{"1": {"fulltext": "3\\no t 1\\nk i\\nI.\\nJ*!, ~t I\\ni^f IT\\nM 4 5", "height": "2766", "width": "1806", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "t\\nZ a ft -Cv t O- ft \u00e2\u0096\u00a0rVk ft\\nA^\\nv^n^-.^;^^\\nV V^- o./^ v", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^.^^:z:^ o^Vsi-/..-^,\\n3\\n^^0^^\\nC\\nV ^^0^\\n^V ^VJ^X^^.- .N^\\n,V\\nQ^\\n0^ s^\\n.....v*-y....,v--\\nV\\n..0.%?- o^^^-o. o\\\\^y:^", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "MACAULAY S\\nESSAY ON WARREN HASTINGS", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "fHacmillan s ^locket lEnjglisl) (Classics.\\nA Series of English Texts, edited for use in Secondary\\nSchools, with Critical Introductions, Notes, etc.\\nl6mo. Levanteen. 25c. each.\\nAddison s Sir Roger de Coverley.\\nBrowning s Shorter Poems.\\nBurke s Speech on Conciliation.\\nByron s Childe Harold s Pilgrimage,\\nCarlyle s Essay on Burns.\\nColeridge s The Ancient Mariner.\\nCooper s The Last of the Mohicans.\\nDe Quincey s Confessions of an Opium-Eater.\\nDryden s Palamon and Arcite.\\nEliot s Silas Marner.\\nGoldsmith s The Vicar of Wakefield.\\nIrving s The Alhambra.\\nLongfellow s Evangeline.\\nLowell s The Vision of Sir Launfal.\\nMacaulay s Essay on Addison,\\nMacaulay s Essay on Milton.\\nMacaulay s Essay on Warren Hastings.\\nMilton s Comus, Lycidas, and Other Poems,\\nMilton s Paradise Lost, Books I and IL\\nPope s Homer s Iliad.\\nRuskin s Sesame and Lilies.\\nScott s Ivanhoe.\\nScott s The Lady of the Lake*\\nScott s Marmion.\\nShakespeare s Julius Caesar.\\nShakespeare s Macbeth.\\nShakespeare s The Merchant of Venice.\\nShelley and Keats Poems.\\nTennyson s Idylls of the King.\\nTennyson s The Princess.\\nOTHERS TO FOLLOW.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nON\\nWARRE^ HASTINGS\\nEDITED\\nWITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES\\nBY\\nMRS. MARGARET J. FRICK\\nHead of English Department, Los Angeles High\\nSchool, California\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nLONDON: MACMILLAN CO., Ltd.\\n1900\\nAll rights reserved\\n:1:\\nmK", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "48114\\nl_ibrMry of Con.^r \u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abs\\nIwo Copies Hff ed\\nSEP 17 1900\\nOHOtK WVISION.\\nSEP 25 1900\\n80236\\nCOPTEIGHT, 1900,\\nBt the macmillan company.\\nNorfajooti Prrgg\\nJ. S. Cushiiig Co. Berwick Smith\\nNorwood Mass. U.S.A.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "it\\nCONTENTS\\nIntroduction: page\\nLife of Macaulay ix\\nIndia xxxiii\\nThe British in India lii\\nIndian Terms Ixi\\nMacaulay s Works Ixii\\nContemporaneous History Ixvii\\nBibliography Ixxiv\\nA Suggested Method of Study Ixxvi\\nMap Ixxviii\\nWarren Hastings 1\\nNotes 203\\nIndex to Notes 225\\nvii", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nLIFE OF MACAULAY\\nMacaulay in one of his letters quotes the Specta-\\ntor as observing, We never read an author with\\nmuch zest, unless v^e are acquainted with his sur-\\nroundings. Many writers seem forced to give us\\ntheir circumstances in their writings. Macaulay\\ndoes not. He was never limited by his environment.\\nIn all the volumes given to the public by this most\\nversatile writer, we can scarcely find a hint of his own\\ncharacter and surroundings. It is in his private let-\\nters and diary only that he freely gives us his personal\\nlife. From these we may trace the growth of the man.\\nNever was there a life more completely self -directed\\nthan Macaulay s, nor a success more surely earned.\\nA short biography can do little more than refer to\\nthe logical growth of his greatness his enthusiastic\\nliterary work; the high character that gave him en-\\ntrance to Parliament, the quick grasp of public ques-\\ntions, and the far-seeing, honorable stand that made\\nix", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X INTRODUCTION\\nhim so powerful while there and led to his appoint-\\nment in India; the unremitting application and\\nclear strength of mind that made his criminal code\\nfor India a blessing to millions of people. Still less\\ncan it tell how, during the twenty years of his busy\\nlife as a leader in Parliament and in the midst of his\\nendless administration of duties in India, he always\\nfound time to entertain his friends, to read the classics\\nof many lands in the native tongues, and to write\\nthousands of pages of essays, poetry, and history.\\nThis sketch aims merely at giving an impression of\\nsome of the characteristics of the man and an outline\\nof the most important events of his career. One\\ndesiring to study more fully his admirable life and\\ncharacter will enjoy Macaulay^s Life and Letters, a\\ncollection of his letters, extracts from his diary, and\\nletters to him, edited by Otto Trevelyan, the son of his\\nsister Hannah.\\nThomas Babington Macaulay was born at Rothley\\nTemple, Leicestershire, October 25, 1800. His great-\\ngrandfather and grandfather were Scotch ministers.\\nFrom them he seems to have inherited, among other\\nhonest opinions, their personal creed that they had\\nno notion of people being in earnest in good profes-\\nsions if their practice belied them. His father,\\nZachary Macaulay, was a quiet, stern man of very\\nstrong political convictions and absolutely disinter-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY XI\\nested adherence to them. A brief residence in Jamaica\\nin his youth had acquainted him with the cruelties\\npractised on the slaves there. After his return to\\nEngland, through the columns of the Christian Ob-\\nserver, of which he was editor, he labored earnestly to\\nforce legislation to free the slaves of the West Indies.\\nThis brought him into close association with Wilber-\\nforce and other political reformers who were working\\nfor the same end. His home was a centre for con-\\nsultation for the members of Parliament who lived on\\nthe Surrey side of London. Thus young Macaulay\\nwas admitted to the intimacy of politicians while he\\nwas still a child, and was made familiar w^ith the\\nworkings of Parliament. His mother gave the boy\\nthe love and petting his affectionate nature craved,\\nand she recognized the unusual activity of his mind.\\nHow could any mother be blind to the precocity of a\\nchild of three years who spent his happiest hours\\nlying before the fire with a piece of bread and butter\\nin his hand, reading from a book open before him on\\nthe rug and who, when eight years old, had memo-\\nrized all of Scott s Lay of the Last Minstrel and Mar-\\nmion, unconsciously, simply through the delight in\\nreading them Fortunately for him both his father\\nand his mother had the wisdom to refrain from\\nparading his accomplishments, and they insisted on\\na like treatment from their friends and the child s", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "xii INTR OD UCTION\\ntutors. There were eight other chiklren, three brothers\\nand five sisters. Thomas was the eldest, and the idol\\nof all the rest. He was the sunshine of the family,\\nthey said, and when Tom was away there was never\\nany fun at all, or anything worth doing.\\nHannah More may be regarded as his first literary\\npatron. She treated him as a child, but rewarded his\\npoetic efforts by presenting to him his first books to\\nstart a library. His first hero was his uncle, General\\nColin Macaulay, who was retired from service in\\nIndia. This nephew of ten evidently desired more\\nfighting for his hero, for he hinted in verse\\nFor many a battle shall be lost and won,\\nEre yet thy glorious labors shall be done.\\nWhen Macaulay was about thirteen years old he was\\nsent from home to a private school. At this time\\nbegins the long series of letters which serve to make\\nup the real biography of his life. These first letters\\ntell of his studies and his readings, and many of them\\ndisclose the intense homesickness of this home-loving\\nboy. In one addressed to his mother he writes Every-\\nthing I read or hear or see brings home to my mind.\\nYou told me I should be happy when I once came\\nhere, but not an hour passes in which I do not shed\\ntears at thinking of home. Tell me in your next,\\nexpressly, if you can, whether or no there is any like-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY xiii\\nlihood of my coming home before the holidays; if\\nyour approbation of my request depends upon my\\nadvancing in study I will work like a cart-horse.\\nIn 1818 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge.\\nThere his love of literature and his vivid interest\\nin outside political affairs seem fairly balanced.\\nHe took many prizes, but lost many that others\\nthought he deserved. The losses he seems to have\\ntaken philosophically, for in later years he wrote, If\\na man brings away from Cambridge self-knowledge,\\naccuracy of mind, and habits of strong intellectual\\nexertion, he has gained more than if he had made a\\ndisplay and show of superficial scholarship for, after\\nall, what a man does at Cambridge is in itself noth-\\ning. He took his A.B. degree in 1822, and was\\nelected to a fellowship in Trinity in 1824. Two\\nchanges had come to him while he was in college.\\nWhen he entered, his father was in affluent circum-\\nstances. By mismanagement somewhere the business\\nin which the money was invested failed. Thomas\\nand his brother Henry ultimately paid off the father s\\ndebts, but upon Thomas fell the support of the family.\\nWhile waiting for his fellowship he did some tutoring.\\nWhen the fellowship came, its three hundred pounds\\na year, with about three hundred that he made by his\\nwriting, enabled the family to live happily, if not\\nluxuriously. Of his assuming this charge his biog-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "Xiv INTRODUCTION\\nrapher says He quietly took up the burden which\\nhis father was unable to bear, and before many years\\nhad elapsed the fortunes of all for whose welfare\\nhe considered himself responsible were abundantly\\nassured. In the course of the efforts which he ex-\\npended on the accomplishment of this result he un-\\nlearned the very notion of framing his method of\\nlife with a view to his own pleasure and such was\\nhis high and simple nature that it may well be\\ndoubted whether it ever crossed his mind that to live\\nwholly for others was a sacrifice at all. His sister s\\ntribute is, Those were years of intense happiness;\\nif there were money troubles, they did not touch us.\\nWe traversed every part of the city, Islington, Clerk-\\nen well, and the parks, returning just in time for a six\\no clock dinner. What anecdotes he used to pour out\\nabout every street and court and square and alley\\nThen after dinner he always walked up and down the\\ndrawing-room between us, chatting till tea-time. Our\\nnoisy mirth, his wretched puns, so many a minute,\\nso many an hour\\nThe other change was of political opinion. He,\\nlike his father, was a Tory, but before the end of his\\nfirst year at Cambridge he had been converted to\\nWhig principles. It was a time of extreme views,\\nwhen riots were occurring in all the large cities the\\ncry was Bread or Blood, and the famous Six Acts", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY XV\\nhad been passed; but though. Macaulay had always\\nbeen a reformer and had now turned Whig, his mind\\nwas cool and well balanced, so that at no time was he\\na revolutionist.\\nIt was during his college life that his contributions\\nto KnigJifs Quarterly Magazine began. These earliest\\nwritings show the essential features of that direct,\\nlucid style which has since come to be famous.\\nThe Battle of Ivry, The Battle of Naseby, and Tlie Con-\\nversation of Mr. Abraham Cowley and Mr. John Milton\\ntouching the Great Civil War were published in this\\nmagazine. His father disapproved of such light lit-\\nerature as poetry and essays, and he very strongly\\ndisapproved of Knighfs Quarterly Magazine. Macau-\\nlay s answers to his father s letters of remonstrance\\nare gentle and respectful. ^Occasionally, though, he\\nbreaks forth, as in one letter Consistency with a\\nvengeance The reading of modern poetry and nov-\\nels is complained of as exciting a worldly disposition\\nand preventing, ladies from reading Dryden s Fables\\nStill, the disapproval of those he loved pained him,\\nand it must have been relief as well as pride that\\nmade him promise his father a piece of secret his-\\ntory. The editors of the Edinburgh Review, a lib-\\neral publication which wielded the greatest power in\\nsocial, political, and literary circles, had been looking\\nabout for a new writer who should be young, clever,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XVi INTRODUCTION\\nand not a Tory. Macaulay s writings in Knight s\\nQuarterly Magaziyie attracted them, and the piece of\\nsecret history was the news of an invitation from,\\nthe editors of the Edinburgh Review to write for them. l\\nHis first contribution, the essay on Milton, made\\nhim famous. Its very youthful exuberance of enthu-\\nsiasm for Milton, whom he loved and admired, was\\nwarmly welcomed by the friends of the great poet,\\nfor they felt the need at that time of some appre-\\nciative partisan to contest the harsh judgment set\\nforth in Dr. Johnson s Life of Milton. We still\\nread and admire this brilliant essay, but it is only^\\nby remembering the lack of popular reading in Ma-|\\ncaulay s time and comparing this essay on Milton\\nwith the other essays and biographies of the day that\\nwe can understand the surprise and pleasure it gave\\nto the reading public. The grudging compliment of\\nJeffrey, the reviewer, The more I think, the less I\\ncan conceive where you picked up that style shows\\nthe impression it made on the critics. From the put\\nlication of the Milton in 1825 Macaulay was for twent}\\nyears a steady contributor to the Edinburgh Revietv.\\nIn it were first published over forty of his best-known\\npoems and essays, written regularly through all the\\nyears that were apparently full of the j)ublic duties\\nof a member of Parliament.\\nMacaulay was called to the bar in 1826, but took", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY XVll\\nlittle interest in law, preferring to spend liis time\\nunder the gallery of the House of Commons. He\\nseems always to have thrown all his tremendous\\nenergy into the subject in which he had a present\\ninterest, and he refused to dissipate his power even\\nin what at times appeared to others as the things he\\nought to do. Thus at this time, when he was ostensi-\\nbly preparing himself to be an advocate, he did little\\nreading in law but later, when he was sent to India\\nand knew that he was to be a lawgiver there, he\\nmastered on his voyage the necessary branches of the\\nlaw in principle and minutest detail. One who knew\\nhim best said of him Throughout life he never\\nreally applied himself to any pursuit that was against\\nthe grain.\\nThough he had but little law practice, his fellow-\\nship, his writings for the Edinburgh Review, and the\\nCommissionership of Bankruptcy that a friend had\\nsecured for him brought him almost one thousand\\npounds ayear,-suflScient for the needs of himself and\\nthe family, but no more. He was now thirty years old,\\nand all his life he had had a keen interest in political\\nquestions. This was the exciting time of the Rotten\\nBoroughs, when the Test Act had just been re-\\npealed and the Beform Bill was seething, and it is\\nnot to be wondered at that Macaulay felt his strength\\nand longed for an opportunity to take an active part", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "xvill INTRODUCTION\\nbut it seemed a hopeless longing, as he had no money\\nto buy a seat in Parliament, and among politicians he\\nwas almost unknown. Fortunately his writings had\\nmade him a friend. Lord Lansdowne, who said: The\\nMilton and especially the articles on Mill have so im-\\npressed me that I wish to be the one to introduce\\ntlieir author to public life by offering him a seat in\\nParliament for the borough of Calne, and as it is his\\nhigh moral and private character which has deter-\\nmined me to make the offer, I wish in no respect to\\ninfluence his votes, but to leave him quite at liberty\\nto act according to his conscience. So in 1830 the\\nHouse of Commons received one of its great orators\\nand far-seeing statesmen, and Macaulay s wish was\\ngratified.\\nHis first speech was in favor of removing all civil\\ndisabilities from the Jews. In this his maiden effort\\nin Parliament he used with great skill his favorite\\ndevice for overpowering an opponent. Placing his\\nadversary s statements on one side of the scales, he\\nheaps his own counter-statements and deductions on\\nthe other, until the listener or reader who is following\\nhis argument feels that Macaulay s side of the scales\\nis weighted to the ground, while his opponent s is left\\nin mid-air. This first speech called forth many com-\\npliments from the older members, which might have\\nemboldened another man but though Macaulay loved", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY xix\\nto talk he was too modest and had too much common\\nsense to appear on the floor of the House unless his\\nvoice seemed to be needed.\\nHis great opportunity arose in the very constitution\\nof the House itself. The House of Commons was\\nformed in the thirteenth century, the summons read-\\ning, two knights from every shire, two burgesses\\nfrom every city, borough, and leading town. In the\\nfive hundred years since, no reorganization of the\\nHouse had been made, though some of the boroughs\\nthat still sent representatives had lost all of their\\ninhabitants, and other small boroughs had been created\\nby sovereigns who needed votes in the House. On the\\nother hand, many great cities had grown up in dis-\\ntricts not provided for originally, and these masses of\\ncitizens were still unrepresented. In the eighteenth\\ncentury such men as Chatham and Burke had worked\\non the problem of the reform of the House, until this\\nsubject had been crowded out by consideration of the\\ntroubles with France but for ten years previous to\\nMacaulay s coming to the House one reform bill after\\nanother had been brought forward and rejected. The\\ncountry was demanding more and more urgently a\\nchange but the Tory Ministry and the House of Lords\\nwith the unref ormed House of Commons were against it.\\nAt the beginning of Macaulay s second session in\\nthe House of Commons the Whigs were returned by a", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "XX INTHODVCTION\\nlarge majority, and the Tory Ministry was forced to\\nresign. Under the new Whig Ministry Lord John\\nRussell s Reform Bill came up. This bill gave a\\nfranchise to many hitherto unrepresented cities and\\nboroughs but the clause in it which disfranchised\\nwholly or partially one hundred and ten boroughs\\nwas pronounced, by the leaders of the Opposition, so\\nextravagant that they ridiculed any suggestion that\\nthe bill could be passed. March 2, 1831, Macaulay\\nmade the first of his speeches on this Reform Bill.\\nAs his Milton had won him immediate recognition\\nas a literary man, so this speech gave him distinction\\nat once among the orators and statesmen of England.\\nThe Speaker of the House sent for him and told him\\nthat he had never seen the House in such a state of\\nexcitement. Sir Robert Peel and Sir Thomas Denman\\ncomplimented him in stately terms. But the greatest\\ncompliment paid to this and his following reform\\nspeeches was, that the leaders of the Opposition felt\\ncalled upon to devote more time to answering his\\nspeeches than to attacking those of the older debaters.\\nTo Macaulay s great satisfaction this Reform Bill\\ncarried.\\nThe following years he was, as he always had been,\\na strenuous worker. Besides his duties in the House\\nhe had other official duties, and his political honors\\nhad given him entrance to the best London society.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY Xxi\\nHis letters give pictures of breathless pauses in the\\nHouse till a majority of one sends them laughing,\\ncrying, and huzzaing into the lobby, or of such a\\nstate as this Toward eight in the morning the\\nSpeaker was almost fainting. Old Sir Thomas\\nBaring sent for his razor and Benett for his nightcap\\nthey were both resolved to spend the whole day in the\\nHouse rather than give way. If the Opposition had\\nnot yielded in two hours half of London would have\\nbeen in Old Palace Yard. Other pictures he gives\\nus of dinners with Lord Grey and Lord John Russell,\\nof breakfasts in the beautiful home of Rogers the\\npoet, of music parties where he heard the first flute\\nplayer in England and pianoforte strumming by\\nthe first pianoforte strummer, of meetings with\\nTalleyrand and Sydney Smith, Tom Moore and Tom\\nCampbell, and of innumerable courtesies from that\\nhaughty old aristocrat. Lady Holland. The political\\nreward for Macaulay s services on the Reform Bill was\\nan appointment on the Board of Control in the East\\nIndia affairs.\\nIn the midst of these social and political successes\\nwhich he so frankly enjoyed, his simple creed of vot-\\ning for the best interest of the country endured several\\nsevere tests. In each case he seems to have realized\\nand deplored the consequences to himself, but did not\\nallow them to influence his actions. His own vote", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "XXU INTRODUCTION\\nassisted in abolishing the office by which he held his\\nCoinmissionership of Bankruptcy, at a time when he\\nwas not earning much by his writing and within a\\nfew months of the expiration of his income from the\\nfellowship. A still stronger temptation to consider\\nself was withstood when he decided to send in his\\nresignation, so that he might go upon the floor of\\nthe House and oppose a measure brought in by his\\nown party, a slavery bill that did not come up to the\\nrigid requirements of his father and other Abolitionists.\\nTrevelyan says During the crisis of the West India\\nBill Zachary Macaulay and his son were in constant cor-\\nrespondence. There is something touching in the pic-\\nture which these letters present of the older man (whose\\nyears were coming to a close in poverty, which was the\\nconsequence of his having always lived too much for\\nothers), discussing quietly and gravely how and when\\nthe younger was to take a step that in the opinion of\\nthem both would be fatal to his career and this with\\nso little consciousness that there was anything heroic\\nin the course which they were pursuing, that it appears\\nnever to have occurred to either of them that any other\\nline of conduct could possibly be adopted. But Macau-\\nlay s honesty was appreciated and he writes jubilantly\\nHere I am safe and well at the end of one of the most\\nstormy weeks that the oldest man remembers in Par-\\nliamentary affairs. I have resigned my office and my", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAT XXlli\\nresignation has been refused. I have spoken and voted\\nagainst the Ministry under which I hold my place.\\nAnd again he writes I have, therefore, the singular\\ngood luck of having saved both ray honor and my place.\\nIn 1834 he was chosen by the government to go to\\nCalcutta as their representative in the Supreme Coun-\\ncil. To Lord Lansdowne, his friend and political\\npatron, he told his reasons for accepting a position\\nwhich seemed to all a sacrifice of his political ambi-\\ntions. Every day that I live, I become less and less\\ndesirous of great wealth. But every day makes me\\nmore sensible of the importance of a competence.\\nWithout a competence it is not easy for a public man\\nto be honest; it is almost impossible for him to be\\nthought so. I am so situated that I can subsist only\\nin two ways by being in office and by my pen. The\\nthought of becoming a book-seller s hack, of writing to\\nrelieve, not the fulness of the mind, but the emptiness\\nof the pocket, is horrible to me. Yet thus it must\\nbe if I should quit office. Yet to hold office merely for the\\nsake of emolument would be more horrible still.\\nBut this is not all. I am not alone in the world. A fam-\\nily which I love most fondly is dependent on me.\\nAn opportunity has offered itself. I may hope by\\nthe time I am thirty-nine or forty to return to England\\nwith a fortune of thirty thousand pounds. To me that\\nwould be affluence. On the first intimation of this", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "XXIV INTRODUCTION\\noffer he had written to his sister Hannah, telling her\\nof the dignity and consideration attached to the post,\\nand of the high salary, ten thousand pounds a year,\\nand added Whether the period of my exile shall be\\none of comfort, and after the first shock, even of happi-\\nness, depends on you. If, as I expect, this offer shall be\\nmade to me, will you go with me I know what a sacri-\\nfice I ask of you. I know how many dear and precious\\nties you must, for a time, sunder. I know that the splen-\\ndor of the Indian court, and the gayeties of that brill-\\niant society of which you would be one of the leading\\npersonages, have no temptation for you. I can bribe\\nyou only by telling you that, if you will go with me, I\\nwill love you better than I love you now, if I can.\\nHis preparations for the voyage to India were char-\\nacteristic. He visited the ship to inspect the cabin\\nhis sister was to occupy, and ordered it to be made as\\npretty and comfortable as possible for the long voyage.\\nHe wrote to the publishers of the Edinburgh Review\\nthat he would continue to furnish articles to them, but\\nhe desired to be paid while in India with books. He\\ngave his preference for books on English History, as\\nhe had already begun work on his own History at that\\ntime.\\nAmong the books which he had provided for his\\nown reading on the voyage were Voltaire s works,\\nGibbon, Sismondi s History of the Frendi^ Don Quixote", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MAGAULAY XX v\\nin Spanish, Homer in Greek, Horace in Latin, all the\\nEdinburgh Reviews bound, a collection of Greek clas-\\nsics, some books of jurisprudence, some to initiate him\\nin Persian and Hindoostanee, and his favorite novels.\\nHe warned his sister that he had brought Gisborne s\\nDuties of Women, Moore s Fables for the Female Sex,\\nMrs. K. s Female Scripture Characters and Fordyce s\\nSermons to keep her in order, and then asked her to\\ntell him seriously what she would like to have. On\\nthe voyage his letters tell that his sister danced with\\nthe gentlemen in the evenings and read novels and\\nsermons with the ladies in the mornings but that he\\nhardly spoke except at meals, keenly enjoying the\\nchance to be alone and, as he puts it, to devour Greek,\\nLatin, Spanish, Italian, French, and English, folios,\\nquartos, octavos, and duodecimos.\\nWhen the vessel touched at Madras Macaulay found\\ninstructions awaiting him from Lord Bentinck, the\\nGovernor-General of India, which required his leaving\\nthe coast and travelling by palanquin to the Nilgiris\\nHills, beyond Mysore. He was thus thrown at once\\nin contact with the natives. At Arcot he visited the\\ndeserted gardens of the Nabob of the Carnatic and\\nat Mysore he was received by the deposed Eajah,\\nwhose palaces, furniture, jewels, soldiers, elephants,\\nand idols were subjects for home letters. He digressed\\nfrom the main road to visit the old town and fortress", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "Xxvi INTRODUCTION\\nof Seringapatam, a place having a double interest for\\nhira. He had been familiar with it from a child,\\nthrough the stories told him by the hero uncle, Gen-\\neral Macaulay, who had been imprisoned there for\\nfour years and he was now interested in exploring\\nthe ruins of the splendid court and halls, and in see-\\ning the great mausoleum within which are the tombs\\nof Hyder Ali, Tippoo Sultan, and Tippoo s mother, all\\ncovered with palls embroidered in gold with verses\\nfrom the Koran.\\nWhen he was relieved by Lord Bentinck he went on\\nto Calcutta, and there he and sister Hannah went to\\nhousekeeping. Then began the unremitting grind of\\ngovernment administration which employed him dur-\\ning the entire time that he remained in India. He was\\nmade president of the Committee on Public Instruc-\\ntion for India, and we find him advocating teaching\\nEnglish in the schools, instead of Sanscrit, Persian,\\nand Arabic, on the grounds of the value of English as\\na language, of the knowledge of the sciences that\\nwould come through it, and of its known civilizing\\neffects. In this, as in other positions, he acquainted\\nhimself with the minutest details of the office for\\nwhich he was responsible. He gave opinions on cir-\\nculating libraries, qualifications of schoolmasters, the\\nmanner of awarding prizes, and on public spouting\\nin schools j and made suitable lists of books for study", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY XXVll\\nand lists of books to be used for prizes. He was also\\nmade chairman of tlie Committee to draw up a Penal\\nCode and Code of Criminal Procedure for India.\\nOwing to the sickness of some of his colleagues most\\nof the labor on the Penal Code fell to him. Of this\\nremarkable code Mr. Fitzjames Stephens, a trained\\nEnglish lawyer and Macaulay s successor, says This\\nPenal Code is to the English criminal law what a\\nmanufactured article ready for use is to the materials\\nout of which it was made. It is to the French Code\\nPenal, and, I may add, to the North German Code of\\n1871, what a finished picture is to a sketch. The\\nclearest proof of its practical success is that hardly\\nany questions have arisen upon it which have had to\\nbe determined by the courts. The value of its plain\\ninstructions is most appreciated by those English\\nmagistrates who have been called upon to administer\\njustice in a country where there is no common inter-\\npretation of the terms, crime and punishment.\\nAt one time Macaulay was very unpopular in India.\\nHe had advocated an act which required that hence-\\nforth British subjects should bring civil appeals before\\nthe Sudder Court, instead of the Supreme Court of\\nCouncil. His habitual fairness appears in this state-\\nment In my opinion the chief reason for preferring\\nthe Sudder Court is this, that it is the court which we\\nhave provided to administer justice, in the last resort,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "XXVIU INTRODUCTION\\nto the great body of the people. If we give our\\nown countrymen an appeal to the King s Courts, in\\ncases in which all others are forced to be contented\\nwith the Company s Courts, we do in fact cry down the\\nCompany s Courts. We proclaim to the Indian people\\nthat there are two sorts of justice a coarse one,\\nwhich we think good enough for them, and another of\\nsuperior quality, which we keep for ourselves. This\\ncalled down upon him such a storm of vituperation\\nfrom the Calcutta press that he was unwilling his\\nsister should see the papers. The abuse seems not to\\nhave disturbed his equanimity in any other way, for\\nduring these attacks he sent off a long state paper\\nsetting forth his reasons for urging the removal of all\\ncensorship from the press of India. By 1837 his\\nobject in going to India had been attained, he had\\nacquired a fortune sufficient to allow him to reenter\\npolitical life or to retire and devote himself to writ-\\ning. In a letter to a friend, he confessed his yearn-\\ning for England. Let me assure you, he wrote,\\nbanishment is no light matter. He left India in\\nDecember, 1837. On the voyage home he mastered\\nthe German language, learning it as he had Span-\\nish and Portuguese. His habit was to read first\\nthe Bible in the new language, his familiarity with\\nthe Bible making a dictionary unnecessary, then with\\ndictionary and grammar to attack some classical work.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY xxix\\nShortly after his return to England he began writ-\\ning on his History of England but his election to Par-\\nliament from Edinburgh, and the acceptance of a seat\\nin the Cabinet, so interfered with this more exacting\\nform of writing that he gave it up for a while, though\\nhe continued his contributions of book reviews, or\\nessays, to the Edinburgh Review until 1844. His resi-\\ndence in India had attracted him to Indian subjects.\\nHe wrote to the Edinburgh Bevieio that he would send\\nthem a life of Lord Clive. The subject is a grand\\none, and admits of decorations and illustrations in-\\nnumerable. Later he wrote I see that a life of\\nAVarren Hastings is just coming out. I mark it for\\nmine. This refers to Gleig s Life of Warren Hastings\\nthat afterward furnished the materials, or rather the\\noccasion, for the essay in this book on Warren Hast-\\nings.\\nP rom 1839 to 1847 Macaulay spoke on every im-\\nportant question that came up in Parliament. In\\n1847 he gave offence to his constituents of Edinburgh\\nby some of his broad views, and he was not reelected.\\nHe refused the offer of an election from another\\nborough, welcoming his defeat because it gave him\\nthe needed time to devote to his History of England.\\nThe first two volumes were published in 1848. Their\\nsale was phenomenal. He said of the History, It is\\na work that never ceases and never presses. As he", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "XXX INTRODUCTION\\nwrote the third and fourth volumes he became so\\nabsorbed that he gave up other writing except some\\narticles for the Encyclopedia Britannica. The History\\nhad a more enthusiastic welcome than even he had\\nhoped for it. Its sale in England outnumbered that\\nof the popular novels. On the continent compliments\\nand honors were showered upon him. From America\\nHarper and Brothers wrote that the sixth edition was\\nin the market, and no work of any kind had ever\\ntaken America so by storm.\\nIn 1852 Macaulay was again returned to Parliament\\nby the electors of Edinburgh at their own expense.\\nHe demonstrated by one brilliant effort that he had\\nnot lost his power, for the bill he opposed was not\\nthrown out, but pitched out. The strain of political\\nlife, however, was too great for him, as his health was\\nfailing, and in 1856 he applied for the Chiltern\\nHundreds.^\\nMany honors were conferred on the great man in\\nhis last years. He was elected Lord Rector of the\\n1 By English law no member of Parliament is at liberty to resign\\nhis seat, so long as he is duly qualified on the other hand a mem-\\nber who accepts an office under the crown must vacate his seat. A\\nmember desiring to resign, therefore, applies for the Stewardship\\nof the Chiltern Hundreds, an office formerly of importance, but\\nnow obsolete and merely nominal. The appointment necessitates his\\nresignation as member of Parliament, and, having thus fulfilled its\\npurpose, is again resigned, so as to be ready for the next men;ber\\nwho wishes to use it.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "LIFE OF MACAULAY XXXI\\nUniversity of Glasgow made a Eellow of tlie Eoyal\\nSociety elected a Foreign Member of the French\\nAcademy, and of the Prussian Order of Merit and\\nHigh Stewart of Cambridge. He was raised to the\\npeerage as Baron Macaulay of Eothley, the first liter-\\nary man to receive this honor in recognition of literary\\nwork. And yet his last days were sad ones. He once\\nsaid, There are not ten people in the world whose\\ndeaths would spoil my dinner, but there are one or\\ntwo whose deaths would break my heart. This one\\nor two came to mean his sisters Margaret and Han-\\nnah. When Margaret died it did almost break his\\nheart and the marriage of his sister Hannah while\\nhe and she were in India seemed almost as hard to\\nbear. His sister Hannah and her husband. Lord Tre-\\nvelyan, were as devoted to him as he was to them, so\\nthey returned to England when he did and he lived\\nwith them or near them the remainder of his life.\\nThe year 1859 found him failing in bodily health very\\nrapidly, although his friends did not know how ill\\nhe was. He continued to write on his History, but\\nwas sorrowfully conscious that he could not finish it.\\nTo-day I wrote a pretty fair quantity of history. I\\nshould like to finish William before I go. But this is\\nlike the old excuses that were made to Charon.\\nA blow had fallen on him this year that probably\\nhastened his end. His sister Hannah s husband had", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "xxxii tNTkODUCTtOM\\nbeen appointed Governor of Madras, and had sailed\\nfor India there the beloved Hannah must soon fol-\\nlow him. Macaulay accepted this, the heaviest trial\\nthat could come to him, with a cheerful acquiescence\\nbut in his diary is the entry, I could almost wish\\nthat what is to be were to be immediately. I dread,\\nthe next four months more even than the months\\nwhich will follow the separation. This prolonged\\nparting this slow sipping of the vinegar and the\\ngall is terrible.\\nAs he grew weaker his anxiety lest he should grow\\nirritable is expressed, and he adds, But I will take\\ncare. I have thought several times of late that the\\nlast scene of the play is approaching. I should wish\\nto act it simply, but with fortitude and gentleness\\nunited.\\nHis wish was realized. His friends found him sit-\\nting in his easy chair in the library Avith his book open\\nbefore him. The end had come before the dreaded\\nparting from his sister.\\nHe was buried in the Poets Corner of Westminster\\nAbbey on the 9th of January, 1860.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "INDIA xxxiii\\nINDIA\\nWhen the British began trading in India they found\\nthe native people divided into two great contending\\nforces the Hindus and the Mohammedans. These\\ntwo forces may be accounted for, in general, in this\\nway, taking Sir William Wilson Hunter, a vice-presi-\\ndent of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, as authority\\nThe Hindus, made up of\\nNon-Aryans (the Aborigines).\\nAryans (from Aryan plateau).\\nScythians (Huns, Tartars). (From Western Asia.\\nPossibly non-Aryans, though probably Aryans.)\\nThese three had formed a settled nation with a com-\\nmon religion; and their pride of birth, learning, and\\nprowess had crystallized into the four great Hindu\\ncastes before the year 1000 a.d.\\nThe Mohammedans.\\nAbout 1000 A.D. various Tartar tribes of Arabia,\\nwho had embraced Mohammedanism, overran India,\\nconquering parts of it and setting up the Mogul\\nEmpire.\\nThe Hindus Non-Aeyans. Although the non-\\nAryans are called the Aborigines, the weapons and\\nutensils of agate, flint, and iron that are found indi-\\ncate earlier people than these^ of whom there is no", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "xxxiv INTRODUCTION\\nwritten account. The only history we have of the\\nnon-Aryans is in the Vedas of their conquerors, the\\nAryans. They have no race name. The Vedic poets\\nsang of them as the flat-nosed, black-skinned raw-\\neaters, and again, of fearful swiftness, unyielding\\nin battle, in color like a dark blue cloud. Their idols\\nwere hideous creatures whom they feared they had no\\ngood deities. They are classed among the Hindus, but\\nsome of their tribes are scattered along the hills and\\nmountains of India and retain distinctive tribe names.\\nThe Hillmen of Madras, the Bhils of the Vindya Hills,\\nthe Santals, and the Gurkhas of the Himalayas, are\\nnon-Aryans. These people are brave and loyal when\\nfairly treated. The Gurkha regiments in the English\\narmy and the Bhil treasury-guards have justified the\\nconfidence placed in them.\\nThe Aryans. From the Aryan plateau in West\\nAsia, branches of one great family set forth in differ-\\nent directions. Some travelled west and became what\\nwe know as the Greek and Eoman nations, and from\\nother branches that wandered on farther west we\\nare descended through our Keltic and Teutonic fore-\\nfathers. Still others went east and south. One en-\\ntered the Punjab through the Himalayas and spread\\nover India, conquering the non-Aryans or driving\\nthem to the mountains. Their earliest literature, the\\nE,ig-Veda, dated variously from 3000 to 1400 b.c, and", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "INDIA XXXV\\ntheir other Yedas, sing of their marching eastward\\nand subjecting the black-skinned to the Aryan man/^\\nThese hymns praise the gods of the Aryan, the Shin-\\ning Ones, and condemn the hideous monsters of the\\nDasyus, or enemies. At first, like all conquering\\npeople, the Aryans confined themselves to war, and\\nthere seems to have been the same patriarchal form\\nof government as in the Teutonic tribes. Gradually\\nthe people became divided into classes, through\\ntheir occupations, and these classes are what are\\nknown to us as the castes of India, which are heredi-\\ntary and whose bounds are impassable. For a time\\nthere seems to have been a struggle for supremacy\\nbetween the soldier and student classes, which was\\nwon by the latter. The four great castes are the\\nBrahman, Eajput, Yaisya, and Sudra\\nBralmians. The men of learning of India formed\\nthe highest caste. From this caste came the poets,\\nphilosophers, teachers, lawgivers, and priests of the\\npeople, but never the king. They were the advisers\\nof the kings because they were the men of greatest\\nwisdom, but it was not prudent that king and coun-\\nsellors should all come from the same class, so the\\nking was always one of the Eajputs. They stood\\nbetween the people and the great god Brahma, and\\nso were called Brahmans. It was a part of their duty\\nto memorize the Yedas and teach them to the youth-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "XXXVl INTRODUCTION\\nful men of their caste. They perfected the Sanscrit\\nlanguage and used it in writing. The common people\\nused a dialect, Prakrit. This made another barrier\\nbetween learning and the people.\\nRajputs. The warrior caste is called the Eajput.\\nIt probably grew up out of the custom of rewarding\\nthe strongest and bravest soldiers with presents of\\nlands and slaves. This is the royal stock. The name\\nmeans prince, son of a rajah or king.\\nVaisyas. The third caste in descending order,\\nmade up of the agriculturists, traders, and higher\\ncraftsmen, was called Vaisya, the old name for the\\nwhole people.\\nThese three classes were all of Aryan stock twice-\\nborn, they called themselves.\\nSudras. The conquered non- Aryans composed the\\nfourth or Sudra class. The Sudras were the slaves of\\nthe other castes.\\nThe Scythians. About the time the Komans\\nwere making incursions into England, 100 b. c. to 500\\nA. D., the Rajputs of India were trying to repel the\\nScythians, the first of the Tartar tribes to overrun\\nIndia. These Tartars, or Huns, neither conquered\\nnor were conquered they were absorbed, and eventu-\\nally accepted the religion. The Scythians were the\\nlast of the invading people that embraced the religions\\nof India, Buddhism and Brahmanism.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "IKDIA xxxvii\\nThese three peoples, the Non-Aryans, the Aryans,\\nand the Scythians, make np the people called Hindus.\\nBuddhism Brahmanism Hinduism. Out of the Brah-\\nman religion rose, in the fifth century e.g., Buddhism.\\nEor a time it was a formidable rival of Brahmanism,\\nbut by 900 a.d. it was almost lost in India in the par-\\nent stream, though it is still the religion of millions of\\nthe people of Asia.\\nBuddhism. Gautama was the son of a king of a prov-\\nince north of Benares. His father wished him to be a\\nwarrior like himself, but while young he renounced the\\nworld, was taught by two Brahman hermits, gave him-\\nself up to fasting and penance, and came out, after many\\ntemptations, purified, Buddha, the Enlightened.\\nHe began near Benares preaching, not to the sacred\\ncaste alone, as was the custom of the Brahmans, but\\nto the common people. He converted disciples and\\nsent them forth to spread the religion. His creed did\\nnot admit the efficacy of sacrifices or the value of the\\nmediation of the Brahmans between God and man.\\nHe taught that misery or happiness in this life is\\nthe unavoidable result of our conduct in a past life;\\nand our actions here will determine our happiness or\\nmisery in the life to come. Instead of Brahman\\nsacrifices he urged three great duties control over\\nself, kindness to other men, and reverence for the life\\nof all living things. Arnold s Light of Asia has made", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "Xxxviii INTRODUCTION\\nthe world familiar with the beautiful part of this\\nreligion. The teachings of Buddha did much to unite\\nthe people and break down caste, for Buddha s disciples\\ntaught all classes. The Brahmans taught those of the\\nBrahman caste only. But Buddhism in India was over-\\npowered by Brahmanism, or Hinduism, before it had\\ncompleted its work.\\nBrahmanism. Brahmanism took in Buddhism and\\nother Indian beliefs, and became in time so modified\\nthat it now appears as the religious factor in Hin-\\nduism. The words Brahmanism and Hinduism seem\\nto be used interchangeably.\\nHinduism. This is a fusion of the laws and cus-\\ntoms of all the Hindus, and of the religions of the\\nAborigines, the Brahmans, and the Buddhists. Every\\nHindu is soaked in Hinduism. It directs his social,\\nhis business, and his religious life. It governs social\\nand business relations by acknowledging castes, not\\nthe original four alone, but all the classes and trade\\nguilds that have grown out of these four.\\nTo the Oriental mind the Hindu religion is alluring,\\nmystical, enthralling. To the Western mind it is more\\nlikely to appear merely perplexing and elusive. In\\norder that we may understand some of the problems\\nset for the early English rulers in India, Hinduism\\nmust be touched upon. A French traveller, Andre\\nChevrillon, who visited the cities of India and was", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "INDIA xxxix\\nimpressed by the philosophy of Hinduism and the\\nfact that it permeates all things in Benares and other\\nHindu cities, says of Hinduism: We must conceive,\\nthen, in the beginning and at the root of all things the\\nabsolute Being, pure and void, which is at the bottom\\nof all forms and all germs. Developing itself out-\\nward it is subjected to Maya, illusion. Illusion\\nbeing recognized as such, what is more natural than\\na wish to escape from it And how succeed in doing\\nthis, unless by destroying in one s self all that makes\\npart of this illusive and fugitive world; namely, desire,\\nwill, sensation? For to immobility all Hindu\\nphilosophy practically leads. That a man may\\nenter into calm, he must hold his breath, fix his atten-\\ntion, destroy his senses, cease from speaking. He\\npresses his palate with the tip of his tongue, breathes\\nslowly, looks fixedly at a point in space, and thought\\nceases, consciousness is abolished, the feeling of per-\\nsonality vanishes. ^We shall cease to feel pleasure\\nand pain, having attained immobility and solitude.\\nAs a spider rising by means of its own thread gains\\nthe open space, so he who meditates rises by means\\nof the syllable Om, and gains independence. This\\nsyllable Om recalls to the Brahman the three persons\\nof the Hindu trinity: Brahma, the creator; Vishnu,\\nthe preserver; Siva, the destroyer and reproducer.\\n1 In India, Andre Chevrillon.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "xl INTRODUCTION\\nThought and will being abolished, the whole phan-\\ntasmagoria of Maya disappears: We become like a\\nfire without smoke, or like a traveller, who, having left\\nthe carriage which brought him, watches the revolu-\\ntion of its wheels. The man who sees a differ-\\nence between Brahma and the world goes from change\\nto change, froin death to death. That is to say, he will\\nforever be reborn. He who, knowing the Vedas\\nand having repeated them daily in a consecrated\\nplace, having made no creature suffer, concentrates his\\nthoughts upon the Existence, and is absorbed therein,\\nattains the world of Brahma and returns no more no,\\nhe returns no more. Such is the supreme felicity\\nreserved for the adepts of the mysterious doctrine cele-\\nbrated by the Upanishads with a solemnity of language\\nwhich gives an idea of the fervor, the enthusiasm, the\\nrestrained hope wherewith the Brahman is thrilled, as\\nhe looks forward to that day of deliverance after which\\nhe will never again say 3fe of himself.\\nIf the Hindu is striving daily to lose all sense of the\\nMe, is it not possible for us to understand that he might\\nsubmit with apathy to what would appear to us to be\\nmisfortune or disgrace, and even accept death with\\ncalmness and fortitude as did the Brahman Nuncomar,\\nbecause he could hope to be absorbed into Brahma Yet\\nhe might revolt in desperation against a thing that to\\nus seems trivial, such as the greased cartridges that pre-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "INDIA xli\\ncipitated the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, because he feared\\nthe pollution which would compel him to be reborn.\\nBy the year 1000 a.d., the inhabitants of India were\\nso imbued with Hinduism that though the different\\ntribes were not at peace with each other, they were\\nready to unite and fight with a heroic determination\\nagainst the invasion of people of another faith. By\\nthis time, too, the Rajputs, or soldier caste, had grown\\nvery strong and powerful, and the Yaisyas had made\\nriches for the country.\\nThe Mohammedans. Meanwhile in Arabia in the\\nseventh century Mohammedanism had sprung up.\\nThis is the religion of the Moslems. Its adherents\\ncall it Al Islam. It rests on four pillars (1) the\\nKoran, (2) the traditions, (3) the consent of the\\nlearned doctors, (4) the reasoning of learned divines.\\nIt enjoins five great religious duties (1) bearing wit-\\nness that there is no god but God, and Mohammed\\nis his apostle, (2) reciting in daily prayer, (3) giv-\\ning the legal alms, (4) observing the monthly feast,\\n(5) making a pilgrimage once in a lifetime to Mecca.\\nThe followers of this new religion set out to convert\\nthe world. One of the first expeditions was against\\nIndia, but the Hindus repulsed them with such valor\\nthat they got no farther than the western part of the\\nSind, and their foothold there they soon lost. The\\nMohammedan Arabs had overrun !N orthern Africa and", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "xlii INTRODUCTION\\nconquered and settled in Spain before any incursions\\ninto India succeeded.\\nThe following table gives the chief Mohammedan\\ndynasties of India.\\nI. House of Ghizni. 1001-1180. (Turkish.)\\nII. House of Ghor. (Afghan.)\\nIII. The Slave Kings. (Chiefly Turkish.\\nIV. House of Khilji.\\nV. House of Tughlak. 1320-1414.\\nIrruption of the Moguls under Tamer (Tamerlane).\\nVI, The Sayyids. 1414-1450.\\nVII. TheLodis. 1450-1526. (Afghan.) Feeble reigns inde-\\npendent states multiply.\\nVIII. House of Tamer, (Mogul.)\\n1526-1530. Baber.\\n1556-1605. Akbar the Great.\\n1605. Jahangir.\\n1628. Shah Jahan.\\n1658-1707. Aurungzebe.\\n1707-1712. Bahadur Shah, or Shah Alam I.\\n1748-1754. Death of Mohammed Shah, and accession\\nof Ahmed Shah, dejDOsed 1754.\\n1754. Alamgir II. Six invasions of India by Ahmen\\nShah Durani, the Afghan.\\n1759. Shah Alam II., titular Emperor.\\n1806. Akbar, titular Emperor.\\n1837-1857. Mohammed Bahadur Shah, titular Em-\\nperor seventeenth and last Mogul Emperor gave\\nhis sanction to the Mutiny of 1857, and died a state\\nprisoner at Rangoon in 1862.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "INDIA xliii\\nThe first successful Mohammedan invasion of India\\nfounded the house of Ghizni. It was brought on by\\nthe Hindus themselves. The Hindu chief of Lahore\\nhad been annoyed by raids from the Mohammedans\\nof Ghizni. He marched his E-ajputs northwest to\\nthis town. They were repulsed their retreat was\\ncut off, and they barely saved themselves by promis-\\ning great ransoms. When they got back to Lahore\\nthey repudiated their promises. Tradition tells that\\nJaipal was counselled by the Brahmans at his right\\nhand not to disgrace himself by paying ransom to a\\nbarbarian, while his warriors on his left implored him\\nto keep faith. The Mohammedans repaid this treachery\\nby taking possession of Peshawar, which gave them con-\\ntrol of both ends of the Khaibar pass. Using this pass\\nas their gateway the Mohammedans invaded India.\\nThe Mohammedan houses or dynasties, some Turks,\\nsome Slaves, and some Afghans, all Tartars that had\\nbecome Mohammedans, fought in turn for control of\\nMohammedan- India. The Hindu kings were defeated\\nand routed again and again, but not subdued. Occa-\\nsionally the Gurkhas and the Hillmen assisted by\\npouring down upon the Mohammedans, massacring\\nthousands of them. If the Rajput kings had kept\\ntheir forces together, they might have continued to\\nwithstand the Mohamm^edan invaders, but they quar-\\nrelled, and thus the Hindus lost control.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "xliv INTRODUCTION\\nIt was during the Slave Dynasty that the Caliph of\\nBagdad acknowledged India as a separate Moham-\\nmedan kingdom, and coins were struck in recognition\\nof the new empire of Delhi in 1229.\\nTughlaks. The Tughlak dynasty was a time of\\noppression, and many of the Mohammedan provinces\\nin the east and south revolted and set up independent\\nkingdoms.\\nTamer (Tamerlane). Tamer, the Lame, described\\nas a Mongol (Mogul) because he revived the Tartar\\nEmpire and claimed to be the representative of the\\ngreat Mongol Ghenzi, Khan of the Mongols and\\nTartars who had conquered Pekin and northern China,\\nmade a conquering raid across India. He left no\\ntraces of his power except days of massacre.\\nPetty Mohammedan Governors. Under the weak\\ndynasties of the Sayyids and the Lodis the petty king-\\ndoms increased. Five independent Mohammedan\\nstates were formed in the Deccan and the Lower\\nBengal district, the province of Gujarat in western\\nIndia, Malwa, and the territory around Benares, each\\nset up a separate Mohammedan government.\\nThe Mogul Dynasty. In the middle of the sixteenth\\ncentury, the Mongols returned, this time to stay.\\nThese Mongol Tartars had been converted to Moham-\\nmedanism. Their religion was the same as that of\\nthe invaders of the Afghan and Turkish dynasties;", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "INDIA xlv\\nthey differed merely iu belonging to another Tartar\\nbranch and in coming in such numbers that they\\ngrew to be the great Moslem power of India. Baber,\\nthe first Great Mogul, was a descendant of Tamer, but\\nhe was a statesman as well as a warrior.\\nAkhar the Great. Akbar, grandson of Baber, was\\nthe real founder of the great Mogul Empire. His\\ndates, 1556-1605, almost coincide with those of the\\ngreat English sovereign. Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603.\\nHe showed great wisdom. He made overtures to the\\nbrave Eajputs, marrying a member of this the royal\\nstock of the Hindus. He chose many of his generals\\nand statesmen from the Hindus. By conquering some\\nand conciliating others he had succeeded before his\\ndeath in reducing the independent Mohammedan\\nstates to provinces of the Delhi Empire, and in\\nbringing the Hindu kings with their subjects into\\npolitical dependence upon his authority. He found\\nIndia a collection of petty Hindu and Mohammedan\\nstates he made it almost a united empire. The noble\\nred stone fort at Agra remains to illustrate his idea of\\narchitecture. Tennyson in Akhar^s Dream treats of\\nthe deistic religion that Akbar believed in.\\nJaliangir. His son Jahangir is renowned for hav-\\ning as his empress The Light of the World, and he\\nhimself is immortalized in Lalla Rookh. Sir Thomas\\nRoe, the first English envoy sent out by King James", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "xlvi INTRODUCTION\\nin 1616, bowed low before this the Mightie Emper-\\nour, the Great Mogul.\\nShah Jalian. This grandson of Akbar, who was\\ncontemporary with Charles I. and Cromwell of Eng-\\nland, sat upon the great Peacock throne, now in Tehe-\\nran, built the exquisite mausoleum Taj Mahal at Agra,\\nand removed the seat of government from Agra to\\nDelhi, where he built the Great Mosque.\\nAurungzebe. The son of Shah Jahan, Aurungzebe,\\nadded to the extent, wealth, and power of his father s\\npossession but it was in this reign that the decadence\\nof the Mogul Empire began. Aurungzebe was a\\nMohammedan of the sternest type. He did not con-\\nciliate. He was determined to subdue the remaining\\nindependent Mohammedan powers. He succeeded,\\nbut he had only weakened Mohammedan forces that\\nmight have assisted him against the three great Hindu\\nconfederacies that had been forming the Mahrattas,\\nthe Sikhs, and the natives of Rajputana.\\nA digression from the main narrative of the Moguls\\nseems called for in order to describe the great Hindu\\nconfederacies that were the chief agents in breaking\\nthe Moslem power.\\nRajputs Mahrattas Sikhs Rajputana. Au-\\nrungzebe s son deserted him and united with the Raj-\\nputs. Erom this time the district of Rajputana owned\\nno allegiance to the Delhi government.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "INDIA xlvii\\nMahrattas. Savajee, a Hindu of South. India,\\nformed from the Hindus of the Deccan a national\\nparty called the Mahrattas from the district in which\\nthey lived. Mahratta means great country. As this\\narmy was recruited from the peasant proprietors of\\nthe land it could be quickly brought together and\\nquickly disbanded, Savajee used his Mahrattas some-\\ntimes against the invading Mogul army of Aurungzebe,\\nsometimes against the two independent Mohammedan\\nstates that were trying to resist Aurungzebe. His\\narmy grew powerful, and he amassed such riches that\\nbefore his death he weighed himself against gold and\\ndistributed the gold to his Brahmans. He assumed\\nthe title of E,ajah, king. He died in 1680. His suc-\\ncessors were weak the office and the power of the\\nMahratta kings passed from them to their Pesh-\\nwas, or prime ministers. The Peshwas made Poona\\nin Bombay the seat of government and centre of oper-\\nations for the Mahrattas. They captured some prov-\\ninces and compelled the Mogul Emperor to cede others\\nto them, so that when Clive went to India this great\\nHindu Confederacy possessed Malwa, Nagpur, Orissa,\\nthe Lower Bengal, and the west portion of the Nizam\\nof Hyderabad s province. By Hastings time the\\nMahrattas had quarrelled among themselves and were\\ndivided into five houses. The Peshwa, with his capi-\\ntal at Poona, was still the nominal head. The other", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "xlviii INTRODUCTION\\nhouses were the Bhonslas at Nagpur, the Sindhias at\\nGwalior, Holkar at Indore, and the Gaekwar at\\nBaroda.\\nFirst Mahratta War, 1779-1781. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The first of the\\nthree Mahratta wars with the British is the one re-\\nferred to in the Warren Hastings essay. It was brought\\non by a dispute between rivals for the Peshwa title.\\nThe French sided with one of the claimants, so the\\nEnglish governor at Bombay made a treaty at Surat\\nwith the other claimant to support him in return for\\nthe cession of two provinces. Hastings disapproved\\nof the treaty, but when war began he sent troops that\\nconquered Gujarat and Gwalior. The war closed by\\na treaty.\\nLast Mahratta War, 1817-1818. The Mahratta\\ndynasties, each on its own account, took up arms\\nagainst the British again, and all were defeated. This\\nbroke the Mahratta power. The Gaekwar of Baroda\\nstill reigns, but his is a feudatory state only and he\\nspends his summers in London. Such is the fall of the\\nIndian prince. The adopted son of the last Peshwa\\nof Poona was the Nana Sahib of the Mutiny of 1857\\nfame, or infamy.\\nThe Sikhs. The Sikhs, a religious and military\\nsect of the Hindus, located in the western part of the\\nPunjab, were so cruelly persecuted by the Moham-\\nmedans that they became fanatics. They revere the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "INDIA Xlix\\nBrahmans, and forbid the slaughter of cows, but they\\nhave so few other things in common with the Hindus\\nthat they have their own national character. Every\\nman is pledged to become a soldier, and it is said that\\nevery Sikh to this day wears a piece of steel as a sign\\nthereof. Theirs was the last Hindu power to succumb\\nto the English. There were two British-Sikh wars;\\nbut in 1849 the whole of the Punjab became a British\\nprovince by conquest and cessions. The Punjab was\\nlaid out with roads and canals, and grew so prosperous\\nthat in the Mutiny of 1857 the Sikhs were loyal to the\\nEnglish,\\nThe Moguls after Aurungzebe. The history of the\\nHindu forces responsible for the breaking up of the\\nMogul Empire has been carried through to the time\\nwhen they were merged into the Indian Empire. The\\naccount of the line of the Moguls will now be resumed.\\nAs has been said, the dissolution of the great Mogul\\nEmpire began while Aurungzebe was on the throne.\\nInternal enemies might have completed the downfall\\nin time, but it was not left to them alone. Persians\\nand Afghans made raids into northern and western In-\\ndia, mutilating, burning, and killing as they went. The\\nMoguls that followed Aurungzebe were weak and much\\nharassed. In 1743 the Mogul ceded Malwa, and in\\n1751 Orissa to the Mahrattas, and promised an impe-\\nrial grant from Bengal to the same Hindu power. The", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "1 INTRODUCTION\\nNizam, or Governor, of Deccan separated the Deccan\\nfrom the Delhi Empire and the Vizier, or Prime\\nMinister, of Oude set np a separate dynasty and took\\nfor himself the title of I^abob Vizier of Oude.\\nIn 1764 the Nabob Vizier of Oude and the Great\\nMogul, Shah Alam II., combined against the English.\\nThey were defeated at the battle of Baxar. The Mo-\\ngul became a pensioner of the English, and from that\\ntime the Moguls were only titular. In exchange for\\nher protection, the Mogul ceded Great Britain the\\nprovinces of Bengal, Orissa, and Bahar, and the fol-\\nlowing year the northern Circars. The English allotted\\nCorah and Allahabad to the Mogul, and he held his\\ncourt at Allahabad.\\nIn 1771 Shah Alam determined to try to regain the\\nthrone at Delhi. The Mahrattas were the only strong\\npower aside from the English, so he attached himself\\nto them. They seated him at Delhi, but then imme-\\ndiately compelled him and his army to assist them in\\na marauding raid on the Rohillas. He became dis-\\ngusted with the faithlessness of the Mahrattas and\\ntried to withdraw from them, but they would not\\nallow him to, and compelled him to be an instrument\\nin their hands. One of his acts at this time was to\\ncede Allahabad and Corah to the Mahrattas but the\\nEnglish took possession of them. The English debated\\ntheir responsibility toward the unhappy Mogul in his", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "INDIA li\\ncaptivity, but decided it would not be politic to inter-\\nfere. In the second war of the Mahrattas and English\\nin 1803 Delhi was taken, and the poor, blind, old\\nEmperor Shah Alam passed once more under English\\nprotection.\\nThe last of the Great Moguls, Mohammed Bahadur\\nShah, was living in Delhi on English bounty when\\nthe Great Mutiny of 1857 broke out. The mutineers\\nproclaimed him the Great Emperor. When the Eng-\\nlish recovered the city, he was captured and was\\nimprisoned for life. The princes were shot.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "lii INTRODUCTION\\nTHE BEITISH IN INDIA\\nIn the fifteenth century the powers of Europe were\\ntrying to find a new route to India. Columbus sailed\\nwest carrying a letter to the Khan of Tartary, and\\ndiscovered America instead of the new route; but\\nVasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in\\n1498 and landed on the west coast of India. Thus\\nPortugal was the first Christian country to get a foot-\\nhold in India. The Portuguese established trading-\\nposts at Surat and Goa on the west coast. They were\\nfollowed by the Dutch, who established their posts on\\nthe islands along the east coast. Both nations had\\nsecured a good trade with India before the English\\nventures began. The Dutch traders were growing\\nrich from the pepper and other products of India.\\nThis incited the English merchants, now that the way\\nwas open, to form a company to trade in the East\\nIndies.\\nAn association was formed with 125 shareholders,\\nmerchants of London, and a capital stock of \u00c2\u00a370,000.\\nThis was the organization of the famous English East\\nIndia Company, and it received the royal charter from\\nQueen Elizabeth on the last day of the year 1600.\\nFor years there were sea fights for the right to trade\\nwith the islands and along the coast of India. In the\\nfirst years of the seventeenth century the Portuguese", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THt: BRITISH m INDIA liii\\nwere driven from all the west coast, except Goa, and\\nthe English East India Company established factories.\\nThe Dutch drove the English from the islands on the\\neast coast, but this resulted in English settlements on\\nthe peninsula itself. The early traders seem to have\\nstood in awe of the Great Mogul, believing the native\\npopulation to be one peojjle united under one emperor\\nbut when the English were driven from the Archipel-\\nago, they gradually procured licenses from the Great\\nMogul to establish factories on the mainland. In 1639\\nthe site of the present city of Madras was purchased\\nby the East India Company from the Rajah of Chandri-\\ngiri, and Fort St. George was built. This was the\\nfirst territory owned by the Company. The island of\\nBombay was ceded by Portugal to the British Crown,\\nand in 1668 King Charles II. sold his rights over\\nBombay to the East India Company. The Company\\nhad more difficulty in getting a settlement in the prov-\\nince of Bengal. It was not until 1700 that they were\\nable to purchase three Indian villages there, that were\\non the site of the present city of Calcutta. In this\\nway the three great presidencies, Madras, Bombay,\\nand Calcutta, had their beginnings.\\nUntil the end of the seventeenth century the English\\nhad thought of trading only. But uprisings of the\\nMahrattas against the Moguls taught the English that\\nthe Great Mogul was not the undisputed ruler of India.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "liv INTRODUCTION\\nPetty wars with both Mahrattas and Moguls showed\\nthe English that they would be compelled to acquire ter-\\nritory in order to protect their trade. The three great\\ncentres had been established, Bombay, Madras, and\\nCalcutta and the Company, about 1685, sent out Sir\\nJohn Child with power to make war or peace and\\narrange for the safety of the Company. His title was\\nGovernor-General, a title that died with him and was\\nnot revived until it was given to Warren Hastings.\\nThe financial success of the East India Company was\\ncontinuous. This caused rivalry and the formation of\\nother English East India companies, but in every case\\nthe interloper, whether a company or an individual,\\nwas taken into the original association, so that from\\n1600 to 1858 the name English East India Company\\nstands for one organization. During the seventeenth cen-\\ntury the French organized a French East IndiaCompany\\nsimilar to the Dutch and English companies. The\\nFrench and English traded side by side without the\\nrivalry that had existed between the English and the\\nother European nations, until the war of the Austrian\\nsuccession made the representatives of France and\\nEngland in India fear each other. During the diffi-\\nculties that arose at this time the French captured\\nMadras, and although it was restored to the English\\nby the terms of the treaty entered into by the home\\ngovernment at Aix-la-Chapelle, the French success", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH IN INDIA Iv\\ninfluenced the native rulers later to side with the\\nFrench and feel contempt for the English. The\\nFrench were more diplomatic than the English and\\nmore affable to the native chiefs, and so had gained\\nmany favors from the Emperor at Delhi, the Great\\nMogul, such as being allowed to coin money for the\\nprovinces of the Carnatic. By the middle of the\\neighteenth century the French had a lucrative trade in\\nIndia, with posts at Pondicherry in the Carnatic and\\nChandernagor near Calcutta.\\nDupleix in 1741 was made Governor of Pondicherry\\nwith supreme control over French India. Southern\\nIndia, after the death of the Great Mogul Aurungzebe,\\nhad divided up into states that declared themselves\\nindependent of the Mogul. By supporting the claims\\nof two native chiefs, one for the Carnatic and one for\\nthe Deccan, Dupleix became a political power. In\\nself-defence the English espoused the cause of a rival\\nchief for the Carnatic, Mohammed Ali, afterward\\nknown as the ^f Nabob of Arcot. It was at this time\\nthat Clive, a young man of twenty-four, without mili-\\ntary training, came forward with a plan to recover\\nlost ground for the English. He was listened to and\\nallowed troops. The account of the struggle between\\nthe French and the English for the control of the Car-\\nnatic, and the success of the English and the further\\naccount of Clive s successes in Bengal, where he con-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "Ivi INTRODUCTION\\nquered the army of Surajah Dowlah, revenged the\\ntragedy of the Black Hole, fought the battle of Plas-\\nsey, made Meer Jaffier Nabob of Bengal, and silenced\\nthe French and Dutch forever in the Garden of\\nIndia, the account of all this is vividly given in\\nMacaulay s Lord Clive. It was in the events following\\nthe battle of Plassey that Warren Hastings active life\\nbegan, and there begins Macaulay s account of him.\\nAs has been said, the object of the East India Company\\nat first had been trade merely. The opposition of the\\nPortuguese, Dutch, and French, and the unsettled con-\\ndition of the native rulers, forced the first fights upon\\nthem to protect their property in time this seemed to\\ndemand that they should become the aggressors, and\\nwhen Hastings went to India the battle of Plassey\\nhad settled the policy of England in India as one of\\nconquest.\\nThe Warren Hastings essay continues the account of\\nthe British in India from Olive s time to 1785. The\\nremainder of this article will describe briefly the\\nevents from 1785 to the time of settled government.\\nAfter Hastings left India there was a revolt of the\\nSikhs, but the English conquered them and the Punjab\\nwas annexed as English territory. This with lesser\\nvictories seemed to give all India to the control of the\\nEnglish Company, and it had never seemed so strong\\nnor so secure in its monopoly. In 1857 the native", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH IN INDIA Ivii\\nelement of the army, by being recruited to assist\\nagainst the Mahrattas, Afghans, and Sikhs, had grown\\nto about 350,000 men, while the European part num-\\nbered only about 25,000. With these figures before\\nus we can understand the great Sepoy Mutiny. The\\nRulers of India series gives a full account of the\\nMutiny, and Mrs. Steele in her novel On the Face of\\nthe Waters has made the capture of Delhi by the\\nSepoys, the siege of Lucknow, and the surrender\\nand massacre at Cawnpore, seem horribly real. The\\nMutiny was put down, but it had brought home to\\nEnglish statesmen the need of formal acceptance of\\nthe responsibilities of government in India. In the\\nspring of 1858 the Mutiny was broken in the fall of\\nthat year the East India Company s rule terminated,\\nand the sovereignty of the Queen was declared.\\nFor two hundred and fifty-eight years the East India\\nCompany controlled and directed the political and mili-\\ntary government of India. They went to India as\\ntraders to protect their interests they became con-\\nquerors and administrators. They made India a\\npossession of Great Britain, and for years were in\\nthe curious position of a company of merchants vested\\nwith the control of a whole empire. It was not until\\n1858 that England took the entire administration of\\nthe government of India into her own hands.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "Iviii INTRODUCTION\\nA Summary of the chief Acts of Parliament relating\\nto the East India Company\\n1600. The original charter was granted by Queen\\nElizabeth. It gave to the Company the ex-\\nclusive privilege of the India trade.\\n1773. The Regulating Act was passed, whose chief\\nprovisions are given in the Warren Hastings\\nessay.\\n1784. Pitt s India Bill passed. This founded the\\nBoard of Control in England. This Board\\nwas authorized to superintend, direct, and\\ncontrol all acts, operations, and concerns\\nrelating to the civil and military government\\nof India. It was empowered to send out\\ntroops to India at the expense of the Com-\\npany. The Directors of the Company were\\nrequired to submit all papers to this Board\\nexcept those relating to commercial matters.\\nThe phrase Governor-General-in-Council origi-\\nnated at this time.\\n1813. Parliament renewed the charter for twenty\\nyears, but abolished the Company s monopoly\\nof Indian trade. The appointment of gov-\\nernor-general, governor, and commander-in-\\nchief was no longer valid without the consent\\nof the crown.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE BRITISH IN INDIA lix\\n1833. The charter was renewed for another twenty\\nyears. It put an end to the Company s\\nexclusive right to the China trade. Eeforms\\nwere introduced in the constitution for Ind-\\nian government. A new legal member, not\\nnecessarily a servant of the Company, was\\nadded to the Board of Control. Macaulay\\nwas the first man sent to India in this\\ncapacity. A Law Commission was appointed.\\nThe Governor-General-in-Council was given\\ncontrol over all the Presidencies, in civil\\nand military administration.\\n1853. The charter was renewed for an indefinite time.\\n1858. The Act for the Better Government of India\\npassed. It transferred the administration\\nfrom the Company to the crown.\\nThe Present Government of India\\nIn 1876 Queen Victoria assumed the title of Em-\\npress of India. India is now divided into British and\\nFeudatory India. British India is divided into twelve\\nProvinces. Each has its own governor, but all are\\nunder the supreme control of the Governor-General-\\nin-Council, who bears the title, also, of Viceroy of\\nIndia. The Viceroy and the governors of Madras", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "Ix INTROD UCTION\\nand Bombay are appointed by the Queen. The gov-\\nernors of the other provinces are nominated by the\\nViceroy, from the Anglo-Indian service. Calcutta is\\nthe seat of government in the winter, and Simla in\\nthe Himalayas in the summer. There are Legislative\\nCouncils in the various provinces, and in 1893 the\\nfirst general election to the Legislative Councils was\\nheld.\\nFeudatory India consists of states governed by\\nnative princes, under the advice of a British Eesi-\\ndent stationed at each court by the Viceroy. Some of\\nthese princes have more power than others, but all\\nare limited by treaties in which they acknowledge the\\nsuzerainty of the British Government. The feudatory\\nstates are not allowed to make war on each other, or\\nto make alliances with foreign powers. Questions\\nof intervention of outside powers in India are now\\ntreated the same as encroachments on any other soil\\nbelonging to the Queen s Government.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "INDIAN TERMS Ixi\\nINDIAN TEEMS\\nThe Indian Government has adopted a system of\\npronunciation for the words in common use. The\\nvowels are sounded as in Latin. The accents marked\\non the words below are authorized. The best authori-\\nties differ in their spelling, so two or three are given.\\nMacaulay s is put first, though usually it is not the\\nmost common.\\nGreat Mogul Mughal. Mogul, the name of the last Moham-\\nmedan Dynasty that ruled in India. Great Mogul, title of\\nthe emperor of the Moguls, who claimed to be emperor of\\nall India.\\nNa bob, Nawah. Mohammedan title for the ruler of a prov-\\nince, equivalent to governor or viceroy. Nabob of Bengal.\\nVizier Vazir, Vizir. Mohammedan title for a state minister,\\nor prime minister. Nabob Vizier of Oude, governor and\\nprime minister of Oude.\\nShah. Persian title equivalent to king. Padisha, king of\\nkings, a title sometimes taken by the Great Mogul. Shah\\nAlam, the last of the Great Moguls.\\nNizam. Hindu title equivalent to regulator, governor. Nizam\\nof Hyderabad. It often carried the idea of regulator of\\npolitical and judicial affairs.\\nBe gicm. Hindu title for princess. Munny Begum, mother\\nprincess.\\nDiwan Dewan. A head oflBcer of finance.\\nDow lah. Mohammedan title equivalent to governor, ow as ou\\nin out. Sura jah Dowlah, one of the Nabobs of Bengal.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "Ixii INTRODUCTION\\nBa jah, Baja. Hindu title for king. Rajah of Benares.\\nBajptit Bajpoot. Name of Hindu caste from which the king\\nwas cliosen. It means son of a king, prince.\\nBajputa na. Name of a district occupied by a strong tribe of\\nthe Rajputs.\\nFnnjah Panjab. Name of a district occupied by the Hindus.\\nThe Sikhs were in the Punjab.\\nKhan. Persian title for king or prince but like all these titles\\nit often meant nothing more than an assumed distinction,\\nas our esquire.\\nPesh wa. A title meaning prime minister. Among the Mah-\\nrattas the prime minister usurped the rights of the* king,\\nso peshwa came to mean ruler. Peshwa of Poona, ruler\\nof the Mahrattas, with his capital at Poona.\\nNuncomar Savajee Cheyt e Sing (Ch^t Sing).\\nAurungzeheJ (Awrungzab), Hy der A li.\\nDec can. It means the south. A name given to the southern\\npart of the peninsula of India.\\nOude^ Oudh. A province, ou as in out. e is silent.\\nHima laya. Snow-abode, the word means.\\nMACAULAY S WORKS\\nEssays Published in Knight s Quarterly Magazine.\\nFragments of a Roman Tale, 1823.\\nOn the Royal Society of Literature, 1823.\\nScenes from Athenian Revels, 1824.\\nCriticisms on the Principal Italian Writers, No. 1\\nDante, No. 2 Petrarch, 1824.\\nSome account of the Great Lawsuit between the Par-\\nishes of St. Denis and St. George in the Water, 1824.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "MAC AUL AY S WORKS Ixiii\\nA Conversation of Mr. Abraham Cowley and Mr. John\\nMilton touching the Great Civil War, 1824.\\nOn the Athenian Orators, 1824.\\nA Prophetic Account of a Grand National Epic, to be\\nentitled TheWellingtoniad, and to be published\\nin 2824, 1824.\\nOn Mitford s History of Greece, 1824.\\nEssays Published in Edinburgh Review.\\nThe West Indies, Jan., 1825.\\nMilton, August, 1825.\\nThe London University, Jan. 1826.\\nSocial and Industrial Capacities of Negroes, March,\\n1827.\\nMachiavelli, March, 1827.\\nThe Present Administration, June, 1827.\\nJohn Dryden, Jan., 1828.\\nHistory, May, 1828.\\nHallam s Constitutional History, Sept., 1828.\\nMill on Government, March, 1829.\\nWestminster Reviewer s Defence of Mill, June, 1829.\\nUtilitarian Theory of Government, Oct., 1829.\\nSouthey s Colloquies on Society, Jan., 1830.\\nMr. Robert Montgomery s Poems, April, 1830.\\nSadler s Law of Population, July, 1830.\\nSouthey s Edition of the Pilgrim s Progress, Dec, 1830.\\nSadler s Refutation Refuted, Jan., 1831.\\nCivil Disabilities of the Jews, Jan., 1831.\\nMoore s Life of Lord Byron, June, 1831.\\nCroker s Edition of Boswell s Life of Johnson, Sept.,\\n1831.\\nLord Nugent s Memorial of Hampden, Dec, 1831.\\nBurleigh and His Times, April, 1832.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "Ixiv INTRODUCTION\\nMirabeau, July, 1832.\\nWar of the Succession of Spain, Jan., 1833.\\nHorace Walpole, Oct., 1833.\\nWilliam Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Jan., 1834.\\nSir James Mackintosh, July, 1835.\\nLord Bacon, July, 1837.\\nSir William Temple, Oct., 1838.\\nGladstone on Church and State, April, 1839.\\nLord Clive, Jan., 1840.\\nVon Ranke s History of the Popes, Oct., 1840.\\nLeigh Hunt, Jan., 1841,\\nLord Holland, July, 1841.\\nWarren Hastings, Oct., 1841.\\nFrederic the Great, April, 1842.\\nMadame D Arblay, Jan., 1843.\\nLife and Writings of Addison, July, 1843.\\nBar^re, April, 1844.\\nThe Earl of Chatham, Oct., 1844.\\nArticles in Encyclopedia. Britannica.\\nFrancis Atterbury, Dec, 1853.\\nJohn Bunyan, May, 1854.\\nOliver Goldsmith, Jan., 1856.\\nSamuel Johnson, Dec. 1856.\\nWilliam Pitt, Jan., 1859.\\nSpeeches.\\nParliamentary Reform, March, 1831 July, 1831 Sept.,\\n1831 Oct., 1831 Dec. 1831.\\nAnatomy Bill, Feb., 1832.\\nParliamentary Reform, Feb., 1832.\\nRepeal of the Union with Ireland, Feb., 1833.\\nJewish Disabilities, April, 1833.\\nGovernment of India, July, 1833.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "MACAULAY S WORKS Ixv\\nEdinburgh Election, May, 1839.\\nConMence in the Ministry of Lord Melbourne, Jan., 1840.\\nWar with China, April, 1840.\\nCopyright, Feb., 1841.\\nCopyright, April, 1842.\\nThe People s Charter, May, 1842.\\nThe Gates of Somnauth, March, 1842.\\nThe Treaty of Washington, March, 1843.\\nThe State of Ireland, Feb. 1844.\\nDissenters Chapels Bill, June, 1844.\\nPost Office Espionage, July, 1844.\\nOpening Letters in the Post Office, July, 1844.\\nThe Sugar Duties, Feb., 1845.\\nMaynooth, April, 1845.\\nThe Church of Ireland, April, 1845.\\nTheological Tests of the Scotch Universities, July, 1845.\\nCorn Laws, Dec. 1845.\\nThe Ten Hour Bill, May, 1846.\\nThe Literature of Britain, Nov., 1846.\\nEducation, April, 1847.\\nInaugural Speech at Glasgow College, March, 1849.\\nRe-election to Parliament, Nov., 1852.\\nExclusion of Judges from the House of Commons, June, 1853.\\nIntroductory- Report upon the Indian Penal Code, Oct.,\\n1837.\\nNotes on the Penal Code (140 pages of close print).\\nHistory.\\nThe History of England\\nFrom the Accession of James the Second. 6 vols.\\nPoetry.\\nPompeii. This poem obtained the Chancellor s medal at\\nCambridge University in 1819.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "Ixvi tNTROLUCTION\\nEvening. This poem obtained the Chancellor s medal in 1821.\\nLays of Ancient Rome.\\nHoratius.\\nThe Battle of Lake Regillus.\\nVirginia.\\nThe Prophecy of Capys.\\nEpitaph on Henry Martyn.\\nLines to the Memory of Pitt.\\nA Radical War Song.\\nIvry.\\nThe Battle of Moncontour.\\nSongs of the Civil War.\\nSermon in a Churchyard.\\nTranslations from A. V. Arnault.\\nDies Irae.\\nThe Marriage of Tirzah and Ahirad.\\nThe Country Gentleman s Trip to Cambridge.\\nSong.\\nThe Deliverance of Vienna.\\nThe Armada.\\nInscription on the Statue of Lord Bentinck.\\nEpitaph on Sir Benjamin Heath Malkin.\\nThe Last Buccaneer.\\nEpitaph on a Jacobite.\\nEpitaph on Lord Metcalfe.\\nTranslations from Plautus.\\nValentine.\\nParaphrase of a Passage in the Chronicle of the Monk of\\nSt. Gall.\\nLines Written on the Night of the 30th of July, 1847.\\nRosamond.\\nBattle of Naseby.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY Ixvii\\nCONTEMPOEANEOUS HISTORY\\nWAKREN HASTINGS IN INDIA, 1750-1785\\nGeorge II., 1727-1760\\nFrederick the Great, Emperor of Germany, 1740-1788.\\nClive takes Arcot, 1751.\\nSeven Years War with France, 1756.\\nFrench and Indian War in America, 1755-1760.\\nThe Black Hole of Calcutta, 1756.\\nClive wins battle of Plassey, 1757.\\nVictory of Quebec (England gains Canada), 1759.\\nGeoroe III., 1760-1820\\nCatherine II., Russia, 1762.\\nStamp Act, 1765 (repealed 1766).\\nLetters of Junius, 1769.\\nConquest of Corsica, 1769.\\nNapoleon and Wellington born, 1769.\\nDebates in Parliament regularly reported, 1771.\\nPressing to death abolished, 1772,\\nThe Boston Tea Party, 1773.\\nThe American Revolution begins, 1775.\\nFree trade granted to Ireland, 1776.\\nLord George Gordon riots, 1780.\\nDefeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781.\\nTreaties of Paris and Versailles, 1783.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "Ixviii INTRODVCTIOy\\nMACAULAY, 1800-1859\\nEnglish Men of Letters\\nSir Walter Scott.\\nLady of the Lake.\\nLay of the Last Minstrel.\\nIvanhoe, Waverley.\\nJohn Wilson (Christoplier North).\\nNodes Ambrosianoe.\\nHannah More.\\nSearch after Happiness.\\nPractical Piety.\\nTrances Burney (Madame d Arblay).\\nEveli7ia.\\nGeorge Gordon (Lord Byron).\\nChilde Harold.\\nPrisoner of Chilian.\\nThomas Moore.\\nLalla Bookh.\\nPercy Bysshe Shelley.\\nThe Cloud.\\nTo the /Skylark.\\nTo the Nightingale.\\nJohn Keats.\\nEve of St. Agnes.\\nWilliam Wordsworth.\\nThe Excursion.\\nOde to Immortality.\\nSamuel T. Coleridge.\\nAncient Mariner.\\nLectures on Shakespeare.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY Ixix\\nRichard Brinsley Sheridan.\\nThe Bivals.\\nThe School for Scandal.\\nHenry Hallam.\\nConstitutional History of England.\\nThomas Arnold (Master at Rugby).\\nThomas Carlyle.\\nThe French Bevolution.\\nSartor Besartus.\\nFrederick the Great.\\nOn the Choice of Books.\\nHarriet Martineau.\\nHistory of England, 1816-1846.\\nWilliam Ewart Gladstone.\\nStudies in Homer.\\nJames A. Froude.\\nShort Studies on Great Subjects.\\nJames Mill.\\nHistory of British India.\\nJohn Stuart Mill.\\nSystem of Logic.\\nJohn Ruskin.\\nLessons on Architecture and Painting.\\nSesame and Lilies.\\nHerbert Spencer.\\nFirst Principles, Biology.\\nSir John Herschel.\\nOutlines of Astronomy.\\nCharles Darwin.\\nOrigin of Species.\\nFrancis Jeffrey, Reviewer.\\nEdited the Edinburgh Beview, 1802-1809.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "Ixx INTRODUCTION\\nCharles Lamb.\\nEssays of Elia.\\nThomas De Quincey.\\nFlight of a Tartar Tribe.\\nConfessions of an English Opium Eater,\\nMatthew Arnold.\\nCritical and Political Essays.\\nTristram and Iseult.\\nJane Austen.\\nSense and Sensibility.\\nPride and Prejudice.\\nWilliam M. Thackeray.\\nThe Newcomes.\\nHenry Esmond.\\nCharles Dickens.\\nPickimck Papers.\\nDavid Copperjield.\\nGeorge Eliot.\\nSilas Marner.\\nMill on the Floss.\\nMiddlemarch.\\nBomola.\\nElizabeth B. Browning.\\nA Vision of Poets.\\nA 3Iusical Instrument.\\nAlfred Tennyson.\\nIdijls of the King.\\nIn 3Iemoriam.\\nRobert Browning.\\nSaul.\\nBing and the Book,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY Ixxi\\nAmerican Men op Letters\\nDaniel Webster, Statesman and Orator.\\nBunker Hill Oratio7is.\\nBeply to Hayne.\\nHenry Clay, Statesman and Orator.\\nJohn Calhoun, Statesman and Orator.\\nLife of Washington.\\nLife of Goldsmith.\\nWashington Irving.\\nSketch Book.\\nBracebridge Hall.\\nThe Alhamhra.\\nJames Fenimore Cooper.\\nBed Bover.\\nThe Pilot.\\nLast of the Mohicans.\\nThe Spy.\\nJohn James Audubon, Naturalist.\\nWilliam Cullen Bryant.\\nLittle People of the Snow.\\nBobert of Lincoln.\\nTo a Waterfowl.\\nFrancis Scott Key.\\nThe Star Spangled Banner.\\nJohn Howard Payne.\\nHome, Sweet Home.\\nEdgar Allan Poe.\\nThe Baven.\\nThe Gold Bug.\\nMurders in the Bue Morgue-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "Ixxii INTRODUCTION\\nRalph Waldo Emerson, The Sage of Concord.\\nBepresentative Men.\\nAmerican Scholar,\\nThe Snow Storm.\\nWood Notes.\\nLouis Agassiz, Naturalist.\\nHenry D. Thoreau.\\nA Week on the Concord and Merrimac Bivers.\\nWalden^ or Life in the Woods.\\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison, Abolitionist.\\nWilliam Hickling Prescott.\\nFerdinand and Isabella.\\nConquest of 31exico.\\nHorace Greeley, Editor of New York Tribune.\\nBecollections of a Busy Life.\\nJohn Lothrop Motley.\\nBise of the Dutch Bepublic.\\nHistory of the United Netherlands.\\nBayard Taylor, Traveller.\\nLand of the Saracens.\\nViews Afoot.\\nOliver Wendell Holmes.\\nAutocrat of the Breakfast Table.\\nThe Last Leaf\\nThe Chambered Nautilus.\\nOver the Tea-cups.\\nHenry Wadsworth Longfellow.\\nEvangeline.\\nSong of Hiawatha.\\nTranslation of Banters Divina Commedia.\\nJohn Greenleaf Whittier.\\nSnoio Bound.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY Ixxiii\\nTent on the Beach.\\nMy Soul and I.\\nMrs. Julia Ward Howe.\\nBattle Hymn of the Bepublic.\\nJames Russell Lowell.\\nAmong My Books.\\nVision of Sir Launfal.\\nCommemoration Ode.\\nFable for Critics.\\nNathaniel Hawthorne.\\nHouse of Seven Gables.\\nMarble Faun.\\nAbraham Lincoln, Statesman.\\nMen of Note of other Countries\\nGoethe, German author.\\nBeethoven, German composer.\\nPaganini, Italian violinist.\\nNapoleon, military genius, Emperor of France.\\nGuizot, French historian.\\nKant, German metaphysician.\\nHegel, German philosopher.\\nFroebel, German educator.\\nSchopenhauer, German philosopher.\\nMoltke, Prussian general.\\nHans Christian Andersen, Danish author.\\nVictor Hugo, French novelist.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "Ixxiv INTRODUCTION\\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\\nBOOKS ON MACAULAY\\nThe Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, 2 vols. G. Otto\\nTrevelyan.\\nMacaiday. English 3Ie7i of Letters Series. J. Cotter Morison.\\nMacaulay. Whipple^s Essays and Reviews^ Vol. 1.\\n3Iacaulay. Matthew ArnoUVs Mixed Essays.\\nMacaulay. 3Iinto s Manual of English Prose Literature.\\nMacaulay. Gladstone s Gleanings of Past Years.\\nMacaiday. BagehoVs Estimate of Some Englishmen and\\nScotchmen.\\nMacaulay. McCarthy s Short History of Our Own Times.\\nMacaiday. Wilson s Essays, Critical and Imaginative.\\nMacaulay. Clark s Study of English Prose Writing.\\nBOOKS ON INDIA\\nA History of British Empire. Sir Wm, W. Hunter. A Vice-\\nPresident of the Royal Asiatic Society.\\nA Brief History of the Indian Peoples. Sir Wm. W. Hunter.\\nThe arrangement is on a system that makes the book\\na clear, succinct account. If only one book on India\\ncan be bought, I should advise the purchase of this one.\\nOxford, Clarendon Press.\\nEpochs of Indian History Series.\\nAncient History (2000 b.c.-800 a.d.). Romesh Chunder\\nDutt, C. I. E.\\nThe Muhammadans. J. D. Bees, Madras Civil Service.\\nThe Mahrattas. K. T. Telang, Judge of the High Court,\\nBombay.\\nHistory of British Empire, 10 Vols. Mill and Wilson.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY Ixxv\\nBise of the British Power in the East. Hon. Montstuart Elphin-\\nstone. A full history to the battle of Panipat, 1765.\\nThe Story of the Empire Series.\\nThe Bise of the Empire. Sir Walter Besant.\\nThe Story of India. Demetrius C. Boulger.\\nHow the British won India. W. Plimblett. This book is in\\npopular reading style.\\nIn India. Andr^ Chevrillon. (Henry Holt and Co.) A fas-\\ncinating book of travels in India.\\nHistory of the Indian Mutiny. T. Rice Holmes. (Good maps.)\\nOn the Face of the Waters. Mrs. Flora Annie Steele. A novel\\nthat tells the story of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Mrs.\\nSteele was a teacher in the Punjab for twenty years.\\nSacred Books of the East. Max Mtiller.\\nBuddhism. Professor Rhys Davids.\\nHistory of the Mughal Emperors of Hindustan. Stanley Lane-\\nPoole.\\nOut of India. Rudyard Kipling.\\nFrom Sea to Sea. Rudyard Kipling.\\nSoldiers Three. Rudyard Kipling.\\nHastings and the Bohilla War. Sir John Strachey.\\nStory of Nuncomar and Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey.\\nSir James Fitzjames Stephen.\\nBulers of India Series. (Clarendon Press.)\\nLord Clive.\\nDupleix.\\nWarren Hastings.\\nSir John (Lord) Lawrence.\\nIndia Bevisited. Sir Edwin Arnold.\\nForty-one Years in India. Frederick Sleigh Roberts.\\nNabob of Arcofs Debts. Edmund Burke s Works.\\nSpeech on Mr. Fox s East India Bill, Edmund Burke s Works.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "Ixxvi INTRODUCTION\\nA SUGGESTED METHOD OF STUDY\\nFirst, read rapidly the India and the British in\\nIndia in the Introduction and glance at the map when\\nnames of places occur. Second, read the essay through\\nas one would a story, simply for the story; afterward,\\nit may be studied as a biography and an essay.\\nMacaulay has allowed the periods of Hastings life\\nto govern the divisions of the essay. These parts are\\nreadily seen on a second reading and form the main\\nsections into which the outline falls. Take up the\\nfirst paragraphs and examine them to see whether\\nthey belong under the first division or go to form an\\nintroduction to the whole essay. As the introduction\\nand the conclusion are considered the most difficult\\nparts of writing to the young essayist it may be well\\nto notice how simply and naturally Macaulay begins\\nand ends his essays.\\nAfter the introduction is examined, each part may\\nbe taken up as a unit. Find what the author pro-\\nposed to tell in each division and discuss his method\\nof telling it by settling definitely the function of each\\nparagraph in carrying on the story.\\nWhile studying the purpose of the author, his\\nstyle of expression may be studied also but the\\nmore natural and interesting method seems to be to\\nstudy the whole essay, division by division, to get", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "A SUGGESTED METHOD OF STUDY Ixxvli\\nat the author s mind, then to return for comment\\non the devices he used in presenting his subject.\\nIt is impossible to read the essay twice without\\nnoticing his wealth of words and his exact use of\\nthem; and without recognizing the value of his fig-\\nures, allusions, balanced structures, climaxes, repeti-\\ntions, and the many other arts used to make his\\nmeaning clear and his work inviting. So the passages\\nbest adapted to intensive study will be forechosen.\\nThose who have written on Macaulay s style have\\ngiven to us a variety of verdicts. Critics say of his\\nstyle that it is pointed, epigrammatic, rapid, clear,\\nharsh, vigorous, animated, simple, concrete, pictu-\\nresque. They say he is fond of balanced structure,\\nrepetition, climax, the short sentence, enumeration\\nof particulars, antithesis; that he has great erudition,\\nsplendor of imagery, the power of selection that seizes\\nupon what is striking, the art of persuasion, taste,\\nmelody, harmony, pathos. They say of him, too, that\\nhe is a master of the mechanical art of putting words\\ntogether that is, of clear sentence structure and logi-\\ncal paragraph building. Trying to prove or disprove\\nthe justness of these various estimates is an interest-\\ning and profitable way to form one s own opinion.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "WARREN HASTINGS\\n(1841)\\nMemoirs of the Life of Warreti Hastings, First Governor-General\\nof Bengal. Compiled from Original Papers, by the Rev. G.\\nR. Gleig, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo. London 1841.\\nWe are inclined to think that we shall best meet the\\nwishes of our readers, if, instead of minutely examin-\\ning this book, we attempt to give, in a way necessarily\\nhasty and imperfect, our own view of the life and char-\\nacter of Mr. Hastings. Our feeling towards him is not 5\\nexactly that of the House of Commons which impeached\\nhim in 1787 neither is it that of the House of Com-\\nmons which uncovered and stood up to receive him in\\n1813. He had great qualities, and he rendered great\\nservices to the state. But to represent him as a man 10\\nof stainless virtue is to make him ridiculous and- from\\na regard for his memory, if from no other feeling, his\\nfriends would have done well to lend no countenance\\nto such adulation. We believe that, if he were now\\nliving, he would have sufficient judgment and sufficient 15\\ngreatness of mind to wish to be shown as he was. He\\nB 1", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "2 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nmust have known that there were dark spots on his\\nfame. He might also have felt with pride that the\\nsplendor of his fame would bear many spots. He\\nwould have wished posterity to have a likeness of\\n5 him, though an unfavorable likeness, rather than a\\ndaub at once insipid and unnatural, resembling neither\\nhim nor any body else. Paint me as I am, said Oliver\\nCromwell, while sitting to young Lely. If you leave\\nout the scars and wrinkles, I will not pay you a shil-\\n10 ling. Even in such a trifle, the great Protector showed\\nboth his good sense and his magnanimity. He did not\\nwish all that was characteristic in his countenance to\\nbe lost, in the vain attempt to give him the regular\\nfeatures and smooth blooming cheeks of the curl-pated\\n15 minions of James the First. He was content that his\\nface should go forth marked with all the blemishes\\nwhich had been put on it by time, by war, by sleepless\\nnights, by anxiety, perhaps by remorse but with valor,\\npolicy, authority, and public care written in all its\\n20 princely lines. If men truly great knew their own\\ninterest, it is thus that they would wish their minds\\nto be portrayed.\\nWarren Hastings sprang from an ancient and illus-\\ntrious race. It has been affirmed that his pedigree can\\n25 be traced back to the great Danish sea-king, whose sails", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS S\\nwere long the terror of both, coasts of the Bristol Chan-\\nnel, and who, after many fierce and doubtful struggles,\\nyielded at last to the valor and genius of Alfred. But\\nthe undoubted splendor of the line of Hastings needs\\nno illustration from fable. One branch of that line 5\\nwore, in the fourteenth century, the coronet of Pem-\\nbroke. From another branch sprang the renowned\\n\u00c2\u00b0Chamberlain, the faithful adherent of the White Eose,\\nwhose fate has furnished so striking a theme both to\\npoets and to historians. His family received from the 10\\nTudors the earldom of Huntingdon, which, after long\\ndispossession, was regained in our time by a series of\\nevents scarcely paralleled in romance.\\nThe lords of the manor of Daylesford, in Worcester-\\nshire, claimed to be considered as the heads of this 15\\ndistinguished family. The main stock, indeed, pros-\\npered less than some of the younger shoots. But the\\nDaylesford family, though not ennobled, was wealthy\\nand highly considered, till, about two hundred years\\nago, it was overwhelmed by the great ruin of the 20\\ncivil war. \u00c2\u00b0The Hastings of that time was a zealous\\ncavalier. He raised money on his lands, sent his\\nplate to the \u00c2\u00b0mint at Oxford, joined the royal army,\\nand, after spending half his property in the cause of\\nKing Charles, was glad to ransom himself by making 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "4 MAC AUL AY S F.SSAY\\nover most of the remaining half to speaker Lenthal.\\nThe old seat at Daylesf ord still remained in the family\\nbut it could no longer be kept up and in the following\\ngeneration it was sold to a merchant of London.\\n5 Before this transfer took place, the last Hastings of\\nDaylesf ord had presented his second son to the rectory\\nof the parish in which the ancient residence of the\\nfamily stood. The \u00c2\u00b0living was of little value; and\\nthe situation of the poor clergyman, after the sale\\nlo of the estate, was deplorable. He was constantly\\nengaged in lawsuits about his \u00c2\u00b0tithes with the new\\nlord of the manor, and was at length utterly ruined.\\nHis eldest son, Howard, a well-conducted young man,\\nobtained a place in the Customs. The second son,\\n15 Pynaston, an idle worthless boy, married before he\\nwas sixteen, lost his wife in two years, and died in the\\nWest Indies, leaving to the care of his unfortunate\\nfather a little orphan, destined to strange and memor-\\nable vicissitudes of fortune.\\n20 v^Warren, the son of Pynaston, was born on the sixth\\nof December, 1732. His mother died a few days\\nlater, and he was left dependent on his distressed\\ngrandfather. The child was early sent to the village\\nschool, where he learned his letters on the same bench\\n25 with the sons of the peasantry nor did any thing in", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "0^ WARREN HASTINGS 5\\nhis garb or fare indicate that his life was to take a\\nwidely different course from that of the young rustics\\nwith whom he studied and played. But no cloud\\ncould overcast the dawn of so much genius and so\\nmuch ambition. The very ploughmen observed, and 5\\nlong remembered, how kindly little Warren took to\\nhis book. The daily sight of the lands which his\\nancestors had possessed, and which had passed into\\nthe hands of strangers, filled his young brain with\\nwild fancies and projects. He loved to hear stories 10\\nof the wealth and greatness of his progenitors, of their\\nsplendid housekeeping, their loyalty, and their valor.\\nOn one bright summer day, the boy, then just seven\\nyears old, lay on the bank of the rivulet which flows\\nthrough the old domain of his house to join the Isis. 15\\nThere, as threescore and ten years later he told the\\ntale, rose in his mind a scheme which, through all the\\nturns of his eventful career, was never abandoned.\\nHe would recover the estate which had belonged to\\nhis fathers. He would be Hastings of Daylesford. 20\\nThis purpose, formed in infancy and poverty, grew\\nstronger as his intellect expanded and as his fortune\\nrose. He pursued his plan with that calm but indom-\\nitable force of will which was the most striking\\npeculiarity of his character. When, under a tropical 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "6 macaulay s i:ssAr\\nsun, he ruled fifty millions of Asiatics, liis hopes,\\namidst all the cares of war, finance, and legislation,\\nstill ]ooiiited to Daylesford. And when his long\\npublic life, so singularly chequered with good and\\n5 evil, with glory and obloquy, had at length closed for\\never, it was to Daylesford that he retired to die.\\nWhen he was eight years old, his uncle Howard\\ndetermined to take charge of him, and to give him a\\nliberal education. The boy went up to London, and\\nlo was sent to a school at Newington, where he was well\\ntaught but ill fed. He always attributed the small-\\nness of his stature to the hard and scanty fare of this\\nseminary. At ten he was removed to Westminster\\nschool, then flourishing under the care of Dr. Nichols.\\n15 Vinny Bourne, as his pupils affectionately called him,\\nwas one of the masters. \u00c2\u00b0Churchill, Colman, Lloyd,\\nCumberland, Cowper, were among the students. With\\nCowper Hastings formed a friendship which neither\\nthe lapse of time, nor a wide dissimilarity of opinions\\n20 and pursuits, could wholly dissolve. It does not\\nappear that they ever met after they had grown to\\nmanhood. But forty years later, when the voices of\\nmany great orators were crying for vengeance on the\\noppressor of India, the shy and secluded poet could\\n25 image to himself Hastings the Governor-General only", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "ON WARKEN HASTINGS 7\\nas the Hastings Avith whom he had rowed on the\\nThames and played in the cloister, and refused to\\nbelieve that so good-tempered a fellow could have\\ndone any thing very wrong. His own life had been\\nspent in praying, musing, and rhyming among the 5\\nwater-lilies of the \u00c2\u00b0Ouse. He had preserved in no\\ncommon measure the innocence of childhood. His\\nspirit ha,d indeed been severely tried, but not by\\n^temptations which impelled him to any gross viola-\\ntions of the rules of social morality. He had never 10\\nbeen attacked by combinations of powerful and deadly\\nenemies. He had never been compelled to make a\\nchoice between innocence and greatness, between crime\\nand ruin. Firmly as he held in theory the doctrine of\\nhuman depravity, his habits were such that he was 15\\nunable to conceive how far from the path of right even\\nkind and noble natures may be hurried by the rage of\\nconflict and the lust of dominion.\\nHastings had another associate at Westminster of\\nwhom we shall have occasion to make frequent men- 20\\ntion, Elijah Impey. We know little about their school\\ndays. But, we think, we may safely venture to guess\\nthat, whenever Hastings wished to play any trick more\\nthan usually naughty, he hired Impey Avith a tart or a\\nball to act as fag in the worst part of the prank. 25\\na", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "8 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nWarren was distinguished among his comrades as\\nan excellent swimmer, boatman, and scholar. At four-\\nteen he was first in the examination for the \u00c2\u00b0f oundation.\\nHis name in gilded letters on the walls of the dormi-\\n5 tory still attests his victory over many older competi-\\ntors. He stayed two years longer at the school, and\\nwas looking forward to a studentship at Christ Church,\\nwhen an event happened which changed the whole\\ncourse of his life. Howard Hastings died, bequeath-\\n10 ing his nephew to the care of a friend and distant\\nrelation, named Chiswick. This gentleman, though\\nhe did not absolutely refuse the charge, was desirous\\nto rid himself of it as soon as possible. Dr. Nichols\\nmade strong remonstrances against the cruelty of inter-\\n15 rupting the studies of a youth who seemed likely to\\nbe one of the first scholars of the age. He even\\noffered to bear the expense of sending his favorite\\npupil to Oxford. But Mr. Chiswick was inflexible.\\nHe thought the years which had already been wasted\\n20 on hexameters and pentameters quite sufficient. He\\nhad it in his power to obtain for the lad a \u00c2\u00b0writership\\nin the service of the \u00c2\u00b0East India Company. Whether\\nthe young adventurer, when once shipped off, made a\\nfortune, or died of a liver complaint, he equally ceased\\n25 to be a burden to any body. Warren was accordingly", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 9\\nremoved from Westminster school, and placed for a few\\nmonths at a commercial academy, to study arithmetic\\nand book-keeping. In January, 1750, a few days after\\nhe had completed his seventeenth year, he sailed for\\nBengal, and arrived at his destination in the October 5\\nfollowing.\\nHe was immediately placed at a desk in the Secretary s\\noffice at Calcutta, and labored there during two years.\\nFort William was then a purely commercial settlement.\\nin the south of India the encroaching policy of \u00c2\u00b0Dupleix 10\\nhad transformed the servants of the English company,\\nagainst their will, into diplomatists and generals. \u00c2\u00b0The\\nwar of the succession was raging in the Carnatic and\\nthe tide had been suddenly turned against the French\\nby the genius of young Eobert Clive. But in Bengal 15\\nthe European settlers, at peace with the natives and\\nwith each, other, were wholly occupied with ledgers\\nand bills of lading.\\nig After two years passed in keeping accounts at Cal-\\ncutta, Hastings was sent up the country to Cossimbazar, 20\\na town which lies on the Hoogley, about a mile from\\nMoorshedabad, and which then bore to Moorshedabad\\na relation, if we may compare small things with great,\\nsuch as the city of London bears to Westminster.\\nMoorshedabad was the abode of the \u00c2\u00b0prince who, by 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "lU MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nan authority ostensibly derived from the Mogul, but\\nreally independent, ruled the three great provinces of\\nBengal, Orissa, and Bahar. At Moorshedabad were the\\ncourt, the harem, and the public offices. Cossimbazar\\n5 was a port and a place of trade, renowned for the\\nquantity and excellence of the silks which were sold\\nin its marts, and constantly receiving and sending\\nforth fleets of richly laden barges. At this important\\npoint, the Company had established a small factory\\n10 subordinate to that of Fort William. Here, during\\nseveral years, Hastings was employed in making bar-\\ngains for stuffs with native brokers. While he was\\nthus engaged, Surajah Dowlah succeeded to the gov-\\nernment, and declared war against the English. The\\n15 defenceless settlement of Cossimbazar, lying close to\\nthe tyrant s capital, was instantly seized. Hastings was\\nsent a prisoner to Moorshedabad, but, in consequence of\\nthe humane intervention of the servants of the Dutch\\nCompany, was treated with indulgence. Meanwhile the\\n20 Nabob marched on Calcutta; the governor and the com-\\nmandant fled; the town and citadel were taken, and most\\nof the English prisoners perished in the \u00c2\u00b0Black Hole.\\nIn these events originated the greatness of Warren\\nHastings. The fugitive governor and his companions\\n25 had taken refuge on the dreary islet of Fulda, near", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 11\\nthe mouth of the Hoogley They were naturally desirous\\nto obtain full information respecting the proceedings\\nof the Nabob and no person seemed so likely to fur-\\nnish it as Hastings, who was a prisoner at large in the\\nimmediate neighborhood of the court. He thus became 5\\na diplomatic agent, and soon established a high charac-\\nter for ability and resolution. The treason which at\\na later period was fatal to Surajah Dowlah was\\nalready in progress and Hastings was admitted to\\nthe deliberations of the conspirators. But the time 10\\nfor striking had not arrived. It was necessary to\\npostpone the execution of the design and Hastings,\\nwho was now in extreme peril, fled to Fulda.\\n-Soon after his arrival at Fulda, the expedition from\\nMadras, commanded by Clive, appeared in the Hoog- 15\\nley. Warren, young, intrepid, and excited probably\\nby the example of the Commander of the Forces, who,\\nhaving like himself been a mercantile agent of the\\nCompany, had been turned by public calamities into\\na soldier, determined to serve in the ranks. During 20\\nthe early operations of the war he carried a musket.\\nBut the quick eye of Clive soon perceived that the\\nhead of the young volunteer would be more useful\\nthan his arm. When, after the battle of Plassey, Meer\\nJaffier was proclaimed Nabob of Bengal, Hastings was 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "12 3fACAULAY S ESSAY\\nappointed to reside at the court of the new prince as\\nagent for the Company.\\n\u00c2\u00b0He remained at Moorshedabad till the year 1761,\\nwhen he became a member of Council, and was conse-\\n5 quently forced to reside at Calcutta. This was during\\nthe interval between Clive s first and second adminis-\\ntration, an interval which has left on the fame of the\\nEast India Company a stain, not wholly effaced by\\nmany years of just and humane government. \u00c2\u00b0Mr.\\n10 Yansittart, the Governor, was at the head of a new\\nand anomalous empire. On the one side was a band\\nof English functionaries, daring, intelligent, eager to\\nbe rich. On the other side was a great native popula-\\ntion, helpless, timid, accustomed to crouch under\\n15 oppression. To keep the stronger race from preying\\non the weaker, was an undertaking which tasked\\nto the utmost the talents and energy of Clive. Yan-\\nsittart, with fair intentions, was a feeble and inefficient\\nruler. The master caste, as was natural, broke loose\\n20 from all restraint and then was seen what we believe\\nto be the most frightful of all spectacles, the strength\\nof civilization without its mercy. To all other despot-\\nism there is a check, imperfect indeed, and liable to\\ngross abuse, but still sufficient to preserve society from\\n25 the last extreme of misery. A time comes when the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "OM WARREN HASTINGS 13\\nevils of submission are obviously greater than those\\nof resistance, when fear itself begets a sort of courage,\\nwhen a convulsive burst of popular rage and despair\\nwarns tyrants not to presume too far on the patience\\nof mankind. But against misgovernment such as 5\\nthen afflicted Bengal it was impossible to struggle.\\nThe superior intelligence and energy of the dominant\\nclass made their power irresistible. A war of Ben-\\ngalees against Englishmen was like a war of sheep\\nagainst wolves, of men against demons. The only 10\\nprotection which the conquered could find was in the\\nmoderation, the clemency, the enlarged policy of\\nthe conquerers. That protection, at a later period, they\\nfound. But at first English power came among them\\nunaccompanied by English morality. There was an 15\\ninterval between the time at which they became our\\nsubjects, and the time at which we began to reflect\\nthat we were bound to discharge towards them the\\nduties of rulers. During that interval the business of\\na servant of the Company was simply to wring out of 20\\nthe natives a hundred or two hundred thousand\\npounds as speedily as possible, that he might return\\nhome before his constitution had suffered from the heat,\\n\u00c2\u00b0to marry a peer s daughter, to buy \u00c2\u00b0rotten boroughs\\nin Cornwall, and to give balls in St. James s Square. 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "14 MACA CLAY S ESSAY\\nOf the conduct of Hastings at this time little is\\nknown but the little that is known, and the cir-\\ncumstance that little is known, must be considered\\nas honorable to him. He could not protect the\\n5 natives all that he could do was to abstain from\\nplundering and oppressing them and this he appears\\nto have done. \u00c2\u00b0It is certain that at this time he\\ncontinued poor; and it is equally certain that by\\ncruelty and dishonesty he might easily have become\\n10 rich. It is certain that he was never charged with\\nhaving borne a share in the worst abuses which then\\nprevailed and it is almost equally certain that, if he\\nhad borne a share in those abuses, the able and bitter\\nenemies who afterwards persecuted him would not\\n15 have failed to discover and to proclaim his guilt.\\n\u00c2\u00b0The keen, severe, and even malevolent scrutiny\\nto which his w^hole public life was subjected, a scru-\\ntiny unparalleled, as we believe, in the history of\\nmankind, is in one respect advantageous to his reputa-\\n20 tion. It brought many lamentable blemishes to light\\nbut it entitles him to be considered pure from every\\nblemish which has not been brought to light.\\nThe truth is that the temptations to which so many\\nEnglish functionaries yielded in the time of Mr. Van-\\n25 sittart were not temptations addressed to the ruling", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 15\\npassions of Warren Hastings. He was not squeamish\\nin pecuniary transactions but he was neither sordid\\nnor rapacious. He was far too enlightened a man to\\nlook on a great empire merely as a buccaneer would\\nlook on a galleon. Had his heart been much worse 5\\nthan it was, his understanding would have preserved\\nhim from that extremity of baseness. He was an\\nunscrupulous, perhaps an unprincipled, statesman;\\nbut still he was a statesman, and not a freebooter.\\n\u00c2\u00b0In 1764 Hastings returned to England. He had 10\\nrealized only a very moderate fortune and that mod-\\nerate fortune was soon reduced to nothing, partly by\\nhis praiseworthy liberality, and partly by his misman-\\nagement. Towards his relations he appears to have\\nacted very generously. The greater part of his sav- 15\\nings he left in Bengal, hoping probably to obtain the\\nhigh usury of India. But high usury and bad secur-\\nity generally go together; and Hastings lost both\\ninterest and principal.\\nHe remained four years in England. Of his life at 20\\nthis time very little is known. But it has been\\nasserted, and is highly probable, that liberal studies\\nand the society of men of letters occupied a great part\\nof his time. It is to be remembered to his honor that,\\nin days when the languages of the East were regarded 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "16 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nby other servants of the Company merely as the\\nmeans of communicating with weavers and money-\\nchangerSj his enlarged and accomplished mind sought\\nin Asiatic learning for new forms of intellectual enjoy-\\n5 ment, and for new views of government and society.\\nPerhaps, like most persons who have paid much atten-\\ntion to departments of knowledge which lie out of the\\ncommon track, he was inclined to overrate the value\\nof his favorite studies. He conceived that the culti-\\n10 vation of Persian literature might with advantage be\\nmade a part of the liberal education of an English\\ngentleman and he drew up a plan with that view.\\nIt is said that the University of Oxford, in which\\nOriental learning had never, since the revival of let-\\n15 ters, been wholly neglected, was to be the seat of the\\ninstitution which he contemplated. An endowment\\nwas expected from the munificence of the Company\\nand professors thoroughly competent to interpret\\n\u00c2\u00b0Hafiz and Ferdusi were to be engaged in the East.\\n20 Hastings called on Johnson, with the hope, as it\\nshould seem, of interesting in this project a man who\\nenjoyed the highest literary reputation, and who was\\nparticularly connected with Oxford. The interview\\nappears to have left on Johnson s mind a most favor-\\n25 able impression of the talents and attainments of his", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 17\\nvisitor. Long after, when Hastings was ruling the\\nimmense population of British India, the old philoso-\\npher wrote to him, and referred in the most courtly\\nterms, though with great dignity, to their short but\\nagreeable intercourse. 5\\nHastings soon began to look again towards India.\\nHe had little to attach him to England; and his\\npecuniary embarrassments were great. He solicited\\nhis old masters the Directors for employment. They\\nacceded to his request, with high compliments both -to lo\\nhis abilities and to his integrity, and appointed him a\\nMember of Council at Madras. It would be unjust\\nnot to mention that, though forced to borrow money\\nfor his outfit, he did not withdraw any portion of the\\nsum which he had appropriated to the relief of his 15\\ndistressed relations. In the spring of 1769 he em-\\nbarked on board of the Duke of Grafton, and com-\\nmenced a voyage distinguished by incidents which\\nmight furnish matter for a novel.\\nAmong the passengers in the Duke of Grafton was 20\\na German of the name of Imhoff. He called himself\\na Baron but he was in distressed circumstances, and\\nwas going out to Madras as a portrait-painter, in the\\nhope of picking up some of the \u00c2\u00b0pagodas which were\\nthen lightly got and as lightly spent by the English 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "18 MAVAULAY^S ESSAY\\nin India. The Baron was accompanied by his wife, a\\nnative, we have somewhere read, of Archangel. This\\nyoung woman w^io, born under the Arctic circle, was\\ndestined to play the part of a Queen under the tropic\\n5 of Can-cer, had an agreeable person, a cultivated mind,\\nand manners in the highest degree engaging. She\\ndespised her husband heartily, and, as the story which\\nwe have to tell sufficiently proves, not without reason.\\nShe was interested by the conversation and flattered\\n10 by the attentions of Hastings. The situation was\\nindeed perilous. No place is so propitious to the for-\\nmation either of close friendships or of deadly enmi-\\nties as an \u00c2\u00b0Indiaman. There are very few people who\\ndo not find a voyage which lasts several months insup-\\n15 portably dull. Any thing is welcome which may\\nbreak that long monotony, a sail, a shark, an albatross,\\na man overboard. Most passengers find some resource\\nin eating twice as many meals as on land. But the\\ngreat devices for killing the time are quarrelling\\n20 and flirting. The facilities for both these exciting\\npursuits are great. The inmates of the ship are\\nthrown together far more than in any country-seat\\nor boarding-house. None can escape from the rest\\nexcept by imprisoning himself in a cell in which he\\n25 can hardly turn. All food, all exercise, is taken in", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "O^V WABREN HASTINGS 19\\ncompany. Ceremony is to a great extent banislied.\\nIt is every clay in the power of a mischievous person\\nto inflict innumerable annoyances. It is every day in\\nthe power of an amiable person to confer little ser-\\nvices. It not seldom happens that serious distress 5\\nand danger call forth, in genuine beauty and deform-\\nity, heroic virtues and abject vices which, in the ordi-\\nnary intercourse of good society, might remain during\\nmany years unknown even to intimate associates.\\nUnder such circumstances met Warren Hastings and 10\\nthe Baroness Imhoff, two persons whose accomplish-\\nments would have attracted notice in any court of\\nEurope. The gentleman had no domestic ties. The\\nlady was tied to a husband for whom she had no\\nregard, and who had no regard for his own honor. 15\\nAn attachment sprang up, which was soon strength-\\nened by events such as could hardly have occurred on\\nland. Hastings fell ill. The Baroness nursed him\\nwith womanly tenderness, gave him his medicines\\nwith her own hand, and even sat up in his cabin while 20\\nhe slept. Long before the Duke of Grafton reached\\nMadras, Hastings was in love. But his love was of a\\nmost characteristic description. Like his hatred, like\\nhis ambition, like all his passions, it was strong, but\\nnot impetuous. It was calm, deep, earnest, patient 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "20 MACAULAY^S i:SSAY\\nof delay, unconquerable by time. Imhoff was called\\ninto council by his wife and his wife s lover. It was\\narranged that the Baroness should institute a suit for\\na divorce in the courts of Franconia, that the Baron\\n5 should afford every facility. to the proceeding, and\\nthat, during the years which might elapse before the\\nsentence should be pronounced, they should continue\\nto live together. It was also agreed that Hastings\\nshould bestow some very substantial marks of grati-\\n10 tude on the complaisant husband, and should, when\\nthe marriage was dissolved, make the lady his wife,\\nand adopt the children whom she had already borne\\nto Imhoff.\\nAt Madras, Hastings found the trade of the Com-\\n15 pany in a very disorganized state. His own tastes\\nwould have led him rather to political than to com-\\nmercial pursuits but he knew that the favor of his\\nemployers dex^ended chiefly on their dividends, and\\nthat their dividends depended chiefly on the invest-\\n20 ment. He therefore, with great judgment, determined\\nto apply his vigorous mind for a time to this depart-\\nment of business, which had been much neglected,\\nsince the servants of the Company had ceased to be\\nclerks, and had become warriors and ne^gotiators.\\n25 In a very few months he effected an important", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ON WARHEN HASTINGS 21\\nreform. The Directors notified to him their high\\napprobation, and were so much pleased with his con-\\nduct that they determined to place him at the head of\\nthe government of Bengal. Early in 1772 he quitted\\nFort St. George for his new post. The Imhoffs, who 5\\nwere still man and wife, accompanied him, and lived\\nat Calcutta on the same plan which they had already\\nfollowed during more than two years.\\nWhen Hastings took his seat at the head of the\\ncouncil board, Bengal was still governed according to 10\\nthe system which Clive had devised, a system which\\nwas, perhaps, skilfully contrived for the purpose of\\nfacilitating and concealing a great revolution, but\\nwhich, when that revolution was complete and irrev-\\nocable, could produce nothing but inconvenience. 15\\n\u00c2\u00b0There were two governments, the real and the osten-\\nsible. The supreme power belonged to the Company,\\nand was in truth the most despotic power that can be\\nconceived. The only restraint on the English masters\\nof the country was that which their own justice and 20\\nhumanity imposed on them. There was no constitu-\\ntional check on their will, and resistance to them was\\nutterly hopeless.\\ni^^ut, though thus absolute in reality, the English\\nhad not yet assumed the style of sovereignty. They 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "22 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nheld tlieir territories as vassals of the \u00c2\u00b0throiie of Delhi\\nthey raised their revenues as collectors appointed by\\nthe imperial commission their public seal was in-\\nscribed with the imperial titles and their mint struck\\n5 only the imperial coin.\\nThere was still a nabob of Bengal, who stood to the\\nEnglish rulers of his country in the same relation in\\nwhich \u00c2\u00b0Augustulus stood to Odoacer, or the last \u00c2\u00b0Mero-\\nvingians to Charles Martel and Pepin. He lived at\\nto Moorshedabad, surrounded by princely magnificence.\\nHe was approached with outward marks of reverence,\\nand his name was used in public instruments. But\\nin the government of the country he had less real\\nshare than the youngest writer or cadet in the Com-\\n[5 pany s service.\\nThe English council which represented the Company\\nat Calcutta was constituted on a very different plan\\nfrom that which has since been adopted. At present\\nthe Governor is, as to all executive measures, abso-\\n!o lute. He can declare war, conclude peace, appoint\\npublic functionaries or remove them, in opposition to\\nthe unanimous sense of those who sit with him in\\ncouncil. They are, indeed, entitled to know all that\\nis done, to discuss all that is done, to advise, to re-\\n15 monstrate, to send protests to England. But it is Avith", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "O.Y WAJRREN ItASTINGS 23\\ntlie Governor that the supreme power resides, and on\\nhim that the whole responsibility rests. This system,\\nwhich was introduced by Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas in\\nspite of the strenuous opposition of Mr. Burke, we\\nconceive to be on the whole the best that was ever 5\\ndevised for the government of a country where no\\nmaterials can be found for a representative constitu-\\ntion. In the time of Hastings the Governor had only\\none vote in council, and, in case of an equal division,\\na casting vote. It therefore happened not nnfre- 10\\nquently that he was overruled on the gravest ques-\\ntions and it was possible that he might be wholly\\nexcluded, for years together, from the real direction of\\npublic affairs.\\nThe English functionaries at Fort William had as 15\\nyet paid little or no attention to the internal govern-\\nment of Bengal. The only branch of politics about\\nwhich they much busied themselves was negotiation\\nwith the native princes. The police, the administra-\\ntion of justice, the details of the collection of revenue, 20\\nwere almost entirely neglected. We may remark that\\nthe phraseology of the Company s servants still bears\\nthe traces of this state of things. To this day they\\nalways use the word political as synonymous with\\ndiplomatic. We could name a gentleman still liv- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "24 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\ning, who was described by the highest authority as an\\ninvaluable public servant, eminently fit to be at the\\nhead of the internal administration of a whole presi-\\ndency, but unfortunately quite ignorant of all politi-\\n5 cal business.\\nThe internal government of Bengal the English\\nrulers delegated to a great native minister, who was\\nstationed at Moorshedabad. All military affairs, and,\\nwith the exception of what j)ertains to mere ceremo-\\n10 nial, all foreign affairs, were withdrawn from his con-\\ntrol but the other departments of the administration\\nwere entirely confided to him. His own stipend\\namounted to near a hundred thousand pounds ster-\\nling a year. The personal allowance of the nabob,\\n15 amounting to more than three hundred thousand\\npounds a year, passed through the minister s hands,\\nand was, to a great extent, at his disposal. The col-\\nlection of the revenue, the administration of justice,\\nthe maintenance of order, were left to this high func-\\n20 tionary and for the exercise of his immense power\\nhe was responsible to none but the British masters of\\nthe country.\\nA situation so ^important, lucrative, and splendid,\\nwas naturally an object of ambition to the ablest and\\n25 most powerful natives. Clive had found it difficult to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 25\\ndecide between conflicting pretensions. Two candi-\\ndates stood out prominently from the crowd, each of\\nthem the representative of a race and of a religion.\\nOne of these was Mahommed Eeza \u00c2\u00b0Khan, a Mus-\\nsulman of Persian extraction, able, active, religious 5\\nafter the fashion of his people, and highly esteemed\\nby them. In England he might perhaps have been\\nregarded as a corrupt and greedy politician. But,\\ntried by the lower standard of Indian morality, he\\nmight be considered as a man of integrity and honor. 10\\np\\\\ His competitor was a \u00c2\u00b0Hindoo Brahmin whose name\\nhas, by a terrible and melancholy event, been insepa-\\nrably associated with that of Warren Hastings, the\\nMaharajah Nuncomar. This man had played an im-\\nportant part in all the revolutions which, since the time 15\\nof Surajah Dowlah, had taken place in Bengal. To the\\nconsideration which in that country belongs to high\\nand pure caste, he added the weight which is derived\\nfrom wealth, talents, and experience. Of his moral\\ncharacter it is difficult to give a notion to those who 20\\nare acquainted with human nature only as it appears\\nin our island.// What the Italian is to the Englishman,\\nwhat the Hindoo is to the Italian, what the Bengalee\\nis to other Hindoos, that was ISTuncomar to other\\nBengalees. The physical organization of the Ben- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "26 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\ngalee is feeble even to effeminacy. He lives in a\\nconstant vapor bath. His pursuits are sedentary, his\\nlimbs delicate, his movements languid. During many\\nages he has been trampled upon by men of bolder and\\n5 more hardy breeds. Courage, independence, verac-\\nity, are qualities to which his constitution and his\\nsituation are equally unfavorable. His mind bears a\\nsingular analogy to his body. It is weak even to help-\\nlessness for purposes of manly resistance but its sup-\\n10 Idleness and its tact move the children of sterner\\nclimates to admiration not unmingled with contempt.\\nAll those arts which are the natural defence of the\\nweak are more familiar to this subtle race than to\\nthe Ionian of the time of Juvenal, or to the Jew of the\\n15 dark ages. What the horns are to the buffalo, what\\nthe paw is to the tiger, what the sting is to the bee,\\nwhat beauty, according to the old Greek song, is to\\nwoman, deceit is to the Bengalee. Large promises,\\nsmooth excuses, elaborate tissues of circumstantial\\n20 falsehood, chicanery, perjur}^, forgery, are the weap-\\nons, offensive and defensive, of the people of the\\nLower Ganges. All those millions do not furnish one\\n\u00c2\u00b0sepoy to the armies of the Comjjany. Bat as usurers,\\nas money-cliangers, as sharp legal practitioners, no\\n25 class of human beings can bear a comparison with", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 27\\nthem. AVitli all his softness, the Bengalee is by no\\nmeans placable in his enmities or prone to pity. The\\npertinacity with which he adheres to his purposes\\nyields only to the immediate pressure of fear. IsTor\\ndoes he lack a certain kind of courage which is often 5\\nwanting to his masters. To inevitable evils he is some-\\ntimes found to oppose a passive fortitude, such as the\\nStoics attributed to their ideal sage. A European\\nwarrior, who rushes on a battery of cannon with a\\nloud hurrah, will sometimes shriek under the sur- 10\\ngeon s knife, and fall into an agony of des^^air at the\\nsentence of death. But the Bengalee, who would see\\nhis country overrun, his house laid in ashes, his chil-\\ndren murdered or dishonored, without having the\\nspirit to strike one blow, has yet been known to 15\\nendure torture with the firmness of Mucins, and to\\nmount the scaffold with the steady step and even\\npulse of Algernon Sidney.\\nIn Nuncomar, the national character was strongly\\nand with exaggeration personified. The Company s 20\\nservants had repeatedly detected him in the most\\ncriminal intrigues. On one occasion he brought a\\nfalse charge against another Hindoo, and tried to sub-\\nstantiate it by producing forged documents. On an-\\nother occasion it was discovered that, while professing 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "28 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nthe strongest attachment to the English, he was en-\\ngaged in several conspiracies against them, and in\\nparticular that he was the medium of a correspon-\\ndence between the court of Delhi and the French\\n5 authorities in the Carnatic. Tor these and similar\\npractices he had been long detained in confinement.\\nBut his talents and influence had not only procured\\nhis liberation, but had obtained for him a certain\\ndegree of consideration even among the British rulers\\n10 of his country.\\nClive was extremely unwilling to place a Mussul-\\nman at the head of the administration of Bengal. On\\nthe other hand, he could not bring himself to confer\\nimmense power on a man to whom every sort of vil-\\n15 lany had repeatedly been brought home. Therefore,\\nthough the nabob, over whom Nuncomar had by in-\\ntrigue acquired great influence, begged that the artful\\nHindoo might be intrusted with the government,\\nClive, after some hesitation, decided honestly and\\n20 wisely in favor of Mahommed Reza Khan. When\\nHastings became Governor, Mahommed Reza Khan\\nhad held power seven years. An infant son of Meer\\nJaffier was now nabob and the guardianship of the\\nyoung prince s person had been confided to the\\n25 minister.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 29\\nNuncomar, stimulated at once by cupidity and\\nmalicCj liad been constantly attempting to hurt the\\nreputation of his successful rival. This was not diffi-\\ncult. The revenues of Bengal, under the administra-\\ntion established bj^ Clive, did not yield such a surplus 5\\nas had been anticipated by the Company for, at that\\ntime, the most absurd notions were entertained in\\nEngland respecting the wealth of India. Palaces of\\nporphyry, hung with the richest brocade, heaps of\\npearls and diamonds, vaults from which pagodas and 10\\ngold mohurs were measured out by the bushel, filled\\nthe imagination even of men of business. Nobody\\nseemed to be aware of what nevertheless was most\\nundoubtedly the truth, that India was a poorer coun-\\ntry than countries which in Europe are reckoned poor, 15\\nthan Ireland, for example, or than Portugal. It was\\nconfidently believed by Lords of the Treasury and\\nmembers for the city that Bengal would not only\\ndefray its own charges, but would afford an increased\\ndividend to the proprietors of India stock, and large 20\\nrelief to the English finances. These absurd expecta-\\ntions were disappointed; and the Directors, naturally\\nenough, chose to attribute the disappointment rather\\nto the mismanagement of Mahommed Reza Khan than\\nto their own ignorance of the country intrusted to 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "30 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\ntheir care. They were confirmed in their error by\\nthe agents of Nuncomar for IS^uncomar had agents\\neven in \u00c2\u00b0Leadenhall Street. Soon after Hastings\\nreached Calcutta, he received a letter addressed by\\n5 the Court of Directors, not to the council generally,\\nbut to himself in particular. He was directed to re-\\nmove Mahommed Reza Khan, to arrest him, together\\nwith all his family and all his partisans, and to insti-\\ntute a strict inquiry into the whole administration of\\n10 the province. It was added that the Governor would\\ndo well to avail himself of the assistance of Nun-\\ncomar in the investigation. The vices of Nuncomar\\nwere acknowledged. But even from his vices, it was\\nsaid, much advantage might at such a conjuncture be\\n15 derived; and, though he could not safely be trusted,\\nit might still be proper to encourage him by hopes of\\nreward.\\nThe Governor bore no good will to Nuncomar.\\nMany years before, they had known each other at\\n20 Moorshedabad and then a quarrel had arisen between\\nthem which all the authority of their superiors could\\nhardly compose. Widely as they differed in most\\npoints, they resembled each other in this, that both\\nwere men of unforgiving natures. To Mahommed\\n25 Keza Khan, on the other hand, Hastings had no feel-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 31\\nings of hostility. Nevertheless he proceeded to\\nexecute the instructions of the Company with an\\nalacrity which he never showed, except when instruc-\\ntions were in perfect conformity with his own views.\\nHe had, wisely as we think, determined to get rid of 5\\nthe system of double government in Bengal. The\\norders of the Directors furnished him with the\\nmeans of effecting his purpose, and dispensed him\\nfrom the necessity of discussing the matter with his\\nCouncil. He took his measures with his usual vigor 10\\nand dexterity. At midnight, the palace of Mahoni-\\nmed Reza Khan at Moorshedabad was surrounded by\\na battalion of sepoys. The minister was roused from\\nhis slumbers and informed that he was a prisoner.\\nWith the Mussulman gravity, he bent his head and 15\\nsubmitted himself to the will of God. He fell not\\nalone. A chief named Schitab Roy had been intrusted\\nwith the government of Bahar. His valor and his\\nattachment to the English had more than once been\\nsignally proved. On that memorable day on which 20\\nthe people of Patna saw from their walls the whole\\narmy of the Mogul scattered by the little band of\\nCaptain Knox, the voice of the British conquerors\\nassigned the palm of gallantry to the brave Asiatic.\\nI never, said Knox, when he introduced Schitab 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "32 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nEoy, covered with blood and dust, to the English func-\\ntionaries assembled in the factory, I never saw a\\nnative fight so before. Schitab Eoy was involved in\\nthe ruin of Mahomnied Reza Khan, was removed from\\n5 office, and was placed under arrest. The members of\\nthe Council received no intimation of these measures\\ntill the prisoners were on their road to Calcutta.\\nThe inquiry into the conduct of the minister was\\npostponed on different pretences. He was detained in\\n10 an easy confinement during many months. In the\\nmean time, the great revolution which Hastings had\\nplanned was carried into effect. The office of minister\\nwas abolished. The internal administration was trans-\\nferred to the servants of the Company. A system,\\n15 a very imperfect system, it is true, of civil and crimi-\\nnal justice, under English superintendence, was estab-\\nlished. The nabob was no longer to have even an\\nostensible share in the government but he was still\\nto receive a considerable annual allowance, and to be\\n20 surrounded with the state of sovereignty. As he was\\nan infant, it was necessary to provide guardians for\\nhis person and property. His person was intrusted\\nto a lady of his father s harem, known by the name\\nof the Munny Begum. The office of treasurer of the\\n25 household was bestowed on a son of Nuncomar, named", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 33\\nGoordas. Nuncomar s services were wanted yet lie\\ncould not safely be trusted with, power and Hastings\\nthought it a masterstroke of policy to reward the able\\nand unprincipled parent by promoting the inoffensive\\nchild. 5\\nThe revolution completed, the double government\\ndissolved, the Company installed in the full sover-\\neignty of Bengal, Hastings had no motive to treat the\\nlate ministers with rigor. Their trial had been put\\noff on various pleas till the new organization was lo\\ncomplete. They were then brought before a com-\\nmittee, over which the Governor presided. Schitab\\nEoy was speedily acquitted with honor. A formal\\napology was made to him for the restraint to which\\nhe had been subjected. All the Eastern marks of 15\\nrespect were bestowed on him. He was clothed in a\\nrobe of state, presented with jewels and with a richly\\nharnessed elephant, and sent back to his government\\nat Patna. But his health had suffered from confine-\\nment his high spirit had been cruelly wounded 20\\nand soon after his liberation he died of a broken\\nheart.\\nThe innocence of Mahommed Reza Khan was not\\nso clearly established. But the Governor was not\\ndisposed to deal harshly. After a long hearing, in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "34 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwhich Niincomar appeared as the accuser, and dis-\\nplayed both the art and the inveterate rancor which\\ndistinguished him, Hastings pronounced that the\\ncharges had not been made out, and ordered the fallen\\n5 minister to be set at liberty.\\nNuncomar had purposed to destroy the Mussulman\\nadministration, and to rise on its ruin. Both his\\nmalevolence and his cupidity had been disappointed.\\nHastings had made him a tool, had used him for the\\n10 purpose of accomplishing the transfer of the govern-\\nment from Moorshedabad to Calcutta, from native\\nto European hands. The rival, the enemy, so long\\nenvied, so implacably persecuted, had been dismissed\\nunhurt. The situation so long and ardently desired\\n15 had been abolished. It was natural that the Gov-\\nernor should be from that time an object of the most\\nintense hatred to the vindictive Brahmin. As yet,\\nhowever, it was necessary to suppress such feelings.\\nThe time was coming when that long animosity was\\n20 to end in a desperate and deadly struggle.\\nIn the mean time, Hastings was compelled to turn\\nhis attention to foreign affairs. The object of his\\ndiplomacy was at this time simply to get money. The\\nfinances of his government were in an embarrassed\\n25 state; and this embarrassment he was determined to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 35\\nrelieve by some means, fair or foul. The principle\\nwliicli directed all his dealings with his neighbors is\\nfully expressed by the old motto of one of the great\\npredatory families of \u00c2\u00b0Teviotdale, Thou shalt want\\nere I want. He seems to have laid it down, as a 5\\nfundamental proposition which could not be disputed,\\nthat, when he had not as many lacs of rupees as the\\npublic service required, he was to take them from any\\nbody who had. One thing, indeed, is to be said in\\nexcuse for him. The pressure applied to him by his 10\\nemployers at home, was such as only the highest virtue\\ncould have withstood, such as left him no choice ex-\\ncept to commit great wrongs, or to resign his high\\npost, and with that post all his hopes of fortune and\\ndistinction. The Directors, it is true, never enjoined 15\\nor applauded any crime. Far from it. Whoever\\nexamines their letters written at that time will find\\nthere many just and humane sentiments, many excel-\\nlent precei)ts, .in short, an admirable code of political\\nethics. But every exhortation is modified or nullified 20\\nby a demand for money. Govern leniently, and send\\nmore money practise strict justice and moderation\\ntowards neighboring powers, and send more money\\nthis is in truth the sum of almost all the instructions\\nthat Hastings ever received from home. Now these 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "36 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\ninstructions, being interpreted, mean simply, Be the\\nfather and the oppressor of the people be just and\\nunjust, moderate and rapacious. The Directors dealt\\nwith India, as the church, in the good old times, dealt\\n5 with a heretic. They delivered the victim over to the\\nexecutioners, Avith an earnest request that all possible\\ntenderness might be shown. We by no means accuse\\nor suspect those who framed these despatches of\\nhypocrisy. It is probable that, writing fifteen thou-\\n10 sand miles from the place where their orders were to\\nbe carried into effect, they never perceived the gross\\ninconsistency of which they were guilty. But the\\ninconsistency was at once manifest to their vicegerent\\nat Calcutta, who, with an empty treasury, with an\\n15 unpaid army, with his own salary often in arrear, with\\ndeficient crops, with government tenants daily running\\naway, was called upon to remit home another half mil-\\nlion without fail. Hastings saw that it was absolutely\\nnecessary for him to disregard either the moral dis-\\n20 courses or the pecuniary requisitions of his employers.\\nBeing forced to disobey them in something, he had to\\nconsider what kind of disobedience they would most\\nreadily pardon; and he correctly judged that the\\nsafest course would be to neglect the \u00c2\u00b0sermons and to\\n25 find the rupees.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 37\\nA mind so fertile as Ms, and so little restrained by\\nconscientious scruples, speedily discovered several\\nmodes of relieving the financial embarrassments of the\\ngovernment. The allowance of the Nabob of Bengal\\nwas reduced at a stroke from three hundred and twenty s\\nthousand pounds a year to half that sum. The Com-\\npany had bound itself to pay near three hundred thou-\\nsand pounds a year to the Great Mogul, as a mark of\\nhomage for the provinces which he had intrusted to\\ntheir care and they had ceded to him the districts of lo\\n\u00c2\u00b0Corah and Allahabad. ^On the plea that the Mogul\\nwas not really indepeudent, but merely a tool in the\\nhands of others, Hastings determined to retract these\\nconcessions. He accordingly declared that the Eng-\\nlish vould pay no more tribute, and sent troops to 15\\noccupy Allahabad and Corah. The situation of these\\nplaces was such, that there would be little advantage\\nand great expense in retaining them. Hastings, who\\nwanted money and not territory, determined to sell\\nthem. A purchaser was not wanting. The rich prov- 20\\nince of Oude had, in the ^general dissolution of the\\nMogul Empire, fallen to the share of the great Mus-\\nsulman house by which it is still governed. About\\ntwenty years ago, this house, by the permission of the\\nBritish government, assumed the royal title 5 but, in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "38 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nthe time of Warren Hastings, sucli an assumption\\nwould have been considered by the Mahommedans of\\nIndia as a monstrous impiety. The Prince of Oude,\\nthough he hekl the power, did not venture to use the\\n5 style of sovereignty. To the appellation of Nabob or\\nViceroy, he added that of Vizier of the monarchy of\\nHindostan, just as in the last century the Electors of\\nSaxony and Brandenburg, though independent of the\\nEmperor, and often in arms against him, were proud\\n10 to style themselves his Grand Chamberlain and Grand\\nMarshal. Sujah Dowlah, then Nabob Vizier, was on\\nexcellent terms with the English. He had a large\\ntreasure. Allahabad and Corah were so situated that\\nthey might be of use to him and could be of none to\\n15 the Company. The buyer and seller soon came to an\\nunderstanding; and the provinces which had been\\ntorn from the Mogul were made over to the govern-\\nment of Oude for about half a million sterling.\\nBut there was another matter still more important\\n20 to be settled by the Vizier and the Governor. The\\nfate of a brave people was to be decided. It was\\ndecided in a manner which has left a lasting stain on\\nthe fame of Hastings and of England.\\nThe people of Central Asia had always been to the\\n2; inhabitants of India what the warriors of the German", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 39\\nforests were to the subjects of the decaymg monarchy\\nof Eome. The dark, slender, and timid Hindoo shrank\\nfrom a conflict with the strong muscle and resolute\\nspirit of the fair race, which dwelt beyond their passes.\\nThere is reason to believe that, at a period anterior to 5\\nthe dawn of regular history, the people who spoke the\\nrich and flexible Sanscrit came from regions lying far\\nbeyond the Hyphasis and the Hystaspes, and imposed\\ntheir yoke on the children of the soil. It is certain\\nthat, during the last ten centuries, a succession of 10\\ninvaders descended from the west on Hindostan nor\\nwas the course of conquest ever turned back towards\\nthe setting sun, till that memorable campaign in which\\nthe cross of Saint George was planted on the walls of\\n\u00c2\u00b0Ghizni. 15\\nThe Emperors of Hindostan themselves came from\\nthe other side of the great mountain ridge and it had\\nalways been their practice to recruit their army from\\nthe hardy and valiant race from which their own illus-\\ntrious house sprang. Among the military adventur- 20\\ners who were allured to the Mogul standards from\\nthe neighborhood of Cabul and Candahar, were con-\\nspicuous several gallant bands, known by the name of\\nthe \u00c2\u00b0E,ohillas. Their services had been rewarded with\\nlarge tracts of land, fiefs of the spear, if we may use 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "40 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nan expression drawn from an analogous state of things^\\nin that fertile plain through which the Ramgunga\\nflows from the snowy heights of Kumaon to join the\\nGanges. In the general confusion which followed the\\n5 death of \u00c2\u00b0Aurungzebe, the warlike colony became vir-\\ntually independent. The Rohillas were distinguished\\nfrom the other inhabitants of India by a peculiarly\\nfair complexion. They were more honorably dis-\\ntinguished by courage in war, and by skill in the arts\\n10 of peace. While anarchy raged from Lahore to Cape\\nComorin, their little territory enjoyed the blessings of\\nrepose under the guardianship of valor. Agriculture\\nand commerce flourished among them nor were they\\nnegligent of rhetoric and poetry. Many persons now\\n15 living have heard aged men talk with regret of the\\ngolden days when the Afghan princes ruled in the\\nvale of Rohilcund.\\nSujah Dowlah had set his heart on adding this rich\\ndistrict to his own principality. Right or show of\\n20 right, he had absolutely none. His claim was in no\\nrespect better founded than that of Catherine to\\nPoland, or that of the Bonaparte family to Spain.\\nThe Rohillas held their country by exactly the same\\ntitle by which he held his, and had governed their\\n25 country far better than his had ever been governed.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 41\\nNor were they a people whom it was perfectly safe^to\\nattack. Their land was indeed an open plain destitute\\\\\\nof natural defences but their veins were full of the\\nhigh blood of Afghanistan^. /As soldiers, they had not\\nthe steadiness which is seldom found except in com- 5\\npany with strict discipline but their impetuous valor\\nhad been proved on many fields of battle. It was\\nsaid that their chiefs, when united by common peril,\\ncould bring eighty thousand men into the field. Sujah\\nDowlah had himself seen them fight, and wisely shrank 10\\nfrom a conflict with them. There was in India one\\narmy, and only one, against which even those proud\\nCaucasian tribes could not stand. It had been abun-\\ndantly pro\\\\^ed that neither tenfold odds, nor the mar-\\ntial ardor of the boldest Asiatic nations, could avail 15\\naught against English science and resolution. Was it\\npossible to induce the Governor of Bengal to let out\\nto hire the irresistible energies of the imperial people,\\nthe skill against which the ablest chiefs of Hindostan\\nwere helpless as infants, the discipline which had so 20\\noften triumphed over the frantic struggles of fanati-\\ncism and despair, the unconquerable British courage\\nwhich is never so sedate and stubborn as towards the\\nclose of a doubtful and murderous day\\nThis was what the Nabob Yizier asked, and what 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "42 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nHastings granted. A bargain was soon struck. Each\\nof the negotiators had what the other wanted. Hast-\\nings was in need of funds to carry on tiie government\\nof Bengal, and to send remittances to London and\\n5 Sujah Dowlah had an ample revenue. Sujah Dowlah\\nwas bent on subjugating the Eohillas and Hastings\\nhad at his disposal the only force by which the\\nEohillas could be subjugated. It was agreed that an\\nEnglish army should be lent to the Nabob Vizier, and\\nlo that, for the loan, he should pay four hundred thousand\\npounds sterling, besides defraying all the charge of the\\ntroops while employed in his service.\\nI really cannot see, says Mr. Gleig, upon what\\ngrounds, either of political or moral justice, this prop-\\n15 osition deserves to be stigmatized as infamous. If\\nwe understand the meaning of words, it is infamous to\\ncommit a wicked action for hire, and it is wicked to\\nengage in war without provocation. In this particular\\nwar, scarcely one aggravating circumstance was want-\\n20 ing. The object of the Rohilla war was this, to\\ndeprive a large population, who had never done us\\nthe least harm, of a good government, and to place\\nthem, against their will, under an execrably bad one.\\nNay, even this is not all. England now descended far\\n25 below the level even of those petty German princes", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 43\\nwho, about the same time, sold us troops to fight the\\nAmericans. The hussar-mongers of Hesse and Anspach\\nhad at least the assurance that the expeditions on\\nwhich their soldiers were to be employed would be con-\\nducted in conformity with the humane rules of civil- 5\\nized warfare. Was the Eohilla war likely to be so\\nconducted Did the Governor stipulate that it should\\nbe so conducted He well knew what Indian warfare\\nwas. He well knew that the power which he cove-\\nna,nted to put into Sujah Dowlah s hands would, in all 10\\nprobability, be atrociously abused and he required no\\nguarantee, no promise that it should not be so abused.\\nHe did not even reserve to himself the right of with-\\ndrawing his aid in case of abuse, however gross. We\\nare almost ashamed to notice Major Scott s absurd 15\\nplea, that Hastings was justified in letting out English\\ntroops to slaughter the Eohillas, because the Eohillas\\nwere not of Indian race, but a colony from a distant\\ncountry. What were the English themselves Was\\nit for them to proclaim a crusade for the expulsion 20\\nof all intruders from the countries watered by the\\nGanges Did it lie in their mouths to contend that a\\nforeign settler who establishes an empire in India is\\na caput lupinum f What would they have said if any\\nother power had, on such a ground, attacked Madras 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "44 MACACLAY S ESSAY\\nor Calcutta without th.e slightest provocation Such\\na defence was wanting to make the infamy of the\\ntransaction complete. The atrocity of the crime, and\\nthe hypocrisy of the apology, are worthy of each\\n5 other.\\nOne of the three brigades of which the Bengal\\narmy consisted was sent under Colonel Champion to\\njoin Sujah Dowlah s forces. The Kohillas expostu-\\nlated, entreated, offered a large ransom, but in vain.\\nlo They then resolved to defend themselves to the last.\\nA bloody battle was fought. The enemy, says\\nColonel Champion, gave proof of a good share of\\nmilitary knowledge and it is impossible to describe\\na more obstinate firmness of resolution than they dis-\\n15 played. The dastardly sovereign of Oude fled from\\nthe field. The English were left unsupported but\\ntheir fire and their charge were irresistible. It was\\nnot, however, till the most distinguished chiefs had\\nfallen, fighting bravely at the head of their troops,\\n20 that the Rohilla ranks gave way. Then the Nabob\\nVizier and his rabble made their appearance, and\\nhastened to plunder the camp of the valiant enemies,\\nwhom they had never dared to look in the face. The\\nsoldiers of the Company, trained in an exact disci-\\n25 pline, kept unbroken order, while the tents were pil-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 45\\nlaged by these worthless allies. But many voices\\nwere heard to exclaim, We have had all the fighting,\\nand those rogues are to have all the profit.\\nThen the horrors of Indian war were let loose on the\\nfair valleys and cities of Eohilcund. The whole coun- 5\\ntry was in a blaze. More than a hundred thousand\\npeople fled from their homes to pestilential jungles,\\npreferring famine, and fever, and the haunts of tigers,\\nto, the tyranny of him, to whom an English and a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Christian government had, for shameful lucre, sold 10\\ntheir substance, and their blood, and the honor of\\ntheir wives and daughters. Colonel Champion re-\\nmonstrated with the Nabob Vizier, and sent strong\\nrepresentations to Fort William j but the Governor\\nhad made no conditions as to the mode in which the 15\\nwar was to be carried on. He had troubled himself\\nabout nothing but his forty lacs; and, though he\\nmight disapprove of Sujah Dowlah s wanton barbar-\\nity, he did not think himself entitled to interfere,\\nexcept by offering advice. This delicacy excites the 20\\nadmiration of the biographer. Mr. Hastings, he\\nsays, could not himself dictate to the Nabob, nor\\npermit the commander of the Company s troops to\\ndictate how the war was to be carried on. No, to be\\nsure. Mr. Hastings had only to put down by main 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "46 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nforce the brave struggles of innocent men fighting for\\ntheir liberty. Their military resistance crushed, his\\nduties ended and he had then only to fold his arms\\nand look on, while their villages were burned, their\\n5 children butchered, and their women violated. Will\\nMr. Gleig seriously maintain this opinion Is any\\nrule more plain than this, that whoever voluntarily\\ngives to another irresistible power over human beings\\nis bound to take order that such power shall not be\\n10 barbarously abused But we beg pardon of our\\nreaders for arguing a point so clear.\\nWe hasten to the end of this sad and disgraceful\\nstory. The war ceased. The finest population in\\nIndia was subjected to a greedy, cowardly, cruel\\n15 tyrant. Commerce and agriculture languished. The\\nrich province which had tempted the cupidity of\\nSujah Dowlah became the most miserable part even of\\nhis miserable dominions. Yet is the injured nation\\nnot extinct. At long intervals gleams of its ancient\\n20 spirit have flashed forth and even at this day, valor,\\nand self-respect, and a chivalrous feeling rare among\\nAsiatics, and a bitter remembrance of the great crime\\nof England, distinguish that noble Afghan race. To\\nthis day they are regarded as the best of all sepoys\\n25 at the cold steel and it was very recently remarked,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 47\\nby one who had enjoyed great opportunities of obser-\\nvation, that the only natives of India to whom the\\nword gentleman can with perfect propriety be\\napplied, are to be found among the E-ohillas.\\nWhatever we may think of the morality of Hast- 5\\nings, it cannot be denied that the financial results of\\nhis policy did honor to his talents. In less than two\\nyears after he assumed the government, he had, with-\\nout imposing any additional burdens on the people\\nsubject to his authority, added about four hundred 10\\nand fifty thousand pounds to the annual income of the\\nCompany, besides procuring about a million in ready\\nmoney. He had also relieved the finances of Bengal\\nfrom military expenditure, amounting to near a quar-\\nter of a million a year, and had thrown that charge on 15\\nthe Nabob of Oude. There can be no doubt that this\\nwas a result which, if it had been obtained by honest\\nmeans, would have entitled him to the warmest grati-\\ntude of his country, and which, by whatever means\\nobtained, proved that he possessed great talents for 20\\nadministration.\\nIn the mean time. Parliament had been engaged in\\nlong and grave discussions on Asiatic affairs. The\\nministry of Lord North, in the session of 1773, intro-\\nduced a measure which made a considerable change in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "48 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nthe constitution of the Indian government. This law,\\nknown by the name of \u00c2\u00b0the Regulating Act, provided\\nthat the presidency of Bengal should exercise a con-\\ntrol over the other possessions of the Company that\\n5 the chief of that presidency should be styled Gov-\\nernor-General that he should be assisted by four\\nCouncillors; and that a supreme court of judicature,\\nconsisting of a chief justice and three inferior judges,\\nshould be established at Calcutta. This court was made\\n10 independent of the Governor-General and Council, and\\nwas intrusted with a civil and criminal jurisdiction of\\nimmense and, at the same time, of undefined extent.\\nThe Governor-General and Councillors were named\\nin the act, and were to hold their situations for five\\n15 years. Hastings was to be the first Governor-General.\\nOne of the four new Councillors, Mr. Barwell, an\\nexperienced servant of the Company, was then in\\nIndia. The other three. General Clavering, Mr. Mon-\\nson, and Mr. Francis, were sent out from England.\\n20 The ablest of the new Councillors was, beyond all\\ndoubt, Philip Francis. His acknowledged composi-\\ntions prove that he possessed considerable eloquence\\nand information. Several years passed in the public\\noffices had formed him to habits of business. His\\n25 enemies have never denied that he had a fearless and", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "OW WARREN HASTINGS 49\\nmanly spirit; and his friends, we are afraid, must\\nacknowledge that his estimate of himself was extrava-\\ngantly high, that his temper was irritable, that his\\ndeportment was often rude and petulant, and that his\\nhatred was of intense bitterness and long duration. 5\\nIt is scarcely possible to mention this eminent man\\nwithout adverting for a moment to the question which\\nhis name at once suggests to every mind. Was he\\nthe author of the Letters of Junius Our own firm\\nbelief is that he was. The evidence is, we think, such 10\\nas would support a verdict in a civil, nay, in a criminal\\nproceeding. The handwriting of Junius is the very\\npeculiar handwriting of Francis, slightly disguised.\\nAs to the position, pursuits, and connections of Junius,\\nthe following are the most important facts which can 15\\nbe considered as clearly proved: first, that he was\\nacquainted with the technical forms of the secretary\\nof state s office secondly, that he was intimately ac-\\nquainted with the business of the war-office thirdly,\\nthat he, during the year 1770, attended debates in the 20\\nHouse of Lords, and took notes of speeches, particu-\\nlarly of the speeches of Lord Chatham fourthly, that\\nhe bitterly resented the appointment of Mr. Chamier\\nto the place of deputy secretary-at-war fifthly, that\\nhe was bound by some strong tie to the first Lord 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "50 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nHolland. Now, Francis passed some years in the\\nsecretary of state s office. He was subsequently chief\\nclerk of the war-office. He repeatedly mentioned that\\nhe had himself, in 1770, heard speeches of Lord\\n5 Chatham; and some of these speeches were actually\\nprinted from his notes. He resigned his clerkship at\\nthe war-office from resentment at the appointment of\\nMr. Chamier. It was by Lord Holland that he was\\nfirst introduced into the public service. Now, here\\nlo are live marks, all of which ought to be found in\\nJunius. They are all five found in Francis. We do\\nnot believe that more than two of them can be found\\nin any other person whatever. H this argument does\\nnot settle the question, there is an end of all reasoning\\n15 on circumstantial evidence.\\nThe internal evidence seems to us to point the same\\nway. The style of Francis bears a strong resem-\\nblance to that of Junius nor are we disposed to\\nadmit, what is generally taken for granted, that the\\n20 acknowledged compositions of Francis are very de-\\ncidedly inferior to the anonymous letters. The argu-\\nment from inferiority, at all events, is one which may\\nbe urged with at least equal force against every claim-\\nant that has ever been mentioned, with the single ex-\\n25 ception of Burke and it would be a waste of time to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 51\\nprove tliat Burke was not Junius. And what conclu-\\nsion, after all, can be drawn from mere inferiority\\nEvery writer must produce liis best work and the\\ninterval between his best work and his second best\\nwork may be very wide indeed. Nobody will say that 5\\nthe best letters of Junius are more decidedly superior\\nto the acknowledged works of Francis than three or\\nfour of Corneille s tragedies to the rest, than three or\\nfour of Ben Jonson s comedies to the rest, than the\\nPilgrim s Progress to the other works of Bnnyan, than 10\\nDon Quixote to the other works of Cervantes. Nay,\\nit is certain that Junius, whoever he may have been,\\nwas a most unequal writer. To go no further than the\\nletters which bear the signature of Junius the letter\\nto the King, and the letters to Home Tooke, have 15\\nlittle in common, except the asperity and asperity\\nwas an ingredient seldom wanting either in the writ-\\nings Or in the speeches of Francis.\\nIndeed one of the strongest reasons for believing\\nthat Francis was Junius is the moral resemblance 20\\nbetween .the two men. It is not difficult, from the\\nletters which, under various signatures, are known to\\nhave been written by Junius, and from his dealings\\nwith \u00c2\u00b0Woodfall and others, to form a tolerably correct\\nnotion of his character. He was clearly a man not 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "52 MACAULAY-S ESSAY\\ndestitute of real patriotism and magnanimity, a man\\nwhose vices were not of a sordid kind. But he must\\nalso have been a man in the highest degree arrogant\\nand insolent, a man prone to malevolence, and prone\\n5 to the error of mistaking his malevolence for public\\nvirtue. Doest thou well to be angry? was the\\nquestion asked in old time of the Hebrew prophet.\\nAnd he answered, I do well. This was evidently\\nthe temper of Junius and to this cause we attribute\\n10 the savage cruelty which disgraces several of his\\nletters. No man is so merciless as he who, under a\\nstrong self-delusion, confounds his antipathies with\\nhis duties. It may be added that Junius, though\\nallied with the democratic party by common enmities,\\n15 was the very opposite of a democratic politician.\\nWhile attacking individuals with a ferocity which\\nperpetually violated all the laws of literary warfarCj\\nhe regarded the most defective parts of old institu-\\ntions with a respect amounting to pedantry, pleaded\\n20 the cause of \u00c2\u00b001d Sarum with fervor, and contemptu-\\nously told the capitalists of Manchester and Leeds\\nthat, if they wanted votes, they might buy land and\\nbecome freeholders of Lancashire and Yorkshire. All\\nthis, we believe, might stand, with scarcely any change,\\n25 for a character of Philip Francis.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 53\\nIt is not strange that tlie great anonymous writer\\nshould have been willing at that time to leave the\\ncountry which had been so powerfully stirred by his\\neloquence. Every thing had gone against him. That\\nparty which he clearly preferred to every other, the 5\\nparty of George Grenville, had been scattered by\\nthe death of its chief; and Lord Suffolk had led the\\ngreater part of it over to the ministerial benches.\\nThe ferment produced by the Middlesex election had\\ngone down. Every faction must have been alike an 10\\nobject of aversion to Junius. His opinions on domes-\\ntic affairs separated him from the ministry his\\nopinions on colonial affairs from the opposition.\\nUnder such circumstances, he had thrown down his\\npen in misanthropical despair. His farewell letter to 15\\nWoodfall bears date the nineteenth of January 1773.\\nIn that letter, he declared that he must be an idiot to\\nwrite again that he had meant well by the cause and\\nthe public that both were given up that there were\\nnot ten men who would act steadily together on any 20\\nquestion. But it is all alike, he added, vile and\\ncontemptible. You have never flinched that I know of\\nand I shall always rejoice to hear of your prosperity.\\nThese were the last words of Junius. In a year from\\nthat time, Philip Francis was on his voyage to Bengal. 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "54 MACAULAY\\\\S ESSAY\\nWith the three new Councillors came out the judges\\nof the Supreme Court. The chief justice was Sir\\nElijah Impey. He was an old acquaintance of Hast-\\nings and it is probable that the Governor-General, if\\n5 he had searched through all the Inns of Court, could\\nnot have found an equally serviceable tool. But the\\nmembers of Council were by no means in an obsequi-\\nous mood. Hastings greatly disliked the new form\\nof government, and had no very high opinion of his\\n10 coadjutors. They had heard of this, and were disposed\\nto be suspicious and punctilious. When men are in\\nsuch a frame of mind, any trifle is sufficient to give\\noccasion for dispute. The members of Council expected\\na salute of \u00c2\u00b0twenty-one guns from the batteries of\\n15 Fort William. Hastings allowed them only seventeen.\\nThey landed in ill-humor. The first civilities were\\nexchanged with cold reserve. On the morrow com-\\nmenced that long quarrel which, after distracting\\nBritish India, was renewed in England, and in which\\n20 all the most eminent statesmen and orators of the age\\ntook active part on one or the other side.\\nHastings was supported by Barwell. They had not\\nalways been friends. But the arrival of the new mem-\\nbers of Council from England naturally had the effect\\n25 of uniting the old servants of the Company. Claver-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "OA^ WARREN liASTmGS 55\\ning, Monson, and Francis formed the majority. They\\ninstantly wrested the government out of the hands of\\nHastings, condemned, certainly not without justice,\\nhis late dealings with the Nabob Vizier, recalled the\\nEnglish agent from Oude, and sent thither a creature s\\nof their own, ordered the brigade which had conquered\\nthe unhappy Eohillas to return to the Company s\\nterritories, and instituted a severe inquiry into the\\nconduct of the war. Next, in spite of the Governor-\\nGeneral s remonstrances, they proceeded to exercise, lo\\nin the most indiscreet manner, their new authority\\nover the subordinate presidencies threw all the affairs\\nof Bombay into confusion; and interfered, with an\\nincredible union of rashness and feebleness, in the\\nintestine disputes of the Mahratta government. At 15\\nthe same time, they fell on the internal administration\\nof Bengal, and attacked the whole fiscal and judicial\\nsystem, a system which was undoubtedly defective,\\nbut which it was very improbable that gentlemen\\nfresh from England would be competent to amend. 20\\nThe effect of their reforms was that all protection to\\nlife and property was withdrawn, and that gangs of\\nrobbers plundered and slaughtered with impunity in\\nthe very suburbs of Calcutta. Hastings continued to\\nlive in the Government-house, and to draw the salary 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "56 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nof Governor-General. He continued even to take the\\nlead at the council-board in the transaction of ordinary-\\nbusiness for his opponents could not but feel that he\\nknew much of which they were ignorant, and that he\\n5 decided, both surely and speedily, many questions\\nwhich to them would have been hopelessly puzzling.\\nBut the higher powers of government and the most\\nvaluable patronage had been taken from him.\\nThe natives soon found this out. They considered\\n10 him as a fallen man and they acted after their kind.\\nSome of our readers may have seen, in India, a cloud\\nof crows pecking a sick vulture to death, no bad type\\nof what happens in that country, as often as fortune\\ndeserts one who has been great and dreaded. In an\\n15 instant, all the sycophants who had lately been ready\\nto lie for him, to forge for him, to pander for him, to\\npoison for him, hasten to purchase the favor of his\\nvictorious enemies by accusing him. An Indian gov-\\nernment has only to let it be understood that it wishes\\n20 a particular man to be ruined and, in twenty-four\\nhours, it will be furnished with grave charges, sup-\\nported by dispositions so full and circumstantial that\\nany person unaccustomed to Asiatic mendacity would\\nregard them as decisive. It is well if the signature of\\n25 the destined victim is not counterfeited at the foot of", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 57\\nsome illegal compact, and if some treasonable paper\\nis not slipped into a hiding-place in Ms house. Hast-\\nings was now regarded as helpless. The power to\\nmake or mar the fortune of every man in Bengal had\\npassed, as it seemed, into the hands of the new Coun- 5\\ncillors. Immediately charges against the Governor-\\nGeneral began to pour in. They were eagerly welcomed\\nby the majority, who, to do them justice, were men of\\ntoo much honor knowingly to countenance false accu-\\nsations, but who were not sufficiently acquainted with 10\\nthe East to be aware that, in that part of the world,\\na very little encouragement from power will call forth,\\nin a week, more \u00c2\u00b0Oateses, and Bedloes, and Danger-\\nfields, than Westminster Hall sees in a century.\\nIt v/puld have been strange indeed if, at such a 15\\njuncture, ISTuncomar had remained quiet. That bad\\nman was stimulated at once by malignity, by avarice,\\nand by ambition. Now was the time to be avenged on\\nhis old enemy,. to wreak a grudge of seventeen years,\\nto establish himself in the favor of the majority of the 20\\nCouncil, to become the greatest native in Bengal. From\\nthe time of the arrival of the new Councillors, he had\\npaid the most marked court to them, and had in con-\\nsequence been excluded, with all indignity, from the\\nGovernment-house. He now put into the hands of 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "58 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nFrancis, with great ceremony, a paper containing\\nseveral charges of the most serious description. By\\nthis document Hastings was accused of putting offices\\nup for sale, and of receiving bribes for suffering of-\\n5 fenders to escape. In particular, it was alleged that\\nMahommed Reza Khan had been dismissed with\\nimpunity, in consideration of a great sum paid to\\nthe Governor-General.\\nFrancis read the paper in Council. A violent alter-\\n10 cation followed. Hastings complained in bitter terms\\nof the way in which he was treated, spoke with con-\\ntempt of Nuncomar and of Nuncomar s accusation,\\nand denied the right of the Council to sit in judgment\\non the Governor. At the next meeting of the Board,\\n15 another communication from Nuncomar was produced.\\nHe requested that he might be permitted to attend the\\nCouncil, and that he might be heard in support of his\\nassertions. Another tempestuous debate took place.\\nThe Governor-General maintained that the council-\\n20 rooui was not a proper place for such an investiga-\\ntion; that from persons who were heated by daily\\nconflict with him he could not expect the fairness of\\njudges and that he could not, without betraying the\\ndignity of his post, submit to be confronted with such\\n25 a man as Nuiicomar. The majority, however, resolved", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 59\\nto go into the charges. Hastings rose, declared the\\nsitting at an end, and left the room, followed by\\nBarwell. The other members kept their seats, voted\\nthemselves a council, put Clavering in the chair, and\\nordered Nuncomar to be called in. Nuncomar not only 5\\nadhered to the original charges, but, after the fashion\\nof the East, produced a large supplement. He stated\\nthat Hastings had received a great sum for appointing\\nEajah Goordas treasurer of the Nabob s household, and\\nfor committing the care of his Highness s person to the 10\\n\u00c2\u00b0Munny Begum. He put in a letter purporting to bear\\nthe seal of the Munny Begum, for the purpose of estab-\\nlishing the truth of his story. The seal, whether forged,\\nas Hastings affirmed, or genuine, as we are rather in-\\nclined to believe, proved nothing. Nuncomar, as every 15\\nbody knows who knows India, had only to tell the\\nMunny Begum that such a letter would give pleasure\\nto the majority of the Council, in order to procure her\\nattestation. The majority, however, voted that the\\ncharge was made out that Hastings had corruptly 20\\nreceived between thirty and forty thousand pounds\\nand that he ought to be compelled to refund.\\nThe general feeling among the English in Bengal\\nwas strongly in favor of the Governor-General. In\\ntalents for business, in knowledge of the country, in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "60 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\ngeneral courtesy of demeanor, he was decidedly su-\\nperior to his persecutors. The servants of the Com-\\npany were naturally disposed to side with the most\\ndistinguished member of their own body against a\\n5 clerk from the war-oihce, who, profoundly ignorant of\\nthe native languages and of the native character, took\\non himself to regulate every department of the admin-\\nistration. Hastings, however, in spite of the general\\nsympathy of his countrymen, was in a most painful\\n10 situation. There was still an appeal to higher author-\\nity in England. If that authority took part with his\\nenemies, nothing was left to him but to throw up his\\noffice. He accordingly placed his resignation in the\\nhands of his agent in London, Colonel Macleane. But\\n15 Macleane was instructed not to produce the resignation\\nunless it should be fully ascertained that the feeling at\\nthe India House was adverse to the Governor-General.\\n\u00c2\u00b0The triumph of Nuncomar seemed to be complete.\\nHe held a daily levee, to which his countrymen\\n20 resorted in crowds, and to which, on one occasion, the\\nmajority of the Council condescended to repair. His\\nhouse was an office for the purpose of receiving\\ncharges against the Governor-General. It was said\\nthat, partly by threats, and partly by wheedling, the\\n25 villanous Brahmin had induced many of the wealthi-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 61\\nest men of the province to send in complaints. But\\nhe was playing a perilous game. It was not safe to\\ndrive to despair a man of such resources and such\\ndetermination as Hastings. IsTuncomar, with all his\\nacuteness, did not understand the nature of the insti- 5\\ntutions under which he lived. He saw that he had\\nwith him the majority of the body which made\\ntreaties, gave places, raised taxes. The separation\\nbetween political and judicial functions was a thing of\\nwhich he had no conception. It had probably never 10\\noccurred to him that there was in Bengal an authority\\nperfectly independent of the Council, an authority\\nwhich could protect one whom the Council wished\\nto destroy, and send to the gibbet one whom the\\nCouncil wished to protect. Yet such was the fact. 15\\nThe Supreme Court was, within the sphere of its own\\nduties, altogether independent of the Government.\\nHastings, with his usual sagacity, had seen how much\\nadvantage he might derive from possessing himself of\\nthis stronghold and he had acted accordingly. The zo\\nJudges, especially the Chief Justice, were hostile to\\nthe majority of the Council. The time had now come\\nfor putting this formidable machinery into action.\\nOn a sudden, Calcutta was astounded by the news\\nthat Nuncomar had been taken up on a charge of 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "62 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nfelony, committed, and thrown into the common gaol.\\nThe crime imputed to him was that six years before\\nhe had forged a bond. The ostensible prosecutor was\\na native. But it was then, and still is, the opinion\\n5 of everybody, idiots and biographers excepted, that\\nHastings was the real mover in the business.\\nThe rage of the majority rose to the highest point.\\nThey protested against the proceedings of the Su-\\npreme Court, and sent several urgent messages to the\\n10 Judges, demanding that Nuncomar should be admitted\\nto bail. The Judges returned haughty and resolute\\nanswers. All that the Council could do was to heap\\nhonors and emoluments on the family of Nuncomar\\nand this they did. In the mean time the assizes com-\\n15 menced; a true bill was found; and Nuncomar was\\nbrought before Sir Elijah Impey and a jury com-\\nposed of Englishmen. A great quantity of contradic-\\ntory swearing, and the necessity of having every word\\nof the evidence interpreted, protracted the trial to a\\n20 most unusual length. At last a verdict of guilty was\\nreturned, and the Chief Justice pronounced sentence\\nof death on the prisoner.\\nThat Impey ought to have respited Nuncomar we\\nhold to be perfectly clear. Whether the whole pro-\\n25 ceeding was not illegal, is a question. But it is cer-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 63\\ntain that, whatever may have been, according to tech-\\nnical rules of construction, the effect of the statute\\nunder v^hich the trial took place, it was most unjust\\nto hang a Hindoo for forgery. The law which made\\nforgery capital in England was passed without the 5\\nsmallest reference to the state of society in India. It\\nwas unknown to the natives of India. It had never\\nbeen put in execution among them, certainly not for\\nwant of delinquents. It was in the highest degree\\nshocking to all their notions. They were not accus- 10\\ntomed to the distinction which many circumstances,\\npeculiar to our own state of society, have led us to\\nmake between forgery and other kinds of cheating.\\nThe counterfeiting of a seal was, in their estimation,\\na common act of swindling; nor had it ever crossed 15\\ntheir minds that it was to be punished as severely as\\ngang-robbery or assassination. A just judge would,\\nbeyond all doubt, have reserved the case for the con-\\nsideration of the sovereign. But Impey would not\\nhear of mercy or delay. 20\\nThe excitement among all classes was great.\\nErancis and Erancis s few English adherents de-\\nscribed the Governor-General and the Chief Justice\\nas the worst of murderers. Clavering, it was said,\\nswore that, even at the foot of the gallows, Nuncomar 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "64 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nshould be rescued. The bulk of the European society,\\nthough strongly attached to the Governor-General,\\ncould not but feel compassion for a man who with all\\nhis crimes, had so long filled so large a space in their\\n5 sight, who had been great and powerful before the\\nBritish empire in India began to exist, and to whom,\\nin the old times, governors and members of council,\\nthen mere commercial factors, had paid court for pro-\\ntection. The feeling of the Hindoos was infinitely\\n10 stronger. They were, indeed, not a people to strike\\none blow for their countryman. But his sentence\\nfilled them with sorrow and dismay. Tried even by\\ntheir low standard of morality, he was a bad man.\\nBut, bad as he was, he was the head of their race and\\n15 religion, a Brahmin of the Brahmins. He had in-\\nherited the purest and highest caste. He had prac-\\ntised with the greatest punctuality all those ceremonies\\nto which the \u00c2\u00b0superstitious Bengalees ascribe far more\\nimportance than to the correct discharge of the social\\n20 duties. They felt, therefore, as a devout Catholic in\\nthe dark ages would have felt, at seeing a prelate of\\nthe highest dignity sent to the gallows by a secular\\ntribunal. According to their old national laws, a\\nBrahmin could not be put to death for any crime\\n25 whatever. And the crime for which Nuncomar was", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS\\nabout to die was regarded by them in mucli the same\\nlight in which the selling of an unsound horse^ for a\\nsound price, is regarded by a Yorkshire jockey.\\nThe Mussulmans alone appear to have seen with\\nexultation the fate of the powerful Hindoo, who had 5\\nattempted to rise by means of the ruin of Mahommed\\nReza Khan. The Mahommedan historian of those\\ntimes takes delight in aggravating the charge. He\\nassures us that in Nuncomar s house a casket was\\nfound containing counterfeits of the seals of all the 10\\nrichest men of the province. We have never fallen\\nin with any other authorit}^ for this story, which in\\nitself is by no means improbable.\\nThe day drew near and Nuncomar prepared him-\\nself to die with that quiet fortitude with which the 15\\nBengalee, so effeminately timid in personal conflict,\\noften encounters calamities for which there is no\\nremedy. The sheriff, with the humanity which is\\nseldom wanting in an English gentleman, visited the\\nprisoner on the eve of the execution, and assured him 20\\nthat no indulgence, consistent with the law, should be\\nrefused to him. Nuncomar expressed his gratitude\\nwith great politeness and unaltered composure. Not\\na muscle of his face moved. Not a sigh broke from\\nhim. He put his finger to his forehead, and calmly 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "66 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nsaid that fate would have its wa}^, and that there was\\nno resisting the pleasure of God. He sent his compli-\\nments to Francis, Clavering, and Monson, and charged\\nthem to protect Kajah Goordas, who was about to\\n5 become the head of the Brahmins of Bengal. The\\nsheriff withdrew, greatly agitated by what had passed,\\nand Nuncomar sat composedly down to write notes\\nand examine accounts.\\nThe next morning, before the sun was in his power,\\nlo an immense concourse assembled round the place\\nwhere the gallows had been set up. Grief and horror\\nwere on every face yet to the last the multitude\\ncould hardly believe that the English really purposed\\nto take the life of the great Brahmin. At length the\\n15 mournful procession came through the crowd. Nun-\\ncomar sat up in his palanquin, and looked round him\\nwith unaltered serenity. He had just parted from\\nthose who were most nearly connected with him.\\nTheir cries and contortions had appalled the Euro-\\n20 pean ministers of justice, but had not produced the\\nsmallest effect on the iron stoicism of the prisoner.\\nThe only anxiety which he expressed was that men of\\nhis own priestly caste might be in attendance to take\\ncharge of his corpse. He again desired to be remem-\\n25 bered to his friends in the Council, mounted the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 67\\nscaffold with firmness, and gave the signal to the\\nexecutioner. The moment that the drop fell, a howl\\nof sorrow and despair rose from the innumerable spec-\\ntators. Hundreds turned away their faces from the\\npolluting sight, fled with loud wailings towards the 5\\nHoogiey, and plunged into its \u00c2\u00b0holy waters, as if to\\npurify themselves from the guilt of having looked on\\nsuch a crime. These feelings were not confined to\\nCalcutta. The whole province was greatly excited\\nand the population of Decca, in particular, gave strong 10\\nsigns of grief and dismay.\\nOf Impey s conduct it is impossible to speak too\\nseverely. We have already said that, in our opinion,\\nhe acted unjustly in refusing to respite Nuncomar.\\nNo rational man can doubt that he took this course in 15\\norder to gratify the Governor-General. If we had\\never had any doubts on that point, they would have\\nbeen dispelled by a letter which Mr. Gleig has pub-\\nlished. Hastings, three or four years later, described\\nImpey as the man to whose support he was at one 20\\ntime indebted for the safety of his fortune, honor, and\\nreputation. These strong words can refer only to\\nthe case of ISTuncomar and they must mean that\\nImpey hanged IsTuncomar in order to support Hastings.\\n\u00c2\u00b0It is, therefore, our deliberate opinion that Impey, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "68 MAGAULAY^S ESSAY\\nsitting as a judge, put a man unjustly to death in order\\nto serve a political purpose.\\nBut we look on the conduct of Hastings in a some-\\nwhat different light. He was struggling for fortune,\\n5 honor, liberty, all that makes life valuable. He was\\nbeset by rancorous and unprincipled enemies. From\\nhis colleagues he could expect no justice. He cannot\\nbe blamed for wishing to crush his accusers. He was\\nindeed bound to use only legitimate means for that\\n10 end. But it was not strange that he should have\\nthought any means legitimate which were pronounced\\nlegitimate by the sages of the law, by men whose\\npeculiar duty it was to deal justly between adver-\\nsaries, and whose education might be supposed to\\n15 have peculiarly qualified them for the discharge of\\nthat duty. Nobody demands from a party the unbend-\\ning equity of a judge. The reason that judges are\\nappointed is, that even a good man cannot be trusted\\nto decide a cause in which he is himself concerned.\\n20 Not a day passes on which an honest prosecutor does\\nnot ask for what none but a dishonest tribunal would\\ngrant. It is too much to expect that any man, when\\nhis dearest interests are at stake, and his strongest\\npassions excited, will, as against himself, be more just\\n25 than the sworn dispensers of justice. To take an anal-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 69\\nogous case from tlie history of our own island suppose\\nthat Lord Stafford, when in the Tower on suspicion of\\nbeing concerned in the Popish plot, had been apprised\\nthat Titus Gates had done something which might,\\nby a questionable construction, be brought under the 5\\nhead of felony. Should we severely blame Lord\\nStafford, in the supposed case, for causing a prosecu-\\ntion to be instituted, for furnishing funds, for using all\\nhis influence to intercept the mercy of the Crown We\\nthink not. If a judge, indeed, from favor to the Cath- 10\\nolic lords, were to strain the law in order to hang Gates,\\nsuch a judge would richly deserve impeachment. But\\nit does not appear to us that the Catholic lord, by\\nbringing the case before the judge for decision, would\\nmaterially overstep the limits of a just self-defence. 15\\nWhile, therefore, we have not the least doubt that\\nthis memorable execution is to be attributed to Hast-\\nings, w^e doubt whether it can with justice be reckoned\\namong his crimes. That his conduct was dictated by\\na profound policy is evident. He was in a minority 20\\nin Council. It was possible that he might long be in\\na minority. He knew the native character well. He\\nknew in what abundance accusations are certain to\\nflow in against the most innocent inhabitant of India\\nwho is under the frown of power. There was not in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "70 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nthe whole black population of Bengal a place-holder,\\na \u00c2\u00b0place-hunter, a government tenant, who did not\\nthink that he might better himself by sending up a\\ndeposition against the Governor-General. Under\\n5 these circumstances, the persecuted statesman resolved\\nto teach the whole crew of accusers and witnesses\\nthat, though in a minority at the council-board, he\\nwas still to be feared. The lesson which he gave\\nthem was indeed a lesson not to be forgotten. The\\n10 head of the combination which had been formed\\nagainst him, the richest, the most powerful, the most\\nartful of the Hindoos, distinguished by the favor of\\nthose who then held the government, fenced round by\\nthe superstitious reverence of millions, was hanged in\\n15 broad day before many thousands of people. Every\\nthing that could make the warning impressive, dignity\\nin the sufferer, solemnity in the proceeding, was found\\nin this case. The helpless rage and vain struggles of\\nthe Council made the triumph more signal. From\\n20 that moment the conviction of every native was that\\nit was safer to take the part of Hastings in a minority\\nthan that of Francis in a majority, and that he who\\nwas so venturous as to join in running down the\\nGovernor-General might chance, in the phrase of the\\n25 Eastern poet, to find a tiger, while beating the jungle", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 71\\nfor a deer. The voices of a thousand informers were\\nsilenced in an instant. From that time, whatever\\ndifficulties Hastings might have to encounter, he was\\nnever molested by accusations from natives of India.\\nIt is a remarkable circumstance that one of the 5\\nletters of Hastings to Dr. Johnson bears date a very\\nfew hours after the death of Nuncomar. While the\\nwhole settlement was in commotion, while a mighty\\nand ancient priesthood were weeping over the remains\\nof their chief, the conqueror in that deadly grapple 10\\nsat down, with characteristic self-possession, to write\\nabout the Tour to the Hebrides, \u00c2\u00b0Jones s Persian\\nGrammar, and the history, traditions, arts, and natural\\nproductions of India.\\nIn the mean time, intelligence of the Eohilla war, 15\\nand of the first disputes between Hastings and his\\ncolleagues, had reached London. The Directors took\\npart with the majority, and sent out a letter filled\\nwith severe reflections on the conduct of Hastings.\\nThey condemned, in strong but just terms, the iniquity 20\\nof undertaking offensive wars merely for the sake of\\npecuniary advantage. But they entirely forgot that,\\nif Hastings had by illicit means obtained pecuniary\\nadvantages, he had done so, not for his own benefit,\\nbut in order to meet their demands. To enjoin 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "72 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nhonesty, and to insist on having what could not be\\nhonestly got, was then the constant practice of the\\nCompany. As Lady Macbeth says of her husband,\\nthey would not play false, aud yet would wrongly\\n5 win.\\nThe Regulating Act, by which Hastings had been\\nappointed Governor-General for five years, empowered\\nthe Crown to remove him on an address from the\\nCompany. \u00c2\u00b0Lord North was desirous to procure such\\n10 an address. The three members of Council who had\\nbeen sent out from England were men of his own\\nchoice. General Clavering, in particular, was sup-\\nported by a large parliamentary connection, such as\\nno cabinet could be inclined to disoblige. The wish\\n15 of the minister was to displace Hastings, and to put\\nClavering at the head of the government. In the\\nCourt of Directors parties were very nearly balanced.\\nEleven voted against Hastings ten for him. The\\nCourt of Proprietors was then convened. The great\\n20 sale-room presented a singular appearance. Letters\\nhad been sent by the Secretary of the Treasury, ex-\\nhorting all the supporters of government who held\\nIndia stock to be in attendance. Lord Sandwich\\nmarshalled the friends of the administration with his\\n25 usual dexterity and alertness. Fifty peers and privy", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 73\\ncouncillors, seldom seen so far eastward, were counted\\nin the crowd. The debate lasted till midnight. The\\nopponents of Hastings had a small superiority on the\\ndivision but a ballot was demanded and the result\\nwas that the Governor-General triumphed by a ma- 5\\njority of above a hundred votes over the combined\\nefforts of the Directors and the Cabinet. The minis-\\nters were greatly exasperated by this defeat. Even\\nLord North lost his temper, no ordinary occurrence\\nwith him, and threatened to convoke Parliament before 10\\nChristmas, and to bring in a bill for depriving the\\nCompany of all political power, and for restricting\\nit to its old business of trading in silks and teas.\\nColonel Macleane, who through all this conflict\\nhad zealously supported the cause of Hastings, now 15\\nthought that his employer was in imminent danger of\\nbeing turned out, branded with parliamentary censure,\\nperhaps prosecuted. The opinion of the crown law-\\nyers had already been taken respecting some parts\\nof the Governor-General s conduct. It seemed to be 20\\nhigh time to think of securing an honorable retreat.\\nUnder these circumstances, Macleane thought himself\\njustified in producing the resignation with which he\\nhad been entrusted. The instrument was not in very\\naccurate form but the Directors were too eager to 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "74 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nbe scrupulous. They accepted the resignation, fixed\\non Mr. Wheler, one of their own body, to succeed\\nHastings, and sent out orders that General Clavering,\\nas senior member of Council, should exercise the\\n5 functions of Governor-General till Mr. Wheler should\\narrive.\\nBut, while these things were passing in England,\\na great change had taken place in Bengal. Monson\\nwas no more. Only four members of the government\\n10 were left. Clavering and Francis were on one side,\\nBarwell and the Governor-General on the other and\\nthe Governor-General had the casting vote. Hastings,\\nwho had been during two years destitute of all power\\nand patronage, became at once absolute. He instantly\\n15 proceeded to retaliate on his adversaries. Their\\nmeasures were reversed their creatures were dis-\\nplaced. A new valuation of the lands of Bengal, for\\nthe purposes of taxation, was ordered and it was\\nprovided that the whole inquiry should be conducted\\n20 by the Governor-General, and that all the letters re-\\nlating to it should run in his name. He began, at\\nthe same time, to revolve vast plans of conquest and\\ndominion, plans which he lived to see realized, though\\nnot by himself. His project was to form subsidiary\\n25 alliances with the native princes, particularly with", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "ON WAKREN HASTINGS 75\\nthose of Oude and Berar, and thus to make Britain\\nthe paramount power in India. While he was medi-\\ntating these great designs, arrived the intelligence\\nthat he had ceased to be Governor-General, that his\\nresignation had been accepted, that Wheler was com- 5\\ning out immediately, and that, till Wheler arrived,\\nthe chair was to be filled by Clavering.\\nHad Hastings still been in a minority, he would\\nprobably have retired without a struggle but he was\\nnow the real master of British India, and he was not 10\\ndisposed to quit his high place. He asserted that he\\nhad never given any instructions which could warrant\\nthe steps taken at home. What his instructions had\\nbeen, he owned he had forgotten. If he had kept a\\ncopy of them he had mislaid it. But he was certain 15\\nthat he had repeatedly declared to the Directors that\\nhe would, not resign. He could not see how the court,\\npossessed of that declaration from himself, could\\nreceive his resignation from the doubtful hands of an\\nagent. If the resignation were invalid, all the pro- 20\\nceedings which were founded on that resignation\\nwere null, and Hastings was still Governor-Gen-\\neral.\\nHe afterwards affirmed that, though his agents\\nhad not acted in conformity with his instructions, he 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "76 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nwould nevertheless have held himself bound by their\\nacts, if Clavering had not attempted to seize the\\nsupreme power by violence. Whether this assertion\\nwere or were not true, it cannot be doubted that the\\n5 imprudence of Clavering gave Hastings an advantage.\\nThe General sent for the keys of the fort and of the\\ntreasury, took possession of the records, and held a\\ncouncil at which Francis attended. Hastings took\\nthe chair in another apartment, and Barwell sat with\\n10 him. Each of the two parties had a plausible show\\nof right. There was no authority entitled to their\\nobedience within fifteen thousand miles. It seemed\\nthat there remained no way of settling the dispute\\nexcept an appeal to arms and from such an appeal\\n15 Hastings, confident of his influence over his country-\\nmen in India, was not inclined to shrink. He directed\\nthe officers of the garrison at Fort William and of all\\nthe neighboring stations to obey no orders but his.\\nAt the same time, with admirable judgment, he\\n20 offered to submit the case to the Supreme Court, and\\nto abide by its decision. By making this proposition\\nhe risked nothing yet it was a proposition which his\\nopponents could hardly reject. Nobody could be\\ntreated as a criminal for obeying what the judges\\n25 should solemnly pronounce to be the lawful govern-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS IT\\nment. The boldest man would shrink from taking\\narms in defence of what the judges should pronounce\\nto be usurpation. Clavering and Francis, after some\\ndelay, unwillingly consented to abide by the award of\\nthe court. The court pronounced that the resignation 5\\nwas invalid, and that therefore Hastings was still\\nGovernor-General under the Eegulating Act and the\\ndefeated members of the Council, finding that the\\nsense of the whole settlement was against them,\\nacquiesced in the decision. 10\\nAbout this time arrived the news that, after a suit\\nwhich had lasted several years, the Franconian courts\\nhad decreed a divorce between Imhoff and his wife.\\nThe Baron left Calcutta, carrying with him the means\\nof buying an estate in Saxony. The lady became 15\\nMrs. Hastings. The event was celebrated by great\\nfestivities and all the most conspicuous persons at\\nCalcutta, without distinction of parties, were invited\\nto the Government-house. Clavering, as the Moham-\\nmedan chronicler tells the story, was sick in mind and 20\\nbody, and excused himself from joining the splendid\\nassembly. But Hastings, whom, as it should seem,\\nsuccess in ambition and in love had put into high\\ngood-humor, would take no denial. He went himself\\nto the General s house, and at length brought his 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "78 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nvanquished rival in triumph to the gay circle which\\nsurrounded the bride. The exertion was too much for\\na frame broken by mortification as well as by disease.\\nClavering died a few days later.\\n5 Wheler, who came out expecting to be Governor-\\nGeneral, and was forced to content himself with a\\nseat at the council-board, generally voted with Francis.\\nBut the Governor-General, with Barw^elPs help and\\nhis own casting vote, was still the master. Some\\n10 change took place at this time in the feeling both of\\nthe Court of Directors and of the Ministers of the\\nCrown. All designs against Hastings were dropped\\nand, when his original term of five years expired, he\\nwas quietly reappointed. The truth is, that the fear-\\n15 ful dangers to which the public interests in every\\nquarter were now exposed, made both Lord North\\nand the Company unwdlling to part with a Governor\\nwhose talents, experience, and resolution, enmity itself\\nwas compelled to acknowledge.\\n20 The crisis was indeed formidable. The great and\\nvictorious empire, on the throne of which George the\\nThird had taken his seat eighteen years before, with\\nbrighter hopes than had attended the accession of any\\nof the long line of English sovereigns, had, by the\\n25 most senseless misgovernment, been brought to the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 79\\nverge of ruin. In America millions of Englishmen\\nwere at war with the country from which their blood,\\ntheir language, their religion, and their institutions\\nwere derived, and to which, but a short time before,\\nthey had been as strongly attached as the inhabitants 5\\nof Norfolk and Leicestershire. The great powers of\\nEurope, humbled to the dust by the \u00c2\u00b0vigor and genius\\nwhich had guided the councils of George the Second,\\nnow rejoiced in the prospect of a signal revenge. The\\ntime was approaching when our island, while strug- 10\\ngiing to keep down the United States of America, and\\npressed with a still nearer danger by the too just dis-\\ncontents of Ireland, was to be assailed by France,\\nSpain, and Holland, and to be threatened by the\\narmed neutrality of the Baltic when even our mari- 15\\ntime supremacy was to be in jeopardy when hostile\\nfleets were to command the Straits of \u00c2\u00b0Calpe and the\\nMexican Sea when the British flag was to be scarcely\\nable to protect the British Channel. Great as were\\nthe faults of Hastings, it was happy for our country 20\\nthat at that conjuncture, the most terrible through\\nwhich she has ever passed, he was the ruler of her\\nIndian dominions.\\nAn attack by sea on Bengal was little to be appre-\\nhended. The danger was that the European enemies 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "80 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nof England might form an alliance with some native\\npower, might furnish that power with troops, arms,\\nand ammunition, and might thus assail our posses-\\nsions on the side of the land. It was chiefly from the\\n5 \u00c2\u00b0Mahrattas that Hastings anticipated danger. The\\noriginal seat of that singular people was the wild\\nrange of hills which runs along the western coast of\\nIndia. In the reign of Aurungzebe the inhabitants\\nof those regions, led by the great Sevajee, began to\\n10 descend on the possessions of their wealthier and less\\nwarlike neighbors. The energy, ferocity, and cunning\\nof the Mahrattas, soon made them the most conspicu-\\nous among the new powers which were generated by\\nthe corruption of the decaying monarchy. At first\\n15 they were only robbers. They soon rose to the dig-\\nnity of conquerors. Half the provinces of the empire\\nwere turned into Mahratta principalities. Freebooters,\\nsprung from low castes, and accustomed to menial\\nemployments, became mighty Rajahs. The Bonslas,\\n20 at the head of a band of plunderers, occupied the vast\\nregion of Berar. The Guicowar, which is, being inter-\\npreted, the Herdsmen, founded that dynasty which\\nstill reigns in Guzerat. The houses of Scfindia and\\nHolkar waxed great in Malwa. One adventurous cap-\\n25 tain made his nest on the impregnable rock of Gooti.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 81\\nAnother became the lord of the thousand villages\\nwhich are scattered among the green rice-fields of\\nTan j ore.\\nThat was the time, throughout India, of double gov-\\nernment. The form and the power were every where 5\\nseparated. The Mussulman nabobs who had become\\nsovereign princes, the Vizier in Oude, and the Nizam\\nat Hyderabad, still called themselves the viceroys of\\nthe house of Tamerlane. In the same manner the\\nMahratta states, though really independent of each 10\\nother, pretended to be members of one empire. They\\nall acknowledged, by words and ceremonies, the\\nsupremacy of the heir of Sevajee, a roi faineant who\\nchewed bang and toyed with dancing girls in a state\\nprison at Sattara, and of his Peshwa or mayor of the 15\\npalace, a great hereditary magistrate, who kept a court\\nwith kingly state at Poonah, and whose authority was\\nobeyed in the spacious provinces of Aurungabad and\\nBejapoor.\\nSome months before war was declared in Europe the 20\\ngovernment of Bengal was alarmed by the news that a\\nFrench adventurer, who passed for a man of quality,\\nhad arrived at Poonah. It was said that he had been\\nreceived there with great distinction, that he had\\ndelivered to the Peshwa letters and presents from 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "82 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nLewis the Sixteenth, and that a treaty, hostile to\\nEngland, had been concluded between France and the\\nMahrattas.\\nHastings immediately resolved to strike the first\\n5 blow. The title of the Peshwa was not undisputed.\\nA portion of the Mahratta nation was favorable to\\na pretender. The Governor-General determined to\\nespouse this pretender s interest, to move an army\\nacross the peninsula of India, and to form a close\\nlo alliance with the chief of the house of Bonsla, who\\nruled Berar, and who, in power and dignity, was\\ninferior to none of the Mahratta princes.\\nThe army had marched, and the negotiations with\\nBerar were in progress, when a letter from the English\\n15 consul at Cairo brought the news that war had been\\nproclaimed both in London and Paris. All the meas-\\nures which the crisis required were adopted by Hast-\\nings without a moment s delay. The French factories\\nin Bengal were seized. Orders were sent to Madras\\n20 that Pondicherry should instantly be occupied. Near\\nCalcutta, works were thrown up which were thought\\nto render the approach of a hostile force impossible.\\nA maritime establishment was formed for the defence\\nof the river. Nine new battalions of sepoys were\\n25 raised, and a corps of native artillery was formed out", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "OaY WAIiEE2i HASTINGS 83\\nof the hardy Lascars of the Bay of Bengal. Having\\nmade these arrangements, the Governor-General with\\ncalm confidence pronounced his presidency secure from\\nall attack, unless the Mahrattas should march against\\nit in conjunction with the French. 5\\nThe expedition which Hastings had sent westward\\nwas not so speedily or completely successful as most\\nof his undertakings. The commanding officer pro-\\ncrastinated. The authorities at Bombay blundered.\\nBut the Governor-General persevered. A new com- lo\\nmander repaired the errors of his predecessor. Several\\nbrilliant actions spread the military renown of the\\nEnglish through regions where no European flag had\\never been seen. It is probable that, if a \u00c2\u00b0new and\\nmore formidable danger had not compelled Hastings 15\\nto change his whole policy, his plans respecting the\\nMahratta empire would have been carried into complete\\neffect.\\nThe authorities in England had wisely sent out to\\nBengal, as commander of the forces and member of the 20\\nCouncil, one of the most distinguished soldiers of that\\ntime. Sir Eyre Coote had, many years before, been\\nconspicuous among the founders of the British empire\\nin the East. At the council of war which preceded\\nthe battle of Plassey, he earnestly recommended, in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "84 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nopposition to the majority, that daring course which,\\nafter some hesitation, was adopted, and which was\\ncrowned with such splendid success. He subsequently\\ncommanded in the south of India against the brave\\n5 and unfortunate \u00c2\u00b0Lally, gained the decisive battle of\\nWandewash over the French and their native allies,\\ntook Pondicherry, and made the English power supreme\\nin the Carnatic. Since those great exploits near\\ntwenty years had elapsed. Coote had no longer the\\n10 bodily activity which he had shown in earlier days\\nnor was the vigor of his mind altogether unimpaired.\\nHe was capricious and fretful, and required much\\ncoaxing to keep him in good-humor. It must, we\\nfear, be added that the love of money had grown upon\\n15 him, and that he thought more about his allowances,\\nand less about his duties, than might have been\\nexpected from so eminent a member of so noble a\\nprofession. Still he was perhaps the ablest officeD|\\nthat was then to be found in the British army. Among\\n20 the native soldiers his name was great and his influ-\\nence unrivalled. Nor is he yet forgotten by them.\\nNow and then a white-bearded old sepoy may still be\\nfound, who loves to talk of \u00c2\u00b0Porto Novo and Pollilore.\\nIt is but a short time since one of those aged men\\n25 came to present a memorial to an English officer, who", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 85\\nholds one of the highest employments in India. A\\nprint of Coote hung in the room. The veteran recog-\\nnized at once that face and figure which he had not\\nseen for more than half a century, and, forgetting his\\nsalam to the living, halted, drew himself up, lifted his 5\\nhand, and with solemn reverence paid his military\\nobeisance to the dead.\\nCoote, though he did not, like Barwell, vote con-\\nstantly with the Governor-General, was by no means\\ninclined to join in systematic opposition, and on most 10\\nquestions concurred with Hastings, who did his best,\\nby assiduous courtship, and by readily granting the\\nmost exorbitant allowances, to gratify the strongest\\npassions of the old soldier.\\nIt seemed likely at this time that a general recon- 15\\nciliation would put an end to the quarrels which had,\\nduring some years, weakened and disgraced the gov-\\nernment of Bengal. The dangers of the empire might\\nwell induce men of patriotic feeling, and of patri-\\notic feeling neither Hastings nor Francis was desti- 20\\ntute, to forget private enmities, and to co-operate\\nheartily for the general good. Coote had never been\\nconcerned in faction. Wheler was thoroughly tired\\nof it. Barwell had made an ample fortune, and,\\nthough he had promised that he would not leave 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "86 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nCalcutta while his help was needed in Council, was\\nmost desirous to return to England, and exerted him-\\nself to promote an arrangement which would set him\\nat liberty.\\n5 A compact was made, by which Francis agreed to\\ndesist from opposition, and Hastings engaged that the\\nfriends of Francis should be admitted to a fair share\\nof the honors and emoluments of the service. During\\na few months after this treaty there was apparent\\n10 harmony at the council-board.\\nHarmony, indeed, was never more necessary for\\nat this moment internal calamities, more formidable\\nthan war itself, menaced Bengal. The authors of the\\nRegulating Act of 1773 had established two indepen-\\n15 dent powers, the one judicial, the other political; and,\\nwith a carelessness scandalously common in English\\nlegislation, had omitted to define the limits of either.\\nThe judges took advantage of the indistinctness, and\\nattempted to draw to themselves supreme authority,\\n20 not only within Calcutta, but through the whole of\\nthe great territory subject to the Presidency of Fort\\nWilliam. There are few Englishmen who will not\\nadmit that the English law, in spite of modern im-\\nprovements, is neither so cheap nor so speedy as might\\n25 be wished. Still, it is a system which has grown up", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 87\\namong us. In some points, it lias been fashioned to\\nsuit our feelings in others, it has gradually fashioned\\nour feelings to suit itself. Even to its worst evils we\\nare accustomed; and therefore, though we may com-\\nplain of them, they do not strike us with the horror 5\\nand dismay which would be produced by a new griev-\\nance of smaller severity. In India the case is widely\\ndifferent. English law, transplanted to that country,\\nhas all the vices from which we suffer here it has\\nthem all in a far higher degree; and it has other vices, 10\\ncompared with which the worst vices from which we\\nsuffer are trifles. Dilatory here, it is far more dila-\\ntory in a land where the help of an interpreter is\\nneeded by every judge and by every advocate. Costly\\nhere, it is far more costly in a land into which the 15\\nlegal practitioners must be imported from an immense\\ndistance. All English labor in India, from the labor\\nof the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief,\\ndown to that of a groom or a watchmaker, must be\\npaid for at a higher rate than at home. ISTo man will 20\\nbe banished, and banished to the torrid zone, for noth-\\ning. The rule holds good with respect to the legal\\nprofession. No English barrister will work, fifteen\\nthousand miles from all his friends, with the ther-\\nmometer at ninety-six in the shade, for the emolu- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "88 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nmerits which will content him in \u00c2\u00b0chambers that\\noverlook the Thames. Accordingly, the fees at Cal-\\ncutta are about three times as great as the fees of\\nWestminster Hall and this, though the people of.\\n5 India are, beyond all comparison, poorer than the\\npeople of England. Yet the delay and the expense,\\ngrievous as they are, form the smallest part of the\\nevil which English law, imported without modifica-\\ntions into India, could not fail to produce. The\\nlo strongest feelings of our nature, honor, religion, female\\nmodesty, rose up against the innovation. Arrest on\\nmesne process was the first step in most civil pro-\\nceedings and to a native of rauk arrest was not\\nmerely a restraint, but a foul personal indignity.\\n15 Oaths, were required in every stage of every suit\\nand the feeling of a Quaker about an oath is hardly\\nstronger than that of a respectable native. That the\\napartments of a woman of quality should be entered\\nby strange men, or that her face should be seen by\\n20 them, are, in the East, intolerable outrages, outrages\\nwhich are more dreaded than death, and which can be\\nexpiated only by the shedding of blood. To these\\noutrages the most distinguished families of Bengal,\\nBahar, and Orissa, were now exposed. Imagine what\\n25 the state of our own country would be, if a jurispru-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 89\\ndence were on a sudden introduced among us, wMcli\\nshould be to us what our jurisprudence was to our\\nAsiatic subjects. Imagine what the state of our coun-\\ntry would be, if it were enacted that any man, by\\nmerely swearing that a debt was due to him, should 5\\nacquire a right to insult the persons of men of the\\nmost honorable and sacred callings and of women of\\nthe most shrinking delicacy, to horsewhip a general\\nofficer, to put a bishop in the stocks, to treat ladies in\\nthe way which called forth the blow of Wat Tyler. 10\\nSomething like this was the effect of the attempt\\nwhich the Supreme Court made to extend its jurisdic-\\ntion over the whole of the \u00c2\u00b0Company s territory.\\nA reign of terror began, of terror heightened by\\nmystery for even that which was endured was less 15\\nhorrible than that which was anticipated. No man\\nknew what was next to be expected from this strange\\ntribunal. It came from beyond the black water, as\\nthe people of India, with mysterious horror, call the\\nsea. It consisted of judges not one of whom was 20\\nfamiliar with the usages of the millions over whom\\nthey claimed boundless authority. Its records were\\nkept in unknown characters its sentences were pro-\\nnounced in unknown sounds. It had already collected\\nround itself an army of the worst part of the native 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "90 MAC AULA Y S ESSAY\\npopulation, informers, and false witnesses, and com-\\nmon barrators, and agents of chicane, and above all,\\na banditti of bailiffs followers, compared with whom\\nthe retainers of the worst English spunging-houses, in\\n5 the worst times, might be considered as upright and\\ntender-hearted. Many natives, highly considered\\namong their countrymen, were seized, hurried wp to\\nCalcutta, flung into the common gaol, not for any\\ncrime even imputed, not for any debt that had been\\n10 proved, but merely as a precaution till their canse\\nshould come to trial. There were instances in which\\nmen of the most venerable dignity, persecuted without\\na cause by extortioners, died of rage and shame in the\\ngrip of the vile \u00c2\u00b0alguazils of Impey. The harems of\\n15 noble Mahommedans, sanctuaries respected in the\\nEast by governments which respected nothing else,\\nwere burst open by gangs of bailiffs. The Mussul-\\nmans, braver and less accustomed to submission than\\nthe Hindoos, sometimes stood on their defence and\\n20 there were instances in which they shed their blood in\\nthe doorway, while defending, sword in hand, the\\nsacred apartments of their women. Nay, it seemed\\nas if even the faint-hearted Bengalee, who had\\ncrouched at the feet of Surajah Dowlah, who had been\\n25 mute during the administration of Vansittart, would", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 91\\nat length find courage in despair. No Mahratta inva-\\nsion had ever spread through the province such dis-\\nmay as this inroad of English lawyers. All the\\ninjustice of former oppressors, Asiatic and European,\\nappeared as a blessing when compared with the justice 5\\nof the Supreme Court.\\nEvery class of the population, English and native,\\nwith the exception of the ravenous pettifoggers who\\nfattened on the misery and terror of an immense com-\\nmunity, cried out loudly against this fearful oppres- 10\\nsion. But the judges were immovable. If a bailiff\\nwas resisted, they ordered the soldiers to be called\\nout. If a servant of the Company, in conformity\\nwith the orders of the government, withstood the\\nmiserable catchpoles who, with Impey s writs in their 15\\nhands, exceeded the insolence and rapacity of gang-\\nrobbers, he was flung into prison for a contempt. The\\nlapse of sixty years, the virtue and wisdom of many\\neminent magistrates who have during that time ad-\\nministered justice in the Supreme Court, have not 20\\neffaced from the minds of the people of Bengal the\\nrecollection of those evil days.\\nThe members of the government were, on this sub-\\nject, united as one man. Hastings had courted the\\njudges, he had found them useful instruments; but 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "92 MACAULAY^S ESS AT\\nhe was not disposed to make them his own masters,\\nor the masters of India. His mind was large his\\nknowledge of the native character most accurate.\\nHe saw that the system pursued by the Supreme\\n5 Court was degrading to the government and ruinous\\nto the people and he resolved to oppose it manfully.\\nThe consequence was, that the friendship, if that be\\nthe proper word for such a connection, which had\\nexisted between him and Impey, was for a time\\n10 completely dissolved. The government placed itself\\nfirmly between the tyrannical tribunal and the peo-\\nple. The Chief Justice proceeded to the wildest\\nexcesses. The Governor-General and all the members\\nof Council were served with writs, calling on them to\\n15 appear before the King s justices, and to answer for\\ntheir public acts. This was too much. Hastings,\\nwith just scorn, refused to obey the call, set at liberty\\nthe persons wrongfully detained by the Court, and\\ntook measures for resisting the outrageous proceed-\\n20 ings of the sheriffs officers, if necessary, by the sword.\\nBut he had in view another device which might pre-\\nvent the necessity of an appeal to arms. He was\\nseldom at a loss for an expedient; and he knew\\nImpey well. The expedient, in this case, was a\\n25 very simple one, neither more nor less than a bribe.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 93\\nImpey was, by act of Parliament, a judge, indepen-\\ndent of the government of Bengal, and entitled to a\\nsalary of eight thousand a year. Hastings proposed\\nto make him also a judge in the Company s service,\\nremovable at the pleasure of tlie government of Ben- 5\\ngal and to give him, in that capacity, about eight\\nthousand a year more. It was understood that, in\\nconsideration of this new salary, Impey would desist\\nfrom urging the high pretensions of his court. If he\\ndid urge these pretensions, the government could, at 10\\na moment s notice, eject him from the new place\\nwhich had been created for him. The bargain was\\nstruck; Bengal was saved; an appeal to force was\\naverted; and the Chief Justice was \u00c2\u00b0rich, quiet, and\\ninfamous. 15\\nOf Impey s conduct it is unnecessary to speak. It\\nwas of a piece with almost every part of his conduct\\nthat comes under the notice of history. No other\\nsuch judge has dishonored the English ermine, since\\nJeffreys drank himself to death in the Tower. But 20\\nwe cannot agree with those who have blamed Hastings\\nfor this transaction. The case stood thus. The negli-\\ngent manner in which the Regulating Act had been\\nframed put it in the power of the Chief Justice to\\nthrow a great country into the most dreadful confusion. 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "94 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nHe was determined to use his power to the utmost,\\nunless he was paid to be still and Hastings consented\\nto pay him. The necessity was to be deplored. It is\\nalso to be deplored that pirates should be able to exact\\n5 ransom, by threatening to make their captives walk\\nthe plank. But to ransom a captive from pirates has\\nalways been held a humane and Christian act; and\\nit would be absurd to charge the payer of the ransom\\nwith corrupting the virtue of the corsair. This, we\\n10 seriously think, is a not unfair illustration of the rela-\\ntive position of Impey, Hastings, and the people of\\nIndia. Whether it was right in Impey to demand or\\nto accept a price for powers which, if they really be-\\nlonged to him, he could not abdicate, which, if they\\n15 did not belong to him, he ought never to have\\nusurped, and which in neither case he could honestly\\nsell, is one question. It is quite another question,\\nwhether Hastings was not right to give any sum,\\nhowever large, to any man, however worthless, rather\\n20 than either surrender millions of human beings to\\npillage, or rescue them by civil war.\\nFrancis strongly opposed this arrangement. It may,\\nindeed, be suspected that jjersonal aversion to Impey\\nwas as strong a motive with Francis as regard for the\\n25 welfare of the province. To a mind burning with", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 95\\nresentment, it might seem better to leave Bengal to\\ntlie oppressors than to redeem it by enriching them.\\nIt is not improbable, on the other hand, that Hastings\\nmay have been the more willing to resort to an expe-\\ndient agreeable to the Chief Justice, because that 5\\nhigh functionary had already been so serviceable, and\\nmight, when existing dissensions were composed, be\\nserviceable again.\\nBut it was not on this point alone that Francis was\\nnow opposed to Hastings. The peace between them 10\\nproved to be only a short and hollow truce, during\\nwhich their mutual aversion was constantly becoming\\nstronger. At length an explosion took place. Hast-\\nings publicly charged Francis with having deceived\\nhim, and with having induced Barwell to quit the 15\\nservice by insincere promises. Then came a dispute,\\nsuch as frequently arises even between honorable men\\nwhen they may make important agreements by mere\\nverbal communication. An impartial historian will\\nprobably be of opinion that they had misunderstood 20\\neach other but their minds were so much embittered\\nthat they imputed to each other nothing less than delib-\\nerate villany. I do not, said Hastings, in a minute\\nrecorded on the Consultations of the Government, I\\ndo not trust to Mr. Francis s promises of candor, con- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "96 MAOAULAY^S ESS AT\\nvinced that he is incapable of it. I judge of his public\\nconduct by his private, which I have found to be void\\nof truth and honor. After the Council had risen,\\nFrancis put a challenge into the Governor-General s\\n5 hand. It was instantly accepted. They met, and\\nfired. Francis was shot through the body. He was\\ncarried to a neighboring house, where it appeared that\\nthe wound, though severe, was not mortal. Hastings\\ninquired repeatedly after his enemy s health, and pro-\\nlo posed to call on him but Francis coldly declined\\nthe visit. He had a proper sense, he said, of the\\nGovernor-General s politeness, but could not consent\\nto any private interview. They could meet only at\\nthe council-board.\\n15 In a very short time it was made signally manifest\\nto how great a danger the Governor-General had, on\\nthis occasion, exposed his country. A crisis arrived\\nwith which he, and he alone, was competent to deal.\\nIt is not too much to say that, if he had been taken\\n20 from the head of affairs, the years 1780 and 1781\\nwould have been as fatal to our power in Asia as to\\nour power in America.\\nThe Mahrattas had been the chief objects of appre-\\nhension to Hastings. The measures which he had\\n25 adopted for the purpose of breaking their power, had", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 97\\nat first been frustrated by the errors of those whom\\nhe was compelled to employ; but his perseverance\\nand ability seemed likely to be crowned with success,\\nwhen a far more formidable danger showed itself in a\\ndistant quarter. 5\\nAbout thirty years before this time, a Mahommedan\\nsoldier had begun to distinguish himself in the wars\\nof Southern India. His education had been neglected\\nhis extraction was humble. His father had been a\\npetty officer of revenue his grandfather a wandering lo\\ndervise. But though thus meanly descended, though\\nignorant even of the alphabet, the adventurer had no\\nsooner been placed at the head of a body of troops\\nthan he approved himself a man born for conquest\\nand command. Among the crowd of chiefs who were 15\\nstruggling for a share of India, none could compare\\nwith him in the qualities of the captain and the states-\\nman. He became a general he became a sovereign.\\nOut of the fragments of old principalities, which had\\ngone to pieces in the general wreck, he formed for 20\\nhimself a great, compact, and vigorous empire. Tha,t\\nempire he ruled with the ability, severity, and vigi-\\nlance of Lewis the Eleventh. Licentious in his pleas-\\nures, implacable in his revenge, he had yet enlargement\\nof mind enough to perceive how much the prosperity 25\\nH", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "98 MACAULAY S ESS A J\\nof subjects adds to the strength of governments. He\\nwas an oppressor but he had at least the merit of\\nprotecting his people against all oppression except his\\nown. He was now in extreme old age but his intellect\\n5 was as clear, and his spirit as high, as in the prime\\nof manhood. Such was the great \u00c2\u00b0Hyder Ali, the\\nfounder of the Mahommedan kingdom of Mysore, and\\nthe most formidable enemy with whom the English\\nconquerors of India have ever had to contend.\\n10 Had Hastings been governor of Madras, Hyder\\nwould have been either made a friend, or vigorously\\nencountered as an enemy. Unhappily the English\\nauthorities in the south provoked their powerful\\nneighbor s hostility, without being prepared to repel\\n15 it. On a sudden, an army of ninety thousand men,\\nfar superior in discipline and efficiency to any other\\nnative force that could be found in India, came pour-\\ning through those wild passes which, worn by moun-\\ntain torrents, and dark with jungle, lead down from\\n20 the table-land of Mysore to the plains of the Carnatic.\\nThis great army was accompanied by a hundred pieces\\nof cannon and its movements were guided by many\\nFrench officers, trained in the best military schools of\\nEurope.\\n25 Hyder was everywhere triumphant. The sepoys in", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 99\\nmany British garrisons flung down their arms. Some\\nforts were surrendered by treachery and some by de-\\nspair. In a few days the whole open country north of\\nthe Coleroon had submitted. The English inhabitants\\nof Madras could already see by night, from the top of 5\\nMount St. Thomas, the western sky reddened by a\\nvast semicircle of blazing villages. The white villas,\\nto which our countrymen retire after the daily labors\\nof government and of trade, when the cool evening\\nbreeze springs up from the bay, were now left without 10\\ninhabitants; for bands of the fierce horsemen of\\nMysore had already been seen prowling among the\\ntulip-trees and near the gay verandas. Even the town\\nwas not thought secure, and the British merchants and\\npublic functionaries made haste to crowd themselves 15\\nbehind the cannon of Fort St. George.\\nThere were the means, indeed, of assembling an\\narmy which might have defended the presidency,\\nand even driven the invader back to his mountains.\\nSir Hector Munro was at the head of one considerable 20\\nforce; Baillie was advancing with another. United,\\nthey might have presented a formidable front even\\nto such an enemy as Hyder. But the English com-\\nmanders, neglecting those fundamental rules of the\\nmilitai^il-fcof which the propriety is obvious even to 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "100 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nmen who have never received a military education,\\ndeferred tlieir junction, and were separately attacked.\\nBaillie s detachment was destroyed. Munro was forced\\nto abandon his baggage, to \u00c2\u00b0fling his guns into the tanks,\\n5 and to save himself by a retreat which might be called\\na flight. In three weeks from the commencement of\\nthe war, the British empire in Southern India had been\\nbrought to the verge of ruin. Only a few fortified\\nplaces remained to us. The glory of our arms had\\n10 departed. It was known that a great Erench expedi-\\ntion might soon be expected on the coast of Coromandel.\\nEngland, beset by enemies on every side, was in no\\ncondition to protect such remote dependencies.\\nThen it was that the fertile genius and serene cour-\\n15 age of Hastings achieved their most signal triumph.\\nA swift ship, flying before the south-west monsoon,\\nbrought the evil tidings in few days to Calcutta. In\\ntwenty-four hours the Governor-General had framed\\na complete plan of policy adapted to the altered state\\n20 of affairs. The struggle with Hyder was a struggle\\nfor life and death. All minor objects must be sacri-\\nficed to the preservation of the Carnatic. The disputes\\nwith the Mahrattas must be accommodated. A large\\nmilitary force and a supply of money must be instantly\\n25 sent to Madras. But even these measures^ould be", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 101\\ninsufficient, unless the war, hitherto so grossly mis-\\nmanaged, were placed under the direction of a vigor-\\nous mind. It was no time for trifling. Hastings\\ndetermined to resort to an extreme exercise of power,\\nto suspend the incapable governor of Fort St. George, 5\\nto send Sir Eyre Coote to oppose Hyder, and to intrust\\nthat distinguished general with the whole administra-\\ntion of the war.\\nIn spite of the sullen opposition of Francis, who had\\nnow recovered from his wound, and had returned to 10\\nthe Council, the Governor-General s wise and firm\\npolicy was approved by the majority of the board.\\nThe reinforcements were sent off with great expedi-\\ntion, and reached Madras before the French armament\\narrived in the Indian seas. Coote, broken by age and 15\\ndisease, was no longer the Coote of Wandewash; but\\nhe was still a resolute and skilful commander. The\\nprogress of Hyder was arrested and in a few months\\nthe great victory of Porto Novo retrieved the honor\\nof the English arms. 20\\nIn the mean time Francis had returned to England,\\nand Hastings was now left perfectly unfettered.\\nWheler had gradually been relaxing in his opposi-\\ntion, and, after the departure of his vehement and\\nimplacable colleague, co-operated heartily with the 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "102 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nGovernor-General, whose influence over the British\\nin India, always great, had, by the vigor and success\\nof his recent measures, been considerably^ increased.\\nBut, though the difficulties arising from factions\\n5 within the Council were at an end, another class of\\ndifficulties had become more pressing than ever. The\\nfinancial embarrassment was extreme. Hastings had\\nto find the means, not only of carrying on the govern-\\nment of Bengal, but of maintaining a most costly war\\n10 against both Indian and European enemies in the\\nCarnatic, and of making remittances to England. A\\nfew years before this time he had obtained relief by\\nplundering the Mogul and enslaving the Rohillas nor\\nwere the resources of his fruitful mind by any means\\n15 exhausted.\\nHis first design was on \u00c2\u00b0Benares, a city which in\\nwealth, population, dignity, and sanctity, was among\\nthe foremost of Asia. It was commonly believed that\\nhalf a million of human beings was crowded into that\\n20 labyrinth of lofty alleys, rich with shrines, and mina-\\nrets, and balconies, and carved oriels, to which the\\nsacred apes clung by hundreds. The traveller could\\nscarcely make his way through the press of holy\\nmendicants and not less holy bulls. The broad and\\n25 stately flights of steps which descended from these", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 103\\nswarming haunts to the bathing-places along the\\nGanges were worn every day by the footsteps of an\\ninnumerable multitude of worshippers. The schools\\nand temples drew crowds of pious Hindoos from every\\nprovince where the Brahminical faith was known. 5\\nHundreds of devotees came thither every month to\\ndie for it was believed that a peculiarly happy fate\\nawaited the man who should pass from the sacred city\\ninto the sacred river. Nor was superstition the only\\nmotive which allured strangers to that great metrop- 10\\nolis. Commerce had as many pilgrims as religion.\\nAll along the shores of the venerable stream lay great\\nfleets of vessels laden with rich merchandise. From\\nthe looms of Benares went forth the most delicate\\nsilks that adorned the balls of St. James s and of 15\\nVersailles and in the bazaars the muslins of Bengal\\nand the sabres of Oude were mingled with the jewels\\nof Golconda and the shawls of Cashmere. This rich\\ncapital, and the surrounding tract, had long been under\\nthe immediate rule of a Hindoo prince, who rendered 20\\nhomage to the Mogul emperors. During the great\\nanarchy of India, the \u00c2\u00b0lords of Benares became inde-\\npendent of the court of Delhi, but were compelled to\\nsubmit to the authority of the Nabob of Oude. Op-\\npressed by this formidable neighbor, they invoked the 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "104 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nprotection of the English. The English protection was\\ngiven; and at length the Nabob Vizier, by a solemn\\ntreaty, ceded all his rights over Benares to the Com-\\npany. From that time the Rajah was the vassal of\\n5 the government of Bengal, acknowledged its suprem-\\nacy, and engaged to send an annual tribute to Fort\\nWilliam. This tribute Cheyte Sing, the reigning\\nprince, had paid with strict punctuality.\\nAbout the precise nature of the legal relation be-\\n10 tween the Company and the Rajah of Benares, there\\nhas been much warm and acute controversy. On\\nthe one side, it has been maintained that Cheyte Sing\\nwas merely a great subject on whom the superior\\npower had a right to call for aid in the necessities of\\n15 the empire. On the other side, it has been contended\\nthat he was an independent prince, that the only claim\\nwhich the Company had upon him was for a fixed\\ntribute, and that, while the fixed tribute was regularly\\npaid, as it assuredly was, the English had no more\\n20 right to exact any further contribution from him than\\nto demand subsidies from Holland or Denmark. Noth-\\ning is easier than to find precedents and analogies in\\nfavor of either view.\\nOur own impression is that neither view is correct.\\n25 It was too much the habit of English politicians to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 105\\ntake it for granted that there was in India a known\\nand definite constitution by which, questions of this\\nkind were to be decided. The truth is that, during\\nthe interval which elapsed between the \u00c2\u00b0fall of the\\nhouse of Tamerlane and the establishment of the 5\\nBritish ascendency, there was no such constitution.\\nThe old order of things had passed away the new\\norder of things was not yet formed. All was transi-\\ntion, confusion, obscurity. Every body kept his head\\nas he best might, and scrambled for whatever he 10\\ncould get. There have been similar seasons in Europe.\\nThe time of the dissolution of the Carlovingian empire\\nis an instance. Who would think of seriously dis-\\ncussing the question, what extent of pecuniary aid\\nand of obedience Hugh Capet had a constitutional 15\\nright to demand from the Duke of Britanny or the\\nDuke of ]S ormandy The words constitutional\\nright had, in that state of society, no meaning. If\\nHugh Capet laid hands on all the possessions of the\\nDuke of Normandy, this might be unjust and im- 20\\nmoral but it would not be illegal, in the sense in\\nwhich the ordinances of Charles the Tenth were illegal.\\nIf, on the other hand, the Duke of Normandy made\\nwar on Hugh Capet, this might be unjust and im-\\nmoral; but it would not be illegal, in the sense in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "106 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nwhich the expedition of Prince Louis Bonaparte was\\nillegal.\\nVery similar to this the state of India sixty years\\nago. Of the existing governments not a single one\\n5 could lay claim to legitimacy, or could plead any other\\ntitle than recent occupation. There was scarcely a\\nprovince in which the real sovereignty and the nom-\\ninal sovereignty were not disjoined. Titles and\\nforms were still retained which implied that the heir\\n10 of Tamerlane was an absolute ruler, and that the\\nNabobs of the provinces were his lieutenants. In\\nreality, he was a captive. The Nabobs were in some\\nplaces independent princes. In other places, as in\\nBengal and the Carnatic, they had, like their master,\\n15 become mere phantoms, and the Company was su-\\npreme. Among the Mahrattas, again, the heir of\\nSevajee still kept the title of Eajah; but he was a\\nprisoner, and his prime minister, the Peshwa, had\\nbecome the hereditary chief of the state. The Peshwa,\\n20 in his turn, was fast sinking into the same degraded\\nsituation to which he had reduced the Rajah. Lt was,\\nwe believe, impossible to find, from the Himalayas\\nto Mysore, a single government which was at once\\n\u00c2\u00b0a government de facto and a government de jur^e,\\n25 which possessed the physical means of making itself", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "OiV WARREN HASTINGS 107\\nfeared by its neighbors and subjects, and which, had\\nat the same time the authority derived from law and\\nlong prescription.\\nHastings clearly discerned, what was hidden from\\nmost of his contemporaries, that such a state of things 5\\ngave immense advantages to a ruler of great talents and\\nfew scruples. In every international question that\\ncould arise, he had his option between the de facto\\nground and the dejure ground; and the probability was\\nthat one of those grounds would sustain any claim that 10\\nit might be convenient for him to make, and enable him\\nto resist any claim made by others. In every contro-\\nversy, accordingly, he resorted to the plea which\\nsuited his immediate purpose, without troubling\\nhimself in the least about consistency and thus he 15\\nscarcely ever failed to find what, to persons of short\\nmemories and scanty information, seemed to be a\\njustification for what he wanted to do. Sometimes\\nthe Nabob of Bengal is a shadow, sometimes a mon-\\narch. Sometimes the Vizier is a mere deputy, some- 20\\ntimes an independent potentate. If it is expedient\\nfor the Company to show some legal title to the\\nrevenues of Bengal, the grant under the seal of\\nthe Mogul is brought forward as an instrument of\\nthe highest authority. When the Mogul asks for the 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "108 MACAU LAY S ESSAY\\nrents which were reserved to him by that very grant,\\nhe is told that he is a mere pageant, that the English\\npower rests on a very different foundation from a\\ncharter given by him, that he is welcome to play at\\n5 royalty as long as he likes, but that he must expect no\\ntribute from the real masters of India.\\nIt is true that it was in the power of others, as\\nwell as of Hastings, to practise this legerdemain but\\nin the controversies of governments, sophistry is of\\n10 little use unless it be backed by power. There is a\\nprinciple which Hastings was fond of asserting in the\\nstrongest terms, and on which he acted with unde-\\nviating steadiness. It is a principle which, we must\\nown, though it may be grossly abused, can hardly be\\n15 disputed in the present state of public law. It is this,\\nthat where an ambiguous question arises between two\\ngovernments, there is, if they cannot agree, no appeal\\nexcept to force, and that the opinion of the stronger\\nmust prevail. \u00c2\u00b0Almost every question was ambiguous\\n20 in India. The English government was the strongest\\nin India. The consequences are obvious. The Eng-\\nlish government might do exactly what it chose.\\nThe English government now chose to wring money\\nout of Cheyte Sing. It had formerly been convenient\\n25 to treat him as a sovereign prince it was now con-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 109\\nvenient to treat him as a subject. Dexterity inferior\\nto that of Hastings could easily find, in the general\\nchaos of laws and customs, arguments for either course.\\nHastings wanted a great supply. It was known that\\nCheyte Sing had a large revenue, and it was suspected 5\\nthat he had accumulated a treasure. Nor was he a\\nfavorite at Calcutta. He had, when the Governor-Gen-\\neral was in great difficulties, courted the favor of Fran-\\ncis and Clavering. Hastings who, less perhaps from\\nevil passions than from policy, seldom left an injury 10\\nunpunished, was not sorry that the fate of Cheyte\\nSing should teach neighboring princes the same lesson\\nwhich the fate of Nuncomar had already impressed on\\nthe inhabitants of Bengal.\\nIn 1778, on the first breaking out of the war with 15\\nFrance, Cheyte Sing was called upon to pay, in addi-\\ntion to his fixed tribute, an extraordinary contribution\\nof fifty thousand pounds. In 1779, an equal sum was\\nexacted. In 1780, the demand was renewed. Cheyte\\nSing, in the hope of obtaining some indulgence, secretly 20\\noffered the Governor-General a bribe of twenty thou-\\nsand pounds. Hastings took the money, and his ene-\\nmies have maintained that he took it intending to keep\\nit. He certainly concealed the transaction, for a time,\\nboth from the Council in Bengal and from the Direc- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "110 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\ntors at home nor did he ever give any satisfactory\\nreason for the concealment. Public spirit, or the fear\\nof detection, at last determined him to withstand the\\ntemptation. He paid over the bribe to the Company s\\n5 treasury, and insisted that the Rajah should instantly\\ncomply with the demands of the English government.\\nThe E-ajah, after the fashion of his countrymen, shuf-\\nfled, solicited, and pleaded poverty. The grasp of\\nHastings was not to be so eluded. He added to the\\n10 requisition another ten thousand pounds as a fine for\\ndelay, and sent troops to exact the money.\\nThe money was paid. But this was not enough.\\nThe late events in the south of India had increased\\nthe financial embarrassments of the Company. Hast-\\n15 ings was determined to plunder Cheyte Sing, and, for\\nthat end, to fasten a quarrel on him. Accordingly, the\\nRajah was now required to keep a body of cavalry for\\nthe service of the British government. He objected\\nand evaded. This was exactly what the Governor-\\n20 General wanted. He had now a pretext for treating\\nthe wealthiest of his vassals as a criminal. I re-\\nsolved, these are the words of Hastings himself,\\nto draw from his guilt the means of relief of the\\nCompany s distresses, to make him pay largely for\\n25 his pardon, or to exact a severe vengeance for past", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "OJ^ WARREK HASTINGS 111\\ndelinquency. The plan was simply this, to demand\\nlarger and larger contributions till the Rajah should\\nbe driven to remonstrate, then to call his remon-\\nstrance a crime, and to punish him by confiscating all\\nhis possessions. 5\\nCheyte Sing was in the greatest dismay. He offered\\ntwo hundred thousand pounds to propitiate the Brit-\\nish government. But Hastings replied that nothing-\\nless than half a million would be accepted. Nay, he\\nbegan to think of selling Benares to Oude, as he had lo\\nformerly sold Allahabad and E-ohilcund. The matter\\nwas one which could not be well managed at a dis-\\ntance and Hastings resolved to visit Benares.\\nGheyte Sing received his liege lord with every mark\\nof reverence, came near sixty miles, with his guards, 15\\nto meet and escort the illustrious visitor, and ex-\\npressed his deep concern at the displeasure of the\\nEnglish. He even took off his turban, and laid it in\\nthe lap of Hastings, a gesture which in India marks\\nthe most profound submission and devotion. Hast- 20\\nings behaved with cold and repulsive severity. Hav-\\ning arrived at Benares, he sent to the Rajah a paper\\ncontaining the demands of the government of Bengal.\\nThe Rajah, in reply, attempted to clear himself from\\nthe accusations brought against him. Hastings, who 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "112 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwanted money and not excuses, was not to be put off\\nby the ordinary artifices of Eastern negotiation. He\\ninstantly ordered the Rajah to be arrested and placed\\nunder the custody of two companies of sepoys.\\n5 In taking these strong measures, Hastings scarcely\\nshowed his usual judgment. It is possible that, hav-\\ning had little opportunity of personally observing any\\npart of the population of India, except the Bengalees,\\nhe was not fully aware of the difference between their\\n10 character and that of the tribes which inhabit the\\nupper provinces. He was now in a land far m.ore\\nfavorable to the vigor of the human frame than the\\nDelta of the Ganges in a land fruitful of soldiers, who\\nhave been found worthy to follow English battalions to\\n15 the charge and into the breach. The Kajah was popu-\\nlar among his subjects. His administration had been\\nmild; and the prosperity of the district which he\\ngoverned presented a striking contrast to the depressed\\nstate of Bahar under our rule, and a still more strik-\\n20 ing contrast to the misery of the provinces which\\nwere cursed by the tyranny of the Nabob Vizier. The\\nnational and religious prejudices with which the Eng-\\nlish were regarded throughout India were peculiarly\\nintense in the metropolis of the Brahminical supersti-\\n25 tion. It can therefore scarcely be doubted that the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 113\\nGrovernor-General, before lie outraged the dignity of\\nCheyte Sing by an arrest, ought to have assembled a\\nforce capable of bearing down all opposition. This\\nhad not been done. The handful of sepoys who\\nattended Hastings would probably have been sufficient 5\\nto overawe Moorshedabad, or the Black Town of Cal-\\ncutta. But they were unequal to a conflict with the\\nhardy rabble of Benares. The streets surrounding\\nthe palace were filled with an immense multitude, of\\nwhom a large proportion, as is usual in Upper India, 10\\nwore arms. The tumult became a fight, and the fight\\na massacre. The English officers defended them-\\nselves with desperate courage against overwhelming\\nnumbers, and fell, as became them, sword in hand.\\nThe sepoys were butchered. The gates were forced. 15\\nThe captive prince, neglected by his jailers during the\\nconfusion, discovered an outlet which opened on the\\nprecipitous bank of the Ganges, let himself down to\\nthe water by a string made of the turbans of his attend-\\nants, found a boat, and escaped to the opposite shore. 20\\nIf Hastings had, by indiscreet violence, brought him-\\nself into a difficult and perilous situation, it is only just\\nto acknowledge that he extricated himself with even\\nmore than his usual ability and presence of mind.\\nHe had only fifty men with him. The building in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "114 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwhich he had taken up his residence was on every\\nside blockaded by the insurgents. But his fortitude\\nremained unshaken. The Rajah from the other side\\nof the river sent apologies and liberal offers. They\\n5 were not even answered. Some subtle and enterpris-\\ning men were found who undertook to pass through\\nthe throng of enemies, and to convey the intelligence\\nof the late events to the English cantonments. It is the\\nfashion of the natives of India to wear large earrings\\n10 of gold. When they travel, the rings are laid aside,\\nlest the precious m.etal should tempt some gang of\\nrobbers and, in place of the ring, a quill or a roll\\nof paper is inserted in the orifice to prevent it from\\nclosing. Hastings placed in the ears of his messengers\\n15 letters rolled up in the smallest compass. Some of\\nthese letters were addressed to the commanders of the\\nEnglish troops. One was written to assure his wife\\nof his safety. One was to the envoy whom he had\\nsent to negotiate with the Mahrattas. Instructions\\n20 for the negotiation were needed and the Governor-\\nGeneral framed them in that situation of extreme\\ndanger, with as much composure as if he had been\\nwriting in his palace at Calcutta.\\nThings, however, were not yet at the worst. An\\n25 English officer of more spirit than judgment, eager to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 115\\ndistinguish himselfj made a premature attack on the\\ninsurgents beyond the river. His troops were entan-\\ngled in narrow streets, and assailed by a furious pop-\\nulation. He fell, with many of his men; and the\\nsurvivors were forced to retire. 5\\nThis event produced the effect which has never\\nfailed to follow every check, however slight, sus-\\ntained in India by the English arms. For hundreds\\nof miles round, the whole country was in commotion.\\nThe entire population of the district of Benares took lo\\narms. The fields were abandoned by the husband-\\nmen, who thronged to defend their prince. The infec-\\ntion spread to Oude. The oppressed people of that\\nprovince rose up against the Nabob Vizier, refused to\\npay their imposts, and put the revenue officers to 15\\nflight. Even Bahar was ripe for revolt. The hopes\\nof Cheyte Sing began to rise. Instead of imploring\\nmercy in the humble style of a vassal, he began to\\ntalk the language of a conqueror, and threatened, it\\nwas said, to swee p the white usurpers out of the land. 20\\nBut the English troops were now assembling fast.\\nThe officers, and even the private men, regarded the\\nGovernor-General with enthusiastic attachment, and\\nflew to his aid with an alacrity which, as he boasted, had\\nnever been shown on any other occasion. Major Pop- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "116 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nham, a brave and skilful soldier, who had highly dis-\\ntinguished himself in the Mahratta war, and in whom\\nthe Governor-General reposed the greatest conhdence,\\ntook the command. The tumultuary army of the\\n5 Rajah was put to rout. His fastnesses were stormed.\\nIn a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his\\nstandard, and returned to their ordinary avocations.\\nThe unhappy prince fled from his country for ever.\\nHis fair domain was added to the British dominions.\\n10 One of his relations indeed was appointed rajah; but\\nthe Rajah of Benares was henceforth to be, like the\\nNabob of Bengal, a mere pensioner.\\nBy this revolution, an addition of two hundred\\nthousand pounds a year was made to the revenues of\\n15 the Company. But the immediate relief was not as\\ngreat as had been expected. The treasure laid up by\\nCheyte Sing had been popularly estimated at a million\\nsterling. It turned out to be about a fourth part of\\nthat sum; and, such as it was, it was seized by the\\n20 army, and divided as prize-money.\\nDisappointed in his expectations from Benares,\\nHastings was more violent than he would otherwise\\nhave been, in his dealings with Oude. Sujah Dowlah\\nhad long been dead. His son and successor, Asaph-ul-\\n25 Dowlah, was one of the weakest and most vicious even", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "OiV^ WARREN HASTINGS 111\\nof Eastern princes. His life was divided between\\ntorpid repose and the most odious forms of sensuality.\\nIn Ms court there was boundless waste, throughout\\nhis dominions wretchedness and disorder. He had\\nbeen, under the skilful management of the English 5\\ngovernment, gradually sinking from the rank of an\\nindependent prince to that of a vassal of the Company.\\nIt was only by the help of a British brigade that he\\ncould be secure from the aggressions of neighbors who\\ndespised his weakness, and from the vengeance of sub- 10\\njects who detested his tyranny. A brigade was fur-\\nnished and he engaged to defray the charge of paying\\nand maintaining it. From that time his independence\\nwas at an end. Hastings was not a man to lose the\\nadvantage which he had thus gained. The Nabob soon 15\\nbegan to complain of the burden which he had under-\\ntaken to bear. His revenues, he said, were falling\\noff; his servants were unpaid 5 he could no longer\\nsupport the expense of the arrangement which he had\\nsanctioned. Hastings would not listen to these repre- 20\\nsentations. The Vizier, he said, had invited the\\ngovernment of Bengal to send him troops and had\\npromised to pay for them. The troops had been sent.\\nHow long the troops were to remain in Oude was a\\nmatter not settled by the treaty. It remained, there- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "118 MACAVLAY S ESSAY\\nfore, to be settled between the contracting parties.\\nBut the contracting parties differed. Who then must\\ndecide The stronger.\\nHastings also argued that, if the English force was\\n5 withdrawn, Oude would certainly become a prey to\\nanarchy, and would probably be overrun by a Mah-\\nratta army. That the finances of Oude were embar-\\nrassed he admitted. But he contended, not without\\nreason, that the embarrassment was to be attributed\\nTO to the incapacity and vices of Asaph-ul-Dowlah him-\\nself, and that, if less were spent on the troops, the\\nonly effect would be that more would be squandered\\non worthless favorites.\\nHastings had intended, after settling the affairs of\\n15 Benares, to visit Lucknow, and there to confer with\\nAsaph-ul-Dowlah. But the obsequious courtesy of\\nthe Nabob Vizier prevented this visit. With a small\\ntrain he hastened to meet the Governor-General. An\\ninterview took place in the fortress which, from the\\n20 crest of the precipitous rock of Chunar, looks doAvn\\non the waters of the Ganges.\\nAt first sight it might appear impossible that the\\nnegotiations should come to an amicable close. Hast-\\nings wanted an extraordinary supply of money.\\n25 Asaph-ul-Dowlah wanted to obtain a remission of", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 119\\nwhat he already owed. Such a difference seemed to\\nadmit of no compromise. There was, however, one\\ncourse satisfactory to both sides, one course by which\\nit was possible to relieve the finances both of Oude\\nand of Bengal and that course was adopted. It was 5\\nsimply this, that the Governor-General and the Nabob\\nVizier should join to rob a third party and the third\\nparty whom they determined to rob was the parent of\\none of the robbers.\\nThe mother of the late Nabob, and his wife, who 10\\nwas the mother of the present Nabob, were known as\\nthe Begums or Princesses of Oude. They had pos-\\nsessed great influence over Sujah Dowlah, and had, at\\nhis death, been left in possession of a splendid \u00c2\u00b0dota-\\ntiou. The domains of which they received the rents 15\\nand administered the government were of wide extent.\\nThe treasure hoarded by the late Nabob, a treasure\\nwhich was popularly estimated at near three millions\\nsterling, was in their hands. They continued to\\noccupy his. favorite palace at Fyzabad, the Beautiful 20\\nDwelling; while Asaph-ul-Dowlah held his court in\\nthe stately Lucknow, which he had built for himself\\non the shores of the Goomti, and had adorned with\\nnoble mosques and colleges.\\nAsaph-ul-Dowlah had already extorted considerable 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "120 MAC A UL AY S ESSAY\\nsums from his mother. She had at length appealed\\nto the English and the English had interfered. A\\nsolemn compact had been made, by which she con-\\nsented to give her son some pecuniary assistance, and\\n5 he in his turn promised never to commit any further\\ninvasion of her rights. This compact was formally\\nguaranteed by the government of Bengal. But times\\nhad changed money was wanted and the power\\nwhich had given the guarantee was not ashamed to\\n10 instigate the s^Doiler to excesses such that even he\\nshrank from them.\\nIt was necessary to find some pretext for a confis-\\ncation inconsistent, not merely with plighted faith,\\nnot merely with the ordinary rules of humanity and\\n15 justice, but also with that great law of filial piety\\nwhich, even in the wildest tribes of savages, even in\\nthose more degraded communities which wither under\\nthe influence of a corrupt half -civilization, retains a\\ncertain authority over the human mind. A pretext\\n20 was the last thing that Hastings was likely to want.\\nThe insurrection at Benares had produced disturb-\\nances in Oude. These disturbances it was convenient\\nto impute to the Princesses. Evidence for the impu-\\ntation there was scarcely any unless reports wander-\\n25 ing from one mouth to another, and gaining something", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 121\\nby every transmission, may be called evidence. The\\naccused were furnished with no charge they were\\npermitted to make no defence for the Governor-Gen-\\neral wisely considered that, if he tried them, he might\\nnot be able to find a ground for plundering them. It 5\\nwas agreed between him and the Nabob Vizier that\\nthe noble ladies should, by a sweeping act of confisca-\\ntion, be stripped of their domains and treasures for\\nthe benefit of the Company, and that the sums thus\\nobtained should be accepted by the government of 10\\nBengal in satisfaction of its claims on the government\\nof Oude.\\nWhile Asaph-ul-Dowlah was at Chunar, he was\\ncompletely subjugated by the clear and commanding\\nintellect of the English statesman. But, when they 15\\nhad separated, the Vizier began to reflect with uneasi-\\nness on the engagements into which he had entered.\\nHis mother and grandmother protested and implored.\\nHis heart, deeply corrupted by absolute power and\\nlicentious pleasures, yet not naturally unfeeling, failed 20\\nhim in this crisis. Even the English resident at\\nLucknow, though hitherto devoted to Hastings, shrank\\nfrom extreme measures. But the Governor-General\\nwas inexorable. He wrote to the resident in terms\\nof the greatest severity, and declared that, if the 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "122 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nspoliation which had been agreed upon were not\\ninstantly carried into effect, he would himself go to\\nLucknow, and do that from which feebler minds re-\\ncoil with dismay. The resident, thus menaced, waited\\n5 on his Highness, and insisted that the treaty of\\nChunar should be carried into full and immediate\\neffect. Asaph-ul-Dowlah yielded, making at the same\\ntime a solemn protestation that he yielded to com-\\npulsion. The lands were resumed; but the treasure\\n10 was not so easily obtained. It was necessary to use\\nviolence. A body of the Company s troops marched\\nto Fyzabad, and forced the gates of the palace. The\\nPrincesses were confined to their own apartments. Bat\\nstill they refused to submit. Some more stringent\\n15 mode of coercion was to be found. A mode was found\\nof which, even at this distance of time, we cannot\\nspeak without shame and sorrow.\\nThere were at Fyzabad two ancient men, belonging\\nto that unhappy class which a practice, of immemorial\\n20 antiquity in the East, has excluded from the pleasures\\nof love and from the hope of posterity. It has always\\nbeen held in Asiatic courts that beings thus estranged\\nfrom sympathy with their kind are those whom princes\\nmay most safely trust. Sujah Dowlah had been of\\n25 this opinion. He had given his entire coufidence to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 123\\nthe two eunuclis and after his death they remained\\nat the head of the household of his widow.\\nThese men were, by the orders of the British gov-\\nernmentj seized, imprisoned, ironed, starved almost to\\ndeath, in order to extort money from the Princesses. 5\\nAfter they had been two months in confinement,\\ntheir health gave way. They implored permission to\\ntake a little exercise in the garden of their prison.\\nThe officer who was in charge of them stated that, if\\nthey were allowed this indulgence, there was not the 10\\nsmallest chance of their escaping, and that their irons\\nreally added nothing to the security of the custody in\\nwhich they were kept. He did not understand the\\nplan of his superiors. Their object in these inflictions\\nwas not security, but torture and all mitigation was 15\\nrefused. Yet this was not the worst. It was resolved\\nby an English government that these two infirm old\\nmen should be delivered to the tormentors. For that\\npurpose they were removed to Lucknow. What\\nhorrors their dungeon there witnessed can only be 20\\nguessed. But there remains on the records of Parlia-\\nment, this letter, written by a British resident to a\\nBritish soldier.\\nSir, The Nabob having determined to inflict cor-\\nporal punishment upon the prisoners under your 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "124 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nguard, this is to desire that his officers, when they\\nshall come, may have free access to the prisoners, and\\nbe permitted to do with them as they shall see\\nproper.\\n5 While these barbarities were perpetrated at Luck-\\nnow, the Princesses were still under duress at Fyzabad.\\nFood was allowed to enter their apartments only in\\nsuch scanty quantities that their female attendants were\\nin danger of perishing with hunger. Month after\\nlo month this cruelty continued, till at length, after\\ntwelve hundred thousand pounds had been wrung out\\nof the Princesses, Hastings began to think that he\\nhad really got to the bottom of their coffers, and that\\nno rigor could extort more. Then at length the\\n15 wretched men who were detained at Lucknow re-\\ngained their liberty. When their irons were knocked\\noff, and the doors of their prisons opened, their quiver-\\ning lips, the tears which ran down their cheeks, and\\nthe thanksgivings which they poured forth to the com-\\n20 mon Father of Mussulmans and Christians, melted\\neven the stout hearts of the English warriors who\\nstood by.\\nBut we must not forget to do justice to Sir Elijah\\nImpey s conduct on this occasion. It was not indeed\\n25 easy for him to intrude himself into a business so", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "OiV^ WARREN HASTINGS 125\\nentirely alien from all his official duties. But there\\nwas something inexpressibly alluring, we must sup-\\npose, in the peculiar rankness of the infamy which\\nwas then to be got at Lucknow. He hurried thither\\nas fast as relays of palanquin-bearers could carry him. 5\\nA crowd of people came before him with affidavits\\nagainst the Begums, ready drawn in their hands.\\nThose affidavits he did not read. Some of them,\\nindeed, he could not read for they were in the\\ndialects of Northern India, and no interpreter was 10\\nemployed. He administered the oath to the deponents\\nwith all possible expedition, and asked not a single\\nquestion, not even whether they had perused the\\nstatements to which they swore. This work per-\\nformed, he got again into his palanquin, and posted 15\\nback to Calcutta, to be in time for the opening of\\nterm. The cause was one which, by his own confes-\\nsion, lay altogether out of his jurisdiction. Under the\\ncharter of justice, he had no more right to inquire into\\ncrimes committed by Asiatics in Oude than the Lord 20\\nPresident of the Court of Session of Scotland to hold\\nan assize at Exeter. He had no right to try the\\nBegums, nor did he pretend to try them. With what\\nobject, then, did he undertake so long a journey\\nEvidently in order that he might give, in an irregular 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "126 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nmanner, the sanction which in a regular manner he\\ncould not give, to the crimes of those who had re-\\ncently hired him and in order that a confused mass\\nof testimony which he did not sift, which he did not\\n5 even read, might acquire an authority not properly\\nbelonging to it, from the signature of the highest\\njudicial functionary in India.\\nThe time was approaching, however, when he was\\nto be stripped of that robe which has never, since the\\n10 Revolution, been disgraced so foully as by him. The\\nstate of India had for some time occupied much of\\nthe attention of the British Parliament. Towards the\\nclose of the American war, two committees of the\\nCommons sat on Eastern affairs. In one Edmund\\n15 Burke took the lead. The other was under the presi-\\ndency of the able and versatile Henry Dundas, then\\nLord Advocate of Scotland. Great as are the changes\\nwhich, during the last sixty years, have taken place in\\nour Asiatic dominions, the reports which those com-\\n20 mittees laid on the table of the House will still be\\nfound most interesting and instructive.\\nThere was as yet \u00c2\u00b0no connection between the Com-\\npany and either of the great parties in the state. The\\nministers had no motive to defend Indian abuses.\\n25 On the contrary, it was for their interest to show, if", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 127\\npossible, that the government and patronage of our\\nOriental empire might, with advantage, be transferred\\nto themselves. The votes, therefore, which, in con-\\nsequence of the reports made by the two committees,\\nwere passed by the Commons, breathed the spirit of 5\\nstern and indignant justice. The severest epithets\\nwere applied to several of the measures of Hastings,\\nespecially to the Eohilla war and it was resolved, on\\nthe motion of Mr. Dundas, that the Company ought to\\nrecall a G-overnor-General who had brought such ca- 10\\nlamities on the Indian people, and such dishonor on\\nthe British name. An act was passed for limiting\\nthe jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The bargain\\nwhich Hastings had made with the Chief Justice\\nwas condemned in the strongest terms and an 15\\naddress was presented to the king, praying that\\nImpey might be summoned home to answer for his\\nmisdeeds.\\nImpey was recalled by a letter from the Secretary\\nof State. But the proprietors of India Stock reso- 20\\nlutely refused to dismiss Hastings from their service,\\nand passed a resolution affirming, what was undeni-\\nably true, that they were intrusted by law with the\\nright of naming and removing their Governor-General,\\nand that they were not bound to obey the directions 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "128 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nof a single branch of the legislature with respect to\\nsuch nomination or removal.\\nThus supported by his employers, Hastings re-\\nmained at the head of the government of Bengal till\\n5 the spring of 1785. His administration, so eventful\\nand stormy, closed in almost perfect quiet. In the\\nCouncil there was no regular opposition to his meas-\\nures. Peace was restored to India. The Mahratta\\nwar had ceased. Hyder was no more. A treaty had\\n10 been concluded with his son, Tippoo; and the Car-\\nnatic had been evacuated by the armies of Mysore.\\nSince the termination of the American war, England\\nhad no European enemy or rival in the Eastern seas.\\nOn a general review of the long administration of\\n15 Hastings, it is impossible to deny that, against the\\ngreat crimes by which it is blemished, we have to\\nset off great public services. England had passed\\nthrough a perilous crisis. She still, indeed, main-\\ntained her place in the foremost rank of European\\n20 powers and the manner in which she had defended\\nherself against fearful odds had inspired surrounding\\nnations with a high opinion both of her spirit and of\\nher strength. Nevertheless, in every part of the\\nworld, except one, she had been a loser. Not only\\n25 had she been compelled to acknowledge the indepen-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 129\\ndence of thirteen colonies peopled by her children, and\\nto conciliate the Irish by giving up the right of legis-\\nlating for them but, in the Mediterranean, in the\\nGulf of Mexico, on the coast of Africa, on the conti-\\nnent of America, she had been compelled to cede the 5\\nfruits of her victories in former wars. Spain regained\\nMinorca and Florida; France regained Senegal, Goree,\\nand several West Indian Islands. The only, quarter\\nof the world in which Britain had lost nothing was\\nthe quarter in which her interests had been committed 10\\nto the care of Hastings. In spite of the utmost exer-\\ntions both of European and Asiatic enemies, the power\\nof our country in the East had been greatly aug-\\nmented. Benares was subjected; the Nabob Vizier\\nreduced to vassalage. That our influence had been 15\\nthus extended, nay, that Fort William and Fort St.\\nGeorge had not been occupied by hostile armies, was\\nowing, if we may trust the general voice of the Eng-\\nlish in India, to the skill and resolution of Hastings.\\nHis internal administration, with all its blemishes, 20\\ngives him a title to be considered as one of the most\\nremarkable men in our history. He dissolved the\\ndouble government. He transferred the direction of\\naffairs to English hands. Out of a frightful anarchy,\\nhe educed at least a rude and imperfect order. The 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "130 JfACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwhole organization by wliicli justice was dispensed,\\nrevenue collected, peace maintained throughout a ter-\\nritory not inferior in population to the dominions of\\nLewis the Sixteenth or of the Emperor Joseph, was\\n5 formed and superintended by him. He boasted that\\nevery public office, without exception, which existed\\nwhen he left Bengal, was his creation. It is quite\\ntrue that this system, after all the improvements sug-\\ngested by the experience of sixty years, still needs\\n10 improvement, and that it was at first far more defec-\\ntive than it now is. But whoever seriously considers\\nwhat it is to construct from the beginning the whole\\nof a machine so vast and complex as a government,\\nwill allow that what Hastings effected deserves high\\n15 admiration. To compare the most celebrated Euro-\\npean ministers to him seems to us as unjust as it\\nwould be to compare the best baker in London with\\nE-obinson Crusoe, who, before he could bake a single\\nloaf, had to make his plough and his harrow, his\\n20 fences and his scarecrows, his sickle and his flail, his\\nmill and his oven.\\nThe just fame of Hastings rises still higher, when\\nwe reflect that he was not bred a statesman that he\\nwas sent from school to a counting-house and that\\n25 he was employed during the prime of his manhood", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 131\\nas a commercial agent, far from all intellectual\\nsociety.\\nNor must we forget that all, or almost all, to whom,\\nwhen placed at the head of affairs, he could apply\\nfor assistance, were persons who owed as little as 5\\nhimself, or less than himself, to education. A min-\\nister in Europe finds himself, on the first day on which\\nhe commences his functions, surrounded by experi-\\nenced public servants, the depositaries of official tradi-\\ntions. Hastings had no such help. His own reflection, 10\\nhis own energy, were to supply the place of all \u00c2\u00b0Down-\\ning Street and Somerset House. Having had no fa-\\ncilities for learning, he was forced to teach. He had\\nfirst to form himself, and then to form his instru-\\nments and this not in a single department, but in 15\\nall the departments of the administration.\\nIt must be added that, while engaged in this most\\narduous task, he was constantly trammelled by orders\\nfrom home, and frequently borne down by a majority\\nin council. The preservation of an Empire from a 20\\nformidable combination of foreign enemies, the con-\\nstruction of a government in all its parts, were accom-\\nplished by him, while every ship brought out bales\\nof censure from his employers, and while the records\\nof every consultation were filled with acrimonious 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "132 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nminutes by his colleagues. We believe that there\\nnever was a public man whose temper was so severely\\ntried not Marlborough, when thwarted by the Dutch\\nDeputies not Wellington, when he had to deal at\\n5 once with the Portuguese Regency, the Spanish\\nJuntas, and Mr. Percival, But the temper of Hastings\\nwas equal to almost any trial. It was not sweet but\\nit was calm. Quick and vigorous as his intellect was,\\nthe patience with which he endured the most cruel\\n10 vexations, till a remedy could be found, resembled the\\npatience of stupidity. He seems to have been capable\\nof resentment, bitter and long-enduring yet his resent-\\nment so seldom hurried him into any blunder, that it\\nmay be doubted whether what appeared to be revenge\\n15 was any thing but policy.\\nThe effect of this singular equanimity was that he\\nalways had the full command of all the resources of\\none of the most fertile minds that ever existed. Ac-\\ncordingly no complication of perils and embarrass-\\n20 ments could perplex him. For every difficulty he\\nhad a contrivance ready and, whatev^er may be\\nthought of the justice and humanity of some of his\\ncontrivances, it is certain that they seldom failed to\\nserve the purpose for which they were designed.\\n25 Together with this extraordinary talent for devising", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 133\\nexpedients, Hastings possessed, in a very high, degree,\\nanother talent scarcely less necessary to a man in his\\nsituation we mean the talent for conducting political\\ncontroversy. It is as necessary to an English states-\\nman in the East that he should be able to write, as it 5\\nis to a minister in this country that he should be able\\nto speak. It is chiefly by the oratory of a public man\\nhere that the nation judges of his powers. It is from\\nthe letters and reports of a public man in India that\\nthe dispensers of patronage form their estimate of 10\\nhim. In each case, the talent which receives peculiar\\nencouragement is developed, perhaps at the expense\\nof the other powers. In this country, we sometimes\\nhear men speak above their abilities. It is not very\\nunusual to find gentlemen in the Indian service who 15\\nwrite above their abilities. The English politician is\\na little too much of a debater the Indian politician a\\nlittle too much of an essayist.\\nOf the numerous servants of the Company who\\nhave distinguished themselves as framers of minutes 20\\nand despatches, Hastings stands at the head. He was\\nindeed the person who gave to the official writing of\\nthe Indian governments the character which it still\\nretains. He was matched against no common antago-\\nnist. But even Francis was forced to acknowledge, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "134 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwith sullen and resentful candor, that there was no\\ncontending against the pen of Hastings. And, in\\ntruth, the Governor-General s power of making out a\\ncase, of perplexing what it was inconvenient that\\n5 people should understand, and of setting in the clear-\\nest point of view whatever would bear the light, was\\nincomparable. His style must be praised with some\\nreservation. It was in general forcible, pure, and pol-\\nished but it was sometimes, though not often, turgid,\\n10 and, on one or two occasions, even bombastic. Per-\\nhaps the fondness of Hastings for Persian literature\\nmay have tended to corrupt his taste.\\nAnd, since we have referred to his literary tastes,\\nit would be most unjust not to praise the judicious\\n15 encouragement which, as a ruler, he gave to liberal\\nstudies and curious researches. His patronage was\\nextended, with prudent generosity, to voyages, travels,\\nexperiments, publications. He did little, it is true,\\ntowards introducing into India the learning of the\\n20 West. To make the young natives of Bengal familiar\\nwith Milton and Adam Smith, to substitute the ge-\\nography, astronomy, and surgery of Europe for the\\ndotages of the Brahminical superstition, or for the\\nimperfect science of ancient Greece transfused through\\n25 Arabian expositions, this was a scheme reserved to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "02^ WARREN HAS TINGS 135\\ncrown the beneficent administration of a far more\\nvirtuous ruler. Still it is impossible to refuse high\\ncommendation to a man who, taken from a ledger to\\ngovern an empire, overwhelmed by public business,\\nsurrounded by people as busy as himself, and sepa- 5\\nrated by thousands of leagues from almost all literary\\nsociety, gave, both by his example and by his munifi-\\ncence, a great impulse to learning. In Persian and\\nArabic literature he was deeply skilled. With the\\nSanscrit he was not himself acquainted; but those 10\\nwho first brought that language to the knowledge of\\nEuropean students owed much to his encouragement.\\nIt was under his protection that the Asiatic Society\\ncommenced its honorable career. That distinguished\\nbody selected him to be its first president but, with 15\\nexcellent taste and feeling, he declined the honor in\\nfavor of Sir William Jones. But the chief advantage\\nwhich the students of Oriental letters derived from\\nhis patronage remains to be mentioned. The \u00c2\u00b0Pundits\\nof Bengal had always looked with great jealousy on 20\\nthe attempts of foreigners to pry into those mysteries\\nwhich were locked up in the sacred dialect. The\\nBrahminical religion had been persecuted by the Ma-\\nhommedans. AVhat the Hindoos knew of the spirit of\\nthe Portuguese government might warrant them in 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "136 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\napprehending persecution from Christians. That ap-\\nprehension the wisdom and moderation of Hastings\\nremoved. He was the first foreign ruler who succeeded\\nin gaining the confidence of the hereditary priests of\\n5 India, and who induced them to lay open to English\\nscholars the secrets of the old Brahminical theology\\nand jurisprudence.\\nIt is indeed impossible to deny that, in the great\\nart of inspiring large masses of human beings with\\n10 confidence and attachment, no ruler ever surpassed\\nHastings. If he had made himself popular with the\\nEnglish by giving up the Bengalees to extortion and\\noppression, or if, on the other hand, he had conciliated\\nthe Bengalees and alienated the English, there would\\n15 have been no cause for wonder. What is peculiar to\\nhim is that, being the chief of a small band of strangers\\nwho exercised boundless power over a great indigenous\\npopulation, he made himself beloved both by the sub-\\nject many and by the dominant few. The affection\\n20 felt for him by the civil service was singularly ardent\\nand constant. Through all his disasters and perils,\\nhis brethren stood by him with steadfast loyalty.\\nThe army, at the same time, loved him as armies have\\nseldom loved any but the greatest chiefs who have led\\n25 them to victory. Even in his disputes with distiu-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 137\\nguished military men, lie could always count on the\\nsupport of the military profession. While such was\\nhis empire over the hearts of his countrymen, he\\nenjoyed among the natives a popularity, such as other\\ngovernors have perhaps better merited, but such as no 5\\nother governor has been able to attain. He spoke\\ntheir vernacular dialects with facility and precision.\\nHe was intimately acquainted with their feelings and\\nusages. On one or two occasions, for great ends, he\\ndeliberately acted in defiance of their opinion but on 10\\nsuch occasions he gained more in their respect than\\nhe lost in their love. In general, he carefully avoided\\nall that could shock their national or religious preju-\\ndices. His administration was indeed in many re-\\nspects faulty; but the Bengalee standard of good 15\\ngovernment was not high. Under the Nabobs, the\\nhurricane of Mahratta cavalry had passed annually\\nover the rich alluvial plain. But even the Mahratta\\nshrank from a conflict with the mighty children of\\nthe sea and the immense rice harvests of the Lower 20\\nGanges were safely gathered in, under the protection\\nof the English sword. The first English conquerors\\nhad been more rapacious and merciless even than the\\nMahrattas; but that generation had passed away.\\nDefective as was the police, heavy as were the public 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "138 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nburdens, it is probable that the oldest man in Bengal\\ncould not recollect a season of equal security and pros-\\nperity. For the first time within living memory, the\\nprovince was placed under a government strong enough\\n5 to prevent others from robbing, and not inclined to\\nplay the robber itself. These things inspired good-\\nwill. At the same time, the constant success of\\nHastings and the manner in which he extricated\\nhimself from every difficulty made him an object of\\nlo superstitious admiration and the more than regal\\nsplendor which he sometimes displayed dazzled a\\npeople who have much in common with children.\\nEven now, after the lapse of more than fifty years,\\nthe natives of India still talk of him as the greatest\\n15 of the English; and nurses sing children to sleep\\nwith a jingling ballad about the fleet horses and richly\\ncajjarisoned elephants of Sahib Warren H ostein.\\nThe gravest offences of which Hastings was guilty\\ndid not affect his popularity with the people of Bengal\\n20 for those offences were committed against neighboring\\nstates. Those offences, as our readers must have per-\\nceived, we are not disposed to vindicate yet, in order\\nthat the censure may be justly apportioned to the\\ntransgression, it is fit that the motive of the criminal\\n25 should be taken into consideration. The motive which", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 139\\nprompted the worst acts of Hastings was misdirected\\nand ill-regulated public spirit. The rules of justice,\\nthe sentiments of humanity, the plighted faith of\\ntreaties, were in his view as nothing, when opposed\\nto the immediate interest of the state. This is no 5\\njustification, according to the principles either of\\nmorality, or of what we believe to be identical with\\nmorality, namely, far-sighted policy. Nevertheless\\nthe common-sense of mankind, which in questions of\\nthis kind seldom goes far wrong, will always recognize 10\\na distinction between crimes which originate in an\\ninordinate zeal for the commonwealth, and crimes\\nwhich originate in selfish cupidity. To the benefit\\nof this distinction Hastings is fairly entitled. There\\nis, we conceive, no reason to suspect that the Rohilla 15\\nwar, the revolution of Benares, or the spoliation of\\nthe Princesses of Oude, added a rupee to his fortune.\\nWe will not affirm that, in all pecuniary dealings, he\\nshowed that punctilious integrity, that dread of the\\nfaintest appearance of evil, which is now the glory of 20\\nthe Indian civil service. But when the school in\\nwhich he had been trained and the temptations to\\nwhich he was exposed are considered, we are more\\ninclined to praise him for his general uprightness with\\nrespect to money, than rigidly to blame him for a 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "140 MAC A CLAY S ESSAY\\nfew transactions which would now be called indelicate\\nand irregular, but which even now would hardly be\\ndesignated as corrupt. A rapacious man he certainly\\nwas not. Had he been so, he would infallibly have\\n5 returned to his country the richest subject in Europe.\\nWe speak within compass, when we say that, without\\najjplying any extraordinary pressure he might easily\\nhave obtained from the \u00c2\u00b0zemindars of the Company s\\nprovinces and from neighboring princes, in the course\\n10 of thirteen years, more than three millions sterling,\\nand might have outshone the splendor of \u00c2\u00b0Carlton\\nHouse and of the Palais Royal. He brought home a\\nfortune such as a Governor-General, fond of state,\\nand careless of thrift, might easily, during so long a\\n15 tenure of of ce, save out of his legal salary. Mrs.\\nHastings, we are afraid, was less scrupulous. It was\\ngenerally believed that she accepted presents with\\ngreat alacrity, and that she thus formed, without the\\nconnivance of her husband, a private hoard amounting\\n20 to several lacs of rupees. We are the more inclined\\nto give credit to this story, because Mr. Gleig, who\\ncannot but have heard it, does not, as far as we have\\nobserved, notice or contradict it.\\nThe influence of Mrs. Hastings over her husband\\n25 was indeed such that she might easily have obtained", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 141\\nmuch larger sums than she was ever accused of receiv-\\ning. At length her health began to give way and\\nthe Governor-General, much against his will, was com-\\npelled to send her to England. He seems to have\\nloved her with that love which is peculiar to men of 5\\nstrong minds, to men whose affection is not easily\\nwon or widely diffused. The talk of Calcutta ran for\\nsome time on the luxurious manner in which he fitted\\nup the round-house of an Indiaman for her accommoda-\\ntion, on the profusion of sandal-wood and carved ivory 10\\nwhich adorned her cabin, and on the thousands of\\nrupees which had been expended in order to procure\\nfor her the society of an agreeable female companion\\nduring the voyage. We may remark here that the\\nletters of Hastings to his wife are exceedingly charac- 15\\nteristic. They are tender, and full of indications of\\nesteem and confidence but, at the same time, a little\\nmore ceremonious than is usual in so intimate a rela-\\ntion. The solemn courtesy with which he compli-\\nments his elegant Marian reminds us now and then 20\\nof the dignified air with which \u00c2\u00b0Sir Charles Grandison\\nbowed over Miss Byron s hand in the cedar parlor.\\nAfter some months, Hastings prepared to follow his\\nwife to England. When it was announced that he\\nwas about to quit his office, the feeling of the society 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "142 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwhich he had so long governed manifested itself by\\nmany signs. Addresses poured in from Europeans\\nand Asiatics, from civil functionaries, soldiers, and\\ntraders. On the day on which he delivered up the\\n5 keys of office, a crowd of friends and admirers formed\\na lane to the quay where he embarked. Several\\nbarges escorted him far down the river; and some\\nattached friends refused to quit him till the low coast\\nof Bengal was fading from the view, and till the pilot\\n10 was leaving the ship.\\nOf his voyage little is known, except that he\\namused himself with his books and with his pen; and\\nthat, among the compositions by which he beguiled\\nthe tediousness of that long leisure, was a pleasing\\n15 imitation of Horace s Otium Divos rogat. This little\\npoem was inscribed to Mr. Shore, afterwards Lord\\nTeignmouth, a man of whose integrity, humanity, and\\nhonor it is impossible to speak too highly, but who,\\nlike some other excellent members of the civil service,\\n20 extended to the conduct of his friend Hastings an\\nindulgence of which his own conduct never stood in\\nneed.\\nThe voyage was, for those times, very speedy. Hast-\\nings was little more than four months on the sea. In\\n25 June, 1785, he landed at Plymouth, posted to London,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 143\\nappeared at Court, paid his respects in Leadenhall\\nStreet, and then retired with his wife to Cheltenham.\\nHe was greatly pleased with his reception. The\\\\\\nKing treated him with marked distinction. The Queen,\\nwho had already incurred much censure on account of 5\\nthe favor which, in spite of the ordinary severity of her\\nvirtue, she had shown to the elegant Marian, was\\nnot less gracious to Hastings. The Directors received\\nhim in a solemn sitting and their chairman read to\\nhim a vote of thanks which they had passed without 10\\none dissentient voice. I find myself, said Hastings,\\nin a letter written about a quarter of a year after his\\narrival in England, I find myself everywhere, and\\nuniversally, treated with evidences, apparent even to\\nmy own observation, that I possess the good opinion 15\\nof my country.\\nThe confident and exulting tone of his correspond-\\nence about this time is the more remarkable, because\\nhe had already received ample notice of the attack\\nwhich was in preparation. Within a week after he 20\\nlanded at Plymouth, Burke gave notice in the House\\nof Commons of a motion seriously affecting a gentle-\\nman lately returned from India. The session, how-\\never, was then so far advanced, that it was impossible\\nto enter on so extensive and important a subject. 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "144 MACAULAY^S \u00c2\u00a3SSAY\\nHastings, it is clear, was not sensible of the danger\\nof his position. Indeed that sagacity, that judgment,\\nthat readiness in devising expedients, which had dis-\\ntinguished him in the East, seemed now to have for-\\n5 saken him not that his abilities were at all impaired\\nnot that he was not still the same man who had\\ntriumphed over Francis and Nuncomar, who had made\\nthe Chief Justice and the Nabob Vizier his tools, who\\nhad deposed Cheyte Sing, and repelled Hyder Ali.\\n10 But an oak, as Mr. Grattan finely said, should not be\\ntransplanted at fifty. A man who, having left England\\nwhen a boy, returns to it after thirty or forty years\\npassed in India, will find, be his talents what they\\nmay, that he has much both to learn and to unlearn\\n15 before he can take a place among English statesmen.\\nThe working of a representative system, the war of\\nparties, the arts of debate, the influence of the press,\\nare startling novelties to him. Surrounded on every\\nside by new machines and new tactics, he is as much\\n20 bewildered as Hannibal would have been at Waterloo,\\nor Themistocles at Trafalgar. His very acuteness\\ndeludes him. His very vigor causes him to stumble.\\nThe more correct his maxims, when applied to the\\nstate of society to which he is accustomed, the more\\n25 certain they are to lead him astray. This was strik-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 145\\ningly the case witli Hastings. In India lie had a bad\\nhand; but he was master of the game, and he won\\nevery stake. In England he held excellent cards, if\\nhe had known how to play them and it was chiefly\\nby his own errors that he was brought to the verge of 5\\nruin.\\nOf all his errors the most serious was perhaps the\\nchoice of a champion. Olive, in similar circumstances,\\nhad made a singularly happy selection. He put him-\\nself into the hands of Wedderburn, afterwards Lord 10\\nLoughborough, one of the few great advocates who\\nhave also been great in the House of Oommons. To\\nthe defence of Olive, therefore, nothing was wanting,\\nneither learning nor knowledge of the world, neither\\nforensic acuteness nor that eloquence which charms 15\\npolitical assemblies. Hastings intrusted his interests\\nto a very different person, a major in the Bengal army,\\nnamed Scott. This gentleman had been sent over from\\nIndia some time before as an agent of the Governor-\\nGeneral. It was rumored that his services were re- 20\\nwarded with Oriental munificence and we believe\\nthat he received much more than Hastings could con-\\nveniently spare. The Major obtained a seat in Par-\\nliament, and was there regarded as the organ of his\\nemployer. It was evidently impossible that a. gentle- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "146 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nman so situated could speak with the authority which\\nbelongs to an independent position. Nor had the\\nagent of Hastings the talents necessary for obtaining\\nthe ear of an assembly which, accustomed to listen\\n5 to great orators, had naturally become fastidious. He\\nwas always on his legs he was very tedious and he\\nhad only one topic, the merits and wrongs of Hastings.\\nEverybody who knows the House of Commons will\\neasily guess what followed. The Major was soon\\nJO considered as the greatest bore of his time. His\\nexertions were not confined to Parliament. There was\\nhardly a day on which the newspapers did not con-\\ntain some puff upon Hastings, signed Asiaticus or Ben-\\ngalensiSf but known to be written by the indefatigable\\n15 Scott; and hardly a month in which some bulky\\npamphlet on the same subject, and from the same\\npen, did not pass to the trunkmakers and the pastry-\\ncooks. As to this gentleman s capacity for conducting\\na delicate question through Parliament, our readers\\n20 will want no evidence beyond that which they will\\nfind in letters preserved in these volumes. We will\\ngive a single specimen of his temper and judgment.\\nHe designated the greatest man then living as that\\nreptile Mr. Burke.\\n25 In spite, however, of this unfortunate choice, the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 147\\ngeneral aspect of affairs was favorable to Hastings.\\nThe King was on his side. The Company and its\\nservants were zealous in his cause. Among public\\nmen he had many ardent friends. Such were Lord\\nMansfield, who had outlived the vigor of his body, 5\\nbut not that of his mind; and Lord Lansdown, who,\\nthough unconnected with any party, retained the\\nimportance which belongs to great talents and knowl-\\nedge. The ministers were generally believed to be\\nfavorable to the late Governor-General. They owed 10\\ntheir power to the clamor which had been raised\\nagainst Mr. Fox s East India Bill. The authors of\\nthat bill, when accused of invading vested rights, and\\nof setting up powers unknown to the constitution, had\\ndefended themselves by pointing to the crimes of 15\\nHastings, and by arguing that abuses so extraordinary\\njustified extraordinary measures. Those who, by\\nopposing that bill, had raised themselves to the head\\nof affairs, would naturally be inclined to extenuate\\nthe evils which had been made the plea for adminis- 20\\ntering so violent a remedy and such, in fact, was\\ntheir general disposition. The Lord Chancellor Thur-\\nlow, in particular, whose great place and force of\\nintellect gave him a weight in the government in-\\nferior only to that of Mr. Pitt, espoused the cause of 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "148 ^fACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nHastings with indecorous violence. Mr. Pitt, though\\nhe had censured many parts of the Indian system,\\nhad studiously abstained from saying a word against\\nthe late chief of the Indian government. To Major\\n5 Scott, indeed, the \u00c2\u00b0young minister had in private\\nextolled Hastings as a great, a wonderful man, who\\nhad the highest claims on the government. There\\nwas only one objection to granting all that so eminent\\na servant of the public could ask. The resolution of\\n10 censure still remained on the journals of the House of\\nCommons. That resolution was, indeed, unjust; but,\\ntill it was rescinded, could the minister advise the\\nKing to bestow any mark of approbation on the person\\ncensured If Major Scott is to be trusted, Mr. Pitt\\n15 declared that this was the only reason which pre-\\nvented the advisers of the Crown from conferring a\\npeerage on the late Governor-General. Mr. Dundas\\nwas the only important member of the administration\\nwho was deeply committed to a different view of the\\n20 subject. He had moved the resolution which created\\nthe difficulty but even from him little was to be\\napprehended. Since he had presided over the com-\\nmittee on Eastern affairs, the great changes had taken\\nplace. He was surrounded by new allies; he had\\n25 fixed his hopes on new objects and whatever may", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 149\\nhave been his good qualities, and he had many,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nflattery itself never reckoned rigid consistency in the\\nnumber.\\nFrom the ministry, therefore, Hastings had every\\nreason to expect support and the ministry was very 5\\npowerful. The opposition was loud and vehement\\nagainst him. But the opposition, though formidable\\nfrom the wealth and influence of some of its members,\\nand from the admirable talents and eloquence of\\nothers, was outnumbered in Parliament, and odious 10\\nthroughout the country. Nor, as far as we can judge,\\nwas the opposition generally desirous to engage in so\\nserious an undertaking as the impeachment of an\\nIndian G-overnor. Such an impeachment must last\\nfor years. It must impose on the chiefs of the party 15\\nan immense load of labor. Yet it could scarcely, in\\nany manner, affect the event of the great political\\ngame. The followers of the coalition were therefore\\nmore inclined to revile Hastings than to prosecute\\nhim. They lost no opportunity of coupling his name 20\\nwith the names of the most hateful tyrants of whom\\nhistory makes mention. The wits of \u00c2\u00b0Brooks s aimed\\ntheir keenest sarcasms both at his public and at his\\ndomestic life. Some fine diamonds which he had\\npresented, as it was rumored, to the royal family, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "150 MACAULAT S ESSAY\\nand a certain richly carved ivory bed which the Queen\\nhad done him the honor to accept from him, were\\nfavorite subjects of ridicule. One lively poet pro-\\nposed that the great acts of the fair Marian s pres-\\n5 ent husband should be immortalized by the pencil of\\nhis predecessor and that Imhoff should be employed\\nto embellish the House of Commons with paintings\\nof the bleeding Rohillas, of Nuncomar swinging, of\\nCheyte Sing letting himself down to the Ganges.\\n10 Another, in an exquisitely humorous parody of Virgil s\\nthird eclogue, propounded the question, what that min-\\neral could be of which the rays had power to make\\nthe most austere of princesses the friend of a wanton.\\nA third described, with gay malevolence, the gorgeous\\n15 appearance of Mrs. Hastings at St. James s, the galaxy\\nof jewels, torn from Indian Begums, which adorned\\nher head dress, her necklace gleaming with future\\nvotes, and the depending questions that shone upon\\nher ears. Satirical attacks of this description, and\\n20 perhaps a motion for a vote of censure, would have\\nsatisfied the great body of the opposition. But there\\nwere two men whose indignation was not to be so\\nappeased, Philip Francis and \u00c2\u00b0Edmund Burke.\\nFrancis had recently entered the House of Com-\\n25 mons, and had already established a character there", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 151\\nfor industry and ability. He labored indeed under\\none most unfortunate defect, want of fluency. But\\nlie occasionally expressed himself with a dignity and\\nenergy worthy of the greatest orators. Before he had\\nbeen many days in Parliament, he incurred the bitter 5\\ndislike of Pitt, who constantly treated him with as\\nmuch asperity as the laws of debate would allow.\\nNeither lapse of years nor change of scene had miti-\\ngated the enmities which Francis had brought back\\nfrom the East. After his usual fashion, he mistook 10\\nhis malevolence for virtue, nursed it, as preachers tell\\nus that we ought to nurse our good dispositions, and\\nparaded it on all occasions with Pharisaical ostentation.\\nThe zeal of Burke was still fiercer but it was far\\npurer. Men unable to understand the elevation of his 15\\nmind have tried to find out some discreditable motive\\nfor the vehemence and pertinacity which he showed on\\nthis occasion. But they have altogether failed. The\\nidle story that he had some private slight to revenge\\nhas long been- given up, even by the advocates of Hast- 20\\nings. Mr. Gleig supposes that Burke was actuated by\\nparty spirit, that he retained a bitter remembrance of\\nthe fall of the coalition, that he attributed that fall to\\nthe exertions of the East India interest, and that he\\nconsidered Hastings as the head and the representative 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "152 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nof that interest. This explanation seems to be suffi-\\nciently refuted by a reference to dates. The hostility\\nof Burke to Hastings commenced long before the coali-\\ntion; and lasted long after Burke had become a stren-\\n5 uous supporter of those by whom the coalition had\\nbeen defeated. It began when Burke and Fox, closely\\nallied together, were attacking the influence of the\\ncrown, and calling for peace with the American repub-\\nlic. It continued till Burke, alienated from Fox, and\\n10 loaded with the favors of the crown, died, preaching a\\ncrusade against the French republic. We surely can-\\nnot attribute to the events of 1784 an enmity which\\nbegan in 1781, and which retained undiminished force\\nlong after persons far more deeply implicated than\\n15 Hastings in the events of 1784 had been cordially for-\\ngiven. Arid why should we look for any other expla-\\nnation of Burke s conduct than that which we find on\\nthe surface? The plain truth is that Hastings had\\ncommitted some great crimes, and that the thought of\\n20 those crimes made the blood of Burke boil in his veins.\\nFor Burke was a man in whom compassion for suffer-\\ning, and hatred of injustice and tyranny, were as\\nstrong as in \u00c2\u00b0Las Casas or Clarkson. And although in\\nhim, as in Las Casas and in Clarkson, these noble feel-\\n25 ings were alloyed with the infirmity which belongs to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 153\\nhuman nature, lie is, like them, entitled to this great\\npraise, that he devoted years of intense labor to the\\nservice of a people with whom he had neither blood\\nnor language, neither religion nor manners in common,\\nand from whom no requital, no thanks, no applause 5\\ncould be expected.\\nHis knowledge of India was such as few, even of\\nthose Europeans who have passed many years in that\\ncountry, have attained, and such as certainly was\\nnever attained by any public man who had not quitted 10\\nEurope. He had studied the history, the laws, and\\nthe usages of the East with an industry, such as is\\nseldom found united to so much genius and so much\\nsensibilitj^ Others have perhaps been equally labori-\\nous, and have collected an equal mass of materials. 15\\nBut the manner in which Burke brought his higher\\npowers of intellect to work on statements of facts,\\nand on tables of figures, was peculiar to himself. In\\nevery part of those huge bales of Indian information\\nwhich repelled almost all other readers, his mind, at 20\\nonce philosophical and poetical, found something to\\ninstruct or to delight. His reason analyzed and\\ndigested those vast and shapeless masses his imagi-\\nnation animated and colored them. Out of darkness,\\nand dulness, and confusion, he formed a multitude 35", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "154 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nof ingenious theories and vivid pictures. He had, in\\nthe higliest degree, that noble faculty whereby man\\nis able to live in the past and in the future, in the\\ndistant and in the unreal. India and its inhabitants\\n5 were not to him, as to most Englishmen, mere names\\nand abstractions, but a real country and a real people.\\nThe burning sun, the strange vegetation of the palm\\nand the cocoa tree, the rice-field, the tank, the huge\\ntrees, older than the Mogul empire, under which the\\n10 village crowds assemble, the thatched roof of the\\npeasant s hut, the rich tracery of the mosque where\\nthe imaum prays with his face to Mecca, the drums,\\nand banners, and gaudy idols, the devotee swinging\\nin the air, the graceful maiden, with the pitcher on\\n15 her head, descending the steps to the river-side, the\\nblack faces, the long beards, the yellow streaks of\\nsect, the turbans and the flowing robes, the spears\\nand the silver maces, the elephants with their can-\\nopies of state, the gorgeous palanquin of the prince,\\n20 and the close litter of the noble lady, all these things\\nwere to him as the objects amidst which his own life\\nhad been passed, as the objects which lay on the road\\nbetween Beaconsfield and St. James s Street. All\\nIndia was present to the eye of his mind, from the\\n25 halls where suitors laid gold and perfumes at the feet", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 155\\nof sovereigns to the wild moor where the gypsy camp\\nwas pitched, from the bazaar, humming like a bee-hive\\nwith the crowd of buyers and sellers, to the jungle\\nwhere the lonely courier shakes his bunch of iron\\nrings to scare away the hysenas. He had just as 5\\nlively an idea of the insurrection at Benares as of\\nLord George Gordon s riots, and of the execution of\\nNuncomar as of the execution of Dr. Dodd. Oppres-\\nsion in Bengal was to him the same thing as oppres-\\nsion in the streets of London. 10\\nHe saw that Hastings had been guilty of some most\\nunjustifiable acts. All that followed was natural and\\nnecessary in a mind like Burke s. His imagination\\nand his passions, once excited, hurried him beyond\\nthe bounds of justice and good sense. His reason, 15\\npowerful as it was, became the slave of feelings which\\nit should have controlled. His indignation, virtuous\\nin its origin, acquired too much of the character of\\npersonal aversion. He could see no mitigating cir-\\ncumstance, no redeeming merit. His temper, which, 20\\nthough generous and affectionate, had ahvays been\\nirritable, had now been made almost savage by bodily\\ninfirmities and mental vexations. Conscious of great\\npowers and great virtues, he found himself, in age\\nand poverty, a mark for the hatred of a perfidious 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "156 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\ncourt and a deluded people. In Parliament his elo-\\nquence was out of date. A young generation, which\\nknew him not, had filled the House. Whenever he\\nrose to speak, his voice was drowned by the unseemly\\n5 interruption of lads who were in their cradles when\\nhis orations on the \u00c2\u00b0Stamp Act called forth the ap-\\nj)lause of the great Earl of Chatham. These things\\nhad produced on his proud and sensitive spirit an\\neffect at which we cannot wonder. He could no\\n10 longer discuss any question with calmness, or make\\nallowance for honest differences of opinion. Those\\nwho think that he was more violent and acrimonious\\nin debates about India than on other occasions are ill\\ninformed respecting the last years of his life. In the\\n15 discussions on the Commercial Treaty with the Court\\nof Versailles, on the Regency, on the French Eevolu-\\ntion, he showed even more virulence than in conduct-\\ning the impeachment. Indeed it may be remarked\\nthat the very persons who call him a mischievous\\n20 maniac, for condemning in burning words the Rohilla\\nwar and the spoliation of the Begums, exalted him\\ninto a prophet as soon as he began to declaim, with\\ngreater vehemence, and not with greater reason,\\nagainst the taking of the Bastile and the insults\\n25 offered to Marie Antoinette. To us he appears to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 157\\nhave been neither a maniac in the former case, nor a\\nprophet in the latter, but in both cases a great and\\ngood man, led into extravagance by a sensibility\\nwhich domineered over all his faculties.\\nIt may be doubted whether the personal antipathy 5\\nof Francis or the nobler indignation of Burke, would\\nhave led their party to adopt extreme measures\\nagainst Hastings, if his own conduct had been judi-\\ncious. He should have felt that, great as his public\\nservices had been, he was not faultless, and should 10\\nhave been content to make his escape, without aspir-\\ning to the honors of a triumph. He and his agent\\ntook a different view. They were impatient for the\\nrewards which, as they conceived, were deferred only\\ntill Burke s attack should be over. They accordingly 15\\nresolved to force on a decisive action with an enemy\\nfor whom, if they had been wise, they would have\\nmade a bridge of gold. On the first day of the ses-\\nsion in 1786, Major Scott reminded Burke of the\\nnotice given in the preceding year, and asked whether 20\\nit was seriously intended to bring any charge against\\nthe late Governor-General. This challenge left no\\ncourse open to the Opposition, except to come forward\\nas accusers, or to acknowledge themselves calumnia-\\ntors. The administration of Hastings had not been so 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "158 MACAULAT S ESSAY\\nblameless, nor was the great party of Fox and North\\nso feeble, that it could be prudent to venture on so\\nbold a defiance. The leaders of the Opposition\\ninstantly returned the only answer which they could\\n5 with honor return and the whole party was irrevoca-\\nbl}* pledged to a prosecution.\\nBurke began his operations by apj)lying for Papers.\\nSome of the documents for which he asked were\\nrefused by the ministers, who, in the debate, held\\n10 language such as strongly confirmed the prevailing\\nopinion, that they intended to support Hastings. In\\nApril, the charges were laid on the table. They had\\nbeen drawn by Burke with great ability, though in\\na form too much resembling that of a pamphlet.\\n15 Hastings was furnished with a copy of the accusa-\\ntion and it was intimated to him that he might, if\\nhe thought fit, be heard in his own defence at the\\nbar of the Commons.\\nHere again Hastings was pursued by the same\\n20 fatality which had attended him ever since the day\\nwhen he set foot on English ground. It seemed to\\nbe decreed that this man, so politic and so success-\\nful in the East, should commit nothing but blunders\\nin Europe. Any judicious adviser would have told\\n25 him that the best thing which he could do would be", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 159\\nto make an eloquent, forcible, and affecting oration\\nat tlie bar of the House; but that, if he could not\\ntrust himself to speak, and found it necessary to read,\\nhe ought to be as concise as possible. Audiences\\naccustomed to extemporaneous debating of the high- 5\\nest excellence are always impatient of long written\\ncompositions. Hastings, however, sat down as he\\nwould have done at the Government-house in Bengal,\\nand prepared a paper of immense length. That paper,\\nif recorded on the consultations of an Indian admin- 10\\nistration, would have been justly praised as a very\\nable minute. But it was now out of place. It fell flat,\\nas the best written defence must have fallen flat, on\\nan assembly accustomed to the animated and strenu-\\nous conflicts of Pitt and Fox. The members, as soon 15\\nas their curiosity about the face and demeanor of so\\neminent a stranger was satisfied, walked away to din-\\nner, and left Hastings to tell his story till midnight\\nto the clerks and the Serjeant-at-arms.\\nAll preliminary steps having been duly taken, Burke, 20\\nin the beginning of June, brought forward the charge\\nrelating to the Rohilla war. He acted discreetly in\\nplacing this accusation in the van for Dundas had\\nformerly moved, and the House had adopted, a resolu-\\ntion condemning, in the most severe terms, the policy 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "160 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nfollowed by Hastings with regard to Eohilcuiid. Dun-\\ndas had little, or rather nothing, to say in defence of\\nhis own consistency but he put a bold face on the\\nmatter, and opposed the motion. Among other things,\\n5 he declared that, though he still thought the Rohilla\\nwar unjustifiable, he considered the services which\\nHastings had subsequently rendered to the state as\\nsufficient to atone even for so great an offence. Pitt\\ndid not speak, but voted with Dundas and Hastings\\nlo was absolved by a hundred and nineteen votes against\\nsixty-seven.\\nHastings was now confident of victory. It seemed,\\nindeed, that he had reason to be so. The Rohilla war\\nwas, of all his measures, that which his accusers might\\n15 with greatest advantage assail. It had been con-\\ndemned by the Court of Directors. It had been con-\\ndemned by the House of Commons. It had been\\ncondemned by Mr. Dundas, who had since become the\\nchief minister of the Crown for Indian affairs. Yet\\n20 Burke, having chosen this strong ground, had been\\ncompletely defeated on it. That, having failed here,\\nhe should succeed on any point, was generally thought\\nimpossible. It was rumored at the clubs and coffee-\\nhouses that one or perhaps two more charges would\\n25 be brought forward that if, on those charges, the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 161\\nsense of the House of Commons should be against\\nimpeachment, the Opposition would let the matter\\ndrop, that Hastings would be immediately raised to\\nthe peerage, decorated with the star of the Bath,\\n\u00c2\u00b0sworn of the privy council, and invited to lend the 5\\nassistance of his talents and experience to the India\\nboard. Lord Thurlow, indeed, some months before,\\nhad spoken with contempt of the scruples which pre-\\nvented Pitt from calling Hastings to the House of\\nLords and had even said that, if the Chancellor of 10\\nthe Exchequer was afraid of the Commons, there was\\nnothing to prevent the Keeper of the Great Seal from\\ntaking the royal pleasure about a patent of peerage. The\\nvery title was chosen. Hastings was to be Lord Dayles-\\nford. For, through all changes of scene and changes 15\\nof fortune, remained unchanged his attachment to the\\nspot which had witnessed the greatness and the fall\\nof his family, and which had borne so great a part in\\nthe first dreams of his young ambition.\\nBut in a very few days these fair prospects were 20\\novercast. On the thirteenth of June, Mr. Eox brought\\nforward, with great ability and eloquence, the charge\\nrespecting the treatment of Cheyte Sing. Francis\\nfollowed on the same side. The friends of Hastings\\nwere in high spirits when Pitt rose. With his usual 25\\nM", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "162 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nabundance and felicity of language, the Minister gave\\nhis opinion on the case. He maintained that the\\nGovernor-General was justified in calling on the\\nRajah of Benares for pecuniary assistance, and in\\n5 imposing a fine Avhen that assistance was contuma-\\nciously withheld. He also thought that the conduct\\nof the Governor-General during the insurrection had\\nbeen distinguished by ability and presence of mind.\\nHe censured, with great bitterness, the conduct of\\n10 Francis, both in India and in Parliament, as most\\ndishonest and malignant. The necessary inference\\nfrom Pitt s arguments seemed to be that Hastings\\nought to be honorably acquitted and both the friends\\nand the opponents of the Minister expected from him\\n15 a declaration to that effect. To the astonishment of\\nall parties, he concluded by saying that, though he\\nthought it right in Hastings to fine Clieyte Sing for\\ncontumacy, yet the amount of the fine was too great\\nfor the occasion. On this ground, and on this ground\\n20 alone, did Mr. Pitt, applauding every other part of the\\nconduct of Hastings with regard to Benares, declare\\nthat he should vote in favor of Mr. Fox s motion.\\nThe House was thunderstruck and it well might be\\nso. For the wrong done to Cheyte Sing, even had it\\n25 been as flagitious as Fox and Francis contended, was", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 163\\na trifle when compared with the horrors which had\\nbeen inflicted on Rohilcund. But if Mr. Pitt s view\\nof the case of Cheyte Sing were correct, there was no\\nground for an impeachment, or even for a vote of cen-\\nsure. If the offence of Hastings was really no more 5\\nthan this, that, having a right to impose a mulct, the\\namount of which mulct was not defined, but was left\\nto be settled by his discretion, he had, not for his own\\nadvantage, but for that of the state, demanded too\\nmuch, was this an offence which required a criminal ic\\nproceeding of the highest solemnity, a criminal pro-\\nceeding, to which, during sixty years, no public func-\\ntionary had been subjected We can see, we think,\\nin what way a man of sense and integrity might have\\nbeen induced to take any course respecting Hastings, 15\\nexcept the course which Mr. Pitt took. Such a man\\nmight have thought a great example necessary, for the\\npreventing of injustice, and for the vindicating of the\\nnational honor, and might, on that ground, have voted\\nfor impeachment both on the Rohilla charge, and on 20\\nthe Benares charge. Such a man might have thought\\nthat the offences of Hastings had been atoned for by\\ngreat services, and might, on that ground, have voted\\nagainst the impeachment, on both charges. With great\\ndifiidence, we give it as our opinion that the most cor- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "164 MAC AUL AY S ESSAY\\nrect course would, on the whole, have been to impeach\\non the Rohilla charge, and to acquit on the Benares\\ncharge. Had the Benares charge appeared to us in\\nthe same light in which it appeared to Mr. Pitt, we\\n5 should without hesitation have voted for acquittal\\non that charge. The one course which it is incon-\\nceivable that any man of a tenth part of Mr. Pitt s\\nabilities can have honestly taken was the course\\nwhich he took. He acquitted Hastings on the Rohilla\\n10 charge. He softened down the Benares charge till\\nit became no charge at all and then he pronounced\\nthat it contained matter for impeachment.\\nNor must it be forgotten that the principal reason\\nassigned by the ministry for not impeaching Hastings\\n15 on account of the E-ohilla war was this, that the delin-\\nquencies of the early part of his administration had\\nbeen atoned for by the excellence of the later part.\\nWas it not most extraordinary that men who had held\\nthis language could afterwards vote that the later\\n20 part of his administration furnished matter for no less\\nthan twenty articles of impeachment? They first\\nrepresented the conduct of Hastings in 1780 and 1781\\nas so highly meritorious that, like works of super-\\nerogation in the Catholic theology, it ought to be\\n25 efficacious for the cancelling of former offences j and", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 165\\ntliey then prosecuted Min for his conduct in 1780 and\\n1781.\\nThe general astonishment was the greater, because,\\nonly twenty-four hours before, the members on whom\\nthe minister could depend had received the usual 5\\nnotes from the Treasury, begging them to be in their\\nplaces and to vote against Mr. Fox s motion. It was\\nasserted by Mr. Hastings, that, early on the morning\\nof the very day on which the debate took place, Dun-\\ndas called on Pitt, woke him, and was closeted with 10\\nhim many hours. The result of this conference was\\na determination to give up the late Governor-General\\nto the vengeance of the Opposition. It was impossible\\neven for the most powerful minister to carry alh his\\nfollowers with him in so strange a course. Several 15\\npersons high in office, the Attorney-General, Mr.\\nGrenville, and Lord Mulgrave, divided against Mr.\\nPitt. But the devoted adherents who stood by the\\nhead of the government without asking questions,\\nwere sufficiently numerous to turn the scale. A hun- 20\\ndred and nineteen members voted for Mr. Fox s\\nmotion; seventy-nine against it. Dundas silently\\nfollowed Pitt.\\nThat good and great man, the late William Wilber-\\nforce, often related the events of this remarkable 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "166 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nnight. He described the amazement of the House,\\nand the bitter reflections which were muttered against\\nthe Prime JMinister by some of the habitual supporters\\nof government. Pitt himself appeared to feel that\\n5 his conduct required some explanation. He left the\\ntreasury bench, sat for some time next to Mr. Wilber-\\nforce, and very earnestly declared that he had found\\nit impossible, as a man of conscience, to stand any\\nlonger by Hastings. The business, he said, was too\\n10 bad. Mr. Wilberforce, we are bound to add, fully\\nbelieved that his friend was sincere, and that the\\nsuspicions to which this mysterious affair gave rise\\nwere altogether unfounded.\\nThose suspicions, indeed, were such as it is painful\\n15 to mention. The friends of Hastings, most of whom,\\nit is to be observed, generally supported the adminis-\\ntration, affirmed that the motive of Pitt and Dundas\\nwas jealousy. Hastings was personally a favorite\\nwith the King. Pie was the idol of the East India\\n20 Company and of its servants. If he were absolved by\\nthe Commons, seated among the Lords, admitted to\\nthe Board of Control, closely allied with the strong-\\nminded and imperious Thurlow, was it not almost\\ncertain that he would soon draw to himself the entire\\n25 management of Eastern affairs Was it not possible", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "on WAEREK HASTINGS 167\\nthat he might become a formidable rival in the cabi-\\nnet? It had probably got abroad that very singular\\ncommunications had taken j)lace between Thurlow\\nand Major Scott, and that, if the \u00c2\u00b0First Lord of the\\nTreasury was afraid to recommend Hastings for a 5\\npeerage, the \u00c2\u00b0Chancellor was ready to take the respon-\\nsibility of that step on himself. Of all ministers,\\nPitt was the least likely to submit with patience to\\nsuch an encroachment on his functions. If the Com-\\nm(ms impeached Hastings, all danger was at an end. 10\\nThe proceeding, however it might terminate, would\\nprobably last some years. In the meantime, the\\naccused person would be excluded from honors and\\npnblic employments, and could scarcely venture even\\nto pay his duty at court. Such were the motives 15\\nattributed by a great part of the public to the young\\nminister, whose ruling passion was generally believed\\nto be avarice of power.\\nThe prorogation soon interrupted the discussions\\nrespecting Hastings. In the following year, those 20\\ndiscussions were resumed. The charge touching the\\nspoliation of the Begums was brought forward by\\nSheridan, in a speech which was so imperfectly re-\\nported that it may be said to be wholly lost, but\\nwhich was, without doubt, the most elaborately brill- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "168 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\niant of all the productions of his ingenious mind.\\nThe impression which it produced was such as has\\nnever been equalled. He sat down, not merely amidst\\ncheering, but amidst the loud clapping of hands, in\\n5 which the Lords below the bar and the strangers in\\nthe gallery joined. The excitement of the House was\\nsuch that no other speaker could obtain a hearing;\\nand the debate was adjourned. The ferment spread\\nfast through the town. Within four and twenty hours,\\n10 Sheridan was offered a thousand pounds for the copy-\\nright of the speech, if he would himself correct it for\\nthe press. The impression made by this remarkable\\ndisplay of eloquence on severe and experienced crit-\\nics, whose discernment may be supposed to have been\\n15 quickened by emulation, was deep and permanent. Mr.\\nWindham, twenty years later, said that the speech de-\\nserved all its fame, and was, in spite of some faults\\nof taste, such as were seldom wanting either in the\\nliterary or in the parliamentary performances of Sher-\\n20 idan, the finest that had been delivered within the\\nmemory of man. Mr. Fox, about the same time,\\nbeing asked by the late Lord Holland what was the\\nbest speech ever made in the House of Commons,\\nassigned the first place, without hesitation, to the\\n25 great oration of Sheridan on the Oude charge.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 1G9-\\nWhen tiie debate was resumed, the tide ran so\\nstrongly against the accused that his friends were\\ncoughed and scraped down. Pitt declared himself for\\nSheridan s motion and the question was carried by\\na hundred and seventy-five votes against sixty-eight. 5\\nThe Opposition, flushed with victory and strongly\\nsupported by the public sympathy, proceeded to bring\\nforward a succession of charges relating chiefly to\\npecuniary transactions. The friends of Hastings\\nwere discouraged, and having now no hope of being 10\\nable to avert an impeachment, were not very strenu-\\nous in their exertions. At length the House, having\\nagreed to twenty articles of charge, directed Burke to\\ngo before the Lords, and to impeach the late Governor-\\nGeneral of High Crimes and Misdemeanors. Hastings 15\\nwas at the same time arrested by the Serjeant-at-arms,\\nand carried to the bar of the Peers.\\nThe session was now within ten days of its close.\\nIt was, therefore, impossible that any progress could\\nbe made in the trial till the next year. Hastings was 20\\nadmitted to bail and further proceedings were post-\\nponed till the Houses should re-assemble.\\nWhen Parliament met in the following winter, the\\nCommons proceeded to elect a committee for manag-\\ning the impeachment. Burke stood at the head 5 and 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "170 3fACAULAT S ESSAT\\nwith him were associated most of the leading mem-\\nbers of the Opposition. But when the name of Fran-\\ncis was read a fierce contention arose. It was said\\nthat Francis and Hastings were notoriously on bad\\n5 terms, that they had been at feud during many years,\\nthat on one occasion their mutual aversion had im-\\npelled them to seek each other s lives, and that it\\nwould be improper and indelicate to select a private\\nenemy to be a public accuser. It was ursjed on the\\n10 other side with great force, particularly by Mr. Wind-\\nham, that impartiality, though the first duty of a\\njudge, had never been reckoned among the qualities\\nof an advocate that in the ordinary administration\\nof criminal justice among the English, the aggrieved\\n15 party, the very last person who ought to be admitted\\ninto the jury-box, is the prosecutor; that what was\\nwanted in a manager was, not that he should be free\\nfrom bias, but that he should be able, well informed,\\nenergetic, and active. The ability and information\\n23 of Francis were admitted; and the very animosity\\nwith which he was reproached, whether a virtue or a\\nvice, was at least a pledge for his energy and activity.\\nIt seems difficult to refute these arguments. But the\\ninveterate hatred borne by Francis to Hastings had\\n25 excited general disgust. The House decided that", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "OiV WARREK HASTIN-GS 171\\nFrancis should not be a manager. Pitt voted witli\\nthe majority, Dundas with the minority.\\nIn the mean time, the preparations for the trial had\\nproceeded rapidly; and on the 13th of February, 1788,\\nthe sittings of the Court commenced. There have 5\\nbeen spectacles more dazzling to the eye, more gor-\\ngeous with jewelry and cloth of gold, more attractive\\nto grown-up children, than that which was then\\nexhibited at Westminster but, perhaps, there never\\nwas a spectacle so well calculated to strike a highly 10\\ncultivated, a reflecting, and imaginative mind. All\\nthe various kinds of interest which belong to the near\\nand to the distant, to the present and to the past,\\nwere collected on one spot, and in one hour. All the\\ntalents and all the accomplishments which are devel- 15\\noped by liberty and civilization were now displayed,\\nwith every advantage that could be derived both from\\nco-operation and from contrast. Every step in the\\nproceedings carried the mind either backward, through\\nmany troubled centuries, to the days when the foun- 20\\ndations of our constitution were laid or far away,\\nover boundless seas and deserts, to dusky nations liv-\\ning under strange stars, worshipping strange gods,\\nand writing strange characters from right to left.\\nThe \u00c2\u00b0High Court of Parliament was to sit, according 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "172 MACAUL AY S ESSAY\\nto forms handed down from the days of the Plantage-\\nnets, on an Englishman accused of exercising tyranny\\nover the lord of the holy city of Benares, and over the\\nladies of the princely house of Oude.\\n5 The place was worthy of such a trial. It was the\\ngreat \u00c2\u00b0hall of William Rufus, the hall which had\\nresounded with acclamations at the inauguration of\\nthirty kings, the hall which had witnessed the just\\nsentence of Bacon and the just absolution of Somers,\\n10 the hall where the eloquence of Strafford had for a\\nmoment awed and melted a victorious party inflamed\\nwith just resentment, the hall where Charles had con-\\nfronted the High Court of Justice with the placid\\ncourage which has half redeemed his fame. Neither\\n15 military nor civil pomp was wanting. The avenues\\nwere lined with grenadiers. The streets were kept\\nclear by cavalry. The peers, robed in gold and\\nermine, were marshalled by the heralds under \u00c2\u00b0Gar-\\nter King-at-arms. The judges in their vestments\\n20 of state attended to give advice on points of law.\\nNear a hundred and seventy lords, three fourths of\\nthe Upper House as the Upper House then was,\\nwalked in solemn order from their usual place of\\nassembling to the tribunal. The junior Baron pres-\\n25 ent led the way, George Eliott, Lord Heathfield,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 173\\nrecently ennobled for Ms memorable defence of Gib-\\nraltar against the fleets and armies of France and\\nSpain. The long procession was closed by the Duke\\nof Norfolk, Earl Marshal of the realm, by the great\\ndignitaries, and by the brothers and sons of the King. 5\\nLast of all came the Prince of Wales, conspicuous by\\nhis fine person and noble bearing. The gray old walls\\nwere hung with scarlet. The long galleries were\\ncrowded by an audience such as has rarely excited\\nthe fears or the emulation of an orator. There were 10\\ngathered together, from all parts of a great, free,\\nenlightened, and prosperous empire, grace and female\\nloveliness, wit and learning, the representatives of\\nevery science and of every art. There were seated\\nround the Queen the fair-haired young daughters of 15\\nthe house of Brunswick. There the Ambassadors of\\ngreat Kings and Commonwealths gazed with admira-\\ntion on a spectacle which no other country in the\\nworld could present. There \u00c2\u00b0Siddons, in the prime of\\nher majestic beauty, looked with emotion on a scene 20\\nsurpassing all the imitations of the stage. There\\nthe ^historian of the Roman Empire thought of the\\ndays when Cicero pleaded the cause of Sicily against\\nVerres, and when, before a senate which still retained\\nsome show of freedom, Tacitus thundered against the 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "174 MACAULAT^S ESSAY\\noppressor of Africa. There were seen, side by side,\\ntlie ^greatest painter and the greatest scholar of the\\nage. The spectacle had allured Reynolds from tha.t\\neasel which has preserved to us the thoughtful fore-\\n5 heads of so many writers and statesmen, and the\\nsweet smiles of so many noble matrons. It had\\ninduced Parr to suspend his labors in that dark and\\nprofound mine from which he had extracted a vast\\ntreasure of erudition, a treasure too often buried in\\nlo the earth, too often paraded with injudicious and\\ninelegant ostentation, but still precious, massive, and\\nsplendid. There appeared the voluptuous charms of\\nher to whom the heir of the throne had in secret\\n\u00c2\u00b0plighted his faith. There too was she, the beautiful\\n15 mother of a beautiful race, the \u00c2\u00b0Saint Cecilia whose\\ndelicate features, lighted up by love and music, art\\nhas rescued from the common decay. There were\\nthe members of that brilliant society which quoted,\\ncriticised, and exchanged repartees, under the rich\\n20 peacock-hangings of \u00c2\u00b0Mrs. Montague. And there the\\nladies whose lips, more persuasive than those of Fox\\nhimself, had carried the Westminster election against\\npalace and treasury, shone round \u00c2\u00b0Georgiana Duchess\\nof Devonshire.\\n25 The Serjeants made proclamation. Hastings ad-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "OK WAEREK HASTINGS 175\\nvanced to the bar, and bent liis knee. The culprit\\nwas indeed not unwortliy of that great presence. He\\nhad ruled an extensive and populous country, had\\nmade laws and treaties, had sent forth armies, had\\nset up and pulled down princes. And in his high 5\\nplace he had so borne himself, that all had feared\\nhim, that most had loved him, and that hatred itself\\ncould deny him no title to glory, except virtue. He\\nlooked like a great man, and not like a bad man. A\\nperson small and emaciated, yet deriving dignity from 10\\na carriage which, while it indicated deference to the\\ncourt, indicated also habitual self-possession and self-\\nrespect, a high and intellectual forehead, a brow pen-\\nsive, but not gloomy, a mouth of inflexible decision, a\\nface pale and worn, but serene, on which was written, 15\\nas legibly as under the picture in the council-chamber\\nat Calcutta, \u00c2\u00b0Mens aequa in arduis such was the\\naspect with which the great Proconsul presented him-\\nself to his judges.\\nHis counsel accompanied him, men all of whom 20\\nwere afterwards raised by their talents and learning\\nto the highest posts in their profession, the bold and\\nstrong-minded Law, afterwards Chief Justice of the\\nKing s Bench the more humane and eloquent Dallas,\\nafterwards Chief Justice of the Common Pleas; and 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "176 MACAULAY^S ESSAY--,\\nPlomer who, near twenty years later, successfully con-\\nducted in the same high court the defence of Lord\\nMelville, and subsequently became Vice-chancellor and\\nMaster of the Rolls.\\n5 But neither the culprit nor his advocates attracted\\nso much notice as the accusers. In the midst of the\\nblaze of red drapery, a space has been fitted up with\\ngreen benches and tables for the Commons. The\\nmanagers, with Burke at their head, appeared in full\\n10 dress. The collectors of gossip did not fail to remark\\nthat even Fox, generally so regardless of his appear-\\nance, had paid to the illustrious tribunal the compli-\\nment of wearing a \u00c2\u00b0bag and sword. Pitt had refused\\nto be one of the conductors of the impeachment and\\n15 his commanding, copious, and sonorous eloquence was\\nwanting to that great muster of various talents. Age\\nand blindness had unfitted Lord North for the duties\\nof a public prosecutor and his friends were left with-\\nout the help of his excellent sense, his tact, and his\\n20 urbanity. But, in spite of the absence of these two\\ndistinguished members of the Lower House, the box\\nin which the managers stood contained an array of\\nspeakers such as perhaps had not appeared together\\nsince the great age of Athenian eloquence. There\\n25 were \u00c2\u00b0Fox and Sheridan, the English Demosthenes", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 177\\nand the English Hyperides. There was Burke, ig-\\nnorant, indeed, or negligent of the art of adapting his\\nreasonings and his style to the capacity and taste of\\nhis hearers, but in amplitude of comprehension and\\nrichness of imagination superior to every orator, 5\\nancient or modern. There, with eyes reverentially\\nfixed on Burke, appeared the finest gentleman of the\\nage, his form developed by every manly exercise, his\\nface beaming with intelligence and spirit, the ingen-\\nious, the chivalrous, the high-souled Windham. Nor, 10\\nthough surrounded by such men, did the youngest\\nmanager pass unnoticed. At an age when most of\\nthose who distinguish themselves in life are still con-\\ntending for prizes and fellowships at college, he had\\nwon for himself a conspicuous place in Parliament. 15\\nNo advantage of fortune or connection was wanting\\nthat could set off to the height his splendid talents\\nand his unblemished honor. At twenty-three he had\\nbeen thought worthy to be ranked with the veteran\\nstatesmen who appeared as the delegates of the British 20\\nCommons, at the bar of the British nobility. All who\\nstood at that bar, save him alone, are gone, culprit,\\nadvocates, accusers. To the generation which is now\\nin the vigor of life, he is the sole representative of\\na great age which has passed away. But those who,, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "178 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nwithin the last ten years, have listened with delight,\\ntill the \u00c2\u00b0morning sun shone on the tapestries of the\\nHouse of Lords, to the lofty and animated eloquence\\nof \u00c2\u00b0Charles Earl Grey, are able to form some estimate\\n5 of the powers of a race of men among whom he was\\nnot the foremost.\\nThe charges and the answers of Hastings were first\\nread. The ceremony occupied two whole days, and\\nwas rendered less tedious than it would otherwise\\nlo have been b}^ the silver voice and just emphasis of\\nCowper, the clerk of the court, a near relation of the\\namiable poet. On the third day Burke rose. Four\\nsittings were occupied by his opening speech, which\\nwas intended to be a general introduction to all the\\n15 charges. With an exuberance of thought and a splen-\\ndor of diction which more than satisfied the highly\\nraised expectation of the audience, he described the\\ncharacter and institutions of the natives of India,\\nrecounted the circumstances in which the Asiatic\\n20 empire of Britain had originated, and set forth the\\nconstitution of the Company and of the English\\nPresidencies. Having thus attempted to communi-\\ncate to his hearers an idea of Eastern society, as\\nvivid as that which existed in his own mind, he pro-\\n25 ceeded to arraign the administration of Hastings as", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 179\\nsystematically conducted in defiance of morality and\\npublic law. The energy and pathos of the great\\norator extorted expressions of unwonted admiration\\nfrom tlie stern and hostile Chancellor, and, for a\\nmoment, seemed to pierce even the resolute heart of 5\\nthe defendant. The ladies in the galleries, unaccus-\\ntomed to such displays of eloquence, excited by the\\nsolemnity of the occasion, and perhaps not unwilling\\nto display their \u00c2\u00b0taste and sensibility, were in a state\\nof uncontrollable emotion. Handkerchiefs were pulled 10\\nout; smelling-bottles were handed round; hysterical\\nsobs and screams were heard and Mrs. Sheridan was\\ncarried out in a tit. At length the orator concluded.\\nRaising his voice till the old arches of Irish oak\\nresounded, Therefore, said he, hath it with all 15\\nconfidence been ordered by the Commons of Great\\nBritain, that I impeach Warren Hastings of high\\ncrimes and misdemeanors. 1 impeach him in the\\nname of the Commons House of Parliament, whose\\ntrust he has betrayed. I impeach him in the name 20\\nof the English nation, whose ancient honor he has\\nsullied. I impeach him in the name of the people,\\nof India, whose rights he has trodden under foot, and\\nwhose country he has turned into a desert. Lastly, in\\nthe name of human nature itself, in the name of both 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "180 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nsexes, in the name of every age, in the name of every\\nrank, I impeach the common enemy and oppressor of\\nall\\nAVhen the deep murmur of various emotions had\\n5 subsided, Mr. Fox rose to address the Lords respect-\\ning the course of proceeding to be followed. The wish\\nof the accusers was that the Court would bring to a\\nclose the investigation of the first charge before the\\nsecond was opened. The wish of Hastings and of his\\nlo counsel was that the managers should open all the\\ncharges, and produce all the evidence for the prosecu-\\ntion, before the defence began. The Lords retire^\\nto their own House to consider the question. Thfp\\nChancellor took the side of Hastings. Lord Lough-\\n15 borough, who was now in opposition, supported the\\ndemand of the managers. The division showed which\\nway the inclination of the tribunal leaned. A major-\\nity of near three to one decided in favor of the course\\nfor which Hastings contended.\\n20 When the Court sat again, Mr. Fox, assisted by Mr.\\nGrey, opened the charge respecting Cheyte Sing, and\\nseveral days were spent in reading papers and hearing\\nwitnesses. The next article was that relating to the\\nPrincesses of Oude. The conduct of this part of the\\n25 case was intrusted to Sheridan. The curiosity ol", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 181\\nthe public to hear him was unbounded. His spark-\\nling and highly finished declamation lasted two days\\nbut the Hall was crowded to suffocation during the\\nwhole time. It was said that fifty guineas had been\\npaid for a single ticket. Sheridan, when he con- 5\\neluded, contrived, with a knowledge of stage effect\\nwhich his father might have envied, to sink back, as\\nif exhausted, into the arms of Burke, who hugged\\nhim with the energy of generous admiration.\\nJune was now far advanced. The session could not 10\\nlast much longer 5 and the progress which had been\\nmade in the impeachment was not very satisfactory.\\nThere were twenty charges. On two only of these\\nnad even the case for the prosecution been heard; and\\nit was now a year since Hastings had been admitted 15\\nto bail.\\nThe interest taken by the public in the trial was\\ngreat when the Court began to sit, and rose to the\\nleight when Sheridan spoke on the charge relating to\\nthe Begums. From that time the excitement went 20\\ndown fast. The spectacle had lost the attraction of\\nnovelty. The great displays of rhetoric were over.\\nWhat was behind was not of a nature to entice men\\nof letters from their books in the morning, or to tempt\\nladies who had left the masquerade at two to be out 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "182 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nof bed before eight. There remained examinations\\nand cross-examinations. There remained statements\\nof accounts. There remained the reading of papers,\\nfilled with words unintelligible to English ears, with\\n5 lacs and crores, zemindars and aumils, sunnuds and\\nperwannahs, jaghires and nuzzurs. There remained\\nbickerings, not always carried on with the best taste\\nor with the best temper, between the managers of the\\nimpeachment and the counsel for the defence, particu-\\nlo larly between Mr. Burke and Mr. Law. There re-\\nmained the endless marches and countermarches of\\nthe Peers between their House and the Hall for as\\noften as a point of law was to be discussed, their Lord-\\nships retired to discuss it apart and the consequence\\n15 was, as a Peer wittily said, that the judges walked and\\nthe trial stood still.\\nIt is to be added that, in the spring of 1788, when\\nthe trial commenced, no important question, either of\\ndomestic or foreign policy, occupied the public mind.\\n20 The proceeding in Westminster Hall, therefore, natu-\\nrally attracted most of the attention of Parliament\\nand of the country. It was the one great event of\\nthat season. But in the following year the King s\\nillness, the debates on the Regency, the expectation\\n25 of a change of ministry, completely diverted public", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "02r WARRJEM HASTINGS 183\\nattention from Indian affairs and within a fortnight\\nafter George the Third had returned thanks in St.\\nPaul s for his recovery, the States-General of France\\nmet at Versailles. In the midst of the agitation pro-\\nduced by these events, the impeachment was for a 5\\ntime almost forgotten.\\nThe trial in the Hall went on languidly. In the\\nsession of 1788, when the proceedings had the interest\\nof novelty, and when the Peers had little other busi-\\nness before them, only thirty-five days were given to 10\\nthe impeachment. In 1789, the Eegency Bill occupied\\nthe Upper House till the session was far advanced.\\nWhen the King recovered the circuits were beginning.\\nThe judges left town the Lords waited tor the return\\nof the oracles of jurisprudence and the consequence 15\\nwas that during the whole year only seventeen days\\nwere given to the case of Hastings. It was clear that\\nthe matter would be protracted to a length unprece-\\ndented in the annals of criminal law.\\nIn truth, it. is impossible to deny that impeachment, 20\\nthough it is a fine ceremony, and though it may have\\nbeen useful in the seventeenth century, is not a pro-\\nceeding from which much good can now be expected.\\nWhatever confidence ma.y be placed in the decision of\\nthe Peers on an appeal arising out of ordinary litiga- 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "184 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\ntion, it is certain that no man has the least confidence\\nin their impartiality, when a great public functionary,\\ncharged with a great state crime, is brought to their\\nbar. They are all politicians. There is hardly one\\n5 among them whose vote on an impeachment may not\\nbe confidently predicted before a witness has been\\nexamined; and, even if it were possible to rely on\\ntheir justice, they would still be quite unfit to try such a\\ncause as that of Hastings. They sit only during half\\nlo the year. They have to transact much legislative and\\nmuch judicial business. The law-lords, whose advice\\nis required to guide the unlearned majority, are\\nemployed daily in administering justice elsewhere.\\nIt is impossible, therefore, that during a busy session,,\\n15 the Upper House should give more than a few days to^\\nan impeachment. To expect that their Lordships would\\ngive up partridge-shooting, in order to bring the great-\\nest delinquent to speedy justice, or to relieve accused\\ninnocence by speedy acquittal, would be unreasonable\\n20 indeed. A well-constituted tribunal, sitting regularly\\nsix days in the week, and nine hours in the day,,\\nwould have brought the trial of Hastings to a close in\\nless than three months. The Lords had not finished,\\ntheir work in seven years.\\n25 The result ceased to be a matter of doubt, from th\u00c2\u00a9", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "OK WARREN HASTINGS 185\\ntime when the Lords resolved that they would be\\nguided by the rules of evidence which are received in\\nthe inferior courts of the realm. Those rules, it is\\nwell known, exclude much information which would\\nbe quite sufficient to determine the conduct of any 5\\nreasonable man, in the most important transactions of\\nprivate life. These rules, at every assizes, save scores\\nof culprits whom judges, jury, and spectators firmly\\nbelieve to be guilty. But when those rules were\\nrigidly applied to offences committed many years 10\\nbefore, at the distance of many thousands of miles,\\nconviction was, of course, out of the question. We do\\nnot blame the accused and his counsel for availing\\nthemselves of every legal advantage in order to obtain\\nan acquittal. Bat it is clear that an acquittal so 15\\nobtained cannot be pleaded in bar of the judgment\\nof history.\\nSeveral attempts were made by the friends of Hast-\\nings to put a stop to the trial. In 1789 they proposed\\na vote of censure upon Burke, for some violent lao- 20\\nguage which he had used respecting the death of\\nKuncomar and the connection between Hastings and\\nImpey. Burke was then unpopular in the last degree\\nboth with the House and with the country. The\\nasperity and indecency of some expressions which he 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "186 MAC AUL AY S ESS AT\\nhad used during the debates on the Regency had\\nannoyed even his warmest friends. The vote of cen-\\nsure was carried and those who had moved it hoped\\nthat the managers would resign in disgust. Burke was\\n5 deeply hurt. Rut his zeal for what he considered as\\nthe cause of justice and mercy triumphed over his per-\\nsonal feelings. He received the censure of the House\\nwith dignity and meekness, and declared that no per-\\nsonal mortihcation or humiliation should induce him to\\n10 flinch from the sacred duty which he had undertaken.\\nIn the following year the Parliament was dissolved\\nand the friends of Hastings entertained a hope that the\\nnew House of Commons might not be disposed to go\\non with the impeachment. They began by maintain-\\n15 ing that the whole proceeding was terminated by the\\ndissolution. Defeated on this point, they made a direct\\nmotion that the impeachment should be dropped; but\\nthey were defeated by the combined forces of the Gov-\\nernment and the Opposition. It was, however, resolved\\n20 that, for the sake of expedition, many of the articles\\nshould be withdrawn. In truth, had not some such\\nmeasure been adopted, the trial would have lasted till\\nthe defendant was in his grave.\\nAt length, in the spring of 1795, the decision was\\n25 pronounced; near eight years after Hastings had been", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 187\\nbrought by tbe Serjeant-at-arms of the Commons to the\\nbar of the Lords. On the last day of this great pro-\\ncedure the public curiosity, long suspended, seemed\\nto be revived. Anxiety about the judgment there\\ncould be none for it had been fully ascertained that 5\\nthere was a great majority for the defendant. Never-\\ntheless many wished to see the pageant, and the Hall\\nwas as much crowded as on the first day. But those\\nwho, having been present on the first day, now bore a\\npart in the proceedings of the last, were few and most 10\\nof those few were altered men.\\nAs Hastings himself said, the arraignment had taken\\nplace before one generation, and the judgment was pro-\\nnounced by another. The spectator could not look at\\nthe woolsack, or at the red benches of the Peers, or 15\\nat the green benches of the Commons, without seeing\\nsomething that reminded him of the instability of all\\nhuman things, of the instability of power and fame\\nand life, of the more lamentable instability of friend-\\nship. The great seal was borne before Lord Lough- 20\\nborough, who, when the trial commenced, was a fierce\\nopponent of Mr. Pitt s government, and who was now\\na member of that government, while Thurlow, who\\npresided in the court when it first sat, estranged from\\nall his old allies, sat scowling among the junior barons, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "188 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nOf about a hundred and sixty nobles who walked in\\nthe procession on the first day, sixty had been laid\\nin their family vaults. Still more affecting must\\nhave been the sight of the managers box. What\\n5 had become of that fair fellowship, so closely bound\\ntogether by public and private ties, so resplendent\\nwith every talent and accomplishment It had been\\nscattered by calamities more bitter than the bitterness\\nof death. The great chiefs were still living, and still\\n10 in the full vigor of their genius. But their friendship\\nwas at an end. It had been violently and publicly\\ndissolved, with tears and stormy reproaches. If\\nthose men, once so dear to each other, were now\\ncompelled to meet for the purpose of managing the\\n15 impeachment, they met as strangers whom public\\nbusiness had brought together, and behaved to each\\nother with cold and distant civility. Burke had in\\nhis vortex whirled away Windham. Fox had been\\nfollowed by Sheridan and Grey.\\n20 Only twenty-nine Peers voted. Of these only six\\nfound Hastings guilty on the charges relating to\\nCheyte Sing and to the Begums. On other charges,\\nthe majority in his favor was still greater. On some\\nhe was unanimously absolved. He was then called\\n25 to the bar, was informed from the woolsack that the", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 189\\nLords had acquitted him, and was solemnly discharged.\\nHe bowed respectfully and retired.\\nWe have said that the decision had been fully\\nexpected. It was also generally approved. At the\\ncommencement of the trial there had been a strong 5\\nand indeed unreasonable feeling against Hastings.\\nAt the close of the trial there was a feeling equally\\nstrong and equally unreasonable in his favor. One\\ncause of the change was, no doubt, what is commonly\\ncalled the fickleness of the multitude, but what seems 10\\nto us to be merely the general law of human nature.\\nBoth in individuals and in masses violent excitement\\nis always followed by remission, and often by reaction.\\nWe are all inclined to depreciate whatever we have\\noverpraised, and, on the other hand, to show undue 15\\nindulgence where we have shown undue rigor. It was\\nthus in the case of Hastings. The length of his trial,\\nmoreover, made him an object of compassion. It was\\nthought, and not without reason, that, even if he was\\nguilty, he was still an ill-used man, and that an im- 20\\npeachment of eight years was more than a sufficient\\npunishment. It was also felt that, though, in the\\nordinary course of criminal law, a defendant is not\\nallowed to set off his good actions against his crimes,\\na great political cause should be tried on different 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "190 MACAULAT S ESSAY\\nprinciples, and that a man who had governed an em-\\npire during thirteen years might have done some very\\nreprehensible things, and yet might be on the whole\\ndeserving of rewards and honors rather than of fine\\n5 and imprisonment. The press, an instrument neg-\\nlected by the prosecutors, was used by Hastings and\\nhis friends w^ith great effect. Every ship, too, that\\narrived from Madras or Bengal, brought a cuddy full\\nof his admirers. Every gentleman from India spoke\\nlo of the late Governor-General as having deserved better,\\nand having been treated worse, than any man living.\\nThe effect of this testimony unanimously given by all\\npersons who knew the East, was naturally very great.\\nRetired members of the Indian services, civil and\\n15 military, were settled in all corners of the kingdom.\\nEach of them was, of course, in his own little circle,\\nregarded as an oracle on an Indian question and they\\nwere, with scarcely one exception, the zealous advo-\\ncates of Hastings. It is to be added, that the numer-\\nous addresses to the late Governor-General, which his\\nfriends in Bengal obtained from the natives and trans-\\nmitted to England, made a considerable impression.\\nTo these addresses we attach little or no importance.\\nThat Hastings was beloved by the people whom he\\n25 governed is true but the eulogies of pundits, zemin-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 191\\ndars, Mahommedan doctors, do not prove it to be true.\\nFor an English collector or judge would have found\\nit easy to induce any native who could write to sign\\na panegyric on the most odious ruler that ever was\\nin India. It was said that at Benares, the very place 5\\nat which the acts set forth in the first article of\\nimpeachment had been committed, the natives had\\nerected a temple to Hastings and this story excited\\na strong sensation in England. Burke s observations\\non the apotheosis were admirable. He saw no reason 10\\nfor astonishment, he said, in the incident which had\\nbeen represented as so striking. He knew something\\nof the mythology of the Brahmins. He knew that\\nas they worshipped some gods from love, so they\\nworshipped others from fear. He knew that they 15\\nerected shrines, not only to the benignant deities of\\nlight and plenty, but also to the fiends who preside\\nover smallpox and murder nor did he at all dispute\\nthe claim of Mr. Hastings to be admitted into such\\na Pantheon. This reply has always struck us as one 20\\nof the finest that ever was made in Parliament. It is\\na grave and forcible argument, decorated by the most\\nbrilliant wit and fancy.\\nHastings was, however, safe. But in every thing\\nexcept character, he would have been far better off if, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "192 MACAULAY S ESSAY\\nwhen first impeached, he had at once pleaded guilty,\\nand paid a fine of fifty thousand pounds. He was a\\nruined man. The legal expenses of his defence had\\nbeen enormous. The expenses which did not appear\\n5 in his attorney s bill were perhaps larger still. Great\\nsums had been paid to Major Scott. Great sums had\\nbeen laid out in bribing newspapers, rewarding pam-\\nphleteers, and circulating tracts. Burke, so early as\\n1790, declared in the House of Commons that twenty\\n10 thousand pounds had been employed in corrupting the\\npress. It is certain that no controversial weapon,\\nfrom the gravest reasoning to the coarsest ribaldry,\\nwas left unemployed. Logan defended the accused\\nGovernor with great ability in prose. For the lovers\\n15 of verse, the speeches of the managers were burlesqued\\nin Simpkin s letters. It is, we are afraid, indisput-\\nable that Hastings stooped so low as to court the aid\\nof that malignant and filthy baboon John Williams,\\nwho called himself Anthony Pasquin. It was neces-\\n20 sary to subsidize such allies largely. The private\\nhoards of Mrs. Hastings had disappeared. It is said\\nthat the banker to whom they had been intrusted had\\nfailed. Still if Hastings had practised strict economy\\nhe would, after all his losses, have had a moderate\\n25 competence but in the management of his private", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 193\\naffairs he was imprudent. The dearest wish of his\\nheart had always been to regain Daylesford. At\\nlength, in the very year in which his trial commenced^\\nthe wish was accomplished and the domain, alienated\\nmore than seventy years before, returned to the de- 5\\nscendant of its old lords. But the manor house was\\na ruin and the grounds round it had, during many\\nyears, been utterly neglected. Hastings proceeded to\\nbuild, to plant, to form a sheet of water, to excavate\\na grotto and, before he was dismissed from the bar 10\\nof the House of Lords, he had expended more than\\nforty thousand pounds in adorning his seat.\\nThe general feeling both of the Directors and of\\nthe proprietors of the East India Company was that\\nhe had great claims on them, that his services to them 15\\nhad been eminent, and that his misfortunes had been\\nthe effect of his zeal for their interest. His friends\\nin Leadenhall Street proposed to reimburse him the\\ncosts of his trial, and to settle on him an annuity of\\nfive thousand pounds a year. But the consent of the 20\\nBoard of Control was necessary and at the head of\\nthe Board of Control was Mr. Dundas, who had him-\\nself been a party to the impeachment, who had, on\\nthat account, been reviled with great bitterness by the\\nadherents of Hastings, and who, therefore, was not in 25\\no", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "194 MACAULAY^S ESS AT\\na very complying mood. He refused to consent to\\nwhat the Directors suggested. The Directors remon-\\nstrated. A long controversy followed. Hastings, in\\nthe mean time, was reduced to such distress, that he\\n5 could hardly pay his weekly bills. At length a com-\\npromise was made. An annuity for life of four thou-\\nsand pounds was settled on Hastings and in order to\\nenable him to meet pressing demands, he was to receive\\nten years annuity in advance. The Company was\\n10 also permitted to lend him fifty thousand pounds, to\\nbe repaid by instalments without interest. This relief,\\nthough given in the most absurd manner, was suffi-\\ncient to enable the retired Governor to live in com-\\nfort, and even in luxury, if he had been a skilful\\n15 manager. But he was careless and profuse, and was\\nmore than once under the necessity of applying to the\\nCompany for assistance, which was liberally given.\\nHe had securitj^ and affluence, but not the power\\nand dignity which, when he landed from India, he had\\n20 reason to expect. He had then looked forward to a\\ncoronet, a red riband, a seat at the Council Board,\\nan office at Whitehall. He wcs then only hfty-two,\\nand might hope for many years of bodily and mental\\nvigor. The case was widely different when he left the\\n25 bar of the Lords. He was now too old a man to turn", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "ON^ WARREN HASTINGS 195\\nhis mind to a new class of studies and duties. He had\\nno chance of receiving any mark of royal favor while\\nMr. Pitt remained in power; and, when Mr. \u00c2\u00b0Pitt\\nretired, Hastings was approaching his seventieth year.\\nOnce, and only once, after his acquittal, he inter- 5\\nfered in politics and that interference was not much\\nto his honor. In 1804 he exerted himself strenuously\\nto prevent Mr. \u00c2\u00b0Addington, against whom Fox and\\nPitt had combined, from resigning the Treasury. It\\nis difficult to believe that a man so able and energetic 10\\nas Hastings can have thought that, when Bonaparte\\nwas at Boulogne with a great army, the defence of our\\nisland could safely be intrusted to a ministry which\\ndid not contain a single person whom flattery could\\ndescribe as a great statesman. It is also certain that, 15\\non the important question which had raised Mr. Ad-\\ndington to power, and on which he differed from both\\nPox and Pitt, Hastings, as might have been expected,\\nagreed with Fox and Pitt, and was decidedly opposed\\nto Addington, Religious intolerance has never been 20\\nthe vice of the Indian service, and certainly was not\\nthe vice of Hastings. Bat Mr. Addington had treated\\nhim with marked favor. Fox had been a principal\\nmanager of the impeachment. To Pitt it was owing\\nthat there had been an impeachment j and Hastings, 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "196 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nwe fear, was on this occasion guided by personal con-\\nsiderations, rather than by a regard to the public\\ninterest.\\nThe last twenty-four years of his life were chiefly\\n5 passed at Daylesford. He amused himself with em-\\nbellishing his grounds, riding fine Arab horses, fatten-\\ning prize-cattle, and trying to rear Indian animals and-\\nvegetables in England. He sent for seeds of a very\\nfine custard-apple, from the garden of what had once\\nlo been his own villa, among the green hedgerows of\\nAllipore. He tried also to naturalize in Worcester-\\nshire the delicious leechee, almost the only fruit of\\nBengal which deserves to be regretted even amidst\\nthe plenty of Covent Garden. The Mogul emperors,\\n15 in the time of their greatness, had in vain attempted\\nto introduce into Hindostan the goat of the table-land\\nof Thibet, whose down supplies the looms of Cash-\\nmere with the materials of the finest shawls. Hast-\\nings tried, with no better fortune, to rear a breed at\\n20 Daylesford; nor does he seem to have succeeded\\nbetter with the cattle of Bootan, whose tails are in\\nhigh esteem as the best fans for brushing away the\\nmosquitoes.\\nLiterature divided his attention with his conserva-\\n25 tories and his menagerie. He had always loved books,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "OM WARREN HASTINGS 197\\nand they were now necessary to him. Though not a\\npoet, in any high sense of the word, he wrote neat and\\npolished lines with great facility, and was fond of\\nexercising this talent. Indeed, if we must speak out,\\nhe seems to have been more of a Trissotin than was 5\\nto be expected from the powers of his mind, and from\\nthe great part which he had played in life. We are\\nassured in these Memoirs that the first thing which\\nhe did in the morning was to write a copy of verses.\\nWhen the family and guests assembled, the poem 10\\nmade its appearance as regularly as the eggs and\\nrolls; and Mr. Gleig requires us to believe that, if\\nfrom any accident Hastings came to the breakfast-\\ntable without one of his charming performances in his\\nhand, the omission was felt by all as a grievous disap- 15\\npointment. Tastes differ widely. For ourselves, we\\nmust say that, however good the breakfasts at Dayles-\\nf ord may have been, and we are assured that the\\ntea was of the most aromatic flavor, and that neither\\ntongue nor venison-pasty was wanting, we should 20\\nhave thought the reckoning high if we had been\\nforced to earn our repast by listening every day to a\\nnew madrigal or sonnet composed by our host. We\\nare glad, however, that Mr. Gleig has preserved this\\nlittle feature of character, though we think it by no 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "198 MACAULAY^S ESSAY\\nmeans a beauty. It is good to be often reminded of\\nthe inconsistency of human nature, and to learn to\\nlook without wonder or disgust on the weaknesses\\nwhich are found in the strongest minds. Dionysius\\n5 in old timeSj Frederic in the last century, with capacity\\nand vigor equal to the conduct of the greatest affairs,\\nunited all the little vanities and affectations of pro-\\nvincial blue-stockings. These great examples may\\nconsole the admirers of Hastings for the affliction of\\nlo seeing him reduced to the level of the Hayleys and\\nSewards.\\nWhen Hastings had passed many years in retire-\\nment, and had long outlived the common age of men,\\nhe again became for a short time an object of general\\n15 attention. In 1813 the charter of the East India\\nCompany was renewed and much discussion about\\nIndian affairs took place in Parliament. It was deter-\\nmined to examine witnesses at the bar of the Com-\\nmons and Hastings was ordered to attend. He had\\n20 appeared at that bar once before. It was when he\\nread his answer to the charges which Burke had laid\\non the table. Since that time twenty-seven years had\\nelapsed; public feeling had undergone a complete\\nchange the nation had now forgotten his faults, and\\n25 remembered only his services. The reappearance,", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 199\\ntoo, of a man who had been among the most distin-\\nguished of a generation that had passed away, who\\nnow belonged to history, and who seemed to have\\nrisen from the dead, could not but produce a solemn\\nand pathetic effect. The Commons received him with 5\\nacclamations, ordered a chair to be set for him, and,\\nwhen he retired, rose and uncovered. There were,\\nindeed, a few who did not sympathize with the gen\\neral feeling. One or two of the managers of the\\nimpeachment were present. They sate in the same 10\\nseats which they had occupied when they had been\\nthanked for the services which they had rendered in\\nWestminster Hall for, by the courtesy of the House,\\na member who has been thanked in his place is con-\\nsidered as having a right always to occupy that place. 15\\nThese gentlemen were not disposed to admit that\\nthey had employed several of the best years of their\\nlives in persecuting an innocent man. They accord-\\ningly kept their seats, and pulled their hats over their\\nbrows but the exceptions only made the prevailing 20\\nenthusiasm more remarkable. The Lords received the\\nold man with similar tokens of respect. The Univer-\\nsity of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor\\nof Laws; and in the Sheldonian Theatre the under-\\ngraduates welcomed him with tumultuous cheering. 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "200 MAC AULA Y S ESSAY\\nThese marks of public esteem were soon followed\\nby marks of royal favor. Hastings was sworn of the\\nPrivy Council, and was admitted to a long private\\naudience of the Prince Regent, who treated him very\\n5 graciously. When the Emperor of Russia and the\\nKing of Prussia visited England, Hastings a]3peared\\nin their train both at Oxford and in the Guildhall of\\nLondon, and, though surrounded by a crowd of princes\\nand great warriors, was every where received with\\n10 marks of respect and admiration. He was presented by\\nthe Prince Regent both to Alexander and to Frederic\\nWilliam and his Royal Highness went so far as to\\ndeclare in public that honors far higher than a seat in\\nthe Privy Council were due, and would soon be paid,\\n15 to the man who had saved the British dominions\\nin Asia. Hastings now confidently expected a peer-\\nage but from some unexplained cause, he was again\\ndisappointed.\\nHe lived about four years longer, in the enjoyment\\n20 of good spirits, of faculties not impaired to any pain-\\nful or degrading extent, and of health such as is\\nrarely enjoyed by those who attain such an age. At\\nlength, on the twenty-second of August 1818, in the\\neighty-sixth year of his age, he met death with the\\n25 same tranquil and decorous fortitude which he had", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "ON WARREN HASTINGS 201\\nopposed to all the trials of his various and eventful\\nlife.\\nWith all his faults, and they were neither few nor\\nsmall, only one cemetery was worthy to contain his\\nremains. In that temple of silence and reconciliation 5\\nwhere the enmities of twenty generations lie buried,\\nin the Great Abbey which has during many ages\\nafforded a quiet resting-place to those whose minds\\nand bodies have been shattered by the contentions of\\nthe Great Hall, the dust of the illustrious accused 10\\nshould have mingled with the dust of the illustrious\\naccusers. This was not to be. Yet the place of inter-\\nment was not ill chosen. Behind the chancel of the\\nparish church of Daylesford, in earth which already\\nheld the bones of many chiefs of the house of Hast- 15\\nings, was laid the coffin of the greatest man who has\\never borne that ancient and widely extended name.\\nOn that very spot probably, fourscore years before,\\nthe little Warren, meanly clad and scantily fed, had\\nplayed with the children of ploughmen. Even then 20\\nhis young mind had revolved plans which might be\\ncalled romantic. Yet, however romantic, it is not\\nlikely that they had been so strange as the truth.\\nNot only had the poor orphan retrieved the fallen\\nfortunes of his line. Not only had he repurchased 25", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "202 MACAULAY S ESSAY ON WARREN HASTINGS\\nthe old lands, and rebuilt the old dwelling. He had\\npreserved and extended an empire. He had founded\\na polity. He had administered government and war\\nwith more than the capacity of Kichelieu. He had\\n5 patronized learning with the judicious liberality of\\nCosmo. He had been attacked by the most formidable\\ncombination of enemies that ever sought the destruc-\\ntion of a single victim and over that combination,\\nafter a struggle of ten years, he had triumphed. He\\n10 had at length gone down to his grave in the fulness\\nof age, in peace, after so many troubles, in honor, after\\nso much obloquy.\\nThose who look on his character without favor or\\nmalevolence will pronounce that, in the two great\\n15 elements of all social virtue, in respect for the rights\\nof others, and in sympathy for the sufferings of others,\\nhe was deficient. His principles were somewhat lax.\\nHis heart was somewhat hard. But though we cannot\\nwith truth describe him either as a righteous or as a\\n20 merciful ruler, we cannot regard without admiration\\nthe amplitude and fertility of his intellect, his rare\\ntalents for command, for administration, and for con-\\ntroversy, his dauntless courage, his honorable poverty,\\nhis fervent zeal for the interests of the state, his noble\\n25 equanimity, tried by both extremes of fortune, and\\nnever disturbed by either.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "NOTES\\nThis essay was first published in the Edi7iburgh Beview in\\nOctober, 1841, three years after Macaulay s return from India.\\nIt is nominally a review of a book that had appeared. Memoirs\\nof the Life of Warren Hastings, first Governor General of Ben-\\ngal. Compiled from Original Papers by the Rev. G. R. Gleig,\\nM.A. 3 vols. London, 1841. Macaulay s opinion of Mr.\\nGleig s book, written to the editor of the Beview, is, I think\\nthe new Life of Hastings the worst book that I ever saw.\\nThroughout the essay, this opinion of Mr. Gleig s history keeps\\ncropping out, in such passages as, everybody believes, idiots\\nand biographers excepted.\\nMacaulay s estimate of the importance of Warren Hastings\\nas a subject was expressed to the editors of the Beview when he\\nwas preparing to write the article. He said he thought the sub-\\nject would bear two articles. He evidently decided when he\\nbegan to write that the two parts would be better if combined.\\nHis original plan was to lay the first scene in India this he said\\nwould include the Rohilla war, disputes between Hastings and\\nhis council, the character of Francis, death of Nuncomar, rise\\nof Hyder Ali, seizure of Benares, and so on. The second scene\\nwould shift to Westminster this would take in the Coalition,\\n203", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "204 NOTES [Page 1\\nthe India Bill, and characters of all the noted men of the time\\nfrom Burke to Tony Pasquin.\\nPage 1, line 8. uncovered. Members of the House of Com-\\nmons sit with their hats on to uncover, or remove the hat,\\nis a mark of honor.\\nPage 3, line 8. renowned Chamberlain. William, Lord Hast-\\nings, adherent of Edward IV., beheaded by Richard III.\\nCome, lead me to the block bear him my head\\nThey smile at me, who shortly shall be dead.\\nShakespeare. Richard III. III. 4. 107.\\nLine 21. The Hastings. Does not this sentence tell all the\\nfacts What do we gain by Macaulay s adding the following\\nsentence\\nLine 23. mint at Oxford. At the time of the Civil War, Par-\\nliament held London. Oxford being in sympathy with the\\nCavaliers was made their headquarters. To Oxford, therefore,\\nthose who could not send money for the cause sent their plate\\nto be converted into money.\\nPage 4, lines 8-11. Living, tithes. See Dictionary.\\nPage 6, line 16. Churchill, Colman, Lloyd, Cumberland, Cow-\\nper, all literary men of Hastings time. Cowper is the only one\\nof them whose work is still read.\\nPage 7, line 6. Ouse. Cowper lived with the Unwins at\\nOlney on the Ouse. No life, in its environments, could form a\\nstronger contrast with that of Hastings than his does.\\nLine 9. Temptations. Why does Macaulay tell us what\\nCowper was not called upon to withstand", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Page 9] NOTES 205\\nLine 13. innocence and greatness. Is there anything unusual\\nin the arrangement of the four nouns, innocence and great-\\nness, etc.\\nPage 8, line 3. foundation. A scholarship.\\nLine 7. studentship. At Christ Church College in Oxford,\\nthree scholars are elected each year from Westminstershire.\\nThe scholarships are of the annual value of $400, and are to he\\nheld for two years.\\nLine 20. hexameters and pentameters. In England, the study\\nof Latin is begun at eight years of age, and the boy of twelve\\nmust write as well as read in Latin. Proficiency in the lan-\\nguage is judged, largely, by the ability to write Latin verse.\\nLine 21. writership in the service of the East India Company.\\nIn carrying on the business of the company, the merchants,\\nsenior and junior, conducted the trade the factors ordered the\\ngoods and attended to shipping them off the writers were the\\nclerks and bookkeepers. By a kind of civil service, depending\\non worth and years in office, the writers could rise to mer-\\nchants. The places where the company had their seats of trade\\nwere called factories, as the factories of Bombay, Madras, and\\nCalcutta.\\nLine 22. East India Company. See Introduction.\\nPage 9, line 10. Dupleix. French governor of Pondicherry.\\nIn the Introduction there is bare mention of the events alluded\\nto here because it is presupposed that Macaulay s Lord Olive\\nhas been read. Half of the interest of Warren Hastings will\\nbe lost unless Lord Olive is read first.\\nLine 12. The war of the succession. Austrian succession.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "206 NOTES [Page 9\\nThe home governments being at war caused war between the\\nFrench and English in India.\\nLine 25. the prince. The Nabob of Bengal.\\nPage 10, line 23. Black Hole of Calcutta. When Surajah\\nDowlah attacked Calcutta in June, 1756, many of the English\\nwere able to get away on the river, but there were not boats\\nenough for all. Those who remained defended the city until\\nthey were overpowered. When the Nabob, Surajah Dowlah,\\nsaw the prisoners, he promised them that they should not be\\nhurt. The guards compelled one hundred and forty-six of them\\nto enter a room twenty feet square. It had only two small\\nwindows, and they opened on an arcade. The heat and foul\\nair were intolerable. At first the prisoners fought for places at\\nthe windows, and implored the guards for water, but later they\\ntaunted and insulted the guards in the hopes of making them\\nshoot into the room and so end their agony. In the morn-\\ning only twenty-three were alive. Surajah Dowlah may not\\nhave been responsible for this, but his later treatment of the\\nsurvivors was not any more humane.\\nPage 11, line 7. treason. Meer Jaffier was a rival claimant\\nfor the Nabobship. When Clive arrived in Bengal he espoused\\nMeer Jaffier s cause. Clive defeated Surajah Dowlah, Nabob\\nof Bengal, at Plassey in 1757 and placed Meer Jafl er on the\\nviceregal throne at Moorshedabad as Nabob of Bengal. The\\nGreat Mogul at Delhi was the nominal head, but the Nabob\\nwas really independent.\\nPage 12, line 3. He remained at Moorshedabad. What argu-\\nment has Macaulay used to show Hastings honesty at this\\ntime?", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Page 18] NOTES 207\\nLine 9. Mr. Vansittart. Governor of Bengal from 1760 to\\n1764, between Olive s first and second governorships-\\nPage 13, line 24. to marry a peer s daughter. Would a\\nsimple statement, that the agent s sole object was to get rich\\nso that he might return to England to enjoy life, be as effective\\nas this sentence Why\\nLine 24. rotten boroughs. See Life of Macaulay in Intro-\\nduction, and note on Old Sarum.\\nPage 14, line 7. It is certain that. What two devices of\\nexpression has Macaulay used from this to the end of the para-\\ngraph Are they favorites with this master of style\\nLine 16. keen, severe, malevolent. Discriminate between\\nthese words. In the following paragraph is there any relation\\nbetween the words squeamish and rapacious that makes them\\ngood antonyms\\nPage 15, line 10. In 1764 Hastings returned to England.\\nThis and the two following paragraphs begin with short, simple\\nsentences. In what relation do the other sentences in the para-\\ngraphs stand to the beginning ones\\nPage 16, line 19. Hafiz and Ferdusi. Classic Persian poets.\\nPage 17, line 24. pagoda. The word here means a gold coin\\nwhich has a pagoda stamped on it. Value, |1.94.\\nPage 18, line 13. Indiaman. Name given to the ships for\\nIndia. The voyage at this time was long. The ships went\\nround the Cape of Good Hope. It took Clive a year to make\\nhis first voyage from England to India.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "208 NOTES [Page 19\\nPage 19, line 6. genuine. What is the root of the word\\nPage 21, line 16. There were two governments. At the\\nbattle of Baxar in 1764, Oude was taken from the Nabob Vizier.\\nClive on entering his second Governorship of India in 1765 re-\\nstored Oude to the Nabob Vizier on condition of his paying\\nhalf a million sterling. Allahabad and Corah, provinces lying\\nbetween the Ganges and Jumna rivers, were given to Shah\\nAlam, the Great Mogul, on condition that they be used to\\nprotect Bengal from the Mahrattas in return Shah Alam\\ngranted the fiscal administration of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa\\nto the English. The English were to collect all the revenues of\\nthese provinces, send about \u00c2\u00a3300,000 as tribute to the Mogul,\\nand give \u00c2\u00a3600,000 to the Nabob of Bengal at Moorshedabad.\\nBut the political and judicial administration was left in the\\nhands of the Nabob of Bengal. In Indian terms the Company\\nwas diwan, and the Nabob was nizam. This constituted the\\ndouble system devised by Clive. Even in carrying out the Com-\\npany s part of this dual system, Clive did not put a servant of\\nthe Company in as collector of the revenues instead he made\\na native, Mahommed Reza Khan, the minister of finance.\\nPage 22, line 8. Augustulus. The last Roman Emperor of\\nthe West. See Roman history. Analogous cases, because the\\nreal rulers pretended to bow to the nominal rulers. Merovin-\\ngians. See history of France or Century Cyclopedia of Names.\\nLine 19. At present the Governor. Macaulay is describing\\nthe government of India at the time of this essay, 1841. See\\nPiWs Bill in Introduction. For present government, see In-\\ntroduction.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Page 27] NOTES 209\\nPage 24, line 23. important, lucrative, splendid. Discrim-\\ninate between meanings of the words.\\nPage 25, line 4. Khan, Persian, king.\\nLine 11. Hindoo Brahmin, ^qq Introduction. The spelling\\nin the Introduction is that in more common usage, Hindu\\nBrahman. The great river of western India was originally the\\nInd or Hind or Indus and the people are the people of the\\nIndus, that is, the Hindus. Brahmin is from the name of\\nthe Hindu god, Brahma.\\nLine 14. Maharajah. Hind., Eajah, king, allied to Latin\\nrex. Maharajah, great king. At the time that Clive chose\\nMahommed Reza Khan for minister, the Nabob had urged that\\nNuncomar be chosen but Nuncomar had been suspected of\\ntreachery to the English in 1764 while he was Meer Jaffier s\\nprime minister. Shortly after Clive had appointed Reza Khan,\\nNuncomar was imprisoned at Calcutta on discovery of proofs of\\nhis correspondence with Sujah Dowlah while that king was\\nmarching against the English at Behar. Both Clive and Has-\\ntings knew of his treachery.\\nPage 26, line 23. sepoy. A Hindu or Mohammedan soldier\\nin the British army.\\nPage 27, line 16. Mucins. When Mucins was threatened\\nwith torture by Lars Porsenna he thrust his hand into the flame\\nto show what a Roman could endure.\\nLine 18. Algernon Sidney. Convicted on insufficient evi-\\ndence of complicity in the Rye House Plot. Died like a phi-\\nlosopher.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "210 NOTES [Page 29\\nPage 29, line 22. Directors. The administration of the Com-\\npany s affairs was in the hands of twenty -four Directors, elected\\nannually by the Proprietors. The supreme control was in\\nthe Court of Proprietors, because they made all the laws and\\nregulations and elected the Directors. The Courts of Directors\\nregulated the commercial and political transactions of the Com-\\npany, subject to interference by the Proprietors. It required\\nthe possession of \u00c2\u00a3500 of the Company s stock to become a\\nProprietor, and \u00c2\u00a32000 of the Company s stock before a man\\ncould be chosen as a Director. The Crown at this time exercised\\nno direct control but as many of the Proprietors and Directors\\nwere members of Parliament the interests of the Company were\\nnot neglected. The Regulating Act of 1773, and Pitt s India\\nBill of 1784, changed the constitution of the Company. See\\nMill and Wilson s History of India Vol. III., Book IV., Chaps.\\nI. and IX., and Vol. IV., Book V., Chap. IX.\\nPage 30, line 3. Leadenhall Street. The old India House\\nwas on Leadenhall Street, London.\\nPage 35, line 4. Teviotdale. See Scott s Lay of Last Min-\\nstrel. Scott gives motto of the Cranstouns in his explanation\\nof the Cranstoun coat of arms.\\nPage 36, line 24. sermons and rupees. Is the figure strong\\nA rupee looks like a silver half-dollar, and is worth about the\\nsame amount.\\nPage 37, line 11. Corah and Allahabad. For the agreement,\\nsee note on page 208. However, matters were now altered. The\\nGreat Mogul, Shah Alam, had fallen into the hands of the\\nMahrattas, the very enemies from which he had promised to", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Page 48] NOTES 211\\nprotect the English through his possession of these two prov-\\ninces, so there seems no reason why he should he allowed to\\nkeep the provinces or receive the promised revenue any longer.\\nThe revenue, Hastings asserted, would go straight to the Mah-\\nrattas if given to Shah Alam.\\nLine 21. general dissolution. See Introduction.\\nLine 25. assumed the royal title. In 1819, twenty years be-\\nfore this essay was written, the Nabob Vizier of Oude assumed\\nthe title of Shah, king. This province was loyal to the Eng-\\nlish, and was protected by them but the Dowlahs grew\\ntyrannical to their people and allowed their territory to lie\\nuncultivated, so in 1856 Lord Dalhousie annexed Oude as a\\nBritish province.\\nPage 39, line 15. Ghizni. English victory over the Afghans\\nin 1839.\\nLine 24. Rohillas. Afghan Mohammedans who had settled in\\nthe foothills and mountains northwest of Oude. Like other\\nMohammedan tribes, they had sometimes fought with the\\nMahrattas and sometimes against them. Whatever may be\\nsaid of Sujah Dowlah s plea that the Rohillas had not kept\\nfaith with him, Macaulay is surely right in saying that Hastings\\nunderstood what would happen to the Rohillas when he left\\nthem at Sujah Dowlah s mercy.\\nPage 40, line 5. Aurungzebe. See Introduction, p. xlvi.\\nPage 48, line 2, the Regulating Act. An Act of Parliament\\nin 1773 which gave greater political power to the Company, and\\nchanged the form of government in India. Its chief provisions\\nare in the text.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "212 NOTES [Page 49\\nPage 49, line 9. Letters of Junius. This was a series of\\nletters against George III. and his friends, published in the\\nPublic Advertiser, on the political abuses of the time. They\\nwere brilliant and merciless. Their author very wisely and\\ningeniously kept his secret, so that it is not known even yet\\nwho wrote these letters. Macaulay loved to talk of the irre-\\nsistible proofs for Francis. Carlyle once said, As if it could\\nmatter the value of a brass farthing to any living human being\\nwho was the author of Junius. Is this Junius discussion a\\nvital part of the essay\\nPage 51, line 24. Woodfall. Printer of the Junius letters.\\nPage 52, line 6. Doest thou well. Jonah, chap. iv. 9.\\nLine 20. Old Sarum. This was one of the rotten boroughs.\\nIt had been an important place, but had declined until it had\\nnot one inhabitant, yet the owner of the land sent two men to\\nParliament to represent it. Leeds and Manchester were two of\\nthe great manufacturing centres of recent growth that had\\nnot one member of Parliament.\\nPage 54, line 5. Inns of Court. See an article in the Cosmo-\\npolitan, March, 1900, Where English Lawyers are made.\\nLine 14. twenty-one guns. A salute for the president of the\\nUnited States, a sovereign, a chief magistrate, or a member of\\na royal family. Seventeen guns, a salute for a viceroy, a\\ngovernor-general, or a governor.\\nPage 55, line 13. Bombay into confusion, beginning of first\\nMahratta war in 1779. See Introduction.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Page 71] NOTES 213\\nPage 57, line 13. Gates. The Popish Plot was a plot\\nby the Roman Catholics to burn London, and kill the king,\\nCharles II. Gates pretended to have discovered it, and on his\\ntestimony many innocent people were executed. When the\\nexcitement calmed down no proof of such a plot could be\\nobtained. James II. had Gates publicly whipped till the\\nblood ran in rivulets for his infamous perjury. Bedloe and\\nDangerfield were two of Gates accomplices.\\nPage 59, line 11. Munny Begum. Begum, Mohammedan\\nprincess. Munny Begum, mother princess, or queen mother.\\nPage 60, line 18. The triumph of Nuncomar. Note the con-\\nstruction of this paragraph. What is the relation of the other\\nsentences to the opening one\\nPage 64, line 18. superstitious Bengalees. For this and\\nother passages on Hindu castes and beliefs, see Introduction^\\nand note on Benares.\\nPage 67, line 6. holy waters. Because the Hoogley is a\\nmouth of the Ganges, the sacred river.\\nLine 25. It is, therefore. Do Macaulay s own premises here\\nwarrant his conclusion\\nPage 70, line .1. place-holder, place-hunter. What are our\\nAmerican synonyms\\nPage 71, line 12. Jones s Persian Grammar. Sir William\\nJones founded the Bengal Asiatic Society in 1784. He was the\\nfirst English scholar to master Sanskrit, and to see its value\\nin comparative philology. But it was on account of Hastings\\nminutes, to the effect that only through knowledge of the Hindu", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "214 NOTES [Page 71\\nlaws and religion could England hope to get a permanent hold\\non India, that strong encouragement was given at Oxford to the\\nstudy of this, the oldest branch of the family to which our own\\nlanguage belongs.\\nPage 72, line 9. Lord North. Prime Minister of England\\nfrom 1770 to 1782. Fortunately for the English in India, Lord\\nNorth could not control Indian affairs in Parliament as he con-\\ntrolled American affairs there.\\nPage 78, line 22. eighteen years before. What date\\nPage 79, line 7. vigor and genius. William Pitt, the elder,\\nafterwards Lord Chatham. George the Third, in his determi-\\nnation to humble the Whigs, had succeeded in overthrowing\\nthe Pitt ministry in 1761, and the powers of Europe rejoiced at\\nPitt s downfall because his policy had been too wise and too\\nstrong to allow them to encroach on English liberties.\\nPage 79, line 17. Caipe and Abyla, the pillars of Hercules.\\nPage 80, line 5. Mahrattas. See Introduction^ for all these\\nnames and the history involved.\\nPage 83, line 14. a new danger. Beginning of Hyder Ali\\ntrouble.\\nPage 84, line 5. Lally. Sir Eyre Coote commanded the\\nEnglish forces in 1760 at the battle of Wandiwash, and com-\\npelled the French to surrender Pondicherry, their last strong-\\nhold in India. Lally, who commanded the French forces, was\\nafterwards tried in France on three charges military miscon-\\nduct, abuse of his fellow-servants, and pecuniary corruption.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Page 98] NOTES 215\\nHe was condemned, and executed with unusual ignominy.\\nLally s son, ten years later, had this judgment annulled and\\non appeal was granted a royal edict which set forth a high\\neulogium on the conduct and services of the elder Lally.\\nLine 23. Porto Novo and Pollilore. Names of places where\\nEyre Coote won victories when he was sent south by Hastings.\\nPage 88, line 1. chambers that overlook the Thames. See\\nnote on Inns of Court.\\nLine 8. imported without modifications. Macaulay under-\\nstood this subject, for at the time of writing this passage he had\\ncompleted his work with the India Law Commission.\\nPage 89, line 13. the Company s territory. What are the\\nnumerous devices used in this long paragraph to make it clear,\\nvivid, and convincing\\nPage 90, line 14. alguazils (Arab.). Police officers, consta-\\nbles. From same root as vizier.\\nPage 93, line 14. rich, quiet, infamous. A curious con-\\njunction of words.\\nPage 97, line 6. About thirty years before. A periodic sen-\\ntence is a device to excite interest by holding the reader in\\nsuspense. Is it possible to have a periodic paragraph\\nPage 98, line 6. Hyder All. To understand the difficulties\\nthat beset Hastings at this time, the position of the various\\ngovernments must be kept in mind. Bombay, Calcutta, and\\nMadras were the three great English stations. Bombay had\\nbrought on a war between the English and the Mahrattas by", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "216 NOTES [Page 98\\nespousing one of the candidates for Peshwa. The brilliant\\nvictories over the Mahrattas alluded to by Macaulay in a\\nprevious paragraph won two of the Mahratta strongholds for\\nthe British, but the great Mahratta Confederacy was not much\\naffected by them and Hindus, Mohammedans, and English all\\nknew that the Mahrattas were promptly ready to swoop down\\non any or all of them if they showed weakness. Such were\\nthe conditions surrounding Bombay. In the south Madras was\\nthreatened by the Mohammedans of the Deccan and of Mysore.\\nIn 1766 the Great Mogul had ceded a part of the Nizam of\\nDeccan s territory, called the Northern Circars, to the English,\\nwhen he ceded Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. But the Nizam of\\nthe Deccan had declared his states independent of the Mogul s\\nempire, so that when the Madras government tried to take\\npossession of the Circars the Nizam called Hyder Ali to his\\naid. A peace was patched up between the Nizam and the\\nEnglish, but Hyder Ali was allowed to return to Mysore with\\nthe understanding that the Nizam might make good his losses\\nby taking from Mysore. Hyder Ali quarrelled with the Nizam\\nof the Deccan, and the English at Madras did not aid the\\nNizam, thus alienating him. Now, in 1780, Hyder Ali took up\\nhis old grievance against the English, being assisted by the\\nFrench. The French had no hold on the mainland of India\\nbut the French navy was to be feared. England had so many\\nquarrels on her hands, with America, France, Spain, and Ire-\\nland, that she could not send ships to protect the Indian coast.\\nThe essay tells the result of this Hyder Ali war.\\nAfter Hastings left India, Tippoo, Hyder All s son, and the\\nNizam combined against the English. This is called the second\\nMysore war, 1790-1792. The third Mysore war, 1799, was", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "Page 102] NOTES 217\\ncarried on by Tippoo. Tippoo was killed at Seringapatam\\nlie fell fighting in a gateway with the last remnant of his body-\\nguard about him. It was to the scenes of these battles that\\nMacaulay was attracted when he went to Mysore. Tippoo\\nSultan s kingdom is now divided among the Feudatory States.\\nPage 100, line 4. fling his guns into the tanks. The tanks\\nare reservoirs built by the English for irrigating purposes.\\nPage 102, line 16. Benares. Andre Chevrillon, in his book\\nof travels, In India, said of Benares: This city is most ex-\\ntraordinary. Elsewhere religion is only a part of the public\\nlife at Benares there is nothing else to be seen. It fills\\neverything, occupying every moment of man s existence, and\\ncovering the city with temples. There are more than nineteen\\nhundred of them, and the multitude of the chapels is past all\\ncounting. As to the idol population, it is nearly twice as\\nnumerous as the human, something like five hundred thousand.\\neach stone of it is holy. No pollution, no sin can endanger\\nthe man who dies within its walls. In the morning\\nwhen the throbbing disk of the sun rises behind the Ganges\\ntwenty-five thousand Brahmans, crouching on the river bank\\nin the presence of the Hindu multitude, repeat the old Vedic\\nhymns to the sun, to the divine river, the primitive powers, the\\nvisible sources of life. Great patches of flowers are floating\\ndown the current prayers without number are ascending to\\nSiva, to Durga, to Ganesa, to Surya, the sun, which has be-\\ncome burning. In presence of the great river, among the\\npyramids of stone, under the colonnades of the chapels, at the\\nfoot of these huge edifices strange as Indian vegetation and", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "218 NOTES [Page 102\\nIndian religion swarms the infinite life of India. For a mo-\\nment you seem to feel in yourself the overwhelming sensation\\nwhich, repeated for generations, modifying the structure of the\\nAryan brain, has translated itself into their poems and their\\nphilosophies.\\nPage 103, line 22. lords of Benares. Mr. Wilson, in Mill\\nand Wilson s History of India, says that Benares had at no\\ntime been an independent province. In the reign of the Great\\nMogul Aurungzebe it had been comprised in the province of\\nOude. In 1730 the zemindar, collector, of Benares obtained\\nfrom Mohammed Shah at Delhi the right to adopt the title of\\nKajah but, though Rajah, he was still merely the zemindar of\\nBenares, subject to the Nabob Vizier of Oude. When the\\nEnglish defeated the combined forces of the Nabob Vizier of\\nOude, the Nabob of Bengal, and the Mogul Shah Alam at\\nBaxar, 1764, Benares offered to assume the same obligations\\nfor revenue to England as she had fulfilled to Oude, in return\\nfor British protection.\\nPage 105, line 4. fall of the house of Tamerlane. Tamer,\\nthe first of the Moguls.\\nPage 106, line 24. \u00c2\u00bba government de facto. Can you not\\nprove by running back over the text and the notes that not a\\nsingle power, not even the British, was ruling both in fact and\\nby legal right\\nPage 108, line 19. Almost every question. An obvious\\nsyllogism.\\nPage 119, line 14. dotation, dowry.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Page 141] NOTES 219\\nPage 126, line 22. no connection between the Company.\\nThere was no connection until after Pitt s India Bill of 1784\\nhad passed. The Ministry was not responsible, so the Opposi-\\ntion could not make an issue of Indian affairs but both parties\\ncould denounce the chief actors.\\nPage 131, line 11. Downing Street and Somerset House.\\nMetonymies for the of ces of the Exchequer, the Auditor, and\\nthe Internal Eevenue.\\nPage 135, line 1. beneficent administration, that of Sir\\nWilliam Bentinck, Governor General from 1828 to 1835. See\\nlast sentence of Lord Clive.\\nLine 19. Pundits. The learned men, or learned Brahmans.\\nPage 140, line 8. zemindars. Collectors of the revenue.\\nLine 11. Carlton House. Kesidence of the Prince of Wales.\\nPage 141, line 21. Sir Charles Grandison. An allusion to\\nthe hero of an eight-volume novel of that name, written by\\nSamuel Richardson in 1753. Sir Charles, the hero, is an ideal\\nfine gentleman, whose manners are always most stately and\\nceremonious. Macaulay was an insatiable novel reader. His\\nbiographer gives lists of the classics of every land that Macaulay\\nhad read and reread, but he tells us also the fun Macaulay and\\nhis sister Hannah took in reading novels. Trevelyan says, they\\nwould debate the love affairs and social relations of their own\\ncircle in a series of quotations from Sir Charles Grandison or\\nEvelina. One of their favorite pastimes was to annotate the\\nsentimental novels that were the fashion of their day, as\\nNumber of fainting fits Julia de Clifford eleven, Lady Dela-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "220 NOTES [Page 141\\nmore four, Lady Theodosia four, etc. These characters are\\nall in one book, but not in Sir Charles Grandison. The hero,\\ntoo, of this book is of a sensitive nature. One of the sweet-\\nest smiles that ever animated the face of mortal now diffused\\nitself over the countenance of Lord St. Orville as he fell at the\\nfeet of Julia in a death-like swoon. Macaulay thought he\\ncould rewrite the whole eight volumes of Sir Charles from\\nmemory. He certainly could have reproduced Paradise Lost\\nand many of the foreign classics.\\nPage 148, line 5. young minister. William Pitt, the younger,\\nwas Prime Minister of England at twenty-five. See Macaulay s\\nessay on him.\\nPage 149, line 22. Brooks s. A club-house. A Whig meet-\\ning place.\\nPage 150, line 23. Edmund Burke. These paragraphs show\\nMacaulay s admiration for the great statesman, Edmund Burke.\\nHe once undertook a review of Burke s Life and Writings for\\nthe Edinburgh Beview^ but gave it up. He said It is a sub-\\nject altogether unmanageable. There is no want of material.\\nOn the contrary facts and thoughts, both interesting and new,\\nare abundant. But this very abundance bewilders me. The\\nstage is too small for the actors.\\nPage 152, line 23. Las Casas, or Clarkson. Las Casas, a\\nmissionary in the West Indies and Mexico in the sixteenth cen-\\ntury. Clarkson, a coworker with Wilberforce and Macaulay s\\nfather for the abolition of slavery in the West Indies.\\nPage 155, line 10. streets of London. In this paragraph\\nMacaulay s skilful handling of form, color, and motion, and of", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Page 173] NOTES 221\\nallusion, details, metaphors, metonymies, antitheses, strange\\nthings, and strange names, shows us the worth of specific words\\nin descriptive writing.\\nPage 156, line 6. Stamp Act. All good Americans should\\nread Burke s American Taxation Speech and his Conciliation\\nwith the Colonies.\\nPage 161, line 5. sworn of the privy council. Become a\\nmember of the Sovereign s council, which is composed of the\\ngreat officers of the kingdom, the royal princes, the great judges,\\nand other persons of rank and position.\\nPage 167, line 4. First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor.\\nTitles of members of the English Cabinet, or Ministry.\\nLine 19. prorogation. Parliament s annual sessions are usu-\\nally from February to August. The prorogation is the act of\\nadjournment for the annual recess.\\nPage 171, line 25. High Court of Parliament. The House\\nof Commons must impeach, and the House of Lords must try\\nthe case.\\nPage 172, line 6. hall of William Rufus. This hall still\\nstands, and is a part of the new House of Parliament. There\\nis an illustrated article on this hall in Harper s Monthly for\\nNovember, 1884.\\nPage 173, line 19. Siddons. Mrs. Siddons, the great actress,\\nShe was at the height of her fame at this time. Lady Macbeth\\nwas one of her favorite characters. Reynolds painted her as\\nthe Tragic Muse. Gainsborough s painting of her is in the\\nNational Gallery.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "222 NOTES [Page 173\\nLine 22. historian. Edv/ard Gibbon. Decline and Fall of\\nthe Roman Empire.\\nPage 174, line 2. greatest painter and greatest scholar. Sir\\nJoshua Reynolds and Samuel Parr.\\nLine 14. plighted his faith. The Prince of Wales, afterwards\\nGeorge IV., was privately married to Mrs. Pitzherbert. It was\\ncontrary to law because she was a Roman Catholic. Royal\\nMarriage Act, 1772.\\nLine 15. Saint Cecilia. Saint Cecilia is the special patron\\nsaint of music and musicians. Raphael and many later artists\\nhave given their conception of her. Dryden s Ode to Saint\\nCecilia and his ode Alexander s Feast were written for musical\\nfeasts in her honor. The legend of her martyrdom is well told\\nin an illustrated article of Harper s Monthly, November, 1880.\\nThe allusion here is to Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, whom\\nReynolds painted in the character of Saint Cecilia.\\nLine 20, Mrs. Montague, who often entertained the members\\nof the Literary Club Burke, Goldsmith, Johnson, Reynolds,\\nGarrick, etc.\\nLine 23. Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. The story runs\\nthat she bought at least one vote for Fox in his contest for\\nParliament in 1784 by a kiss. Her portraits by Gainsborough\\nand Reynolds are very lovely.\\nPage 175, line 17. Mens aequa in arduis. A mind un-\\nmoved amid difficulties. In connection with this Macaulay\\nsays, He was a man for whom nature had done much of what\\nthe stoic philosophy pretended, and only pretended, to do for\\nits disciples. Mens aequa in arduis is his inscription upder", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Page 192] NOTES 223\\nthe picture in the Government House at Calcutta, and never\\nwas there a more appropriate motto.\\nPage 176, line 13. bag, bag-wig. A wig with a bag to hold\\nthe back hair, fashionable in the eighteenth century.\\nLine 25. Fox. Charles James Fox, 1749-1806, statesman and\\norator. Burke called him the greatest debater the world ever\\nsaw. His is a very interesting biography. Sheridan, Eichard\\nBrinsley Sheridan, dramatist, orator, and statesman, 1751-1816,\\na brilliant speaker, as Macaulay shows. He is the author of\\nthe plays The Bivals and School for Scandal.\\nPage 178, line 2. morning sun. The sittings of Parliament\\nare opened at 4 p. m., and often last till morning sun.\\nLine 4. Charles Earl Grey. Earl Grey, a great Whig leader\\nin Macaulay s own days in Parliament. Prime Minister when\\nthe Eeform Bill of 1832 was carried.\\nPage 179, line 9. taste and sensibility. See previous note\\nfor the novels that fostered this sensibility.\\nPage 185, line 23. unpopular. Burke did not believe in the\\nFrench Revolution. He said, Whenever a separation is made\\nbetween liberty and justice, neither is safe. But he stood\\nalone in Parliament. The Whigs followed Fox, and the Tories\\nfollowed Pitt, in their approval of the Revolution. Later the\\ncountry understood Burke s view, but it was too late to save the\\nfriendships of the great Whigs. Macaulay describes their atti-\\ntudes toward each other in a subsequent paragraph.\\nPage 192, line 19. Anthony Pasquin, pasquinade, lampoon.\\nMacaulay said of him, The wretched Tony Pasquin, who first\\ndefended and then libelled him [Hastings].", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "224 NOTES [Page 195\\nPage 195, 1. 3. Pitt retired. Pitt, the younger, resigned the\\npremiership because the king refused liis consent to tlie removal\\nof the remaining civil disabilities of the Roman Catholics.\\nLine 8. Addington. Prime Minister after Pitt resigned.\\nLine 9. resigning the Treasury, resigning the ofi ce of Prime\\nMinister. The people regarded Mr. Addington as a weak and\\nnarrow-minded man.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "INDEX TO NOTES\\nA government de facto, 218.\\nA new danger, 214.\\nAbout thirty years before, 215.\\nAddiugton, 224.\\nAlgernon Sidney, 209.\\nAlguazils, 215.\\nAllahabad and Corah, 208, 210, 1.\\nAlmost every question, 218.\\nAnthony Pasquin, 223.\\nAssumed the royal title, 211.\\nAt present the Governor, 208,\\nIviii, lix.\\nAugustulus, 208.\\nAurungzebe, 211, xlvi.\\nBag, 223.\\nBaxar, 218, 1.\\nBenares, 217.\\nBeneficent administration, 219.\\nBlack Hole of Calcutta, 206, Ivi.\\nBombay into confusion, 212,\\nxlviii.\\nBrahma, 209, xxxv, xl.\\nBrooks s, 220.\\nBurke, Edmund, 220, 223.\\nCalpe and Abyla, 214.\\nCarlton House, 219.\\nChambers that overlook the\\nThames, 215.\\nQ 225\\nChancellor, 221.\\nCharles Earl Grey, 223.\\nChiltern Hundreds, xxx.\\nChurchill, 204.\\nClarksou, 220.\\nClive, 205, 206, 208, 209, Iv.\\nColman, 204.\\nCorah and Allahabad, 208, 210, 1.\\nCowper, 204.\\nCumberland, 204.\\nDirectors, 210.\\nDiwan, 208.\\nDoest thou well, 212.\\nDotation, 218.\\nDouble government, 208.\\nDowning Street, 219.\\nDupleix, 205, Iv.\\nEast India Company, 205, 208,\\n210, 219, lii, Ivii.\\nEdmund Burke, 220, 223.\\nFactories, 205.\\nFactors, 205.\\nFall of the house of Tamerlane,\\n218, xliv.\\nFerdusi, 207.\\nFirst Lord of the Treasury, 221.\\nFling his guns into the tanks, 217.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "226\\nINDEX TO NOTES\\nFoundation, 205.\\nFox, 222, 223.\\nGeneral dissolution, 211, xlvi,\\nxlix.\\nGenuine, 208.\\nGeorgiana, Duchess of Devon-\\nshire, 222.\\nGhizni, 211.\\nGleig, 203, xxix.\\nGreat Mogul, 210, xliv, li.\\nGreatest painter and greatest\\nscholar, 222.\\nHafiz and Ferdusi, 207.\\nHall of William Rufus, 221.\\nHexameters and pentameters,\\n205.\\nHigh Court of Parliament, 221.\\nHindoo Brahmin, 209.\\nHindus, 209, xxxiii.\\nHistorian, 222.\\nHoly waters, 213, 217.\\nHyder Ali, 215.\\nImportant, lucrative, splendid,\\n209.\\nImported without modifications,\\n215, xxvii.\\nIndiaman, 207.\\nInnocence and greatness, 205.\\nInns of Court, 212.\\nIt is, therefore, 213.\\nJones s Persian Grammar, 213.\\nKeen, severe, malevolent, 207.\\nKhan, 209.\\nLally, 214.\\nLas Casas, or Clarkson, 220.\\nLeadenhall Street, 210.\\nLeeds and Manchester, 212.\\nLetters of Junius, 212.\\nLiving, 204.\\nLloyd, 204.\\nLord North, 214.\\nLords of Benares, 217.\\nMaharajah, 209.\\nMahommed Reza Khan, 209.\\nMahrattas, 214, xlvii.\\nMeer Jaffier, 206, 209.\\nMens aequa in arduls, 222.\\nMerchants, 205.\\nMint at Oxford, 204.\\nMohammedans, xli.\\nMorning sun, 223.\\nMrs. Montague, 222.\\nMucins, 209.\\nMunny Begum, 213.\\nNizam, 208.\\nNo connection with the Company,\\n219, Iviii.\\nGates. 213.\\nOld Sarum, 212, xix.\\nOuse, 204.\\nPagoda, 207.\\nPenal Code, xxvii.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "INDEX TO NOTES\\n227\\nPeshwa, xlvii, Ixii.\\nPitt, the elder, 214.\\nPitt, the younger, 220, 223.\\nPlace holder, place hunter, 213.\\nPlassey, 206, Ivi.\\nPlighted his faith, 222.\\nPopish plot, 213.\\nPorto Novo and PoUilore, 215.\\nPresent government, lix.\\nProprietors, 210.\\nProrogation, 221.\\nPundits, 219.\\nReform Bill, 207, 212, xx.\\nRenowned Chamberlain, 204.\\nResigning the Treasury, 224.\\nRich, quiet, infamous, 215.\\nRohillas, 211,\\nRotten boroughs, 207, 212, xix.\\nSaint Cecilia, 222.\\nSavajee, xlvii.\\nSepoy, 209.\\nSermons and rupees, 210.\\nSeventeen guns, 212.\\nSheridan, Richard Brinsley, 223.\\nSheridan, Mrs. Richard Brinsley,\\n222.\\nSiddons, 221.\\nSir Charles Grandison, 219.\\nSomerset House, 219.\\nStamp Act, 221.\\nStreets of London, 220.\\nStudentship, 205.\\nStyle, 204, 205, 20H, 207, 210, 213,\\n215, 218, 220, Ixxvii.\\nSuperstitious Bengalees, 213, 217,\\nxxxviii.\\nSurajah Dowlah, 206.\\nSworn of the privy council, 221.\\nTamer, xliv.\\nTaste and sensibility, 223.\\nTemptations, 204.\\nTeviotdale, 210.\\nThe Company s territory, 215.\\nThe Hastings, 204.\\nThe prince, 206.\\nThe Regulating Act, 211.\\nThe triumph of Nuncomar, 213.\\nThe war of the succession, 205.\\nThere were two governments,\\n208.\\nTippoo Sultan, 216, xxvi.\\nTithes, 204.\\nTreason, 206.\\nTwenty-one guns, 212.\\nUncovered, 204.\\nUnpopular, 223.\\nVansittart, Mr., 207.\\nVigor and genius, 214.\\nWoodfall, 212.\\nWriters, 205.\\nWritership in the\\nCompany, 205.\\nEast India\\nYoung minister, 220, 223.\\nZemindars, 219.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "COLLEGE ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS\\nIN ENGLISH.\\nFor 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905.\\nOfficial List.\\nREQUIRED FOR CAREFUL STUDY.\\nBurke s Speech on Conciliation\\nwith America 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nMacaulay s Essays on Milton\\nand Addison 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nMilton s Minor Poems 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nMilton s Paradise Lost, Books I.\\nand II 1900\\nShakespeare s Macbeth 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nREQUIRED FOR GENERAL READING.\\nAddison s The Sir Roger de\\nCoverley Papers 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nCarlyle s Essay on Burns 1903 1904 1905\\nColeridge sThe Ancient Mariner 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nCooper s The Last of the Mohi-\\ncans 1900 1901 1902\\nDe-Quincey s The Flight of a\\nTartar Tribe 1900\\nDryden s Palamon and Arcite 1900\\nEliot s Silas Marner 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nGoldsmith s The Vicar of Wake-\\nfield 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nLowell s The Vision of Sir Laun-\\nfal 1900 1903 1904 1905\\nPope s Iliad, Books I., VI., XXII.,\\nand XXIV 1900 1901 1902\\nScott s Ivanhoe 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nShakespeare s The Merchant of\\nVenice 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905\\nShakespeare s Julius Cassar 1903 1904 1905\\nTennyson s The Princess 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "MACMILLAN S\\nPOCKET SERIES OF ENGLISH\\nCLASSICS\\nUniform in Size and Binding\\nLevanteen 25 Cents Each\\nComments\\nEmily I. Meader, Classical High School, Providence, R. I.\\nThe samples of new English Classics meet a need I have felt :i\\nregard to the school editions of the classics. These books are artist:\\nin make-up, as well as cheap. The clothes of our books, as of ov\\nfriends, influence our enjoyment of their blessings. It has seemed t)\\nme incongruous to try to establish and cultivate a taste for good literf-\\nture, which is essentially and delightfully diverse, when that literature 5\\nbound in uniform drab cloth. 1\\nMary F. Hendrick, Normal School, Cortlandt, N. Y. i\\nYour English Classics Series is a little gem. It is cheap, duralAy\\nbound, excellent type and paper, and especially well adapted for students\\nwork, as the notes are to the point and not burdensome.\\nMary C. Lovejoy, Central High School, Buffalo, N. Y. j\\nI think you have provided such an attractive help for students that\\nthey will be incited to add to their collection of books.\\nProfessor L. L. Sprague, Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Pa.\\nThe Essay on Milton and Essay on Addison are exceedingly\\nwell edited, and in beauty of type and binding are not surpassed by\\nsimilar works of any other publishing house.\\nB. W. Hutchinson, Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, N. Y.\\nI am in receipt of French s Macaulay s Essay on Milton,* and am\\ndelighted with the book. The publisher s part of the work deserves\\nspecial mention as being exceptionally good, while the editor s task\\nappears to be done in first-class taste throughout.\\nSuperintendent J. C. Simpson, Portsmouth, N. H.\\nI congratulate you upon your happy combination of an artistic and\\nscholarly book with a price that makes it easily available.", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Comments on ^otktt ^ttits\\nT. C. Blaisdell, Fifth Avenue Normal School, Pittsburg, Pa.\\nI wish to thank you for a copy of The Princess, in your Pocket\\nSeries. I have examined the volume with pleasure. The introduction\\nis excellent, the brief treatment of Tennyson s Work and Art being\\nespecially interesting and helpful. The notes ?,t times seem to explain\\nthe obvious in a book for young students, however, that is the safe side\\nto err on. The editing, the clear type, the dainty binding, and the pocket\\nsize combine to make the book one that will be a pleasure to the student.\\nSuperintendent Wm. E. Chancellor, Bloomfield, N. J.\\nI have read from cover to cover the edition of Macaulay s Essay\\non Addison, by Principal French, of Hyde Park High School, Chicago,\\nand find the edition all that can be desired. The several introductions\\nare, from my point of view, exactly what they ought to be. The notes\\nseem to me particularly wise and helpful. Your edition is not only the\\nbest at its price, but it is better than every other which I have seen, and\\nI have taken great pains to inform myself regarding all editions of\\nEnglish Classics for schools.\\nFrancis A. Bagnall, Principal High School, St. Albans, Vt.\\nThey appeal to me as combining convenience and attractiveness of\\nform and excellence of contents.\\nB. A. Heydrick, State Normal School, Millersville, Pa.\\nI know of no edition that can compare with yours in attractiveness\\nand cheapness. So far as I have examined it the editor s work has been\\njudiciously performed. But well-edited texts are easy to find you have\\ndone something new in giving us a beautiful book, one that will teach\\npupils to love and care for books; and, which seems to me quite as\\nimportant, you have made an edition which does not look school-\\nbooky.\\nEliza M. Bullock, Principal Girls High School, Montgomery, Ala.\\nI think your books of the Pocket Series of English Classics the best\\nI have seen, the most complete in every way. I am enthusiastic about\\nthe delightful volumes I have seen.\\nC. E. E Mosher, Preparatory School, New Bedford, Mass.\\nTheir outward form and dress are a pleasure to the eye, while theil\\ninward matter and arrangement are a source of delight to the mind.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "Works by Prof. E. H. LEWIS\\nOf Lewis Institute and the University of Chicago\\nA First Book in Writing English\\ni2mo. Buckram. Price 80 cents\\nAlbert H. Smyth, Central High School, Philadelphia.\\nI have read it carefully and am much pleased with the way the work\\nhas been done. It is careful, thoughtful, and clearly arranged. The\\nquotations are apt and judiciously selected. It is the best book of its\\nsize and scope that I am acquainted with.\\nSarah V. Chollar, State Normal Sc^iool, Potsdam, N. Y.\\nThe author has made an admirable selection of topics for treatment\\nin this book, and has presented them in a way that cannot fail to be\\nhelpful to teachers who have classes doing this grade of work.\\nAn Introduction to the Study of Literature\\nFor the use of Secondary and Graded Schools.\\ni2nio. Cloth. Price $1.00\\nThis book is a collection of short masterpieces of modern literature\\narranged in groups, each group interpreting some one phase of adolescent\\ninterest, e.g., The Athlete; The Heroism of War; The Heroism of\\nPeace; The Adventurer; The Far Goal; The Morning Land-\\nscape; The Gentleman; The Hearth. A chronological table is\\ngiven at the end of the book, by centuries and half centuries, showing at\\nwhat age each author began to publish, and the name and date of his first\\nbook. The selections together form an anthology of English prose and\\nverse, but it is more than an ordinary anthology; it is constructed so as to\\nbe of value not only to the scholar but also to the teacher and general\\nreader. Each section is opened with a critical introduction which will\\nserve as a guide both to teacher and student.\\nI\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "From Chaucer to Arnold\\nTypes of Literary Art in Prose and Verse. An Introduction to\\nEnglish Literature, with Preface and Notes. By Andrew J.\\nGeorge, A.M., Department of English, High School, Newton, Mass.\\nCloth. 8vo. Price $i.oo\\nAlbert H. Smyth, Central High School, Philadelphia.\\nIn George s Chaucer to Arnold I recognize many favorites and\\nthink the editing and the annotation remarkably well done the notes\\nare sufficiently brief and clear, the bibhography judicious, and a fine\\nspirit of appreciation is shown.\\nPrinciples of English Grammar\\nFor the use of Schools. By George R. Carpenter, Professor of\\nRhetoric and English Composition in Columbia University.\\ni2mo. HaIf=Leather. Price 75 cents\\nProfessor Fred W. Reynolds, University of Utah.\\nFor a straightforward discussion of the principles of grammar, the\\nbook is among the best I have ever seen.\\nAmerican Prose Selections\\nWith Critical Introductions by Various Writers and a General Intro-\\nduction edited by George Rice Carpenter, Columbia University.\\ni2mo. Cloth. Price $1.00\\np. A. Voght, Principal Central High School, Buffalo.\\nIt is a pleasure to take up so handsome a volume. The selections\\nare most admirable and the character sketches of authors are bright,\\nchatty, clear, and concise.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "is^j U If S \\\\y K^j, \\\\i 9 rs\\nV ^^t.S\\nN^\\n,v\\n0- v^i:i^^^^ 0^^\\n^/.O^ o", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "^^0^\\n.V^\\nN\\ncO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0C. A s -Sir\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0%.o\\n^xftf^-", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nn 029 901 325 A\\n...i?. f;^u*\\n,-ru\\ns t. k\u00c2\u00bb ij", "height": "2701", "width": "1822", "jp2-path": "macaulaysessayon07maca_0322.jp2"}}