{"1": {"fulltext": "fft 424\\n.R85\\nCopy\\nPRESERVATION\\nOF TIMBER\\nSOUVKNIR IDITION", "height": "3212", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nCliap.___:.__. Copyrio ht No._\\nShelf ._._ffE b\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "2958", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "THE AUTHOR.", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Hand Book of Timber\\nPreservation\\nSouvenir Edition\\nBy Samuel M. Rowe, C. E.\\nM, Am. Soc. C. E. and M. W. S. E.\\nCHICAGO\\nPettibone, Sawtell Co., Printers\\n1900", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4708f;\\nLidPtoK y of Con^^ri eas\\nv.w- ?Pif}- Ktcfj.-eo\\nSEP 141900\\nCopyright entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nDfclivbrod to\\nOHDt\u00c2\u00ab DIVISION,\\n80\\nCOPYRIGHT, 1900, BY SAMUEL M. ROWE.", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "ROBERT DELOS ROWE (Deceased).\\nM. AM. Soc. C. E.\\nTo whose labors and intelligent studies and investigations\\nmuch that is most valuable in this work is due,\\nthis book is affectionately dedicated.", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThese pages are intended for the use of our pa-\\ntrons, past, present and future, and are not for publi-\\ncation; and it is our wish and request that those re-\\nceiving the book keep it in their own possession,\\nmaking such use of it as may be to the interest of the\\nrailroad company represented.\\nSince 1885, when the matter was first taken up\\nunder the tutelage of the late Joseph P. Card, the\\nauthor has labored to perfect the methods and ap-\\npliances, studying each principle and all questions\\nconnected wiih the operation of timber preserving in\\nthe direction of convenience, economy and effective-\\nness. Most of the matter contained is original, and\\nthis is the first attempt made to furnish a complete\\npractical guide for the operator, containing full direc-\\ntions, that has been made in this country. Those so\\nfar operating works of this kind have relied upon\\ntraining their own operator and carefully refraining\\nfrom letting any but general items of information\\ngo out.\\nIn a general way, the book is an epitome of the ex-\\nperience and observations of the author, assisted by\\nRobert D. Rowe, recently deceased, giving results of\\nmuch labor, study and time.\\nIt is not pretended that the operator can take the\\nmatter up from the book and proceed at once to run", "height": "2958", "width": "1682", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "the business, as there is too much that calls for a\\ntrained and matured judgment; but the book will be\\nof much service as a hand book and guide during the\\noperation of the plant as well as to hints during the\\nconstruction.\\nThe author is but too sensible of the imperfect\\narrangement, of the work and that much is yet to do\\nto make it complete, but trusts to be able to offer in\\nthe near future an edition that will correct, to some\\nextent, the imperfections of this.\\nIn conclusion, we cannot do better than quote from\\nremarks made by Henry Goldmark, M. Am. Soc. C.\\nE.: The whole question of timber preservation is,\\nafter all, one of economy. The point is not whether\\nthe ordinary or an improved creosote process is the\\nbest thing, but whether something else much cheaper\\nwill not, at least for railroad ties, serve a useful pur-\\npose. This we think is no longer a question.\\nNote. Railroad managers wishing extra copies\\nfor use in their own works will be supplied on appli-\\ncation.", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PRESERVATION OF TIMBER.\\nINTRODUCTORY\\nSection i. The primary purpose of this treatise is\\nto furnish and collate such information as to the\\npractical workings as shall enable the operator to\\nfully understand the philosophy and principles in-\\nvolved, and to serve as a hand book of information,\\nboth during the construction of the works and dur-\\ning the operation of the same.\\nIn the preservation of timber, the machinery to\\nbe used, as well as the movements and methods\\nused in the operation of the process, are somewhat\\ncomplex; just as in the manufacture of steel, in the\\nprocess of making or refining sugar or of almost\\nany line of mechanical business, so that to insure\\nproper results the operator must not only have a\\nthorough knowledge of the principles involved, but\\nmust have a thorough training in the method of\\nhandling the plant.\\nIn the first place the works are expensive, the\\namount of capital involved in the erection and\\nequipment is a very large amount; then the chemi-\\ncals are costly, hence any mistake in handling or\\nfailure to do good work is an expensive mistake, in-\\ndeed.\\nThe appliances for the treatment of timber have\\nbeen brought to such degree of efficiency that, if\\nproperly handled, there is little chance of failure or\\ndisappointment in the results.\\nVARIOUS PROCESSES USED.\\nSec. 2. While, as generally conceded, the use of\\ndead oil product of coal tar, usually called creosote.", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "has shown in some cases high results, yet for sev-\\neral reasons reference to it will be but incidental,\\nand attention will be given almost exclusively to\\nthat of the Burnett and to the Zinc-Tannin or Well-\\nhouse processes, in which the chloride of zinc is\\nthe preservative agent. There are two reasons why\\nthe creosote process will be largely restricted in its\\nuse. In the first place, the process is very expen-\\nsive, the oil being more and more costly from year\\nto year, and in the second place, there is the diffi-\\nculty and uncertainty of getting a suitable article.\\nIts much greater cost will necessarily restrict its\\nuse to cases where the amount of timber is small\\nand the lasting quality of the timber paramount.\\nOn the other hand, the zinc-tannin process, cost-\\ning but a fraction of that of the former, has been\\nfound only less effective, showing an economy that\\nis very marked, especially when applied to the treat-\\nment of railroad cross-ties and bridge timber. It is\\ntherefore the purpose to treat here of this matter\\nwith reference to this line of work.\\nAs the Wellhouse process is a modification of the\\nBurnett, the latter will be noticed only incidentally,\\nbut the former, being the more complex, will be\\ntreated of at length.\\nZINC-TANNIN OR WELLHOUSE PROCESS.\\nMETHODS AND RULES.\\nSec. 3. The Zinc-Tannin or Wellhouse process\\nfor treating and preserving railroad cross-ties,\\nbridge or other timbers against early decay, consists\\nin first subjecting the timber to the action of steam\\nin an air-tight, sealed retort for such length of time\\nas is found necessary to open the pores of the tim-\\nber and loosen and expel the natural saps. This is\\nfollowed by a vacuum of from 18 to 26 inches,\\nthereby withdrawing all the vapors and freeing the\\ntimber from condensations of steam introduced and\\nof the volatilized saps.\\nSec. 4. This is followed by the introduction of", "height": "2930", "width": "1806", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "zinc-chloride in solution one and a half to three per\\ncent strong, as the character of the timber under\\ntreatment shall require, the solution carrying at\\nthe same time one-half of one per cent in weight of\\ndissolved glue.\\nThis solution is held under pressure of lOO pounds\\nfor a period of two and one-half hours to six hours,\\ndepending, as before, on the character and condition\\nof the timber treated.\\nSec. 5. The retort is then freed by forcing the\\nchloride solution back into its receptacle and in-\\ntroducing a one-half of one per cent solution of\\ntannin and holding it under pressure, as with the\\nzinc and glue, for two hours or thereabout and then\\nwithdrawing it, completing the operation. This\\nprocess is sometimes varied by introducing the glue\\nin a separate solution, in which case a separate tub\\nwill be necessary for the glue solution.\\nSec. 6. This process under consideration differs\\nfrom the Burnett only in the addition of the glue\\nfollowed by the tannin, the glue and the tannin com-\\nbining and forming a leathery and insoluble product\\nwhich helps to render the timber impervious to the\\nabsorption and giving off of water, so protecting\\nthe chloride, which is supposed to be easily washed\\nout of the timber, thus losing its antiseptic effect.\\nSec. 7. The wide range in time is necessary to\\nmeet the difference in the character and condition of\\nthe timber, and the proper and most economical\\nand effective practice can only be fixed by first\\ndetermining what absorption can be secured, and\\nthenceforward conforming to this. This can best\\nbe done by varying the time or the strength of the\\nsolution, or both.\\nSec. 8. A very important requirement is that the\\ntimber being treated shall have a reasonable\\namount of seasoning, say sixty to ninety days, vary-\\ning in length of time as climatic conditions shall\\nvary.\\nIn a warm, dry climate, sixty days may be ample.", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "while in a moist, cold climate much more time will\\nbe necessary to fit the timber for good results.\\nSec. 9. The amount of antiseptic introduced, and\\nits thorough dissemination through the piece, is the\\nessential point to be attained.\\nIt is only by careful observation and study by an\\nexperienced management that the best results can\\nbe secured.\\nCAUTION.\\nv.\\nSec. ID. The process and methods here outlined\\nhave been in practice many years with results that\\nplace them beyond the sphere of experiment, hence\\nany departure from them with a view to improve\\nshould be guarded against and deprecated by the\\nmanagement. Any experiments in the direction of\\nimprovement should be made by those competent to\\ndirect and situated to carry out a long series of ex-\\nperiments. Even this should be attempted with\\ncaution and hesitation, as it takes long to get defi-\\nnite results.\\nAPPLIANCES.\\nSec. II. The appliances used are much the same\\nas those for the Burnett or creosote processes, the\\nminor appliances for preparing the chemicals only\\ndiffering. In each and all the steaming is identical,\\nand the storing tanks and piping are interchange-\\nable from one process to the other.\\nFirst The steam plant for furnishing the neces-\\nsary steam to the retort, for driving the different\\npumps and machinery, including a dynamo to fur-\\nnish light, and to steam coils for heating the\\nworks.\\nThe electric light is quite essential, as the works\\nshould run night and day.\\nSecond The retort, sometimes called the cylin-\\nder, made of steel plate, and of such dimensions as\\nwill receive the charge with its tram cars on which\\nthe timber is loaded in such shape as to fill the cylin-", "height": "2930", "width": "1806", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "der as nearly as possible. The retort most con-\\nvenient is usually about io6 feet in clear length,\\ncapable of receiving thirteen tram cars with their\\nloads of eight-feet ties, and of such diameter as is\\ndeemed most suitable and convenient, generally\\nabout six feet. It contains tracks on which the\\ntram cars run, the gauge of which is the same as\\nthat of the tram-yard tracks, by means of which\\nthe charge is run in and out.\\nThe retort is provided with a strong door, self-\\nsealing, or may be hand-bolted as may be desired,\\nfitting tightly to resist pressure and to prevent leak-\\nage and waste.\\nThird The vacuum pump, used to free the retort\\nfrom air and vapors remaining after the steam has\\nbeen released from it, to encourage the outflow of\\nnatural saps of the timber and to prepare it for the\\nready absorption of the solution by freeing it from\\nhot vapors and expanding the small amount of va-\\npors remaining. In connection with the vacuum\\npump, and a very important adjunct, is the surface\\ncondenser and the hot-well, by which the vapors\\nare condensed before reaching the vacuum pump,\\nrelieving it of a large part of its labors.\\nFourth The air compressor, by which the solu-\\ntion used is forced back into its receptacle quickly,\\nby pumping air into the retort, as well as for other\\npurposes where compressed air is desired.\\nFifth The force pump, by which pressure is pro-\\nduced upon the charge in the retort, a boiler-feed\\npump, a pump for handling water for the various\\npurposes about the plant and for fire security.\\nSixth Large tanks or receptacles for the various\\nsolutions, consisting of a tank for the prepared\\nchloride solution, a tank for the tannin solution and\\na tank for water storage, each of which should be of\\nsuch dimensions as will amply meet the require-\\nments of the plant.\\nStandard railway tanks will do for a small plant,\\nsay for two retorts, but for a larger plant a tank 30\\nfeet in diameter and 20 feet deep, holding some-", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "ki\\n10", "height": "2930", "width": "1806", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "thing like 100,000 gallons, is about what is most\\nsuitable. These may be of wood, iron bound except\\nfor creosote, which should be steel throughout.\\nSeventh The vats for the preparation of the\\nchloride should be of wood, lead lined, the one for\\ndissolving ten feet square and two and a half feet\\ndeep, and the storage vat for concentrated solution,\\nsay eight by twelve feet and three and one-half feet\\ndeep. The concentrated chloride, as well as the\\nacid used in its manufacture, are both destructive\\nto iron or even steel, hence a lining of half-inch lead\\nis interposed on which the acids will not act, hence\\nwill last for years. A small mixing tub for dissolv-\\ning glue, say about eight feet in diameter and four\\nfeet deep, in which it is soaked and dissolved, and\\nto some extent diluted preparatory to mixing with\\nthe chloride solution, is usually used. The tannin\\nrequires a similar tub, in which four or five barrels\\nof the bark extract can be emptied, diluted and used.\\nTo each of these mixing vats or tubs is provided\\nan ejector, by means of which the contents can be\\nforced up into the proper receptacle as needed. The\\npipes and valves, through which the concentrated\\nsolution is passed, must be of chemically pure lead,\\nas the lining is.\\nEighth The system of iron piping to carry\\nthrough all the different movements is too exten-\\nsive and complicated to be described, except in a\\ngeneral way, as almost every case calls for some\\nmodification on account of special conditions.\\nThey can be divided and described in the following\\norder:\\n(a) The solution pipes consist of a system of\\nlarge iron pipes connecting the solution tubs with\\nthe retort by which the movement is quickly made,\\nthe full control of which is in the hands of the\\noperator by means of a system of valves.\\n(b) The air and vacuum pipes are a system of\\npiping through which connection between the retort\\nand the vacuum pump and the air compressor is\\nmade, by which vacuum is drawn and by which\\n11", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "Solution pipes for three movement for Zinc-Tannin plant,\\nROWE ROWE.\\n12", "height": "2968", "width": "1930", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "air is forced into the retort in forcing back the solu-\\ntion to its receptacle, and also by which the steam or\\nthe air is released from the retort.\\n(c) The circulating system is a system of minor\\npipes, including a force pump by which a plentiful\\nstream of cold water is forced through the surface\\ncondenser during production of vacuum, by means\\nof which the steam and vapors from the retort are\\ncondensed and cooled before reaching the vacuum\\npump.\\n(d) The blow-back system is a set of pipes of\\nminor size by which the last remnant of solution is\\nforced back into its proper receptacle by means of\\nthe air compressor continuing its service after the\\nsolution valves are closed.\\n(e) The puddler consists of a system of small\\npipes connecting between the compressor and the\\nsolution tubs, the chloride dissolving vat, the chlo-\\nride storage vat and the glue and tannin mixing\\ntubs, by which they may be agitated by a stream of\\nair from the compressor.\\nThis is quite important, as it keeps the chemicals\\nin the solution in suspension and aids in rapidly\\ndissolving those in the mixing or dissolving vats.\\n(f) Steam coils and heating pipes. These con-\\nsist of steam coils in each of the solution tubs by\\nwhich the desired temperature is secured to each\\nsolution; also such radiators as may be necessary to\\nheat the building, all having steam direct from the\\nsteam boilers and discharging all condensations by\\nmeans of a steam trap to the boiler-feed tank or to\\nany desired hot-water reservoir.\\n(g) Steam pipes. The steam pipes from the\\nboilers by which steam is furnished to each of the\\npumps, engines, etc., need not be further noticed\\nhere except to say that they should be of ample size\\nand should lead as direct as possible to each ma-\\nchine, and should be well protected against radia-\\ntion. This should be especially and effectually done\\nwith the line conveying steam to the stationary\\n13", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14", "height": "2921", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "power by which charges are handled, which are\\nlocated at considerable distance from the boilers.\\n(h) Suction and discharge pipes of the various\\npumps need here only be mentioned.\\n(i) Service and security against fire.\\nIn large plants, a large force pump connecting\\nwith an ample supply of water in case of fire break-\\ning out, the discharge of which, with its pipes, to\\nthe various parts of the works, and sufficient number\\nof hydrants and ample supply of hose, is a very im-\\nportant adjunct. It may be made to do general\\npumping service at the same time being always\\nready for a fire.\\n(j) Automatic drain from the retort. This is\\nan arrangement of pipes connecting the drain well\\nof the retort to the sewer by which all condensa-\\ntions during the operation of steaming shall be car-\\nried to the sewer, thereby keeping the retort as free\\nas possible from water.\\nIt may be arranged to operate automatically by\\nmeans of a steam trap, or it may be operated by the\\noperator by means of a valve in case the steam trap\\nfails to operate.\\nAll of these systems must be planned and plainly\\ndelineated to work together harmoniously, nowhere\\ninterfering with each other, and each constructed\\nso as to do its work properly, and the outlines and\\ndimensions put on paper so that the shop men can\\nmake every piece and put it in its place.\\nNinth The power required for charging and\\ndischarging the retort, and for moving the tram\\ncars in the yard, is furnished by a stationary engine.\\nBy means of a drum and cables supplemented by\\nfixed snatch pulleys in different positions, the op-\\neration can be carried several hundred feet each\\nway. Two and sometimes more of these shifting\\nengines are required in a large plant.\\nTenth Tram-yard tracks. This consists of a\\nsystem of tram tracks conforming in gauge to the\\ntracks in the retort and extending with switches,\\ncross-overs, etc., such as the dimensions of the\\n15", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2921", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "works shall require, by which timber is brought\\nfrom a standard railroad yard or t rom storage piles\\nand conveyed to and from the retort, and again\\ndischarged into piles or loaded on cars for reship-\\nment. While the gauge of these tracks must be\\nthe same as that in the retort, yet heavier rails may\\nbe used, and 48 to 56 old rails can be utilized.\\nEleventh Loading and unloading platform.\\nAs the amount of material to be handled is great,\\nand the timber is very heavy and unwieldy, every\\ncare must be taken to reduce this labor to a mini-\\nmum. The elevated platform, conforming to the\\nheight of the floor of a car, has been found a very\\ngreat help, the charge from, the retort being run\\nup an incline on to it and there unloaded into cars\\nfor outshipment.\\nTwelfth Steam derrick. Where timber and pil-\\ning are treated in connection with cross-ties, and\\nthe quantity justifies, a traveling steam derrick is\\nvery useful, especially with long piles and timber.\\nWhere gondola cars are to be had for outgoing\\nties, the tram loads can be placed in them bodily.\\nThirteenth Tram cars or buggies, on which the\\ntimber is designed to be treated, or loaded, are com-\\npactly and strongly built, weigh from 800 to 1,000\\npounds each, and are provided with two curved\\narms on each side, conforming to section of the re-\\ntort, and have a capacity of from 30 to 45 standard\\ncross-ties, as they may be hewn or sawed. With\\nlength of tie eight feet, 12 to 14 cars make a charge,\\ndepending on length of the retort.\\nFor long timber and piling a car of much the\\nsame dimensions, but provided with a strong bolster\\nturning freely on the center of the tram, instead of\\nthe two pairs of arms, is used. The timber or pile\\nis loaded on two cars and, by means of the bolster,\\nthe car can turn curves freely in the yard where\\ncurves are unavoidable in works of any extent.\\nFourteenth Scales for weighing timber.\\nAs the amount of absorption of the chemicals in\\nsolution by the timber is of the first importance, any\\n17", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "O O\\no o o\\ngXi:;jj:;j;;\\n0(\\n5=2^1\\na..g.j\u00c2\u00a3L .0...Q.\\n5 itii\\niS", "height": "2921", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "means necessary to determine this accurately should\\nbe employed. The indicator measurements is the\\none of main reliance in determining this, and to\\ncheck this a four-ton platform scale, set in the tram\\ntrack at a convenient point for weighing, is perhaps\\nthe best means to be devised. On this a tram load\\nor a single piece can be weighed, first before treat-\\ning and again after, whereby knowing the weight\\nand strength of the solution, the amount of the\\nchemical absorbed, can be determined accurately.\\nFifteenth Buildings,\\nWhere a plant is to be operated continuously day\\nand night, and in all climates and kinds of weather,\\nthe buildings must necessarily cover and protect the\\nmachinery and appliances effectually. Ordinarily,\\nwooden buildings or wood covered with corrugated\\niron on sides and tar paper, tar and gravel for roof,\\nare found best adapted to the purpose. These can\\nbe made to effectually shelter the works, are cheap,\\nand as the plant and its operation are not always\\npermanent, this form of building is best adapted to\\neasy removal, with little loss, if the necessity comes.\\nThe buildings particularly required are:\\n(a) The building covering the retorts.\\n(b) The machinery room, containing all pumps,\\nvalves and machinery, with the exception of the\\nshifting engines in the yard. The machinery must\\nbe compactly arranged so as to be under the eye\\nand hand of the operator,\\n(c) The boiler room containing the boilers, feed\\npumps, etc.\\n(d) The chloride vat room.\\n(e) The storerooms for storage of chemicals.\\n(f) Blacksmith shop and repairing room.\\n(g) Office,\\n(h) Housing for shifting engines.\\nSixteenth Lighting,\\nA small electric plant is almost indispensable. It\\nmay consist of a small steam engine operated by\\nsteam from the boilers and a dynamo good for ten\\narc lights of 1600 c. p. or its equivalent, furnishing\\n19", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "four or five lights outside and any desired number\\nof incandescent lights inside.\\nRULES OF OPERATION.\\nGENERAL.\\nSec. 12. In operations where the plant consists of\\none, two or three retorts, it is usual to start the\\ncharges about an hour apart, so that the use of com-\\npressor and vacuum pump will not interfere and can\\nbe applied to each retort in turn; thus all three re-\\ntorts can be operated by the one machine. If the\\nplant has more than three retorts, say four or six,\\nthen a second compressor and vacuum pump will be\\nrequired, and the retorts can and should be run in\\npairs.\\nEach retort requires its own force or pressure\\npump and its separate system of piping for solution,\\nsteam and air, so arranged as to serve each retort in\\nits turn.\\nThe details of operation, more specifically given,\\nare divided about as follows:\\n(a) Preparing the charge and manner of loading\\nthe timber.\\nAs it is essential that the steam and the solution,\\neach in its turn, shall have free access to all sides\\nof the timber (each piece), a space must be left or\\nreserved for this, especially for sawed stuff, other-\\nwise the operation will be greatly impeded or en-\\ntirely defeated.\\nA compactly loaded mass of timber will act much\\nas if it was still unsawed. This has been exemplified\\nin the nine-foot retort, where, even with quarter-\\ninch iron strips between, the steaming requires from\\nthree to four times as long a time as that required\\nwhere the pieces are properly separated, and the\\nsame is true as to pressure on solution. A one-inch\\nstrip, or an ordinary barrel stave, will do with\\nsawed ties. Hewn ties do not need this.\\nIn loading, the ties should be arranged to con-\\nform to the loading gauge, so that there will be no\\n20", "height": "2921", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "interference in charging, and there firmly chained,\\ncare being taken to have the load even at the ends\\nso as to allow the inspector easy access for counting\\nand stamping.\\nThe stamping die should be a hammer about the\\nweight of a small railroad spike maul, weighing\\nthree and a half to four pounds, with handle similar\\nand with the die full faced and deeply cut (three-\\neighth-inch), vertical and not tapering, securing an\\nimpression deep enough to last as long as the timber\\nitself.\\nThe loaded cars are then assembled to make the\\nproper charge, and are then, by means of the shift-\\ning engine, cables and pulleys, drawn into the re-\\ntort, the doors closed and sealed, when all is ready\\nfor:\\n(b) Steaming.\\nThe steam is introduced into the retort, prefer-\\nably at each end and nearly at the bottom. Mean-\\nwhile the blow-off at the top of the retort is kept\\nopen to allow the air to escape until the retort is\\nfull of steam. When the retort is entirely filled, the\\nblow-oflf is closed and the steam is accumulated until\\nit has reached a pressure of twenty pounds per\\nsquare inch and there held throughout the entire\\nremaining time required four to six hours. This\\npressure is fixed as the maximum, as the tempera-\\nture of the steam is then at near 250 degrees Fah.,\\nabout all that the timber will bear without scorching\\nand injury to its fiber. Frequently during the\\nsteaming, the condensations should be drawn ofif\\nfrom the retort, by means of the automatic blow-off.\\nto the sewer, accelerating the dryness of the steam\\nand reducing condensation, and securing greater\\ndryness in the timber after the vacuum is drawn.\\nThe steam is then blown off, being discharged into\\nthe air.\\n(c) The vacuum.\\nWhen the steam is fully blown off the retort\\nshould be allowed to cool for a little time, the cir-\\nculating water should be started through the surface\\n21", "height": "2930", "width": "1768", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "condenser and allowed to flow, insuring the greatest\\ndegree of cold surface to the hot vapors from the\\nretort before the vacuum pump is started, thus pre-\\nventing these hot vapors from injuring the valves of\\nthe pump.\\nIn a one or two retort plant, one of the force\\npumps can be utilized for pumping the circulating\\nwater; but in a large plant, either the service and\\nfire pump will answer, or a special pump will be\\nnecessary.\\nThus having cooled the condenser, the vacuum is\\ndrawn, raising it as fast as is practicable to 20 at\\n26 inches, and there holding it for half an hour or\\nmore, if desired. If the hot-well catching the con-\\ndensation fills so that the contents are thrown off\\nthrough the vacuum pump, and it is desired to\\nmeasure it, resort must be had to an auxiliary res-\\nervoir, so arranged as to receive the surplus when\\nnecessary. The practicability of measuring these\\ncondensations with a view to determine the amount\\nof sap extracted from the timber, is a matter of\\ndoubt, and will be noticed further on.\\nA marked advantage has been secured in treating\\nobdurate timber (dense, wet or green), by interpos-\\ning a vacuum at an intermediate time during the\\nsteaming, blowing off the latter, drawing a vacuum\\nand again introducing the steam while the vacuum\\nis still held. This idea is worth investigatmg when\\nopportunity offers.\\nIt is practicable to have a suction pipe connecting\\nthe drain-well of the retort with the hot-well by\\nwhich any condensations gathering will be collected\\nin the hot-well during the vacuum operation.\\n(d) Introducing the chloride solution.\\nThe vacuum having been on for sufficient time, it\\nis still held, and the valve in the solution pipe is\\nopened and the solution allowed to flow in, which\\nit does very rapidly by the help of the vacuum, until\\nthe retort is entirely filled, the air pipe being opened\\nto allow the escape of the remaining air in the re-\\ntort and then closed.\\n22", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "The solution should be heated from 80 to 100 de-\\ngrees Fah. before introduced, as it is found that the\\nchloride is held best in suspension at about that\\ntemperature.\\nWhen the retort is filled and the air pipe closed,\\nthe force or pressure pump is at once started and the\\npressure raised to 100 pounds per square inch, which\\nshould be done in a very short time, and there held\\nfor such time as shall be judged best to meet the\\nnature of the timber.\\nA measuring vat. in which the estimated quantity\\nof solution that the charge should receive is held,\\nis recommended by some as a good thing, as, by\\nattaching the suction of the pressure pump to the\\nvat and running it until the vat is exhausted, the\\ntimber will have absorbed the proper amount of the\\nsolution.\\nCareful reading of the indicator about the time\\nthe pressure from the pump begins, and then again\\nat times during which pressure remains, will give a\\nvery close measurement of the amount absorbed\\nduring that time, but of course there is no means\\nof determining how much was absorbed before\\npressure was secured. The indicator reading before\\nintroducing and again after forcing back, gives the\\nmost accurate measurement possible, except, per-\\nhaps, the weighing before and after,\\n(e) Returning the chloride solution to its re-\\nceptacle is the next move, and is accomplished by\\nmeans of the air compressor by which air is forced\\ninto the retort. When it is quite cleared the valve\\nin the main solution pipe is closed, and the blow-\\nback is used to clear the retort of the last remnant\\nof solution, which is carried to its proper tub by an\\noverhead pipe,\\n(f) Introduction of the tannin solution.\\nAs soon as the chloride solution has been cleared\\nfrom the retort, the tannin solution is introduced,\\nput under pressure and so held for the desired pe-\\nriod, and forced back to its receptacle in every re-\\nspect as with the chloride, except that the time held", "height": "2883", "width": "1854", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "under the pressure of lOO pounds need not be so\\nlong, as the action of the tannin is quite super-\\nficial.\\nThis completes the operation. The doors being\\nopened, the charge is removed from the retort.\\nThe next charge being prepared is run in, the doors\\nare closed, and the whole program is repeated. A\\ncharge takes from lo to 12 hours.\\nRULES FOR MIXING CHEMICALS.\\nZINC-TANNIN OR WELLHOUSE PROCESS. CHEMICALS\\nUSED.\\nChloride of Zinc. (Znclg.)\\nSec. 13. The principal antiseptic agent used in\\nthis process is the chloride of zinc. The chloride\\ncan be m.ade on the ground by the combination of\\nhydrochloric acid (muriatic) with common metallic\\nzinc, or the commercial product in the form of a\\nsalt furnished in large drums or rolls protected by\\na covering of thin sheet iron. There is but little\\ndifference in the cost, the difference being in favor\\nof the commercial article.\\n(a) By empiric experiment the hydrochloric\\nacid and the zinc combine about as follows: 800\\npounds Hclo, 20 degrees B to 100 pounds Zn., will\\nproduce 813 pounds of 46 per cent zinc chloride, or\\n375 pounds of pure chloride. With acid at i^c per\\npound and the zinc at 5 6-ioc, the cost per pound\\npure chloride will be about 5.6c per pound.\\n(b) One reason in favor of manufacturing or\\npreparing the chloride at the works is that its qual-\\nity and purity are more easily controlled against\\nadulterating impurities. Its preparation may be\\ndone by having two dissolving vats, so as to prepare\\none while the other is being used.\\n(c) The commercial chloride being most readily\\nobtained and more convenient to use, is being gen-\\nerally used, hence, in the rules here given, the com-\\nmercial chloride will be understood.\\n24", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "(d) The impurities in the salt should not exceed\\nthree per cent in weight, and are, with one excep-\\ntion, quite harmless, except as an impurity. The\\npresence of a small amount of iron, however, say\\none-half of one per cent, should condemn it, as the\\niron neutralizes the chloride and at the same time\\nis said to injure the wood fiber.\\n(e) The commercial salt will often have a small\\namount of free, uncombined acid, which is de-\\nstructive to wood fiber if present in any great\\namount, hence the dissolving as well as the storage\\nvat should contain a liberal allowance of the zinc\\nblocks to take it up, and the time allowed for its\\naction should be as extended as possible.\\n(f) A graphic table of weight and specific grav-\\nity of chloride of zinc is here given, which gives\\nthe data on which the table for quantities, in Table\\nB, is computed. While it is not claimed to be\\nexact, yet it gives a sufficiently close approximation\\nand serves the purpose. It is the summing up of\\nnumerous trials.\\nGELATINE (Glue).\\nSec. 14. Commercial glue of good quality con-\\ntains the gelatine which, under the Wellhouse\\nprocess, forms a part of the plugging up substance\\nby its combination with the tannin. Glues vary\\nconsiderably in the amount of gelatine contained,\\nbut 60 per cent is supposed to be a fair estimate for\\na good commercial article.\\n(a) The per cent in weight of water at 60 degrees\\nFah. that any glue will absorb, is said to be about\\nthe best test of quality. A first-class glue, it is\\nsaid, will absorb 13 parts of water to i of glue, but\\nit is found that some of the best cabinet glues will\\nnot take over 5 or 6 in the 24-hours test.\\n(b) It has been, and now is, the practice to use\\na solution in combination with the chloride consist-\\ning of one-half of one per cent of the total in glue.\\nThe tannin solution, containing the same amount of\\n25", "height": "2883", "width": "1854", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "tannin extract which will combine in about equal\\nparts, forming with the glue the leathery substance\\nin the wood pores.\\n(c) The specific gravity of a fair glue should be,\\nwhen perfectly dry, about 1.42, and should readily\\ntake six times its weight of water when imm-ersed\\nin it at 60 degrees Fah. for 24 hours.\\nTo determine the specific gravity of any sample\\nof glue, take a graduated tube, say a 200 c. cm.\\nmeasure. First put in 100 c. cm. water, then weigh\\nout one ounce of the dry glue and drop it into the\\ntube, noting, immediately, the point to which the\\nwater is raised by the addition of the glue. The\\ndifiference in the height of the water in the tube be-\\nfore and after adding the glue, will be the volume\\nof the one ounce of glue in cubic centimeters, from\\nwhich its weight and specific gravity can at once\\nbe computed.\\n(d) Then to determine the amount of water it\\nwill absorb, add to the above another 100 c. cm. of\\nwater, place it in a place where the temperature is\\nconstant at 60 degrees Fah. for 24 hours, when the\\nproportion of water unabsorbed will appear clearly\\nto the eye. Note this in c. cm. and divide by the\\nwhole 200 c. cm. of water, thus determining the\\nproportion absorbed.\\n(e) In a one-half of one per cent solution of\\nglue, the specific gravity will be inappreciably\\ngreater than pure water, so that the only means of\\ndetermining its strength is to carefully weigh in the\\ndry glue whenever the solution is renewed, the\\nquantity of glue being always the one-half of one\\nper cent by weight of water charged with the glue,\\nand computed in the same ways as for the chloride\\nsolution.\\n(f) It is usual, on account of impurities in the\\nglue, to discount these by putting in an excess, say\\nwhere 100 pounds of tannin is called for, use no\\npounds of glue. While it is understood that the\\nglue and the tannin combine in about equal quanti-\\nties, yet it is safe to have a slight excess of the for-\\n26", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "mer. for the reason that if glue should be entirely\\nor even partially absent there would be no action\\nby the tannirt. and it would go back into the solu-\\ntion tub as strong as before used. In any case, if\\nsufficient glue is not present, full action of the tan-\\nnin cannot be expected.\\nTANNIN EXTRACT.\\nSec. 15. The tannin extract of hemlock bark is\\nmostly used in this process, containing from 15 to\\n30 per cent of tannic acid, presumably about a safe\\nmean of 22 per cent.\\n(a) As the amount of active properties in the\\ncombination, both as to the glue and the tannin,\\nlong practice has taught that they should be used\\nin about equal quantities. As the glue is first ab-\\nsorbed, and the tannin following neutralizes so much\\nof the glue as it may reach, the overplus of the\\ntannin being carried back with the returned solu-\\ntion, there is no waste by having the tannin solution\\nmarkedly stronger than the prescribed one-half of\\none per cent. The strength of the tub solution of\\ntannin should be tested from time to time by com-\\nparison of its action on a reagent, as will be ex-\\nplained later on.\\n(b) As regards the penetration of the tannin\\ninto the timber, although the tannin solution is com-\\nplete, that is, the acid is held in complete suspen-\\nsion and w ill go wherever the water will go, yet its\\naction is and must be largely superficial from the\\nfact that it has no such aid or favorable conditions\\nas does the chloride solution. That there is a por-\\ntion of the glue not reached by it is a matter of\\nspeculation, and it is probable that owing to the\\nviscosity of the glue its action is also largely su-\\nperficial as well. Be this true, it is what it should\\nbe.\\n(c) The hemlock bark extract carrying the\\ntannic acid is of a reddish brown color, hard when", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "cold, but when under temperature of lOO degrees\\nFah. or over is the consistency of thin molasses\\nand flows freely.\\nIts specific gravity is about 1.22, but when a half\\nof one per cent solution, there is no appreciable\\nexcess over pure water.\\n(d) The commercial extract is put into barrels\\nholding about five hundred pounds and over, four\\nor five barrels usually making a batch.\\nTo thoroughly dissolve, a quantity of water is\\nadded and a moderate amount of steam is turned\\nin by means of a small steam pipe in the tub, by\\nwhich the extract is thoroughly agitated and mod-\\nerately heated, after which additional water can be\\nadded, so that some fixed depth from the mixing\\ntub will equal the quantity of tannin needed for\\neach tub foot in the tannin solution tub,\\n(e) When tannin and glue are combined the\\nmixture, after time is given for the combination of\\nthe two, and all unassimilated portions are washed\\nout, and the residuum dried, gives a dark-brown,\\nsemi-transparent substance that is quite hard and\\nbrittle. It is insolvent in water and incombustible,\\nsimply charring to a cinder much as would be with\\ncharred leather. Under the microscope, it has the\\nappearance of an opaque resin, and a similar sub-\\nstance by appearance is found in the sap cells of\\nthe treated timber, not in untreated timber.\\nPREPARATION OF CHEMICALS FOR USE.\\nSec. 16. The chloride of zinc.\\n(a) Dissolving: The fused chloride (commer-\\ncial) should be dissolved into stock solution, a con-\\ncentrated solution from 35 to 50 per cent strong,\\nsome little time before used, say 24 hours if prac-\\nticable, so that it shall be thoroughly dissolved, and\\nthat any free acid it may contain will have time to\\nbe taken up by the spelter (zinc) kept in the dis-\\nsolving vat for that purpose.\\nThe drums or rolls of fused chloride should then", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "be divested of the iron covering, weighed, and if\\nthe works are provided with a trolley carrier, be\\nplaced bodily in the dissolving vat, or in absence\\nof the trolley, they should be broken into smaller\\nfragments and dropped from planks placed over\\nthe vat, which should have been previously partially\\nfilled with water. In placing the pieces in the vat,\\ncare must be taken that the lead lining of the vat\\nbe not injured.\\n(b) The following will guide as to the amount\\nof the salt to be weighed in, and as to the amount\\nof water for dissolving. First fill vat about half\\nfull, and then add the chloride and fill with water\\nto the height indicated:\\nFor 35 per cent stock solution\\n6,296 pounds salt, and fill to 2.2 vertical feet.\\nFor 40 per cent\\n7,865 pounds salt, and fill to 2.3 vertical feet.\\nFor 45 per cent\\n9,285 pounds salt, and fill to 2.3 vertical feet.\\nFor 50 per cent\\n10,860 pounds salt, and fill to 2.3 vertical feet.\\n(c) This computation is based upon a mixing\\nvat ten feet square and two and one-half feet deep,\\nand, being lead lined with half-inch sheet lead, has\\napproximately an area of 99.4 square feet.\\nThe above is a fair guide, remembering that the\\nexact amount of the salt or the resulting strength\\nof solution is not essential, as any intermediate\\nstrength can be used by the same means of com-\\nputation.\\nA solution of from 40 to 50 per cent is about the\\nmost convenient.\\n(d) When this stock solution is well neutralized\\nand dissolved, it is drawn of? into the storage vat,\\na lead-lined vat the same as the mixing vat, except\\nin dimensions. This vat is provided with a steam\\nejector by which the concentrated stock solution is\\nforced into the solution tub or tank through a dis-\\ncharge pipe passing over the top and there dis-\\ncharging.\\n29", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00ab-.\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abe M$u ir mntxr KKctSK rtar t amine uu^irt.\\ntint MUrUlK S,l^ti.\u00e2\u0080\u009e, .rrmrt.^J.,r.,\u00e2\u0080\u009e/ U~.flh.\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nH\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nA\\nT\\nrt\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0w\\n-t::\\nill\\n1\\nV\\nlri\\nr\\n1\\n31\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nI\\nij\\nffi\\n1\\nli:\\nu\\nn\\nS\\nm\\nffi\\nm\\\\\\nm\\nffi\\nt\\ni\\nlJ:-\\n7-.\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00942\\nLJ\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nL-t\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a060", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "r?\\nIN\\n\u00c2\u00bbi\\nn\\n1\\na\\n4,^\\no\\n2\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\nS3\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\no\\no\\nN\\n9t\\nro\\nJ-\\nv\u00c2\u00a9\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00c2\u00bbv\\nc\\nva\\nO\\nc^\\nN\\n1\\ni 1\\ni\\nto\\n00\\n3\\n5\\n0\u00c2\u00ab\\nfO\\n00\\nro\\n4-\\n\u00c2\u00abo\\nlO\\nv\u00c2\u00a3\\n0\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\nc\\n4\\n0\\n00\\nQ\\nHi\\nI\\nCH\\nc\\ncv\\n1\\n9\\nAs\\no\\n0\\\\\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a20\\n*5\\n9\\\\\\nN\\n00\\no\\nfO\\n90\\n1\\nf\\nN\\n\u00c2\u00abo\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\n-o\\n\u00c2\u00abr\u00c2\u00ab\\nJ^\\n^_^\\nct\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\n6\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o\\nCO\\nis.\\niUi i\\ncy\\nCsl\\nN\\nc\\nl-\\nto\\nn\\n-t\\n1\\no\\nK\\nr.\\no\\n00\\na\\n_\\n00\\no\\ne*\\no\\no\\nM\\no\\n,i\\nc\\nc^\\nc\\nn\\ni-\\nvi\\nCO\\nf*\\n9k\\n0\\nCo\\no\\n9\u00c2\u00bb\\nc\\no\\nro\\non\\nIf\\nQ\\nM\\nN\\nOJ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\nfO\\no\\no\\no\\n*o\\n1\\ntf 5\\no\\ncn\\nr*\\n\u00c2\u00abo\\n*1\\ne\\nD\\no\\nN\\nn\\n0\\no\\nSI\\nS\\nJ;\\no\\ns\\n^^1\\nW)\\nt\\no\\nto\\nX\\n\u00c2\u00abo\\nh.\\n1\\nm\\nt\\ns\\nJ\\nj*X\\nv^\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\n5 5\\n1\\n5\\n;i\\nX\\nS\\ns^\\ns\\n^1\\nN.\\nc^lNlt^t c-i\\nl\u00c2\u00ab)!c^\\nt\\n\\\\Jt J A-yf\\n\\\\ii i? Sis? i^r^5\\nL\\n31", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "PREPARATION OF DILUTED TUB SOLU-\\nTION.\\nSec. 17. (a) Assuming the size of the storage vat\\nto be 8 by 12 feet, area being 96 feet, and the solution\\ntub being 30 feet in diameter, wood and iron bound,\\nwith a mean area of 664 square feet, then we have\\nfor putting up the stock chloride from storage vat\\nto the diluted solution tub, Table B, giving the\\nnumber of cubic feet of stock solution for each tub\\nfoot required, hence by multiplying this by the\\nnumber of tub feet to be charged, and dividing the\\nresult by the area of the storage vat (96 sq. ft.),\\ngives the vertical feet to put up.\\nDilution of Chloride Solution.\\n(b) To make up the first tub of solution, say two\\nper cent strong, fill solution tub with water to say 17\\nfeet, the tub being 20 feet deep, each tub foot being\\nequal to 664 cubic feet (mean area of tub) by 17\\nvertical feet, equal 11,288 cu. ft. multiplied by 62.3\\nlbs. (weight of cu. ft. of water) equals 703,242 lbs.\\nwater.\\nThen as 98 per cent of water is to the two per\\ncent of chloride, so is 703,242 lbs. of water to 14,352\\nlbs. pure chloride required.\\nThen for cubic feet in volume of the two per cent\\nchloride we have: Water, 702,242 lbs., which divide\\nby 62.:^ lbs. equals 11,288 cu. ft., and chloride, 14,352\\nlbs., which divide by 200.0 lbs., equals 71.76, making\\ntotal of 11,359.76 cubic feet or about 17.2 vertical or\\ntub feet.\\nDETERMINING STRENGTH OF CHLORIDE\\nSOLUTION.\\n(c) No more satisfactory means have been found\\nfor testing the strength of the chloride solution than\\nthe Beaume Hydrometer, using the coarse hydro-\\nmeter, one to sixty degrees for the concentrated and\\nthe fine hydrometer, one to six degrees, divided to\\ni-ioth degree, for the highly diluted solutions. In\\n32", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "the heavier solutions, say 30 to 60 degree, the influ-\\nence of temperature is small, so that no account need\\nbe made for it, but with that highly diluted it is\\nnecessary to define the effect of temperature very\\ncarefully to get true measurement of strength.\\nTo meet this, the table (A), Nos. I., II. and III.,\\nhas been prepared by means of empiric tests sub-\\njected to a law of curve developed by trial, by which\\na close approximation has been made. Comparison\\nof calculated quantities used in one month s run,\\nwith the actual quantity of stock used, has served\\nto confirm the exactness of the tables.\\nTable No. V. gives the same graphically, the\\ncurves described being true spirals both as to the\\nvariation under increased heat and for the points at\\nwhich the per cent of strength agrees with the de-\\ngrees Beaume.\\nThe use of the hydrometer is impracticable with\\nthe glue and the tannin solution, either being about\\nthe same specific gravity as water.\\nWATER FOR DILUTION.\\nSec. 18. It is here proper to notice the character\\nof the water to be used in this connection in making\\nup the chloride solution.\\nIn carrying through the process, a considerable\\nquantity of water, variously estimated at 15 to 25\\nthousand gallons per day per retort, including the\\nsupply for steam and circulating purposes as well,\\nis used. Pure water is very desirable and its quan-\\ntity is important, for, should it be bounteous, much\\nmay be saved in water saving appliances. There are\\nsome locations where it is desirable to locate works\\nthat the quantity is meager and the quality is poor.\\nSec. 19. Alkaline waters usually found in the\\nwestern plains and mountains is, while undesirable,\\nyet not unusable as while the efifect is to some\\nextent deleterious, yet not to the extent that would\\nforbid its use. One of the effects is its liability to", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "r _^ e: \u00e2\u0080\u0094-rg\\n1 -:^|i|;\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J J\\n111\\n2 i|\\nL_ -4J\\n!l\\n(il!\\nill ^:l::::\\ns\\nm\\nils U~;5 ^.:vs 1\\n2 i i^ ^l\\niliii;?\\niin\\ni P;;!:!\u00e2\u0084\u00a2;;!:;;\\nkkp\\nU n\\n5 i 1^\\n-llllhiiMiH\\n4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i\\nffi --ffi^-iJiyNiyp\\nwIt -v itfitirllNlHM--\\no o ti-V 1 J; p i j^ 1 N 1\\nummk M\\nn\\ni \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rf-- l-4- rt--;- Tjt XTll\\ni::::-\\nf\\n5 \\\\\\\\hM[ 1;;;|;:;;|||\\nr!.iS:i::i| ::!j|;\u00c2\u00a7\\nS\u00c2\u00b1\\nSi 1 :l Ic t: t:\\nS i O lS I rli\\nS \u00e2\u0099\u00a6-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0SHSff5iHS\\n1\\n1-\\n10 III\\nr^i fl\\nr\\n1.\\ni;;\\n^rS:;:\\n^;.Hi^^^H H^i^iJj 1\\n,i\u00e2\u0080\u009e,p.^ j ...-,\u00c2\u00bbM|,f,^V 4 IJ\\n84", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "v:\\nny omoh/t ^rm\\nKC^O 1 /V Ct\\ni)*\\n3\\n!3\\nIn\\nI\\n15\\nri\\nri\\n1^\\no\\nK\\nH\\n*1\\n5\\nri\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\n5\\n0\\\\\\n5\\nre\\nto\\nH\\n5\\ns\\nr i\\nsi\\nAv\\n2\\nfs\\n3\\nr\\nQ\\nto\\nIS\\n^A\\n\u00c2\u00bbn\\nIS\\nCM\\nl*\u00c2\u00ab\\nO\\nr\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00c2\u00bbo\\n5\\nc4\\nSi\\nr4\\nN\\n-i^\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nf\\nt\\nS\\ns\\n3\\n0^\\nK\\nir\\n9*\\nCD\\nN\\n2\\nto\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n7\\nf^\\n5f\\nl\\n5\\nri\\n4-\\nto\\n00\\ng\\n5\\n\u00c2\u00abs\\n2\\nAs.\\no\\n5\\nto\\n2t\\n5\\nM\\nt\\npi\\nrs\\n5.\\nn\\nto\\n\u00c2\u00ab0\\nO\\nN\\n5\\n1^\\nS\\nri\\nM\\ns\\no\\n2\\n5\\nto\\no\\nIS\\n3\\nJ\\no\\nS\\n5\\n3*\\n1\\n4\\n3\\nf^\\no\\nK\\nin\\n0\\nto\\n-5\\no\\ns\\nZ;\\nrf\\nw\\ns\\nS\\n9\\ns\\nit\\nV\\nN\\nc\\n9\\\\\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\ne;\\nno\\n0\u00c2\u00bb\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n4-\\nJ\\nrv\\n5\\no\\no\\nto\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2;s\\n5\\nO\\nCN\\nH\u00c2\u00bb\\ns\\n5J*\\ni\\nS\\nk\\nr^\\n?2..\\n:4\\nr^\\ni Z\\n5\\n35", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "uT\\nMyfoitoMeTiitc\\nfiSAOINQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r\u00c2\u00bb\\nV\\n\u00c2\u00aba\\nU\\nV*\\n1\\nN\\nT\\n1*\\nW\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\nt\\nTSf\\nJ*j\\nt4\\nK\\nr4\\n\u00c2\u00abM\\nt*%\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2!ld\\nrt\\nVk\\nr*\\nT\\nr\u00c2\u00ab\\nM\\nC^\\n(a\\nOs\\nM\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\nt^\\n\u00c2\u00abr\\nr\\ni\\n\u00c2\u00abN\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n3\\nS0\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nf\\\\\\nM\\no\\nQ\\n9\u00c2\u00bb\\nte\\nOb\\nee\\nr\\nV*\\nr-\\no\\no\\nii^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ii\\n-i\\nM\\n(N\\nm\\nM\\nm\\n_\\nr^\\nV\\n5;\\nr*\\nrs\\nr*\\n\u00c2\u00abH\\n5\\nto\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nto\\nf-\\no\\nO\\no\\nCM\\nM\\n(4\\np\\nf\\nN\u00c2\u00bb\\n*i\\nwi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2l\\nvo\\ne\\nN\\nc\\nS\\nv\\nrk\\no^\\nN\\n\u00c2\u00aba\\nle\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nN\\na\\nN\\nr\u00c2\u00ab\\nri\\nt^\\nn\\nn\\no\\nt\\n*0\\nin\\n2\\nt\\nti\\no\\n-i\\nK*\\nw\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\nM\\nf\u00c2\u00ab\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\ns:\\no\\n5\\nM\\nN\u00c2\u00bb\\nf%\\nV*\\n0*\\nfM\\n/s\\nP\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\no\\n\u00c2\u00abM\\n\u00c2\u00abH\\nrt\\nf\u00c2\u00bb\\nen\\nH\\nr\\nr*\\nf*i\\no\\nt\u00c2\u00bb\\n9\\nri\\n\u00c2\u00abn\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\nw\\nt^\\n\u00c2\u00abl\\nr*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\n\u00c2\u00abA\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\n4\\nw\\n1^\\nf^\\nt\\nof\\nir\\ns\\no\\nt%\\ntS\\nf t\\n*o\\ns\\nS\\n4\\n4\u00c2\u00bb\\nc\u00c2\u00ab\\nW\\nc^\\nf^\\nf\\nS\\n1\\n:t\\np:\\n;5\\n5:\\nC\\nr\u00c2\u00ab\\n0\\nri\\no\\nU\\n4\\no\u00c2\u00ab\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\n-i\\nAil\\ni\\n6\\ns\\nO\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\n*5\\nSt]\\nf\\\\\\nn\\n\u00c2\u00ab4\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2p\\nJ\\nto\\n9V\\n*f\u00c2\u00bb\\n4\\ne\\nva\\n/s\\nB t\\no\\ni\\nm.\\nO\\nC4\\nc\\ni4\\nrt\\nM\\nr jj\\nOn\\n4A\\nw\u00c2\u00bb\\n2\\nX\\n5\\nr4\\nd\\nu\\nr\u00c2\u00ab\\nCH\\nr\\nc*\\nfn\\nrt\\nr\\nc;\\nS\\n:i\\n5\\nR;\\nff\\no\\noc\\n\u00c2\u00bbH\\n(\u00c2\u00bbv\\n4\\n7\\nvA\\no\\nH\\nw!\\no\\nON\\nS:\\nG\\nf^\\no*\\n.vi\\nN\\nf%\\nm\\n^9\\nt^\\nt4\\n5\u00c2\u00ab\\n5\\nr-\\njr\\n(\u00c2\u00abt\\n0*\\nr4\\nto\\nt\\nr*\\nW\\no\\ne*\\nW\\nc4\\n\u00c2\u00ab9\\nrt\\nH\\nrf\\nf\\nt/\\n4A\\nV.\\nJ\\nN\\n\u00c2\u00abr\\n\u00c2\u00abw\u00c2\u00bb\\nV*\\nt\\nr.\\n\u00c2\u00abM\\n%9\\no\\nr4\\nK\\nK\\ns\\nM\\nf^\\nfH\\nr*\\ns*\\nt;\\nr*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\nOJ\\nr*\\nr*\\nVa\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ic\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J\\ntx\\ntx\\nc^\\nrt\\nr\u00c2\u00bb\\nf\\no\\no\\nQ\\n9v\\n9\u00c2\u00ab\\n4\\nr4\\n\u00c2\u00abA\\n0\\n0.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2c\\nS\\nCH\\nf^\\n\u00c2\u00abN\\nM\\no\\nw\u00c2\u00bb\\n9\u00c2\u00bb\\nv\u00c2\u00bb\\nOk\\nrt\\nto\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\nK\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\n0\u00c2\u00bb\\nt\\nO\\nr.\\nf-\\nK\\nfe\\nf\\ni?\\n3\\n;r\\ni\\no\\nr\\n;9\\nf\\nri\\nri\\nr\\nr\\nfo\\nr i\\n5;.\\nv\\nj^\\n;jt\\ni^\\nN*\\n^c\\ni^\\n|\u00c2\u00abj\\nI-\\n.^J\\nN\\nJi=\\nlSL\\nr\\nJ2\\nJ^J\\nJTL\\n\u00c2\u00abo\\nI\\nis\\n\u00c2\u00ab5S\\n-12\\n9\u00c2\u00bb\\n36", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "combine with the zinc chloride, by which a fraction\\nof the zinc is thrown down, reducing its effectiveness\\nto the extent of such combination.\\nAnother effect of the alkaline water is to affect\\nthe specific gravity for which allowance must be\\nmade, the amount to be determined by a comparison\\nwith distilled water at 60 deg. Fah. and subtracting\\nthe difference from the hydrometric reading in test-\\ning tub solution.\\nCHARACTER OF THE WORK AND AP-\\nPLIANCES.\\nSec. 20. The business of timber treating is not\\nnew, neither has it been successfully employed in all\\ncases. It has had to pass through the various stages\\nof development like the manufacture of steel, Port-\\nland cement and other lines of manufacture, with its\\nmodicum of failures and successes. Now, when suc-\\ncess is to some extent attained, it is believed that the\\nexercise of knowledge and intelligence is the only\\nmeans by which recurrent failure will be avoided.\\nThis fact cannot be too deeply impressed; also that\\na thorough knowledge of the practical part of the\\nbusiness, the movements of the process and the\\nnature of the agent used, and a thorough training\\nin the practical handling of the works are absolutely\\nnecessary to good results. In the operator, to all\\nthis must be added a determined purpose to enforce\\nall rules and requirements, otherwise /azVwr^ will be\\nalmost sure and very expensive.\\nSec. 21. To give the operator a fair show to carry\\nthe work properly, his convenience and the effi-\\nciency of his force, as well as the economical opera-\\ntion of the work, must be considered and carefully\\nprovided for.\\nEvery part of the works should be easy of access\\nand compactly arranged so as to be under the eye\\nand hand of the operator.\\nEvery part should be substantially built so that\\nrepairs will be infrequent.\\n37", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "Ample store houses and storage for all material\\nand stock to be used, as well as a good stock on\\nhand, should be provided.\\nEach machine, pump, engine, boiler, should be\\nselected to perform the kind and quantity of work\\nthat is expected from it, as the failure of any one\\nto perform its functions promptly and properly en-\\ntails a loss of time for the plant and its whole force.\\nWhere so much capital is involved, it is worth while\\nto attend to these considerations at the start.\\nINSTALLATION.\\nSec. 22. When the retort and all the machinery\\nare in place and the works generally in condition to\\ncommence operation, the following preparatory\\nsteps are necessary to prevent confusion and to\\nsecure the data that is necessary for future compu-\\ntations and operation.\\nAll tanks, reservoirs, tubs and vats should be\\nfilled with water so as to cause the wood to swell\\nto tightness; the steam pipes, with steam and all\\nother pipes, including the retort, with water, so that\\nall leakage can be discovered and cured and that\\neverything be permanently and reliably tight, 150\\nlbs. cold water pressure to be put on as final test.\\nThe pumps and machinery should be connected\\nand steam put on and everything tested as to its\\nrunning promptly and in good order.\\nThe retort door should be carefully adjusted so\\nthat the gland will correspond exactly with the pack-\\ning groove in the retort flange and the door swing\\nfreely and truly on its hinges; that the locking\\nlevers radiate truly from the center and that the Y\\nbolts be well adjusted, so that, in closing the door,\\nall the levers will come to bearing at the same time.\\nVOLUME OF RETORT.\\nSec. 23. In computing the amount of absorption,\\nthe amount of timber, etc., in volume, it is neces-\\nsar}-^ to know exactly how much the retort holds.", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Close the retort, note the indicator reading on\\nthe solution tub, then open the main valve and en-\\ntirely fill the retort with the water, again reading\\nthe indicator, and the vertical feet used by the area\\nof the tub will be the volume of the retort. It would\\nbe well to include such number of tram cars as are\\nused in a charge of ties, as this will be used in case\\nof ties at all times. This, if carefully done, is more\\nexact than any computation that could be made.\\nPREPARING THE CHEAIICALS.\\nSec. 24. Before proceeding to start the works,\\neach of the chemicals must be prepared in such\\nquantities as will keep on hand a stock sufficient to\\nprevent delay in the work. Each solution tub should\\nbe filled to near its full capacity with a solution of\\nproper strength, ready for instant use. For this part\\nof the work a carefully instructed assistant should\\nbe employed and held responsible for the proper\\nhandling and mixing, and also that sufficient stock\\nis held ready for use.\\nCHLORIDE OF ZINC.\\nSec. 25. The preparation of the stock solution and\\nits dilution in the solution tub is fully treated in\\nsections 16 and 17, so that it is only necessary here\\nto notice the method by which the stock of solution\\nis kept up, both in quantity and strength, by more\\nor less frequent renewals. If three retorts are sup-\\nplied from a 30-foot tub there will be required some-\\nthing like ten tub feet daily, hence this many tub\\nfeet should be supplied each day. This operation\\nconsists of pumping so many feet of water into the\\ntub and immediately adding the required quantity\\nof the chloride as indicated in table B, multi-\\nplying this by the number of tub feet put up.\\nFor example, suppose that 8^ tub feet is wanted\\nand the water has been put up, the strength to be\\n25^ per cent and the stock solution is 40 per cent\\nstrong. We see by table B that it requires 30.173\\ncubic feet of stock solution to bring each tub foot", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "up to 2^ per cent, then 8^x30.173 equal 256.47\\ncubic feet of stock solution. Divide this by area of\\nstorage vat (96 sq. ft.) will give 2.67 vertical feet\\nof the 40 per cent chloride to be put up.\\nSec. 26. If more than three retorts are operated,\\nan additional storage vat or a larger one will be\\nnecessary, as the above indicates very nearly the\\ncapacity of one of the size indicated, and another\\nsolution tub will be necessary.\\nSec. 27. As before indicated, the solution should\\nbe tested by means of the fine Beaume hydrometer\\nto check the strength, and should it, after being\\nwell agitated, be found too strong or too weak, then\\naddition of water in the former or chloride in the\\nlatter case is required, the amount of each to be\\ncomputed as before. The deficit in either case\\nwill be proportional as the per cent. Table B\\ncontains quantities for an error of one-quarter of\\none per cent, which saves trouble sometimes, and\\nis near enough for most cases.\\nSec. 28. The matter of monthly stock will be now\\nnoticed as the same computation comes in here.\\nAt the starting of the works, or at the beginning of\\neach month, there is a certain amount of stock in\\nthe warehouse and perhaps more arriving. To\\nkeep a proper account it is necessary to know how\\nmuch stock has been used in the month, or perhaps\\nin a separate lot of timber, hence the stock account\\nshould show just how much is on hand at any mo-\\nment. This will consist of stock in warehouse,\\nstock in dissolving vats, in storage vat and also in\\nthe solution tub, and, knowing the strength of each,\\nthe whole can be summed up as if it was still in the\\noriginal package.\\nThe simple rule for solution anywhere near two\\nper cent will be to call each cubic foot equal to\\n63.4 lbs. Multiplying this by the total number of\\ncubic feet in the tub and again by the hydrometric\\nstrength, will give the number of pounds pure\\nchloride in the solution tub. For mixing and storage\\nvats use table B.\\n40", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "GELATINE.\\nSec. 29. Resuming the consideration of glue from\\nSec. 14, we will take up its preparation with reference\\nto its immediate use at the works. Glue comes to\\nthe works in barrels of 250 lbs. or thereabout, and\\nis dissolved in a small tank or dissolving tub into\\nwhich some water has been put. The packages first\\nbeing weighed, then broken, and after turning the\\nglue into the tub the empty barrel is weighed and\\nthe net amount of glue noted.\\nFour or five barrels can be used at one time,\\nfilling the tub with water, so that the glue be well\\ncovered and left to soak for as long a time as the\\nexigencies of the work will allow; preferably 24\\nhours. A little steam is then applied so as to render\\nthe glue homogeneous, adding further amount of\\nwater to bring up the volume so that some fixed\\nmeasure will indicate how much to throw up for\\neach tub foot of the solution.\\nIf a tub foot contains 664 cubic feet of chloride\\nsolution, the weight of which is 63.4 lbs., then there\\nwill be a total weight of 42,098 lbs., of which one-\\nhalf of one per cent would be 210.5 lbs. of glue\\nrequired for each tub foot. But remembering that\\nin Sec. 14 ten per cent is to be added, brings the\\namount per tub foot to 230 lbs.\\nDividing the amount of glue put into the dissolv-\\ning tub by 230 lbs., will give the number of tub feet\\nthat it will supply with the required per cent.\\nThe strength of the glue, whether mixed with the\\nchloride or used separately, is supposed to remain\\nconstant, only needing new supply in proportion to\\nthe water added in keeping up the stock of solution.\\nTANNIN.\\nSec. 30. The tannin being applied separately and\\nbeing the last application is prepared in its separate\\nmixing tub or vat and used from there by means\\nof the same ejector as the glue, diluting it in the\\ntannin solution tub in like manner to the glue.\\n41", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "The tannin solution is absorbed to a very much\\nless degree than the chloride (usually only about\\none-tenth in volume), owing to the timber having\\nalready been well impregnated and to the less favor-\\nable condition for absorption. The tannin solution\\nactually loses much more of its tannic acid than is\\ncontained in the amount of absorption of the charge,\\nit being remembered that some twenty times the\\namount absorbed has been in contact with the charge\\nwith its quota of glue, and therefore is depleted to\\nthe extent of the tannin needed to neutralize the\\nglue, therefore the following: Rule for keeping up\\nthe strength of the tannic solution:\\nTo the amount in volume absorbed add the\\namount of chloride solution absorbed; to the sum of\\nthese add tannin equal to one-half of one per cent\\nin weight of tannin extract.\\nCOMPUTATIONS.\\nDURING OPERATIONS.\\nSec, 31. During the operations of the works it\\nis necessary to know how much timber there is in\\nthe charge, how much of each solution has gone\\ninto it, etc., so as to be able to know that the work\\nis being properly done and that accurate accounts\\nmay be kept of the amount of chemicals used. To\\ndo this, the volume of the retort should be accu-\\nrately taken as before noticed (Sec. 2^)^ and the\\nvarious solution tubs should be provided with accu-\\nrate gauges, by means of which the operator can\\nnote the amount in the tub before starting, at various\\nperiods between and at the close of the operation.\\nThese gauges should consist of a graduated board\\ndivided into feet and tenths, a good float on the\\nsolution in the tub and an indicator weight or\\npointer working freely by means of a cord up and\\ndown the graduated face of the indicator board.\\nThis indicator should be placed where it will be in\\nplain sight of the operator and should be lighted at\\nnight so as to be easily read.", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "VOLUME OF TIMBER.\\nSec. 32. To compute the volume of the timber in\\nthe charge: Take the lowest reading of the chloride\\nindicator from the reading after the solution is\\nfully forced back. This difference is the number of\\ntub feet that was in the retort after absorption is\\ncompleted, hence, when reduced to cubic feet, will\\nbe the number of cubic feet outside the charge, and\\ntaking this from the known volume of the retort,\\nthe remainder will be the volume of the charge in\\ncubic feet of timber.\\nABSORPTION OF CHLORIDE, TANNIN OR\\nGLUE.\\nSec. ss. Take the indicator reading after com-\\npleting forcing back from the reading at commenc-\\ning, the remainder will be the tub feet of solution\\nabsorbed. Reduce this to cubic feet, multiply it by\\n63.4 lbs. (close approximate weight per cubic foot),\\nwhich gives the number of pounds solution absorbed\\nby the charge. Then again to determine the number\\nof pounds pure chloride, multiply this by the per\\ncent of strength of the solution (hydrometric, say\\n.02 or .025, as the case may be), the product is the\\nnumber of pounds pure chloride absorbed by the\\ncharge.\\nThen, again, divide this by the total number of\\ncubic feet in the charge as before found, and the\\nresult will be the pounds or fraction of a pound of\\npure chloride per cubic foot of timber.\\nThe same rule applies to absorption of tannin and\\nalso glue where it is applied separately from the\\nchloride, only different in the last multiplier, which is\\n.005 or one-half of one per cent.\\nABSORPTION BY VOLUME.\\nSec. 34. A very useful and instructive test of tim-\\nber as to its adaptability to receive treatment is de-\\ntermined by its abihty to absorb the solution. This", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "is found by dividing the number of cubic feet of\\nsolution absorbed by the number of cubic feet of\\ntimber in the charge.\\nRECORD OF ROUTINE WORK.\\nSec. 35. To have a complete record of the oper-\\nation a blank form should be provided for the oper-\\nator to record every move, the directing column\\nbeing printed on the right hand with any convenient\\nnumber of columns in blank arranged to the left, say\\nsix for the proper entries in ink, each blank column\\nto receive the record of one run.\\nThe items to be entered are as follows: Run\\nNumber; Retort Number; Commenced steaming;\\nTwenty pounds indicated (time); Blow off (time);\\nCommence vacuum (time) Twenty-five inches indi-\\ncated (time); Indicator chloride tank (feet and\\ntenths) Chloride introduced (time) ipo lbs. pres-\\nsure indicated (time); Lowest point indicator (feet\\nand tenths); Started forcing back (time); Com-\\npleted forcing back (time); Indicator chloride tank\\n(feet and tenths); Indicator glue tank (feet and\\ntenths); Introduce glue (time); Force back glue\\n(time) Indicator glue tank (feet and tenths) In-\\ndicator tannin tank (feet and tenths); Introduce\\ntannin (time) Force back tannin (time) Indicator\\ntannin (feet and tenths).\\nNumber of ties; Cubic feet of timber in run\\n(computed); Absorption of chloride in vol. per\\ncent (computed); Do. do. Glue (per cent vol.);\\nAbsorption of tannin (per cent) Strength of chlo-\\nride solution (per cent hydrometric) Absorption\\npure chloride to cubic foot of timber in lbs. Time\\nconsumed in run (hours); time consumed in shift;\\nkind of timber treated.\\nOn left of last column should be date, temperature\\nof solution when tested, hydrometric reading and\\nsignature of operator.\\nWith such a report filled out for each and every\\nrun, departure from the prescribed routine cannot\\nbe concealed, but will be apparent.\\n44", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "While the requirements above say feet and tenths,\\nit is possible with care to read the indicator to hun-\\ndredths of a foot, and this should be done.\\nMEASURING SAPS EXTRACTED.\\nSec. 36. Recurring to the practicability of meas-\\nuring or determining the actual amount of saps\\nextracted from the timber with any degree of\\naccuracy is doubted. It is found that very dry tim-\\nber, after being steamed, is invariably heavier if\\nwithdrawn at end of the vacuum than when intro-\\nduced, showing that the timber has absorbed a\\ngreater amount of moisture than replaces the saps\\nextracted. On the other hand, very green or water-\\nlogged timber will be markedly lighter, the only\\nconclusion we can draw is that more moisture has\\nbeen withdrawn than went in in the form of con-\\ndensed steam, but how much sap came out or how\\nmuch condensed steam passed in and remains in the\\ntimber is impossible to tell. The fact of the matter\\nis that during the process of steaming large amounts\\nof the saps are blown out with the condensed steam\\nin keeping the retort clear of condensations, the\\nquantity being of such amount as to load the out-\\nflowing water highly with the juices of the timber.\\nThis is entirely outside of that collected by the hot\\nwell, and of much greater volume.\\nKIND OF TIMBER AND CONDITION.\\nSec. Z7- The soft and open grained timbers, such\\nas the southern lowland pine and the mountain\\npines of the west, have been submitted to treatment\\nwith a high degree of success. The life of these\\npines are, when laid without treatment, from three\\nto four and one-half years when cut from young\\ngrowing timber in the form of pole ties. Later,\\nhemlock, tamarack and even cottonwood have\\nbeen used with good result, the life when treated\\nby the Wellhouse process being prolonged very\\n46", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "much. While suflicient record as to the relative life\\nin each case has not been kept, yet it is presumed\\nthat it would be found to be at least double, some\\nestimating it at three times.\\nIn the case of heart timber that is sound and well\\nmatured the life can be safely placed at 50 per cent\\nhigher, as heart timber is more lasting on account\\nof its maturity and firmness of fiber and greater\\nfreedom from fermenting juices.\\nWhile it is true that sap and open grained timber\\nwill absorb more of the antiseptic solution than\\nwell-matured heart timber, and is. by some, con-\\nsidered most suitable for treatment, yet it is not clear\\nthat the very best timber cannot be treated with\\nequal profit.\\nThe fact probably is. that any timber, not exclud-\\ning the best white or buroak. will be benefited to\\nsuch extent as to be profitable and advantageous\\nby the prolongation of its usefulness.\\nThat a compact timber will not absorb ?s large\\namount of the preservative is owing to the large\\namount of solid wood fiber and the smaller per cent\\nof voids in the timber, which only serve for the\\nlodgment of the preservative, hence this should be\\nno reason for barring it out. but, on the contrary,\\nshould be in its favor.\\nThe available voids in timber varies from 20 per\\ncent in volume for compact heart timber to over\\n60 per cent for Texas short leaf pine. The compact\\ntimber is not confined to the oak. hickory, etc.. but\\nwill be found among the pines. In almost all cases\\nthe best timber is found in the lower part or butt cut\\nof the tree.\\nAll in all. it is true that the better the timber the\\nbetter the tie. whether treated or otherwise, in spite\\nof its inability to absorb so much of the antiseptic.\\nSEASONING.\\nSec. 38. To secure the best possible results, any\\ntimber should have such an amount of seasoning as", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "will free it largely of the green saps existing in the\\nlive tree when cut, or to such extent as may be prac-\\nticable by exposure to a dry atmosphere for perhaps\\nfrom 60 to 90 days; more time in a damp, rainy\\nclimate than in a dry, sunshiny exposure.\\nPractically speaking, the determination of condi-\\ntion of timber suitable must be largely a matter of\\njudgment with the further aid of actual results when\\nput through the process.\\nIf perforce timber is treated while in a water-\\nlogged or green, freshly cut condition, then spe-\\ncial means must be resorted to, prolongation of\\nsteaming, interposition of extra vacuum, prolonga-\\ntion of pressure on solution, or all of these, but as\\na rule this should not be done if possible to avoid\\nit, as the results will be uncertain.\\nKiln drying is recommended by some, but this\\nadds too much to the expense and cannot be as\\ngood in any case as Nature s action with time.\\nSection 39. Live and growing timber with its\\nnatural saps and its sap cells in their normal condi-\\ntion will resist the introduction of any fluid, much\\non the principle that two bodies cannot occupy the\\nsame space at the same time. To be able to intro-\\nduce any solution, the natural saps of the timber\\nmust be in some way freed and expelled from the\\ntimber either by being evaporated by drying or must\\nbe forced out by heating, loosening and expanding\\ninto vapor, as is done under the steaming process.\\nThe saps in freshly cut timber will immediately be-\\ngin to evaporate when, under favorable conditions,\\nthe timber is exposed to the air, the action com-\\nmencing on the exposed surface and gradually ad-\\nvancing toward the center of the piece, but if, on\\nthe contrary, it is exposed to much dampness and\\nhigh climatic temperature, the evaporation pro-\\ngresses very slowly and the fermentation of the\\njuices of the timber will act quickly, forming at once\\nthe basis of active decay. The time required to dry\\nthe timber by exposure to the atmosphere alone will\\ngo far toward its destruction, the fermentation of the\\n47", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "saps forming the fungi of decay, attacking the deli-\\ncate cells and more delicate and less compact por-\\ntions of the timber and then the firmer portions,\\nuntil, in a few months, the timber becomes spongy\\nthroughout. Timber that has reached this stage will\\ntake the solution freely, but if decay has gone so far\\nas to allow excessive absorption, it will be of little\\nvalue even if treated.\\nSec. 40. Under the action of steam in the retort,\\nthe juices are heated to such temperature as will\\nexpel them rapidly, arresting any incipient decay\\nand destroying the delicate mechanism of the sap\\ncells, clearing the way for the ingress of the solution.\\nMicroscopic examination proves this to be true.\\nIt is, therefore, important that the time the steam\\nis held must be adjusted to the condition of the tim-\\nber, the most important consideration being that\\nits action shall reach the center of the piece.\\nThe rule here adopted is for 20 lbs. pressure, which\\nis equal to 250 degrees Fah., which is the highest\\ndegree of heat allowable to which the timber can be\\nsubjected without injury. The steam used should\\nbe saturated steam, as with superheated steam the\\ntemperature is uncertain, while no special advantage\\nis gained.\\nTHE ECONOMIES.\\nSec. 41. The following estimate is based upon the\\nconditions existing on the A., T. S. F. Railroad\\nline in New Mexico in 1885.\\nThe prolongation of life of the Mountain Pine\\nthere used, from a mean of four and one-half years\\nto about twelve years, is quite well authenticated.\\nOn this is based the following estimate:\\nFor a period of twelve years.\\nUntreated tie placed 2 2-3d times\\nCost of tie, 35c. X 2 2-3d times. .$0.93\\nCost of placing in track, 2 2-3d ts. .40 $1.33\\nTreated tie, one, 35c $0.35\\nCost of treating, 15c 15\\nCost of placing, 15c 15 $0.65\\n48", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Making a saving in twelve years of 68 cents per\\ntie or five and two-thirds cents per tie per annum.\\nTo more fully appreciate what this means, multi-\\nply this by 2640 ties in each mile you have $i49-5o,\\nor approximately $150 per mile per annum. As the\\nworks built in 1885 consisted of two retorts, with\\nannual capacity of 400,000 ties, sufficient to renew\\n300 ties per mile on 1333 miles, the annual saving\\non this basis would be something like $200,000.\\nThe Las Vegas Works cost about $30,000, a small\\npart of the annual saving (about 15 per cent).\\nGENERAL OBSERVATIONS.\\nSec. 42. In a general way, the true value of the\\nresults must be deduced from the mass of and not\\nfrom individual cases or of a few specimen pieces.\\nThe variations in density and other conditions are\\nas various as there are varieties of timber or parts in\\nthe tree. Then again, even with the most careful\\ninspection timber more or less unsound will come\\nwith the rest, to disturb the investigator should he\\nresort entirely to chemical analysis on which to\\nfound an opinion as to the thoroughness of the treat-\\nment or the value of the results.\\nSpeaking from a practical point of view, the fol-\\nlowing line of reasoning will apply: The agents\\nused are commercial commodities used in gross\\namounts as salt is used to preserve meat, a small\\nvariation cutting a figure only where large quantities\\nare used, where system will conserve economy, but\\nwhere no slight variation will afifect the efficiency of\\nthe treatment. In this the chemist can guard against\\nthe purchase of adulterated stock.\\nAgain, the rules and methods for the zinc-tannin\\nand kindred processes are so well defined that the\\noperator, with the exercise of good judgment, can\\nget almost any desired result, and will know just\\nwhat he is doing as to amount of absorption. He\\nwill know that when he puts in a tie weighing 100\\nlbs. and it comes out weighing 175 lbs. that it has", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "absorbed 75 lbs., no more, no less, and knowing the\\nstrength of the solution, he can safely say that it has\\njust so much pure chemical agent, whatever it may\\nbe in it. To determine how much has been ab-\\nsorbed by any or every particular piece in the charge\\nis manifestly impracticable, hence only the gross\\nresult is manifest at the time.\\nIt must be remembered that each of the different\\nprocesses have been carried on for years, and their\\neffectiveness and value are no longer in the field of\\ntheory, the proofs of effectiveness having been se-\\ncured after the lapse of sufficient time to amount to a\\ndemonstration. The chemist may find a tie that has\\nbeen in service 15 or more years that has but a trace\\nof the chemical, and he may find one of the same\\ntimber that has failed at less than five years, both\\nhaving been treated in the same charge, yet for\\nreasons before given this proves nothing as to the\\nreal value of the process or of its failure.\\nThe operator that is armed with a thorough\\nknowledge of chemistry has something that will be\\nof great aid to him, but he will find it of much more\\nimportance to study the mechanical and physical\\nfeatures of his work, for instance, whether his steam\\nreaches the center of a tie, what the best temperature\\nfor his solution, how various timbers are best ren-\\ndered penetrable, and a hundred other matters vital\\nto the success of the process.\\nCAUTIONARY.\\nSec. 43. In conclusion, and at the risk of repe-\\ntition, the operator is reminded that it is of the ut-\\nmost importance that every part of the work is\\ncarried out according to the rules laid down, that\\nthe condition of the timber be carefully studied and\\nthe best method be adopted to meet this, that every\\nprecaution be taken to detect any failure that may\\noccur and to take the proper means to rectify this\\neven to a repetition of the treatment, and to labor\\nto instruct those under him in the highest possible\\ndegree to the same end.\\n50", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "By no other means can good results be surely ob-\\ntained, and any mistakes escaping his vigilance,\\nwhile not immediately apparent, will tell seriously\\nsome time in the future.\\nExtraneous influences will often be brought to\\nbear to have received and treated timbers not in\\nproper condition to be treated, but such should be\\nreceived under protest if received at all, and a record\\nshould be made of these facts. In this way only will\\nthe process be protected against unfair charges of\\nfailure.\\nThe operator probably will have little control as\\nto timber delivered to him for treatment, but it is\\nhis duty to see that each different class or kind is\\ntreated separately as far as is possible, and to study\\nthe method of handling the process best adapted to\\neach, bringing every check in his reach to bear, not\\nforgetting the weighing and other means of develop-\\ning the best methods.\\nBURNETTIZING.\\nFor the Burnettizing- process the appliances are the\\nsame as for the Zinc-Tannin except that the tubs for\\nthe glue and for the tannin can be omitted and that\\npart of the pipings by which they connect to the re-\\ntort are also omitted. The precaution is usually\\ntaken to put in connections for the piping so that in\\ncase of change to the other process, that much labor\\nand expense is saved by so doing.\\nFOR CREOSOTING.\\n(a) The additions necessary to provide for creo-\\nsoting are the necessary storage tub, which should be\\nof metal, as well as a dumping tank in which the oil\\nis dumped from the tank car in which it is usually\\nshipped to the works. The capacity of the storage\\ntub depends upon the desired capacity of the works\\nor the portion of the works devoted to creosoting and\\nthe amount of timber that is to be treated.\\n51", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "(b) The same pipes are used as with the Burnett\\nexcept, of course, the main pipe to the header, but\\nthese pipes through which the oil is passed must be\\nprovided with inside steam pipes by which the oil\\nshall be kept fluid by means of live steam passing\\nthrough them.\\n(c) In addition to this the retort must be furnished\\nwith a system of heating pipes (steam) of such heat-\\ning surface as will quickly heat the oil in the retort to\\nthe desired temperature. This is done by manifold\\ncoils of iron pipes. As the oil must at all times be\\nentirely fluid, the storage and the dumping tubs must\\nalso be provided with ample heating coils.\\nThe absorption is secured in the same way as with\\nthe Wellhouse or the Burnett process, first by open-\\ning the pores of the wood by steaming, followed by\\nthe oil under pressure aided by a much higher tem-\\nperature on the oil.\\nUNITS IN COMPUTATIONS.\\nSec. 44. Line measure, feet, tenths and hun-\\ndredths, to three decimals.\\nCubic measure, cubic feet and fractions to three\\ndecimals.\\nTub or vat feet equal area of tub or vat x i foot\\n(vert).\\nWeights, lbs. Avoirdupois to one to three deci-\\nmals.\\nGallons U. S. equal 231 cubic ins., not used as\\nbeing less convenient than cubic feet.\\nWeight of water at 60 deg. Fah. equal 62.4 lbs.\\nper cubic foot, or .5771 per oz. Av. (Sea water said\\nto be 64.1.)\\nPressure, steam and cold water is counted as per\\nsquare inch in lbs. Av.\\nTemperature, Fahrenheit Thermometer (always).\\nWeight of concentrated sol. zncL. See table (B)\\nEmpiric.\\nPer cents should be carried to three decimals.\\nMeans by weight except where otherwise speci-\\nfied.\\n52", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "IMPLEMENTS FOR TESTING SOLUTION.\\nSec 45. One avoirdupois scale, 4 lbs. down to\\ngrains.\\nOne graduated glass test tube, 200 c. cm. will do,\\n114 inch. dia. x 12 inch.\\nOne 1000 c. cm. graduated glass to set on scale,\\nwith counterbal.\\nTwo plain test tubes, 1^x12 inch.\\nTwo dozen test tubes, %x6 inch, with cork stop-\\npers.\\nTwo glass funnels, 3-inch dia.\\nOne package filters. 6-inch.\\nTwo open glass jars, 4-inch dia. and 6-inch high.\\nTwo Beaume hydrometers, o to 60 deg.\\nTwo Beaume hydrometers, o to 6 degrees, test to\\nexactly o in pure water at 60 deg. Fah. (duplicates\\nto meet accident).\\nOne floating thermometer, Fahr. zero to 250 deg.\\nOne argand lamp with stand.\\nSix four oz. glass beakers.\\nThree porcelain saucers, say 4-inch dia.\\nTwo galvanized iron pails, 4-inch dia. and 12\\ninches deep, with wire bail to handle samples of\\nsolution.\\nA half dozen or more glass bottles holding a pint\\nor more and having ground glass stoppers will be\\nuseful to hold various reagents used for testing the\\nsolutions, some of which are noticed below.\\nREAGENTS. Methyl Orange, a i-iooo solution\\nfor testing for free acid in the chloride solution.\\nAmmonia for testing for iron.\\nBarium chloride for sulphates.\\nAlum and glue for tannin solution, etc.\\nTO TEST STRENGTH OF TUB SOLUTION OF\\nTANNIN.\\n(1.) Prepare reagent as follows\\nPure water, one liter (1000 grammes).\\nBest glue, three grammes (50 grains approximately).", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "Alum (sulphate), one gramme (16 grains).\\nHeat to 100\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. and let stand 24 hours to dissolve,\\nthen bottle.\\n(2.) Make up a small quantity of one-half of one\\nper cent tannin solution as follows: Presupposing\\nthat a sample quantity of known strength in tannic\\nacid is kept on hand, then take 12 ounces pure water,\\nadd to this 26^ grains tannin extract (30 grains is\\nclose enough), warm and mix well, then filter well\\nthrough two sheets of filter paper and bottle for\\nfurther use.\\n(3.) Then take a small sample of the tub solution,\\nfilter well as with the testing solution, then take\\nfrom each ten cubic centimeters and put each into a\\ntest tube by itself adding the same amount of the\\nreagent (No. 1) to each, shake well and cork.\\nThe glue will combine with the tannin in each, the\\ncombination settling to the bottom so that the rela-\\ntive amount will be apparent to the eye in two or\\nthree hours. If the tannin is all taken up, the super-\\nincumbent water will be nascent and clear of color; if\\nnot, and the amount of glue is insufficient, the water\\nwill be tinged red, and if on the other hand there is\\nmore glue than tannin, the water will be turbid and\\nof a whitish tinge. If, however, the tannin is anything\\nnear the standard the above will do.\\nFor the following, we are indebted to Octave\\nChanute, C. E.:\\nFOR TESTING PURITY OF ZINC CHLORIDE\\n(Zncls).\\nFor Sulphates. Taking two or three per cent\\nsolution, add a little barium chloride. If the result is\\na milky white precipitate it shows presence of sul-\\nphates. The precipitate is barium sulphate.\\nFor Free Acid. To a two or three per cent solu-\\ntion of Zncl2, add a few drops of methyl orange solu-\\ntion (1-1(X)0 solution), and if the methyl orange\\nchanges color it shows presence of free acid.\\n54", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "To remove this, one of the most objectionable fea-\\ntures and most easily removed, place sufficient zinc\\nspelter (metallic zinc) in the neutralizing vat to com-\\nbine with and take up the free acid.\\nFor the presence of iron, one of the most injurious\\nof impurities, add ammonia, and shake well. If\\nthere is a reddish brown flocculent precipitate, it indi-\\ncates the presence of iron and the precipitate is ferric\\nhydrated iron. The presence of over one-half of one\\nper cent, the chloride should be condemned. For\\ntimber preserving even less than this is sometimes\\nconsidered sufficient to condemn.\\n56\\nLofC", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "!ur.", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "5\\ni^ ^J\\n1\\nU\\ni\\n:i it\\nN\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i ns ri\\niz ;i\\n5\\n?i =-i^\\n1\\n5\\nmm", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1939", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "tMJ\\ni\\nsi?\\n4\\nS\\nk\\ny,\\nV\\n1\\ni^i^\\nsMs\\n1^\\nIt\\nif\\nd", "height": "2883", "width": "1939", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "I I f I i U U u I j I\\nvvoj utf^ tf f yo ^tourv3 o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a213JHS lyOJjT\\n60", "height": "2883", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "_ Trmt.i -Xtr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nri-T", "height": "2883", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1882", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2845", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "1* 4~i^iii\\n^^^^^^^^^^^HI^^^Kv\\n^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0M...-*^ij,..^4ffr --a\\nBJ /ii j i", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS DIRECTORY\\nLidgerwood Hoisting Engines\\nare used at following plants\\nSOMERVILLE, TEX.; BELLEMONT, ARIZ.; EOGCMONT,\\nSO. DAK.; LAS VEGAS, N. M., AND SEVERAL OTHERS\\nSend for catalog and prices.\\nLidgerwood Mfg. Co. \u00c2\u00b0B\u00c2\u00b0und ;nr Chicago\\nEstablished 1875.\\nWheeler Condenser and Engineering Co.\\n1642 MONADNOCK BLOCK,\\nCHICAGO.\\nBUILDERS OP\\nSURFACE CONDENSERS\\nHeath 6 Milligan Mfg. Co.\\nPflINT\\nStructural\\nIron\\nOH lOACSiO,\\nu. s. A.\\nHENRY R. WORTHINGTON\\nFull Equipment of Pumps,\\nAir Compressors, Etc.\\nMETERS FOR HOT AND COLD WATER FOR TIMBER PRESERVING\\nAND OTHER LIQUIDS. PLANTS.\\nBROOKLYN, N. Y. 513 The Rookery, CHICAGO.\\nCHAPMAN VALVE MFG. CO.\\n28 SOUTH CANAL STREET, CHICAGO.\\nMANUFACTURERS OF\\nRATF VAIVF^ for steam, water, gas,\\nUMIL TnLffLO OIL or ammonia\\nAny pressure from 50 to 2,000 pounds\\nper square inch.\\nWORKS INDIAN ORCHARD, MASS.", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "BUSIl rESS DIRECTORY\\nThe THERMOMETERS\\nPRESSURE GAUGES\\nRECORDING GAUGES\\nused in this work are made by\\nSCHAFFER BUDENBERG\\nChicago 15 West Lake Street\\nNew York 66 John Street send for catalog\\nFairbanks, Morse Co.\\nCHICAGO, ILLINOIS.\\nCONTRACTORS FOR\\nZlram Cars, 1Rctort6, pumps,\\n^anFis, piping, :l8oiIers,\\nOR WILL CONSTRUCT PLANTS\\nCOMPLETE.\\nThe John Davis Company\\nManufacturers of\\nWROUGHT\\nIRON PIPE\\nd\\n5J-79 Michigan Street\\nCHICAGO\\nTelephone Express 125\\nROWE^ rowe:\\nCivil and Consulting\\nENGINEERS\\nWe make a specialty of Timber Pre- CHIC A CCi\\nserving Plants, Plans, Specifications vv-^ \\\\J\\\\^\\nErection and Installation.\\nSAMUEL M. ROWE, Manager.", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2883", "width": "1835", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3074", "width": "1892", "jp2-path": "handbookoftimber01rowe_0084.jp2"}}