware, 155\\ncomes to Pennsylvania in 1777, 156;\\nat Valley For^e, 163 leaves Valley\\nForge, 167; at Morristown, N. J., 173;\\nmarches through Pennsylvania in\\n1781, 174.\\nAssembly, General, first, 28, 30, 100,\\n101; second, 102; powers of enlarged,\\n104; first struggle for rights, 112 sent\\nhome, 113 scruples aboiit war, 115,\\n121, 130; gets right to adjourn at will,\\n115 holds back Governor s salary,\\n123 assists in King George s war,\\n123 disputes with Proprietary, 124;\\nasked to build a fort on the Ohio, 125;\\ncontends for the right to apply taxes\\nfor the King s use, 126; and Governor\\nMorris, 129; aids freely in the French\\nwar, 134; petitions King for change\\nof government, 138 accepts acts of\\nFirst Continental Congress, 148 in-\\nstructs delegates in Second Continen-\\ntal Congress, 149 receives instruc-\\ntions, 151 the Proprietary dies, 107,\\n152r.\\nAssociators, 123, 149.\\nAudubon, James, 253, 304.\\nAughwick, 74.\\nBache, Benjamin F., 253, 304.\\nBaldwin, Henry, 340.\\nBallot Reform, 244.\\nBaltimore, Lord, 16.\\nBangor, 275.\\nBanks, the first bank in Pennsylvania\\nand America, 173, 252; the bank of\\nNorth America, 175; State, 184, 192,\\n200, 206, 214, 246; the United States\\nbank, 184, 192.\\nBaptists, 279.\\nBarnes, J. Mahlon, 249.\\nBarnhard, Isaac D., 340.\\nBartram, John, 36, 253, 304.\\nBattle of the Kegs, 162.\\nBeaver, James A., 239, 241, 244, 301;\\ncounty, 89.\\nBedford, town, 75, 76, 133, 136, 255;\\ncounty, 170, 211, 232.\\nBeisel, Conrad, 47.\\nBellefonte, 195, 299, 302. [317.\\nBerks county, 150, 188, 266, 274, 296, 297,\\nBethlehem, 46, 129, 130, 159, 266, 269,\\n280, 339.\\nBicentennial, 238.\\nBiddle, Edward, 146, 148, 304; Nicholas,\\n151, 304; James, 194, 305.\\nBigler, William, 212, 298, 340.\\nBig Runaway, 170.\\nBingham, William, 340.\\nBirmingham, 33, 158.\\nBlack, Chauncey F., 241; Jeremiah S.,\\n305, 339, 340.\\nBlack Friday, 308.\\nBlackwell, John, 112, 290.\\nBloomsburg, 72.\\nBoone, Daniel, 318.\\nBorder counties, 232.\\nBorie, Adolph E., 339.\\nBouquet, Colonel, 76, 82, 133, 135-138.\\nBrackenridge, Hugh, 185, 186, 190, 306.\\nBraddock, town, 268.\\nBraddock s campaign, 127-128 road,\\n75; grave, 85.\\nBradford, William, 35, 42, 305; Andrew,\\n252, 293, 305; William, 340; county,\\n69, 337.\\nBrady, Captain Samuel, 88, 305.\\nBrandywine, 33, 151-159.\\nBrewster, Benjamin H., 340.\\nBridges, 257.\\nBristol, 23, 33, 39.\\nBrown, Charles Brockden, 253, 306\\nJohn, 215; the schoolmaster, 76.\\nBrown-stone, 275.\\nBryan, George, 167, 171, 293.\\nBryn Mawr, 52.\\nBuchanan, James, 215, 216, 300, 305, 306,\\n339, 340.\\n(341)", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "342\\nIndex\\nBucks county, 30, 62, 129, 154, 211, 257,\\n276, 333.\\nBuckalew, Charles R., 233, 340.\\nBuckshot war, 205, 206.\\nBurnt Cabins, 74.\\nBurrowes, Thomas H., 204, 307.\\nBushy run, 82, 136.\\nButler, Zebulon, 67, 168, 307; county, 89,\\n273.\\nBybei-ry, 33.\\nCadwalader, John, 155, 307.\\nCambria county, 88.\\nCameron, Simon, 219, 307, 329, 339, 340;\\nJ. Donald, 339, 340.\\nCamp Curtin, 219, 221.\\nCampbell, James, 340.\\nCanals, 91, 197, 199, 200, 212, 213, 214,\\n256, 261, 263, 268; commissioners, 200.\\nCapital, State, 187, 195.\\nCapitol, 196, 246, 247.\\nCarbon county, 62, 264.\\nCarlisle, 60, 74, 76, 136, 175, 182, 184, 188,\\n195, 206, 222, 223, 232, 254, 255, 262, 337.\\nCarnegie, Andrew, 245, 308.\\nCarpenters HaU, 107, 146, 147, 184.\\nCatholics, 279.\\nCentennial Exhibition, 234-236.\\nCentre county, 209, 302.\\nChambersburg, 76, 221, 222, 224, 230,\\n318.\\nCharter, Penn s, 97; of Privileges, 104,\\n279.\\nChase, S. B., 233.\\nCheat river, 82.\\nCherry Tree, 88.\\nChester, town, 28, 33, 39, 258, 269, 321,\\n326; county, 30; Welsh and Scotch-\\nIrish in, 53, 4; 207, 266, 275, 276, 279,\\n317 325.\\nChestnut Ridge, 331.\\nChevaux-de-frize, 150, 162, 175.\\nChew mansion, 161.\\nChrist Church, 36-38, 279.\\nChristiana, 211.\\nClarion county, 273.\\nClearfield county, 88, 298.\\nClymer, George, 106, 151, 154, 178, 180,\\n309, 320; Hiester, 232.\\nCoal, 91, 92, 261-264.\\nCoat of Arms, 100.\\nColgrove, 274.\\nColonial government, 96.\\nColumbia, 195, 197, 210, 260, 329.\\nCommerce, 117, 250-252.\\nCommon Sense, 151.\\nConcord, The, 40.\\nConemaugh creek, 261.\\nConestoga, wagons, 255, 262 Indians,\\n4, 55, 56.\\nCongress, Continental, First, 146; Sec-\\nond, 148, 154, 159, 167, 175.\\nConnecticut, claim of, 64; di-spute with\\nsettled. 68.\\nConnelly, Dr. John. 83.\\nConococheague, 74, 75.\\nConstitution, of 1776, 107, 108; average\\nlife of an American, 108; of 1790.\\n109; of 1838, 109,110, 205; of 1873,\\n111; Federal, 178-182.\\nConway Cabal, 164, 307.\\nCooke, Jay, 233, 308.\\nCooper, James, 340.\\nCopper, 275.\\nCorbin, Margaret, 308.\\nCornplanter, 86.\\nCorry, 93.\\nCouncil of Censors, 108, 109, 176; of\\nSafety, 106. 107, 151, 1.54, 155.\\nCounty, Act, the great new, 89; map,\\npresent, 65; of 1800, 89.\\nCowan, Edgar, 340.\\nCoxe, Tench, 265, 308.\\nCramp, William, 269, 309.\\nCrawford county, 89.\\nCresap, Thomas, 79.\\nCroghan, George, 127.\\nCumberland, valley, 45, 54,223; county.\\n127, 129, 136, 211, 267, 297, 324.\\nCurtin, Andrew G., 216, 217, 218, 219,\\n223, 229, 231, 299, 329.\\nDallas, George M., 309, 339, 340; Alex-\\nander M., 339.\\nDanville, 269.\\nDarby, 279, 339. [283, 322.\\nDauphin county, 54. 180, 196, 275, 276,\\nDecatur, Stephen, 194, 309.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 152-154:\\nthe signers from Pennsylvania, 154;\\nof Rights, 108, 109.\\nDelamater, George W., 244.\\nDelaware, State, first settlement in, 16;\\ncalled the three lower counties, 19;\\nforms a separate council, 112; gets a\\nseparate Assembly, 113: bay, dis-\\ncovery of, 14; Indians, 1-3, 4-5, 63.\\n134; Lord, 14; river, first settlement\\non, 15; coimty, 21, 259.\\nDenning, William, 267.\\nDenny, William, 132. 292.\\nDickinson, John, 106, 138. 140; as the\\nPennsylvania Farmer. 141. 144, 145;\\nin Congress, 146, 148, L52, 1.53, 154:\\nas President, 175; in Constitutional\\nConvention of 1787, 178; sketch of.\\n294.\\nDill, Andrew H., 237.\\nDobbins, Daniel, 193.\\nDock, Christopher, 280.\\nDoylestown, 308.\\nDrafts, 221.\\nDrake, E. L.,273. [339.\\nDuane, William, 253, 310; William J.,\\nDu Bois, 95.\\nDuche, Rev. Jacob, 37,146. 107, 310.\\nDuke of York. 19.\\nDuncansville. 329.\\nDutch, settlements on the Delaware. 14-\\n17; claim, 16; settle on Minisink\\nFlats. 17; rule, 19 West India Com-\\npany, 15.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "Index\\n343\\nEaston, 45, 60, 64, 159. 269, 270, 296, 333.\\nEducation (see also Schools), 30, 190,\\n199, 200, 201; foundations of, laid, 277;\\nin constitutions of 1776 and 1790, 281;\\nin the charter, 282 charitable and\\npenal, 285 compulsory, 285 higher,\\n286, 287.\\nElder, Rev. John, 55, 310.\\nEnglish, first settlement of, in Pennsyl-\\nvania, 21; immigrants, 91, 92.\\nEphrata, 47, 159, 280.\\nEpiscopalians, 36-39.\\nErie, town, 87, 88, 193, 211, 269; county,\\n89; Indians, 7.\\nEvans, John, 114, 290; Oliver, 258, 310.\\nEwing, James, 155, 311.\\nFair Play men, 72.\\nFalls of Trenton, 33.\\nFayette county, 85, 185, 312.\\nFenno, John, 253, 311.\\nFindlay, William, 196, 198, 199, 296, 340.\\nFindley, William, 181, 185, 281, 311.\\nFirst Defenders 218.\\nFitch, John, 178, 257, 311.\\nFitz Simons, Thomas, 178, 311.\\nFive Nations, 1, 6.\\nFlag, provincial, 123 Betsy Ross, 157,\\n327; Pennsylvania battle, 231.\\nFlat Iron, 81.\\nFletcher, Governor, 103, 113.\\nFloods of 1889, 242, 302.\\nForbes, General, 38, 132-134 road, 75,\\n82\\nForney, John W., 215, 311.\\nForest county, 89.\\nFort Allen, 130; Augusta, 71, 73, 130\\nCasimer, 18 Christina, 19 Du\\nquesne, 81, 125, 133; Granville, 75\\nGreenville, Indian treaty of, 86\\nLe Boeuf, 81, 125; Ligonier, 136\\nLoudon, 75, 127; Machault, 125; Mc\\nIntosh, 9 Mercer, 162 Miflflin, 162\\nNassau, 15, 18; Necessity, 85, 125\\nPitt, 76, 81, 83, 85, 137, 170;~Presque\\nIsle, 87, 88, 125, 335; Shirley, 131, 135\\nFt. Stanwix, Indian purchase at, 67,\\n71, 82; Washington, 308.\\nForty Fort, 67, 169.\\nForward, Walter, 339.\\nFoster, Henry D., 216.\\nFox, George, 25, 39.\\nFrame of Government, 98-104.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, in colonial his-\\ntory, 37, 38, 84; 105, 106, 107, 122, 123,\\n124, 126, 127, 130; in England, 134, 139,\\n140; in Congress, 148, 149, 152, 153,\\n154; in France, 155, 167; as President,\\n177, 178, 181, 182; 252, 286; sketch of,\\n292.\\nFranklin, town, 93; county, 180, 221,\\n222, 232, 306, 328.\\nFrench, erect forts, 125.\\nFriends. See Quakers.\\nFries Rebellion, 188.\\nFrontier forts, 130.\\nFulton, Robert, 257, 258, 312, 322;\\ncounty, 222, 232.\\nFurly, Benjamin, 102.\\nFurnaces, 266-268.\\nGallatin, Albert, 185, 312, 339, 340.\\nGalloway, Joseph, 138, 146, 148, 167, 313.\\nGeary, John W., 228, 232, 300.\\nGermans, 39-53; called Palatines, 44;\\nwhere from, 44; great numbers of,\\n45; education of, 49; occupation, lan-\\nguage, and position in the State, 50,\\n51, 207 as frontiersmen, 54, 59 in\\nJuniata valley, 74, 76 in York\\ncounty, 74; in southwestern Pennsyl-\\nvania, 85 naturalization of, 116;\\nimmigration of, checked, 118.\\nGerman sects, 48, 167.\\nGermantown, settled, 39-43, 159 bat-\\ntle of, 160-161; 266, 279; academy, 43.\\nGettysburg, battle of, 223-230; painting\\nof battle of, 327 Thaddeus Stevens\\nsettles in, 331.\\nGill, John D., 244.\\nGilpin, Henry D., 340.\\nGinter, Philip, 262, 263.\\nGirard, Stephen, 252, 313; college, 287.\\nGist, Christopher, 81.\\nGolden Book of Queen Anne, 44.\\nGookin, Charles, 115, 290.\\nGordon, Patrick, 118, 290.\\nGovernor, of Province, treble vote and\\nveto of, 102; of State, 109, 110, 208.\\nGray s ferry, 183, 304.\\nGreat Meadows, 85.\\nGregg, Andrew, 199, 340; David M., 229,\\n313.\\nGreencastle, 222.\\nGreen county, 273.\\nGrier, Robert C, 340.\\nGrow, Galusha, 313, 340.\\nGrundy, Thomas H., 246.\\nHail Columbia, 187, 315.\\nHamilton, Andrew, 104, 290 James,\\n134, 142, 292.\\nHancock, Winfield S., 225, 227, 229, 314.\\nHannastown, 82, 83.\\nHanover, 224.\\nHarris, John, 4, 314 John, Jr., 55, 71,\\n187, 195, 314.\\nHarrisburg, 60, 171, 182, 185, ]95, 197,\\n209, 217, 219, 223, 224, 237, 246, 282.\\nHartman, Mrs., 138.\\nHartranft, John F., 233, 236, 301.\\nHastings, Daniel H., 246, 248.\\nHaverford, 316.\\nHawley, Charles I., 246.\\nHayes, Dr. I. I., 317.\\nHazleton, 248.\\nHazlewood, John, 162, 314.\\nHeckewelder, 8, 47, 315.\\nHendrickson, Captain, 15.\\nHiester, Joseph, 196, 198, 296.\\nHollidaysburg, 261.\\nHomestead, 95, 245, 268.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "344\\nIndex\\nHonesdale, 259.\\nHopkinson, Francis, 37, 163, 315;\\nJoseph, 187, 315.\\nHot Water Rebellion, 188.\\nHouse of Representatives, 109, 205.\\nHoiiston, Robert J., 2il.\\nHovenden, Thomas, 254, 315.\\nHoyt, Henry M., 237, 238, 239, 301.\\nHudson, Henry, 10, 14.\\nHuguenots, 57, 58.\\nHummelstown, 275.\\nHumphreys, Charles, 146, 148, 152, 153,\\n154, 316; Samuel, 269, 316.\\nHungarians, 94.\\nHuntingdon, town, 75, 287, 303 county,\\n222.\\nImpeachment, of Logan, 114 of Su-\\npreme Court Justices, 190.\\nIndependence HaU, 119-121, 198, 246,\\n303.\\nIndiana county, 88.\\nIndian country, 86, 89.\\nIndian purchases, map of, 6 first, 26,\\n63; of 1736 and 1758, 60 of 1686, 61;\\nof 1754, 66, 74, 75, 76 of 1768, 67, 71,\\n72, 76, 83, 88 of 1749, 70 of 1784,\\n73, 86.\\nIndians, tribes of, in Pennsylvania, 1-\\n8 character and life, 8-14 treaties,\\n11 threaten Pennsylvania, 122\\nshow hostility, 123.\\nIngham, Samuel D., 339.\\nIngersoll, Jared, 178, 316.\\nInternal Impro^^nents, 110, 177, 183,\\n192, 196, 199, 200, 201, 204, 212, 213,\\n214, 256, 264.\\nInventions, 177.\\nIrish, 91, 92.\\nIron, 91, 92, 254, 266-268.\\nIroquois, 1, 4, 5, 317, 329.\\nIrvine, William, 38, 185, 316.\\nJack s Narrows, 75.\\nJacobs, Captain, 131.\\nJay s Treaty, 187.\\nJenks, George A., 249.\\nJohnston, William F., 210, 212, 298.\\nJohnstown, 95, 242-244, 269.\\nJones, WiUiam, 3.39.\\nJudiciary, 109, 110, 115. 190, 247.\\nJuniata valley, 6, 45, 64, 74-77.\\nKane, Dr. Elisha K., 214, 316.\\nKeitli, Sir William, 29, 110, 290;\\nGeorge, 53, 103.\\nKelley, John, 1.55, 317.\\nKennett, 33, 157, 332.\\nKingston, 66, 169.\\nKiskiminitas, 82.\\nKittanning, 75, 88, 131.\\nKittatiniiy valley, 59.\\nKyashuta, 85, 317.\\nLackawanna ooiinty, 264.\\nLafayette, 157, 159.\\nLancaster, town, 39, 45, 159, 175, 176,\\n188, 195, 266, 283, 295, 307, 326, 331;\\ncounty, 54, 76, 78, 127, 129, 136, 211,\\n255, 267, 275, 276, 311, 317.\\nLancaster, Joseph, 283.\\nLands, classes of, 60 Penn s policy re-\\nspecting, 60; State gets common, 61.\\nLane, Franklin H., 237.\\nLattimer, 248.\\nLaurel Hill, 83, 128.\\nLaw, the Great, 101.\\nLawrence county, 89.\\nLawreneeville, 217.\\nLaws, to be approved by Crown, 97, 115;\\nto be explained by agent in London,\\n97, 118 test, 177 British in Pennsyl-\\nvania, 191.\\nLeacock, Abner, 340.\\nLebanon, 45, 60; county, 266.\\nLegislature, 109, 110, 111 and the em-\\nbargo, 191; grants charters, 199;\\ncreates canal commissioners, 200 es-\\ntablishes free schools. 202-204 sells\\npublic works, 213 extra session of,\\n240; expands public service, 246; sits\\nin a church, 247.\\nLehigh, valley, 45, 92 county, 188, 274,\\n275.\\nLeib, Michael, 340.\\nLeiper, Thomas, 259.\\nLenni-Lenape Indians, 1-3.\\nLewisburg, 317.\\nLewistoNATi, 75, 219, 318.\\nLiberty Bell, 120, 153, 158, 246, 322.\\nLibrary, State, 246; Philadelphia, 291.\\nLieutenant-governor, 111.\\nLigonier valley, 82.\\nLincoln, President Abraham, secret\\nride of, 217\u00e2\u0080\u0094 at Gettysburg, 230\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an-\\ncestry of, 317\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and McClure, 318\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and\\nThomas Scott, 329 Abraham, 181,\\n317; Mordeeai, 318.\\nLiterature, 252-254.\\nLititz, 280.\\nLloyd, Thomas, 112, 113, 290.\\nLock Hav-en, 72. 92, 270.\\nLogan, James, 44, 104, 114, 115, 118, 121,\\n123, 125, 291, 304 George, 340 the\\nMingo Chief, 75, 318.\\nLog College, 54, 287, 333.\\nLowrie, Walter, 340.\\nLoyallianna, 133.\\nLumbering, 92, 209-271.\\nLutherans, 48, 49, 321\\nLuzerne county, 69, 249, 264, 301.\\nLycoming county, 73.\\nMacVeagh, Wajnie, 340.\\nMcCall, George A., 220, 3l8.\\nMcCl.iv, William, 195, 340; Samuel, 340.\\nMci lellan, (ieor-c B., 319. 330.\\nMcClure, Aloxjiiidcr K., 218, 318.\\nMfCoiuu llshnrg, 222.\\nMcKo;m, Tliomas, 181. 182, 185, 189, 190,\\n191, 2S1, 295: Samuel, 340.\\nMcKean county, 273, 274.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "Index\\n345\\nMcKeesport, 95, 268.\\nMcKeunan, T. M. T., 339.\\nMagazines, 253, 306, 328.\\nMahoning creek, 89.\\nManheim, 332.\\nManufaetnring, 41, 42, 91, 264-269, 309.\\nMarcus Hook, 33, 194.\\nMarkham, William, 26, 28, 101, 103, 112,\\n289.\\nMarks, William, 340.\\nMaryland, 77-81.\\nMason and Dixon s Line, 80, 84, 220, 222.\\nMason, Samuel R., 237.\\nMauch Chunk, 92, 259, 262, 267.\\nMeade, George G., 220, 224, 225, 228, 319.\\nMedia, 287.\\nMennonites, 39-42, 48, 280.\\nMercer county, 89.\\nMereersburg, 2.54, 296, 306.\\nMeredith, William M., 319, 339 Sam-\\nuel, 320.\\nMey, Captain, 15, 16.\\nMiddletown, 170.\\nMifflin, Thomas, 144, 146, 148, 178, 181,\\n182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 295, 339.\\nMilitia, 116, 121, 130, 154, 161, 171.\\nMiller, Peter, 47.\\nMilton, 95, 299, 329.\\nMinisink Flats, 3, 16, 62, 63, 69, 334.\\nMinuit, Peter, 17.\\nMischianza, 165.\\nMitchell, John I., 340.\\nMonastery, Wissahickon, 43.\\nMonongahela valley, 222, 254, 267.\\nMonroe county, 62.\\nMonsey Indians, 2.\\nMontgomery county, 31, 48, 52, 188, 211,\\n266, 279, 297.\\nMontour, Madame, 329 Roland and\\nAndrew, 329.\\nMoore, William, 175, 294.\\nMoorewood, 245.\\nMoravians, 46, 69, 159, 280, 282, 315.\\nMore, Dr. Nicholas, 101.\\nMorganza, 287.\\nMorris, Robert Himter, 126, 129, 130,\\n131, 132, 292; Robert, 38, 106, 126, 152,\\n153, 154, 155, 171, 173, 175, 178, 181, 251,\\n320, 327, 340; Gouverneur, 178, 327.\\nMorrisville, 309.\\nMorton, John, 146, 148, 152, 153, 154, 320.\\nMott, Lucretia, 215, 321.\\nMt. Carmel, 95.\\nMt. Union, 222.\\nMuhlenberg, Rev. Henry M., 48, 321\\nFrederick A., 48, 109, 176, 181, 322, 340;\\nJohn P. G., 48, 321, 340 Gotthilf, 48,\\n322; Rev. H. A., 204.\\nMuncy, 72.\\nMurray, Lindley, 284, 322.\\nMutiny, of Pennsylvania Line, 173.\\nNanticDke town, 95; Indians, 4.\\nNational Cemetery, 230.\\nNational Guard, 238.\\nNatural Gas, 240, 268.\\nNavy, State and Continental, 106, 150,\\n151, 162, 270, 314.\\nNazareth, 46, 129, 280, 339.\\nNeshaminy creek, 26, 257.\\nNeville, John, 185, 322.\\nNew Castle, 269.\\nNew Geneva, 312.\\nNew Gottenberg, 18.\\nNew Hanover, 48, 321.\\nNew Netherlands, 15, 19.\\nNewspapers, first in Pennsylvania, 35;\\nfirst German in Pennsylvania, 43;\\n252, 298, 304, 305, 310, 311, 318.\\nNewville, 267.\\nNickel, 275.\\nNorris, Isaac, 138, 322.\\nNorristown, 163, 297, 301, 314, 315.\\nNorthampton county, 62, 129, 130, 188,\\n274.\\nNorthumberland, town, 71, 195, 325;\\ncounty, 73, 170, 264.\\nOaths, of Quakers, 114, 115, 116 of\\nallegiance, 177.\\nOffice-holders, qualifications of, in\\n1790 made elective, 110.\\nOgontz, 308.\\nOhio valley, 64, 124.\\nOil City, 93, 273.\\nOrd, O. E. C, 220.\\nOrwigsburg, 69.\\nOxenstiern, 17.\\nOxford, 287.\\nPacker, William F., 214, 215, 216, 299.\\nPaine, Thomas, 151, 253, 323.\\nPalatinate, 44.\\nPalmer, Anthony, 123, 291.\\nPanics, 214, 233.\\nPaoli, 159.\\nPaper money, 110, 117, 118, 125, 170, 173,\\n204.\\nParker city, 93.\\nParnell, Charles Stewart, 331.\\nParties, political, 187, 191, 196, 198, 200,\\n204, 205, 208, 210, 213, 214, 216, 233, 237,\\n239, 241, 244, 246, 323.\\nPastorius, Francis Daniel, 40, 279, 323.\\nPatterson, Robert, 206, 208, 323.\\nPattison, Robert E., 239, 240, 241, 244,\\n245, 301.\\nPaxtang, Boys, 55-56 township, 70,\\n171, 310.\\nPeale, Charles, 323 Rembrandt, 254,\\n323.\\nPeale s Museum, 2.53.\\nPen Argyl, 275.\\nPenn, William, 10, 11, 12 and the\\nJerseys, 22 motive of, 22 condi-\\ntions favoring his colony, 23 his\\ncharter, 24 ai rival in Pennsylvania,\\n27 his ti-eaty, 3, 8, 28 his mansion,\\n29 his first departure, 33 his re-\\nturn, final departure, and death, 34,\\n103 and the Germans, 39 his ideas\\nof goverament, 98-100, 101 offers to", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "346\\nIndex\\nsell his province, 105; his successors,\\n105 his rule ends, 116 remains of,\\n238 his views on education, 277\\nsketch of. 289.\\nPenn, John, son of William, 38, 105,\\n121.\\nPenn, Richard, son of William, 105,\\n121.\\nPenn, Thomas, son of William, 105,\\n121.\\nPenn, John, grandson of William, 106,\\n138, 142, 148, 156, 292.\\nPenn, Richard, grandson of William,\\n142, 292.\\nPenn, Mrs. WiUiam, 105, 116, 121.\\nPennamite and Yankee war, 67-69.\\nPenrose, Boies, 340.\\nPeunsbury, 22, 30, 33.\\nPennsylvania, name and extent, 25\\nfirst settlers, 26; present county map\\nof, 65 county map of 1800, 89\\nnorthern boundary, 87 population\\nin 1790, 90 increase of population,\\n90-95 form of government, 96\\ncharter of, 97 Frame of Govern-\\nment, 98-100; new frame, 100 under\\nthe Crown, 103 a State, 106 atti-\\ntude towards British oppression,\\n143-145 furnishes riflemen for Con-\\ntinental Army, 149 votes for inde-\\npendence, 153 government moves\\nto Lancaster, 159, and returns to\\nPhiladelphia, 167 suffers from paper\\nmoney, 171 share in the Revolution,\\n175 ratifies Federal Constitution,\\n180-182 sides with France, 187\\nsupports embargo, 191 feeds Union\\nsoldiers, 220: invaded by Lee, 222;\\nthe Kej stone State, 288.\\nPennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,\\n254.\\nPennsylvania Reserves, 220, 229, 231.\\nPequea, 39.\\nPerkiomen, 39, 163, 304.\\nPerrj county, 232, 302.\\nPerry s Fleet, 193.\\nPeters, Richard, 124.\\nPetroleum, 93, 271-274.\\nPettit, Alfred C, 239.\\nPhiladelphia, Indian name, 12 county\\nformed, 30 founded, 31-32 incor-\\nporated, 104 Continental Congress\\nmeets in, 146, 149 occupied by the\\nBritish, 161-167 mutinous soldiers\\nin, 175 effects of Embargo on, 191;\\nriots in, 207, 208 receives fugitive\\nslaves, 211 John Brown s body in,\\n215; southern medical .students leave,\\n216; feeds soldiers of the Union, 220;\\nbuilds City Hall, 234 sham medical\\ncolleges in, 238 the metropolis of\\nAmerica, 251 declines in commerce,\\n252 seat of literature, 252 all the\\nroads lead t6 it, 254, 256 and steam-\\nboats, 258 first passenifrer train\\nleaves, 259 becomes manufuct\\\\iring\\ncity, 265; builds ships, 269\u00e2\u0080\u0094270 end\\nof pipe line, 274 and schools, 278,\\n282, 283.\\nPhoenixviUe, 269.\\nPickering, Thomas, 69, 181, 281, 324, 339.\\n340.\\nPietists, 42.\\nPike county, 62.\\nPitcher, MoUie, 167, 324.\\nPithole City, 93.\\nPittsburg, founded, 82 manor of, 83;\\nin 1790, 86; 185, 197, 216, 222, 236, 254.\\n255, 256 and steamboats, 258, 269,\\n270 and coal, 262; center of bitumi-\\nnous coal field, 264\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of iron industry,\\n268\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of oil trade, 274, 282, 287.\\nPleasant Mount, 320.\\nPlunket, Dr. William, 72. 324.\\nPlymouth, 67.\\nPoles, 94.\\nPoUoek, James, 213, 299.\\nPontiac s war, 55, 82, 135-138.\\nPopulation, naovements of, 110 in-\\ncrease of, 90-95; 251.\\nPortage Road, 261.\\nPorter, DsxiA R., 205, 207, 208, 297;\\nJames M., 339.\\nPost, Frederick, 133.\\nPost office, first in Pennsylvania, 35.\\nPotter county, 211.\\nPottstown, 95.\\nPottsville, 92, 219, 262, 267.\\nPriestly, Dr. Joseph, 253, 325.\\nPrinting Press, first in Pennsylvania,\\n35; first German in Pennsylvania, 43.\\n328.\\nPrintz, Governor, 18.\\nProprietary, rights and rents, 60, 61,\\n294; nature of, 96 dispute with As-\\nsembly on Indian presents, 125; taxa-\\ntion of estates of, 129, 134, 138.\\nProAincial Congi-ess, 145, 149.\\nPro\\\\ incial Council, nature of, in 1682,\\n100 changes in, 102.\\nQuakers, 21, 22, 25, 29 characteristics\\nof, 35; chief immigration of, 36; and\\nthe Mennonites, 39 and the Scotch-\\nIrish, 54-56 non-resistance of, 113,\\n167 Friendly Association of, 133;\\nand schools. 36, 278, 282.\\nQuakerto^vn. 211.\\nQuay, Matthew S., 340.\\nQuit-rents, 60, 105.\\nRailroads, 91, 92, 209, 213, 258-264, 268,\\n298, 311, 329.\\nRandall, Samuel J., 325. 340.\\nRaystown, 75. 1.33.\\nRead, Thomas Buchanan, 2.56, 325.\\nReading, 45. 60, 175, 188, 195, 219, 237,\\n266, .304, 331, 337.\\nRed Rose, 332.\\nRcdemptioners, 44, 122.\\nRedstone creek-settlors of, 82.\\nReed, Joseph, 100, 144, 170, 173, 294.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "Index\\n347\\nReformed, the, 48-49, 328.\\nRevere, Paul, 144.\\nRevolutionary period, 139-185.\\nReynolds, John F., 254, 327.\\nRhoads, Samuel, 146, 326.\\nRidley, 259, 320.\\nRiots, race, 207, 211 political, 208 la-\\nbor, 236, 238, 245.\\nRitner, Joseph, 200, 204, 205, 297.\\nRittenhouse, David, 84, 106, 151, 253,\\n326.\\nRittinghuysen, William, 42.\\nRoach, John, 269, 326.\\nRoads, 254-257.\\nRoberts, Jonathan, 340.\\nRodney, Caesar A. ,153 Caesar A. Jr. ,191.\\nRoss, Betsy, 327 George, 106, 107, 146,\\n148, 154, 326, 327; James, 340.\\nRothermel Peter F., 254, 327.\\nRush, Dr. Benjamin, 151, 154, 166, 181,\\n328; Richard, 339, 340.\\nRynder, T. P., 244.\\nSt. David s church, 38.\\nSt. Clair, Arthur, 83, 330, 339.\\nSaur, Christopher, 43, 252, 328.\\nSaw Dust War, 232.\\nSchlatter, Rev. Michael, 48, 328.\\nSchools (see also Education) for Ger-\\nmans in English language, 49, 282;\\ncommon, 202, 204, 212, 242, 282, 283,\\n284, 331 William Penn Charter, 278;\\nSoldiers orphans 231, 300; Reforma-\\ntory, 238, 287 appropriation for com-\\nmon, 242, 286 Friends public gram-\\nmar, 278; chtirch, 279; neighborhood,\\n280 charity, 282 Indian, 282 col-\\nored, 282, 287 Lancasterian, 283\\nNormal, 285, 287 State and county\\nsuperintendent of common, 285, 307;\\nevening, 285; free text-books in com-\\nmon, 285 money for common, 286;\\nfor the blind, deaf and dumb, and\\nfeeble-minded, 287.\\nSchuylkill, river, 15, 197; valley, 45,69;\\ncounty, 264.\\nSchwenkf elders, 45, 280.\\nScience and Art, 192, 252-254.\\nScotch, 91, 92.\\nScotch-Irish, 53-57 east of the moun-\\ntains, 59 in Juniata valley, 74 in\\nCumberland valley, 74 west of the\\nmountains, 82 in southwestern Penn-\\nsylvania, 85 naturalization of, 116;\\nand the Quakers, 118; and the Whisky\\nRebellion, 185 and education, 279;\\nMecca of, 310.\\nScott, Thomas A., 218, 231, 328 John,\\n340.\\nScranton, 92, 233, 237, 263.\\nSelinsgrove, 295.\\nSenate, State, 109, 190.\\nSeventh Day Baptists, 47, 280.\\nShamokin, (Sunbury), 5, 71, 130.\\nSharpsburg, 317.\\nShawanese Indians, 7, 134.\\nSheridan s Ride, 325.\\nSherman s valley, 74.\\nShikellimy, 5, 51, 329.\\nShinplasters, 192.\\nShippen, Edward, 290.\\nShippensburg, 60, 76, 135, 222, 254, 255.\\nShip yards, 269, 309.\\nShiras, George, Jr., 340.\\nShulze, John A., 199, 296.\\nShunk, Francis R., 208, 209, 297.\\nSideling Hill, 80.\\nSingerly, William H., 246.\\nSinking Spring valley, 76.\\nSix Nations, 63, 64, 66, 125, 170.\\nSkippack creek, 161.\\nSlate, 274.\\nSlatington, 275.\\nSlavery, 35, 42, 171, 189, 207, 210, 215,\\n216, 321.\\nSlifer, Eli, 218.\\nSmith, James, 154, 330 Dr. William,\\n144, 253, 330; Charles Emory, 340.\\nSnyder, Simon, 191, 192, 194, 295.\\nSomerset county, 305.\\nSons of Liberty, 140.\\nSouth Bethlehem, 95.\\nStamp Act, 139, 320.\\nStanding Stone, 75, 89.\\nStanton. Edwin M., 217. 222, 330, 339,\\n340.\\nState Road, 85.\\nSteamboats, 91, 178, 257, 310.\\nSteelton, 95, 269.\\nSteigel, Baron, 267.\\nStenton, 291.\\nStevens, Thaddeus, 203, 219, 331.\\nStewart, Charles, 194, 331; John, 239.\\nStone, William A., 249, 303.\\nStrikes, 94, 233, 234, 236, 247, 248.\\nStrong, William, 340.\\nStrotidsburg, 170.\\nSturgeon, Daniel, 340. [111.\\nSuffrage, in 1790 and 1838, 110; in 1873,\\nSummit Hill, 263.\\nSunbury, town, 71, 72, 170, 195; Manor,\\n61.\\nSun Inn, 46, 189.\\nSupreme Executive Council, 108, 109,\\n155.\\nSusquehanna, valley, 45, 64, 70, 128:\\nriver, 197; town, 233; county, 313.\\nSusquehannock Indians, 3.\\nSwaanendael, 16.\\nSwallow, Silas C, 249.\\nSwedish, West India Company, 17;\\nfirst settlement, 17 authority ends,\\n19 settlements, 19 foot-prints, 20-\\n21; shipbuilding, 270; schools, 277.\\nTarentum, 95.\\nTaxation, 113; of immigrants, 118; the\\nright of, 126 of Proprietary estates,\\n129, 134, 138; Parliamentary, 139, 141,\\n142, 148; State, 206, 213.\\nTaylor, Bayard, 36, 332; George, 154,\\n333.", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "348\\nIndex\\nTea Party, 142.\\nTedyiiscung, 63, 64, 66, 67, 333.\\nTelegraph, 209.\\nTelner, Jacob, 40.\\nTemperance, 240, 328.\\nTennent, Rev. William, 287, 333.\\nThomas, George, 121, 291.\\nThompson, Col. William, 150.\\nThomson, Charles, 144, 333.\\nTidioTite, 93.\\nTioga county, 303.\\nTioga Point, 197.\\nTitusville, 93, 272.\\nTories, 145, 167, 177.\\nTowanda, 301.\\nTownsend, Richard, 33.\\nTransportation, 254-264.\\nTreaty Elm, 29.\\nTriangle, the, 88.\\nTiilpehocken, 296, 335.\\nTankers, 43, 280.\\nTurkey Indians, 2.\\nTurnpikes, 183, 199, 255, 256, 257.\\nTurtle Indians, 2.\\nTuscarora, Indians, 6; valley, 74.\\nUnderground Railroad, 210.\\nUnion county, 305.\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania, 282, 286,\\n330.\\nUnrest, the, 15.\\nUpland, 26, 28, 101.\\nValley Forge, 160, 163-164, 170, 267.\\nVan Campen, Moses, 72, 334.\\nVenango county, 89.\\nVirginia, claims of, 81 dispute with,\\n83-85.\\nWalking purchase, 61-63, 122, 128.\\nWallace, William A., 340.\\nWanamaker, John, 334, 340.\\nWar, King George s, 122, 123 French\\nand Indian, 124-135 of the Revolu-\\ntion, 146-176; of 1812, 192-194, 312,\\n316 Mexican, 209 of the Union,\\n216-231 Spanish, 248.\\nWarren, town, 8\u00c2\u00ab) county, 89, 273.\\nWashington, George, 37, 81, 128, 154,\\n182, 186, 317, 327 county, 85, 185, 273.\\nWayne, Anthony, 106, 158, 159, 161, 162,\\n174, 181, 335 county, 320.\\nWeiser, Coni-ad, 51, 71, 122, 123, 335.\\nWelcome, The, 27, 238.\\nWelsh, 52-53, 91, 92.\\nWest. Benjamin, 36, 254, 303, 324, 335.\\nWest Branch, 72, 197.\\nWest Chester, 211.\\nWestinghouse, George, 268, 337.\\nWestmoreland, township, 68 county,\\n83, 170, 185, 298, 300.\\nWharton, Thomas, Jr., 155, 167, 293.\\nWliigs, 145, 167. 316.\\nWhisky Insurrection, 184-186, 306, 312,\\nWhite Marsh, 163.\\nWliite, Rev. William, 38, 336.\\nWhitehill, Robert, 182, 336.\\nWieaco, 38.\\nWiekersham, James P., 284, 336.\\nWilkes-Barre, 66, 69, 92, 237, 263, 324.\\nWilkins, William, 339, 340.\\nWilkiusburg, 95.\\nWilliamsport, 73, 92, 232, 270, 299.\\nWilling, Thomas, 149, 152, 153, 154, 337.\\nWilmot, David, 214, 337, 340.\\nWilson, James, 149, 152, 153, 154, 171,\\n178, 181, 182, 337, 340; Alexander, 253.\\n304, 338.\\nWolf Indians, 2.\\nWolf, George, 201, 202, 204, 296\\nCharles S., 241.\\nWoman s Suffrage, 321.\\nWomelsdorf, 332, 335.\\nWorld s Fair, 246, 315.\\nWright, John, 78, 210.\\nWright s Ferry, 118, 255.\\nWrightsville, 224.\\nWynne, Dr. Thomas, 52.\\nWyoming valley, 66: first massacre, 67;\\nthe Massacre of, 168; 262, 263, 280,\\n307, 324.\\nYellow Fever, 185, 328.\\nYork, town, 60, 159, 194, 223, 255, 267,\\n275, 305, 330, 331 county and Mary-\\nland dispute, 78; andBraddock s cam-\\npaign, 127.\\nZeisberger, Da^^d, 89, 329, 339.\\nZinc, 275.\\nZinzendorf, Count, 46, 71, 339.\\nV\\n571", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "i^", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "b\\no", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00b0t.\\ny^\\n-^y ..s^ .xO\\n^0\\no\\n^^K-..\\n/J^-\\\\^M\\n,A^^\\nft\\ni%\\n5 v\\n1\\np\\n^f.\\nS\\nyM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\\\\.x \\\\-o-.;-^.^.\\n_\\\\V\\nv-:\\ns\\nIt\\n,V\\nJ0\\nr\\nb\\n-c\\n%:^^v^\\n1;; ^0^\\n,v\\n1*5\\n-0^ X\\noo^\\ni^^^:r\\nA^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0", "height": "3431", "width": "2129", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3594", "width": "2297", "jp2-path": "historyofpennsyl00shim_0370.jp2"}}