{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3663", "width": "2263", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class _M A_62 3\\nBook_ M S 2 J t~\\nCopyright N?_\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.", "height": "3372", "width": "1972", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3372", "width": "1972", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3372", "width": "1972", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3687", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3526", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "I\\nX\\n4", "height": "3526", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "BROADWAY\\nCHAMBERS\\nA MODERN OFFICE BUILDING\\nA jnr .is\\n\u00e2\u009c\u0093i\\n3 0\\nl\\n4\\nsi\\nEXHIBITED BY MODELS AT\\nTHE PARIS EXPOSITION 1900\\nv", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "42140\\nLibrary of Congress\\nTwo Copies Received\\nSEP 1 1900\\nCopyright entry\\nNo. 4?.*...4?./ 3..\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOfi ivereri te\\n0R01R DIVISION,\\nS EP 11 1900\\n69648\\nCopyright, 1900, by\\nTHE GEORGE A. FULLER CO.\\nPRINTED AT NEW YORK, U. S. A.\\nBY ANDREW H. KELLOGG", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "~llbi et\\nINTRODUCTION\\nJ,\\n4\\nHIS booklet is issued as a souvenir of the\\nexhibit of the Broadway Chambers\\nOffice Building at the Paris Exposition\\nof 1900. It contains a description of\\nthe building, and of the exhibit and its\\ncontributors, besides a short discussion of the steel\\nframe method of construction as it has been developed\\nin the United States of America.\\nThe exhibit is indicative of the purpose of Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmissioner-General Peck to illustrate the work of\\nAmerican engineers at the Paris Exposition. It\\nwas initiated by the Western Society of Engineers,\\nwho were actuated by the same patriotic spirit. It was\\ndesigned by Mr. Corydon T. Purdy, of the firm of\\nPurdy* Henderson, Consulting Engineers. Mr.\\nPurdy also managed the organization of the exhibit,\\nrepresenting all interests concerned. The financial\\nburden was borne in the main by the George A.\\nFuller Company, who were contractors for the\\nconstruction of the building. A large part of\\n5", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "the cost was contributed by sub-contractors and\\nother parties, but in every case where other\\ncontributions failed the George A. Fuller Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany supplied the deficiency. They also contributed\\nthe most valuable feature of the exhibit\u00e2\u0080\u0094the metal\\nmodel of the steel construction of the building. The\\nplaster model was contributed by Mr. Cass Gilbert, the\\nArchitect, who also did a great deal in other ways to\\nmake its success possible.\\nBesides the support of the Government Commission,\\nthen, the four factors that have made its creation pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible are the financial support of the George A. Fuller\\nCompany, the appreciative co-operation of the Archi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntect, Mr. Purdy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s management, and the willing and\\nhearty response of its many contributors.\\nGreat buildings, at least in America, have come to\\nstay. The fabulous value of ground in the centers of\\nour great cities, the important advantage of confining\\ntheir business interests to contracted areas, and the\\ntemptation such buildings offer for safe and profitable\\ninvestment, are certain to insure their erection in many\\nnumbers for an indefinite future, and they will be built\\nas high as traffic conditions and the necessities of sani\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation will permit. The injuries they work to valua\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions will gradually adjust themselves, legal limitations\\nwill be made and will be unmade, and means will be\\nfound to obviate other difficulties. Commercial con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderations will eventually control. They will make\\n6", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "the will, and the will will find a way against all ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction.\\nThis is the reason that the old sky-line of lower New\\nYork has been obliterated, and this is why those who\\nhave watched this transformation believe that the day\\nwill come when the conservatism of the Old World will\\nalso have to yield to the same imperial demand. Lon\u00c2\u00ac\\ndon and Hamburg have long wrestled with the problem\\nof combustible and non-combustible buildings, equally\\nwith America, and the query comes whether they will\\nnot also have to meet the demand which may properly\\ninvolve the methods c f construction so wonderfully de\u00c2\u00ac\\nveloped of late years in America. The remarkable\\ngrowth of commerce is affecting all the world alike.\\n7", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE BUILDING\\nHE contract for the Broadway Chambers\\nwas let by the Andrews Estate, of Bos\u00c2\u00ac\\nton, Mass., to the George A. Fuller\\nCompany, of New York City. It called\\nfor the complete construction of the\\nbuilding, including the excavation and\\nfoundation work, the steel construction and all the\\nother constructive and mechanical features of the\\nbuilding, as well as its finishing and ornamental\\nand decorative details. The work was commenced\\nimmediately after the contract was signed, and\\nthe building was completed on the first day of\\nMay, 1900. Owing to the crowded condition of the\\nstreets and other difficulties the foundation work pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngressed slowly, but the steel framework was erected\\nwith remarkable rapidity, as will be seen by examina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the progress pictures. The building was de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigned by Mr. Cass Gilbert, who is the Architect of the\\nUnited States Government for the new Custom House\\nin New York City. The foundations and steel con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction were designed by Messrs. Purdy Hender\u00c2\u00ac\\nson, Consulting Engineers, and all the details and shop\\ndrawings of the building were also made by them.\\nThe Consulting Engineer for the electrical work was\\nMr. Reginald P. Bolton.\\n9", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "The building is located on the corner of Chambers\\nStreet and Broadway, facing City Hall Park, in lower\\nNew York, with a southerly and easterly exposure. It\\nrises eighteen stories above the level of the sidewalk,\\nthe total height being 235 feet, while the width of the\\nBroadway front is but little over 50 feet. The struc\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, therefore, necessarily presents the aspect of a\\ntower. Inasmuch, however, as nearly all of the stories\\nare occupied for similar purposes and sub-divided into\\nsmall rooms, it was necessary to construct the exterior\\nwith a great number of window openings, of approx\u00c2\u00ac\\nimately the same size. Indeed, the whole space is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantly cut by these recurring openings. The architec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntural difficulty is, of course, increased by these condi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. Were the building simply a shaft without\\nopenings except at the top, as in the case of many of the\\nItalian towers, it would have been a comparatively sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nple problem. The design is based upon the theory\\nof expressing in the simplest possible terms f *|j\\nthe conditions of plan and Construction\\nthat actually exist.\\nThe lower floors,\\nintended for banks\\nand stores, have\\nlarge window open\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, and conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently narrow\\npiers. These stories\\nare of granite, very\\nrobust in detail, and\\nof a rich light red\\ncolor.\\nThe main shaft October 26, 1899.", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "of the building for eleven stories above the granite\\nwork is built of rough, hard vitreous brick, of a rich\\nvaried red color. Each brick is rounded at the edge,\\nand the mortar joints, which are of gray cement, are\\nset back about half of an inch from the face of the\\nwall. The bricks are laid in bands five courses high,\\nwith alternate bands projecting* about three-quarters\\nof an inch. These stories are absolutely without orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nment and without moulding. They form the shaft of\\nthe tower, so to speak, and the very monotony of the\\ntreatment gives a certain impressive strength and\\nunity to the design.\\nAbove this shaft one story is richly decorated with\\nterra cotta of a light warm tone corresponding with the\\nlightest color found in the brick below. The brickwork\\nand ter- ra cotta are banded alternately in this story,\\nwith de rative panels of terra cotta on the cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nner piers and a\\nrichly festooned\\nfrieze and band\\ncourse immediately\\nover it. The scheme\\nof color of the main\\nwall is thus mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nried to the richly\\ndecorated crown\u00c2\u00ac\\ning feature formed\\nby the upper three\\nstories which are\\nconstructed entirely\\nof terra cotta.\\nThis crowning\\nfeature is empha-\\nNovemeer 9 1899", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "sized by a series of arches forming loggias deeply re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessed into the wall in the fifteenth and sixteenth stories.\\nIt provides a strong line of accent and a very rich effect\\nof light and shade, which is enhanced by the use of\\ncolor, the treatment of which is made an important ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the design. The cornice is crowned with a\\ncheneau of copper in very high relief, made in color a\\nverd antique. The same color recurs again in the rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nings of the loggias at the fifteenth story, and is again\\nsuggested in the metal^rille and framing in the ground\\nstory, while the warm/ j tones of the granite used in the\\nlower .stories ard re-Ai peated in the brickwork of the\\nmain shaft and in\\nthe terra cotta of\\nthe crowning fea\u00c2\u00ac\\nture. Rich reds,\\nprimary blues and\\ngreens emphasize\\nthe depth of the\\nshadows in the log\u00c2\u00ac\\ngias and enrich\\nthem, while deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate reds, light\\ngreen, and pale yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow with dull\\nwhite, emphasize\\nthe pilasters, pan\u00c2\u00ac\\neling, and special\\npoints of decora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive interest in the\\nterra cotta work.\\nThese, with the\\nvarying effects of\\nNovember 23 1899.\\n2", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "sunlight and shadow, present an aspect of unusual\\ninterest and charm.\\nIn the color and texture of the material the Architect\\nhas successfully illustrated its quality and its function\\nin building, and each material speaks frankly for itself\\nwithout pretence or imitation of any other material,\\neach bearing a harmonious relation to the whole\\nscheme. The terra cotta is frankly treated as terra\\ncotta, and fiflH^^*do\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a3 not pretend to be stone; the\\nuse of color and\\nenamel tells plainly\\nthe story that it is\\na ceramic material,\\nand the form of the\\nboldly modeled or\u00c2\u00ac\\nnament is that\\nwhich is applicable\\nonly to a plastic\\nsubstance.\\nThe elements of\\nthe design as a\\nwhole are exceed\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly simple, being\\ncomposed of a base,\\na shaft and a\\ncrowning feature,\\nor, in other words,\\na beginning, a\\nmiddle and an end,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand it is thought\\nthat this frank\\ntreatment of the\\nDecember 7 is??. subject may lead a\\n13", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "step forward in the artistic development of the high\\noffice building, the most intensely practical problem in\\nmodern architecture that Americans have now to meet.\\nThe sub-basement is used principally for machinery,\\nand the basement is planned for a restaurant. The\\nbuilding is carried on a grillage foundation of\\nsteel beams, bedded in\\nconcrete, on a deep\\nstratum of coarse sharp\\nsand, under which lies\\nthe rock. The occupa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the adjoining\\nproperty close up to\\nthe lines of the new\\nbuilding required\\nthe wall columns to\\nbe supported from\\nwithin, necessita\u00c2\u00ac\\nting combined foot\u00c2\u00ac\\nings of somewhat\\ndifficult design and\\nheavy riveted gird\u00c2\u00ac\\ners with which to\\neffect the proper\\ndistribution of the\\nloads. In all of the\\nfootings the center\\nof gravity of the\\nloads was calcula\u00c2\u00ac\\nted to coincide with\\nthe center of grav\u00c2\u00ac\\nity of the resisting\\nDecember 21, 1899 areas. The grill-\\n14", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "age is composed of two or more courses of heavy steel\\nbeams, which receive the load through heavy cast-iron\\nbases under the columns. In the construction of this\\ngrillage each course of beams was laid in concrete to\\nexact heights, and the base was grouted with cement\\ninto its exact position, both as to height and alignment.\\nThe loads carried by each column, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluding\\nJanuary 4, 1900.\\nthe weight of the\\nmaterials of which\\nthe building is com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed, and includ\u00c2\u00ac\\ning also the as\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumed load which\\nthe building is de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigned to carry of\\npeople and fixtures,\\nwere determined by\\ncareful calculation,\\nand the columns,\\nformed of channels\\nand plates riveted\\ntogether, are pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportioned to these\\nloads. Each piece\\nis long enough to\\nreach through two\\nstories, and the\\npieces, carried one\\nupon the other, are\\nspliced together\\nwith plates on the\\noutside, securely\\nriveted.\\n15", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "All of the walls of the building are carried on the\\niron frame and generally from floor to floor. This\\nmethod is carried out so completely that on most of the\\nfloors all walls could be removed from floor to ceiling\\nwithout in any way injuring the walls either above or\\nbelow. Above the third floor, in the brick walls, the\\nwindow lintels are also brick, though they are\\nnot arched in the usual form.\\nThe square open\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is preserved\\nand the desired ef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect obtained with\\na special detail by\\nwhich the bricks\\ncomposing the lin\u00c2\u00ac\\ntel are supported\\ndirectly from the\\nstructural iron.\\nThe terra cotta\\nwalls contain no\\nconstructive fea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures novel to steel\\nframe buildings,\\nbut the retreating\\nwall in the loggia\\nand the heavy over\u00c2\u00ac\\nhanging cornice af\u00c2\u00ac\\nford an unusual\\nvariety.\\nIn tall buildings\\nthe lateral stability\\nof the frame must\\nJanuary 18, 1900. given proper\\n16", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "consideration. In this case deep girders are used in\\nthe walls on both ends of the building and on the lower\\nfloors of one side. These are connected to the columns\\nwith gusset plates made as large as the openings for\\nthe windows in the walls permit, and the whole is\\nmade strong enough to resist a wind-pressure of thirty\\npounds to the square foot on the face of the building\\nwithout any dependence upon the masonry. All of the\\niron work j|^ in the building is conipletely\\ncovered from view by the walls\\nand by the fire\u00c2\u00ac\\nproofing materials.\\nThe floor is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed of arches\\nof hollow porous\\ntile nine inches\\ndeep, and blocks of\\nthe same material\\nfour inches thick\\nare used in the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of the in-\\nt e r i o r partition\\nwalls. The exterior\\nwalls are also lined\\non the inside\\nthroughout with\\nfurring blocks of\\nthe same character.\\nThe floor arches\\nare covered with\\nconcrete made of\\nPortland cement\\nFebruary i 1900. and broken terra\\n1.7", "height": "3518", "width": "2158", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "cotta and stone, and the wooden sleepers supporting\\nthe wood floors are buried and secured in this con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrete.\\nThe building is supplied with water directly from\\nthe street mains. There is a large storage tank under\\nthe sidewalk to which direct connection is made. From\\nthis tank the water is forced by a Worthington pump\\ninto two compression tanks, from which it is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntributed throughout the building. One main supply line\\npasses directly through all the toilet rooms to the top\\nstory, supplying the fixtures at each floor. Another\\nline passes horizontally through the building above the\\nceiling line under the third floor to supply three lines\\nof risers that care for all the office wash basins. There\\nis a direct connection for a fire line, so arranged that it\\ncan be governed either from the compression tanks or\\nby the pumps direct. This fire line extends to the top\\nof the building, with hose, reels, and valves at every", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Basement Floor Plan\\nchambers st.\\nfloor, and a hose connection on the roof. There is also\\na Siamese connection for fire engines at the sidewalk,\\nand a direct connection from the pump to a boiler from\\nwhich hot water is supplied to all the toilet rooms. An\\nindependent connection with the street mains is made\\nto supply the cellar and basement fixtures, and the boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ners, if desired, under street pressure. Air is supplied\\nto the compression tanks with Westinghouse air com\u00c2\u00ac\\npressors, thereby securing a uniform pressure on the\\nsupply pipes throughout the building. There are 16\\npublic toilet rooms and 102 office wash basins. All\\nfixtures are vented through to the roof by an open pipe\\nentirely independent of the waste. The supply pipes and\\nthe vent and waste pipes are run side by side in spaces\\nespecially arranged for them in the construction of the\\nbuilding. All of the closets are of the flushometer\\ntype, taking the water directly from the main instead\\nof from the ordinary flushing tank. All the pipes are\\n19", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "heavy galvanized steel with screwed fittings except the\\nexposed nickel-plated connections to the fixtures.\\nThe building is heated by direct radiation. Exhaust\\nsteam is used, and is sufficient for the purpose except in\\nextreme cold weather, when live steam can be used in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead. The distribution is by the overhead system.\\nThe steam passes directly to the space immediately\\nunder the roof through a single pipe, from which it is\\ndistributed through a horizontal connection running en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntirely around the building to the down pipes, each of\\nwhich serves a vertical line of radiators. In order to\\nprevent noise from expansion and contraction of the\\npipes they are rigidly connected to the steel frame at\\nthe fourth and fourteenth floors, and midway they are\\nbent horizontally from one vertical line of radiators to\\nthe next one adjoining. This in a simple way provides\\nfour divisions for expansion and is sufficient for the\\npurpose. Steam is circulated through the entire twenty\\nstories at an indicated pressure of less than one pound,\\nGround Floor Plan\\nChambers Street.\\n20\\nBroadway", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "without any other means than natural condensation,\\nand the building is uniformly heated to seventy degrees\\nFahrenheit. The radiators are cast-iron, and each one\\nis provided with an automatic valve, which permits the\\nescape of air when steam is first passed through the\\npipes, but which closes as soon as the steam begins to\\nescape. The water of condensation is returned to the\\ncellar and automatically pumped to the boilers. The\\nsteam is supplied from two 200 horse-power Climax\\nboilers. These are of tubular construction, with the\\ntubes coiled in place. These boilers are compact and\\nare highly efficient and economical. They afford all\\nthe steam required for the operation of the entire power\\nplant, including the pumps and dynamo-engines, pump\u00c2\u00ac\\ning water for all uses, operating the elevators, and\\nlighting the whole building.\\nThe electric plant is composed of two units, each\\ncomposed of an engine and dynamo directly connected.\\nThe switchboard, and a complete system of electric\\n21\\nBroadwav", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "wiring in iron conduits, with cut-out switches, etc.,\\nmake the plant complete for the entire building. All\\nthe conduits are hidden in the construction, and so ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged that wires can be removed or replaced as may\\nbe desired. There are 3,000 lights in the building.\\nThe four hydraulic elevators in the building are\\noperated by two compound steam pumps, each of which\\nalone is capable of running the entire plant the round\\ntrip in one and a half minutes. The water is first\\npumped into compression tanks, each having a capacity\\nof 1,700 gallons. There are four of these tanks, and\\nthe air pressure is maintained within by Westinghouse\\nair pumps. A uniform pressure of water is secured in\\nthis way in the cylinders, which are located in a verti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal position in the shafts directly behind the elevators.\\nThe piston rods passing through the cylinder heads are\\nsecured to frames, each carrying three sheaves and a\\nconnecting weight, partially balancing the weight of\\nthe corresponding car. The cables are roved around\\nthese sheaves and also around others fixed at an in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntermediate floor, thence over sheaves at the roof and\\nto the car. The multiplication is 6 to 1, so the car\\ntravels six feet for every foot that the piston rod moves.\\nAll sheaves are made with four grooves, and all work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning cables are multiplied four times. They are all\\n24 -inch diameter. Each car has an area of 30 square\\nfeet, and is lighted with electric lights. A simple lever\\ncontrols the water in the cylinders and the consequent\\nmovement of the car. A safety device is automatically\\nset in operation by the movement of the car when it\\nexceeds 650 feet per minute, and when it is once set\\nin operation it immediately stops and holds the car\\nwherever it may be.\\n22", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Each elevator can carry a load of 2,500 pounds at a\\nrate of 350 feet per minute, or half that load 600 feet\\nper minute. The total lift is 218 feet, and the total load\\ncarried, including everything, is about 30,000 pounds.\\nOne of the cars, calculated to carry 6,000 pounds, is\\nserved by a special high-pressure pump, and is thus\\navailable for lifting safes and other heavy loads, as\\noccasionally required. The plant is ample for the\\nneeds of the building, and contains all the safeguards\\nknown to modern engineering.\\n23", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE EXHIBIT AND\\nTHE EXHIBITORS\\nHE most interesting feature of the exhibit\\nat the Exposition is the model of the\\nbuilding made of plaster of Paris, and its\\ncounterpart, the metal model of the steel\\nframework, made separate from the walls\\nand the floors. The plaster of Paris\\nmodel was made in St. Paul by Messrs.\\nPurdy Plutchinson, at a cost of about $1,000. The\\nmetal model was made by Mr. H. C. Hinchcliff, of\\nNew York City. It cost about $3,000. Both of the\\nmodels are constructed to a half-inch scale, which\\nmakes them stand about 11 feet high. They show\\nevery part in exact proportion and are complete in\\nevery detail.\\nThe metal model is made of brass, of which about\\ntwenty thousand separate pieces were used. Each beam\\nis made of two pieces of the sheet metal, channel-\\nshaped, formed in a die, and soldered back to back, the\\nperfect shape of the flange being obtained by the use of\\nsolder on the top and bottom. Each of the beams in\\nthe model is worked out in this way with the greatest\\nprecision. The columns were also shaped out of sheet-\\nmetal in much the same way, each piece in the full-\\nsized column in the building being represented by a\\n25", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "similar piece in the model. Where three or four plates\\nwere riveted together in the building three or four sep\u00c2\u00ac\\narate pieces of metal are soldered together in the model,\\nso as to make the whole of the proper proportion. To\\nobtain the perfection of alignment of all parts it was\\nnecessary to fabricate them all in forms made specially\\nMetal Model of the Steel Frame.\\nfor the purpose, so that there\\ncould be no variation\\nwhatever in dimensions.\\nThe interest in the\\nmodel is greatly en\u00c2\u00ac\\nhanced and its value as\\na demonstration of the\\ncharacter of the work in\\nthe building is greatly\\nincreased by an exhibit\\nof some of the most im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant sections and\\nc o n n e c-\\ntions of the\\niron work\\nin the build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. These\\nsections\\nand connec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions are\\nmade full\\nsize, an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nact repro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduction of\\nthe mate\u00c2\u00ac\\nrials as they\\nwere used\\n26", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Plaster of Paris\\nModel of the Building.\\n27", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "in the actual construction. They were manufactured\\nand contributed to the exhibit by the Carnegie Steel\\nCompany, of Pittsburg, who manufactured all the iron\\nrequired in the building. The name of this company is\\nso well known both at home and abroad that its con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnection with the work is a guarantee in itself of the\\ngeneral good character of the work in the building.\\nThe ground work, retaining walls, and foundations in\\nthe model are made with iron castings combined with\\nsheet brass, worked in such a way as to make the\\nimitation of the original building as perfect as\\npossible.\\nThe model is also made to show the heating, plumb\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and elevator construction. Everything pertaining\\nto the heating system is red, the plumbing pipes are\\nblue, the elevator cars are bronze, and the machin\u00c2\u00ac\\nery is black. This color scheme makes it easy to\\nfollow these elements of construction through the laby\u00c2\u00ac\\nrinth of the structural members which, in the model,\\nare all nickel-plated.\\nThe heating system was put in the building by Wells\\nNewton, of New York City, and they have contrib\u00c2\u00ac\\nuted a radiator to the exhibit like those used in the\\nbuilding. Parts are cut in section to show the internal\\nconstruction.\\nThe plumbing was. put in the building by Mr.\\nThomas J. Byrne. A special exhibit is made to show\\nthe character of the fixtures and the details of the\\npiping. It is arranged on a short piece of partition with\\nmarble backing and tiled floor, with all parts complete\\nas in the building. The Empire^ City Marble Co., of\\nNew York City, who furnished the marble for the\\n28", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Bottom Part of Metal Model.\\n29", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "Exhibit of Polychrome Terra Cotta.\\nbuilding, also furnished the marble for this exhibit, but\\nthe rest of the materials and all the work of the\\nexhibit were contributed by the contractor for the\\nplumbing.\\n30", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "The method of operating the flushometer connec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to the water closets is also shown by a sectional\\nmodel furnished by the Kenney Co., of New York City,\\nwho furnished the closets for the building. As they are\\na special type of construction, but lately introduced into\\nPlaster of Paris Model on Exhibition.\\n31", "height": "3477", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "Top of Plaster of Paris Model.\\nactual practice, this exhibit is of particular interest to\\nevery one concerned in plumbing work.\\nThe elevator system is illustrated in the metal model\\nby miniature cars and a complete duplication of the\\noperating machinery, all parts of which are made as\\nexactly as possible to scale. One of the miniature\\ncars is connected with an electric motor and kept in\\nconstant operation, making the trip from the bottom to\\nthe top of the model and return in about the same time\\nas the original car does in the building. The moving\\nsheaves connected to the cylinder move up and down\\nexactly as though propelled by hydraulic power,\\nthough, in fact, in the model the operating force is\\nelectrical.\\n32", "height": "3534", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "The other contributions to the exhibits most closely\\nallied to these are, perhaps, those relating to the power\\nplant. The boilers for the building were furnished by\\nthe Clonbrock Steam Boiler Co., of Brooklyn, New\\nYork, who have also contributed a model of these\\nboilers, which shows the character of the construction\\nmore perfectly than can be described by words. One\\nunit of the electric plant has been duplicated in the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nhibit by the contractors for the generators, the Bullock\\nManufactur-\\ning Co., and the\\ncontractors for the\\nengines, the Payne\\nEngineering\\nCo. The dynamo\\nused is the multi\u00c2\u00ac\\npolar- engine-type,\\nwith iron-clad ar-\\nmature.\\nIt is rated\\nat 50 K.\\nw., 275\\nr e v o 1 u-\\ntions, no\\nvolts; is\\ncompound\\nwound, and has a\\ncapacity of 800 six\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen candle-power\\nlights, equivalent to\\nsixty-six horse\u00c2\u00ac\\npower delivered at\\nthe brushes. The fourth floor spandrel.\\n33", "height": "3534", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "pole-pieces are composed of thin\\nlamination steel, alternately cut\\naway, whereby the longer mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber, projecting over the shorter,\\ncan become highly saturated.\\nArmature reaction is therefore\\nineffective, and eddy-currents\\nare inappreciable. The sparking\\npoint of these machines is\\nreached only when the current\\ndensity of the\\nbrush -contact\\nsurfaces ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeds the car\u00c2\u00ac\\nrying capac\u00c2\u00ac\\nity. The ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nmature coils\\nare separate\u00c2\u00ac\\nly insulated\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\na construction\\nrendered possible by the employ\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of wide openings at the\\narmature-slots, through the top\\nof which openings the armature-\\ncoils are dropped in place. The\\ncoils are held in place by wooden FlFTH Floor Spandrel\\nwedges carried in recesses notched at the top of the\\narmature-slots. Band-wires are unnecessary. So\\nrigidly constructed are the commutators that irregu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarity in the bars is impossible. The commutators last\\nas long as the machine, for the tension of the brush-\\nholders is exceedingly light. The parts of the machine\\nare so designed and combined that symmetry of\\n34", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "appearance is obtained, as well as efficient operation\\nunder the most severe conditions.\\nThe engine is connected directly to the dynamo. The\\nengine is high-speed with center crank, automatic cut\u00c2\u00ac\\noff, inertia shaft-governor, balanced slide-valve, and\\nautomatic lubricating system. It develops 80 indicated\\nhorse-power at a speed of 275 revolutions per minute.\\nThe governor regulates the speed\\nof the engine with one per cent,\\nof the normal, throughout all ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntreme variations of load and\\nsteam-pressure.\\nThe switchboard belonging to\\nthis plant is also duplicated in the\\nexhibit of Mr. H. Krantz, of\\nBrooklyn, who furnished the\\nswitchboard for the building. It\\nis so arranged that the total cur-\\nrent is fed tfnfegsaggaMgjgi\\ninto a main\\ndouble-\\nthrow, 1 ,000-\\nampere H\\nswitch, in or- H\\nder that the 1\\nbuilding can\\nbe connected\\neither with the public system of\\nlighting or with the generators. 1\\nEach generator is protected by\\nfuses and a single-pole circuit-\\nbreaker. A multiple voltmeter\\nis provided which gives readings\\nJp|||\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fiy m\\nSixteenth Floor\\nSpandrel.\\n35", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "on either dynamo, and acts at the same time as a\\nground-detector.\\nThe switchboard installed at the Paris Exposition\\ndiffers somewhat from that of the building. One dy\u00c2\u00ac\\nnamo switch is omitted, and the main throw-over switch\\nis also omitted. Four circuit-switches are mounted on\\nthe board, instead of fourteen, and only one ammeter\\nand one rheostat are provided instead of two, while the\\nFloor Construction\u00e2\u0080\u0094Room Exhibit.\\ncircuit-switches are all two-poled instead of three-poled,\\nand are connected directly with the dynamo-switch bus\u00c2\u00ac\\nbars, instead of with the main throw-over switch bus\u00c2\u00ac\\nbars. The feeders of the switchboard at the building\\nserve centers of distribution in the sub-basement, base\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, ground, and first floors. From these centers of\\ndistribution special feeders and branch circuits radiate\\nwhich serve the outlets for the lights. Feeders likewise\\nextend from the switchboard to exhaust fans located in\\nthe basement and on the roof at the ventilating shaft.\\n36", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "All the wires are enclosed in rigid iron Sprague con\u00c2\u00ac\\nduits terminating at the outlets in Mezger Universal\\noutlet-boxes. The wires are drawn from one outlet-\\nbox to the other and to the distributing center. The\\nconduits were installed while the building was in course\\nof construction and connected behind the finish line;\\nbut in the exhibit they have been placed on the surface\\nin order to illustrate the method of insulation. The\\noutlet-boxes used are an improvement on those ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnarily employed in so far as they can be used for a great\\nnumber of purposes irrespective of the manner in\\nwhich the gas and electric conduits are installed rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntively to their entrance into the boxes. The fixtures for\\nthe lighting of the exhibit were contributed by J. B.\\nMcCoy Son, of New York City, who furnished the\\nfixtures for the building.\\nThe exhibit of terra cotta is imposing. It was con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntributed at great expense by the Perth Amboy Terra\\nCotta Co., who manufactured the terra cotta used in\\nthe building, and by the George A. Fuller Co., who have\\nborne all the expense required in providing the other\\nmaterials necessary for its installation. The exhibit\\nconsists of a portion of the exterior wall, an exact dupli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation of that in the new building, erected in the rear of\\nthe space allotted to this exhibit, making a construction\\nabout 20 feet wide and 40 feet high. It illustrates the\\npractice of American architects in using terra cotta in\\nlarge motive in place of stone, and the particular part\\nselected was chosen with special reference to show this\\nfeature of construction as fully as possible.\\nThere are two other important exhibits illustrative of\\nstructural details. One is the section of a room with all\\nthe features of its construction, and the other consists\\n37", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "of a series of wall sections, of which five are shown.\\nThe section of the room is a perfect reproduction in full\\nsize. The iron framework, the fireproofing in the floors,\\nthe fireproofing in partition walls, the interior finish,\\nthe floor, the door and door trim, the cement base,\\nelectric wiring, lighting fixtures, the plaster, and in fact\\nevery detail of the construction is shown in this exhibit\\nexactly the same as it would be if the exhibit itself had\\nbeen cut out from the building without in any way dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nturbing the portion removed. Each portion of this\\nconstruction was contributed by the contractors for that\\nparticular material as used in the construction of the\\nbuilding.\\nThe same thing is true of the wall sections. They\\nwere taken at different places in the building, from the\\nwindow sill of one story through to the window head of\\nthe story below, including not only the wall, but a por\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the floor immediately adjoining. They show\\nthe sections of the beams and all other members of the\\nsteel frame enclosed in the wall construction, and illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrate how the other materials are supported. In fact,\\nthese sections bring out more clearly this peculiar char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacteristic of modern buildings, the supporting of the\\nwalls on a frame, more distinctly than could possibly be\\ndone in any other manner. The utmost pains have been\\ntaken to make the appearance of the section exactly as\\nit would be if it were really cut out of the building.\\nOne section is taken at the third floor showing the\\ngranite construction, one is taken at the fourth floor\\nshowing the brick construction, while the others show\\nthe terra cotta construction, one at the fifteenth floor,\\none at the sixteenth, and one at the roof. The one at\\nthe fifteenth floor shows the recessed wall forming the\\n38", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "loggia in the fifteenth and sixteenth stories, and the\\none at the roof shows the overhanging terra cotta\\ncornice. The anchors holding the terra cotta in posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are placed, as much as possible, where they can be\\nseen, so that the character of the support may be thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly understood. The granite was furnished by\\nMr. John Pierce, of New York City, and the iron by\\nGeorge A. Fuller.\\nthe Carnegie Steel Co., the fireproofing by the National\\nFireproofing Co., the woodwork by the Henry Taylor\\nLumber Co., the anchors by the Lincoln Iron Works,\\nand the lighting fixtures by J. B. McCoy Son.\\nThe hardware used in the building is shown to some\\nextent in the exhibit of the room as described, but\\nthere is also a separate and more complete exhibit.\\n39", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "The large perspective drawings were prepared and\\ncontributed to this exhibit by the architect, Mr. Cass\\nGilbert, together with the elevations and plans\\nsufficient to show the excellent character of the\\nbuilding as fully as it can be shown by drawings.\\nThe drawings of the steel construction of the building\\nwere contributed by the Consulting Engineers, Purdy\\nHenderson, of New York City, who designed the\\nsteel work and the foundations of the building. They\\ncomprise both general drawings and the detailed draw\u00c2\u00ac\\nings used in the mills and shops for the fabrication\\nof the materials. These drawings were not made\\nspecially for the exhibit, but are simply duplicate\\nprints of those actually used.\\nThe George A. Fuller Company, of New York City,\\nhave contributed to this exhibit a large assortment of\\npictures of other buildings which have been con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed by them. This contribution was made at the\\nsuggestion of the Commission in order that the general\\ncharacter of high buildings in America may be set\\nforth and more clearly contrasted with the old meth\u00c2\u00ac\\nods of construction.\\nThe origin and collection of the exhibit are quite as\\ninteresting in a way as the exhibit itself. It was born\\nin the earnest purpose of Commissioner-General Peck\\nto have the remarkable development of American en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngineering demonstrated in some concrete shape in this\\nexhibition at Paris. Without funds from the Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment available for the purpose, an appeal was made to\\nthe various national societies, and out of this appeal,\\nthrough the Western Society of Engineers, the work was\\nseriously undertaken and pushed through to comple\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. It was decided to make the exhibition illustrative\\n40", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "of one building only, because the successful collection\\nof such an exhibit seemed possible, while any other\\nplan of operation would fail; and the Broadway Cham\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers was chosen, not because it is the largest building\\nin America, for it is not, but because it was then in\\nprocess of construction, near at hand, and particularly\\nadapted for the purpose.\\nIt has been hoped, it may be confessed, by many of\\nits contributors that the exhibit would be worth some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing in the way of advertisement; but some of the\\nmen most largely involved will get little advantage of\\nthis kind from their investment, and the mercenary mo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive has been from the first to the last quite subordinate\\nto patriotic impulse.\\nThe George A. Fuller Company agreed at the begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning to assume the largest item of expense and to help\\nout in the rest where others failed, and this action on\\ntheir part was, more than anything else, what made its\\ncollection possible. After it was once under way there\\nwas a real emulation among the other contributors to\\nmake their offerings creditable, and few calls were made\\nthat were not heartily and promptly responded to. The\\nco-operation of the architect was constant and enthusi\u00c2\u00ac\\nastic. Mr. Gilbert has an office at No. hi Fifth Ave\u00c2\u00ac\\nnue, New York City. The work of organizing the\\nexhibit, however, was all conducted from the office of\\nPurdy Henderson, in New York City, No. 78 Fifth\\nAvenue. They have offices in both New York and\\nChicago and have been closely identified with the devel\u00c2\u00ac\\nopment of the newer methods of construction in both\\nthe East and the West from the very beginning of the\\nuse of steel in the construction of buildings.\\nThe George A. Fuller Company was established in\\n41", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "Chicago by Mr. George A. Fuller, and from the begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning its career has been successful. Year after year\\nthe volume of its business has increased and the area\\nof its opportunities has widened. In the years 1892\\nand 1893 its contracts in the city of Chicago alone were\\nvalued at many millions of dollars. Owing to Mr. Ful\u00c2\u00ac\\nler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s ill-health changes in the management have taken\\nplace, but the firm has steadfastly conducted its affairs\\nwith the same keen understanding of the requirements\\nof the time and of modern methods of construction.\\nIn 1896 an office was opened in New York, and in\\nthe following year another one was opened in Boston.\\nThe main office is now in New York, with auxiliary\\noffices in Chicago, Boston, Baltimore, and St. Louis.\\nThe company has done more work on commission\\nand under contracts of special character than under\\nregular contracts; but whatever may be the nature of\\nthe contract, the work always includes everything re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to make the structure in question complete.\\nExcavations are made and foundations of all kinds are\\nconstructed by the company\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own employes. They also\\nerect all the structural steel required in their contracts,\\nand do all of their own masonry and carpentry work.\\nIn other words, they do with their own employes all the\\nwork required to construct a building, except such\\nspecial work as plumbing, steam-heating, electric-light\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, etc., which they have done by sub-contractors\\nunder their immediate direction and supervision.\\nMany of the larger buildings of the city of Chicago\\nwere erected by the George A. Fuller Company.\\nAmong them may be mentioned the Monadnock,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the\\nMarquette,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the Old Colony office buildings,\\nand the Marshall Field retail store.\\n42", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Its first building in Boston, one of the highest that\\nhas been constructed there, is known as the Brazer\\nBuilding. It was designed by Mr. Cass Gilbert, the\\narchitect of the Broadway Chambers Building, the sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject of this exhibit. The company\u00e2\u0080\u0099s work in Boston\\nincludes some of the finest hotels and office buildings\\nin America, built in accordance with the most modern\\nmethods of construction. In Baltimore the George A.\\nFuller Company has erected several large office build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, and in New York it has also built some notable\\nstructures. In addition to the buildings in these cities,\\nit has constructed buildings in Washington, Atlanta,\\nSt. Louis and Buffalo. It now has under contract a\\nnew hotel to take the place of the Willard in Washing\u00c2\u00ac\\nton, and several business houses in New York and Bos\u00c2\u00ac\\nton. One of these, located on the corner of Broad\\nStreet and Exchange Place, in New York, will be the\\nlargest office building in the world. Together with the\\nground, it will be valued at $7,500,000. It will require\\neighteen fast running elevators to meet the require\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of the tenants who will be lodged within its walls.\\nThis enormous undertaking is to be completed within\\nthe space of one year from the time the contract was\\nsigned. The George A. Fuller Company has had a nota\u00c2\u00ac\\nble career. Its work has always been the best, its\\nmethods of construction the most modern, and its pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessional talent in all branches of its work the most\\ncompetent that could be procured.\\nOutside of the George A. Fuller Company the most\\nimportant contributor to the exhibit is the Perth Am\u00c2\u00ac\\nboy Terra Cotta Company. They began the making\\nof architectural terra cotta in 1879, after an experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of thirty-three years in the manufacture of fire-\\n43", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "brick and clayware.\\nMany of the largest\\nbuildings in the\\nUnited States, among\\nthem the New York\\nProduce Exchange,\\nMadison Square Gar-\\nd e n, Metropolitan\\nOpera House, Impe\u00c2\u00ac\\nrial Hotel, Park Row\\nBuilding, and the\\nBoston Library, have\\nbeen built of terra\\ncotta supplied by the\\nPerth Amboy Com-\\np a n y. Polychrome\\nterra cotta is a prod\u00c2\u00ac\\nuct of late years, but\\nhas been made in\\nlarge quantities by\\nthe company to meet\\nan increasing demand.\\nThe material now\\nmade is capable of\\nwithstanding climatic\\naction. The colors are\\nproduced in countless\\nshades to secure soft\\nand harmonious ef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfects. It has been\\nmade to especially\\nmeet the demand for\\na material suitable for\\n44", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "decorating the modern steel-frame building. The im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance of flat surfaces and light reveals has led\\narchitects to seek a material with which they could\\nproduce chromatic architectural effects without the\\ndirect application of unendurable color, and this has\\nseemed to most satisfactorily answer the purpose. The\\nPerth Amboy Company is probably the only firm in\\nAmerica which manufactures the material in quantity.\\nThe elevators in the building were furnished by the\\nOtis Elevator Company of New York. Their elevator,\\nnow so extensively used throughout the world, was\\ninvented by Mr.\\nElisha Y. Otis. The\\nfirst improvement in\\nsafety appliances was\\ndevised in 1852 and\\napplied to an elevator\\ndriven by belts from a\\nline of shafting. In\\n1859 the independent\\nhoisting machine for\\nhigher speed freight\\nelevators was patent\u00c2\u00ac\\ned by Mr. Otis. In\\n1861 Mr. Otis died,\\nand the business\\npassed into the hands\\nof his sons, Charles\\nR. and Norton P.\\nOtis. In 1867 the\\nbusiness was incorpo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated in the name of\\nOTIS BROTHERS\\n45", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "COMPANY. From 1861 to 1878\\nmany steam freight and passen-\\nk ger elevators were installed in\\nbuildings throughout the\\nUnited States. In 1878\\n1% the vertical cylinder\\ntype of hydraulic eleva\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor was introduced;\\nand from that time for\u00c2\u00ac\\nward nearly all passen\u00c2\u00ac\\nger and many freight\\nelevators were built in\\naccordance with this new idea. The electric elevator\\nwas first introduced in 1888. The Otis Elevator Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany has its offices at 71 Broadway, New York City.\\nThe main office for Europe is located at 4 Queen Vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoria Street, London, England. The French agency is\\nconducted by M. Abel Pifre, 2 5 Rue de la Paix, Paris,\\nFrance.\\nThe electric light wiring system was installed by the\\nBrooklyn Electric Equipment Company, of 164 Mon\u00c2\u00ac\\ntague Street, Brooklyn, New York City. The firm has\\nhad considerable experience in electric construction,\\nand points with pride to its work in the Lords\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Court,\\nCentral National Bank, Hudson, and Wallace Build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, and in the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.\\nAmong the residences in which the electrical installa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of the firm may be seen are those of Messrs. E.\\nCorning Clark, William N. Hornblower, and General\\nF. R. Halsey. From a modest beginning the Brook\u00c2\u00ac\\nlyn Electric Equipment Company has steadily grown\\nuntil now it is one of the most prominent firms of the\\nkind in the country.\\n46", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Mr. H. Krantz, who furnished the switchboard for\\nthe electric plant, is engaged in the manufacture of\\nhigh-grade switchboards for both direct and alter\u00c2\u00ac\\nnating currents, switches of the quick-break and sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion-lever type, panel-boards, centers of distribution\\nand main-line cut-outs, and porcelain-lined and\\njapanned outlet boxes which are used in connection\\nwith interior armored conduits. Mr. Krantz also\\nmanufactures many special electrical devices. His\\nplace of business is at the corner of Boerum Place and\\nState Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.\\nThe Bullock Manufacturing Company, of Cincin\u00c2\u00ac\\nnati, Ohio, who furnished the dynamos, are one of the\\nmost admirably equipped electrical establishments in\\nthe world. Many of the firm\u00e2\u0080\u0099s machines can be seen\\nat the Exposition. Bullock light and power genera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntors are noted for their cool and sparkless operation\\neven under the most severe conditions. Generators\\nmade by the Bullock Company are exhibited at the\\nVincennes Power Plant, Palace of Transportation and\\nCivil Engineering, United States Section; also in the\\nPalace of Machinery and Electricity, and in the Palace\\nof Liberal Arts, in conjunction with a Goss newspaper\\npress.\\nThe Payne Engineering Company, of Elmira,\\nNew York, U. S. A., for sixty years manufacturers\\nof steam engines, are the exhibitors of the engine di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly connected to the generator. Its business was\\nestablished in 1840 at Corning, N. Y., by Mr. B. W.\\nPayne. It removed to Elmira in 1883, and was in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorporated in 1898. The engine exhibited represents\\nthe most improved type of steam-motor made in\\nAmerica. The Company\u00e2\u0080\u0099s London agent is Mr. W.\\n47", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "H. Merriman, 39 Victoria Street, London, S. W.;\\nHamburg agent, Herr C. Henkel, Nuerwall, 74 den,\\nHamburg.\\nThe Clonbrock Steam Boiler Company, of Brook\u00c2\u00ac\\nlyn, New York City, are the only makers of the well-\\nknown Climax boilers for power and heating\\nplants. The company was incorporated in 1895, with\\na capital stock of $200,000. Its President is Mr.\\nThomas F. Morrin, the inventor of the Climax\\nboiler. The company\u00e2\u0080\u0099s boilers supply the steam\\npower for the American exhibit at Vincennes.\\nThe contract for the plumbing in the building was\\nawarded to Mr. Thomas J. Byrne, of 377 Fourth Ave-\\n.me, New York City. Mr. Byrne has the distinction\\nof being one of the most prominent consulting en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngineers for sanitary and hydraulic works in the United\\nStates. Some of the finest plumbing in New York\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\noffice buildings, apartment houses and hotels was in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstalled by him. Among these structures may be men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned the Waldorf-Astoria and Manhattan Hotels,\\nthe Mills, Times, Empire, and Constable Buildings,\\nand the Presbyterian and New York Hospitals. It\\nis a tribute to his ability that he received the contract\\nfor the Broadway Chambers Building, for it was only\\nafter a most thorough investigation of many plumb\u00c2\u00ac\\ning systems that he was chosen for this important\\nwork.\\nThe Wells Newton Company, Engineers and\\nContractors, of 231-235 Eldridge Street, Manhattan,\\nNew York City, who installed the heating plant of the\\nbuilding, are manufacturers of steam and hot water\\nheating and ventilating apparatus, dealers in plumb\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and steam supplies and makers of sheet metal\\n48", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "work. They are well and favorably known throughout\\nthe United States.\\nThe Lincoln Iron Works, at Boonton, New Jersey,\\ncontributed iron anchors and other small iron work to\\nthe exhibit. Their works are admirably equipped with\\nspecial machinery for executing smithing and forge\\nwork for large engineering structures.\\nThe Kenney Flushometer System of water closets,\\ninstalled in the Broadway Chambers Building by the\\nKenney Company, 72-74 Trinity Place, New York\\nCity, U. S. A., is the latest, least complicated, most\\nsanitary and durable device ever devised for flushing\\nwater-closets. It has received the strongest endorse\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of sanitary engineers, architects and health\\nboards. It has passed the experimental period, and is\\nnow successfully used in many new buildings in the\\nUnited States and Canada, where the very best sani\u00c2\u00ac\\ntary system of plumbing is required. The flush\u00c2\u00ac\\nometer is protected by patents both in Europe and in\\nthe United States.\\nAll the fireproofing required in connection with the\\nexhibit was furnished by the National Fireproofing\\nCompany. This company was organized in 1889, in the\\ncity of Pittsburg, which continues to be their principal\\noffice. The company, however, now have offices in New\\nYork, Boston, and Philadelphia. They own and oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nate five distinct factories located in different parts of the\\nLTnited States, so that it is possible for them to place\\nmaterial in all of the Eastern and Middle cities of the\\ncountry at very small cost for transportation. Their\\nbusiness has steadily grown in volume until now they\\nare the largest manufacturers of this material. They\\nhave their own clay and their own coal lands.\\n49", "height": "3550", "width": "2222", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "The Henry Taylor Lumber Company is located at\\nLafayette, Indiana, on the Wabash River. The finest va\u00c2\u00ac\\nriety of white oak in the world is grown in this region.\\nThe company is thereby enabled to get the best raw\\nmaterial at a minimum cost. It recently lost its entire\\nplant by fire, but is now refitted with an entirely new\\nand completely modern outfit for the manufacture of\\nveneered or laminated doors, oak base, casings, and\\nwood interior finishing, including cabinets and bank\\nfixtures. The company utilizes not only oak, but also\\nall native American woods.\\nThe hardware used in the building was furnished by\\nthe Russell Erwin Manufacturing Company. The\\nmain office of this company is in New York City, at No.\\n45 Chambers Street. Their factory is in New Britain,\\nConn. They are the oldest manufacturers of bronze\\ngoods in the United States and they make a specialty of\\nfine builders\u00e2\u0080\u0099 hardware. On the Broadway Chambers,\\nthe designs were all made new and special for the work\\nby the company in conjunction with the architect and\\nunder his direction.\\n50", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "STEEL FRAME\\nCONSTRUCTION\\nIT of the business buildings recently\\nerected in the United States are con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed after the manner of the Broad\u00c2\u00ac\\nway Chambers. They constitute a class\\nquite distinct from the older buildings\\nwhich are of massive construction, mod\u00c2\u00ac\\neled more after the methods of France\\nand Southern Europe. One has been\\nevolved from the other, yet there are marked distinc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions between the two. In appearance they may be\\nmuch the same, but one is massive in fact, while the\\nother only appears to be so.\\nThe heavy walls of the old buildings are required to\\ncarry the loads of the floors as well as their own\\nweight, and to give the building its lateral strength.\\nOf necessity their thickness must increase rapidly as the\\nbuildings are made higher, and in buildings more than\\nfive or six stories high the windows must be made small,\\nor the walls are even then so thick that the space they\\noccupy is a real burden to the building. All business\\nbuildings are commercial enterprises, and whatever re\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces their earning power is objectionable. In a build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning about as wide and long as the Broadway Chambers,\\nand about ten stories high, the difference in rental on\\nthis account alone might be eight or ten per cent, of its\\nnet or profit income.\\n5i", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "In the old buildings it was not always easy to\\ntrace the effect and support of a given concentrated\\nload, and the exact distribution on the foundations of\\nthe weight of a building so constructed was not always\\neasy to determine, if indeed it could be determined at\\nall. In the steel frame buildings, however, the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntribution of loads is definite, the conditions are reversed\\nand there is concentration instead of diffusion.\\nIn massive construction, many features and details\\nare necessarily fixed by empirical rules and practice,\\nand calculations can not be made with anything like\\nthe definiteness and certainty which always obtain in\\nthe designing of steel construction. Indeed, in the new\\nbuildings, nothing is done from first to last empirically.\\nEverything is fixed by definite calculation, the same as\\nin bridge construction.\\nIn the new buildings the walls are carried on the\\nsteel frame from floor to floor, and they do not even\\ncarry their own weights, except from one point of sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport to the next. Their only use is to enclose the build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. For all practical purposes, comparatively thin\\nwalls are, therefore, as serviceable as thick ones, and\\nthe height is immaterial. If a wall sixteen inches thick\\nwill do on the top floor it will serve equally well near\\nthe ground. When carried on steel, the walls can, there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, be made the same thickness the entire height of\\nthe building, and this makes a material reduction in\\nthe weight of the building, which, in turn, reduces the\\nfoundation construction.\\nWhen all the weight of the exterior walls and the\\nadjacent floors is carried by steel columns the space re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired for a column to carry a very heavy load is not\\nvery much greater than that required to carry a small\\n52", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "load. Consequently, so far as the strength of the build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is concerned, the piers between windows can be kept\\nthe same size on the lower floors of the building that\\nthey are at the top, and in all cases they may be made\\nas small as the proper protection of the column will\\npermit. As a matter of fact, the proper proportioning\\nof the faqade almost always calls for wider piers than\\nthe construction requires. Window areas can, there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, be made much greater than in massive construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and in many of our large cities this is an extremely\\nimportant factor in the value of the building for rental\\npurposes. The difference between a half-lighted office\\nwith small windows and deep set jambs, and a well-\\nlighted office with large windows, is so radical that\\nmost tenants are willing to pay a larger rental for the\\nwell-lighted room. In every American city where the\\nnew steel-constructed buildings have been erected, the\\nlight and added cheerfulness of its offices have made\\nthe old buildings unpopular.\\nThe architectural character of the great buildings of\\nAmerica has been often criticised, both at home and\\nabroad, but no one finds any fault with an office filled\\nwith sunshine. How to best proportion a very high\\nbuilding may be yet an unsolved problem, but that diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nculty will not prevent their continued construction.\\nThe new building is also criticised because the facades\\nare not what they appear to be, solid self-supporting\\nwalls, but the men who have exchanged a dull, dingy\\noffice for a light, cheerful one, do not stop to inquire\\nwhether the artist is satisfied or not. These difficulties\\nmust be met, and our artists and our architects must be\\nresigned to it, wherever the new building is tried.\\nThere is another radical difference between the two\\n53", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "classes of buildings in the construction of interior\\nwalls. In a typical building of massive construction\\nthe division walls are as fixed a part of the construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion as the faqades. This characteristic of such build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings necessitates an arrangement of rooms on every\\nfloor with reference to fixed division lines, and there is\\nno possibility of change. Whatever changes there may\\nbe in tenants, or whatever change in its use may be de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired, everything must be moulded to the fixed arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the rooms as originally planned. In the new\\nbuildings this condition is entirely changed. It mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nters not how large an area the building covers, the old-\\nfashioned heavy division wall is discarded, and the en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntire interior of the building is supported on columns.\\nThe partitions between the rooms are erected to suit the\\ntenants of the building, and these thin walls are carried\\nby each floor without regard to the arrangement of the\\nrooms, ether above or below. They can be taken out at\\nany time, without injury to the building, and it is, there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, possible to rearrange the rooms at any time to suit\\nnew tenants, or to add to the renting value of the\\nstructure.\\nThe problem of making the new buildings as proof\\nagainst fire as the old ones involves quite different\\nconditions, but it has been satisfactorily solved. The\\nmassive building is fireproof because the construction\\neverywhere is so thick and heavy that the effect of a\\nfire can not be far-reaching, even though the materials\\nexposed are themselves destructible. Nearly all kinds\\nof stone and some kinds of brick and terra cotta are of\\nthis character; the exposed surfaces may be greatly in\u00c2\u00ac\\njured by a fire, but the hidden portions of the construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are protected and the building is not destroyed.\\n54", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "On the other hand, the fireproof qualities of the steel\\nconstructed building depend entirely upon the good\\ncharacter and the perfect indestructibility of the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed materials; the metal frame must be covered\\neverywhere, and the covering must resist the effects of\\nfire and prevent the metal frame from being seriously\\nheated. Stone and some forms of brick and terra cotta\\nconstruction do not make a suitable covering. They\\nare incombustible, but they nevertheless break to pieces\\nwhen exposed to a great heat. The fireproofing every\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhere must be indestructible. Exposed ironwork can\\nnot be depended upon in a fire. Even the partial col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlapse of the fireproof material in a steel building may\\nso expose the frame as to directly or indirectly bring\\nabout its complete destruction. With all the latest per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfection in the art of fireproofing, it is now possible to\\nmake a steel constructed building that can not be de\u00c2\u00ac\\nstroyed by any kind of a fire, either from within or\\nwithout. Many of our so-called fireproof buildings are\\nnot so constructed, but the best of them are perfectly\\nfireproof, and the standard of great buildings in this\\nrespect is being constantly raised. American cities have\\nprobably suffered less than London and Hamburg from\\nthe improper use of steel in buildings, and it is due\\nmore than anything else to the high development of\\nfireproofing methods in America. No one, therefore,\\nshould be prejudiced against steel buildings on this\\naccount.\\nThe endurance of the new buildings has also been\\noften questioned. It is pointed out that the long life\\nof buildings of massive construction is already proved\\nby centuries of trial, and that the rapid decay of steel\\nis everywhere apparent. It is true also that the advo-\\nLofC.\\n55", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "cates of the steel-constructed building can prove but\\nlittle from the short experience they have already had\\nwith them, and they must acknowledge, from indis\u00c2\u00ac\\nputable evidence, that some of the steel buildings al\u00c2\u00ac\\nready erected will not long endure. On the other hand,\\njudging a priori, it would seem that there is no good\\nreason why buildings can not be built with steel frames\\nthat shall continue to exist indefinitely. Corrosion can\\nnot proceed without both moisture and air, and with\\ngood painting and good covering, there is no reason\\nwhy the iron and steel framing should not be protected\\nfrom both. Proper care during fabrication of the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterial and immediately afterward can prevent an\\ninitial corrosion. Even the best of painting has not\\nproved to be a permanent safeguard for exposed sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaces, but there seems no good reason to question the\\npermanence of first-class paint coverings, where the\\npainted surface itself is perfectly protected, as should be\\nthe case in all well built buildings. Indeed, it is quite\\npossible to protect the iron from corrosion without the\\nuse of paint or other substitute for it. Portland cement\\nconcrete and Portland cement grouting are perfect con\u00c2\u00ac\\nservators of iron, and it is quite possible to erect a steel\\nbuilding with all metal surfaces covered with one or\\nthe other. The painting, however, is well worth the\\nexpense. It prevents the initial corrosion which is\\notherwise certain. The problem of protecting iron in\\nbuildings is radically different from protecting it in\\nbridges, and experience with the one is no criterion for\\nthe other. Neither stone nor brick work nor any other,\\nkind of wall material should come in direct contact with\\nstructural steel in supporting walls. In all cases there\\nshould be a coating, not less than one-quarter of an\\n56", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "inch thick, of good Portland cement mortar interven-\\ning. Around the columns in the walls this coating\\nshould be fully a half inch thick.\\nPipes and wires of all kinds should properly be kept\\nfree from the structural iron, and when they are made\\nto follow the columns, they should be kept free from\\nthe metal by a separating and insulating wall which\\nwill perfectly protect the column. Every part of the\\nsteel must be protected from both corrosion and fire,\\nand if the same operation is not competent for the pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose, a special means must be adopted for each. The\\ndirect contact of Portland cement in the form of grout\u00c2\u00ac\\ning or concrete seems to be one of the surest means of\\npreventing corrosion; but it is of little or no value as\\nfire protection. Porous burned fireclay terra cotta con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of good thickness seems to afford altogether\\nthe best protection against fire. The porosity of the\\nmaterial prevents cracking and crumbling through un\u00c2\u00ac\\nequal expansion, while the hollow character of the\\nproduct makes it nearly equal to two separate walls in\\nprotection. For exterior walls nothing has been found\\nto so perfectly protect the steel imbedded in them as\\nfirst-class hard-burned brick, laid in cement mortar,\\nand this is also the best protection against corrosion.\\nReasoning, therefore, in this way, steel buildings ought\\nto endure as long as those built of solid masonry.\\nIn all properly constructed steel frames the columns\\nmust be proportioned to the loads, both those which are\\nactual and those which are problematical or possible.\\nThe beams must be made strong enough to carry the\\nweight of the floor itself, including all of the materials\\nthat enter into its construction, and in addition thereto\\nan allowed load for the service of the building. In New\\n57", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "York, 75 lbs. is required for office floors, 60 lbs. for\\ndwelling houses and hotels, 90 lbs. for rooms used as\\nplaces of public assembly, 120 lbs. for ordinary stores,\\nt 50 lbs. for factories, and greater loads for warehouses,\\naccording to the character of the materials to be stored.\\nThe steel frame must also be designed for lateral\\nstrains. In New York it is required that all structures\\nexposed to wind shall resist a horizontal wind pressure\\nof 30 lbs. for every square foot of surface exposed from\\nthe ground to the top of the building, including the roof,\\nand in every direction; also that the overturning mo\u00c2\u00ac\\nment due to the wind shall in no case exceed 75 per cent,\\nof the moment of the stability of the structure. It is\\nordinarily possible to construct a steel frame in such a\\nway that it will be able to resist an overturning moment\\ngreat enough to induce tension in the columns on the\\nwindward side of the structure. If this limit in any\\ngiven structure also meets the requirements of the law,\\nthen the structure is ordinarily a possible one. If it\\ndoes not, the dimensions of the structure must be\\nchanged; either it must be made lower, or the size of it\\nin plan or its weight must be increased.\\nA great many methods have been devised to meet\\nthis requirement of providing for the lateral strength.\\nIn some buildings, as in the Broadway Chambers, it is\\ndone by putting in deep girders with gusset plates\\neither in the exterior or in the interior, or both. In\\nother cases it is provided for by direct bracing, as is\\nordinarily done in tower construction. In some build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings it has been found practical to put in vertical lines\\nof portals, made of angles and solid web plates forming\\narches in each story between columns in such a way that\\n58", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "it will not be necessary to close the space by a solid\\npartition.\\nIn small buildings, generally speaking, the steel\\nframe method is not quite as economical as massive\\nconstruction, but even in buildings of this size the\\ncombination of the massive construction and the steel\\nframe construction can often be employed to consid\u00c2\u00ac\\nerable advantage and economically so. When the build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings are very high the steel frame method is altogether\\nthe most economical. Indeed, it would be imprac\u00c2\u00ac\\nticable to build a massive building as high as most of\\nthe high buildings in New York are constructed where\\nthe steel frame method is employed, and this points\\nto really the greatest advantage belonging to this\\nmethod of construction\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is to say, the increased\\nrenting area obtained by increasing the number of\\nfloors. If the cost of the ground is not increased suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nciently to neutralize the advantage, the iron building\\ncan be made to pay a much larger income on the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvestment than a building of lesser height, and this is\\nalways, of course, the crowning argument in favor of\\nthe high building.\\nFor large buildings, then, the steel frame method is\\nto be distinctly preferred to the old form of construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, With thinner walls the renting area is increased\\nand the weight lightened so as to materially simplify\\nthe foundation problem, shortening the time required\\nfor the construction of the building, and lessening the\\ncost. With the strength of the building in its metal\\nframe instead of its masonry, the light areas can be\\ngreatly increased, and the comfort and attractiveness\\nof the building correspondingly improved. With the\\ni\\n59", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "interior of the building supported on columns, the ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrangement of its rooms can be modified from time to\\ntime to meet changing conditions and requirements.\\nWith the use of steel all problems of strength can be\\nclearly defined, the proper proportioning of all parts\\nof the building can be easily and definitely determined,\\nand the strength and good character of the structure\\ncan be absolutely assured. And finally, from the point\\nof investment, the steel frame method makes perfectly\\npractical an increased height, more floors to rent, and\\nmore income from the same ground rental.\\nIt may be added that all these advantages within\\nreasonable limits are also multiplied in proportion as\\nthe height of the building is increased. As we have\\nseen, the new building can be fireproof, and with care\\nit can be constructed so as to endure indefinitely. With\u00c2\u00ac\\nout doubt there is a limit of height above which all\\nbuildings should not be built, but the best American\\nauthorities are now pretty well agreed that the objec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions to buildings of great height do not hold with\\nforce to buildings of twelve or eighteen stories, and\\nthat the rare advantage to the business of a great city\\nin bringing its financial* operations into small areas\\nmore than counterbalances the disadvantages commonly\\naccredited to the construction of such buildings. The\\nsunlight is not excluded from any streets all day long,\\nand there is no city suffering from lack of sunshine\\nbecause of high buildings. New York has the highest\\nbuildings, and they are built on her narrowest streets,\\nand no suffering has followed. Traffic becomes con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngested, it is true, but means are made to meet the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngestion, and the difficulty is soon overcome.\\n6c", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "It is hoped that this discussion may interest archi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntects and builders, and owners of buildings, in cities\\nwhere these most modern methods of construction have\\nnot yet been employed, and that the exhibit which it\\ndescribes shall have added to the knowledge of the\\nnations.\\n61", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3526", "width": "2149", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "S\\nSEP l 1900\\nE\\nLfc 0 \u00e2\u0080\u009910\\nv S H", "height": "3518", "width": "1883", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3518", "width": "1883", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "Compliments of\\nEC.A.FULLER Co.", "height": "3558", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3558", "width": "1996", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3477", "width": "1931", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3477", "width": "1931", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3477", "width": "1931", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3477", "width": "1931", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3598", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "broadwaychambers00geor_0078.jp2"}}