{"1": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iiiiii\\nill", "height": "3095", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN FIGHTS AND FIGHTERS", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN FIGHTS\\nAND FIGHTERS\\nSTORIES OF THE FIRST FIVE WARS OF THE UNITED STATES\\nFROM THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION\\nTO THE WAR OF 1812\\nBY\\nCYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY\\nAUTHOR OF for LOVE OF COUNTRY, FOR THE FREEDOM OF THE SEA,\\nthe grip of HONOR, STEPHEN DECATUR, RECOLLECTIONS\\nOF A MISSIONARY IN THE GREAT WEST, ETC.\\nILLUSTRATED\\nNEW YORK\\nMcCLURE, PHILLIPS CO.\\n1900", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "530?9\\nL.lbrary of Con(|v*\u00c2\u00ab*\\n^yiu Curiis Received\\nSEP 28 1900\\nCef yrigM wtry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nD* l(ver\u00c2\u00abd tfl\\nOROEK OWISION,\\nOCT 18 190U\\nCopyright, 1900, by\\nMcClure, Phillips Co.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TO THE MEMORY OF MY SISTER,\\nCORA TOWNSEND BRADY", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFATORY NOTE\\nThis book is designed to call to the attention of those\\ninterested in our early struggles, some of the most re-\\nmarkable of the great battles, heroic achievements and\\ndesperate undertakings through which we became a\\nnation. No attempt has been made to cover all the\\nevents in the wars referred to. The author has chosen\\nsuch as would serve to present a variety of incident, to\\nillustrate the period and to exhibit the leaders and men.\\nIn the compiling of this book he has freely used every\\navailable source of information to which he had access,\\nincluding the numerous printed volumes on the subject,\\nand much material in manuscript form. Although the\\nsketches are intended for popular reading, it is believed\\nthat they are accurate and reliable. Other volumes of\\nthe same character, covering the history of the wars\\nand adventures in wdiich we have been interested, from\\nthe voyages of Columbus to the capture of Manila, are\\nin contemplation and preparation. That the stories\\nmay serve to stimulate patriotism and love of country,\\nand to encourage men to consecrate themselves, witH\\nthe devotion of their forefathers, to the civic battles for\\nfreedom and honor which are still to be waged, is the\\nhope of the author.\\nC. T. B.\\nPhiladelphia, Pa., 1900.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nPart I\\nTHE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION\\n1775\u00e2\u0080\u00941783\\nPAGE\\nTHE DEFENSE OF FORT SULLIVAN\\nHow THE South was Saved to the Revolution 3\\nWASHINGTON S GREATEST CAMPAIGN\\nI. Trenton 16\\nII. Princeton 27\\nPAUL JONES GREATEST BATTLE 39\\nTHE SARATOGA CAMPAIGN\\nI. The Defeat of the Detachments 56\\nII. Fort Stanwix. Oriskany 62\\nIII. Bennington 67\\nTHE SARATOGA CAMPAIGN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 11\\nI. The End of the Main Army 71\\nII. Stillwater 76\\nIII. Saratoga and the Surrender 80\\nGREENE S CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS\\nI. The Beginning, The Cowpens and Guilford Court\\nHouse 84\\nGREENE S CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS\\nII. Hobkirk s Hill, Eutaw Springs and the end 102\\nSTORM AND SURPRISE\\nI. Ticonderoga 117\\nII. Stony Point 121\\nIII. Paulus Hook 125", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "X Contents\\nSOME MINOR SEA-FIGHTS OF THE REVOLUTION page\\nI. BiDDLE AND THE RANDOLPH 128\\nII. Nicholson and the Trumbull 132\\nIII. Barney and THE //kd^,s ^z,i:K 136\\nIV. Barry and the Alliance o 139\\nYORKTOWN 143\\nPart II\\nTHE INDIAN WAR IN THE NORTHWEST\\n1791\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1794\\nST. CLAIR S DEFEAT 163\\nPart III\\nTHE WAR WITH FRANCE\\n1798 1800\\nTRUXTUN AND THE CONSTELLATION .179\\nPart IV\\nWAR WITH TRIPOLI\\n1802 1805\\nDECATUR AND THE PHILADELPHIA .199", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Contents xi\\nPart V\\nTHE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND\\n1812 1815\\nPAGE\\nTHE CONSTITUTION S HARDEST FIGHT .215\\nTHE NIAGARA CAMPAIGN\\nI. Chippewa 226\\nII. Lundy s Lane 233\\nIII. The Siege of Fort Erie 238\\nTHE AMERICAN WASPS AND THEIR VICTIMS\\nI. The Frolic 244\\nII. The Reindeer 250\\nIII. T-aY. Avon 253\\nMACDONOUGH AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN\\nWar of 1812 258\\nREID AND THE GENERAL ARMSTRONG .272\\nTHE DEFENSE OF LOUISIANA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE LAST BATTLE WITH\\nENGLAND 287\\nTHE CONSTITUTION S LAST BATTLE .304", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\\nThe Capture of the Philadelphia Frontispiece\\nFrom a very rare old print.\\nFACING PAGE\\nDeath of McDonald, and Sergeant Jasper Raising\\nTHE Flag at Fort Moultrie lo\\nFrom an engraving by F. O. C. Barley.\\nSurrender of Colonel Rall at the Battle of\\nPrinceton 26\\nFrom an ettgraving of the painting by Chappel.\\nThe Alliance firing on the Bon Homme Richard\\nAND THE SEH A PIS 52\\nFrom an engraving by Rogers of the draining by Filler.\\nArnold Wounded in the Attack on the Hessian Re-\\ndoubt AT Saratoga 80\\nFrom an engraving of the painting by Chappel.\\nDeath of Baron de Kalb 86\\nFrom an engraznng by F. O. C. Darley.\\nBattle OF EuTAw Springs 114\\nFrom an engraving of the painting by Chappel.\\nSiege OF YoRKTowN 152\\nFrotn a French engraving of a painting by Couder.\\nGeneral Arthur St. Clair 172\\nThomas Truxtun 192\\nThe medal and Congressional letter presented to him after the action be-\\ntween the Constellation and La Vengeance.\\nThe Constitution and Java 222\\nFrom an engraving in the collection of Charles T. Harbeck, Esq.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "xiv List of Illustrations\\nFACING PAGE\\nBattle of Chippewa 230\\nFrom an engraving of the painting by Chappel.\\nBattle of Lundy s Lane 236\\nFrom an engraving of the painting by Chappel.\\nCaPTUKE OF THE J^JiOLIC BY THE IVaSP 248\\nFrom a rare engraving by Kearny after a sketch by Lieutenant Claxton\\nof the IVasp.\\nBattle of Plattsburg 264\\nFrom the Naval Temple.\\nBattle of New Orleans 300\\nFrom an engraving of the painting by iilartin.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "American Fights and Fighters\\nPart I\\nTHE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION\\n1775-1783", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE DEFENSE OF FORT SULLIVAN\\nHOW THE SOUTH WAS SAVED TO\\nTHE REVOLUTION\\nWhile Washington s masterly strategy held Howe s\\narmy cooped up in Boston, the British government\\ndetermined to send an expedition to the southern\\ncolonies in the hope of alienating them from the Ameri-\\ncan cause. It was a foolish expedition and an un-\\nnecessary one. Sir Henry Clinton with seven regi-\\nments left Boston early in January, 1 776, for the Cape\\nFear River, where he was to meet a large auxiliary\\nforce of war vessels and transports early in the spring.\\nMeanwhile Martin, the royal Governor of North Caro-\\nlina the fourth in population and importance among\\nthe colonies had organized a Tory force of some six-\\nteen hundred men, mainly Scots, former adherents\\nof the Stuarts, who had come to the colony after the\\nfutile rebellion in 1745. This force was led by Donald\\nMacdonald and his kinsman, Allan Macdonald, the\\nhusband of the noted and romantic Flora Macdonald,\\nwho had secured the escape of the Pretender, Charles\\nEdward, after Culloden. They were now become loyal\\nadherents of the British crown. At the Battle of", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "4 American Fights and Fighters\\nMoore s Creek, February 27, 1776, this force was de-\\nfeated by Colonel Richard Caswell with one thousand\\nmen strongly posted at a bridge over the creek, which\\nMacdonald attempted to storm. The rout of the high-\\nlanders was complete they lost nine hundred prisoners,\\ntwo thousand stand of arms and seventy-five thousand\\ndollars in gold. That settled the fate of North Caro-\\nlina. In the face of the militia force, now amounting\\nto ten thousand men, Sir Henry Clinton decided not to\\nland, but cruised to and fro off the coast waiting for\\nParker and the expedition from Ireland, and a lone-\\nsome time they had of it.\\nIn England preparations to carry on the expedition\\nwere allowed to drag in a most unmilitary manner, and\\nit was not until I ebruary, 1776, that the force which\\nhad rendezvoused at Cork, in Ireland, set sail for the\\nCape Fear River, where they were to meet the weary\\nand impatient Sir Henry Clinton with the seven regi-\\nments aforesaid. When they did start, misfortune at-\\ntended them from the beginning. A succession of fierce\\nwesterly gales and head wnnds so far delayed their prog-\\nress that it was not until May that they reached Amer-\\nica. Commodore Sir Peter Parker, the early friend and\\npatron of Nelson and Collingwood, a distinguished vet-\\neran, then sixty years old, and who afterward rose to\\nthe very high rank of Admiral-of-the-fleet in the Brit-\\nish service, commanded the expedition. The troops\\nhe convoyed were led by Lord Cornwallis, who was,\\nhowever, junior to Sir Henry Clinton, who assumed\\ncommand of all the land forces at their junction.\\nThere were divided counsels between the army and\\nthe navy in this ill-organized expedition, but at the ear-\\nnest solicitation of Lord William Campbell, the deposed\\nroyalist Governor of South Carolina, it was finally", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 5\\ndecided to attack Charleston first it was then, as now,\\nthe most important city in the South, and, as always,\\nquite spoiling for a fight Early in June, the British\\nfleet of some fifty vessels appeared off the bar of\\nCharleston Harbor. Unaccountable delays prevented\\nthe attack until the twenty-eighth of June. The Amer-\\nicans were not idle during this period. The South\\nCarolinians, under the energetic leadership of Governor\\nRutledge, had been busily engaged in putting the har-\\nbor, the city and the province in a state of defense.\\nThe militia had been called out and the erection of a\\nrude fort had been commenced on the southern extrem-\\nity of Sullivan s Island, which commanded the channel\\nsome three miles from the town. The Island was low,\\nsandy, and in parts thickl}^ wooded with palmetto trees.\\nAdjoining the Island on the seaward side and separated\\nfrom it by a small inlet was another body of land,\\nknown as Long Island, which was a bare strip of sand,\\ndotted here and there with a few bushes.\\nTo the second regiment of the North Carolina mili-\\ntia, Colonel William Moultrie, had been entrusted the\\nconstruction of the works, for the defense of the Island\\nand the protection of the channel. Out of the palmetto\\nlogs on the Island, they built a square fort with bas-\\ntions at each angle called Fort Sullivan. Two rows of\\nlogs notched and bolted together with wooden tree-\\nnails and placed about eighteen feet apart, with the in-\\nterspace solidly filled with sand, formed the enclosure.\\nGeneral Charles Lee, who had been sent to take charge\\nof the defenses of the province, sneered at it as being\\nabsolutely untenable, characterizing it as a probable\\nslaughter-pen, and predicted that one British frigate\\nwould knock it to pieces in an hour! All the British\\nfrigates present seemed to have entertained the same", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "6 American Fights and Fighters\\nopinion. The only other contributions that Lee made\\nto the defense of the place were to withdraw about\\neig-ht hundred of Moultrie s men, to endeavor to re-\\nlieve him of the command of the post, and to abandon it.\\nThese last attempts were prevented by the determined\\nresistance of Governor Rutledge, who had faith in\\nMoultrie and in the work. The governor asked Moul-\\ntrie if he could defend the fort. I think I can,\\nreplied the phlegmatic soldier; whereupon Rutledge\\nwrote him as follows General Lee wishes you to\\nevacuate the fort. You are not to do so without an\\norder from me; I will sooner cut ofif my right hand\\nthan write one! Brave words! When Lee could do\\nno more, he wearied Moultrie to death with orders and\\ninstructions for him to build a bridge by which to re-\\ntreat. The idea of a retreat absolutely never even pre-\\nsented itself as a possible contingency to the imperturb-\\nable American, who built no bridges\\nThe fort was armed with twenty-six guns of assorted\\nsizes, long eighteen and twenty-four pounders being in\\nthe majority. On the day of the battle, it was garri-\\nsoned by some four hundred and fifty men, only thirty\\nof whom were artillerists. The rest, however, were\\nexpert riflemen; it was found that their training with\\nsmall arms was of great value in enabling them to\\nsight the great guns. Next to Moultrie in command\\nwas Lieutenant-Colonel Isaac Motte, and the major of\\nthe regiment was the subsequently famous partizan\\nleader Francis Marion. Moultrie and his officers had\\nserved in the Indian wars of the province, and were\\ncool, resolute soldiers. The English plan of attack\\nseems to have been for the troops to land upon Long\\nIsland, pass the inlet which separated them from Sul-\\nlivan s Island, and which they had been informed was", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 7\\neasily fordable; and then, in conjunction with the ships\\nwhich would silence the AnTerican guns, they would\\nstorm the position, which would leave the channel free\\nand open the way for their attack on the town. It\\nnever seems to have occurred to them that the ships\\ncould have passed the fort without difficulty, as indeed\\nwas done several years later, and by capturing the city\\nrender the outworks untenable.\\nHowever, in spite of his contempt for American\\narms, Sir Peter Parker seems to have made his dispo-\\nsitions wisely. Pie purposed thaf the Bristol and the\\nExperiment, two small line-of-battle ships of fifty guns\\neach, and the frigates Active and Solehay, of twenty-\\neight guns each, should assault the fort at close range\\ndirectly in front of it. The frigates Actccon and\\nSyren, of twenty-eight guns each, the sloop-of-war\\nSphynx, of twenty-two guns, with the Friendship, the\\nRanger and the St. Laivrenee, small armed ships, were\\nordered to take a position on the west flank of the fort,\\nwhich was there still unfinished, the wall rising only\\nseven feet though the parapet had been strengthened\\nby heavy planking as a protection against possible or\\nprobable assault this defense would avail little against\\nheavy guns. These latter ships were to enfilade the\\nworks and render them untenable. On the other flank,\\na bomb vessel, the Thunder, was stationed to shell the\\nworks.\\nUnfortunately for the British, the shallowness of\\nthe water did not permit them to bring the heavy ships\\nof the main attacking column nearer than three hun-\\ndred and fifty yards, which of course prevented the ef-\\nfective use of grape-shot, a main resource for clearing\\nan enemy s works in such a contingency. At half past\\nten o clock in the morning the ships got under way", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "8 American Fights and Fighters\\nwith the flood tide; at a (juarter after eleven the first\\nfour had anchored at their stations, the Active off the\\neast bastion, the Experiment and the Solehay off the\\nwest bastion, and the Bristol, carrying- Sir Peter Par-\\nker s flag, off the curtain, or wall between the two bas-\\ntions. The Sphynx, Actccon and Syren owing to\\nmismanagement on the part of the pilots, fouled each\\nother disastrously and got aground on a shoal in the\\nmiddle ground. The bomb vessel broke down after\\nthrowing a few shell into the fort, which produced no\\nmaterial effect, as they mainly alighted in a morass\\nwhere their fuses were quenched and the three smaller\\nvessels, not liking the look of things, and deprived of\\nthe assistance of the frigates, withdrew without going\\ninto action at all. This left the two small ships-of-the-\\nline and the two light frigates to do the fighting.\\nA little after eleven o clock they poured their heavy\\nbroadsides of solid shot into the fort, and on the part of\\nthe British thereafter the firing was fast and furious.\\nThe shot of the British guns made little or no impres-\\nsion upon the soft, spongy palmetto logs into which\\nthey sank, or through which they penetrated without\\nsplintering them, only to bury themselves harmlessly\\nin the sandy banking between the log walls. On the\\nother hand the firing of the Americans was slow but\\ndreadfully destructive. At the beginning of the battle\\nAloultrie actually had but twenty-eight charges of pow-\\nder per gun He sent to General Lee for more\\nand received word that if he had exhausted his pow-\\nder without driving off the ships he should re-\\ntire Governor Rutledge, however, sent him a\\nsmall supply and the intrepid Marion volunteered\\nwith a small party of heroic men to get some from a\\nsmall schooner near by which was fully exposed to the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 9\\nBritish fire. Altogether the supply did not amount to\\nmore than forty rounds. It was enough, however.\\nRutledge had given orders to Moultrie to throw\\naway no shot, and these instructions were in conso-\\nnance with the cool, deliberate spirit of the American\\ncommander. The riflemen of the fort exhibited won-\\nderful marksmanship and scarcely a shot was lost.\\nThe ofiicers themselves sighted the guns, and their\\nbullets nearly always sped to their mark. The heavy\\nshot ripped up the planking of the ships in every direc-\\ntion. Mind the commodore, look out for the fifty-\\ngun ships! was the word Moultrie gave to be passed\\namong his men, and the execution on these ships was\\ndreadful. About noon, when he looked for the coope-\\nration of the army, Sir Peter Parker was informed by a\\nmessage from Clinton that he had found that the pas-\\nsage between the islands was some seven feet deep at\\nlow tide and utterly impracticable. Only the grossest\\nindifference on the part of the British had prevented\\nthis fact from being known for days before.\\nSir Henry Clinton had marched some troops down to\\nthe inlet, where he was met by a smart fire from the\\nAmerican militia, encamped on Sullivan s Island, for\\nthe purpose of disputing the passage of the inlet and\\nsupporting the fort and after a brief artillery duel be-\\ntween his batteries and a single American eighteen\\npounder, under Thompson, wdiich was ineffective on\\nboth sides, the English marched back again. Later in\\nthe day, Clinton also embarked a number of troops\\nin boats and sailed down the coast with a view to\\neffecting a landing on the same Island but a num-\\nber of Thompson s militia who took advantage of the\\ncover afforded by the sandhills and bushes and\\npoured in a hot fire, rendered the operation imprac-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "lo American Fights and Fighters\\nticable Sir Henry at least had not forgotten Bunker\\nHill and its lessons so he took his men back to Long\\nIsland, where they continued their battle with the hot\\nsun, the bad water, and the active mosquito, and\\nwatched Parker banging away furiously at the fort\\nfor the rest of the day. His excursion had been a no-\\ntable diversion indeed.\\nThe wharves and buildings along the shore of\\nCharleston were covered with people listening to the\\nroar of the guns, watching the attack on the fort, upon\\nwhose resistance their own future so largely depended.\\nThere had been flying from a staff the flag of the regi-\\nment, which had been designed by Moultrie himself\\nit was a blue flag with a white crescent in the dexter\\ncorner, with the word Liberty emblazoned upon it\\nwhen, to the horror of the spectators, they observed\\nthrough a rift in the smoke that the flag was down\\nIt had been shot away, and had fallen on the sand out-\\nside of the fort. Their emotions can be imagined.\\nThat little fort alone stood between them and disaster,\\nits capture meant the destruction of their homes, their\\ncaptivity, possible dangers worse than death to their\\nwives and children from savages against whom they\\nwould be unable to protect themselves subsequently.\\nEvery hope was wrapped up in Moultrie and his gallant\\nmen a fact, by the way, of which the latter were fully\\nsensible and it was that which nerved their arms and\\nsustained their spirits, it was that which made them\\ndetermine that not a single precious charge of powder\\nshould l)e wasted.\\nSergeant William Jasper, an heroic soldier, instantly\\nclimbed through an embrasure, leaped over the parapet,\\nseized the flag, tore it from its broken staff and afiixed\\nit to a halberd; and untouched by the storm of shot", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 1 1\\nwhich was poured upon him, planted it as he said\\nin the bastion nearest the enemy, where it flew un-\\nharmed during the remainder of the battle. Sergeant\\nMacdaniel was mortally wounded by a shot which came\\nthrough an embrasure. As he was carried away from\\nthe gun platform the brave fellow cried out to his\\nbrother soldiers, I am dying, but don t let the cause\\nof liberty die with me this day. But there was equal\\nheroism on the other side as well. The British had\\nexpected an easy victory, but they took the dreadful\\npunishment they received like the heroes they were.\\nAs the tide began to ebb, one of the springs on the\\ncable of the Bristol was shot away, and the ship swung\\nwith the tide, presenting her stern to the fort. Her\\ncondition at once became critical, not to say desperate.\\nShe was raked again and again every man on her\\nquarter-deck was either killed or wounded. The brave\\nold commodore covered with blood, his clothing torn\\nfrom him by splinters, remained alone at his station, on\\nthe exposed quarter-deck on which all of the other offi-\\ncers stationed there had been killed or wounded, calmly\\nrefusing to retire to a safer spot while he gave direc-\\ntions for extricating the ship from her terrible position.\\nCaptain John Morris, the commander of the ship, lost\\nhis right arm, and when the stump had been dressed in-\\nsisted on resuming his station by the commodore, and it\\nwas not until he received several other severe wounds\\nfrom the effects of which he very soon died, that he al-\\nlowed himself to be taken below. The Experiment\\nwas in little better case than the Bristol. The carnage\\non both ships was appalling, amounting to nearly thir-\\nty-five per cent, of their total force. Through the ener-\\ngy of Midshipman Saumarez, afterward a famous\\nadmiral, a new spring was bent to the cable and the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "12 American Fights and Fighters\\nbroadside of the Bristol was again turned to the fort.\\nSir Peter in all his wars had never stood under a hot-\\nter fire.\\nDuring- the action General Lee came over to the fort\\nto see how matters were getting along, and finding\\neverything was going well, he returned to his position\\nin the city. The officers, wdio had been coolly smoking\\ntheir pipes, received him with all military honors, and\\nMoultrie of course said nothing about the bridge,\\nthough I imagine he wished to do so. The men, most\\nof them half-naked, in the fierce sun and heat, deliber-\\nately fought on, refreshed by copious draughts from\\nlarge buckets of grog, w hich Moultrie mixed with his\\nown hand. As the shades of evening descended, Par-\\nker made a last desperate effort to batter down the\\ndefenses. The firing was by broadsides simultaneous-\\nly, and as the heavy shot from the tremendous dis-\\ncharges of over one hundred guns smashed upon the\\nfort, the walls quivered and trembled so that Moultrie\\nthought several times that the merlons between the\\nembrasures would be beaten in. However, they still\\nheld, and after continuing a fierce fire, to which the\\nAmericans kept up their slow, persistent, annoying, gall-\\ning reply, until most of their ammunition was expend-\\ned, they gave over the attempt. A little after nine\\no clock in the evening, the British withdrew, all, that is,\\nexcept the frigate Acfccoii, which had not yet succeeded\\nin getting off the shoal. By Parker s orders, next\\nmorning she was set on fire l)y her crew and abandoned.\\nThe Americans took possession of her, discharged her\\n1)attery at the retiring Englishmen, captured her col-\\nors, and several Ijoatloads of arms and supplies, be-\\nfore she blew up.\\nThe loss on the Bristol amounted to forty killed", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 13\\nand seventy-two wounded, including- Captain Morris,\\nmortally. The Experiment had twenty-three killed\\nand forty-five wounded, her captain losing his right\\narm on the Aetive and Solebay, fifteen men were\\nkilled and wounded and the American loss was ten\\nkilled and twenty-six wounded Lord William Camp-\\nbell, the quondam royal Governor of South Carolina,\\nserved on the Bristol as a volunteer and took charge\\nof a division on the lower gun deck during the action.\\nHe was severely injured by a spent ball and after suf-\\nfering for two years, died from the effects of the\\nblow. The Bristol and the Experiment were nearly\\ndismantled, the main and mizzenmasts of the former\\nwere tottering, the foremast badly wounded. The\\nmizzenmast fell over the side early the next day be-\\nfore it could be secured, the mainmast was cut away\\nfifteen feet below the hounds, the ship w^as completely\\nunrigged, and several of her guns had been dismount-\\ned. The Experiment was in a scarcely better condition.\\nThe Active and Solebay could with difticulty be kept\\nafioat. The SpJiynx and the Syren had suffered\\nsomewhat from the American fire and much more from\\nthe effects of their collision and grounding.\\nSir Henry Clinton loaded his troops back on the\\ntransports and, convoyed by a single frigate, the only\\nw ar vessel left seaworthy after the action, sailed away\\nand joined Howe s expedition at New York. Parker\\ntook three weeks to refit his ships when he also de-\\nparted. South Carolina and the Southern States gene-\\nrally, were free from invasion for at least two years\\nand the story of this splendid victory helped to encour-\\nage and inspirit the remainder of the Americans in the\\ncritical period attending the beginning of their great\\nstruggle for liberty. The greatest praise was given", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14 American Fights and Fighters\\nMoultrie and his gallant comrades for their brave de-\\nfense of the fort, which in his honor was renamed\\nFort Moultrie, and the commander was made a briga-\\ndier-general in the regular Continental service.\\nHe rose to the rank of major-general thereafter, and\\non one occasion saved Charleston a second time from\\nbeing captured, by the spirited defense he made against\\nPrevost s attack. He was unfortunately made pris-\\noner when Charleston was captured by Cornwallis,\\nseveral years later, and remained in captivity during the\\nbalance of the war. But he resisted every attempt\\nwhich was made by the British to seduce him from the\\nAmerican cause, with the same determination that he\\nhad defended his position. He was several times made\\ngovernor of his native state after independence had\\nbeen achieved, and died early in the present century\\nfull of years and honors. The heroism of Sergeant\\nJasper was rewarded by the present of an elegant sword\\nand the proffer of a lieutenant s commission. He ac-\\ncepted the former, but modestly declined the latter on\\nthe ground that neither by birth, education nor fortune,\\nwas he a fit person for the command. One of the most\\nbeautiful women of Charleston presented a pair of\\ncolors to Moultrie s regiment with the following little\\nspeech\\nYour gallant behavior in defense of liberty and\\nyour country entitles you to the highest honors; ac-\\ncept these two standards as a reward justly due your\\nregiment; and I make not the least doubt, under\\nheaven s protection, you will stand by them as long as\\nthey can wave in the air of liberty.\\nThe regiment accepted the colors in the spirit of\\nthe generous donor. When the ill-fated attempt by\\nHowe and d Estaing was made to storm the British", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Fort Sullivan 15\\nlines at Savannah during the war, the flags were planted\\nupon the entrenchments by their bearers, Lieutenants\\nBush and Hume, who were both immediately shot down.\\nLieutenant Gray while making an effort to advance\\nthem met the same fate. Sergeant Jasper successful-\\nly bore them away finally in the repulse, but in so\\ndoing received his death w^ound faithful to the last.\\nThe colors were captured when Charleston was final-\\nly surrendered and they are now among the most\\ncherished mementoes of British prowess kept in the\\ntrophy room in the Tower of London. Certainly no\\nflag ever flew over better men than that under which\\nMoultrie and Marion commanded and Jasper and Mac-\\ndaniel foug-ht", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S GREATEST\\nCAMPAIGN\\nI. Trenton\\nThere are three things which determine the relative\\nvaUies of mihtary enterprises the idea, the method\\nand the resuh. From these points of view, Washing-\\nton s Trenton and Princeton campaign ranks among\\nthe most brihiant in history, and its conception and the\\nmanner of its prosecution stamp him as a soldier of the\\nfirst order. The importance of the end aimed at, and\\nattained in large measure, can hardly be overstated.\\nAlthough neither of the engagements which took place\\nin carrying out the great idea of it rose to the dignity\\nof a battle but must rather be classed as heavy skir-\\nmishes, I regard it as one of those decisive operations\\nwhich are turning points in history. Had the re-\\nsults been other than they were, the whole course of\\nthe world would have been altered. In spite of the\\napparent insignificance of the operations, the incidents\\nof the campaign, when the material with which it was\\nworked out is considered, are as fraught with interest,\\nas full of value to the soldier, and evidence as much\\ngreatness in the leader, as if Washington had held\\nunder his command a hundred thousand men, and the\\ni6", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 17\\nlittle combats had been as great and as sanguinary as\\nthe gigantic battles of larger wars and later days. It\\nis not numbers, but strategy, tactics, personal courage,\\nand things achieved, by which we judge the soldier.\\nIn these operations, which certainly represented the\\nculminating period of his career, Washington displayed\\na dash and daring like that of Napoleon in his early\\nItalian campaigns, an inflexible capacity of resistance\\nand recuperation which suggests the great Frederick\\nin his days of adversity, and a determined, dogged,\\nnot-to-be-denied persistence which calls to mind the\\nindomitable Grant. The fate of the Revolution was\\ndetermined right then and there. More than at any\\nother given period of that great confliict, the cause of\\nhuman liberty hung in the trembling balance on that\\nwild December night.\\nThe American army had been consistently beaten\\nsince the ruinous battle of Long Island, six months be-\\nfore. Their manoeuvers had been one long series of\\nretrograde movements in the face of a superior enemy,\\nwhich, though conducted with great courage and mas-\\nterly skill (any fool can lead a charge, it takes a sol-\\ndier to retreat without the disorganization and de-\\nstruction of his army), had as yet proven most\\ndisastrous to our arms. Post after post had been lost,\\nand finally the whole Province of New Jersey had been\\nabandoned. The moral effect of the continued retreat\\nwas exceedingly discouraging to army and nation.\\nWashington s army had been reduced by capture, the\\ncasualties of battle, desertion, straggling and expira-\\ntion of terms of enlistment, to a little handful of less\\nthan two thousand men, the term of service of the major\\npart of whom expired with the beginning of the year.\\nThis little handful had wearily straggled across the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "1 8 American Fights and Fighters\\nDelaware River. Taking the precaution, by Washing-\\nton s orders, to gather up and take with them to the\\nwest bank of that broad stream every boat for sixty\\nmiles up and down the river, they gained a little respite\\nfrom the slow but persistent pursuit which had forced\\nthem on. In the absence of transportation, the ad-\\nvance of the English was temporarily checked, and the\\nhunted Americans had time to breathe. That was all\\nWashington wanted. They were yet to learn, these\\nred-coats, what manner of man this was whom they\\nwere driving so relentlessly ahead of them. So, with\\nfatal supineness, they made no attempt to build boats\\nthey waited. Delays in warfare and in love are always\\ndangerous and the subsequent results proved the\\nmaxim.\\nThe British absolutely despising their oft-beaten,\\nalway-retreating enemy, were cantoned in several scat-\\ntered detachments on the east bank of the Delaware;\\ngoing into winter quarters for the time being, to wait\\nfor the freezing of the river, when it was Howe s in-\\ntention to cross on the ice, brush aside the last remnants\\nof armed resistance under Washington, occupy Phila-\\ndelphia, and end the war. Man proposes, but\\nWashington had contemplated the possibility of such\\naction and had resolved, if unable to prevent it, to re-\\ntreat to the mountains of Virginia and keep up a par-\\ntizan warfare to an end. This was only a last alterna-\\ntive, however, and he had another plan in view.\\nThe British headquarters and general supply depot\\nhad been located at New Brunswick. General Grant\\nhad been left in command. Howe and Cornwallis re-\\nturned to New York, and Cornwallis made preparations\\nfor a trip to England. As soon as Washington dis-\\ncovered the separation of the British army into differ-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 19\\nent groups, he conceived the idea of recrossing the\\nriver, assuming the offensive, fahing upon the scattered\\ndetachments, beating them in detail, moving on for\\nNew Brunswick to capture the supphes and clear the\\ncountry, and take a position in the hills about Morris-\\ntown, where he could threaten New York and protect\\nPhiladelphia.\\nHis attack on Trenton was no mere return snarl of\\na goaded animal it was part of this brilliant plan. He\\nhad the nucleus for offensive action in his own little\\narmy, tried by summer s burning heat, by fire and\\nwater, steel and lead, and now to show themselves im-\\npervious to winter s biting cold. They had been pur-\\nsued until their spirits were absolutely upon an edge,\\nand the great American felt that he had under his\\ncommand an army of baited lions. It is sometimes a\\nbad thing for the conquerors when they press the con-\\nquered up against the wall, till the beaten face about\\nwith nothing behind them but destruction and nothing\\nbefore them but the foe. Men have ever found the\\nlast ditch an easy place in which to die. That was the\\nsituation of this patriot army. They literally had no\\nclothes, no blankets, no shoes, no provisions, no any-\\nthing but arms and souls, but they were not born to\\ndie like hunted foxes. Washington knciv that he could\\ndepend upon them.\\nHe decided to break through the English line at\\nTrenton, where there was a large detachment of Hes-\\nsian troops commanded by Colonel Rail, comprising\\nthree regiments. Rail, Lossburg and Anspach, with\\nsome artillery and cavalry, amounting to about sixteen\\nhundred men. Colonel Rail was a dashing soldier who\\nhad distinguished himself in the storming of Fort\\nWashington, and as negligent and confident as he was\\nbrave.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "20 American Fights and Fighters\\nWashington s plan was that Putnam, who had been\\nappointed military governor of the city, should send\\nout a large force from Philadelphia to skirmish and\\nengage the attention of Von Donop, who had command\\nof a large detachment of English and Germans at\\nBordentown and vicinity. General Ewing, in the cen-\\nter, with a portion of the militia of New Jersey and\\nPennsylvania, which had been called out by the most\\ndesperate appeals, was to cross two miles below Tren-\\nton at Bond s Ferry to interpose between Von Donop\\nand Rail, to prevent any junction and to intercept\\nany fugitives from Washington s attack. On the right,\\nGates and Cadwalader, with a larger body of Penn-\\nsylvania militia, was to cross at Bristol and advance\\nupon the posts at Mt. Holly and vicinity Washington,\\non the left with the Continental line, was to cross above\\nthe town, and deliver the main attack in person. Thus\\nVon Donop would be kept off, Rail overwhelmed, and\\nthe dash made for New Brunswick, after the divisions\\nhad united. Before the campaign began, General\\nCharles Lee, who was as great a traitor as Benedict\\nArnold, without any of Arnold s redeeming qualities,\\nhad been captured by the British, fortunately for the\\nAmerican cause, and General Sullivan had brought to\\nWashington s aid the remnants of the northern army.\\nThis increased his available force to about twenty-five\\nhundred men.\\nThe night of Christmas day, Wednesday, December\\n25, 1776, was chosen for the attempt. The surprise\\nwas to take place in the early morning of the day after.\\nWashington counted upon the well known convivial\\nhabits of the Germans and the relaxation attendant up-\\non the Christmas festivities, to facilitate his operations.\\nThe army had been divided into two divisions. Gen-\\neral Greene was to command the first division, Gen-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 21\\neral Sullivan, the second. Washington was to go\\nwith the first. About six o clock in the evening his\\nown detachment, which he was to lead, was paraded\\non the Pennsylvania side at McKonkey s Ferry, nine\\nmiles above Trenton, and immediately thereafter the\\npassage of the river began. It was a clear moonlight\\nnight. There was a light snow upon the ground which\\nhad fallen during the day, but it was very cold and\\ngrowing colder with each succeeding moment.\\nThe river, the current of which flowed swiftly by the\\nplace of crossing, where the width of the stream was\\nabout twelve hundred feet, was filled with huge cakes\\nof ice, which made the attempt to pass it both difiicult\\nand dangerous. Large scows, bateaux, and a kind of\\ntrading vessels called Durham boats, sharp-bowed,\\ndouble-ended affairs, thirty or forty feet long, had been\\nprovided; and under the skilful charge of Glover s\\nregiment of Gloucester and Marblehead fishermen, who\\nhad already done such signal service in the retreat at\\nLong Island, the passage was effected. Washington\\nhad hoped to begin his march to Trenton by midnight,\\nbut it could not be. It was eleven o clock before the in-\\nfantry had all crossed. The cold had grown more\\nintense with every passing moment. The sky was now\\ndeeply overcast, and a few flakes of snow gave ominous\\npresage of an approaching storm.\\nThe little army was compelled to wait for five hours\\non the low bleak hills, unsheltered from the tempest of\\nsnow and sleet which raged with ever increasing fury,\\nuntil the artillery under the indefatigable Knox could\\nget over, which v/as not until after three o clock in the\\nmorning. All hope of an early surprise was of neces-\\nsity abandoned. While they waited, two men arrived\\nwith messages for Washington. The first apprised", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "22 American Fights and Fighters\\nhim that the miserable Gates, upon whom he had de-\\npended, had left Cadwalader s detachment, and gone\\nto Congress, which had fled precipitately to Baltimore.\\nCadwalader had made desperate and heroic attempts\\nto get over, but that owing to the ice which banked up\\nagainst the shore at the side of the river, he had been\\nunable to land a single piece of artillery or horse, and\\nhad therefore given over the attempt and would be un-\\nable to cooperate. The second message was from\\nEwing to the effect that he had not even attempted to\\ncross in view of the conditions. The messengers had\\nfound Washington by following the bloody footprints\\nof the barefooted men in the drifting snow!\\nSuggestions were made that they recross and try it\\nagain some other time, but Washington had retreated\\njust as long as he was going to, and he resolved mo-\\nmentous decision that it was to push on with his own\\nforce and after he had done what he could, recross and\\nthen prepare to try it again. The watchword given\\nby the commander himself was victory or death and\\nthat represented his state of mind perfectly. It was\\nfour o clock in the morning when they started for\\nTrenton. There were two roads which led from Mc-\\nKonkey s Ferry to Trenton, one near the river, the\\nother further inland. They strike the town at different\\nends. The lower, or river road, enters the village of\\nTrenton, which then contained upward of a hundred\\nhouses, near the stone bridge, which crossed the Assun-\\npink Creek which bounds the southern side of the\\nvillage. The upper, called the Pennington road, enters\\nthe town at the junction of the two broad streets which\\nran together at a sharp angle. Washington and Greene\\ntook the upper road, Sullivan, the lower.\\nWhat were the thoughts of those men of desperate", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 23\\npurpose as they toiled through the drifts on those fro-\\nzen roads, cut to pieces by the pitiless sleet, torn by the\\nfierce wind which searched out every rent in their\\nflimsy, tattered garments? They were making a way\\nfor liberty, blazing the path of freedom with their own\\nbleeding feet marking the trail as it has ever been\\nmarked, by the blood of man staggering, fainting,\\nfreezing, pressing on, and the genius of Independence\\nwalking by their side. A via dolorosa of suffering,\\nthis, in that bitter Nativity night, and those who fol-\\nlowed worthy subjects of that great Master, who ever\\nfought the battle of human freedom, even to the awful\\nCross\\nAbout seven o clock a message came up from Sulli-\\nvan on the river road to Washington on the inland\\nroad. The snow had wet the priming of their fire-\\narms, and they could not be used. What was to be\\ndone? Tell him to push on with the bayonet, said\\nthe grim commander, the town must be taken and I\\nam resolved to take it. When Sullivan s men heard\\nthis reply delivered by the officer, in their impetuosity\\nthey began slipping the bayonets over the gun-barrels\\nwithout order, and gaily resumed the advance. It was\\neight in the morning when the head of the upper col-\\numn struck the Hessian advance picket on the Penning-\\nton road. All of the men comprising the guard had\\nsought shelter in a hut from the driving snow and the\\nfurious sleet. Without a moment s hesitation the\\nAmericans went forward at a double-quick; at the\\nsame time the other column on the river road came in\\ncontact with the picket there. The sharp rattle of mus-\\nketry broke the stillness of the wintry morning at\\nboth ends of the little town. In the midst of the\\ndrifting snow, the startled Hessians retreated rapidly\\nupon the main guard. The Americans came forward", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "24 American Fights and Fighters\\nwith determination and soon all of the advance parties\\nof the enemy were in the fnll retreat toward the town.\\nThere the drums were beating the assembly wildly,\\nand the terrified Hessians were running through the\\nstreets half-dressed toward the rallying points, so\\nfar as they had been designated. Rail, whose in-\\ndulgences the previous day and night had been long\\nand deep, had awakened and hastily dressed himself\\nand descended to the street.\\nThe whirling snow and sleet prevented the Hessians\\nfrom discovering the force of their opponents even at\\nthis juncture. The alert Americans were soon extend-\\ning along the upper road past the village to encircle the\\ntown from the left. Other regiments started down\\ntoward the river to meet the advance of Sullivan s\\ndivision. The artillery was massed at the head of\\nKing and Queen Streets, under Washington s direction,\\nand a steady fire raked the two main avenues of the\\nvillage. Several hasty and entirely ineffective shots\\nwere fired in return by two guns of the regiment Rail\\nin King Street, but before they became dangerous, they\\nwere captured by a spirited charge led by Captain\\nWilliam Washington and Lieutenant James Monroe,\\nafterward President of the United States. These offi-\\ncers were both wounded before the guns were taken\\nand turned upon the Hessians. Meanwhile Sullivan s\\nmen had seized the stone bridge over the Assunpink\\non the right, routing the cavalry picket; Stark s regi-\\nment had extended to the left, parallel to the main\\nstreets, and the other regiments were led out beyond the\\ntown to encircle it from below their artillery mean-\\nwhile played upon the huddled enemy attempting to\\nescape through the wood, and by a ford, to pass the\\ncreek. The American troops took cover behind fences,\\nwalls and houses, and poured a withering fire upon the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 25\\nalready demoralized Hessians who finally retreated out-\\nside of the town to an apple orchard on the east where\\nthey re-formed. Under the orders of Rail himself,\\nthey bravely attempted to retake the town, which was\\nfull of their plunder, and charged forward with the\\nbayonet. The Americans met this charge by a volley\\nand countercharge. It is interesting to note that as the\\nContinentals rushed forward determinedly upon the\\nwavering Dutchmen, they shouted with a grim humor\\nwhich savors marvelously of the present, the opening-\\nwords of Thomas Paine s famous tract, written at this\\nperiod, These are the times that try men s souls!\\nCertainly the words were apposite to the Hessians\\nsituation. Rail, their commander, had fallen mortally\\nwounded. Von Dechow, the second in command, like-\\nwise. Many other officers who had gallantly exposed\\nthemselves in the attempt to rally and lead the men\\nforward had been killed or wounded. Forrest s bat-\\ntery was pouring in a withering fire of grape. Greene s\\nmen were pressing them from the north, Stark s from\\nthe west, Sullivan s from the south. Gun after gun\\nwas being brought up on their flanks and in their rear.\\nThe Assunpink bridge and ford had been secured after\\nseveral hundred had escaped. There was no salvation\\nfor the rest. In panic terror they lowered their flags\\nand threw down their arms. The actual fighting had\\nlasted about half an hour. The battle was over.\\nThis is a glorious day for our country, said Wash-\\nington.\\nThe killed and wounded of the enemy numbered\\nover one hundred, the captured nearly nine hundred\\nand over five hundred escaj^ed. One thousand stand\\nof arms, six field pieces, and a large quantity of sup-\\nplies and munitions of war came into the hands of the\\nAmericans, who had only two killed and two wounded", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "26 American Fights and Fighters\\nSo far everything had gone well. The failure of\\nthe other divisions to cross, however, had rendered\\nWashington s position, in spite of his success, most^pre-\\ncarious so with a prudence as great as his courage, he\\nat once decided to cross to the west bank of the river\\nonce more. Allowing his troops until the afternoon\\nto recuperate, as the shades of night advanced they\\nretraced their steps, but in what different spirits. They\\nhad demonstrated their right to be. They were an\\narmy, their leader a soldier. No one would ever\\ndoubt it again, certainly not the British. That road\\nwhich in the morning had been the path of freezing\\ndespair, was now the way of the conquerors. Accom-\\npanied by all of their prisoners and what a contrast\\nthere was between the well fed and well clothed Hes-\\nsians and their ragged captors they recrossed the\\nriver, and occupied their old camps. Tw^o of the men\\nfroze to death, and over one thousand were prostrated\\nby the exposure incident to the fearful hardships they\\nhad undergone. More determined than ever, Washing-\\nton despatched letters and couriers in every direction to\\nassemble his forces and move upon New Brunswick,\\nwhich was still the goal of his endeavor.\\nThe successful issue of his daring adventure en-\\ntailed yet further responsibilities, and the campaign\\nwas only just begun. As for himself, the w^orld now\\nknew him for a soldier. And a withered old man in\\nthe palace of the Sans Souci, in Berlin, who had himself\\nknown victories and defeats, who had himself stood at\\nbay, facing a world in arms so successfully that men\\ncalled him The Great, called this and the subsequent\\ncampaign the finest military exploit of the age\\n1 From the author s book For Love of Country, by courtesy of\\nCharles Scribner s Sons.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "5 S", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S GREATEST\\nCAMPAIGN\\nII. Princeton\\nThere was mounting in hot haste on the Jersey side\\nof the river when the astonishing news of the feh\\nswoop on the Hessians at Trenton was carried bagk to\\nthe neghgent and over-confident British commanders\\nin New York. Washington was still to be reckoned\\nwith, it appeared, and with an energy utterly foreign to\\ntheir previous movements, the various advanced posts\\nto the south were abandoned, the troops in the northern\\npart of the state were concentrated at New Brunswick\\nand marched thence to Princeton, to which place the\\nlower division had repaired. Lord Cornwallis, the\\nablest of the British soldiers in America, was put in\\ncommand with orders to catch and crush the pestilent\\nAmerican who never knew when he was beaten, or who\\nrefused to stay so if he knew it a harder task, this,\\nthan either Howe or his gallant subordinate had ever\\nset themselves to accomplish- before, and one they found\\nquite impossible after all. All that they desired, how-\\never, was an opportunity to get at him, they thought,\\nand this opportunity Washington, with his eyes still\\nfixed on the main plan, of which the engagement at\\n27", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "28 American Fights and Fighters\\nTrenton had only been a detail, was quite willing to\\nafford them.\\nFired by the splendid success of the Continentals,\\nthe Pennsylvania and New Jersey militia under Cad-\\nwalader, Ewing and Mifflin, at last got across the river\\nand established themselves in the vicinity of Burling-\\nton, and on the twenty-ninth of December, Washington\\nfollowed with his staff and escort and took up his\\nheadquarters upon the scene of his successful battle.\\nIt took two days for his victorious Continental troops\\nto get across, however, on account of the heavy ice in\\nthe river, but by the evening of the last day of the year\\nthey were all assembled at Trenton. It was a fateful\\nhour for the Revolution all the hours of this campaign\\nw ere fateful and a mischance at any time or place\\nwould have ended it. The period of enlistment of\\nmost of the men expired that night if they left him,\\nWashington would find himself on the morrow aban-\\ndoned by the veteran and heroic soldiery who had\\nenabled him to inaugurate his great campaign, and\\nwould be forced to rely entirely upon the raw and un-\\ntried militia.\\nHe was equal to the emergency, however, for he had\\nthe men paraded, and rode along the lines, address-\\ning the several regiments in the brief soldierly style in\\nwhich he was a master, imploring them to remain with\\nhim untd he could complete his campaign, telling them\\nof the importance of their action, firing their hearts\\nwith his own determined resolution and patriotic de-\\nvotion, pledging his private fortune in which glori-\\nous example he was followed by many of his officers,\\ngentlemen of condition and means for their long ar-\\nrears of pay, and promising them a small bounty\\nbesides. He was seconded in his appeal by all of his", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 29\\nofficers, and the results were most happy. The men\\nunanimously elected to stay with him for at least six\\nweeks, or until the campaign was terminated one way\\nor the other. We, to-day, can scarcely imagine what\\nthis decision involved. It was the expression of wil-\\nlingness on the part of the naked, barefoot, hungry,\\nfrozen men, to stay and fight against overwhelming\\nodds through the dreary winter, when they could have\\ngone back home to a situation so superior to their pres-\\nent condition, that it might have been called luxury;\\nand the glory of the men should not be lost sight of in\\nthe glory of the man. To that army of patriots our\\neternal gratitude, nay, the gratitude of all those who\\nlove and cherish and would fain fight for human liber-\\nty, is surely due.\\nStout old Robert Morris now sent up to his friend\\nGeorge Washington the money he had raised by going\\nfrom door to door with extended hand among his\\nfriends in Philadelphia. To such desperate straits had\\nthey been reduced in the field, that the first instalment of\\nless than five hundred dollars had been most gratefully\\nreceived and when a day or so later he made a further\\nglorious remittance of fifty thousand dollars, the faith-\\nful troops, for the first time in many months, were paid\\nin part.\\nBy Washington s orders there were skirmishing par-\\nties of horse and light infantry scattered all through\\nthe country between Trenton and Princeton, where it\\nwas soon learned that Cornwallis had assembled some\\neight thousand men preparatory to the dash for Tren-\\nton. Much valuable information was gathered and\\nsome prisoners made, besides great annoyance, inflicted\\nupon the British. The English and Hessians had be-\\nhaved with frightful barbarity in their march through,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "30 American Fights and Fighters\\nand occupation of, the country there had been murder,\\npillage, rapine, and outraging of women, and now the\\nenraged country people hung upon their flanks, aided\\nthe American skirmishers, and cut off unwary strag-\\nglers without mercy. Washington had ordered Cad-\\nwalader from the Cross Wicks and Mifflin fromBorden-\\ntown to join him at Trenton. After a hard night\\nmarch in the bitter cold, sleet and rain, over frightful\\nroads, they reached Trenton on the second day of the\\nyear about noon. These reinforcements raised his lit-\\ntle force to a total of about five thousand men, three-\\nfifths of them being militia who had probably never\\nheard a shot fired in anger.\\nCornwallis leaving Grant s brigade, three regiments\\nof British, about thirteen hundred men, under Lieuten-\\nant Colonel Mawhood at Princeton, as a reserve and to\\nprotect his rear, advanced early on the morning of\\nJanuary 2, 1777, in great haste toward Trenton.\\nAll day long he was compelled to fight his way for-\\nward against a heavy skirmishing fire from the\\nriflemen under Greene, who took advantage of their op-\\nportunity to pour a galling fire upon the regular troops.\\nWashington needed one more day to assemble and unite\\nhis force, and Greene agreed to give it to him. The\\ndelay gave Washington time to withdraw his army\\nacross the Assunpink, swollen with the winter rains,\\nand post them on the high ground south of it in a\\nstrong and advantageous position, for two miles along\\nthe bank. The artillery was massed at the famous\\nstone bridge.\\nIn the gray of the evening, the van of Cornwallis\\nwearied troops, the American riflemen having been\\ncleared out of the northern side of the creek, after severe\\nfighting and heavy loss on the part of the British, ad-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 31\\nvanced to take Washington s position. Three separate\\ncharges were made upon the bridge, and were repulsed\\nwith loss. But the British subordinate commanders\\nurged Cornwallis to push the attack and end the matter\\nthen and there. The creek was fordable in half a dozen\\nplaces, and all that would be necessary would be to\\nmake a simultaneous attack upon the bridge and the\\nfords with their superior forces, place themselves upon\\nthe other bank, turn the flank of the rebel army, drive\\nWashington into the atl de sac formed by the creek and\\nthe river and hammer him to pieces at leisure and at\\npleasure.\\nThe British were tired out, however; they had\\nmarched and fought in the mud all day; there was no\\nescape for the old fox now they had him cornered at\\nlast and there was no need for hurry so they reasoned.\\nCornwallis resolved to wait until morning. This is\\nwhere he made the mistake of his life. Washington\\nwas as keenly appreciative of the exigencies of the situ-\\nation of his army as Cornwallis and his officers. He\\nhad no mind to be caught in that trap, he had not put\\nhimself in that position for nothing, and his plan for\\nextricating himself had been already matured. He\\nwould try an offensive defense. As the night fell and\\nthe British went into camp, he caused tremendous fires\\nto be built all along his lines next to the river bank,\\nwhich were to be continuously fed by a small body of\\nmen detailed for the purpose, who were to act as sen-\\ntries and to move about, make a great deal of noise and\\nexpose themselves as much as possible with safety, to\\nconvey the idea that they were in great force and very\\nactively preparing for the morrow. The rest of the\\narmy muffled the wheels of the guns, and sent the\\nheavier baggage down toward Philadelphia, where", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "32 American Fights and Fighters\\nPutnam had sent a detachment to meet and protect it,\\nand then about eleven o clock at night, in little detach-\\nments in rapid succession, they silently stole away.\\nWhispering their orders, making no sound, giving no\\nalarm, they followed a long roundabout road called the\\nQuaker road which passed through the village of\\nSand Town, and for several miles led away from the\\nriver toward the southeast before it made an abrupt\\nturn to the north. The weather had changed, the wind\\ncame from the north and the wet, muddy, impassable\\nroads froze as hard as iron it grew bitter cold once\\nmore, as it had before the attack on Trenton. They\\ncrept cautiously around the left flank of Cornwallis\\nsleeping army, and headed for Princeton, to that goal\\nfor which the indomitable American had been making\\nsince Christmas day the stores at New Brunswick. To\\nextricate an army safely from a desperate situation\\nhas ever been accounted a work of great generalship;\\nno army was ever moved more quickly, dexterously and\\nably than this one. The British never dreamed they\\nhad gone until morning.\\nIt was another desperate march over the badly\\ncleared, stump encumbered roads. When the morning\\ncame, clear, very cold, the ground covered with hoar\\nfrost, the advance under General Mercer reached the\\nlower bridge over Stony Brook Creek and, crossing the\\nbridge, went up the river bank toward another bridge\\nwhich crosses it on the direct road to Trenton, which\\nthey had intended to hold as long as possible and then\\ndestroy, to check the advance of Cornwallis while the\\nrest of the army under Washington continued by an-\\nother road through the trees and, sheltered by the\\nhills, on toward the College and village of Princeton.\\nA part of the British detachment at Princeton had", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 33\\ncrossed the Stony Brook bridge already on the march to\\njoin Cornwallis, when this advance regiment, the seven-\\nteenth under Mawhood in person, caught sight of\\nMercer s men, the sunlight gleaming on the gun-barrels\\nthrough the trees betraying them. The English re-\\ntraced their steps and recrossed the bridge at once.\\nTo deploy on both sides was the work of a few mo-\\nments. There was a little rise of ground off to the\\nright which would make a strong defensive position.\\nBoth parties rushed headlong for it immediately. The\\nAmericans were the quicker and lined up on it pouring\\na heavy fire into the advancing British, which did great\\nexecution. The red-coats were most gallantly led,\\nhowever, and proved themselves soldiers of the highest\\nclass. In spite of the withering ritie fire, they poured\\nin a return volley and covered by the smoke, they des-\\nperately charged the American position at the point of\\nthe bayonet. General jMercer on a white horse was in\\nfront of his men, by his side Colonel Haslet of the\\nDelaware regiment was standing dismounted. The\\nfirst volley killed Mercer s horse. throwing him heavily;\\nhe rose to his feet at once, however, to encourage his\\nmen. The same volley sent a bullet crashing into Has-\\nlet s brain. Many others were killed and wounded.\\nThe Continentals were thrown into some confusion by\\nthis fierce discharge, delivered scarcely a hundred feet\\naway, and as this brigade was most unfortunately un-\\nprovided with bayonets, they resisted stubbornly for a\\nfew minutes with clubbed muskets, and then gave way,\\nretreating back toward the main body on the lower\\nroad.\\nMercer, sword in hand, threw himself before the\\nfugitives, rallied a few of his officers and men and\\nfiercelv attacked the oncoming British. He was beat-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "34 American Fights and Fighters\\nen to the ground, called a rebel, asked to surrender,\\nand when he answered in indignation with a sword cut,\\nwas thrust through and through with the bayonets,\\nand left for dead on the field. He died a few days\\nafter the battle in great agony, leaving behind him a\\nstainless and honored name.\\nAt this juncture, when the British were sweeping\\neverything before them, the Pennsylvania militia\\ndashed out of the wood. They had been sent up on\\nthe double-quick to the rescue by Washington, who had\\nheard the noise of the conflict. Undaunted by this new\\nenemy, the British, with admirable precision, which won\\nWashington s admiration and commendation, faced\\nquickly about and began to move forward to apply the\\ndeadly cold steel again, and to try to take Moulder s\\nPhiladelphia battery. The militia hastily returned the\\nfire of the enemy, but as the smoke blew away, they saw\\nthat the British were unchecked, and as the red-coats\\ncame fiercely on, the American line began to waver.\\nThey had never been in action before, and a hand to\\nhand conflict was more than they bargained for; only\\na veteran could meet the British bayonet after all. An\\nincipient panic was there. One more moment and they\\ntoo had been in retreat, but the hour brought the man.\\nAttended by one or two staff officers, Washington\\ngalloped recklessly on the field one glance put him in\\npossession of the situation. The Americans were be-\\ning routed he could not fight a long drawn out battle\\nhere; whatever was to be done must be done at once.\\nCornwallis had already heard the roar of the guns at\\nTrenton, and awaking to find himself outgeneraled\\nat once discovered Washington s escape, and had\\npushed his army forward at the double-quick. If the\\nBritish could hold the Americans in play for a short", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 35\\nspace of time, the veterans of Cornwallis would be upon\\nthem. Without a second s hesitation, Washington\\nrode by Mercer s shattered brigade and called upon\\nthem to advance, and then dashed down the wavering\\nPennsylvania line, turning his horse as he came before\\nthe main body of the advancing British, and by the\\nvery force of his splendid personality led the erstwhile\\nhesitating militia down upon their enemies in a surpris-\\ning charge, both parties firing before they met. There\\nwas a sharp hand to hand struggle, with Washington in\\nthe midst of it. At the same moment, the other regi-\\nments of the Americans came up and took up a position\\non the flank of the British, and poured into them a\\ndeadly fire. Moulder s Philadelphia battery raked the\\nvalley with grape. Washington was in the thick of it\\nall. He was lost sight of by his aides in the smoke for\\nthe moment, and when it cleared away he was discov-\\nered mad with the excitement of the battle leading on\\nthe men. A born fighter, he He bore a charmed life,\\nfor amid the hail of bullets, not one had touched him.\\nThe British now were in full retreat; a few broke\\naway and ran toward Trenton, but the greater part\\nmade for Princeton. Washington pressed his advan-\\ntage to the fullest limit. The Americans were sent\\nforward to attack the other two British regiments com-\\ning to the rescue. They dashed at them before they\\nhad time to form and irresistibly overwhelmed them,\\ncapturing large numbers and utterly putting the rest to\\nflight in a wild rout. Some of them, to the number of\\nabout two hundred, took refuge in Nassau Hall, the\\ncollege building, whence they were at once dislodged\\nand captured. After following the thoroughly terror-\\nised British who had escaped, for a short time, Wash-\\nington, having no cavalry, gave over the pursuit.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "36 American Fio^hts and Fighters\\nThe British lost about five hundred, including killed,\\nwounded and captured, no less than one hundred be-\\ning left dead upon the field, which shows the fierceness\\nof the hand to hand fighting; the total American loss\\nwas about one hundred, including many valuable offi-\\ncers. The three British regiments had been utterly\\ndefeated and turned into a disorganized mob their re-\\ntreat was a pell-mell rout.\\nBut now when the goal of his endeavor the stores,\\nmaterial and treasure at New Brunswick was almost\\nwithin his grasp, he was compelled to abandon it.\\nSuffering humanity absolutely could do no more. The\\ntroops were completely exhausted by their fight of the\\nday before, their night march, their desperate battle,\\ntheir long fast and the intense cold. For more than\\nthirty hours they had been in action or on the march;\\nmost of them had received nothing to eat. If I could\\nhave had eight hundred fresh troops I could have done\\nit, said Washington. Alas, there were no fresh\\ntroops to be had. They fell out of the ranks asleep\\nwhenever they halted. Even these iron men must have\\nrest. Within reaching distance, these untoward cir-\\ncumstances compelled him to refrain from New Bruns-\\nwick. Reluctantly Washington headed his men to-\\nward the heights of Morristown.\\nThe British army under Cornwallis had been moved\\nwith incredible celerity. A little party of Americans\\nwith a heavy field piece delayed the advance somewhat,\\na broken bridge delayed it still further, and though the\\nBritish, unable to repair it, had waded breast-high\\nthrough the icy stream in their endeavors to catch\\nhim, Washington effected his escape. Cornwallis, in\\nalarm for his stores, pushed on to New Brunswick to\\nsave them, and battle and campaign were over.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "Washington s Greatest Campaign 37\\nThe Revolution was saved. Washington, with his\\nweak, inferior army, had so manoeuvered that he had, in\\nspite of liis disadvantages, twice struck the enemy with\\nsuperior force at the point of contact, and routed him.\\nHis movements were an early ilhistration of the modern\\nphrasing of an old maxim, to the effect that the art of\\nwar consists in getting there hrst with the most men\\nIn addition to his soldierly ability he had shown his\\ncapacity as a statesman. His enterprise was underta-\\nken at that precise moment when victory was vital to\\nthe success of the struggle, not merely from a military\\nstandpoint, but in order to maintain the drooping\\nspirits of the nation then borning, and to demonstrate\\nto the world that the birth was not to be a still one.\\nThere never was any doubt of the ultimate success of\\nthe Revolution after that, and it was settled right then\\nand there.\\nTo complete this brief resume of one of the re-\\nmarkable campaigns of history, AVashington strongly\\nfortified himself on Cornwallis s flank at Morristown,\\nmenacing each of the three depots held by the Britisli\\noutside New York Putnam advanced from Philadel-\\nphia to Trenton, with the militia; and Heath moved\\ndown to the highlands of the Hudson. The country\\npeople of New Jersey rose and cut off scattered detach-\\nments of the British in every direction, until the whole\\nof the field N\\\\as eventually abandoned by them, except\\nAmboy, Newark and New Brunswick. The world wit-\\nnessed the singular spectacle of a large, well-appointed\\narmy of veteran soldiery, under able leaders, shut up in\\npractically one spot, New York and a few near-by vil-\\nlages, and held there inexorably by a phantom army\\n1 Taken from the author s novel For Love of Country, by the cour-\\ntesy of Chnrles Scribner s Sons.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "38 American Fights and Fighters\\nwhich was never more than half the size of that it held\\nin check.\\nThe results of the six months campaign were to\\nbe seen in the possession of the city of New York by\\nthe British army. That army which had won, except\\nthe last two, all the battles in which it had engaged,\\nwhich had followed the Americans through six months\\nof disastrous defeat and retreat, and had overrun two\\ncolonies, now had nothing to show for all its efforts\\nbut the ground upon which it stood. And this was the\\nresult of the genius, the courage, the audacity of one\\nman George Washington. The world was astound-\\ned, and he took an assured place thenceforward among\\nthe first soldiers of that or any age.\\nEven the English themselves could not withhold\\ntheir admiration. The gallant and brave Cornwallis,\\na soldier of no mean ability himself, and well able to\\nestimate what could be done with a small and feeble\\nforce, never forgot his surprise at the Assunpink and\\nwhen he congratulated Washington, at the surrender\\nof Yorktown years after, upon the brilliant combina-\\ntion which had resulted in the capture of the army, he\\nadded these words But, after all, your excellency s\\nachievements in the Jerseys were such that nothing\\ncould surpass them\\nAnd the witty and wise old cynic, Mr. Horace Wal-\\npole, with his usual discrimination, wrote to a friend.\\nSir Horace Mann, when he heard of the affair at Tren-\\nton, the night march to Princeton, and the successful\\nattack there Washington, the dictator, has shown\\nhimself both a Fabius and a Camillus. His march\\nthrough our lines is allowed to have been a prodigy of\\ngeneralship.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "PAUL JONES GREATEST\\nBATTLE.\\nOn the evening of Thursday, September 30, 1779, a\\nrather small, brown faced, dark haired man, about thir-\\nty-two years of age, and of a melancholy, poetic and\\neven scholarly cast of countenance, clad in a blue naval\\nuniform, stood on the weather-side of the high poop\\ndeck of a large war-ship, looking keenly about him with\\nhis bright, brilliant black eyes. Sometimes his glance\\nfell meditatively upon two gallant white ships under\\nfull sail, men-of-war evidently, which were slowly\\ncrossing his course at a right angle a mile or two ahead\\nof him, and making in toward the not distant land the\\nwhile. Anon, with thoughtful vision, he surveyed the\\ncrowded decks before and beneath him; the rude, mot-\\nley men, half-naked and armed with cutlass or pike\\nand pistol, who were grouped about the grim great\\nguns protruding menacingly through the open ports\\nthe old gun captains squinting along the breech and\\nblowing their smoking matches while looking to the\\npriming of the guns; the little groups of pig-tailed vet-\\nerans, sail trimmers, assembled about the masts; the\\nbrilliantly uniformed soldiers, or marines, in the scarlet\\nand white of France the agile topmen hanging in great\\nhuman clusters over the broad tops above his head.\\n39", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "40 American Fights and Fighters\\nSometimes he turned about and swept tbe sea behind\\nhim with his eager gaze, frowning in high displeasure\\nat what he saw.\\nThe soft hght of the setting sun streamed over the\\nlarboard quarter, and threw into high relief the lonely\\nofficer on the weather-side of the ship. Seamanship\\nspoke in the careless yet confident poise of the well-knit\\nmuscular figure, as he unconsciously balanced himself\\nand easily met the roll of the ship in the sea intelligence\\nand kindness sparkled in his eyes power and force\\nwere instinct in every line of his aggressive person;\\nand determination evidenced itself in the compressed\\nlip, the firm, resolute mouth, and the tightly closed hand\\nwhich hung easily by his side. The gentle breeze of\\nthe evening tenderly and softly fell on the worn sails\\nof the ancient ship, swelling the soiled and weather-\\nbeaten cloths of canvas out in graceful, tremulous\\ncurves as if in caress, as she swept slowly toward the\\nenemy. The ripple of the waves clinging about her\\ncut- water alone broke the silence. The scene was as\\npeaceful and as quiet as if the loud calling of the drum\\nwhich had so lately re-echoed along the decks had been\\nan invitation to church service, instead of a stern sum-\\nmons to quarters for action. A faint smell of balm\\nand spicery which clung about the ship, a reminder of\\nher distant voyages in Eastern seas, was like incense to\\nthe soul.\\nOff toward the side of the sinking sun rose the bold\\nshore of England. Flamborough headland, crowned\\nby a lofty tower already sending a broad beam of\\nwarning light to voyaging mariners out over the\\nwaters, thrust out a salient wedge of massive rock-\\nbound coast in rude, wave piercing angle through the\\ntossing sea. To the east the full moon, already some", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 41\\nhours high, shot the soft silver of her rays, mingled\\nwith the fading gold of the dying day, over the pallid\\nocean. At this moment the mellow tones of the ship s\\nbell forward striking three couplets in quick succession\\nawakened the commander from the reveries in which\\nhe had been indulging, and he turned to find his first\\nlieutenant mounting the poop deck ladder to report\\nthe ship clear for action. The dark expressive eye of\\nthe captain lingered affectionately upon the form of the\\nlithe, bright-eyed, honest and able young subordinate\\nwho had yet to see his twenty-fourth birthday. Be-\\ntween the two officers subsisted the fullest confidence\\nand the deepest affection.\\nWho was the lonely captain The greatest novelist\\nof England calls him a traitor. One of the most prom-\\ninent naval authorities of to-day, from the same proud\\nnation, describes him as a blackguard. Popular feel-\\ning among his contemporary enemies considered him as\\nneither more nor less than a bloodthirsty, murdering\\npirate. The captain of the ship which he was about to\\nconquer is reputed to have most ungraciously expressed\\nhis regret at having been compelled to surrender to\\na man who fought with a halter around his neck. But\\nthe people who made and loved the flag, the Stars and\\nStripes, which fluttered above his head, and gave it a\\nhigh place in the glorious blazonry of nations, told a\\ndifferent tale. The admiration of Washington, the in-\\ncorruptible soldier and leader the beloved of Franklin,\\nthe discerning statesman and philosopher; the friend\\nof Robert Morris, the brilliant financier and patriot;\\nJohn Paul Jones, the son of a poor Scotch gardener,\\nwho had left his native land in infancy, and who had\\nbeen brought up with the scanty advantages afforded\\nby life from childhood passed upon the sea, rose, against", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "42 American Fights and Fighters\\nevery sort of discouragement by sheer merit alone, to\\nbe the greatest figure in the naval history of his adopted\\ncountry for nearly a hundred years.\\nBy his indefatigable resolution and unsurpassable\\nvalor, his wonderful technical skill and fascinating per-\\nsonality, he became a Chevalier of France, an Admiral\\nof Russia, the friend at once of two queens, one the\\nmost beautiful and unfortunate, the other the greatest\\nand most splendid, of his age. He was an honored\\nassociate of the king of a great country, and yet never\\nrenounced that which he considered his proudest title\\nto honor, and by which in that final end of things in\\nwhich the truth that is in a man speaks out, he loved\\nto describe himself, a citizen of the United States.\\nThis was a man who had been an apprentice boy at\\ntwelve, a sea ofiicer at fifteen, a captain at twenty-one;\\nwho, in a slight inconsiderable vessel, a small war-brig,\\nhad rendered most notable service to his chosen country\\nin the face of war vessels of overwhelming force who,\\nin a crank lightly built sloop-of-war, the Ranger, a year\\nago, had swept the Irish Channel, terrified the whole\\nwestern seaboard of England, captured in fair fight a\\nregularly commissioned English sloop-of-war of equal\\nforce with and more heavily manned than his own and\\nall this with a crew of mutineers, refusing to obey his\\norders and even threatening his life at the last moment\\nbefore the action.\\nHis hands had hoisted the first American flag that\\never fluttered from a masthead, the pine tree rattle-\\nsnake flag, with its motto Don t tread on me, which\\nseems somehow significant of the man himself; the\\nsame hand later on had thrown to the breeze the first\\nbanner of the Stars and Stripes that was ever seen upon\\nthe ocean; his address and resolution had elicited, in", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 43\\nthe way of a naval salute, the first official and public\\nrecognition of the new figure among the nations of the\\nworld from the authorized representative of a recog-\\nnized government. As a fighter, as a lover, as a dip-\\nlomat, he was among the first men of his time. He\\nloved glory and fame and duty with a passionate devo-\\ntion, and as he stated, ever looked out for the Honor\\nof the American flag. He was afterward thanked by\\nCongress, made the head of the American Navy, and\\nespecially commended in a public letter to the King of\\nFrance, his friend, an unique honor in our history.\\nBefore he died he had participated in twenty-three\\nbattles and solemn rencontres by sea.\\nA pirate, a traitor, a blackguard, this? Nay, as true\\na man as ever fought for human freedom, as brave an\\nofficer as ever overcame heart-breaking adversity, as\\ngallant a sailor as ever trod a heaving deck, and as\\nsweet a lover as ever kissed a lady s hand. In the hun-\\ndreds of letters written by and to him still extant, many\\nof them on affaires du cocnr, there is not a single coarse\\nor rude expression to be found. I sum him up the hero\\nand the gentleman. Not without his faults, of course,\\nwhich I cheerfully refrain from cataloguing always\\na poor business but they were not great and were\\neasily counterbalanced by his many virtues.\\nLook at him now as he approaches the culmination\\nof his career. After his brilliant cruise in the Ranger,\\nunable to obtain a decent war vessel, forced to put up\\nwith a nondescript antique, a worn out East Indiaman,\\nthe Due de Diiras, now renamed the Bonhonime Rieh-\\nard, which had been filled with old and makeshift guns\\na ship so rotten that it was impossible to make the nec-\\nessary alterations to properly fit her for her new ser-\\nvice. Attended by a squadron under his nominal com-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "44 American Fights and P^ighters\\nmancl, one of the ships of which, and the best one, was\\nmanned largely by British seamen, and commanded by\\nan insane coward; at this very moment previous acts\\nof mutiny were culminating in a flagrant disobedience\\nof orders to follow the Richard into the action. The\\nAlliance, fighting shy of the English warships, was\\nsweeping toward the frightened convoy huddling off\\nfor shelter under the lee of Scarborough Castle. An-\\nother vessel, th Vcngeancc, French in toto, was fleeing\\nwith all speed from the action, and the third, the Pallas,\\nanother Frenchman, the only thing American about her\\nbeing the flag flying above her, hung quivering in the\\nwind in frightful indecision as to whether she should\\nengage the weaker of the two English ships before\\nthem.\\nAt this moment the total crew on the Bonliomine\\nRichard (so called from the nam dc pluuic of Benja-\\nmin Franklin) was about three hundred, of which only\\none fourth were Americans, about one half French sol-\\ndiers, and the balance the riff-raff of all nations, Por-\\ntuguese preponderating; among their number being\\nsome Malays, perhaps Filipinos, thus early fighting\\nfor freedom. Two hundred desperate English prison-\\ners were confined below in the hold. Beside the cap-\\ntain, not a single deck officer was left, through a\\nseries of mishaps, save Richard Dale, the first lieuten-\\nant, than whom no man ever was a better, by the\\nway. Commodore Dale, who has been justly honored\\nsubsequently in the United States Navy, loved and\\nvenerated Jones above all other men, always speaking\\nof him to the last day of his life with his eyes filled\\nwith tears of affection and regret as Paul, which was\\nhis captain s birth name. Why John Paul assumed\\nthe name Jones has never been discovered cer-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 45\\ntainly for no disgraceful reason, for whatever name\\nhe might have taken he would have honored.\\nThe armament of the Richard consisted of twenty-\\neight twelve pounders on the gun deck on the quarter\\ndeck and forecastle were eight nine pounders. In des-\\nperation, Jones had cut three ports on each side on the\\nberth deck below the main battery and mounted six old\\ncondemned eighteen pounders therein. His ship had\\nin all, therefore, forty-two guns, twenty-one in the\\nbroadside, discharging a total weight of two hundred\\nand fifty-eight pounds of shot. The larger ship of the\\nenemy was the brand new double-banked frigate Sera-\\npis, mounting three tiers of guns on two covered and\\none uncovered deck twenty eighteens, twenty nines,\\nand ten six pounders, making a total of fifty guns,\\ntwenty-five in broadside, throwing three hundred\\npounds. As a further advantage the destructive power\\nof an eighteen pound gun is immensely greater than\\nthat of a twelve. The crew of the Scrapis was about\\nthree hundred and fifty trained and disciplined men.\\nHer captain, Pearson, was a brave and determined\\nsailor of reputation in the service.\\nThere appeared to be no uncertainty in the mind of\\neither commanding officer as to the character and force\\nof his opponent. Pearson confidently expected an easy\\nvictory, which he certainly should have won, and\\nPaul Jones determined to make him fight as no English\\nship had ever fought before, for all he got. About\\nhalf after seven in the evening the two ships drew with-\\nin gunshot distance of each other, the Richard rounding\\nto off the port bow of the Scrapis. The thirty-two-\\ngun ship Pallas at last gathered sufficient resolution\\nto engage the Scarborough, a twenty-gun sloop, and\\nthus eliminated her from Paul Jones calculations.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "46 American Fights and Fighters\\nThe Vengeance had fled, and Captain Landais, in the\\nAlliance, was hovering after the convoy out of range.\\nFor some reason, as the Richard approached, Cap-\\ntain Pearson withheld his fire and hailed. The answer,\\nwhich was indistinguishable, was followed by a shot\\nfrom the Richard, and the two ships immediately\\nexchanged terrific broadsides. Of the three eighteen\\npounders down on the berth deck near the water-line\\nof the Richard, two burst at the first discharge, killing\\nand wounding a large part of their crews, and blowing\\nup a part of the deck. The other gun was of course\\nabandoned. Side by side in the bright moonlight of\\nthe autumn night, the two ships slowly sailed together\\nfor nearly an hour. The roar of one discharge an-\\nswered the other, cheer met cheer, as the iron hailed\\nbullets wove a hideous net of death about the two ships.\\nFearful that he might be raked astern by the Serapis\\n(which some accounts say was done), Jones, who had\\nkept slightly in the lead, finally threw his ship aback,\\nchecking her onward motion so that the Serapis passed\\nslowly ahead of him. As Pearson drew ahead, Jones\\nattempted to throw his vessel across the rear of the\\nEnglish ship to rake and board, which of course would\\nbe his best plan, as in that case he could make good use\\nof the soldiers on his decks. The attempt was a fail-\\nure on account of the sluggish motion of the unwieldy\\nRichard, which only swung in aft of, and in line with,\\nthe Englishman. No guns now bearing on either ship,\\nexcept for the continuous small-arm fire there was a\\nslight lull in the action. As soon as the Serapis, which\\nhad drawn further ahead, swung up into the wind and\\npartially raked the Richard, Jones filled away again\\nand the battle was at once resumed with determined\\nenergy. Pearson now checked the speed of his own\\nship by throwing all aback, or else wore short around to", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 47\\ncross the Richard s bows and rake, and the two vessels\\nslowly drew together again. The fire from both ships\\nhad been kept up with unremitting fury from every gun\\nas they bore, but the Scrapis heavier metal had played\\nhavoc with the lighter American. The carnage and\\nslaughter upon the Richard had been simply frightful.\\nThe rotten old ship was being beaten to pieces beneath\\nthe feet of her crew by the terrific battery of the Sera-\\npis. Gun after gun in the main battery had been dis-\\nmounted. At this moment the Richard fortunately\\ndrew ahead of the Scrapis once more in the game of\\nseesaw they had been playing, and Jones, with a last des-\\nperate attempt to close, put his helm hard over, and this\\ntime the Richard paid off in front of and athwart the\\nhawse of the Scrapis.\\nThe jib-boom of the English ship caught in the miz-\\nzen rigging of the American. The wind upon the after\\nsail forced the stern of the Scrapis round broadside to\\nthe Richard, and they lay locked together the bow of\\none by the stern of the other, the starboard batteries of\\nboth in contact. Pearson had, unknown to Jones,\\ndropped his port bower anchor at the moment of contact\\nin an endeavor to drag clear of the Richard, which he\\ndetermined to knock to pieces at long range with his\\nheavy guns; but as Benjamin Franklin said in a word\\nor two which well describes the man, Paul Jones ever\\nloved close fighting, and he saw his opportunity and\\nrose to it then and there as the two ships fouled each\\nother, with his own hands he passed the lashing which\\nbound them together. He found time at this critical\\nmoment to reprove one of his officers for profanity.\\nDon t swear, Mr. Stacy, he said reprovingly to his\\nexcited subordinate, in another moment we may all be\\nin eternity, but let us do our duty.\\nFine language from a pirate, was it not?", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "48 American Fights and Fighters\\nAs the Serapis swung- in board, the starboard anchor\\nof the Richard canght in the mizzen chains of the for-\\nmer and the two ships were bound together in an\\nembrace which nothing but death and destruction could\\nsever. The EngHshman s ports on the starboard side\\nhad been closed, and he worked his batteries by firing\\nthrough them, thus blowing off the port lids. The ves-\\nsels were so close together that the rammers and\\nsponges of the great guns in one ship had to be extend-\\ned through the ports of the other they were so close in\\nfact, that, as they ground and chafed together in the\\nv^aves, the men on the lower decks were actually fight-\\ning a hand to hand conflict with great guns. But the\\nheavier fire of the Serapis was too strong for the endur-\\nance of the half-breed crew of the Richard. The guns\\nbelow were burst, silenced and dismounted, and from\\nthe mainmast aft the timbers were beaten in and out un-\\ntil both sides of the American ship were literally blown\\naway and disappeared, so that at last the Serapis actual-\\nly fired her batteries through the open air without meet-\\ning any obstruction to their shot. There was really\\nimminent danger that the upper decks aft on the RicJi-\\nard would collapse and sink down into the ruins below\\nwhy they did not was a mystery. Dale and a French\\ncolonel of infantry had toiled like heroes in the battery\\nto the last, but the carpenter now reported six feet of\\nwater in the hold and the ship making water fast, and\\nthe frightened master-at-arms at once released the pris-\\noners, crying that the ship was sinking, and the whole\\nassemblage rushed headlong to the main-deck, the car-\\npenter and other petty officers in the lead crying for\\nquarter.\\nThings had gone better above, however. The heavy\\nmass of men, including the riflemen in the tops of the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 49\\nRichard and the marines under De Chamillard, had\\nsimply swept the crowded decks of the Scrapis with a\\nsearching rain of bullets from their small arms since\\nthe moment of contact and before. Nearly every man\\nupon her, with the exception of the undaunted Pearson,\\nhad been driven below or disabled, the decks were cov-\\nered with dead and wounded, groaning and shrieking,\\nunheeded. Some bold, undaunted spirits on the Rich-\\nard had run along the interlacing yard-arms, and after\\na dizzy hand to hand conflict in mid-air, upon their pre-\\ncarious footholds, had driven the English from the tops\\nof the Scrapis, and gained possession, whence they\\npoured a bitter musketry fire down the hatchways.\\nWhen the ships had come together, the English made\\nan attempt to board. Jones seized a pike and, followed\\nby a few^ men, resolutely sprang to the point of attack,\\nwhence the British immediately retired. A like at-\\ntempt of the Americans also failed. As the prisoners\\nand crew came springing up from the useless guns and\\nthe decks below, several young American officers im-\\nplored Jones to strike. He was not the striking kind.\\nThe doctor ran from the cock-pit below, crying that\\nthe water was gaining so that it floated the wound-\\ned there, and they must surrender.\\nWhat, doctor, cried Jones, smiling, would you\\nhave me strike to a drop of water? Help me to get this\\ngun over.\\nThe doctor concluded that the cock-pit was a safer\\nplace than the quarter-deck and went below again to\\nhis ghastly station. The master-at-arms, not seeing\\nJones, now ran aft to lower the flag finding it had been\\nshot av/ay and was dragging in the water, he sprang on\\nthe rail repeating his cry for (juarter. Dale and a few\\ndetermined men were busy below with the pumps des-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "50 American Fights and Fighters\\nperately trying to keep the ship from sinking beneath\\ntheir feet. Jones first braining with the butt of his\\npistol the carpenter who was shrieking that the ship\\nwas sinking and also crying for quarter, with infinite\\npresence of mind and an address and resourcefulness\\nwhich alone would write his name among the great\\ncommanders if there was nothing else, succeeded with\\nthe assistance of the gallant Dale in quieting his\\nalarmed crew, and then compelling the confused prison-\\ners to go to the pumps on the plea that the English\\nship was sinking and their own would soon follow, if\\nnot kept afloat by their exertions. By this means he\\nrelieved a number of his own crew, and for the rest\\nof the battle the singular spectacle was presented of\\na vessel being kept afloat by the people of the very na-\\ntion against whom he fought, and whose heroic exer-\\ntions in the heart-breaking work of continuous pumping\\nthe hardest labor that falls to a sailor s life con-\\ntributed not a little to the final success of their captors.\\nIn a lull of the fire as they came together, Pearson,\\nprobably hearing the carpenter or others crying for\\nquarter, shouted\\nHave you struck?\\nTo him Jones returned that immortal answer up-\\non which Americans love to dwell\\nI have not yet begun to fight.\\nThink of it On a beaten ship, sinking beneath his\\nfeet, kept afloat by the exertions of bewildered prisoners\\nwho outnumbered his own wavering and slaughtered\\ncrew, any other man would have struck his colors\\nlong since, but Jones had not yet begun to fight\\nThings proved that he had not. The battle recom-\\nmenced at once, the English having their own- way\\nwith their big guns below decks, the Americans equally", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 51\\nsuccessful above. With his own hands, assisted by\\nsome others, the captain, who had ah-eady acted as sail\\ntrimmer, pikeman, and in nearly every other capacity\\nas well, dragged another nine pound gun across the\\ndeck with great difficulty, and concentrated the fire of\\nthe three small guns loaded with double-headed and\\ngrape shot upon the mainmast of the Scrapis. Dur-\\ning the contact both ships had caught fire repeatedly\\nfrom the burning gun-wads, or the flame of the close\\ndischarges, the Scrapis no less than twelve times and\\nthe Richard almost continuously. Dale now took\\ncharge below, and fought the fire as gallantly as he\\nhad fought the British.\\nAfter the two ships had first grappled, about eight\\no clock, the Alliance made her appearance on the scene.\\nLandais sailed slowly across the stern of the two com-\\nbatants, delivering a raking fire upon both from his\\nstarboard guns which had been heavily charged with\\ngrape. More men were killed and w^ounded on the\\nRichard by this discharg-e than on the Scrapis. Disre-\\ngarding the warning shouts and signals of the Richard,\\nthe Alliance then sailed away and repeated her per-\\nformances upon the two other ships. A few moments\\nbefore ten o clock, the battle between the Scrapis and\\nthe Richard having continued with the utmost fury\\nduring the intervening period, she again crossed\\nathwart the interlocked combatants. Once and again\\nher broadside did more damage to her consort than to\\nher enemy. That was her contribution to the fight.\\nA little before the last onslaught of the Alliance, by\\nTones orders, one of his seamen ran out on the main-\\nyard with a bucket of hand grenades which he delib-\\nerately proceeded to light and throw down the main\\nhatch of the Scrapis. A number of powder charges", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "52 American Fights and Fighters\\nliad been carelessly allowed to accumulate upon the\\nmain-deck by the too confident English, and a fearful\\nexplosion took place which killed and wounded over\\nforty of the crew. About the same time the battered\\nmainmast of the Englishman upon which Jones had\\nbeen persistently playing with his small guns, fell over\\nthe side, carrying with it the mizzen top-mast as well.\\nThat was the end. With his own hand Captain Pear-\\nson tore down the colors which had been nailed to the\\nmast by his orders, at half after ten o clock, and sur-\\nrendered his ship to his thrice beaten enemy.\\nDale, in spite of a severe wound which he had\\nreceived, but of which he was not yet conscious so great\\nwas the excitement of the battle, at once leaped upon\\nthe rail and followed by a party of boarders swung\\nhimself aboard the Scrapis. As they landed upon the\\ndeck of the English ship, one of her crew, not knowing\\nof the surrender, dangerously wounded Midshipman\\nMayrant, Dale s second, with a pike. From beneath\\ntheir feet still came the roar of the Scrapis guns, her\\ncrew ignoratit of the fact that she struck, had been\\ncheered to renewed exertions by an English shipmaster\\namong the prisoners on the Richard, who had escaped\\nfrom the pumps and made his way to the lower decks of\\nth^ Scrapis, revealing the desperate condition of their\\nantagonist and encouraging them to persevere when\\nsuccess would be both speedy and certain. So the Eng-\\nlish in spite of their captain fought on. However, as the\\nfire of the Richard was at once stopped when Pearson\\ntore down the colors, an English lieutenant came up\\non deck to see if she had struck. When he learned\\nfrom his commander that his own ship had surrendered\\nhe was astounded. He turned to go below intending\\nto notify the others, but Dale, fearing that he would", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "=Q", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 53\\nresume the combat, compelled him to follow his reluc-\\ntant captain to the deck of the Richard.\\nThere stood the indomitable Paul Jones in the midst\\nof the dead and dying, wounded himself, and covered\\nwith blood and the soil of the battle, the Richard sink-\\ning beneath him, flames from his burning ship mingling\\nwith the moonlight and throwing an vmcertain ghastly\\nillumination upon the scene of ineffable horror present-\\ned. Still locked in the deadly embrace of the Richard\\nlay the beaten Scrapis, her white decks covered with\\nthe mangled bodies of her crew, her lofty masts\\nbroken and wrecked, her rigging tangled in inextrica-\\nble confusion, flames breaking forth from her as well;\\nthe sullen English filing up from below and laying\\ndown their arms at the behest of their blood-covered,\\nbattle-stained conquerors, completed the picture. To\\nsuch a pass had the once stately ships been brought by\\nthe passions which had raged, nay, which still burned,\\nin the bosoms of the men who manned them. It was at\\nthis moment that Pearson, handing his sword to Jones,\\nis reported to have made the ungracious remark about\\nthe halter referred to. To him, with a magnanimity as\\nsweet to think on as was his valor, Jones replied\\nSir, you have fought like a hero; and I make no\\ndoubt your sovereign will reward you in the most am-\\nple manner.\\nHis words were prophetic, for Pearson, though he\\nhad lost his ship, was knighted for his gallant defense\\nand received pieces of plate, etc., for his efficient protec-\\ntion of his convoy. The Scarborough after a most\\ngallant defense had struck to the Pallas, and Captain\\nPiercy of the English ship was also substantially re-\\nwarded. When Jones heard of Pearson s advance\\nment, he characteristically made this remark", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "54 American Fights and Fighters\\nHe deserves it, and if he get another ship, and I\\nfall in with him, I ll make a duke of him.\\nThe English government put a price upon the head\\nof Paul Jones, dead or alive, of ten thousand pounds\\nan immense sum and certainly equivalent to one hun-\\ndred thousand dollars to-day. Considering his quality,\\nthey rated him cheaply after all.\\nWhat of the fate of the Serapis and the Richard and\\nher captain? It was impossible to save the American\\nship, though the most strenuous efforts were made to\\nthat end. On the twenty-fifth of September, therefore,\\nJones transferred his flag to the Serapis, upon which\\njury masts had been rigged, and at ten o clock in the\\nmorning, the brave old Richard, still flying the great\\nflag under which she had fought, sank bow foremost be-\\nneath the sea. Accounts of the casualties on the two\\nships differ, and are uncertain it would be safe to esti-\\nmate those on the Richard as within one hundred and\\nfifty killed and wounded and those on the Serapis as\\nAvithin two hundred. There never was a more bloody\\nand frightful battle fought on any sea. Its happy re-\\nsult for the Americans was unquestionably due to the\\nexertions of Jones and Dale. There is no battle on\\nrecord where the individual personality of one man so\\ncontributed to the result obtained as much as this.\\nThe little squadron now made its way to the Texel.\\nJones was compelled by the Dutch at the instigation\\nof the English either to accept a French commission\\nand set the French flag over the Serapis and the Scar-\\nhorough, or else give up his prizes. To his eternal\\nhonor he chose the latter alternative, and shifted his\\ncolors to the Alliance, deposing Landais who was\\nafterward dismissed the service. In spite of thir-\\nteen Dutch ships of the line in the harbor urging", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Paul Jones Greatest Battle 55\\nhim to get to sea at once, and the presence of a large\\nfleet of EngHsh ships in the offing intent upon his cap-\\nture when he did come out, Jones calmly refitted the\\nship, and choosing his own time, in the midst of a howl-\\ning gale on the night of the twenty-seventh of Decem-\\nber, put to sea in full view of the blockaders, boldly\\nmade his way through the narrow English Channel\\ncrowded with ships on the lookout for him, passed two\\nfleets of the enemy, and finally reached Corunna, in\\nSpain, and shortly after Groix, in France. From the\\nmoment he entered the Texel he had not ceased to fly\\nthe American flag, even in the face of the overwhelming\\nenemy from whom he was desperately trying to escape.\\nA most unusual incident this, but one which well illus-\\ntrates the character of the man.\\nCommodore Jones died in Paris in the year 1792.\\nHe was alone in his chamber at the time, and when\\nhis friends found him, he was lying face downward\\nupon his bed. The hand of the conqueror whom no\\nhuman power can resist had been laid upon him, and\\nfor the first time in his life the face of Paul Jones was\\nturned away from the enemy.\\nSince writing the above I have learned that John Paul assumed the\\nname of Jones out of regard for the family of the celebrated Willie Jones\\nof North Carolina, who, with his charming wife, greatly befriended the\\nyoung Scotsman in his days of adversity. The subject is treated at length\\nin my life of John Paul Jones.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "THE SARATOGA CAMPAIGN\\nI. The Defeat of the Detachments.\\nI. TICONDEROGA, HUBBARDTON.\\nOf all British officers who fought in the American Rev-\\nolution the name of the one who is regarded with the\\nmost consideration by the Americans is that of John\\nBurgoyne. The esteem in which he is still held takes\\nits rise from two circumstances; he was the finest\\ngentleman of the lot, and the most terribly unfortu-\\nnate of them all. His personality, from all accounts,\\nmust have been charming, and his kindness of heart\\nand loftiness of spirit is shown by many little anec-\\ndotes. As, for instance, when he was charged by\\nGates with licensing rapine and outrage on the part\\nof the Indians he was forced to employ by the or-\\nders of the home government, and whom he endeav-\\nored vainly to restrain, he replied indignantly, I\\nwould not be conscious of the acts which you presume\\nto impute to me for the whole continent of America,\\nthough the wealth of worlds was in its bowels, and a\\nparadise upon its surface. He was a pleasure loving,\\ncultivated, easy going gentleman, and in a small way a\\n56", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 57\\nman of letters beside. As a commander he was a con-\\nspicuous failure. Carlyle speaks somewhere of certain\\nEnglish armies being led by wooden poles wearing\\ncocked hats. Burgoyne was certainly a brilliant illus-\\ntration of the epigram.\\nThe best of all the haphazard plans, and the only\\none showing any real military insight, which were\\ndevised by the English during the American Revo-\\nlution, was that which resulted in Burgoyne s expedi-\\nton. There are some spots upon this earth s surface\\nwhich are naturally marked out for battle grounds,\\nlike the plains of Beth-Horon or the pass of Ther-\\nmopylae such a place was the valley of the Hudson. It\\nhad been the scene of numberless encounters, and had\\nbeen fought over by Indians, French, Provincials and\\nBritish again and again. The English government\\nsaw that the only way of separating the revolted colo-\\nnies into manageable units would be by possessing\\nthemselves of the line of the Hudson. If that could be\\nobtained and held they could deal with the colonies to\\nthe south and west at their leisure, or even with the\\nNew England colonies, as they wished.\\nThe idea was certainly a good one; the details of its\\nexecution as they were marked out by the ministry, as\\nwe shall see, were radically bad, and the expedition\\nwas doomed to disaster from the beginning. Of all\\nmilitary manoeuvers, that which necessitates the con-\\nverging on a given point, at a given time, of a number\\nof entirely independent units with no means of commu-\\nnication between them, is the most difficult to carry out.\\nThe difficulty increases when every unit is compelled\\nto fight its way to the junction point through deter-\\nmined resistance. In such cases a single defeat or\\ncheck may overthrow the whole plan. That was why", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "58 American Fights and Fighters\\nWashington failed at Germantown. The plan was for\\nGeneral Howe in New York to come up the Hudson\\nwith his force, while General Burgoyne came down.\\nAlbany was the place of meeting of the two main forces\\nand of several auxiliary expeditions. To begin with,\\nthe English minister, Lord George Germaine, pigeon-\\nholed the order for Howe to cooperate and forgot\\nabout it, while he was visiting at a country house, until\\nit was too late.\\nIn the spring of 1777 the British made their supreme\\nattempt to cut the confederated colonies in two. Bur-\\ngoyne, who had distinguished himself in a subordinate\\ncapacity in Portugal, w^as appointed to succeed Sir Guy\\nCarleton, whose previous attempt in the same direction\\nthe year before had been checked by Arnold s heroic\\nnaval battle off Valcour Island on Lake Champlain.\\nCarleton was, with the exception of Cornwallis, the best\\nsoldier the English sent over but Burgoyne was a man\\nof great influence and he displaced the older and better\\nsoldier. The government allowed Burgoyne every-\\nthing he wanted. They gave him an absolutely free\\nhand in fitting out the expedition if he failed, it would\\nbe no one s fault but his own.\\nThe force that he took with him consisted of nearly\\nten thousand men; four thousand English regulars,\\nthree thousand Germans, five hundred artillerists, a\\nlarge body of Canadians, and an indefinite number of\\nIndians. The troops were selected with especial care\\nand included one of the best regiments in the British\\narmy, Ackland s Grenadiers. The second in com-\\nmand was Major-General Eraser, a distinguished and\\nable soldier with a long and brilliant record Phillips,\\nthe chief of the artillery, was among the first in his pro-\\nfession Lord Balcarras, a dashing soldier, commanded", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 59\\nthe light infantry Baron Riedesel, an experienced and\\ncapable veteran, led by the German contingent, with\\nColonels Baum and Breyman among his subordinate\\ncommanders. The wives of many of the officers ac-\\ncompanied the expedition perhaps they thought it was\\ngoing to be a picnic on a large scale. On the first day\\nof July Burgoyne and his army reached the famous\\nfort at Ticonderoga. Meanwhile Howe, who, when\\nleft to his own discretion which is a figure of speech,\\nfor he had none was the most stupid and wooden\\nof all the cocked-hatted poles in command, had gone off\\non a little expedition of his own to capture Philadel-\\nphia, which was of no earthly use to him whatsoever.\\nThat he was urged thereto by General Charles Lee, as\\ngreat a traitor as Arnold subsequently became, does not\\nexcuse his blundering. He succeeded in effecting the\\ncapture after great delays, and two desperate battles\\nwith Washington at the Brandywine and Germantown,\\nin the latter of which he just barely escaped a disastrous\\ndefeat; alter which he went into winter quarters in\\nPhiladelphia and left Burgoyne to his own devices.\\nTruly an able and energetic commander.\\nGeneral St. Clair was in command of the extensive\\nworks at Ticonderoga, with an insufficient garrison of\\nabout three thousand men. He had proposed to defend\\nthe place to the very last, but the American engineers,\\nthough previously warned, had neglected to fortify Mt.\\nDefiance, a precipitous and rugged height, towering\\nsome six hundred feet above the water of the lake about\\na mile away from, and entirely commanding, the works.\\nThey had laughed at the possibility of mounting a bat-\\ntery there and were greatly surprised on the morning of\\nJuly fifth to find the place swarming with the red-\\ncoats who were busily mounting a heavy battery.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "6o American Fights and Fighters\\nPhillips and his engineers, with incredible difficulty, had\\neffected the apparent impossibility that General re-\\nmarking sapiently, Where a goat can go, a man may\\ngo; and where a man can go, he can haul up a gun.\\nThe battery, which would be in position the next day,\\nabsolutely commanded the fort and rendered it untena-\\nble, so there was nothing to do but to abandon the posi-\\ntion without loss of time, or to surrender the army.\\nIt was a terrible blow, not only on account of the\\nmunitions of war and the supplies which could not be\\ndestroyed, and which would naturally fall into the\\nhands of the enemy, but the holding of the position,\\non account of the romantic manner in which it had been\\ncaptured by Ethan Allen, was looked upon as a point\\nof honor. However, there was nothing for it but to\\nleave. When St. Clair was afterward reproached\\nfor abandoning the position, he replied pithily and\\nwisely, Yes, I lost a post, but saved a province.\\nHe was subsequently tried and acquitted for his action.\\nOn the following night of the fifth, therefore, the\\nwomen and the children and invalids were embarked\\nin two hundred boats and sent down the lake under\\nstrong guard toward Fort Edward and St. Clair,\\ncommitting the charge of the rear-guard to Colonels\\nSeth Warner (Ethan Allen s whilom associate),\\nFrancis and Hale, retreated toward Castleton in all\\nhaste, cjuietly spiking the guns and destroying the\\nstores as much as possible before leaving, without\\ngiving the alarm.\\nUnfortunately, however, and by the orders of General\\nde Fermoy, it is said, a house was set on fire by the re-\\ntreating soldiers and its brilliant illumination gave\\naway the whole affair. The British immediately oc-\\ncupied the fort and Eraser with nine hundred men", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 6i\\nstarted in hot pursuit. They came up with the rear-\\nguard the next morning at Hubbardton where a desper-\\nate encounter took place. The Americans, numbering\\nabout one thousand men, fought with the greatest\\nspirit, beating off the British several times, and, in fact,\\ncharging fiercely in return, drove back Fraser in confu-\\nsion, until the British were reinforced by Riedesel and\\nhis Hessians, when the Americans were forced to\\nwithdraw, leaving on the field about three hundred\\nkilled or wounded, including many officers. The brave\\nColonel Francis was killed while leading a charge\\nupon the enemy, Colonel Hale was captured and Col-\\nonel Warner, with the remnant of his regiment, retreat-\\ned eastward through Vermont. Though somewhat de-\\nlayed by this sharp action, the British pursued the\\nAmericans so closely that the fugitives burnt and aban-\\ndoned Fort Ann, and retreated with all speed south to\\nFort Edward, where St. Clair s men joined General\\nSchuyler s little force on the twelfth of July.\\nGeneral Schuyler, who was in chief command of the\\nsurrounding American department at that time, worked\\nin the most heroic and wise way to check the British\\nadvance, summoning the wilderness to his aid. The\\ninhabitants withdrew from the country entirely, all of\\nthe provisions and stock they could not take with them\\nthey destroyed; bridges were broken down, the rivers\\nand creeks choked up, and stalwart woodsmen felled\\nthe mighty trees in the forest paths and otherwise\\nblocked the roads, so that the British progress was\\nslow in the extreme. It took Burgoyne thirty days\\nto advance his army nearly twenty-four miles through\\nthe wilderness, though up to that time he states that he\\nhad built some forty bridges as a bridge builder he\\nwas an unrivaled success Every step of the road had", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "62 American Fights and Fighters\\nto be made anew, the Americans retiring in good order\\nbefore the slow British advance. The army, of course,\\ncarried its provisions and suppHcs and the men were\\nin heavy marching order which made progress through\\nthe thick woods extremely difficult. Burgoyne had\\nhoped to have lived off the country, but found it impos-\\nsible. The inhabitants did not rally to his standard to\\nany great extent, as he had been led to believe they\\nwould, and his position was rapidly becoming a difficult\\none. Finally he reached Skenesborough, where he rest-\\ned he and his were tired, and it was time they did so.\\nII. FORT STANWIX. ORISKANY.\\nMeanwhile another expedition had been organized,\\nwhich had started out at the same time as his own by\\nway of Lake Ontario, to make an attack upon Fort\\nStanwix, situated at the headwaters of the Mohawk\\nRiver where navigation ceased. It comprised about\\nseventeen hundred British regulars. Provincials, Sir\\nJohn Johnson s Tory contingent, and numbers of In-\\ndians, and was under command of Lieutenant-Colonel\\nSt. Leger. After they had captured the fort, they were\\nto swoop down the Mohawk Valley and, gathering\\nstores therefrom, were to join Howe and Burgoyne\\nat Albany. They landed at Oswego about the middle\\nof July and made their way to the fort without opposi-\\ntion, and immediately invested it on the third of\\nAugust. It was defended by Colonel Peter Gansevoort\\nwith about six hundred men. The stout old colonel re-\\nfused to surrender and, as the fort had been recently\\nstrengthened, St. Leger feared to assault and saw no\\nway to effect its capture except by a regular siege.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 63\\nSchuyler had called out the militia of Tryon County,\\nunder the command of General Nicholas Herkimer, a\\nveteran soldier in his sixtieth year, who resolved to re-\\nlieve the fort. His little army of some eight hundred\\nmen pursued their way up the Mohawk Valley unmo-\\nlested until, very early in the morning of the fifth of\\nAugust, while it was yet dark, they came near to the\\nOriskany Creek, ahout eight miles from Fort Stanwix.\\nAt that point the advance was halted and three messen-\\ngers were despatched to the fort with a request from\\nHerkimer that Gansevoort would fire three guns imme-\\ndiately upon their arrival and make a sortie to engage\\nthe enemy, when Herkimer would advance and endeav-\\nor to break through the besieging lines and gain the\\nfort, and thus it was hoped the siege would be raised.\\nThe men found it difficult to reach the fort the long\\nhours dragged away and no sound came to announce\\ntheir arrival the impatient militia under Herkimer\\nchafed bitterly at the delay, finally going so far as to re-\\nproach the general for not permitting them to go on.\\nHe was suspected, most unjustly, of Tory leanings, and\\nhis principal officers. Colonels Cox and Paris, did not\\nrefrain, in the stress of their excitement, from apprising\\nhim of their suspicions and charging him with cowar-\\ndice. The wise old man resisted their importunities\\nand disregarded their taunts until they became unbear-\\nable, when he reluctantly ordered an advance.\\nThe road, or way, led across a causeway of logs car-\\nried over a marsh in a narrow defile thickly wooded,\\nin which an ambush had been carefully prepared. St.\\nLeger, to intercept them, had despatched a large body\\nof Johnson s Greens under Major Watts, many of\\nthem neighbors and acquaintances of Herkimer s\\nmen. Between these antagonistic bodies, on account of", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "64 American Fights and Fighters\\ntheir differing political views, a. most acrid and bitter\\nfeeling had developed, so that they literally longed to\\nget at each other. This Tory regiment was accompan-\\nied by a large body of Mohawks under the famous\\nBrant, and under his direction the ambush was ar-\\nranged. The Americans marched carelessly into the\\ndefile about nine o clock in the morning and would\\nhave undoubtedly been massacred to a man, had it not\\nbeen that the impetuosity of the Indians, who fired pre-\\ncipitately, apprised them of their danger. They were\\nmet after a shot or two by a smashing volley. Herki-\\nmer s rear-guard immediately retreated incontinently,\\nbut the rest stood their ground stoutly and returned the\\nfire; old hands at this sort of a game, the men at once\\nsought cover behind trees and commenced in that nar-\\nrow valley a woodmen s battle, which for sanguinary\\nferocity and determined persistence was hardly paral-\\nleled on the continent.\\nTo their political differences they added personal\\nantagonisms of the bitterest kind, and as the conflict\\ngrew fiercer, the opposing bodies of sometime friends\\nand neighbors, and the ferocious Iroquois, drew near-\\ner to each other, until they fought during the long hot\\nmorning through the woods and marshes hand to hand.\\nA furious thunder-storm accompanied by vivid light-\\nning now broke over the horrid scene, and the rain\\nwhich began to fall in torrents rendered the firearms\\nuseless, but conflict was actually carried on with knives.\\nColonels Cox and Paris were both killed. The Ameri-\\ncans presently gained a more advantageous position on\\nhigher ground, and the Indians began to give way.\\nWatts with the Tories now made a desperate charge\\nwith the bayonet. The struggle became a confused\\nbloody conflict between men mad and raving with", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 65\\nthe Inst of battle, from which, after more than five hun-\\ndred had been killed or wounded, the Indians finally fled\\nand the Tories and the Americans alike sullenly and\\nbitterly withdrew from the field in complete exhaustion.\\nHerkimer was early disabled by a bullet which shat-\\ntered his knee and killed his horse. The noble old man\\nrefused to withdraw from the conflict and directed his\\naides to place him on his saddle with his back against\\na great tree. There, while smoking his pipe, he calmly\\ndirected the conflict. The passions of men had turned\\nthe pretty little valley into a hellish slaughter-pen, and\\nabout half of those engaged on both sides had been\\nkilled or wounded a terrible proportion, indeed So\\nbitter had been the strife that even the agonies of\\ndeath itself had not separated the fighters; men were\\nfound locked in each other s arms, a knife in each heart,\\nin a grasp, the tenacity of which bespoke their infernal\\npassion. Herkimer s advance was, of course, checked\\nhe did not succeed in reaching the fort, but the dread-\\nful slaughter he had inflicted greatly discouraged St.\\nLeger s men and correspondingly encouraged the gar-\\nrison.\\nIn the heat of the conflict Herkimer s messengers\\nreached Gansevoort, who had been wondering what\\nthe distant firing meant, and he immediately sent out\\nColonel Marinus Willett with two hundred and fifty\\npicked men, who fell upon St. Leger s camp and stam-\\npeded a portion of his force with great slaughter; they\\ncaptured five standards, and twenty wagon loads of\\nplunder, and returned to the fort in safety without los-\\ning a man The five captured flags were immediately\\nhoisted below an improvised American banner, the only\\none they possessed in the fort, which had been made out\\nof a white sheet, a blanket and a woman s petticoat", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "66 American Fights and Fighters\\nthis was the first time that an EngHsh flag had been\\nhoisted beneath the Stars and Stripes Fiske says, in\\nfact, this was the first American flag with its stars and\\nstripes that was ever hoisted. St. Leger, however, still\\npressed the siege vigorously and Colonel Willett final-\\nly volunteered to carry the news of their condition to\\nSchuyler. He succeeded in escaping through the lines,\\nafter some thrilling adventures, and Schuyler imme-\\ndiately despatched Arnold, the only one of his briga-\\ndiers who would volunteer, with twelve hundred men\\nto the rescue.\\nArnold had but a small force, but he was himself a\\nhost. In strategy he proved himself as wise as he was\\nin battle brave so he caused reports to be spread greatly\\nexaggerating the number of his forces and their near-\\nness to St. Leger. He actually succeeded in creating\\na panic among the troops of that disgusted soldier,\\nwhich caused the Indians to withdraw after first filling\\nthemselves with whisky and raiding his camp, so that\\nfinally the English were forced to raise the siege\\nand fly precipitately from their camp, leaving tents,\\nartillery, provisions, and everything for the Americans.\\nThis was August the twenty-second. During his\\nrapid retreat St. Leger s army disintegrated and noth-\\ning more was to be feared from them. They never\\nappeared on the scene again. Fort Stanwix was saved,\\nand the Mohawk Valley, from which the British had\\nexpected to gain large supplies, remained in possession\\nof the Americans. The heroic Herkimer died at his\\nown home a few days after the battle, mainly from\\nthe effects of unskilful surgery his end was that of a\\nphilosopher and a Christian. Fully conscious of it,\\nhe smoked his pipe and read his Bible to his assembled\\nfamily at the thirty-eighth Psalm until he expired.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 67\\nMay his name be held ever in grateful remembrance.\\nThis defeat was blow number two to the hapless Bur-\\ngoyne.\\nIII. BENNINGTON.\\nBlow number one was delivered on the sixteenth of\\nAugust. Burgoyne, in great straits for provisions, for-\\nage and horses, had learned that there was a large\\ndepot of supplies at Bennington, in Vermont. On the\\nthirteenth of August he despatched a force of five hun-\\ndred men, most of whom were dismounted Hessian\\ndragoons, under the command of Colonel Baum,to seize\\nthe supplies; one hundred Indians followed Baum s\\nforce. Major Skene, a royalist of the neighborhood,\\nalso accompanied the expedition. A skeleton organi-\\nzation for a regiment of royalists, which it was hoped\\nmight be raised among the people, was also sent along\\nthat regiment never amounted to more than that\\nskeleton, and even that was soon lost!\\nOn the news of Burgoyne s descent, the New Hamp-\\nshire militia had rallied under the command of\\nthat famous veteran of the old French and Indian\\nwar, John Stark. It was he who had held the rail\\nfence stuffed with straw at Bunker Hill. He had fought\\nin all the battles around Boston and New York. It\\nwas he who led the advance of Sullivan s column on the\\nfamous Christmas night at Trenton. He had been un-\\njustly treated by Congress in the matter of rank and\\nhad retired from the service, with the pithy remark\\nthat, an officer who could not protect his own rights\\ncould not be entrusted safely with those of his coun-\\ntry! He had accepted the command of the militia\\nwith great reluctance and expressly stipulated that he", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "68 American Fights and Fighters\\nshould be amenable only to the authorities of New\\nHampshire.\\nBy his orders the men assembled at Bennington,\\nwhere there was a large supply depot. They were a\\nrude and motley array there was not a uniform among\\nthem; many came in their hunting frocks, or in home-\\nspun shirts, but every man carried a bright, well-kept\\nrifle, which he knew how to use, and, in their way, they\\nmade up a very effective force. No loyalists joined\\nBaum, and appearances were so threatening that he\\nstopped near Bennington on the fifteenth of August and\\nentrenched on a little hillock near a creek during a\\nlong rainy day, and sent back a message for reinforce-\\nments. Before the battle the next day, August six-\\nteenth, in the early afternoon, Stark in his plain and\\nhomely way made a brief speech to his men, conclud-\\ning with these significant words, Now, my men,\\nthere are the red-coats Before night they must\\nbe ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow The\\nmorning had been consumed in preparing for the\\nbattle. Stark had sent parties of men through the\\nwoods in every direction, past the unconscious Ger-\\nmans, who, never having seen an army out of uniform,\\npaid but little attention to them, until he had assem-\\nbled a force of two hundred men on one side, three\\nhundred on another and two hundred on a third side\\nof Baum s little redoubt. It has been said that\\nBaum had surmised that these detached parties were\\nthe expected rank and file of that skeleton regiment.\\nHe was soon bitterly undeceived.\\nThe Americans were three times as great in numbers\\nas their antagonists, but every advantage was with the\\nGermans. They w^ere well-trained, disciplined sol-\\ndiery, in a commanding position of their own choosing,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 69\\nstrongly entrenched and provided with cannon. But in\\nspite of this the men who fought at Minden, under\\nthe famous Ferdinand of Brunswick, were no match\\nfor the Americans under Stark The Indians who had\\naccompanied Baum were wiser than he. They knew\\nwhat deadly foes these men in their hunting frocks\\ncould be, and they fled incontinently. Finally about\\ntwo o clock in the afternoon, all his dispositions having\\nbeen made satisfactorily, Stark moved across the shal-\\nlow stream and gave the signal to begin the battle.\\nThe enemy was entirely surrounded. The Germans\\nhad two field pieces which, at first well-served, did great\\nexecution, but the experienced American riflemen from\\ntheir various points of vantage picked off the men at\\nthe guns, sometimes creeping to within eight or ten\\npaces of the redoubt in order to do it effectually, until\\nthe space about the artillery became a regular death-\\ntrap. Stark was everywhere around the fort inspiring\\nhis men. Finally, after several hours of conflict, the\\nammunition of the Hessians began to diminish, and the\\nAmericans actually stormed the position Stark led\\none of the columns in person and fought with his\\nsword, hand to hand, with the rest. The Hessians met\\nthe charge with the bayonet and with the swords of the\\ndragoons, but nothing could stem the splendid advance\\nof the Americans. Baum was killed, many of his men\\nfell with him, and the rest threw down their arms and\\nwere captured. A militia army without bayonets had\\ncaptured a fortified position defended by artillery and\\ngarrisoned by veteran soldiers\\nAt this juncture Colonel Breyman, with six hundred\\nGerman and English troops whom Burgoyne had des-\\npatched to succor Baum s men, made his appearance\\non the scene, and immediately charged the disorganized", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "70 American Fights and Fighters\\nAmericans, who began to give ground before the on-\\nslaught of these fresh soldiers. At this critical mo-\\nment, Warner s men, whom we have seen gallantly\\nfighting at Hubbardton, led by the colonel in person,\\ncame running on the scene, not yet having been en-\\ngaged. By Stark s order they immediately charged\\nBreyman s troops. The other Americans rallied and\\nreturned to the conflict and in a short time Breyman\\nwas forced to retreat, which he did expeditiously and\\ndisastrously. He lost heavily in killed, wounded and\\ncaptured. Attended by only sixty or seventy soldiers,\\nhe finally succeeded in reaching the force which Bur-\\ngoyne in person had led out to succor him. In this\\naction over two hundred were killed or wounded some\\nseven hundred prisoners and one thousand stand of\\narms, nearly as many dragoon swords, and four guns,\\ntogether with many other equipments, fell into the pos-\\nsession of the victorious Americans, who lost only\\nabout sixty killed and wounded This was blow num-\\nber one, and the two strokes almost completed the\\nundoing of Burgoyne s hapless expedition.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE SARATOGA CAMPAIGN\\n11. The End of the Main Army\\nI. freeman s farm\\nThe position of Biirgoyne was now become desperate.\\nThe American militia came pouring in upon him from\\nall sides. The murder, by the Indians, of a beautiful\\nyoung girl, Jane MacCrea, betrothed to a lieutenant in\\nthe British camp, had aroused the most intense feeling\\namong the American farmers and animated by a burn-\\ning desire to revenge and punish this and other atroci-\\nties, they flocked to the American standards in great\\nand ever increasing numbers. Burgoyne was horrified\\nat the outrages perpetrated by his savage allies and did\\nwhat he could to prevent them, finally dismissing the\\nIndians altogether; but it was then too late, the mis-\\nchief had been done.\\nCongress on the first of August had removed the\\nbrave and able Philip Schuyler and replaced him with\\nthe weak and inefficient Horatio Gates It was a most\\nunjust change, and the subsequent victories of the\\nAmericans were due not to Gates, but to Schuyler s\\nwise measures and unflagging energy it was too bad\\n71", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "72 American Fights and Fighters\\nthat he should have been robbed of the glory after\\nhaving sustained the hardships, met the difficulties, and\\nlaid the plans, which brought success, for Burgoyne\\nwas practically beaten before Gates appeared. If Bur-\\ngoyne was a hoop-pole in a cocked hat. Gates was\\nscarcely more than a toothpick similarly clad Schuy-\\nler behaved like the hero, the patriot, the gentleman,\\nthat he was remaining with Gates and assisting and\\nadvising with him to the end of the campaign, though\\ntreated with scorn and contumely by the latter.\\nThe defeats of Baum and St. Leger had terribly\\ncrippled the British. Nothing whatever had been heard\\nfrom the expected movement of Sir William Howe\\nup the river. As we have seen, that gentleman had\\ngone on a wild-goose chase toward Philadelphia. La-\\nter on Sir Henry Clinton had moved up from New\\nYork, outgeneraling old Putnam in a rather clever\\ncampaign, and captured Forts Washington and Lee on\\nthe Hudson. After this brilliant exploit, his action\\nnot having effected the final issue in the slightest de-\\ngree, he had retired to New York again. Prudence\\nwould have dictated that Burgoyne should retreat at\\nonce to Canada if it were yet possible, but he was a\\nchivalrous gentleman and could not bear the idea of\\nwithdrawal, for the reason that it would permit the\\nlarge American army in front of him to attack Howe,\\nthen, as he supposed, coming up the river, and crush\\nhim! Besides, his main army had not yet done\\nany serious fighting, and in common with all the\\nBritish officers he despised the Americans and prob-\\nably counted on an easy victory when he attacked,\\nwhich might materially alter the situation. His ex-\\nperience at Bunker Hill ought to have taught him\\ndifferently. He therefore determined, against the ad-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 73\\nvice of some of his best officers, upon giving battle.\\nOn the thirteenth of September he crossed the Hud-\\nson on a bridge of rafts to the west side of the river,\\nwhere he strongly fortified a camp. On the nineteenth\\nof the same month he moved his army out to make the\\nlong expected attack, from which so much was hoped.\\nThe American position had been established on Be-\\nmis Heights. It was well-fortified, and the lines had\\nbeen laid out by the distinguished Polish volunteer,\\nThaddeus Kosciusko. Gates force amounted to about\\nfifteen thousand men, mostly militia and volunteers.\\nHis second in command was the famous Benedict Ar-\\nnold. Washington had sent him from the southern\\narmy and with him the famous corps of riflemen under\\nDaniel Morgan, as well as some other veterans of the\\nContinental line, whom he could ill spare, by the way,\\nas he was having his hands full at the Brandywine and\\nGermantown. Putnam also despatched some veterans\\nto Gates.\\nBurgoyne s plan of attack seems to have been to turn\\nthe left flank of the American position at the same\\ntime that he made a direct attack on the center and\\nright General Fraser had command of the right wing,\\nRiedesel and Phillips of the left, and he, himself, led\\nthe center. The movement commenced in the early\\nmorning. The x-^merican scouts and pickets, posted in\\nthe thick woods, caught the gleam of the rising sun re-\\nflected from hundreds of bayonets of the silently\\nadvancing army; here and there through vistas in the\\nforest might be seen little groups of red-coated men.\\nBy noon Burgoyne s plan had been entirely discovered.\\nArnold, who commanded the left wing, was not in-\\nclined like Gates to play a waiting game, and when he\\nfound that the latter was disposed to remain inside his", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "74 American Fights and Fighters\\nstrong entrenchments to await the attack, he protested\\nwith all the force of his impetuous nature. His repre-\\nsentations were so far successful that finally Gates gave\\nhim leave to take Morgan s and Dearborn s brigades\\nof Continentals, and move out to the attack.\\nIt was about three o clock when he fell upon the ad-\\nvance of the British center under Burgoyne himself at\\nFreeman s Farm. The conflict at once became sanguin-\\nary and desperate. Arnold had slightly the greater\\nforce at the point of contact, and the British center was\\ndriven back, fighting stoutly and contesting every foot\\nof the way. General Fraser on the right made all haste\\nto join the center, but Arnold, flushed with success,\\ndaringly thrust his men forward and interposed be-\\ntween Fraser s left and the British center, and Fra-\\nser had a desperate time to maintain his division\\nintact. The battle was now general Arnold was at-\\ntacking and driving the British center straight back;\\ncharge and countercharge were delivered, guns were\\ntaken and retaken, and the battle became a fierce hand\\nto hand struggle in the woods. Arnold was every-\\nwhere, in the thick of the fray, fighting like the com-\\nmonest soldier, and animating his men to more desper-\\nate exertions. Burgoyne, Fraser and the English\\ndid not spare themselves in the fight either, and\\nsoldiers and officers fought side by side. Part of\\nArnold s men were moving on the right flank of the\\nBritish center, and another part on the left flank of\\nFraser s right division, and the enemy s lines were fair-\\nly broken. The situation of the British army was pre-\\ncarious in the extreme. The bold tactics of Arnold had\\ncompletely disorganized and nullified Burgoyne s plan\\nof attack.\\nMeanwhile, during the long afternoon up on Bemis", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 75\\nHeights, Gates held eleven thousand impatient men in\\nreserve who did nothing at all. Arnold repeated-\\nly sent to him for reinforcements and declared that\\nwith two thousand more men he could have utterly\\nrouted the whole British army, which was probably\\ntrue. Gates paid no attention whatever to Arnold s\\nrequests, and as the shades of night drew on, Phillips\\nand Riedesel, in command of the left wing of the Brit-\\nish, who had intended to make the direct attack on the\\nentrenchments, gave over their purpose, and summoned\\nto his aid by urgent messengers from Burgoyne, hastily\\nturned away to the river, and by hard marching struck\\nthe right flank of Arnold s division. The preponder-\\nance of force was now the other way. The American\\nadvance was checked, the British line re-formed, and the\\nadvantage previously gained was lost. The battle still\\nraged, however, until nightfall, when Arnold sullenly\\nwithdrew his men in good order, leaving the British\\nin possession of the field whereon they had fought.\\nThey, therefore, claimed a victory; but inasmuch as\\ntheir attack on the American line had been foiled and\\ntheir advance checked, the victory if it may be so\\ncalled was a barren one, and the honors rested en-\\ntirely with Arnold. He had in action about three\\nthousand men as opposed, at the close of the fight, to\\nfour thousand five hundred of the British. About one-\\nfourth of the combatants were killed or wounded a\\ntremendously large proportion the British suffering\\nthe greater loss. The combat was known as the Battle\\nof Freeman s Farm.\\nThere was a wild scene of recrimination and re-\\nproach at headquarters that night between Gates and\\nArnold, and the former finally relieved the latter of his\\ncommand and sent him his passports to Philadelphia.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "76 American Fights and Fighters\\nArnold refused to go. In the despatches which Gates\\nsent to Congress announcing the victory, he basely\\nmade no mention of Arnold s name. The two armies\\nremained in camp until the seventh of October, keeping\\nup a constant skirmishing and picket firing, although\\nthe net was drawn more and more closely about Bur-\\ngoyne with every succeeding day. During this period\\nhe received word that Lincoln s men had recaptured\\nthe outworks of Ticonderoga, and the fort was be-\\nsieged. His boats on Lake George were taken and\\ndestroyed, his lines of communication cut, his base of\\nsupplies menaced. Henceforward no supplies of any\\nkind were received, and provisions became very scarce;\\nthe whole army was put on short allowance and the\\nhardships were very great.\\nII. STILLWATER\\nOn the seventh of October, in utter desperation, Bur-\\ngoyne resolved upon a final attempt to break through\\nthe ever-tightening circles drawn al^out him by the ene-\\nmy. He selected from his depleted force a picked col-\\numn of about fifteen hundred men, the very best in\\nthe army. He led it in person, and Fraser, Riedesel,\\nPhillips, Balcarras and Ackland accompanied him. A\\nstrong battery of artillery went with them. General\\nFraser, with five hundred chosen men, led the advance.\\nThe rest of the army remained under arms in camp,\\nready for any success or emergency. As he advanced\\ntoward the American line, his movement was discov-\\nered, and Morgan, with three thousand riflemen, at-\\ntacked him furiously on the right, while the New\\nEngland militia moved out upon his front.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 77\\nThe heroism of that Httle party of Enghsh soldiers\\nwas nothing less than marvelous such stubborn fight-\\ning as they made had not been witnessed on the conti-\\nnent and was not seen again for a long time they and\\ntheir leaders fully sustained the national reputation for\\nvalor. Fraser. on a big gray horse, was everywhere\\nin the conflict, animating his men, and contesting every\\npoint with the most determined courage and skill. The\\nBritish were slowly forced back by the overwhelm-\\ning Americans. Ackland s Grenadiers, one of the finest\\nregiments in the British army, began to give ground\\nunder the furious attacks of the riflemen. Ackland\\nhimself was desperately wounded and taken prisoner.\\nFraser succeeded, however, in re-forming his shattered\\nlines on the hills of Freeman s Farm, the scene of the\\nprevious battle; he was ably seconded by the other\\ncommanders who exposed themselves with the highest\\ndegree of personal gallantry.\\nThe story goes that Morgan, seeing the value of\\nFraser s services, called two of his most expert riflemen\\nand pointed to the unfortunate soldier, with the words,\\nThat is General Fraser. He is a brave man, I honor\\nhim, but for the success of our cause it is necessary\\nhe should die. The bullets began to fall thickly about\\nthe brave Englishman, and some of his staff officers\\nbegged him to retire. My duty forbids me to retire\\nfrom danger, my place is here, he replied, and immedi-\\nately after a rifle bullet struck him in the breast mor-\\ntally wounding him. No loss, not even that of Bur-\\ngoyne himself, could have been more serious. He was\\ncarried back to camp in a wheelbarrow, suffering\\ndreadfully.\\nArnold, who had been chafing bitterly at his en-\\nforced idleness on the Heights, watching the battle in", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "yS American Fights and Fighters\\nwhich he had no right to interfere, as he was without\\ncommand, and even had no status at all in the army, at\\nthis moment perceived that if the attack were pressed\\nhome, the most brilliant results might be expected.\\nWithout asking any one s permission, mounting his\\nhorse he galloped away to the scene of the conflict.\\nGates, fearful that his impetuosity might lead him to\\nundue lengths, sent a staff officer to call him back.\\nThe staff officer was not born who could catch Arnold\\nthat day. As he swept down along the American lines\\nthe men recognized him as their fighting leader, and\\nwith wild cheers followed him in a succession of des-\\nperate charges upon the shattered British column, which\\nbegan a precipitate retreat to the camp, hard-pressed by\\nthe Americans.\\nAs Arnold was the senior in rank on the field, his or-\\nders were obeyed everywhere without question. He\\ndespatched Morgan to attack the extreme right flank\\nof the British camp, and with those immediately about\\nhim, fell like a storm upon the lines where were sta-\\ntioned the light infantry under Balcarras. The men of\\nthat famous regiment stood up like a rock. Seeing the\\nattempt to break through was hopeless there, Arnold\\nmoved on to his left, falling upon the Canadian con-\\ntingent, routed them, crashed into Breyman s Hessians,\\nwho were assailed at the same moment by Morgan s\\nriflemen on the other flank, and who gave way at once.\\nArnold raged up and down the line in a fury of battle,\\na perfect incarnation of war. Well had it been for him\\nif he had died at that moment on that bloody field\\nThe slaughter among the British was dreadful. Brey-\\nman himself was killed, and the right flank of the\\nenemy s camp was in possession of the Americans.\\nAt this moment a ball from a rifle fired by a wounded", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 79\\nGerman, lying on the ground, strnck Arnold in the\\nleg, breaking both bones and killing his horse one\\nlikes to think that Arnold saved the life of the man who\\nshot him. Reinforcements from the other flank and\\nthe center of the British camp were now bronght up,\\nand the Americans finally retired, taking with them\\ntheir disabled leader, who at this moment was over-\\ntaken by the staff officer carrying Gates orders to re-\\nturn\\nThe gathering twilight stopped the progress of the\\nconflict, called the Battle of Stillwater. Had Gates\\nbeen a little more enterprising, he could have absolute-\\nly beaten the British to pieces on this day. It was the\\nsecond opportunity he had lost. Nothing was now left\\nfor Burgoyne but to retreat. He gathered up his army\\nskilfully enough, leaving his sick and wounded in\\ncamp, and precipitately moved back to Saratoga. The\\nAmerican army followed closely upon his heels. When\\nBurgoyne reached Saratoga he found a force of three\\nthousand men drawn up on the opposite side of the\\nriver, which would prevent his crossing.\\nFraser had died the morning after the battle. The\\njournal of the Baroness Riedesel who, with her three\\nlittle children endured the hardships of the campaign,\\ntells of the fortitude with which the gallant soldier bore\\nhis sufferings. He was buried, by his own request, on\\na high hill in the center of the camp, at six o clock on\\nthe evening of the day in which he died, Burgoyne\\ndelaying his retreat to carry out the last wishes of his\\nfriend. He was carried to his grave by the grenadiers\\nof Ackland s regiment in his division. Burgoyne and\\nhis principal officers stood about the grave while the\\nchaplain of the grenadiers, the Rev. Mr. Brudenell,\\ncalmly read the burial service. The cannon of the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "8o American Fights and Fighters\\nAmerican batteries, not realizing the nature of the\\nmovement, played upon the Httle group. Bullets struck\\nso near as to actually scatter the earth over the chap-\\nlain, who continued to read the Church service in his\\nusual calm and even way. Before the service was fin-\\nished the Americans discovered what the British were\\nabout and, in honor of the dead, minutes guns were\\nfired until the burial was over, when the business of\\nwar was resumed again.\\nLady Harriet Ackland, the wife of the commander of\\nthe grenadiers, who had devotedly followed the army\\nfrom Quebec and nursed her husband through an at-\\ntack of illness, and a wound received at Ticonderoga,\\nnow applied to General Burgoyne for a pass to the\\nAmerican lines to go to her husband who had been\\ncaptured, after being desperately wounded in the battle\\nof the day before. Accompanied by the plucky chap-\\nlain, Mr. Brudenell, in the dark, rainy night, they\\nrowed down the river to the American camp. Gates\\nreceived her with every courtesy and permitted her to\\nhave access to her gallant husband.\\nIII. SARATOGA AND THE SURRENDER\\nThe situation in the British camp was absolutely hope-\\nless their provisions were gone and there was no water.\\nThe American riflemen killed every man who attempted\\nto go to the river to get water, and it was not until a\\nwoman, the wife of a British soldier, volunteered and\\nmade the attempt, that they got even a scanty supply\\nthe American army would not fire upon a woman\\nThe American batteries raked the camp with their shot,\\nand the long rifles of Morgan s men searched out", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 8i\\nevery point there was no safety any place. The situa-\\ntion was now plainly unbearable. On the eighth of\\nOctober Burgoyne sent a flag of truce to Gates, asking\\nwhat terms would be accorded him. Burgoyne indig-\\nnantly refused the first demand that he surrender\\nunconditionally, and after further argument, on the\\nseventeenth of October the articles were signed which\\nwere called The Convention of Saratoga.\\nIn them Gates, on behalf of the United States, bound\\nhimself to the effect, that after the British army had\\nmarched out with the honors of war, they should pile\\ntheir arms at an appointed place and then be marched\\nto Boston, whence they would be sent back to England.\\nThe arrangements which were made by Gates, to give\\nhim his due, were marked with the most distinguished\\nconsideration. When Burgoyne, a tall, imposing man,\\nbrilliantly attired in the gorgeous scarlet and gold\\nuniform of the British army, approached the small,\\nunprepossessing American soldier, in his plain blue\\nfrock-coat, he handed him his sword and said The\\nfortune of war. General Gates, has made me your pris-\\noner. Gates immediately returned the sword with a\\nprofound bow and the gracious remark, I will be\\nready to testify that it was through no fault of your\\nExcellency. Gates had been a major in the British\\narmy in earlier days, where he had served with some\\ncredit. Notwithstanding the fact that he received the\\nsurrender and did it well enough, as a commander he\\nwas thoroughly incompetent. The credit of the vic-\\ntory belongs first to the enterprising and devoted pa-\\ntriotism of Schuyler, and secondly to the bold work of\\nArnold.\\nOne or two statements regarding matters under con-\\nsideration may be of interest. In the first place, the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "82 American Fights and Fighters\\nAmerican Congress deliberately and wilfully, and with-\\nout cause, broke faith with the English, and the articles\\nof the convention were never carried out. The cap-\\ntured army was taken from Boston to Virginia, where\\nthey were held as prisoners of war. Some of the offi-\\ncers were exchanged from time to time, but the army\\ndisintegrated and, as a body, never got back to England.\\nThe Baroness Riedesel and her three children, and the\\nother women also, were treated with the most delight-\\nful hospitality and courtesy by the Americans, whom\\nthey ever after held in grateful remembrance.\\nMajor Ackland, under the careful nursing of his de-\\nvoted wife, recovered, was exchanged and went back\\nto England. Some time later, while at a dinner party,\\nhe undertook to resent some remarks which were\\nmade in disparagement of the courage of the Ameri-\\ncans. A duel followed in which Ackland was killed.\\nLady Harriet lost her reason when she heard the news\\nand continued insane for the space of two years.\\nWould that the romantic chronicle might end here.\\nAlas! When she recovered she married again, this\\ntime the Rev. Mr. Brudenell, the intrepid chaplain\\nThus does romance veil its head before stern fact.\\nSome have ventured to suggest, however, that Lady\\nHarriet had not fully recovered her reason when\\nshe spoiled her charming story by that other marriage.\\nTalking with General Lew Wallace one day, he re-\\nlated the following anecdote. While minister of the\\nUnited States to Turkey, he was seated with some\\nEnglish friends looking over the Golden Horn. A\\nlittle boat flying the English flag crossed their field of\\nvision.\\nThere, said his friend, reflectively, is a flag\\nwhich has never been surrendered by a general at the\\nhead of an army on a field of battle to a foreign foe,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "The Saratoga Campaign 83\\nYou are mistaken, said Wallace, quietly, I recall\\ntwo instances.\\nWhat are they?\\nSaratoga and Yorktown\\nOh, said the Englishman, quickly, you are our\\npeople. They do not count.\\nBut they did count, nevertheless, very highly; for\\nSir Edv^^ard Creasy, the distinguished historian,\\nincludes Saratoga, with Marathon, Arbela, Tours,\\nBlenheim, Waterloo, and the others, among the fifteen\\ndecisive battles of the world Frederick the Great,\\ntrailed, experienced soldier and statesman that he was,\\nhad seen the importance and value of Trenton and\\nPrinceton. The most ignorant and the skeptical could\\nread the lesson of Saratoga. It wrote in large letters\\nthe prophecy of the ultimate success of the American\\ncause, brought about the open alliance with France,\\nand paved the way for Yorktown.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "GREENE S CAMPAIGN IN THE\\nCAROLINAS\\nI. The Beginning, The Cowpens and Guil-\\nford Court House\\nA CAMPAIGN which for brilHancy in conception and\\nsuccess in working out, may fairly challenge compari-\\nson with Washington s Trenton and Princeton cam-\\npaign, was that of General Nathaniel Greene in the\\nCarolinas. In some respects I would even award it\\nthe palm over Washington s more famous New Jersey\\nman(\u00c2\u00a3uvers. While the general conditions were not so\\ndesperate and the issues were not so great, in that fail-\\nure would not have terminated the Revolution, yet lo-\\ncally nothing could have been more difficult, nay, impos-\\nsible, than the problem which Greene was set to solve\\nand in the solving of which he demonstrated his right\\nto be considered after Washington and not far after\\nhim either the ablest tactician, the most brilliant strat-\\negist, and the greatest fighter of the Revolution. In-\\ndeed, we have come down to the Civil War to find his\\nequal, and even then the search must be made with\\nsome care. General Scott, for instance, who gained a\\n84", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 85\\nmuch greater reputation in the War of 181 2 and in the\\nMexican War, is not to be mentioned in the same breath\\nwith this Rhode Island blacksmith, either for ability\\nor achievement; he does not compare with this plain\\nman who so highly educated himself by his own unaid-\\ned efforts, that, for relaxation in the midst of desperate\\ncampaigns, he read the Latin poets in the original by the\\nlight of the camp fire, and annotated, for the use of the\\narmy, Vattel s famous treatise called Droit des Gens!\\nHe began his service at the breaking out of the war\\nand was never out of the harness until the end. He and\\nWashington were the only general officers present at\\nthe siege of Boston who remained in the amiy until the\\nBritish withdrew from the United States in 1783.\\nHe fought in every battle in which Washington com-\\nmanded, except one, until he went South, with ever\\nincreasing success and skill and although he had no\\nprevious military experience whatsoever, he developed\\nhimself, by observation, study and reflection, not only\\ninto the strategist which he naturally was, but into a\\nbrilliant tactician as well strategists are born, tacti-\\ncians largely made. His tactics on the field of battle\\nwere as great as was his strategy in his campaigns.\\nHe was a man of impetuous, dashing nature, yet he\\nschooled himself and so checked his natural impulses\\nthat he became the incarnation of caution. It is difficult\\nto find anything to blame in his military work from the\\nbeginning, and impossible in those years in which he\\nexercised independent command. His plans and his\\nmethods were moulded largely after those of Wash-\\nington himself. No man could be more wary, more\\nprompt, or more bold than he, when the exigency de-\\nmanded the one course or the other.\\nWhen the British under Sir Henry Clinton invaded", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "86 American Fights and Fighters\\nSouth Carolina in 1780 and finally succeeded in cap-\\nturing Charleston on the twelfth of May, thus elimi-\\nnating the army containing over two thousand\\nContinentals, by the way, which Lincoln had foolishly\\npermitted to be cooped up in Charleston from the\\ncampaign, in the absence of any other organized forces,\\nthey easily overran Georgia and particularly South\\nCarolina. In order to make secure their possession,\\nthey established a number of well-fortified posts on\\nevery hand, the more important being located at Cam-\\nden and Ninety-six, in North Carolina, and Augusta,\\nin Georgia. Lord Cornwallis, a very able man, was left\\nin command by Sir Henry Clinton, who went back to\\nNew York under the impression that the provinces\\nsouth of Virginia had been absolutely and finally won\\nback to the crown. Quite an unwarranted conclusion,\\nas we shall see.\\nAfter the capture of Charleston, Washington, though\\nhe could ill spare them himself, had detached a splendid\\ndivision of Continental troops under the Baron DeKalb,\\na most capable ofiicer, to stem, if possible, the tide of\\nthe British success in the South, and form a nucleus\\nupon which the militia of the invaded sections might\\nrally. In opposition to his wish. Congress had desig-\\nnated the incompetent Gates for the command of these\\nforces, his friends exj^ecting him to repeat what they\\nwere pleased to call the Burgoynade of his Saratoga\\ncampaign, in the South. In the words of Charles Lee,\\nHis Northern laurels changed to Southern willows,\\nand in the disastrous Battle of Camden he was utterly\\nand entirely defeated said defeat being due to his own\\nstupidity, carelessness and gross inefficiency as a com-\\nmander. The Baron De Kalb heroically fought with\\nhis veterans, whose courage and devotion somewhat", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "Q", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 87\\nredeemed the day, until he fell covered with sixteen\\nwounds and died a prisoner a short time after the bat-\\ntle was over. The larger part of his veteran division\\nwas absolutely annihilated, a smaller part cut its way\\nout of the British lines at the point of the bayonet and\\neffected a retreat. The generalship of Cornwallis had\\nbeen excellent and the conduct of his troops beyond\\nquestion. It seemed as if nothing whatever could re-\\ndeem the South from the British and that they had at\\nlast established themselves securely in one not unim-\\nportant portion of the revolted colonies.\\nAt this desperate juncture, Nathaniel Greene, Wash-\\nington s right arm, who had been originally chosen by\\nthat commander for the purpose, was sent to take com-\\nmand of the department, i.e., all south of and includ-\\ning the State of Delaware. Except territory he had but\\nlittle to command. Washington, however, generously\\ndetached the famous legion of Light Horse Harry\\nLee, composed of light infantry and cavalry from his\\narmy, and sent them with Greene. He also sent an-\\nother small squadron of horse a very efficient body\\ncommanded by Lieutenant-Colonel William A. Wash-\\nington, a kinsman of the great general and a man of the\\nsame school. The famous Daniel Morgan, who had\\nwithdrawn from the army on account of his ill-treat-\\nment in the matter of rank, by the blundering and in-\\ncompetent Congress, rejoined the army after the defeat\\nat Camden, nobly saying that an occasion of such\\npublic disaster was not the time in which to indulge\\nprivate griefs. Lieutenant-Colonel Otho Williams, an-\\nother distinguished soldier and cavalry leader, was also\\nattached to Greene s skeleton army, the nucleus of\\nwhich was the famous brigade of the old Maryland\\nline, which had escaped after Camden; two regiments", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "88 American Fights and Fighters\\nof troops, about six lumdred in number, which I think\\ndid more and better service than any other in the Revo-\\nlution there was also a remnant of the Delaware regi-\\nment, another good lot of men. In addition to this\\nnucleus of veterans, a very efficient auxiliary existed\\nin the Carolinas in the shape of partizan bands of ran-\\ngers, who were led by such men as Pinckney, Sumter\\nand Marion, than whom no more efficient leaders in\\nthe sort of warfare in which they excelled ever bestrode\\na horse, laid an ambush, or headed a charge. Gates\\nhad been inattentive to their services and had not\\nrecognized the possible value of these men. Greene\\nutilized them to the greatest possible extent, and their\\nbrilliant and daring manoeuvers, under his direction,\\ncontributed as much as anything else to the success\\nof his campaign.\\nVon Steuben, with a few Continentals and the Vir-\\nginia militia, was left in charge of the operations in\\nthe State of Virginia by Greene as he went South.\\nBefore he arrived in the South to supersede Gates, a\\nbody of one thousand men, mostly Tories, led by Col-\\nonel Patrick Ferguson, a very distinguished officer,\\nhad been utterly defeated in a hand to hand conflict in\\na strong position of their own choosing on King s\\nMountain, North Carolina, by an irregular assemblage\\nof backwoodsmen, who had assembled for the purpose\\nof wiping them out, and who dispersed as soon as\\nthey had done so. Ferguson was killed, with three\\nhundred of his men, and the remainder were made\\nprisoners; their arms and equipments being of great\\nvalue to the Americans indeed, during this campaign,\\nthe Americans lived off the country and armed off the\\nenemy! Inasmuch as this was the force which Corn-\\nwallis had intended to use as a flying column to keep", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 89\\nhimself in touch with the chain of posts he had estab-\\nhshed on the borders of the State, its loss was felt by\\nhim rather severely, though, of course, it was neither\\nvital nor irreparable, especially as he was soon rein-\\nforced by a large body of troops despatched from New\\nYork by Sir Henry Clinton. When Greene arrived\\nat Hillsboro, North Carolina, in December, 1780, he\\nfound about two thousand men had assembled. Corn-\\nwallis, with the main body of the British, numbering\\nabout three thousand men, was at Camden. Large de-\\ntachments garrisoned the posts at Ninety-six and Au-\\ngusta, and smaller ones were scattered about at various\\nforts in different parts of the State, such as Granby,\\nMotte, Watson and others.\\nThe British had carried things with a high hand in\\ntheir conquests and had actually attempted to force\\nthe inhabitants either to enter the British service or to\\nbe declared rebels. The policy was disastrous, as it\\nraised up for the British a host of enemies, for many of\\nthe otherwise peaceable inhabitants, if they had to\\nfight, naturally preferred to fight for, rather than\\nagainst, their own. Colonel Banastre Tarleton, a very\\ncapable and enterprising young man, who commanded\\nCornwallis cavalry, had made himself particularly ob-\\nnoxious by his method of carrying out his harsh orders\\nand, as the inhabitants of the country had divided\\nthemselves between the British and the Americans,\\nthey add^d the usual neighborhood animosities to the\\npolitical differences which separated them; and hang-\\ning, plundering and outraging in every way were evi-\\ndences of the hatreds engendered, as always, in the\\ninternecine conflict which was waged.\\nSince two complete American armies had been cap-\\ntured or destroyed by the British, Greene had the great-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "90 American Fights and Fighters\\nest difficulty in collecting more than two thousand men.\\nThe American force was not only smaller in number\\nbut it was not to be compared in quality to that of\\nCornwallis whose troops included some of the finest\\nof the British army as was shown by their fighting\\non every field on which they were engaged the chief\\nof which were two battalions of the famous House-\\nhold Guards. Cornwallis had no illusions whatever\\nregarding Greene. He is as dangerous as Washing-\\nton, he wrote to a friend. He knew his quality he had\\nfelt his attack and witnessed his tactics on many a hard\\nfought field in the Revolution. He remembered him\\nat Trenton^; he recalled how he had brought up his\\ndivision on the run for four miles, charging toward\\nthe sound of the cannon at Brandywine. He knew\\nthat Greene and his officers had been trained in the\\nschool of the great Washington for whom the earl\\nhad conceived the most profound respect and he re-\\nsolved to employ all the skill and address of which he\\nwas capable to defeat this new enemy, leaving nothing\\nundone to accomplish his purpose; so the two armies\\nfaced each other, neither, for the moment, daring to\\ntake the initiative. For Greene knew that Cornwallis\\nwas the ablest of the British commanders also, and he\\ncould not afford to take even ordinary chances. They\\nwere like two wary fencers who have just crossed\\nswords and are gently moving the blades up and down,\\nlooking for the necessary opening, neither being will-\\ning to disengage for fear of the other.\\nBut the pause could not be allowed to last long;\\nevery day strengthened the British hold on the South\\nand made his own task harder, so it was incumbent\\nupon Greene to do something. He could not attack\\nwith any possibility of success, and he had before him", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 91\\none supreme necessity, which was, that at whatever\\nhazard and under whatever circumstances, he must pre-\\nserve his army intact. So long as he had an army,\\neven a Httle one, the British were not safe in their posi-\\ntions but that last army once destroyed and dispersed,\\nthere was no further resource. After careful thought\\nhe came to a detemiination first despatching Marion\\nand Sumter to harry the flanks and communications\\nof the British and cut off the scattered detachments\\nand bodies of loyalist reinforcements in the rear of the\\nenemy which they did with thoroughness and preci-\\nsion and throwing Williams to skirmish in Cornwal-\\nlis face, he decided to divide his little army into two\\ngreat partizan bands. To do this was contrary to the\\nusual laws of strategy, but the conditions were peculiar\\nand anomalous, and subsequent events showed the wis-\\ndom of his action. He gave Daniel Morgan about nine\\nhundred men, including the Maryland Continentals,\\nWashington s cavalry and some North Carolina mili-\\ntia, and sent him off toward the British left, where he\\nthreatened in force Cornwallis rear. Greene, with\\nthe main body of eleven hundred men, hurried down to\\nthe South and began that series of perplexing and an-\\nnoying marchings and countermarchings in which he\\nbecame such a master playing a game of hide-and-seek\\nwith the English on a large scale and never getting\\ncaught.\\nCornwallis hesitated to move forward to attack\\nGreene lest he should have Morgan down upon his\\nrear. He also hesitated to turn and crush Morgan lest\\nhe should have Greene upon his rear also he could not\\nleave Camden unprotected on account of the large\\nquantity of stores and supplies there. His position\\nwas, therefore, a difficult one. He finally determined", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "92 American Fights and Fighters\\nto follow Greene s example and divide his force, so he\\ndespatched Tarleton with eleven hundred men to take\\ncare of Morgan, left a strong body under Leslie at\\nCamden, and moved out to attack Greene, when, or if,\\nhe could catch him. But the wary American had no\\nintention of being attacked, and manoeuvering his light\\nforce which was without baggage or tents, or even\\nshoes for that matter, such was their destitution with\\ngreat skill, he never permitted Cornwallis to force an\\naction. He was here to-day and there to-morrow,\\nnever remaining more than a night in one spot; it was\\nhumiliating and exasperating to be always on the run,\\nbut it succeeded admirably. Cornw allis and his men\\nwere kept fearfully busy, and accomplished nothing\\nexcept to weary themselves in body and spirit.\\nMeanwhile Tarleton had impetuously dashed away\\nafter Morgan. Morgan, a man of humble extraction,\\nthe son of a day-laborer, but of great native ability,\\nwas one of the striking figures of the Revolution. He\\nhad been a wagoner in Braddock s unfortunate expedi-\\ntion, had felt the British lash upon his back for striking\\na comrade he never forgot the feel of it, either, and\\npaid back every stroke a thousandfold had been\\ngiven a commission for distinguished gallantry in that\\nbattle, and so made his way upward. When the Revo-\\nlution broke out he led a splendid corps of backwoods\\nriflemen from the right bank of the Potomac to\\nWashington s army. He had participated in many\\ndesperate actions from Quebec to Saratoga and had\\nserved always with the greatest distinction and success.\\nMorgan had emulated Greene s tactics he was an old\\nbackwoodsman, and could do it to perfection until he\\nwas ready to give battle; and he led Tarleton a long,\\nperverse chase until he was almost worn out; then he", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 93\\nresolved to hazard an action at the Cowpens. It was a\\nsmall affair in point of the numhers engaged all the\\nbattles of the campaign were that but tactically it was\\nan unusually brilliant combat. Morgan selected as\\na place to light a slight acclivity behind which an un-\\nfordable river, the Broad, bent in a wide circle. The\\nground was open or but thinly wooded. There was\\nno possibility of retreat. He said that he wanted his\\nmilitia to feel that there was no method of getting\\naway, they would have to fight or die. If he had pos-\\nsessed any boats, no doubt, like Cortez, he would have\\nburned them. There were no marshes about into which\\nthe possible retreaters could plunge, there was no open\\ncountry through which they could break in wild panic\\nas they had done at Camden and elsewhere. The night\\nbefore the probable battle Morgan clearly explained\\nhis plan to his officers, and then walked up and down\\namong the men, stopping at the various camp fires, and\\nin plain, homely phrase talked over the matter with\\nthem, animating them with his own heroic purpose,\\nand promising them, with their assistance, that the old\\nwagoner would crack his whip over Tarleton, etc.\\nWord had been brought to Tarleton, through Mor-\\ngan s connivance, that the Americans proposed to wait\\nfor him, and at three o clock in the morning of January\\n17, 1 78 1, he put his men in motion to take them by sur-\\nprise. He was not early enough to catch the old hunter\\nnapping, however, for when he appeared upon the scene\\nMorgan had his force under arms and was ready\\nfor the attack. He had the militia drawn up in line\\nabout three hundred yards in front of the hill. Above\\nthem on the hill he had drawn up the Continental\\nline on the bank of the river and screened by the brow\\nof the hill from the observation of the enemy, was the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "94 American Fights and Fighters\\ncavalry under Washington in reserve. Morgan had\\nridden up and down the hue commanding and exhort-\\ning the mihtia to fire at least two well-aimed volleys,\\nwhen he would permit them to retreat, if the British\\nadvanced, around the left flank of the Continentals,\\nand re-form in safety back of the hill imploring them\\nfor the sake of their country and their homes to heed\\nhis words, deliver the two volleys and retire slowly\\nin good order, preserving their ranks. They promised\\nto do so. He also cautioned the Continentals that the\\nmilitia would retire and bade them withhold their fire\\nuntil the order was given, and he further admonished\\nWashington to be on the alert with his cavalry all the\\ntime, but to make no move until directed.\\nTarleton s men, who had been marching half the\\nnight over the muddy roads, were tired out, but their\\nrestless leader gave them no opportunity for rest. Just\\nas the sun rose he came in sight of the American camp\\nand immediately sounded the charge. The British\\nrushed through the woods and fell on the militia under\\nPickens, who, remarkable to state, stood up manfully\\nand delivered not only one or two, but several well-\\naimed volleys before they retired in good order around\\nthe left flank. The British had become somewhat dis-\\norganized in the attack, but they were led forward by\\nthe dashing Tarleton himself, with the utmost brav-\\nery, and their superior numbers permitted them to\\noverlap the right flank of the Continental line. Mor-\\ngan, to prevent this flank, refused his line, and to do\\nthat it became necessary for the Continentals there to\\nwithdraw a little. The British mistaking the movement,\\nwhich was successfully carried out under fire by the\\nMarylanders under John Eager Howard, for a retreat,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 95\\nrushed forward shouting victory. When Howard had\\nreached his proper position, he immediately turned\\nabout and dehvered a volley at close range, and rushed\\nforward with the bayonet.\\nAt this juncture, by Morgan s orders, Washington s\\ncavalry dashed around the hill and fell upon the Brit-\\nish right, the Continentals opposite the British center\\nadvancing at the same time. Meanwhile the militia,\\nelated by their successful resistance, had been re-\\nformed at the back of the hill by the heroic Pickens,\\nand came on the field on the dead run, circling around\\nthe left flank of the British just where they were being\\nseverely pressed by Howard. Old Morgan at once\\nordered a general advance and the British forces were\\nsurrounded. The Continentals broke their ranks with\\na deadly fire at thirty yards and rushed upon them in\\na stern bayonet charge. The greater part of the Brit-\\nish army threw down its arms and surrendered at once.\\nSix hundred prisoners were taken, and only about two\\nhundred and fifty escaped from the conflict, Tarleton\\nbeing among them. He only got away after a furious\\nhand to hand conflict with Washington in which he\\nwas wounded. The British lost about three hundred\\nin killed and wounded, two field pieces and one thou-\\nsand stand of arms, two colors, thirty-four wagons,\\none hundred horses and a large number of tents, all\\nvery useful indeed as the Americans were mainly\\nwithout them. The victory was complete and deci-\\nsive. The Americans had absolutely captured or killed\\nmore than their entire force engaged. The tactics\\nof Morgan had been crowned with the most bril-\\nliant success. He had so manoeuvered that with an\\ninferior force he had literally surrounded and captured", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "96 American Fights and Fighters\\na larger force opposing hijii, and he had actually made\\nhis militia fight His loss in killed and wounded only-\\namounted to seventy-three.\\nThe tidings reached Green and Cornwallis about the\\nsame time. Cornwallis immediately made for the\\nfords of the Catawba to intercept Morgan and his men.\\nDuring this period, however, and it was the only oc-\\ncasion during the campaign that he did not move with\\nhis accustomed celerity, he hesitated and appeared\\nundecided. Greene at once put the main body of his\\narmy in motion under the command of General Huger,\\nand told him to move north at all speed, collecting all\\nthe boats as he went, while he himself, attended by a\\nsingle officer and an orderly, rode at full speed one\\nhundred and fifty miles to join Morgan. By desperate\\nmarching Morgan, though he had the greater distance\\nto cover, succeeded in reaching the fords of the Cataw-\\nba, where Greene found him, and crossed with all his\\nprisoners and booty before Cornwallis arrived there.\\nThen the British commander at last waked up. Sum-\\nmoning all his detachments to his aid, he started on a\\nfurious pursuit of the Americans, led by Greene and\\nMorgan. There never was such desperate marching.\\nGreene gathered up the boats as he went, destroying\\nthose he could not use, and actually mounting the rest\\non wheels like wagons Cornwallis was close on the\\nheels of his enemy all the time and, in spite of the dis-\\nadvantages under which he labored, he almost caught\\nhim on several occasions. To accelerate his move-\\nments, the British commander burned all but the ab-\\nsolutely necessary baggage and followed hard the re-\\ntreating Americans. Leaving Morgan to push ahead.\\nGreene essayed to rouse the militia, but with little\\nsuccess, as Cornwallis was too quick for him and", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 97\\ntoo close on his heels to give them time to as-\\nsemble. We get a fine picture of the desperate straits\\nto which the Americans were reduced in effecting\\ntheir escape and the fierce energy of the pursuit, when\\nwe see Greene riding up late at night in a drenching\\nrain to the tavern at Salisbury on the night of February\\nfirst, after receiving the news that one detachment of\\nmilitia, upon which he had counted to dispute the pas-\\nsage of the Catawba, had been cut to pieces and its\\ncommander killed, and that Cornwallis had almost\\nreached Morgan. The tavern keeper expressed sur-\\nprise at seeing him alone.\\nYes, he said sadly, tired, hungry, alone and pen-\\nniless\\nBut it takes such conditions to develop some men\\nbest, and Greene, like Washington, was never so dan-\\ngerous as when he was pushed to the wall the British\\nwere to learn that presently. Cornwallis was unable\\nto prevent the junction of the two armies near Guil-\\nford Court House, but in spite of the fact that he was\\noutnumbered, he still persisted in the pursuit. Greene s\\nforethought and his traveling boats enabled him to\\nmake his escape, and Cornwallis was foiled at the\\nCatawba, the Yadkin and the Dan in quick succession.\\nFinally, when he had driven Greene into Virginia, as\\nhe was far away from his base of supplies, and as he\\nwas in great need of that baggage which he had burned\\nsome time since, he gave over the pursuit, saying that\\nhe had successfully forced the enemy out of the State,\\nwhich was perfectly true. This was the first act of the\\ndrama. Things looked dark for the Americans then.\\nThey did not intend to stay forced out, however, and\\nthe second act began when the indefatigable Greene\\nrecrossed the Dan and moved out on the heels of,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "98 American Fights and Fighters\\nthough at a safe distance from, CornwalHs, who began\\nto move slowly to the southward to reach his base of\\nsupplies again.\\nBy detachments of militia and a brigade of Virginia\\nContinentals, who were mostly raw troops, Greene s\\nforce was increased to something like four thousand\\nmen, and with it he resolved to give battle at Guilford\\nCourt House. Cornwallis was nothing loath to engage,\\nindeed, he was desperately anxious for a fight, by\\nwhich he trusted to retrieve his somewhat precarious\\nsituation. On the morning of March fifteenth, Greene\\ndrew up his men in three lines; the North Carolina\\nmilitia in the first, the Virginia militia in the second,\\nthe famous Marylanders in the third, which was placed\\non the top of a hill, and the Virginia Continentals in\\nreserve. I.ee s legion was on one flank of the first line,\\nWashington s cavalry and some Delaware riflemen on\\nthe other, and Singleton s two guns in the center.\\nCornwallis had about twenty-two hundred men, the\\nbest in the service. Their fighting that day was simply\\nmagnificent. He boldly attacked the first line early in\\nthe morning. Most of the battalions comprising it\\nfled without firing a shot, as usual. Singleton with-\\ndrew with his giins on the run. The legion and\\ncavalry and the riflemen retreated on the second line,\\nwhich stood firm and actually checked the British\\nadvance for a time, but the heroic Englishmen pressed\\nforward with the bayonet and finally succeeded in\\nbreaking the line. Detached parties engaged the rifle-\\nmen, the cavalry and the legion, and gradually drove\\nthem down the field, separating them in the center.\\nMeanwhile the main body of the British rushed for\\nthat part of the hill held by the Second Maryland this\\nregiment, not so good a one as the First, was broken by", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 99\\nthe furious British attack and the two guns belonging\\nto it were captured.\\nGreene immediately threw the First Maryland into\\nthe breach and they recaptured the guns by a dashing\\nbayonet charge which pierced the British center. At\\nthe same time Lee and Washington, who had succeed-\\ned in getting clear of their antagonists, fell simultane-\\nously on the British flanks. The British line was\\nbroken in the center and began to give ground slightly,\\nin the face of the furious American attack. To stay\\ntheir retreat, Cornwallis brought his artillery into ac-\\ntion and, in spite of the remonstrances of his officers,\\nfired at the approaching Americans through the lines\\nof his own troops, some of whom were killed by shot\\nfrom their own guns. It was a desperate measure, but\\nthe exigency of the situation warranted it. Cornwallis\\nnow put in his reserves and Tarleton s cavalry and the\\nadvance of the Americans was first checked and then\\nthey retreated back to the hill in disorder.\\nBy great exertions Cornwallis re-formed his lines\\nand, concentrating them, advanced his artillery, which\\ncontinued to play upon the broken Americans with\\ngreat effect. The Virginia Continentals had not yet\\nbeen actively engaged. It is possible that if Greene\\nhad thrown them in at this moment, he might have\\ncrushed Cornwallis and won the day. Whether or no\\nit could have been done is a grave problem. The Vir-\\nginians were green hands and the British were veterans\\nalready flushed with success. If the Virginians failed\\nin their attack, Greene s army would be ruined. His\\npersonal preference would have been to put in every\\nlast man and try out the issue to the bitter end, but the\\nloss of the army would mean the loss of everything,\\nand, bitterly against his inclination, as the British ad-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "loo American Fights and Fighters\\nvanced, he gave the order to retreat. It was a sad mo-\\nment for the young commander, but stern and inexora-\\nble necessity dictated his course. That retreat at the\\ncrisis of that still undecided battle was much more\\nheroic and evidenced more courage and generalship\\nthan anything else he could have done. The British\\nwere too badly shattered to pursue, and Greene with-\\ndrew to the northward in good order, taking his guns\\nwith him they had done well, but they had been\\ndefeated.\\nWe have to look along the pages of history for a\\nhundred years to find such fighting as the whole British\\narmy did on one side, and as the famous First Mary-\\nland did on the other, on that day, and we do not find\\nit until we come to old Thomas at Chickamauga. It\\nwas a glorious and splendid victory for Cornwallis\\nand his outnumbered army, but the winning of it cost\\nhim dear. He had lost in killed and wounded over six\\nhundred men, more than one-fourth of his total force\\nA few. more victories like that and we are undone,\\nsaid Fox, when he heard the news. The situation of\\nCornwallis was now more precarious than ever, in spite\\nof his triumph. He had almost expended his supply of\\nammunition, he was over two hundred miles away\\nfrom his base of supplies, Marion and Sumter were\\npressing heavily upon his flanks, Williams was skir-\\nmishing boldly in front, and he found himself actually\\ncompelled to retreat. But where should he go Tore-\\nturn to Charleston was intolerable. He finally deter-\\nmined upon niaking his way to the seaboard, whence\\nhe could communicate with headquarters and look for\\nassistance from the fleet. So on the third day after\\nthe battle, leaving his sick and wounded, he put his\\narmy in motion for Wilmington, North Carolina, leav-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign loi\\ning the command of the troops in South CaroHna to\\nLord Rawdon. The decision was really forced upon\\nhim; he did not dare to attempt the long march back\\nto South Carolina in his condition, and there is where\\nGreene displayed another touch of his splendid strat-\\negy. He surmised that Cornwallis could only go one\\nof two ways when he reached the seaboard, c, back\\nto Charleston, where he wanted him to be, or up to\\nVirginia, where he could be brought in contact with\\nthe terrible Washington. Therefore, instead of fol-\\nlowing Cornwallis, Greene at once gathered up his\\narmy and thrust himself boldly between the two British\\ncommanders leaving Cornwallis to pursue his way un-\\nhindered and unpursued, he at once turned south to\\nfall upon Rawdon. The American commander had\\nactually forced Cornwallis out of the field and elimi-\\nnated him and his army from future operations When\\nthe astonished earl found out that he was not being\\nfollowed, it was too late for him to retrace his steps,\\nand with, I imagine, a heavy heart, he made his way\\ninto Virginia. We shall see what became of him there\\nlater on.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "GREENE S CAMPAIGN IN THE\\nCAROLINAS\\n11. Hobkirk s Hill, Eutaw Springs and\\nTHE END\\nAfter carefully considering the situation, Greene de-\\ntermined upon his course of action. Pickens was\\ndirected, with his partizan band, to threaten the left\\nflank of the British lines at Ninety-six, Marion and\\nLee were to move upon the small posts on the right\\nflank between Camden and Charleston, Sumter was to\\noperate in the rear, while he, himself, with the four\\nContinental regiments two Maryland and two Vir-\\nginia and Washington s cavalry moved down to attack\\nthe center. The campaign was planned with the great-\\nest skill and care, and though the forces were inconsid-\\nerable Greene s whole command scarcely amounting\\nto fifteen hundred men the game was played as bril-\\nliantly and the results are as instructive to the student\\nof military matters as if the armies had been as great as\\nthat of Xerxes. On the sixth of April the march be-\\ngan. Marion and Lee at once struck for Fort Watson,\\nan irregular stockade which had been erected on an old\\nIndian mound which dominated the plain for several\\nmiles around. It was defended by one hundred and\\n102", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 103\\ntwenty soldiers, under Lieutenant McKay. Neither\\n.Marion nor McKay had any artillery, and rifle fire was\\nof course ineffective against the stockade. Marion\\ncut off the water supply, but McKay dug a well. The\\nfort had been amply provisioned, and the Americans\\nwere in a dilemma. Finally it occurred to one of the\\nofficers, a certain Colonel Maham, to build a wooden\\ntower high enough to command the fort it was an\\nundertaking as old as Caesar. The country was heavily\\nwooded and the stalwart men quickly acted upon the\\nidea. When day broke on April twenty-third the as-\\ntonished garrison saw that their position was com-\\nmanded by a high wooden tower which had been\\nerected during the night. Its top was covered with men\\nwho were protected by heavy planking from their fire,\\nand who picked them off at leisure. At its foot was a\\nbreastwork lined with riflemen a sortie to destroy the\\ntower was out of the question. There was nothing to do\\nbut surrender, and they accordingly hauled down their\\nflag. The success at Fort Watson was repeated by\\nMarion at Forts Motte and Granby. On the other side,\\nSumter took Orangeburg and various small posts, and\\ncleared the country. Pickens and his militia raided\\nthe country, destroying parties of royalists in every\\ndirection, and constantly hovered about Ninety-six.\\nTo anticipate a little, on the fifth of June, the post at\\nAugusta, after a most obstinate and desperate defense,\\nwas captured by Lee and his partizans.\\nThe British had now nothing left except Camden\\nand Ninety-six. Since the defeat of the previous year\\nthe post at Camden had been carefully fortified and\\nstrengthened, and when Greene moved down to it on\\nthe twenty-fifth of April, he found it too strong for\\nattack by his little force of about eleven hundred men,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "104 American Fights and Fighters\\nso he withdrew and took up a strong position on an\\nelevation called Hobkirk s Hill, a few miles north\\nof the town. Rawdon, who was in command of all the\\nBritish forces, at once determined to attack him. Early\\nin the morning of April twenty-fifth he moved out\\nwith his whole force, numbering a few more than nine\\nhundred men. Greene had drawn up his four regi-\\nments in line upon the hill, the two Virginia regiments\\non the right and the two Maryland on the left. The\\nNorth Carolina militia, small in numbers and poor in\\nquality in this instance, were placed in the rear of the\\nhill, Washington s squadron of cavalry was stationed\\nin reserve. What remained of the Delaware regiment\\nwas thrown out on the picket line.\\nThe British came on gallantly, led by Rawdon in\\nperson. As they struggled up the road and through\\nthe narrow clearing before the American position,\\nGreene determined, since he had the most men, to\\nflank them. He therefore swung the Virginia and\\nMaryland regiments on each end of his line in to-\\nward the British column, at the same time ordering\\na general advance. Washington meanwhile was di-\\nrected to sweep around the British left and attack\\ntheir rear. He did this with brilliant success, cap-\\nturing over two hundred men of Rawdon s little army,\\nincluding all the surgeons. The North Carolina\\nmilitia were also ordered to advance, which they did\\nreluctantly.\\nThe little battle on the side of the hill was joined\\nwith the utmost fury. The outnumbered British dis-\\nplayed their usual resolution and bravely advanced in\\nthe face of a furious discharge of grape from Greene s\\ntwo guns. The attack of the Americans, however,\\nwas proving too much for the British and they com-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 105\\nmenced to give ground, though still preserving good\\norder and battling furiously. At this juncture, Cap-\\ntain Beatty, leading the charge of the famous First\\nMaryland, was killed. His company of Continentals\\nhalted and under a bitter return charge led by the in-\\ntrepid Rawdon, they gave ground a little. The veteran\\ncommander of the regiment seems to have lost his head\\nat this moment, for he gave the order to fall back,\\nintending, as he said, to form a new line on the com-\\npany which had given ground but it is a bad thing\\nto order a regiment to fall back during a battle, and\\nthese famous veterans, who had shown their mettle on\\nnearly every field in the Revolution, and may be con-\\nsidered the very flower of the famous Continental line,\\nhastily broke and ran. Rawdon was quick to see his\\nadvantage and the attack was pressed more vigorous-\\nly than ever. The defection of the Marylanders, who\\nhad been to Greene what the Tenth Legion had been to\\nCaesar, was simply heart-breaking, and it occurred at\\nthe very moment when victory was within their grasp.\\nThe panic unsettled the other regiments, which had done\\nso well, and there was a moment of indecision all along\\nthe line another moment or two and the army would\\nhave been routed.\\nThe Americans were wavering and retiring and the\\nfight had reached their guns. Greene was in the very\\nthick of it, as was Rawdon, and both narrowly escaped\\nbeing killed. The efforts the two men made were pro-\\ndigious Greene to stand his ground and Rawdon to\\ncontinue his advance. The First Marylanders were\\nrallied by their officers and came on again, though,\\nof course, not with their usual spirit and success.\\nRawdon s attack, however, would have been suc-\\ncessful, had it not been for the arrival of Washington,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "io6 American Fights and Fighters\\nwho had learned of the disaster and had acted with\\nthe promptness of Greene himself; releasing his\\nprisoners, he brought up his cavalry on the gallop.\\nHis quick eye detected the critical nature of the\\nsituation, and he boldly charged through the scat-\\ntered ranks of his own army and fell like a thunder-\\nbolt upon the British about the guns. By the mad\\nimpetuosity of his charge, Rawdon s men were borne\\nback and driven down the hill. But a moment s respite\\nwas afforded by this rugged little band of heroic caval-\\nrymen, and as soon as the force of their dash was spent\\nRawdon re-formed the men. But that moment had been\\nenough for Greene. He had instantly taken advantage\\nof that diversion to withdraw his guns in good order\\nand effect a retreat! Rawdon hovered in his rear,\\nwhich was covered by the remnants of Washington s\\nintrepid cavalry, for a little while, but finally returned\\nto Camden.\\nThe loss on the American side was nineteen killed,\\none hundred and fifteen wounded and one hundred and\\nthirty-six missing, most of the latter being militia,\\nmaking a total of two hundred and seventy. The Brit-\\nish loss was thirty-eight killed and two hundred and\\ntwenty wounded and missing. The total number en-\\ngaged on both sides was about two thousand, making\\nthe total percentage of loss about twenty-five! As\\nusual, Greene had lost a battle but had won a campaign.\\nRawdon, finding his communications cut off in every\\ndirection, was forced to abandon Camden and retreat\\nupon Charleston. Greene was very much chagrined\\nover his lost battle, which he would have won but for\\nan unaccountable accident, but he philosophically made\\nthe best of the situation and resolutely girded up his", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 107\\nloins for another fight. To the French minister he\\nwrote at this time We fight, we get beat, rise and\\nfight again, and the state of his mind is indicated by\\nhis orders for the day after the battle. The parole he\\ngave was Perseverance, and the countersign, Forti-\\ntude. There was something very fine in the grim\\ntenacity and persistence of this devoted soldier.\\nGreene at once moved forward and. laid siege to the\\nlast British post in the interior at Ninety-six. It was\\nthe strongest of the British fortifications and the most\\nheavily garrisoned. The commanding officer was Col-\\nonel Cruger, of the famous New York regiment of loy-\\nalists. He skilfully and bravely defended his post.\\nOn the twenty-second of May, Greene and Kosciusko,\\nthe Polish engineer, made a careful reconnoissance of\\nthe position. The works were so strong that the Amer-\\nican despaired of effecting their capture with his small\\nforce, yet he determined to attempt it. The operations\\ncarried on were those of a regular siege, approaches be-\\ning made by parallels, and the first parallel was broken\\nat about seventy yards from the fort on a dark, rainy\\nnight. It was too near the works and, by a brilliant\\nsally, which was a complete success, Cruger broke\\nup the intrenching party, captured their tools, de-\\nstroyed the parallel, and returned without loss to his\\nentrenchments. The next parallel was opened at four\\nhundred yards a proper distance and the work was\\nthenceforward carried on vigorously and successful-\\nly, though interrupted by frequent bold sorties from\\nthe fort. A mine was begun at the end of the first\\nparallel, guns were mounted on the second, and the\\ncannonading began. Cruger was summoned to surren-\\nder on the third of June, and indignantly refused,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "io8 American Fights and Fighters\\nwhereupon the third parallel was opened close to the\\nworks. To facilitate their operations, the besiegers\\nmade use of the Maham tower, which they found so\\neffective at Fort Watson and elsewhere.\\nMeanwhile reinforcements had arrived at Charleston\\nfor Rawdon, and he at once advanced to relieve Nine-\\nty-six. Lee had come in from the successful siege of\\nAugusta, which had raised the number of Greene s\\nforce somewhat, though the other reinforcements,\\nwhich were to be sent to him from Virginia, had been\\nretained to defend that state against Cornwallis s in-\\ncursion. On the twelfth of June a man from Rawdon\\nsucceeded in reaching Cruger with the advice that the\\nBritish commander had passed Orangeburg and was\\nmarching hard to raise the siege. But little time was\\nleft for the Americans, and as Greene could not bear to\\nabandon the siege without making a final effort to\\ncapture the post, he decided to attempt to storm the\\nworks. The assault was delivered with the greatest\\ngallantry and was partially successful, as the attacking\\nforces succeeded in establishing themselves in one of\\nthe bastions. It was quite possible, if Greene had put\\nin every man he possessed, to have made good his foot-\\ning and captured the fort. It was equally possible that\\nhe might do so and still get no further than he had. It\\nwas the old cjuestion that presented itself to him at\\nGuilford Court House, and he wisely chose to give up\\na possible success in the face of a possible lost army,\\nso he reluctantly abandoned the siege. The defense\\nof Cruger had been magnificent. The American loss\\nhad been one hundred and forty-seven; that of the\\nBritish, eighty-eight.\\nRawdon arrived on the twenty-first of June with\\nabout twenty-five hundred men. He immediately left", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 109\\nin pursuit of Greene, but the wily American was not to\\nbe caught by him any more than by Cornwalhs. The\\ntwo armies never came in contact, though Rawdon s\\nadvance did some heavy skirmishing with Lee and\\nWashington. Greene estabhshed himself on Rawdon s\\nflanks, changing his camp daily, until the enemy gave\\nup the futile pursuit indisgust. Abandoning Ninety-six,\\nhis last stronghold in the interior, which was untenable\\nnow that the other British posts had been captured. Raw-\\ndon retreated once more to Charleston. Again Greene\\nhad been defeated, but had won a campaign! As soon\\nas Rawdon faced toward the sea, Greene was on his\\nheels again with the partizan cavalry hovering about\\nhis flanks. No man was ever better served by his\\nscouts than Greene, and did Rawdon stop his march and\\nface about, the wary American at once withdrew from\\nhis vicinity. It was impossible to bring him to battle or\\nto force him at bay, so the superior and victorious army\\ncontinued its dogged march to the seaboard, pursued\\nand aggravated and goaded on by the inferior and de-\\nfeated force. They might defeat Greene, but they could\\nnot disarrange his plans or break his spirit and his men\\nseem to have entered into the feelings and aspirations\\nof their leader.\\nIt has not been mentioned before, but in this whole\\ncampaign, from beginning to end, Greene never had\\nanything that was necessary to make an efficient army.\\nHis men were deficient in everything. He had no\\nmoney, no tents, no provisions, no supply-train, but\\nlittle ammunition, and arms which were mainly cap-\\ntured from their enemy; the men were barefoot, ragged,\\nhungry, tired, sick and wounded but they were men\\nAnd they showed it in the whole campaign. On the\\ntenth of July Sumter and Marion joined Greene with", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "no American Fights and Fighters\\nabout one thousand state troops and militia, bringing\\nup his total force to about two thousand men. He at\\nonce determined to give battle again, and moved closer\\nto the retreating Rawdon, who had by this time reached\\nOrangeburg. Greene occupied a strong position in\\nfront of Rawdon, expecting that the British commander\\nwould come out and attack him. Rawdon, however,\\ndeclined to do so, his experience at Hobkirk s Hill\\nhad been sufficient to discourage him; and finding the\\nBritish position too strong to be carried, Greene with-\\ndrew to the high hills of the Santee to give his tatter-\\ndemalion heroes an opportunity to recuperate during\\nthe hot months of the summer, while the partizan\\nbands continued their adventurous raids with much\\nsuccess in the vicinity of Charleston.\\nRawdon, sick and worn out with his arduous cam-\\npaigning, started to New York on leave of absence,\\nturning over the command to Colonel Stewart. The\\nvessel in which Rawdon sailed had the ill-luck to be\\ncaptured by De Grasse, and the unfortunate comman-\\nder had the privilege of sharing the fate which soon\\nafter befell his old leader and chief, Cornwallis. On\\nthe twenty-third of August the indomitable American\\ncommander broke camp and moved for Stewart s right\\nflank in the hope of interposing himself between that\\ncommander and Charleston. On account of the lack\\nof river transportation, a circuitous march was neces-\\nsitated which led him through Camden. As soon as\\nStewart heard that Greene was on the move, he began a\\nretreat toward Charleston, and finally established him-\\nself in a strong position at a place called Eutaw\\nSprings. Greene, sending all his heavy baggage to the\\nrear, at once moved forward in pursuit. On the eighth\\nof September the two armies were almost in touch.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 1 1 1\\nGreene formed his little force of about twenty-three\\nhundred men, one half of whom were Continentals\\nand the rest militia, in two columns, the North and\\nSouth Carolina militia in one column, the Continentals\\nfrom North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland in the\\nother, and advanced early in the morning as usual, to\\nmake the attack this time he determined to begin the\\nbattle instead of waiting the British attack as hereto-\\nfore. Lee was stationed on the right flank, Henderson,\\nwith some South Carolina cavalry, on the left, Wash-\\nington and the remnants of the Delaware battalion in\\nthe rear. Two three-pound guns went with the first\\ncolumn and two six-pound guns with the second.\\nStewart s force amounted to about twenty-five hundred\\nmen or about the same number as Greene had and\\ncomprised the sixty-third and sixty-fifth regiments, a\\nbattalion of grenadiers, Cruger s loyal New Yorkers,\\nand the third regiment from Ireland, known as the\\nBuffs. They were encamped in a little clearing in\\nthe midst of thick woods.\\nGreene stole up to them without being observed.\\nTwo deserters apprised Stewart of Greene s proximity,\\nbut he did not credit their story. Nevertheless, early\\nin the morning a small detachment of cavalry was sent\\nout to cover the rooting parties, who were accus-\\ntomed to dig for sweet potatoes for the various regi-\\nments every morning. This cavalry picket, under\\nCaptain Coffin, met the advance guard of the Ameri-\\ncans at eight o clock in the morning about four\\nmiles from Eutaw Springs. Thinking that he had to\\ndo with militia as usual. Coffin charged, but retreated\\nimmediately, leaving forty prisoners in the hands of the\\nAmericans and a large number of dead and wounded\\non the field. The unarmed potato pickers, hearing the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "112 American Fights and Fighters\\nfire, came out on the road and were all captured it\\nwas an auspicious opening of the day. The rattle of\\nthe small arms in the woods at once apprised Stewart\\nthat something serious was about to happen, and he\\ndrew up his force under the trees across the road lead-\\ning through the forest, his three pieces of artillery\\ncommanding the road. A battalion of light infantry\\nprotected the right flank, the British reserve being sta-\\ntioned on the left. Greene deployed his two columns\\ninto line as quickly as the thickly wooded ground\\nwould permit, and sent the artillery on ahead to open\\nthe battle. He moved his forces forward slowly until\\nhe came upon the enemy s lines.\\nThe militia, who formed the first line, under Pickens\\nand Marion fought with the greatest determination,\\nholding their ground for a long time, but they were\\nfinally forced back in the center. The North Carolina\\nContinentals were then ordered forward to reinforce\\nthe first line, which again renewed the battle and\\ngained some ground, though it was afterward slowly\\ndriven back again. Greene then despatched Wash-\\nington and his cavalry against the British right, under\\nMajor Marjoribanks, and Lee, with the light infantry\\nand the cavalry of the legion, against the British left.\\nAt the same time, Colonels Williams and Camp-\\nbell, wath the Virginia and Maryland Continentals,\\nwere sent forward to the first line and were in-\\nstructed not to fire but to make free use of the bayonet,\\nGreene himself leading the charge. Their determined\\nassault was bravely met all along the line. Meanwhile\\nWashington was unsuccessful on the left Marjoribanks\\nput up a desperate defense, and the thick woods did not\\nallow the cavalry to be used to advantage. Washing-\\nton s horse was shot under him, he was thrust through", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 1 13\\nwith a bayonet, and would have been kihed had it not\\nbeen for a British officer who took him prisoner. All his\\nofficers but two were killed or wounded, and he lost\\nover one half of his men. The remnant of his force\\nwas driven back and their retreat was covered by Col-\\nonel Wade Hampton and some South Carolina parti-\\nzans. In the center, however, things had gone better.\\nThe men came to close quarters and crossed bayonets.\\nColonel Campbell was killed, Colonels Henderson and\\nHoward likewise, and many others wounded. The\\nstruggle was maintained with the utmost fury and\\nwithout advantage on either side, the lines swaying\\nback and forth like gigantic wrestlers, until Lee, who\\nhad succeeded in breaking the British left, turned and\\ntook the British line in reverse. As the light horse\\ncame sweeping down on the flank, the British gave way\\nin every direction. Two of the three guns were cap-\\ntured, three hundred prisoners were taken, and finally\\nthe whole line broke and fled for life, hotly pursued by\\nthe triumphant Continentals on the dead run.\\nThe British forces rushed pell-mell through the\\nwoods until they reached the clearing, where Stewart\\nfinally succeeded in rallying them some distance in the\\nrear of the camp. Cruger and Sheridan and the New\\nYorkers threw themselves in a stout brick house on the\\nedge of a garden surrounded by a high fence. Mar-\\njoribanks and his men took possession of the fence\\nand poured in a heavy fire. The British and Lee s\\nmen had reached the house at the same time there was\\na furious struggle for its possession, but the British\\nfinally secured it, and by the most heroic exertions,\\nStewart got his line re-formed. From the upper win-\\ndows of the house the New Yorkers poured a hot fire\\non the Continentals. Unfortunately, the American", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "1 14 American Fights and Fighters\\nadvance had led straight through the British camp,\\nwhich was filled with good things to eat, as breakfast\\nwas being prepared when the fight began. The men\\nwould have resisted the temptation which lay in ordi-\\nnary plunder, but they were actually hungry. They\\nfell into great disorder in the presence of the first sub-\\nstantial breakfast they had seen for perhaps six months\\nThe British seeing the state of affairs made a deter-\\nmined advance. It was met with varying success; in\\nsome parts of the line they took prisoners and drove\\nthe Americans back, in other parts they were repulsed.\\nThe balance of the advantage, however, was with them,\\nand in the confusion, in which the Americans had been\\nled by their appetites, Greene determined to withdraw\\nanother bitter resolution but, as usual, a wise one.\\nIt was now nearly noon, the battle having lasted about\\nfour hours. Greene fell back to his camp of the morn-\\ning and Stewart, of course, attempted no pursuit. On\\nthe next day the P2nglishman destroyed his baggage\\nand supplies and leaving his sick and wounded and one\\nthousand stand of arms, he began a hasty retreat to-\\nward Charleston.\\nThis may be counted, fairly enough, a victory for\\nGreene, though the British have always claimed it as a\\ndrawn battle. Greene reported to Washington that it\\nwas the most bloody battle and obstinate fight he ever\\nsaw. The American loss was five hundred and twenty-\\ntwo, one fourth of their entire strength, the loss of the\\nofficers being unusually severe. The British loss, ac-\\ncording to their own figures, was seven hundred, but\\nthe number of prisoners which Greene carried off the\\nfield of battle brought the British loss up to at least\\nnine hundred, which made it almost forty per cent, of\\nthe number engaged Thereafter the British withdrew", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "Oh", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Greene s Carolina Campaign 115\\nwithin the walls of Charleston and there they stayed,\\nand there was no more war in the Carolinas.\\nFor about eight months Greene had been in the\\nfield. His force had fought four pitched battles, one of\\nwhich, the Cowpens, had been an overwhelming victory,\\ntwo others, Guilford Court House and Hobkirk s\\nHill, defeats, and the last one, Eutaw Springs, a sub-\\nstantial victory. He had won from an enemy, who\\nalways overmatched him in their total numbers, three\\nprovinces. He had carried on one determined siege\\nNinety-six himself, and through his lieutenants had\\ncaptured every other fortified post in his department.\\nHe had so manoeuvered as to always have the greater\\nforce with the exception of the action at the Cow-\\npens at the point of attack, although the total number\\nof his command was always greatly inferior to the total\\nof the British. He had forced Cornwallis and his\\ntroops out of the field, had out-manoeuvered Raw-\\ndon, had beaten Stewart, and had captured every posi-\\ntion for which he had made an attempt. He had been\\npursued with the most determined persistence by all\\nthe British commanders in turn, and had outwitted\\nthem all, marching over a thousand miles at the\\nhead of his men. He had done this with an army\\nwhich at no time consisted of more than one thou-\\nsand regular soldiers; he had made the best possible\\nuse of the irregulars, the militia, and the partizan\\nbands of Marion and Sumter, and had preserved\\npeace and harmony between those dashing soldiers,\\nunaccustomed to brook restraint from any one. He\\nhad done this without a military treasure chest,\\nwithout supplies almost without assistance from any\\none single-handed and alone. All this constitutes a\\nmilitary achievement almost unparalleled.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "ii6 American Fights and Fighters\\nThere was no more fighting, for six weeks after the\\nbattle of Etitaw Springs Cornwallis surrendered, and\\none year afterward Charleston was evacuated. At\\nthe head of his ragged veterans, on December 14, 1782,\\nthe gallant Rhode Islander entered the city. The grate-\\nful people, crowding the streets in the sunshine of that\\nwinter morning, rained flowers and blessings upon the\\ngreat soldier, who had so brilliantly fought their battles.\\nThe legislatures of the various States gave him large\\ngrants of land and some gifts of money, most of which\\nwent to redeem the personal pledges he had made from\\ntime to time, of his personal credit, to get bread and\\npowder for his devoted men. Four years after the war\\nlie died of sunstroke in that South land for which he\\nhad warred and in which he had chosen to make his\\nhome. These are the words regarding him, written\\nby one of his friends, his comrade Mad Anthony\\nWayne.\\nMy dear friend. General Greene, is no more. He\\nwas great as a soldier, greater as a citizen, immaculate as\\na friend. Pardon this scrawl, my feelings are too much\\naffected, because I have seen a great and good man\\ndie. In the long roll of men who made possible that\\nglorious liberty which we now enjoy, by their sacri-\\nfices and struggles and their heroic devotion in the hard\\ndays of the Revolution, no name, save Washington,\\nshould stand higher than that of the great and heroic\\nsoldier to whom the South owes her independence.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "STORM AND SURPRISE\\nI. TICONDEROGA\\nUp to the date of the Civil War there was more fight-\\ning around the point which Lotbiniere fortified at the\\nhead of Lake George than in any other spot on the con-\\ntinent; from the days of the advent of the romantic\\nChamplain,who fought a severe battle with the Iroquois\\nwhere the fort was subsequently located, to and includ-\\ning the War of 1812, it was the scene of innumerable\\nconflicts. In the year 1775 the fort, which had cost the\\nEnglish so much blood and treasure to capture from the\\nFrench, was negligently garrisoned by forty-three men\\nunder the command of Captain Delaplace. It was an\\nimmense depot of supplies, there being not less than\\ntwo hundred cannon, besides large quantities of other\\nmilitary stores of great value, kept there and at the\\nadjoining post of Crown Point.\\nFired by the news of Lexington and Concord, Bene-\\ndict Arnold had suggested the possibility of the capture\\nof the fort at Ticonderoga. His proposed enterprise\\nhad been sanctioned and he was granted a colonel s\\ncommand by the State of Massachusetts, with permis-\\nsion to enlist a regiment wherever he could, to carry\\n117", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "ii8 American Fights and Fighters\\nout his project. A similar idea, however, had occurred\\nto one Ethan Allen who, in command of a small party\\nof hardy men known as the Green Mountain Boys,\\nhad been maintaining, a la Robin Hood, a bold freedom\\nin the hills of Vermont and New Hampshire, in open\\nrebellion to the authority of the Province of New York,\\nwhich claimed jurisdiction over the disputed country.\\nBefore Arnold had time to enlist any men, he heard of\\nAllen s design and at once joined him, claiming the\\ncommand of the assembled force by virtue of his com-\\nmission. The Green Mountain Boys, however, would\\nhave none of him. Choosing Allen for their leader,\\nand being joined by some fifty Massachusetts men and\\na number of others from the adjoining country, under\\nthe redoubtable Seth Warner and Jonathan Easton,\\nthey determined upon the capture of the fort at Ticon-\\nderoga. The unrecognized Arnold was fain to go\\nalong with them as a volunteer.\\nOn the night of May 6, 1775, the little band, amount-\\ning to about two hundred and fifty men, reached the\\nlake opposite the fort. They found that but few boats\\ncould be collected and, even by using the greatest dili-\\ngence, they were unable to get more than eighty-three\\nmen across the river before morning. What was to be\\ndone? If they waited for the rest to come over they\\nwould of course be discovered and all hope of a sur-\\nprise would be lost. To many they seemed too few in\\nnumbers to do anything but retrace their steps and try\\nit over some other time. It was a critical moment, but\\nAllen was equal to it, he knew that other time would\\nprobably never come, it was then or never. He drew\\nhis men up in line and addressed them in the bom-\\nbastic but effective style of which he was a master.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Storm and Surprise 119\\nHe announced his intention of attacking the fort with-\\nout waiting for the rest to join and concluded with\\nthese words It is a desperate attempt and I ask no\\nman to go against his will. 1 will take the lead and be\\nthe first to advance. You who are willing to follow,\\npoise your firelocks. Inspired by his words and exam-\\nple the men fairly threw their pieces in the air in their\\neagerness to be off. Guided by a country boy of the\\nvicinity, they made their way through the woods, and in\\nthe gray of the morning climbed the hill silently and\\nwithout noise. As they came creeping softly around\\nthe wall of the fort, they observed that the main gate\\nwas closed, but the wicket was open. Before the sleepy\\nsentry at the sally-port had more than time to snap his\\nmusket, which missed fire, Allen and Arnold, who were\\nin the lead, were upon him. He was knocked down,\\nhis piece was wrenched from him, and with loud cheers\\nthe Americans poured into the fort through the covered\\nway.\\nAnother sentry inside made something of a fight,\\ndischarging his piece ineffectively and gallantly rush-\\ning forward to use the bayonet, when he was wounded\\nand overpowered. By Allen s direction, his men drew\\nthemselves up in a hollow square in front of the bar-\\nracks and the officers quarters, facing out, and when\\nthe surprised British rushed out on the parade,\\nthey found themselves looking down a row of polished\\ngun-barrels. Under threat of instant death, the cap-\\ntured sentry pointed out the commandant s house, and\\nAllen ran over and thundered against the door with the\\nhilt of his sabre. Come forth instantly, he shouted,\\nor I will sacrifice the whole garrison. Delaplace,\\nwho had been awakened by the confusion, at once", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "I20 American Fights and Fighters\\nopened the door. He was still in his night clothes and\\ncarried his trousers in his hand. Behind him appeared\\nthe white-capped face of his frightened wife. Deliver\\nme up the fort instantly, cried Allen. By what au-\\nthority do you ask? asked the surprised and startled\\ncommander, who had not even heard that there was a\\nrevolution in the land. Allen s famous answer has\\nrung through the years from that day to this and is\\nenough to have gained him immortality. In the name\\nof the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!\\nhe replied. Either of these adjurations was sufficient.\\nDelaplace began to remonstrate, but was sternly si-\\nlenced, and with Allen s sword at his throat he reluc-\\ntantly gave up the post and ordered his men to be\\nparaded without arms.\\nThus the fort, which had been so brilliantly de-\\nfended by Montcalm, which had cost England eight\\nmillion pounds sterling, a succession of desperate\\ncampaigns and many lives before she took it from\\nthe French, was captured in ten minutes by less\\nthan one hundred provincials and undisciplined vol-\\nunteers, without the loss of a man At the same time,\\nSeth Warner, another Green Mountain Boy, captured\\nthe fort at Crown Point while Arnold, with some\\nother men, sailed down Lake Champlain and cap-\\ntured St. Johns, and a third detachment took posses-\\nsion of Skenesborough, at the foot of Lake George.\\nThus the whole country came into possession of the\\nAmericans. They secured over two hundred cannon\\nand vast quantities of military stores, which were im-\\nmediately forwarded to Washington s army, and with-\\nout which, at that time, it would have been almost\\nimpossible to carry on the Revolution.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "Storm and Surprise 121\\nII. STONY POINT\\nWhile Washington and Clinton were warily watching\\neach other about New York in 1779, the British com-\\nmander amused himself by sending predatory forces\\nin various directions to raid the country. The British\\nsome time before had captured Stony Point, a rocky\\npeninsula commanding the Hudson, which extended\\ninto the water and was surrounded by it on three sides,\\nconnection with the mainland being only practicable at\\nlow tide by a causeway which led through a morass.\\nThe Americans had begun the erection of a fort on the\\npoint when it was captured by Clinton, and which he\\nhad completed. It was strongly garrisoned, provided\\nwith cannon, rifle-pits and two rows of abattis. Wash-\\nington determined to take the position first to let\\nClinton know that he was still to be reckoned with, and\\nsecond, to effect the recall of some of the marauding ex-\\ncursions. He selected to command the attack Brigadier-\\nGeneral Anthony W^ayne, one of his distinguished sub-\\nordinates. Wayne was a Pennsylvanian, a wealthy,\\ncultivated gentleman, of fine military ability and the\\nhighest courage. He had various nicknames in the\\narmy and among the Indians, with whom he afterward\\nfought, among which were Black Snake, Tornado,\\nand Dandy Wayne, the last from his love of mili-\\ntary finery. But the best kno\\\\vn epithet and the one\\nwhich has clung to him is that of Mad Anthony, from\\nhis reckless and dare-devil courage; the name gives a\\nfalse impression of his character, however, as none\\ncould be more cool and wary or provident and deter-\\nmined than he, especially in his later years when he\\nfought the Indians with such signal success.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "122 American Fights and Fighters\\nWhen Washington asked him if he would accept the\\nduty and storm Stony Point, he said tersely, I ll storm\\nHell, General, if you will lay the plan The great com-\\nmander-in-chief did lay the plan with the utmost care,\\neven going so far as to have all the dogs for three miles\\nin the vicinity of the fort privately killed to prevent\\nthem giving the alarm. As most of the affairs of this\\nkind are attempted in the early morning before day-\\nbreak, he remarked, at which hour a good comman-\\nder is most alert, we will deliver this attack about\\nmidnight. Orders were sent to put in another cooper-\\nating force from West Point in case the attack succeed-\\ned. The light infantry, who were to make the attack,\\nmarched to within a mile of the fort without discovery\\non the night of the fifteenth of July. None of the mus-\\nkets of the men were charged and orders were given\\nto rely entirely upon the bayonet this is the first time\\nit was to be formally tried as a main dependence in the\\nContinental army. The assaulting force, numbering\\nabout twelve hundred men, was divided into three col-\\numns, and a reserve of three hundred under General\\nMuhlenberg, with Lee s light cavalry, were left on the\\nshore. Wayne and his principal officers had carefully\\nreconnoitered the fort to enable them to proceed under-\\nstandingly. About half after eleven at night the men\\nwere paraded and told the object of their expedition\\nwhich, until then, had been kept profoundly secret.\\nThey were eager to make the attempt.\\nGuided by a negro of the neighborhood, who had\\nfrequently sold fruit and vegetables to the garrison and\\nwho knew the countersign, they advanced quietly\\nthrough the darkness in two main columns to attack\\nright and left, with a smaller column in front. One\\nhundred and fifty volunteers, commanded by Lieutenant", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Storm and Surprise 123\\nColonel Fleiiry and Major Posey, formed the van of the\\nright column under Wayne himself, one hundred\\nvolunteers under Major Stewart, the van of the\\nleft column under Colonel Febiger in advance of each\\nof these assaulting columns was a forlorn hope of\\ntwenty men each, led by Lieutenants Knox and Gib-\\nbons, whose duty it was to remove the abattis. The\\nnegro guide was accompanied by two stout soldiers\\ndisguised as farmers. He gave the countersign to the\\nfirst two sentinels they reached in succession, and while\\nhe held them in conversation, they were seized and\\ngagged by the pseudo-farmers, without having been\\nable to fire a gun. They found the causeway over-\\nflowed when they reached it and were forced to wait\\nuntil half after twelve until the water subsided, there-\\nupon the charge was ordered. The British were at\\nonce called to arms.\\nThe Americans silently rushed upon the pickets\\nin spite of their fire. The forlorn hopes threw\\naside the abattis, losing, in one instance, eighteen men\\nout of the twenty, and the two columns dashed through\\nthe openings, brushing aside the inner guards, and\\nunder a heavy fire of grape from the cannon of the\\nbastions, most of which overshot their mark, and a brisk\\nmusketry discharge, they sprang upon the walls of the\\nfort shouting the countersign, The fort is our own!\\nColonel Fleury was the first man to leap over the\\nramparts, where he lowered the English flag with his\\nown hands. At the inner row of abattis, Wayne was\\nstruck down by a musket shot which grazed his head.\\nThinking, in the confusion, that he had received his\\ndeath wound, he cried feebly, Carry me into the fort,\\nand let me die at the head of the column. His aides\\npicked him up and rushed forward with him until he", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "124 American Fights and Fighters\\nrecovered himself. The two columns scaled the ram-\\nparts at nearly the same time and met in the middle of\\nthe fort, before the garrison had entirely awakened\\nor fully recovered from their surprise, whereupon the\\nplace was at once surrendered. The loss of the Ameri-\\ncans was eighty-three killed and wounded that of the\\nBritish ninety-two, and about five hundred prisoners.\\nNo inhumanity marked the capture and no surrendered\\nman was put to the sword there was no massacre\\nand murder according to the British practice on simi-\\nlar occasions. At daybreak the guns of the fort were\\nturned upon Fort Lafayette and the ships-of-war, and\\nthe latter at once cut their cables and dropped down the\\nriver. Through some blunder the supporting detach-\\nment, which was to come down from West Point, did\\nnot arrive in time and, when they did come, brought\\nno ammunition for their siege guns. Fort Lafayette\\ntherefore held out.\\nClinton at once moved up the Fludson in force, hop-\\ning to tempt Washington from his strong defensive\\nposition, and get him to hazard a battle to hold Stony\\nPoint. Washington inspected the fort carefully, and\\nfinding that it would take at least fifteen hundred men to\\nhold it properly, which he could ill spare, and as he had\\nno wish to risk a battle on unfavorable terms, he de-\\ntermined to abandon the post, which he did on the\\neighteenth of July, after removing the cannon and\\nstores and destroying the works taking away property\\nto the value of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars,\\nwhich had fallen into the hands of the victors. The\\nstorming of Stony Point was the most brilliant achieve-\\nment of the war. The Americans captured the position\\nwithout firing a gun, relying entirely upon the use\\nof the bayonet. Wayne gained the greatest credit for\\nthe courage and daring with which he carried out the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Storm and Surprise 125\\nplan of the commander-in-chief. When he heard the\\nnews of their evacuation, CHnton occupied the position\\nafter the American withdrawal, but he soon abandoned\\nit as untenable he had previously recalled his maraud-\\ning parties and thereafter kept his army together in\\nNew York, well in hand, uncertain where he would be\\nattacked again.\\nIII. PAULUS HOOK\\nHe was not left long in doubt, however, for the daring\\nexploit of Wayne had kindled the imagination of an-\\nother young soldier, equally hardy and bold. Richard\\nHenry Lee, commanding the famous Virginia cavalry\\nand known as Light Horse Harry Lee, in one of his\\nscouting expeditions, discovered that the British fort\\nat Paulus Hook was negligently garrisoned by an\\nover-confident enemy. Paulus Hook is a long, low\\npoint on the Jersey shore just opposite New York,\\nstretching out into the Hudson and connected with the\\nmainland by a sandy isthmus. It is almost an island\\nin fact; for a creek, fordable in but two places, ren-\\ndered the Hook difficult of access. Between the fort\\nand the creek a deep trench had been cut across the\\nisthmus, over which access to the post was to be had\\nby a drawbridge and barred gate on the land side of\\nthe fort there was also a double row of abattis around\\nthe walls. The garrison amounted to about four hun-\\ndred men. To take it was a smaller but much more\\ndesperate undertaking than the attempt on Stony Point,\\non account of the difficulties the attacking party would\\nhave, even if successful, in getting away, owing to the\\nnearness of the enemy s main army in New York and\\nvicinity.\\nOn the eighteenth of August, 1779, the expedition", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "126 American Fights and Fighters\\nstarted. Lee divided his forces, sending a portion of\\nthem in a different direction, under Captain Allan Mc-\\nLane, who was to join him before the fort, while he\\nhimself commanded the main attacking column. In\\nthe darkness of the night and through some misunder-\\nstanding, when Lee reached the Hook at midnight the\\nothers did not come up. The contingent of loyal Amer-\\nicans, who ordinarily garrisoned the position, had been\\nwithdrawn, and some of the best of the Hessian merce-\\nnaries had supplanted them. Lee did not know this,\\nbut if he had it would have made no difference.\\nThe failure of McLane to arrive had seriously weakened\\nhis force, of course; but, as he said, he had come to at-\\ntack, and if he could not take the fort with his party,\\nthey had at least enough men to get in it and die there.\\nThat is the kind of man Lee was. The watchword he\\ngave was Be firm. It was after three o clock in the\\nmorning, on account of their very long wait for Mc-\\nLane, when he gave the word to advance. Although\\nthe tide was rising, the men plunged in boldly and\\nstruggled across the morass without a sound. They\\nwaded through the ditch and as they climbed up the\\nbank they were discovered. The startled garrison\\nsprang to arms and opened a hasty fire at once, but the\\nfoot cavalry, the dismounted light horse, were too\\nquick for them. They rushed into the works, clearing\\ntheir way with the point of the bayonet.\\nTwelve of the British were killed and wounded, and\\nbut five of the Americans. Sutherland, the commander\\nof the post, with sixty of the Hessians threw himself\\ninto a small blockhouse on the left of the fort and\\nopened a scattering fire which did no damage. The\\nrest of the garrison, to the number of one hundred and\\nfifty-nine, including three officers, were tumbled out of", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Storm and Surprise 127\\ntheir quarters and captured before they had time to\\nthoroughly awaken, and Lee, in accordance with the\\nvStrict orders wliich he had received from Washington,\\nabandoned the fort at once, without disturbing the men\\nin the blockhouse or attempting to spike the guns.\\nAfter some desperate adventures he reached Washing-\\nton s camp in safety with all his prisoners. As a bril-\\nliant coup de main, it would be hard to surpass this\\nenterprise it was like pulling the nose of the king on\\nhis throne in the very presence of his assembled court\\nand getting away safely and it gave the British a very\\nhealthy regard indeed, in conjunction with the affair\\nat Stony Point, for the American troops thereafter.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "SOME MINOR SEA-FIGHTS\\nOF THE REVOLUTION\\nI. BIDDLE AND THE RANDOLPH\\nAfter John Paul Jones, the most daring naval officer\\nof the Revolution was Captain Nicholas Biddle, a\\nnotable scion of the distinguished American family of\\nthat name. From his early youth he had followed the\\nsea, experiencing in full measure the hardships and\\ndangers, including several shipwrecks, of that arduous\\ncalling. On the occasion of a threatened outbreak be-\\ntween England and Spain over the Falkland Islands,\\nat his own request he had been appointed a midshipman\\nin the British navy. When it was seen that there would\\nbe no war, moved by a spirit of adventure, he applied\\nfor and received a leave of absence, during which he\\nshipped before the mast as the orders were to take no\\nmidshipman or boys in Captain Phipps expedition\\nto the North Pole. Another lad who had been actuated\\nby the same spirit had done the same thing his name\\nwas Horatio Nelson! The two boys, who became great\\nfriends, were both promoted to the rank of coxswain\\nbefore their return and both gave promise of their sub-\\nsequent ability.\\nOf course Biddle was commissioned in the Conti-\\n128", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 129\\nnental navy at the outbreak of the Revolution, and in\\nthe early part of the war, while in command of the\\nAndria Doria, a small vessel armed with four six-pound\\nguns, he made a brilliantly successful cruise, capturing\\nten prizes in a short time, including two armed trans-\\nports carrying over four hundred soldiers When the\\nAndria Doria reached port after this cruise she had but\\nfive of her original crew on board, the rest being dis-\\ntributed on her various prizes. After this, in February,\\n1777, he was given the command of the new thirty-two-\\ngun frigate Randolph, just built by the Government,\\nand at that time the best ship in the navy. He made\\ntwo successful cruises in her off Charleston, taking\\nmany prizes, one of them a twenty-gun war vessel\\nwith a convoy of three valuable merchant ships, all of\\nwhich he captured. He was a great favorite with the\\ngallant South Carolinians while he was blockaded in\\nCharleston Harbor for nearly a year, and they fitted\\nout a State fleet of five small vessels which, under his\\ncommand, set forth to seek the erstwhile blockading\\nsquadron of the enemy which had disappeared before\\nthey sailed. They were not successful in finding this\\nsquadron, however, although they captured several\\nprizes while cruising to the southward.\\nOn March 7, 1778, a large sail was sighted off\\nMartinique, some accounts say at five in the morn-\\ning, some at the same hour in the afternoon; the\\ndifference is not material however, for it was the action\\nnot the time that counted. The squadron made for the\\napproaching vessel, but as the hours wore away she was\\ndiscovered to be a large ship-of-the-line the Yar-\\nmouth, 64. Biddle now signalled to his squadron of\\nsmall and lightly armed merchant vessels and prizes to\\nmake sail to escape. He then stood boldly down to-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "130 American Fights and Fighters\\nward the enemy, to cover their retreat. It was an act\\nof the greatest hardihood and resolution for a small\\nthirty-two-gun frigate to engage a heavily built ship-\\nof-the-line with her massive scantling and frames.\\nThe difference in the number of guns on the two\\nships, two to one, does not by any means indicate the\\ndifference in effective force between them, which could\\nbe better expressed by the ratio of four or five to one,\\nespecially considering the greater size and weight of\\nthe liner s guns. It was like matching a bull terrier\\nagainst a mastiff in a finish fight to pit these two ships\\nagainst each other.\\nBiddle was game for anything no braver man ever\\ntrod a ship s deck than this young captain, just twenty-\\nseven years of age but although he was heroic, he\\nwas not foolish, as it would seem at first glance, for he\\nknew what he intended to do and what was necessary.\\nHe intended to sacrifice his own ship in order to protect\\nthe State cruisers and the prizes under his command\\nThe odds against him were fearful, but the American\\nnavy has ever laughed at odds. So Biddle took his life\\nin his hands and, supported by as stout-hearted and\\nreckless a crew as ever hauled a sheet or passed an\\near-ring, sailed boldly down on his huge antagonist.\\nHeroes one and all At eight o clock the two ships had\\ndrawn wnthin gunshot of each other when the Yar-\\nmouth hailed and asked the name of the smaller vessel,\\nand then demanded that she strike.\\nThis is the American Continental ship Randolph,\\nreplied Biddle, gallantly, at the same time pouring in\\na broadside, which was at once returned with fearful\\neffect b) the two-decker, as the ships were within pistol-\\nshot distance. It has been surmised that Biddle desper-\\nately hoped to capture the Yarmouth by boarding,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 131\\nthough what he could have done with three hundred\\nmen, if he had gained her decks, against six hundred\\nof the EngHsh is difficult to see. However, during\\nthe whole of the action he endeavored to close to\\nget nearer the enemy was his instinctive desire, that\\nis the kind of man he was! For forty minutes the\\naction was kept up with the greatest spirit, the ships\\nedging nearer together with every passing moment,\\nuntil at last they came in contact. At the end of that\\ntime with a tremendous roar the Randolph blew up,\\nprobably a shot had reached her magazine, though we\\nare certain of nothing except the fact of the explosion\\nwhich tore her to pieces.\\nThe Yarmouth was hurled over on her beam ends\\nand covered with burning timber, sails, spars, and\\nother debris and wreckage from the Randolph, in-\\ncluding a small, tightly rolled up American flag.\\nShe had great difficulty in successfully fighting the\\nflames and repairing her rigging and spars, which\\nwere much cut up by the fire of her puny and des-\\nperate antagonist, and her other casualties amounted\\nto four killed and twelve wounded. When she was in\\ncondition to chase, the American ships were too far\\naway to be overhauled by the weakened battleship, and\\nthey all escaped. Thus Biddle s heroic resolution had\\neffected his purpose. Five days after the battle, the\\nYarmouth again cruising in the same vicinity, four\\nI men, starving and exhausted, were picked up from a\\nspar to which they had been clinging. They stated\\nI that they belonged to the ill-fated Randolph, and they\\nwere the only survivors of three hundred and fifteen\\nofficers and men who had gallantly fought her until she\\nwas destroyed. From them it was learned that Biddle\\nhad been severely wounded in the leg in the early part of", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "132 American Fights and Fighters\\nthe action, but that he had refused to go below and had\\nremained sitting in a chair on the deck encouraging his\\nmen and directing the fighting, while the surgeon\\ndressed his wounds a gallant picture of an heroic sea-\\nman. Before he had sailed away on this cruise he\\nwrote to his brother as follows I know not what\\nmay be our fate be it, however, what it may, you may\\nrest assured it will never cause a blush in the cheeks\\nof my friends or countrymen. And so Biddle was not\\nonly a sailor, but a prophet as well for no American\\nfighter, in so short a career, ever gained more honor\\non the sea than he.\\nII. NICHOLSON AND THE TRUMBULL\\nAnother American naval officer who had a distin-\\nguished career was Captain John Nicholson. After the\\ndismissal of Esek Hopkins he became the senior officer\\nof the navy. On June 2, 1780, this officer, in command of\\nthe small twenty-eight-gun frigate TnimhuU, discovered\\na strange sail about four hundred miles east of Cape\\nMay. Captain Nicholson ran in his guns, closed his\\nports, set his sails carelessly, to give the impression\\nthat his ship was a clumsy merchantman, and throwing\\nout drags to check his speed, succeeded in luring\\nthe stranger under his guns. When the character of the\\nTrumbull was ascertained on closer approach, the\\nstranger, a large armed ship, much greater in force\\nthan the Tnnnhull, made sail to escape, but was speed-\\nily overhauled by the more rapid American frigate\\nwhich had meanwhile assumed her true character.\\nNicholson then immediately cleared for action. When\\nwithin one hundred yards of each other, the two ships\\nbegan a murderous and obstinate fight which lasted for", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 133\\nthree long hours. There appears to have been no\\nmanoeuvering to speak of on either side; and the two\\nvessels, pouring into each other a rapid fire the while,\\nsailed side by side, sometimes drifting so close to-\\ngether that the yard-arms interlocked for the moment.\\nEach ship in succession was set on fire by burning gun-\\nwads, so near were they to each other. At the end\\nof the fight, when the fire of the enemy had almost\\nceased, and Nicholson already considered the other\\nship his prize, the mainmast of the TntmhuU, which\\nhad been badly wounded, carried away, bringing with\\nit spar after spar until only the foremast of the frigate\\nwas left standing. While the Americans were in this\\nhelpless condition, the enemy, who had received more\\nthan enough of it, made his escape; though, had he\\nbeen in condition to continue the fight, he should\\neasily have been able to compel the TruinhuU to strike.\\nIt was afterward learned that he was the British pri-\\nvateer Watt of thirty-eight guns, mostly twelve-poun-\\nders, which had been especially fitted out to take an\\nAmerican frigate.\\nThe loss of the TruinhuU was thirty-nine killed and\\nwounded, that of the Watt, ninety-two As she sailed\\naway it was seen that she was terribly cut up and her\\nmain top-mast carried away; this loss was followed\\nlater by that of most of her other spars. Some days\\nafter the action, when his completely disabled ship was\\ntowed into the harbor of New York, the captain of\\nthe Watt was asked the name of his antagonist s com-\\nmander his answer was, It must have been Paul Jones\\nor the devil. There never was a ship fought before\\nwith such frantic desperation. There was no question\\nbut that the Watt was a heavy overmatch for the Truin-\\nhuU, and in thus beating the English ship to a standstill.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "134 American Fights and Fighters\\nand virtually winning the fight, Captain Nicholson had\\ndone a very gallant thing. Many of the American\\ncrew were green hands who had never been to sea be-\\nfore and suffered from the debilitating illness incident\\nthereto during the fight. With the exception of Jones\\ngreatest battle, this is considered to have been the sever-\\nest sea-fight of the Revolution.\\nIn the summer of 1781, the Trumbull, still under\\nthe command of stout old Nicholson, was convoying\\na fleet of merchantmen off the Capes of Delaware. She\\nhad a worse crew on than before. She was actually\\nshort nearly two hundred of her quota, the total num-\\nber of souls she carried being one hundred and twenty,\\nwhen her proper complement should have been over\\nthree hundred. Of those she had, a large number were\\nBritish seamen who had conceived the plan of mutiny-\\ning and capturing her, influenced by the heavy rewards\\noffered by the British Admiralty for such actions.\\nCaptain Nicholson had as his lieutenants, however,\\nthree men who were worth a ship s company they were\\nAlexander Murray, afterward highly distinguished,\\nRichard Dale, who had fought on the Bonhomme\\nRichard with such conspicuous devotion and courage,\\nand Christopher Raymond Perry, the father of the\\nsubsequently famous Oliver Hazard Perry. The little\\nsquadron had been chased by three British cruisers and\\nthe merchantmen had put back and escaped, though the\\nTriunhnll continued at sea, desirous of getting a fight\\nout of the pursuers, could they be separated. During the\\nchase they all ran into a heavy gale which scattered the\\nBritish ships and in which the Trumbull unluckily\\nlost her foretopmast and main topgallant-mast late in\\nthe evening. About ten o clock on the night of the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 135\\neighth of August, two of the ships which had formerly\\nchased her again overhauled the American.\\nThe British thirty-two-gun frigate Iris came down\\non tlie starboard side, another vessel ranged alongside\\non the port quarter, and they both opened fire. The\\nweather was rainy and squally with the sea run-\\nning high; the Truinbull was still encumbered with\\nwreckage, which had not been entirely cleared away on\\naccount of her being undermanned. Almost any offi-\\ncer would have struck at once, but Nicholson was not\\nmade that way. At the first fire of the enemy, the Eng-\\nlishmen on the TriunbuU, having no interest in the\\nfight, ran below, where their withdrawal so aiffected a\\nlarge number of the green crew that they also deserted\\ntheir stations and fled below in great terror. Nichol-\\nson had less than fifty officers and men left to work the\\ncrippled ship, clear away the wreck, and fight the\\nenemy but those left, like Gideon s three hundred,\\nwere of the very best. He did not think of surrendering\\neven then, and for more than an hour they actually\\nkept up a desperate and hopeless battle, the captain\\nand officers serving the guns with their own hands.\\nFinally when nearly forty per cent, of the little band\\nhad been killed or wounded, a third English ship came\\nup and took position across the stern of the helpless\\nTruinbull and prepared to rake. TheTrunibull had only\\none mast left standing, her gun-ports had been beaten\\nin, many guns dismounted, and Lieutenant Murray\\nwas badly wounded to fight longer was to be murdered\\nat their stations or to sink alongside; there was nothing\\nmore to gain, and Nicholson reluctantly struck the flag\\nhe had so gallantly defended. With less than fifty men,\\non a wrecked ship, he had fought nearly a thousand", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "136 American Fights and Fighters\\nmen in three ships, two of which were larger than his\\nown. This was certainly as honorable and singular\\nan action as was ever fought upon the seas, it reminds\\none of Sir Richard Grenville s heroic defense of the\\nRevenge. The Iris was much cut up and reported seven\\nkilled and wounded, the loss on the other ships was\\nnever ascertained.\\nIII. BARNEY AND THE HTDER ALLY\\nThe only naval officer of the Revolution who survived\\nto bear a successful part in the War of 181 2 was Joshua\\nBarney. He had served with credit on a number of\\nsmall cruisers and private armed vessels, and had been\\ncommissioned a lieutenant in the navy when in the year\\n1782 he was placed in command of the Hyder Ally, a\\nconverted merchantman owned by the State of Penn-\\nsylvania, and armed with sixteen six-pounders. She\\nwas to be used to convoy merchant ships between\\nPhiladelphia and the Capes of the Delaware. On the\\neighth of April, in the same year, in company with a\\nlarge fleet of some forty merchantmen she dropped\\ndown to Cape May Roads. While they were waiting for\\na favorable slant of wind to get to sea, three English\\ncruisers were seen coming in past the Capes, which at\\nonce made for the merchant vessels. In obedience to\\nBarney s signals to fly, all but one of the convoy made\\nsail up the bay. That disobedient one attempted to get\\nto sea on her own account, struck on a shoal and was\\ncaptured. Barney leisurely followed the fleeing mer-\\nchantmen, hugging the shore the while, which his light-\\ner draft permitted, in order to cover their retreat.\\nThe first of the English chasing ships edged in to-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 137\\nward the Hydcr Ally and exchanged broadsides with\\nher. Finding her rather heavier than she thought, she\\nmade off, continuing in her efforts to overhaul the\\nfleeing convoy. She was a smaller ship than Barney s,\\nso he made no effort to chase and coolly waited for\\nlarger game. The third English ship, the frigate\\nQuebec, had been forced to make a wide detour and\\ncould not come within gunshot of the American on ac-\\ncount of the shoal water but the second, a twenty-gun\\nsloop-of-war, called the General Monk, dashed boldly\\nat her, expecting an easy prey. Barney had instructed\\nhis quartermaster at the wheel to do the very opposite\\nthing that he commanded, thus if he ordered the helm\\nto starboard, it was to be put to larboard, and so on.\\nAs the English ship drew near, Barney loudly gave a\\nnumber of orders which, if they had been carried out,\\nwould have resulted in laying his ship parallel to\\nthat of the enemy. As the Englishman made his prep-\\narations for the expected manceuver, he was aston-\\nished to see the Hyder Ally, after exchanging a fierce\\nbroadside with him, swing in toward him and cross\\nhis bow, before he could prevent it. He was raked at\\nonce and as the two ships came together, his jib-boom\\nwas thrust across the American s deck, when it was at\\nonce securely lashed to the main-shrouds by Barney s\\nown hands.\\nAs the English ship swung partially around on the\\nquarter of the Hydcr Ally, some of her guns bore so\\nthat she was not completely helpless. The Americans\\nnow delivered the fire of their battery with unexam-\\npled rapidity, discharging not less than twenty broad-\\nsides in twenty-six minutes, the English reply grow-\\ning more feeble after each broadside. The General\\nMonk was terribly smashed up fore and aft, losing fif-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "138 American Fights and Fighters\\nty-three out of her crew of one hundred and thirty-six,\\nor forty per cent., and in thirty minutes she struck her\\nflag! The EngHsh ship carried twenty nine-pounders\\nthrowing ninety pounds to the broadside, as against\\nBarney s sixteen six-pounders throwing forty-eight!\\nThrowing a prize-crew on board, not even taking\\ntime to ascertain the name of the ship he had captured,\\nthe Hydcr Ally and the prize at once made sail up the\\nbay, and though hotly pursued by the British frigate\\nwhen they reached deep water, the other armed vessel\\nkeeping considerately out of way, they succeeded in\\neffecting their escape.\\nThe comment of J. Fenimore Cooper on this tidy\\nlittle fight is as follows: This action has been justly\\ndeemed one of the most brilliant that ever occurred\\nunder the American flag. It was fought in the pres-\\nence of a vastly superior force that was not engaged;\\nand the ship taken was, in every essential respect, su-\\nperior to her conqueror. The disproportion in metal\\nbetween a six-pounder and a nine-pounder, is one half;\\nand the Monk, besides being a heavier and larger ship,\\nhad the most men.\\nThe General Monk had been originally an American\\narmed ship called the General Washington. She\\nwas restored to the service under her old name and\\nBarney made several successful cruises in her. In the\\nWar of 1 81 2, after making some brilliant and success-\\nful privateering cruises. Commodore Barney command-\\ned the gunboat flotilla in the Chesapeake and on the\\nPotomac, in which he fought several courageous ac-\\ntions against superior force. At the disastrous land\\nbattle of Bladensburg, which preceded the capture of\\nWashington, when the American militia were routed\\nby the British regulars, Barney and five hundred of his\\nseamen, who manned a battery posted on a little hill", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 139\\nin the American lines, almost redeemed the disgrace\\nto our arms by the desperate courage with which they\\nfought their guns and repulsed the enemy, until the\\ncommodore himself was seriously wounded, many of\\nhis men killed, and the little force surrounded by over-\\nwhelming numbers, when they reluctantly surrendered.\\nBarney died in 1818, after nearly forty years of con-\\nspicuous and daring naval service.\\nIV. BARRY AND THE ALLIANCE\\nAfter Jones and Biddle the most eminent of the Amer-\\nican naval commanders in the Revolution was John\\nBarry, a native of Ireland, who came to America in\\nearly youth and followed the sea for a livelihood. He\\nwas the first regularly commissioned officer of the navy\\nto get to sea as a lieutenant in command of the small\\narmed brig Lexington, sixteen guns and seventy-five\\nmen. On April 16, 1775, he fell in with the armed\\ntender Edzvard, eight guns and thirty-five men. After\\na spirited action of an hour in which the Edward was\\ncut to pieces and lost a large portion of her crew she\\nwas captured. For this service Barry was made a cap-\\ntain and given command of the Effingliam, 28. In\\nthe summer of 1777 she was blockaded in the Delaware\\nby the British expedition under Howe, but the gallant\\nBarry, pining under his enforced inaction, planned a\\ncutting out expedition, and with four boats captured\\na ten-gun schooner-of-war without the loss of a man.\\nIn the face of superior force he burned the schooner\\nand retreated safely.\\nHe was next given command of the frigate Raleigh,\\n32. In this vessel he was chased off the New England\\ncoast for several days, in 1778, by two ships, the Uni-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "140 American Fights and Fighters\\ncorn, 28, and the Experiment, 50. Barry manoeuvered\\nhis vessel brilHantly but was unable to escape. The\\nUnicorn succeeded in closing with him and a spirited\\naction ensued. The Raleigh was much cut up, but the\\nUnicorn was beaten and would have been captured by\\nboarding, had it not been for the advent of the Experi-\\nment. Under a heavy fire from both ships, which he\\nreturned with spirit, Barry ran the Raleigh ashore, in-\\ntending to burn her. While he was on shore, however,\\nsuperintending the erection of a battery and making\\npreparations to land the crew, the Raleigh was sur-\\nrendered by one of her ofificers. She lost twenty-five\\nin killed and wounded, while the Unicorn had lost ten\\nkilled and many wounded. Barry gained much credit\\nfor his determined and gallant resistance to vastly su-\\nperior force.\\nIn 1 78 1 he was given the command of the Alliance,\\n32, the best frigate in the American navy. After taking\\nLaurens to France, he sailed on a cruise in English\\nwaters in company with the Lafayette, a. French letter-\\nof-marque. On April third, the two ships made prizes\\nof the twenty-six-gun privateer Mars, and the ten-gun\\nprivateer Minerva. Leaving the prizes to the care of\\nthe Frenchman, the Alliance continued her cruise alone\\nwith much success, taking many merchant ships. On\\nMay twenty-eighth, two sail were discovered. The\\nwind, which had been very light, entirely died away and\\nleft the Alliance becalmed. A little breeze still re-\\nmained with the strangers, however, and aided by large\\nsweeps, they succeeded in taking up positions on both\\nquarters of the frigate, where they commenced action.\\nFor over an hour they poured their broadsides into the\\nAmerican ship, which only had three nine-pounders\\nshe could bring to bear to return the attack of an", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Some Minor Sea-Fights 141\\neighteen-gun brig and a fourteen-gun brig. The un-\\nfortunate Alliance lay like a log in the still water and\\nwas an easy mark for her antagonists, who were calmly\\npounding her to pieces at their leisure. After an hour s\\ncombat, just as Barry, who had been severely wounded\\nby grape shot, was being carried below and the Ameri-\\ncan flag had been shot away, a little breeze sprang up\\nwhich filled the.sails of the frigate. The British think-\\ning the Alliance had surrendered had left their guns\\nand were cheering gaily they were soon undeceived.\\nAs the American swung around, her heavy batteries\\ncame into play. Sailing down between the two ships,\\ndelivering her fire right and left, she soon forced them\\nto strike. They proved to be the brigs-of-war Atalanta\\nand Trcpassy. The English loss was twenty-one killed\\nand thirty wounded the American, eleven killed and\\ntwo wounded.\\nStill in command of the Alliance, in 1782, Barry\\nfought the last action of the war. Coming out of\\nHavana carrying specie, he was chased by three British\\nfrigates. As the day wore away, a French fifty-gun\\nship appeared on the horizon, whereupon, supposing\\nhe would be supported by her, the brave Barry imme-\\ndiately went about and stood for the nearest English\\nfrigate. The other two frigates manoeuvered about the\\nFrenchman without coming into action with her.\\nMeanwhile the Alliance was hotly engaged with her\\nenemy, which proved to be the Sibyllc, 38, a slightly\\nsuperior ship to the Alliance. After an hour s conflict\\nthe two English ships, in obedience to a signal of dis-\\ntress from the Sibyl le, abandoned their projected attack\\nupon the French fifty-gun ship and made for Barry,\\nwho was forced to haul off without taking possession\\nof his beaten enemy. The Sibylle was a wreck. She", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "142 American Fights and Fighters\\nhad lost eighty-seven killed and wounded, while the loss\\nof the Alliance was only three killed and eleven wound-\\ned. Barry had spurned several attempts which the\\nBritish made to bribe him to renounce his allegiance.\\nOne offer is said to have amounted to fifteen thousand\\npounds and the command of the best frigate in the\\nBritish navy. He lived to become the head of\\nthe American navy and performed good service in the\\nw^ar with France. He died full of honors in 1803.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "YORKTOWN\\nThe drums were beating a parley. An alert officer in\\nan American battery heard a faint tap-tap-tapping\\nabove the roar of the cannonade; at his word the bat-\\ntery he commanded ceased its discharge; the drum\\ntaps were heard more plainly, rolling, rattling with\\never increasing volume. Presently other ears caught\\nthe welcome sound and gun after gun became curiously\\nsilent. The tremendous roar which for the past week\\nhad filled the air gradually diminished in volume until\\na stillness like death supervened. As the smoke blew\\naway from the muzzles of the silent guns the soldiers\\ncame running from their tents on the hills back of the\\nbatteries the long roll of the drums was plainly audible\\nnow rap-a-tap-tap-tap, rap-a-tap-tap-tap what was it\\nWith hopes high they listened. There were trained\\nears there and they recognized the cadence; yes, they\\nwere beating a parley, and there, above the battered\\nembrasures, rose a white flag in the clear morning.\\nIt was a surrender then The great fleet of De Grasse\\ndown in Lynn Haven Bay actually heard the wild\\ncheering which rose from the throats of the excited\\nmen. The war was over They were free\\nWhen the noise had partially died away, two scarlet-\\nMi", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "144 American Fights and Fighters\\ncoated horsemen could be seen under a flag of truce,\\nadvancing from the British works: the cheering rose\\nin vohmie until it might have drov^^ned the cannonade\\nInstantly all was commotion in the staff of the great\\ngeneral, who calmly sat his white horse keenly over-\\nlooking the scene and apparently unmoved by the\\nwild tumult of joy about him only apparently, how-\\never, for his heart beat as madly as that of the youngest\\nblade in the army; it meant so much to him and so\\nmuch more to his country, these beating drums with\\ntheir message of submission. By his orders, two\\nyoung officers, one a Frenchman, the other an Ameri-\\ncan, separated themselves from the cortege surround-\\ning Washington and Rochambeau, and galloped rapid-\\nly forward to meet the new-comers. There was a sweet\\ninterchange of courtesy between the lines, a little col-\\nloquy, and then with military salutes each group\\nreturned to its entrenchments; on one side the robings\\nof glory on the other, the gloom of defeat As the\\nAmericans rode through their line, though they spoke\\nno word until they reached their general, they wore\\nthat in their faces which gave the dullest soldier\\nofficial confirmation of what had not been doubted.\\nCornwallis wished or rather he did not wish, but was\\nforced to surrender\\nWe left him, after his disastrous victory at Guilford,\\nslowly making his way to the seaboard, having been\\nshouldered out of North Carolina by Greene s strategy\\nand determination. When he reached Wilmington he\\nfound no transports nor vessels of war and, in great\\nperplexity, he decided to march into Virginia. To go\\nback to Charleston would involve a tremendous journey\\nthrough the country swarming with Greene s partizans,\\nand besides it would be tantamount to a confession", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 145\\nof defeat, for that had been his point of departure.\\nThere was a large British force already in Virginia,\\nwhich was distant only a few hundred miles, under\\nthe command of Phillips, whom we saw at Saratoga,\\nand the traitor Arnold. He might get there easily\\nenough and combine his little force, now less than two\\nthousand men, with the troops of Phillips and, in a\\nwhirlwind campaign, overthrow the great State of Vir-\\nginia. A brilliant stroke or two would also serve to\\nredeem his reputation as a strategist, which was some-\\nwhat dimmed in the light of Greene s superb cam-\\npaigning, though no man ever could or did question his\\ncharacter as a skilful fighter and a man of courage.\\nArnold and Phillips were opposed by a few Conti-\\nnentals detached by Washington and some militia\\nunder Lafayette and Steuben. Cornwallis despised\\nthe Frenchman; The boy cannot escape me, he ex-\\nclaimed, when he took command. The famous mar-\\nquis was only twenty-three years old at the time, yet\\nneither of the veteran British generals had ever suc-\\nceeded in bringing him to an engagement, and Cornwal-\\nlis found it equally impossible. He hovered on their\\nflanks, cutting off light parties, and rendering foraging\\nunprofitable and kept his little army together which\\nwas about all any one could expect of him. When\\nCornwallis effected a junction with the English troops\\nin Virginia, to the great joy of all the subordinate\\nEnglish officers, he displaced Arnold, who had succeed-\\ned to the command on the death of Phillips from illness;\\nand allowed him to return to New York on the plea\\nof urgent business for the gallant soldier and noble-\\nman never could stomach a traitor. It was a lucky\\nthing for Arnold in the end that he received this per-\\nmission, and a lucky thing, perhaps, in the end for the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "146 American Fights and Fighters\\nAmericans, for had they captured him they would\\ncertainly have hanged him, and perhaps it was better\\nto let him live out his life and die as he did, than to\\noffer him even the poor expiation of the gallows for\\nhis ineffable treachery.\\nThe indefatigable Tarleton had recovered somewhat\\nfrom his defeat at the Cowpens, and in command of\\na new legion of cavalry, mounted on the swift horses\\nfor which Virginia was famous, ravaged the country\\nfar and wide; at one time capturing the Legislature\\nand being within twenty minutes of taking the coveted\\nperson of Thomas Jeft erson himself. The marauders\\ndid much damage and destroyed great quantities of\\nprivate property, but in the end effected little to ma-\\nraud is not to wage war, it makes mad people madder,\\nthat is all Washington now sent Wayne to reinforce\\nLafayette with the veteran Pennsylvania Continental\\nline. Cornwallis then moved back toward the coast;\\nnot retreating, for he was under no necessity whatever\\nof doing so, but because he was desirous of establish-\\ning a strong base on the Chesapeake, and opening\\ncommunications with his commander-in-chief, Sir Hen-\\nry Clinton, at New York.\\nLafayette followed closely and actually attacked the\\nBritish rear at Williamsburg. Wayne, in command of\\nthe advance, was partially ambushed and found him-\\nself with about nine hundred light infantry in the pres-\\nence of the British rear-guard of about two thousand\\nmen, having a further advantage in their position. To\\nretreat was to be destroyed. The situation was one\\nin which Wayne gloried. He immediately attacked\\nwith such spirit that the British imagined he was sup-\\nported by the whole army and, though they drove him\\noff after a stubborn combat, in which each side lost", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 147\\nabout one hundred and fifty men, they made no attempt\\nto pursue which was lucky for Wayne! CornwaUis\\nfinally reached Yorktown on the Chesapeake, at which\\npoint he had ordered the garrison at Portsmouth to\\nassemble and where he threw up strong fortifications,\\nunwittingly digging in the place the grave of his hopes.\\nLafayette moved down with his little army to Malvern\\nHill, a good position to retreat from if attacked, or to\\nattack from if the enemy attempted to cross the James.\\nThe Frenchman had displayed great tact and ability\\nin his conduct of this campaign; he was too feeble in\\nforce, he wrote to Washington, even to be beaten, and\\nmore afraid of his own impetuosity than of the enemy\\nSecure in his forts, CornwaUis was actually so little\\naware of the thunderbolt which was about to be\\nlaunched upon him and of the imminent peril of his\\nsituation, that he offered to send some of his force to\\nClinton whom he imagined to be hard pressed by\\nWashington at New York.\\nBut in the mind of that prescient commander a great\\ncampaign had been evolved. By the strenuous efforts\\nof the French Minister of Marine, a splendid fleet of\\ntwenty-eight sail-of-the-line and six frigates had sailed\\nfrom France to the West Indies under the command of\\nthe Comte de Grasse, their most efficient admiral\\nsupposed and the command of the sea passed from the\\nBritish on account of this French preponderance of\\nforce; only for a time, however, but long enough for\\nWashington. The great American realized that if he\\ncould make a combination between the sea forces of\\nDe Grasse and the land forces under his command, the\\nresult would be finally disastrous for the British. His\\nmind at first had determined upon New York as the\\npoint for the combined attack, but he easily accepted", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "148 American Fights and Fighters\\nthe turn of the situation given by the assemblage of the\\nlarge army under Cornwallis in Virginia. As soon as\\nhe learned of the earl s arrival, he had outlined his plan\\nto Rochambeau, and they had jointly written a letter\\nwhich he despatched toDe Grasse by a fast ship, implor-\\ning him to meet them in the Chesapeake as soon as pos-\\nsible; which he at once promised to do. On August\\n14, 1 78 1, Washington received his reply, stating that\\nhe had started with his whole fleet for the bay.\\nThe Continentals were cantoned on the Hudson, the\\nFrenchmen in Rhode Island and Connecticut; at New-\\nport there was a squadron under De Barras, who was\\nthe senior in rank to De Grasse but generously agreed\\nto serve under him in the campaign, at the solicitation\\nof Washington and Rochambeau, and he at once\\nmade ready to sail for the Chesapeake to join the\\nFrench fleet; while Washington prepared to hurl his\\narmy a distance of four hundred miles, presenting his\\nflank en route to an enemy strongly posted at New\\nYork, in an effort to capture Cornwallis and his army.\\nIt was a strategic conception of surpassing boldness\\nand, if there were nothing else, would stamp Washing-\\nton as a strategist of the first order the only other simi-\\nlar military achievement which compares with it was\\nthe famous manceuver of Napoleon, when he threw his\\narmy from the channel seaboard into Bavaria in the\\nUlm campaign. W^ashington communicated his plan\\nabsolutely to no one but Rochambeau; not an officer\\nin the army, not even those of the highest rank, had the\\nslightest idea of what he intended to do. It was one of\\nthe best kept secrets of military history. It was a\\nmaxim with Washington that it was impossible to de-\\nceive an enemy by manoeuvers unless his own force was\\ndeceived at the same time. He therefore caused en-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Yorktown\\n149\\ntrenchments to be laid out in the Jerseys below New\\nYork; bake-ovens and quarters to be built as if for\\nan extended stay; and gave out everywhere that he\\nintended to move his army to the southward and from\\nthat point effect the dislodgement of Sir Henry Clinton\\nvia Staten Island.\\nOn the nineteenth of August the troops began to\\ncross the Hudson River. Washington left a large\\nforce strongly fortified on the Hudson under General\\nHeath and took with him two thousand of his best\\nContinentals and about four thousand Frenchmen.\\nThe army marched in extended order with the greatest\\nrapidity. Everybody, including the English them-\\nselves, felt certain that Washington was about to be-\\ngin a campaign against New York, and Sir Henry\\nClinton, watching the long dusty ranks defiling before\\nhis works on the other side of the river, made every\\npreparation for a determined resistance, concentrating\\nhis troops and strengthening his works and recalling\\nall his detachments, which left him more in the dark\\nthan ever. It was not until the advance reached New\\nBrunswick and the men found they were still headed for\\nthe south, that an idea where they were going began to\\ndawn in the minds of the soldiers and officers. When\\nthey reached Philadelphia on the second of September,\\nit was a secret no longer. Long live Washington,\\nwas the toast of the day. He is gone to catch Corn-\\nwallis in his mouse-trap!\\nThe Americans led the march and passed through\\nthe capital to the music of fife and drum at quick time.\\nIn their ragged uniforms and covered with the dust of\\nthe march, those old Continentals made a strange\\nsight, but the spectators looked from the great general\\nriding at the head of his staff to the army following", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "150 American Fights and Fighters\\nrapidly after, and noted the long, swinging step, the dis-\\nciplined easy carriage, the polished gun-barrels and\\ngleaming bayonets, and felt that the rags could not hide\\nthe quality of the soldiery. The patriotic women of\\nthe city, matrons and maids, showered flowers and\\ncheers upon their countrymen and under the influence\\nof their bright smiles with hearts growing lighter as\\neach step brought them nearer their goal, they marched\\naway. They were followed the next day by the French\\ncontingent. The latter had lost time and distance,\\ncaused by a halt outside of the town to brush the dust\\nfrom their uniforms and equipments and put on their\\nbravest attire. A very different showing they made as\\nthey marched down Chestnut Street past the State House\\nwhere they were reviewed by Congress; regiments\\nwith old world names which spoke of the glory and\\npower of France, Rochambeau and his brilliant staff\\nin the lead, their uniforms of gold and white sparkling\\nin the sun but they were men, too they had shown it in\\nthe past, they were to show it then aye, and in the\\nfuture as well. Among the aides of the French com-\\nmander was one Berthier, whom history saw later as\\na Marshal of France under the great Napoleon\\nWhen the eager Washington ever in the lead\\nreached Chester, he received the news that the combi-\\nnation was a success, and that De Grasse had entered\\nthe Chesapeake on the thirty-first of August A cloud,\\nlike the famous man s hand, had arisen above Cornwal-\\nlis horizon with the entrance of those ships in the bay,\\nbut as he never dreamed but that the British would\\nbrush them away presently, he remained reasonably\\nconfident still and there was no Elijah in his camp to\\nread the future for him. Washington was so delighted\\nwith the news that he rode back to Philadelphia and in-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 151\\nformed Congress and Rochambeau. Cornwallis might\\nhave broken through the thin ranks of Lafayette, but\\nwhere woukl he have gone afterward North into the\\nhands of Washington; or south, into the arms of\\nGreene? He had had enough of both of these generals,\\nso he concluded to await the arrival of the British fleet,\\nstill unconscious of the storm cloud looming up very-\\nblack now on every side of the horizon. When the\\narmies reached the head of the Chesapeake Bay on the\\nfifth of September, they found transports had assem-\\nbled, upon which they were embarked and taken down\\nthe bay. Meanwhile De Grasse had landed three thou-\\nsand troops under St. Simon and on the eighth of Sep-\\ntember, while Eutaw Springs was being fought in the\\nCarolinas, by Lafayette s command the allied armies\\nmoved down and took a position squarely across the\\npeninsula in front of Yorktown. Cornwallis was\\ncorked, like another later commander, in a bottle;\\nand the cork was pressed down, driven in.\\nWashington stopped for two days at his beloved\\nMount Vernon, which he had not seen for six years, en-\\ntertaining Rochambeau and the French officers with old\\ntime Virginia hospitality, while his army swept down\\nthe Chesapeake. On the fourteenth of September he\\narrived at the camp and took command by the twenty-\\nsixth of September the whole of his army had joined\\nforces with Lafayette and St. Simon, and on the sixth\\nof October Cornwallis withdrew into his fortifications\\nand the investment began. There were about seven\\nthousand Frenchmen, five thousand five hundred Con-\\ntinentals, and three thousand five hundred militia under\\nGovernor Nelson in Washington s army. The first\\nparallel was opened within six hundred yards of the\\nBritish works on the same night by General Lincoln it", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "152 American Fights and Fighters\\nwas completed in three days, batteries were mounted\\nand, with his own hand, Washington fired the first\\ngun.\\nBefore ah this had happened, however, Admiral\\nGraves, who commanded the British fleet at New York,\\nhaving been reinforced by a squadron sent him by Sir\\nSamuel Hood, had sailed down the coast with twenty\\nships-of-the-line to dispute the control of the sea with\\nDe Grasse. Although a large number of French seamen\\nwere absent with the vessels transporting the Amer-\\nican army down the bay, and De Barras had not yet\\njoined them with his squadron, De Grasse immediately\\nput to sea on the fifth of September with twenty-four\\nships, leaving the rest to continue the blockade. The\\ntwo fleets manoeuvered for four days, the French skil-\\nfully keeping the weather-gage, and an indecisive action\\nwas fought on the seventh of September in which the\\nBritish, fewer in numbers, sustained considerably more\\ndamage than the French, losing one ship-of-the-line\\nand many killed. The two admirals learned at the\\nsame time that De Barras had entered the Chesapeake\\nand Graves, now greatly inferior in force and disheart-\\nened by his repulses, went back to New York and De\\nGrasse returned to the Chesapeake. It was substan-\\ntially a victory for the French, but it was a good thing\\nfor De Grasse, and it was a good thing for the Ameri-\\nican Revolution, too, that Rodney was sick in England\\nand not in Graves place. Sir Henry Clinton found\\nmeans to communicate with Cornwallis on the return\\nof Graves, and informed him that the British sea power\\nwould soon be augmented by the arrival of another\\nsquadron and that he would sail for his relief as soon\\nas possible. Cornwallis replied that he was entirely\\nconfident of holding out as long as necessary. That\\nwas before Washington s arrival.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "-5", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 153\\nTo return to the siege, the cannonading was kept up\\nfrom an ever increasing number of guns with the ut-\\nmost fury. At first there had been much skirmishing\\nbetween Tarleton s Legion and the French Hussars,\\nunder the Due de Lauzun, without decisive resuhs\\nthough there were individual encounters on both sides\\nin which great personal gallantry was displayed. On\\nthe night of the eleventh of October the second parallel\\nwas opened within three hundred yards of the British\\nworks. Unfortunately for this parallel, however, the\\nBritish had two redoubts on the river side which en-\\nfiladed the works and rendered them untenable. Wash-\\nington determined to carry them by storm. The one\\nnearest the river was allotted to the Americans and the\\none further inland, larger and more formidable, was\\nclaimed by the French. Two storming parties, the\\nAmericans under the command of Alexander Hamilton,\\nand the French under the leadership of the Baron de\\nViomenil, were detailed to make the attempt. At eight\\no clock on the evening of the fourteenth, when it was\\nquite dark, the attacks were delivered.\\nThe Americans, without waiting for the pioneers to\\nclear the way, rushed impetuously up to the abattis and\\ntore it apart with their hands, the little Flamilton, using\\na soldier s back as a stepping-stone, sprang into the\\nfort sword in hand, followed by his men. There was\\na sharp conflict in the redoubt and the British, sur-\\nrounded and outnumbered, threw down their arms\\nand surrendered. The guns of the redoubt were at once\\nswung to the inside and added their death-dealing\\nmissives to the American cannonade which was going\\non furiously at the time. Hamilton immediately des-\\npatched an aide to the Baron de Viomenil to inform\\nhim of his success. The French had waited to deliver\\ntheir attack while their pioneers cut down the abattis,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "154 American Fights and Fighters\\naccording to rule. Hamilton s aide found the French\\nchafing in impatience under a hot fire from the fort,\\nwhich was inflicting considerable loss. When the\\nBaron de Viomenil was informed that the Americans\\nhad captured their fort, he sent the officer back to tell\\nHamilton that he was not yet in his, but would be, in\\nfive minutes.\\nThe Gatinois grenadiers had the honor of leading\\nthe French advance. They had formerly belonged to\\nthe old Auvergne regiment which had been once com-\\nmanded by Rochambeau himself, and which, for its\\nheroic gallantry on many fields, had been known as\\nAuvergne sans tache. When Rochambeau had ad-\\ndressed them before the attack they had promised\\neverything if he would get their old name restored to\\nthem. By their heroic conduct in this action they ob-\\ntained their desire, and were henceforward known as\\nthe Royal Auvergne. As soon as the abattis was bro-\\nken down, the Frenchmen with resistless valor rushed\\ninto the fort, effecting its capture in short order. Wash-\\nington had ridden into the parallel nearest the British\\nbatteries and a member of his staff, in great anxiety\\nlest his commander-in-chief s life should be sacrificed\\nthus uselessly, ventured to suggest that it would be\\nsafer to retire as the place was much exposed. Tf\\nyou think so, sir, said Washington, with unusual\\nsharpness, you are at liberty to step back. The next\\nmoment the cannon by which Washington was stand-\\ning was struck. As his officers sprang to his side,\\nfearful lest he had been wounded, General Knox\\ngrasped his arm exclaiming, My dear general, we\\ncan t spare you yet. It is a spent bullet and no harm\\nis done, he replied. I have no doubt that he would\\nhave given his rank itself for the mere soldier s privi-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 155\\nlege of leading the advance of either of these storming\\nparties, for that was the kind of soldier Washington\\nwas. He was, above all things, a fighter from be-\\nginning to end. Presently his practised eye saw that\\nboth assaults had been delivered successfully and the\\nworks were in possession of his troops. The work\\nis done and well done! he remarked triumphantly,\\nturning away.\\nThe cannonade was now resumed from the new par-\\nallel with renewed vigor. Governor Nelson, who had\\nlived in Yorktown, on being asked what were the best\\npoints at which to direct a fire, pointed out his own\\nhouse which, as it was the largest in the place, was most\\nlikely to be the headquarters of Cornwallis, which was\\nafterward ascertained to be a fact. One pleasing lit-\\ntle incident which places Cornwallis in an agreeable\\nlight is this. Governor Nelson had a brother living in\\nYorktown, a very old man, who had been secretary of\\nthe colony under the crown for over thirty years and\\nwas habitually called Mr. Secretary Nelson. The\\nsecretary had two sons who served in Washington s\\narmy and they besought him, if possible, to secure the\\nenlargement of their father. Washington wrote a per-\\nsonal letter to Cornwallis requesting that Mr. Secre-\\ntary Nelson be allowed to leave the city. The gener-\\nous Englishman granted permission at once, and the\\nboys had the satisfaction of not being compelled to fire\\nupon the abiding place of their father.\\nThe night after the capture of the redoubts, Corn-\\nwallis, whose men were being cut up by the heavy\\nbombardment, whose headquarters were made untena-\\nble from the same cause, whose provisions were giving\\nout, and whose ammunition was almost exhausted,\\ndetermined upon a sortie. A heavy column under", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "156 American Fights and Fighters\\nLieutenant-Colonel Abercrombie made a gallant attack\\nupon the American works. It was partially successful,\\nthough they had not time more than hastily to spike one\\nor two of the guns, when they were dislodged by the re-\\nturn attack of the Americans and forced to retreat with\\nconsiderable loss in killed, wounded and prisoners.\\nThe spikes were easily drawn from the guns and they\\nrecommenced their useful service.\\nThe situation of the earl was now desperate; al-\\nthough he received word that Sir Henry Clinton was\\nabout to sail with seven thousand men and a large fleet\\nof twenty-five ships-of-the-line, and two fifty-gun frig-\\nates, he could hold out no longer. Word was brought\\nto De Grasse of this at the same time and he immediate-\\nly determined to abandon the siege and get to sea, in\\norder to be prepared to run away or fight as circum-\\nstances would permit. It was only by the strongest\\npleas and representations from Washington, Rocham-\\nbeau and Lafayette that he was induced to reconsider\\nhis purpose and remain for a few days longer; so his\\nships moved down to Lynn Haven Bay and were kept\\nin readiness for constant action. Yorktown had been\\nalmost destroyed by the cannonading, many of the\\nBritish ships and boats in the harbor were set on fire\\nand burned, including the Charon, a forty-four-gun\\nfrigate.\\nCornwallis, in his desperation, determined to pass\\nover to Gloucester point, opposite Yorktown, across the\\nriver, where he had a fortified post, assemble his forces\\nthere and break through the small American force\\nopposing and get away. It was a foolhardy plan at\\nbest, but any hope he might have entertained of carry-\\ning it out was frustrated after he had succeeded in get-\\nting one brigade across, by a violent storm which arose", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 157\\nduring the night, wrecking and scattering his boats so\\nthat it was with the greatest difficulty he managed to\\nget that brigade back to his army in the morning. On\\nthe seventeenth of October he determined to surrender.\\nThere was nothing left for him to do with his defeated\\nand exhausted troops; he could not escape by with-\\ndrawing in the face of the French fleet and he could\\nnot sustain the siege longer. So, as I have said, on that\\nbright, sunny morning, the drums began beating a par-\\nley. And this was the end of all the hard marching,\\nthe mad chasing, the desperate fighting, in which he\\nhad indulged since he landed at Charleston two years\\nbefore. Nay, more, this was the end of a greater\\nthing than Cornwallis and his army though they knew\\nit not, it was the end of the British empire in America\\nwith all its stamp acts, and non-representations and\\noppressions its scorn and contempt of things colonial.\\nIt is over, it is over, seemed the message of the\\ndrums on that October morning.\\nThe rest was soon arranged. In order to protect\\nhis loyalists from the rancor of their countrymen,\\nCornwallis was allowed to send a ship back to New\\nYork in which they escaped. The terms insisted upon\\nwere the same which had been forced upon the Ameri-\\ncans when the British had captured Charleston the\\nofficers retaining their side-arms and everybody his\\nprivate property. As the Americans had been com-\\npelled to play an American march when they sur-\\nrendered, it was insisted that the British should do the\\nsame by playing a British air in this instance. At noon\\nthen, on October 19, 1781, the allied armies were\\ndrawn up in two lines, the Americans on the right,\\nand the French on the left. The British marched out\\nbetween them, sullen, dejected, bitterly indignant, their", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "158 American Fights and Fighters\\nbands playing, significantly enough, a quaint old\\nEnglish tune called, The World Turned Upside\\nDown The red standard of England was lowered be-\\nfore the banners of her oldest antagonist and her\\nnewest enemy. The white liags of France with their\\ngolden lilies, which had gone down in the dust at Crecy,\\nat Agincourt and at Poictiers, now beheld the banners\\nof their ancient foe drooping in submission before them\\nand before the Stars and Stripes; the flag that Paul\\nJones hand had hoisted at the masthead of his ship;\\nthe flag which had fluttered above the bastion at Fort\\nStanwix; which Cornwallis himself had seen at Mon-\\nmouth and at Guilford Court House the flag of the\\nchild who had broken away from the cruel mother.\\nGeneral O Hara, who led the British troops in the in-\\ndisposition of Cornwallis, surrendered his sword to\\nGeneral Lincoln, who had capitulated at Charleston.\\nThe British soldiers grounded arms and marched back,\\nand that was the end.\\nIt was a great day for Washington and for that\\nRevolution which had been conceived when the min-\\nute men of Lexington and of Concord rallied to the\\nmidnight summons of Paul Revere, riding hotly\\nthrough the night; that Revolution which had quickened\\non the blood-stained slopes of Bunker Hill, which had\\ntravailed at Trenton and Princeton and had been born\\non the plains of Saratoga, which had starved and frozen\\nat Valley Forge. It was now an accomplished fact. The\\nfighting was over. The dullest could see that a new\\nnation had arisen a country that could not be\\nconquered that freedom had been achieved. The\\ngreat patient man who sat his horse and watched the\\nsullen soldiers pass before him, must have felt this\\nwith a thankful, grateful heart for with the deep piety", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Yorktown 159\\nwhich was part of his nature, the first general order\\nafter the surrender was accompHshed bade the troops\\nto a service of thanksgiving and prayer\\nIt was two o clock in the morning when the news of\\nthe surrender reached the quiet city of Philadelphia.\\nPast three o clock, cried the watchman in the still\\nnight, and Cornwallis is taken! There was no more\\nsleep in the staid old town that night. Past three\\no clock and Cornwallis is taken The citizens rushed\\nfrom their houses glad-hearted in the dawning of a\\nnew day.\\nIt was later still when the news reached England.\\nLord George Germaine was awakened early in the\\nmorning by the arrival of a courier who had brought\\nthe despatches telling the disastrous story. Sir Henry\\nClinton with his great armada had arrived too late.\\nThe surrender was accomplished when he got there;\\nDe Grasse had gone to the West Indies, and like the\\nKing of France who marched up the hill and then\\nmarched down again. Sir Henry had returned to New\\nYork. Lord George jumped into a carriage and, pick-\\ning up the chancellor by the way, drove to the house of\\nthe prime minister with his dreadful news. How\\ndid he take it? he was asked by a friend. Like a\\nbullet in the breast, was the reply. He threw up his\\nhands in great agony crying, O God, it is all over, it\\nis all over and the words were even so. The king\\nblustered awhile, and vowed that he would do this, or\\nthat, or tlie other, but in the end peace was declared,\\nindependence was acknowledged and the United States\\nof America began to be.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "American Fights and Fighters\\nPart II\\nTHE INDIAN WAR IN THE\\nNORTHWEST\\n1791-1794", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "ST. CLAIR S DEFEAT\\nLate in the evening of December 19, 1791, a tired\\nofficer in a weather-stained uniform, on a played\\nout horse, rode up to the door of the house of Presi-\\ndent Washington, in Philadelphia, and demanded\\nadmittance on the plea of carrying urgent des-\\npatches for the President. Upon the refusal of the\\nofficer to deliver them to Mr. Lear, his private secre-\\ntary, Washington was sent for. He excused himself\\nto his dinner guests and came into the hall and read\\nthe despatches. After dismissing the officer, he re-\\nsumed his seat at the table without disclosing the pur-\\nport of the communication he had received, although\\none of the company states that he heard him mutter\\nunder his breath, I knew it would be so. Washing-\\nton, with his usual calm serenity, appeared in the draw-\\ning-room, where his wife was holding a reception after\\nsupper, and it was not until after ten o clock that he\\nwas left alone with his secretary. Then his iron self-\\ncontrol was broken, and he gave way to the agitation\\nwhich the despatch had induced.\\nAfter pacing up and down the room a few minutes,\\nhe sat down and motioning Mr. Lear to a seat, he ex-\\n163", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "164 American Fights and Fighters\\nclaimed passionately, It s all over! St. Clair s defeat-\\ned routed the officers nearly all killed, the men by\\nthe wholesale the rout complete too shocking to think\\nof, and a surprise in the bargain His secretary\\nwatched him in dead silence, appalled, perhaps as\\nmuch by the furious passion of the general as by the\\nnews of the overwhelming disaster. Washington pres-\\nently sprang to his feet and walked up and down the\\nroom again in great agitation, endeavoring to control\\nhimself anew. He finally stopped near the door and\\nbroke out again. Yes, he exclaimed, here, on this\\nvery spot, I took leave of him I wished him success\\nand honor. You have had your instructions from\\nthe Secretary of War, said I, I had a strict eye to\\nthem, and will add but one word, BEWARE OF A\\nSURPRISE. You know how the Indians fight us.\\nI repeat it, BEWARE OF A SURPRISE. He\\nwent ofi: with that, my last warning, thrown in his ears.\\nAnd yet! To suffer that army to be cut to pieces,\\nhacked, butchered, tomahawked, by a surprise the\\nvery thing I guarded him against. O God O God\\nhe exclaimed throwing up his hands, while his very\\nframe shook with emotion, He s worse than a mur-\\nderer How can he answ er it to his country\\nThe blood of the slain is upon him the curse of the\\nwidows and orphans the curse of heaven\\nAfter this outbreak, to which Mr. Lear dared ven-\\nture no reply, Washington struggled with himself until\\nhis strong will once more regained its habitual mastery\\nover his feelings. After some minutes, as if ashamed\\nof and regretting his passion, he broke the silence\\nagain by saying in a subdued and altered tone, This\\nmust not go beyond this room. After another and a\\nlonger pause, he added, in a tone quite low and distinct", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 165\\nand with great deliberation, General St. Clair shall\\nhave justice; I looked hastily over the despatches,\\nsaw the whole disaster, but not all the particulars. I\\nwill receive him without displeasure; I will hear him\\nwithout prejudice; he shall have full justice.\\nThe cause of this extraordinary fit of passion, the\\nlike of which only occurred a few times in the life of\\nthe great Washington, was one of the most frightful\\ndisasters that ever befell the American arms. There\\nhad been trouble with the Indians for years in the\\nNorthwest, in what is now the States of Ohio, Indi-\\nana and Illinois. The British at the close of the Revo-\\nlution had not yielded their control of the lake posses-\\nsions in their desire to preserve their monopoly of the\\nlucrative fur trade, and they cannot be held guiltless\\nof inciting and encouraging the border warfare on the\\npart of the Indian and the frontiersmen, which was in\\nany event a natural and legitimate outcome of the situ-\\nation. The great west bound tide of men which, since\\nthe Garden of Eden, has ever flooded on in the path of\\nthe sun, had swept across the Alleghanies in rolling\\nwaves and it speedily became necessary to secure an\\noutlet for the ever increasing, onrushing deluge of\\nhumanity in the great waste of untilled fields, dense\\nforests, and fertile valleys of the West.\\nThe Indian, who had roamed the country freely,\\nlooked upon the advance guard of civilization with\\njealousy and suspicion, and wherever the wave of prog-\\nress came in contact with the men of the Stone Age, it\\nbroke into the wild spray of irrepressible conflict. The\\nGovernment of the United States did not appreciate\\nthe situation, and desired nothing but peace on its fron-\\ntiers, never dreaming of the immense power latent in\\nthe straining nation, striving to break the tightening", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1 66 American Fights and Fighters\\ncircles in which the rapid increase of population con-\\nstricted the people. It was the old story of the Anglo-\\nSaxon going up to possess the earth. The Stone Age\\nhad enjoyed its period, it was old and left behind in the\\nrace a new day was dawning, a new people desired the\\nplace, and were not to be denied. The weakest must go\\nto the wall again. But every foot of the advance was\\nto be marked with blood and met with desperate resist-\\nance. Of such alway is the path of civilization.\\nThe history of the eight years following the Revolu-\\ntion is one of merciless outrage and bloody reprisal,\\nof ruthless, cruel and terrible warfare in which cupidity\\nand guile played leading parts. From a moral stand-\\npoint the American was the more blamable for he\\nknew more; from a physical standpoint, the savage,\\nfor he knew less, and his methods of warfare were in\\naccordance with his lack of knowledge. It was his\\nland, too, but on the other hand he could not use it.\\nThe question of right is a deep one, here we are only\\nconcerned with the facts. The innocent and guilty suf-\\nfered alike on both sides from the play of passion, and\\noutrage after outrage occurred on the part of the\\nthoroughly aroused savages, until the Government\\nwas at last compelled to take notice. Expeditions\\nunder Harmer and others had been rather severely\\nhandled, and public opinion had been so aroused by sev-\\neral unusually atrocious depredations, that an army\\nfor the chastisement of the savages was authorized by\\nCongress, and Major-General Arthur St. Clair was\\nplaced in command.\\nHis force, which had assembled at Fort Washington\\non the Ohio, now Cincinnati, comprised two small\\nregiments of regulars, newly organized, two regi-\\nments of six month levies, and a large body of", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 167\\nmilitia, to which were added two small batteries of\\nlight guns and several squadrons of inferior cavalry.\\nHeadquarters were eventually established at Fort\\nHamilton, twenty-five miles north of Fort Washing-\\nton, where months of inactive waiting for the arrival\\nof nearly every sort of necessity for campaigning\\npassed away. The pay allowed by the Government\\nwas so miserable that the better class of men absolutely\\nrefused to enlist. The bulk of the army came from\\nthe purlieus of the seaboard cities, the prison, the\\nwheelbarrow and the brothel, for two dollars per\\nmonth a head The six month levies were no better,\\nand the militia, much worse.\\nThe officers were mainly men of spirit and courage\\nbut of limited military experience. The experienced\\nfrontiersmen like Brady looked askance and would\\nhave nothing to do with such an army for such an ex-\\npedition, and the whole assemblage was as ignorant of\\nIndian warfare as if they had been babies in arms.\\nBraddock s famous army, though made up of much\\nbetter men, was not more confident nor more stupid.\\nThe second in command was General Richard Butler,\\nwho was an old Revolutionary soldier, as was the\\nAdjutant-General, Colonel Winthrop Sargent, who\\nwas the only really capable man among the leaders of\\nthe party. St. Clair was nearly sixty years old. He\\nhad served with credit in the Revolution and was a\\nman of undoubted honor, probity and courage, but he\\nwas seriously ill with the gout and other ailments, and\\nwas frequently unable to ride a horse and had to be\\ncarried on a litter. Butler was in much the same con-\\ndition.\\nThe arms, equipments and other supplies were as\\nbad as possible. Much of the powder was spoiled or", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "1 68 American Fights and Fighters\\nwas of inferior quality. There was no food for the\\nmen, no fodder for the horses, which were broken\\ndown old hacks. The commissary and quartermaster\\ndepartments were woefully inefficient. It was the old\\nstory so often repeated of an absolute unpreparedness\\nfor action, and the Republic never seems to learn the\\nlesson of it. The two regular regiments had been as-\\nsiduously drilled during the long days of weary wait-\\ning, and in ordinary warfare might have proved fairly\\nefficient, but nothing on earth could ever make woods-\\nmen of them or fit them for their present purpose. The\\nsix month levies and the militia, if anything, deterior-\\nated rather than improved during the delay. It is only\\njustice to St. Clair to state that he protested vigorously\\nagainst this state of affairs, but without result. Still\\nhe never seems to have entertained a doubt of ultimate\\nsuccess, even considering the wretched quality of the\\narmy.\\nOn October 4, 1791, the miserable army began its\\nforward movement. Its rate of progress was about\\nsix miles a day For nine days it cut its way through\\ndamp, dense woods, or dragged itself wearily over the\\nsodden prairies, wet with the heavy autumnal rains.\\nThen it stopped and built a fort which was called Fort\\nJefferson, where the large numbers of sick and some\\nscanty supplies were left. On the twenty-fourth of\\nOctober the march was resumed. The straggling was\\nawful, desertions frequent, and although St. Clair, in\\nthe endeavor to preserve discipline, hung three of the\\ndeserters summarily, the measure did not seem effec-\\ntive. On the thirty-first of October they had made\\nabout twenty miles, without seeing any great force of\\nIndians, though there was some little skirmishing from\\ntime to time, and the advance was greatly galled and", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 169\\ndisheartened by stray warriors who took pot shots at\\nthe hapless Americans from the underbrush, and disap-\\npeared before they could be apprehended or even seen.\\nThere were no organized parties of flankers or scouts,\\nand what few men were detailed for that vital duty\\nwere left mainly to their own devices. On the night of\\nthe same day sixty of the militia deserted in a body,\\nafter proclaiming their intention to live off the supply\\ntrains, which were lagging unaccountably in the rear.\\nTo capture and to bring them back and to protect this\\nsupply train as well St. Clair very foolishly detached\\none of his two regular regiments, the second, under\\nMajor Hamtranck, on the first of November. This\\nmost seriously weakened his army.\\nOn the third of November the army camped in the\\nevening on the east fork of the Wabash, at this point\\na little stream scarcely twenty yards wide and fordable\\nanywhere. It was St. Clair s design, as he was near\\nthe principal Miami villages, to throw up another for-\\ntification, leave the sick and all except absolutely\\nnecessary baggage in it, and push on to destroy the\\ntowns, and then, after leaving strong garrisons in the\\nvarious forts, return to the Ohio for the winter. He\\ndid not have a chance to put his plan in operation. The\\narmy, now reduced to about fourteen hundred men, in-\\ncluding camp followers and about thirty wretched\\nwomen, was camped in a clearing on a narrow rise of\\nground about three hundred and fifty feet long. The\\nplace was surrounded by dense virgin woods, through\\nwhich they had been compelled to cut a narrow road.\\nThe main body, consisting of the regulars and the lev-\\nies, was drawn up in two lines facing out, with the bat-\\nteries in the center and the cavalry on either flank,\\nmaking a sort of elongated hollow square. On the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "lyo American Fights and Fighters\\nother side of the creek the miHtia and a small scouting\\nparty were thrown forward.\\nThe officer in charge of the scouts came back to\\nheadquarters in the night and told St. Clair that he had\\ndiscovered signs of large bodies of Indians. He was\\nthanked for his information and told to return to his\\npost, the matter would be looked into in the morning;\\nthe tired soldiers were plunged in slumber and could\\nnot be disturbed for rumors of this kind for most\\nof them there was to be a dreadful awakening in that\\ncoming day. The men were paraded as usual at sun-\\nrise, and had just been dismissed to prepare their break-\\nfast, when rifle shots rang out in the cold, raw morn-\\ning. It was the thing they had been warned against,\\na surprise! There was a slight snow on the ground,\\nwhich was very wet and muddy, and the little pools\\nwere covered with a thin coating of ice, which soon\\nmelted away as the day advanced. The firing in the\\nfront at once became general. After the briefest pos-\\nsible stand and a volley or two, the advance party of\\nthe militia were routed by the charging Indians, and\\ncame running back pell-mell across the stream and\\nplunged into the regiments in camp, which were hastily\\nreassembling to the long roll of the drums, causing\\nmuch disorder and confusion.\\nSuch was the impetuosity of the Indians pursuit,\\nas they rushed forward through the creek, and so close\\nwere they on the heels of the craven militia that they\\nalmost broke through the startled lines of the camp,\\nand a stampede was with difficulty averted by the offi-\\ncers. One or two hasty volleys from the first line of\\nthe regulars, however, drove the savages out of the\\nopen to seek shelter in the thick and almost impenetra-\\nble woods. At the same moment the army found itself", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 171\\nsurrounded and assailed from every side. Every tree\\ntrunk, every fallen log, every clump of bushes hid a\\ncrouching foe, and the bullets fairly rained in among\\nthe exposed men in the clearing, who sent volley after\\nvolley in every direction without doing any perceptible\\ndamage. The artillery was unlimbered and the guns\\nwere served with furious energy so that the army was\\nsoon covered with clouds of its own smoke through\\nwhich the men fired aimlessly in the greatest bewil-\\nderment.\\nThe officers strove with the greatest courage to re-\\nform the lines which had been broken and disorganized\\nby the fleeing militia. St. Clair in person took com-\\nmand of one line, Butler the other. One likes to think\\nof the old general walking calmly up and down the\\nline, his gray hairs floating in the wind, striving to en-\\ncourage the men; it somewhat redeems the man after\\nall, so splendid a virtue is courage. For a time they\\nstood their ground manfully under a hail of bullets\\nfrom their concealed foe pushed to the wall, even\\nthe most craven and ignoble will fight in the last ex-\\ntremity. But the situation was more than they could\\nstand the poor frightened outcast from the towns\\nfiring blindly into the smoke suddenly would be ap-\\npalled by the sight of a feather-crowned head, a pair\\nof burning eyes gleaming fiercely upon him from out a\\npainted face; and before his terror-dried throat could\\nframe a shriek, with a wild cry screamed in his ears,\\nthe tomahawk would be buried in his brain, the scalp-\\ning knife circling his head. The groaning wounded\\nwere given sudden relief from their agonies by the\\nthrust of a gleaming knife in the hand of some crawl-\\ning, stealthy prowler who had made his way unnoticed\\ninto the camp in the awful confusion.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "172 American Fights and Fighters\\nBut the Indians had grown bolder from their own\\nimmunity, and noting the numbers of those wdio fell,\\nfrom time to time they advanced from the underbrush\\nand under cover of the smoke rushed recklessly upon\\nthe Americans, a thing most unusual for them. When-\\never they could be seen in force, they were met with\\nthe most determined courage and repelled time and\\nagain by furious bayonet charges. Again and again\\nthe officers led their men forward. The Indians, how-\\never, would never remain to face the advancing detach-\\nments, but would melt away on every side and when\\nthe charging party had gone a little way from the camp\\nit would be necessary to execute a return charge to\\nget back through the interposing bodies of the foe,\\nand in these little retreats more would be lost than had\\nbeen gained in the charge. Particular attention was\\npaid by the Indians to the artillery. Every officer\\nand most of the men connected with it were soon\\nkilled or wounded. Every officer in the only regular\\nregiment remaining met a like fate.\\nSeveral times the Indians succeeded, under cover of\\nthe smoke, in breaking through the lines in force, kill-\\ning and scalping the wounded wherever they were,\\nand were only prevented by heroic efforts from captur-\\ning the camp. General Butler, who was shot in the\\narm in the early part of the action, walked up and\\ndown cheering on his men until another bullet brought\\nhim dow n. As he lay on the ground he was toma-\\nhawked by one of the Indian attacking parties. St.\\nClair had eight bullets through his clothing, a shot\\ngrazed his head, cutting off a lock of his hair, but he\\nwas otherwise unharmed. In spite of his age and his\\ninfirmities he several times personally led charges,\\nsword in hand, upon the Indians, but his experienced", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 173\\neye saw that the battle was going seriously against him;\\nthe spirit of his men was giving out, their resistance\\nwas becoming feebler, ammunition was getting low,\\nmost of the officers were gone the game was up. The\\nnumbers of the slain and the wounded were increasing\\nat a fearful rate, the ground was covered with bodies,\\nthe Indians were coming in closer and closer and\\nthe violence of their fire did not slacken in the least\\ndegree. Something would have to be done and\\npromptly, else they would all be massacred where they\\nstood.\\nUnder the orders of St. Clair, Colonel Darke, the\\ncommander of the second regiment, although badly\\nwounded, assembled what men he could and led a charge\\nupon the encircling line of the Indians as if to get in\\ntheir rear; while St. Clair, with some of the bolder\\nsoldiers, taking advantage of the diversion thus caused,\\nbroke through in another direction and circling round\\nupon the rear, succeeded in opening a way of escape by\\ngaining possession of the road which they had made\\nthrough the trees in prosecuting their advance. With\\nthe desperate courage of despair the little band held\\nthe way open while the terror-stricken men tore\\nthrough the pathway thus made without a moment s\\nhesitation. They lost all semblance of organization\\nand discipline and the retreat at once became a fright-\\nful rout. The hapless \\\\vounded were left behind or\\nthrust aside; arms and equipments and everything\\nwhich would impede flight were cast away, and in one\\nlong, maddened mob they ran frantically down the\\nopen road in wild panic.\\nDarke and a few remaining officers and men la-\\nbored heroically with a skeleton rear-guard to prevent\\npursuit; St. Clair, mounted on a wounded pack horse.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "174 American Fights and Fighters\\nendeavored to get to the front to stop the rout and\\nrestore some kind of order, but the wretched animal\\ncould not be pricked out of a walk. Meanwhile the\\nruthless Indians, like silent shadows, flitted through\\nthe heavy woods on either side of the road and picked\\noff the frightened, helpless, unresisting men at their\\npleasure. But their desire for the booty of the camp\\nand their utter lack of military organization caused\\nthem to withdraw from the pursuit about four miles\\nfrom the camp, and the fugitives were left to pursue\\ntheir mad flight unhindered. The temporary with-\\ndrawal of their savage pursuers made no difference to\\nthem, they ran on through the long day until they\\ndropped from exhaustion many of them, especially\\nthose who were wounded, crawled into the woods and\\nwere lost in its fastnesses, where they perished misera-\\nbly from fevers, starvation, or under the tomahawks\\nof the triumphant war parties which scoured the coun-\\ntry for days after the battle. The wounded remaining\\nin the camp were butchered and tortured in the most\\nferocious manner, until death gave them welcome re-\\nlief. The unfortunate women of the camp, who were\\nall captured, were staked out upon the ground and\\ntheir fate can hardly be imagined they were all finally\\nput to death, a welcome relief. Some of the ruder\\ntribes indulged in a wild cannibalistic orgie\\nIt was six o clock in the evening when the army\\nreached Fort Jefferson, having met on the way Ham-\\ntranck s regiment which with pusillanimous hesitation\\nhad failed to advance to cover the retreat, and could\\nnot now be driven forward. It had taken the army\\nseven days to advance twenty-nine miles the distance\\nin retreat was covered in as many hours.\\nThe number of the killed was six hundred and thirty,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "St. Clair s Defeat 175\\nseriously wounded, two hundred and eighty. Only\\nabout five hundred escaped, most of whom were slight-\\nly wounded or in some way bore marks of the awful\\ndisaster. The Indian loss was rather less than a hun-\\ndred and the total number of Indians engaged was\\nprobably not as much as a thousand. The Indian\\nleader was, according to some accounts, Little Turtle,\\nthe noted war chief of the Miamis according to others,\\nThayendanegea, otherwise known as Joseph Brant,\\nthe chief of the Six Nations, the illegitimate son, ac-\\ncording to some records, of the famous Sir William\\nJohnson, and the inveterate foe of the Americans,\\nHe is remembered for his participation in the Wyo-\\nmiing and the Minnisink massacres; and he was,\\nwith the possible exception of Pontiac, and it may\\nbe, Tecumseh, the ablest Indian who ever lived. The\\nIndians who fought were Algonquins and belonged\\nto the Wyandottes, Shawnees, Ottawas, Miamis, and\\nDelawares. Brant was an Iroquois and, as the head\\nchief of their great confederacy, was probably attend-\\ned by a small body of these ruthless and famous war-\\nriors. The Delawares had been hitherto designated by\\nthe haughty Iroquois as women; in this action they\\nwiped out the stigma and proved themselves men.\\nResting for a day or two at Fort Jefferson, the de-\\nfeated Americans retreated to Fort Washington, and\\nthe wretched St. Clair despatched a staff officer with\\nthe news of the disaster to the President. How that\\nnews was received we have seen. The unfortunate\\nSt. Clair resigned his commission soon after, and\\nWashington appointed Mad Anthony Wayne to suc-\\nceed him. Wayne was a soldier of a different stamp\\nand after some vigorous campaigning, culminating in\\nthe Battle of the Falling Timbers, August 20, 1794, he", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "176 American Fights and Fighters\\ncompletely broke the savage power, and there was\\npeace in the Northwest thereafter. General St. Clair\\nwas explicitly exculpated from blame by a committee\\nof Congress after a rigid examination, partly, it is sup-\\nposed, on account of his long and honorable career, and\\nthe great personal sacrifices he had made during the\\nRevolution. Although severely reprehended by the\\ngeneral public, he continued to enjoy the confidence\\nand friendship of his old commander. Such was the\\njustice of Washington toward his old comrade-in\\narms!", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "American Fights and Fighters\\nPart III\\nTHE WAR WITH FRANCE\\n1798-1800", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "TRUXTUN AND THE CONSTELLATION\\nTo know we re resolved, let them think on the hour,\\nWhen Truxtun, brave Truxtun off Nevis s shore.\\nHis ship manned for battle, the standard unfurled.\\nAnd at the Insurgente defiance he hurled.\\nThen raise high the strain, pay the tribute that s due\\nTo the fair Constellation, SiVid all her brave Crewr;\\nBe Truxtun revered, and his name be enrolled,\\nMongst the chiefs of the ocean, the heroes of old.\\nOld Song.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "TRUXTUN AND THE CON-\\nSTELLATION\\nThis is a story of a forgotten ship and a forgotten\\ncaptain in a forgotten war. The names of Paul Jones,\\nHull, Decatur, Bainbriclge, Stewart, Perry; the ships\\nor squadrons they commanded, and the battles they\\nfought, are as familiar in our mouths as household\\nwords; but who to-day thinks of Truxtun and the\\nConstellation? Yet he was quite on a level with any\\none of the others in the matter of personal gallantry,\\nprofessional skill and unvarying success. In the\\nfrigate Constellation he fought two most brilliant sin-\\ngle ship duels; in one instance with L Insurgcnte, a\\nfrigate of slightly less force than his own, and in the\\nother with La Vengeance, a very much larger and\\nheavier ship; the latter action was the more notable\\nwhen it is recalled that in the War of 1812, ih which\\nthe United States Navy gained such everlasting re-\\nnown, in almost every instance our ships were larger\\nand carried heavier guns and more men than those of\\nthe enemy certainly this is true of all the more impor-\\ntant actions. This detracts nothing from the glory of\\nthese combats, but it certainly enhances Truxtun s\\nreputation to have thoroughly beaten a ship which, in\\n179", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "i8o American Fights and Fighters\\nevery particular, save in the quality of the man on the\\nquarter-deck and the men behind the guns, entirely\\noutclassed his own.\\nThe man himself is a most romantic and pic-\\nturesque figure; he was, with one possible exception,\\nthe only one of the sea officers of the Revolution who\\nsubsequently rose to any degree of eminence in the\\nnaval service. Born on Long Island, on February. 17,\\nV55 (and his natal was also his lucky month, as we\\nshall see), he was the son of an eminent English lawyer\\nsettled in the then royal colony of New York. Through\\nthe influence of a relative who cared for him after the\\ndeath of his father early in his own life, he went to sea\\nin the merchant service when only twelve years old.\\nHis opportunities for education were limited therefore,\\nbut he had diligently improved them and by application\\nin later life more than made up what he might more\\neasily have acquired had he remained on shore. One\\nor two books, technical in character, of which he\\nwas the author, a treatise on navigation, and letters\\nand despatches still extant, bear out this statement.\\nThe educational standard of the day was certainly not\\nhigh and he easily surpassed it.\\nHe made many voyages in distant seas, and at one\\ntime was pressed in his Britannic Majesty s ship Pru-\\ndent, 64, where his ability attracting attention, he was\\noffered a midshipman s warrant, but he declined it and\\nwas shortly after released from the English service.\\nIn 1775, at the age of twenty, he actually commanded\\na ship the Andre-iv Caldzvell in which, by his daring\\nand address, he succeeded in bringing large quantities\\nof much needed gunpowder into the rebellious colonies.\\nIn the same year, his ship, in which he had acquired a\\nhalf ownership (good for a boy of that day), was cap-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Cortstellation i8i\\ntured, condemned and sold, and he was made a prison-\\ner. Nothing daunted by this reverse of fortune, he\\nfinally escaped from surveillance at St. Eustatius and\\nmade his way to Philadelphia. Early in 1776 he\\nshipped as a lieutenant in the Congress, the first to\\nget tosea of a long line of bold privateers which swept\\nthe waters for British ships, and in the next war with\\nthat country, in 181 2, nearly drove the merchant ves-\\nsels of the English from the Atlantic Ocean.\\nIn 1777 he fitted out the privateer ship Independence,\\nboldly dashed through the British guard ships in Long\\nIsland Sound, out around Lord Howe s tremendous\\nfleet, and made a brilliantly successful cruise, captur-\\ning several ships, one larger and with more guns and\\nmen aboard of her than his own.\\nOn this cruise the young privateersman had a rather\\nunpleasant encounter with Captain John Paul Jones\\nwith regard to his flying a pennant in the presence of\\nthe latter s regularly commissioned ship-of-war. The\\noffending pennant was most properly hauled down\\nafter a sharp correspondence at the demand of Captain\\nJones, always a fighter for his prerogatives and for\\neverything else as well, but not until the peremptory\\nrequest was backed by one Richard Dale with two\\nheavy boat crews fully armed. While the incident\\nspeaks little for Truxton s discretion, it says much for\\nthe pluck and courage of a boy in daring to withstand\\neven for a moment so great a captain as Paul Jones,\\nwho taught him in the end a needed lesson.\\nThe next year, in command of the Mars, a larger\\nand better ship, still gaily privateering, he emulated the\\nexample of Wickes and Connyngham and ravaged the\\nEnglish Channel, sending so many prizes into Quiberon\\nBay that an international question was vigorously", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "1 82 American Fights and Fighters\\nraised by Lord Stormont. Later, in the St. James,\\na ship of twenty guns and one hundred and twenty\\nmen, while carrying Mr. Thomas Barclay, just appoint-\\ned Consul-General to France, he beat off, after a des-\\nperate action, an English frigate of thirty-two guns!\\nA bold, dashing, hard fighting, thorough-going sailor\\nwas Master Thomas Truxtun, Revolutionary Priva-\\nteer sman.\\nIn person he was short and stout, red-faced and\\ngray-eyed, but handsome and strong looking. To the\\nday of his death he always wore a quaint, old-fashioned\\nnaval wig. He was quick tempered with men, especial-\\nly wdien he had the gout, which, as he was a high liver,\\nwas not infrequently; at such times he was wont to\\nmake it somewdiat unpleasant for his body servant, an\\nold seaman who had sailed with him for many years.\\nWith women he was always courteous and charming,\\nand seeing that he had thirteen daughters and only one\\nson, it may be conceded that he had no lack of experi-\\nence with the ruling sex. Li short, he was of that\\nquaint, old-fashioned, forgotten type of sea officers\\nwhich vanished wdien the romantic and beautiful\\nsailing ship of the past was supplanted by the prosaic,\\nbut intensely business-like iron pot of the day. He was\\na good Churchman too, and sleeps after his tempestu-\\nous life in Christ Church burying ground in Philadel-\\nphia well, he earned his rest.\\nAfter the war he again engaged in the merchant\\nservice, visiting at different times in his own ships all\\nquarters of the globe and becoming in time wealthy,\\nsubstantial and respected. When the United States\\nNavy was organized, in 1794, under the stimulus of\\nthe Algerine piratical depredations, he was made the\\nlast of the six captains for the six new ships author-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 183\\nizecl by Congress. In his case, the last certainly became\\nthe first. He was appointed to the new ship Constel-\\nlation, 38, then building at Baltimore, and superin-\\ntended her building and equipment. She was launched\\non September 7, 1 797, and is at present the oldest ship\\non the United States Navy list, the frigate United\\nStates, 44, which was launched two months prior, hav-\\ning long since been destroyed. The Algerine difficulty\\nhaving been temporarily adjusted. Congress, smarting\\nunder the arrogant aggressions of the French upon\\nour ships and flag abrogated all treaties and, in July,\\n1798, began a little naval warfare on its own account;\\nwhich is chiefly remembered for the exploits of the Con-\\nstellation and for having given rise, a little time before\\nthe beginning of hostilities, to Pinckney s famous say-\\ning, Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute or,\\nas a modern, iconoclastic, and more probable version\\nwrites his answer to the French demands, Nary a\\npenny\\nAbout noon on Saturday, February 9, 1799, while the\\nConstellation under easy canvas was cruising ofif the\\nIsland of St. Kitts, a sail was sighted to the southward,\\nwhereupon she squared away and headed for the\\nstranger. The wind was blowing fresh from the\\nnortheast, and all sail was at once crowded on the frig-\\nate in chase, reefs w ere shaken out of the topsails by\\nthe eager topmen, the royals and topgallant sails set,\\nthe light studding sails on their slender booms were\\nrapidly extended far out beyond the broad yard-arms,\\nand the gallant ship, taking a bone in her teeth, as\\nthe sailors say, tore through the waves and bore down\\nupon the stranger at a tremendous pace, the water\\nboiling and foaming about her cutwater, the spray\\nflying over her lee cathead, the waves rushing madly", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "184 American Fights and Fighters\\nalong the smooth sides of the great ship, and coming\\ntogether again under her counter, making a swirHng\\nwake in the deep blue of the tossing sea.\\nThe stranger bore up at once, hauling aboard his\\nport tacks, and showed no disposition to avoid the ex-\\npected attack of the Constellation. The two ships\\nwere both very speedy and weatherly; the Constella-\\ntion was certainly the fastest vessel in the American\\nnavy then and for many years after, and the French\\nship had the reputation of being one of the fast-\\nest ships in the navies of the world. They neared\\neach other rapidly therefore, but the fresh breeze\\nblew up into a sudden squall. The watchful Truxtun,\\nwho had noticed its approach, however, was ready for\\nit, though he held on under all sail till the very last\\nbreathless minute. Just before the blow fell, the order\\nwas In stun s ls, royals and topgallants ls, all hands\\nreef tops ls. The nimble crew executed the orders\\nwith such dashing precision that, when the squall\\nbroke a few moments after, everything was snug alow\\nand aloft, and the ship bore the fury of the wind s at-\\ntack unharmed, having lost not a foot of distance\\nthrough shortening sail before the emergency demand-\\ned it. As soon as the squall cleared away and the rain,\\nwhich had hidden the ships from each other, had\\nabated, the Constellation s people found that the chase\\nhad not fared so well as they; less smartly handled,\\nwith a less capable crew, she had lost her main topmast.\\nThe wreck had been cleared on her, her course changed\\nand, with the wind now on the quarter, she was head-\\ning in, hoping to make a harbor and escape the conflict.\\nTruxtun and the Constellation would not be denied\\nhowever, the yard-arms were covered with canvas\\nagain, the men sent to quarters, and all preparations", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Consfellation 185\\nmade for the action. The other ship, after hoisting\\nvarious different flags, finding escape impossible, fin-\\nally set the French colors, ran oft to the southeast,\\nand gallantly fired a lee gun as a signal of readiness\\nto engage. At 3 p.m. the Constellation having taken\\nin her light sails, and stripped herself to fighting can-\\nvas, drev^ up on the Frenchman s weather quarter.\\nThis was the first great action in which the United\\nStates Navy had ever borne a part. It was, in fact,\\nthe first great action in which Captain Truxtun had\\never borne a part himself. His other battles had been\\nin smaller ships and there had been about the service\\nthe little taint of gain, which always attaches to the pri-\\nvateer, the soldier of fortune of the ocean. Now he\\nwas the commander of a perfectly appointed ship-of-\\nwar representing the dignity and power of the United\\nStates. The spirit which had defied blockades, laughed\\nat odds, struggled with Paul Jones, was with him\\nstill, however, and he did not doubt the outcome of the\\ncombat neither did his men, and in silence and confi-\\ndence they approached the enemy.\\nWhen the Constellation had drawn well abreast her\\nantagonist, at a distance of perhaps thirty feet, the\\nFrenchman hailed. Captain Truxtun s answer w^as a\\nterrific broadside, which was at once returned. As\\nthe shot of the enemy came crashing through the Con-\\nstellation, one poor fellow flinched from his gun, on see-\\ning his mate literally disemboweled by a solid shot, and\\nstarted to run from his quarters. The man was at\\nonce shot dead by Lieutenant Sterrett, commanding the\\nthird division of guns. There was no more flinching\\nin that battery that was the kind of discipline on the\\nship. The French ship, which carried one hundred\\nmore men than the other, now immediately luffed up", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "1 86 American Fights and Fighters\\ninto the wind to board, firing fiercely the while but the\\nConstellation drew ahead. Then Truxtun saw his\\nchance; it was up helm and square away again. He\\nran the Constellation sharply down across the bows of\\nher enemy, and at short range poured a raking broad-\\nside fairly into her face then ranging along the other\\n(the starboard) side of the Frenchman, he finally took\\nposition of? the starboard bow, and for nearly an hour\\ndeliberately poured in a withering fire. At four o clock\\nTruxtun drew ahead once more, luffed up into the\\nwind and crossed the French ship s bow, again repeat-\\ning the raking, sailed along the larboard side, firing\\nas he went, took up a position on the larboard bow, and\\nsoon dismounted every gun on the main deck, leaving\\nthe enemy only the light guns above with which to con-\\ntinue the fight the French ship was as helpless as a\\nchopping block. With masterly seamanship the Amer-\\nican had literally sailed around the devoted French-\\nman, destroying each battery in succession and raking\\nhim fore and aft again and again. The doomed\\nFrench ship now drew ahead again and the Constella-\\ntion crossed astern of her, and took position in prepa-\\nration for another tremendous raking and pounding,\\nwhen the Frenchman reluctantly struck his flag.\\nThe prize was the splendid frigate L Insiirgente,\\nforty guns and four hundred and nine men; Captain\\nBarreaut, her commander, made a noble defense and\\nonly struck his flag when he had not a single gun in\\nthe main battery which could be used, and after seven-\\nty of his crew had been killed or wounded. The\\nConstellation had two killed and only three wounded!\\nThe happy result of this brilliant action between the\\ntwo ships was due mainly to the seamanship of the\\ncommander and the gun practice of the men, though", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 187\\nthe Constellation carrying long twenty-four pounders\\non her main deck as against L Insitrgcntc s long eigh-\\nteen pounders had a decided advantage of her. Among\\nthe American officers in this engagement were two\\nmen, afterward justly celebrated in the War of 1812;\\nLieutenant John Rodgers and Midshipman David\\nPorter; the latter, who was stationed in the foretop,\\nseeing at one period of the action that the topmast\\nhad been seriously wounded and was tottering and\\nabout to fall, being unable to make any one hear him\\non deck, took the responsibility of lowering the fore-\\ntop-sail yard on his own motion, thus relieving the\\nstrain on the mast and preventing a mishap which\\nmight have altered the fate of the battle.\\nRodgers and Porter were placed in charge of the\\nprize. During the night a fierce gale blew up, and in\\nthe morning the Constellation was nowhere to be seen\\nby Rodgers, whose position was most critical. Thir-\\nteen Americans all told were to guard one hundred and\\nseventy-three prisoners who had not been transferred\\nto the Constellation, on a leaking, shattered, dismasted\\nship, w^allowing in the trough of the sea, the dead and\\ndying still tossed about on her heaving decks. There\\nwere no handcuffs or shackles aboard, the gratings\\nwhich covered and secured the hatches had been\\nthrown away. Rodgers was a man of splendid pro-\\nportions and great strength. Porter was a determined\\nsecond. They and their plucky companions put a\\nbold front on the matter and resolutely drove the\\nmutinous Frenchmen into the lower hold, where they\\nwere kept in check by a cannon loaded to the muzzle\\nwith grape and canister, and pointed down the hatch-\\nway over which bags of heavy shot were suspended\\nby lashings which could easily be cut and the shot", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "1 88 American Fights and Fighters\\ndropped down upon the heads of an attacking party be-\\nlow. Every small arm on the ship was loaded and\\nplaced conveniently at hand, and the hatch was closely\\nguarded by three men armed to the teeth. The others\\ncleared the wreck, made sail, and after three days and\\ntwo nights of the hardest labor and the greatest anx-\\niety, during which every man of them remained con-\\ntinuously on deck, they finally reached St. Kitts, to the\\nvery great relief of Truxtun who had preceded them.\\nThis exploit was scarcely less notable than had been the\\nbattle itself. This was the stern school of the Ameri-\\ncan navy, and the subsequent wars have showed that\\nit developed men.\\nOne year after the capture of L Insurgcntc, the\\nConstellation, still under Truxtun s command, was\\ncruising on her old grounds to the southward of St.\\nKitts, and about fifteen miles west of Basseterre. Ear-\\nly on the morning of February i, 1800, a sail was\\nsighted to the southward, standing to the west.\\nWhereupon the Constellation immediately made sail\\nand bore down in pursuit of the stranger, which was\\nsoon seen to be a large and heavily armed ship-of-war,\\nevidently much stronger in force than the Constella-\\ntion herself. Not in the least disquieted by this open\\ndisparity in favor of the enemy, Truxtun made every\\neffort to close with her. The Frenchman apparently\\nhad no stomach for a fight and made equally deter-\\nmined efforts to get away.\\nThe wind was light and baffling, with frequent inter-\\nvals of calm, and the Americans could not get along-\\nside in spite of the most persistent efforts. For over\\ntwenty-four hours the pursuit continued with no re-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 189\\nsuit whatever. About two o clock on the afternoon\\nof February second, being Sunday again (the frigate s\\nlucky day it seemed), the breeze freshened and stead-\\nied and by setting every cloth of canvas the swift\\nsailing Constellation at last began to draw up to the\\nrather deep laden chase. As the breeze held and\\nthere was every prospect of soon overhauling her, the\\nmen were sent to quarters and every preparation made\\nfor the fight, the yards were slung with chains, top-\\nsail sheets, shrouds, and other rigging stoppered, pre-\\nventer backstays reeved, boarding and splinter nettings\\ntriced up, the boats covered, decks sanded, maga-\\nzines opened, arms distributed, etc.\\nThe battle was to be a night one, however, as it was\\neight o clock in the evening before the two ships were\\nwithin gunshot distance. The candles in the battle-\\nlanterns were lighted and each frigate presented a\\nbrilliant picture to the other as the light streamed far\\nout over the tossing water. It was a bright moonlight\\nnight and the ships were as visible as if it were day-\\ntime. Seeing that escape was hopeless, the Frenchmen\\napparently made up their minds to a desperate contest\\nand all hands, including a number of passengers, went\\nto quarters, cheering loudly, the sound of their voices\\ncoming faintly up the wind to the silent Constellation\\nsweeping toward them.\\nBefore the battle was joined the stout commodore\\nwith his aides descended to the gun-deck and passed\\nthrough the ship. The men had been as exuberant\\nas children and had gone to the guns dancing and\\nleaping, but as they drew near the enemy their\\nexuberance subsided, and joyousness gave way to a\\nfeeling of calm deliberation arid high resolve to repeat,\\nif possible, the success of the year before. As he", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "IQO American Fights and Fighters\\nwalked through the batteries Truxtun emphatically\\ncharged his men not to fire a gun until he gave the\\nword, under pain of death; those who had been in the\\nlast battle knew what he meant. He knew as did\\nother great American naval commanders the value of\\na close, well-delivered broadside at the right moment,\\nand of that moment he himself would be the judge.\\nHis instructions were that the loading of the pieces\\nwas to be as rapid as possible and the fire deliberate,\\nand only delivered when it would be effective; not a\\nsingle charge was to be thrown away the guns were to\\nbe loaded mainly with solid shot with the addition of\\na stand of grape now and then; and the object of their\\nattack was to be the hull of the enemy no attention\\nwas to be paid by the main battery to the spars or rig-\\nging. The marines and small-arm men were to devote\\ntheir efforts particularly to the officers and crew of the\\nenemy. The officers were charged to- allow no undue\\nhaste nor confusion among the men of the several di-\\nvisions, and they were cautioned to set the men an\\nexample of steadiness by their own cool and deter-\\nmined bearing. Like a prudent commander. Commo-\\ndore Truxtun wisely determined to throw away no\\nchance of success by any carelessness on the part of him-\\nself or his men; as they neared their huge, overpower-\\ning antagonist, the necessity for making every shot tell\\nwas as apparent to them as to him. Again enjoining\\nstrict silence, the commodore regained the quarter-\\ndeck, and stepping to the lee side, for he had skilfully\\nheld the weather-gage of his big enemy, he seized a\\nlarge trumpet and prepared to hail her.\\nAt this moment a bright flash of light shot out into\\nthe night from the black side of the towering French-\\nman, followed by the roar of the discharge of a stern", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 191\\nchaser beginning the action, in which all of the after\\nguns of the Frenchman immediately participated. The\\nshot from the long eighteens and twelves, and the great\\nbolts from the forty-two-pound carronades crashed in-\\nto the American frigate sweeping steadily forward.\\nMen began to fall here and there on the Constellation s\\ndecks; the wounded, groaning or shrieking or stupe-\\nfied with pain, were carried below to the surgeon and\\nhis mates in the cockpit, while the dead were hastily\\nranged along the deck on the unengaged side. No one\\nmade a sound, however, except the wounded, and even\\nthey endeavored to stifle their groans and rise super-\\nior to their anguish. But the punishment was exceed-\\ningly severe and it was almost more than the men\\ncould bear to stand patiently receiving such an attack,\\nthough Truxtun sent his aides forward again, sternly\\nenforcing his command to the men to withhold their\\nfire until directed. There was no flinching, however,\\non this occasion the officers kept the men well in hand,\\nbut the situation was getting desperate, breaths came\\nharder, hearts beat faster, the inaction was killing;\\nwas that imperturbable captain never going to give the\\norder to fire\\nMeanwhile the frigate was rapidly drawing nearer,\\nnow the bow of the Constellation lapped the larboard\\nquarter of the French ship, the moment was coming,\\nit was at hand. Truxtun swung his ship up into\\nthe wind a little and away from the other to bring\\nthe whole broadside to bear, and then leaping up\\non the taffrail and from thence into the mizzen-\\nshrouds in plain view of both ships crews and a\\ntarget for a hundred rifles from the Frenchman, lean-\\ning far out over the black water, in his deep, powerful\\nvoice he gave the command to fire a noble and heroic", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "192 American Fights and Fighters\\nfigure! With wild cheers for their gallant captain\\nthe men delivered the mighty broadside. Their own\\nship reeled and trembled from the recoil of the dis-\\ncharge of the heavy battery, and the effect on the ene-\\nmy was fearful; his cheering stopped at once and a\\nmoment of silence broken by wild shrieks of pain\\nand deep groans and curses supervened.\\nThe conflict was soon resumed, however, and shol\\nanswered shot, cheer met cheer as the two ships, cov-\\nered with smoke, fought it out through the long hours\\nof the night. The men toiled and sweated at the\\nguns, cheering and cursing; the grime and soil of the\\npowder smoke covered their half naked bodies; here\\nand there a bloody bandage bespoke a bleeding wound,\\ndead men lay where they fell or were thrust hastily\\naside the once white decks grew slippery with blood in\\nspite of the sand poured upon them, as the raving,\\nmaddened crew continued the awful conflict. There\\nwas little opportunity for manoeuvering, and until mid-\\nnight they maintained a yard-arm to yard-arm combat.\\nThe fire of the Frenchman was directed mainly at the\\nspars and rigging of the Constellation, so that an\\nunusually large part of her crew was employed in\\nsplicing rope and reeving new gear as fast as it was\\nshot away. Nevertheless, the remainder of the crew\\nserved their artillery so rapidly and brilliantly that\\nmany of the guns became so heated as to be useless,\\nuntil men crawled out of the ports, in the face of the\\nopen fire of the enemy, and dipping up buckets of\\nwater cooled them off.\\nAbout one bell in the mid-watch (half after twelve),\\nTruxtun at last ranged ahead and, taking posi-\\ntion on the bow of the French ship, finally succeeded\\nin silencing completely her fire which had grown more", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Jie-llO Iveif. t/ tJie SeniXU a/ui h- iuie M Rfpresenlunte/i. of thr rnUai States nfAiiimcnm CotiarrM \u00e2\u0080\u00a2i. rmHrif.\\nThat the Presidatt of the United ^tafe*. Be r^ursted Cf present to t^tain TlwmuJ Tnuetu i it Golden Me fal,\\nt tnhhmntiftil of the iatr action between the United State* Friffafe Cenate/tatjonof t/ttrtj eiijh/ C tma, and\\nthe French Ship ot H orLa Vengeance of titty /our Ottm. In testinwny cf the /t ^h trtufe entertained hy\\nCoitprcM of hw OnUtuitri nnd t^ood cotuhirt in the above enffa^enient. uhereai tin ejntn/j/e H-a^ ejdiibi-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ted by the C^xptazn Ot r icers. Sadors and Marines, honourable to the American name and matructn-e\\nto iu ri*ina Navy.\\nAnd it IS fitrther Rc Soh-ed, that the conduct of Jaitua Jaf\\\\^^ a Mid^hiptnan i/i ^aid\\nJ*yigate, who GfortoHtfl/ prefer^ certain death to an ahandonment ofhia post, is deserving of the highest\\npr^Uffe, and that the los.f of so prormsutg an Ot^cer is a sidgect of rultwnai rryret.\\nTheodore. SedgwitJc,\\nSpeaJur of the house of Repre^aitativej.\\nThomaa Jefferson,\\nVice Preeident of the. Utiiltd Stales and PrefiderU of the Senate.\\nApproved Afardi ss ^laoo. John Adivnf,\\nPrestde/U of the United States.\\nThomas Truxtun.\\n(The Medal and Congressional letter presented to him after the action between the\\nConstellation and Lu I engeance.)", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 193\\nand more feeble as the long hours wore away. After\\nfive hours of most desperate struggle, the stranger\\nwas defeated. Indeed, twice during the night she had\\nstruck her colors, but her action being unknown\\non the Constellation, the combat had continued.\\nThere was no doubt of the matter now, however; she\\nwas not only defeated but silenced. The last shot of\\nthe battle came from the Constellation.\\nThe moon had set now for some time and, save for\\nthe lights on the ships, the sea was in total darkness.\\nThe shining stars in the quiet heavens above them\\nlooked down upon a scene of desolation and horror.\\nForty of the Constellation s men were dead or wound-\\ned out of her crew of three hundred and ten, and there\\nwere no less than one hvmdred and sixty casualties\\nout of a crew of three hundred and thirty on the decks\\nof the hapless Frenchman a fearful proportion The\\nrigging and spars of the latter were more or less intact,\\nbut her hull was fearfully wrecked she had received\\nnearly two hundred solid shot therein, and she was\\nalmost in a sinking condition, her decks resembling a\\nslaughter-pen.\\nAs the smoke drifted away, the Constellation was\\nheaded for the stranger, to range alongside and take\\npossession, when it was discovered that every shroud\\nand stay supporting her mainmast had been carried\\naway, and the mast which had been badly wounded\\nunder the top was tottering with the swaying of the\\nship. The men in the top were under the command of\\nMidshipman James Jarvis, a little reefer, only thirteen\\nyears old. The boy was worthy of his ship and captain.\\nOne of the older seamen in the top had warned him that\\nthe mast must certainly fall and had advised him to\\nabandon his post while there was yet time. The lad", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "194 American Fights and Fighters\\nheroically refused saying that they must remain at\\ntheir stations, and if the mast went they would have\\nto go with it. Before the crew, who were working des-\\nperately, could secure it or save it, it crashed over the\\nside and carried with it to instant death little Jarvis\\nand all the men with him in the top except one. The\\naction of young Jarvis was as great an act of individ-\\nual heroism as was ever recorded on the sea. Taken\\nin connection with his extreme youth, it is even more\\nremarkable than the more famous devotion of young\\nCasablanca on the Orient at the Battle of the Nile.\\nTaking advantage of the delay and confusion thus\\ncaused, the surrendered French ship made sail and\\nslowly faded away in the blackness of the night. By\\nthe time the wreck had been cleared, she was lost to\\nsight, and in the morning could nowhere be seen.\\nShe turned up at Curagoa a few days later in a sinking\\ncondition. The Constellation ran for Jamaica to re-\\npair damages and refit. The French ship proved to\\nbe the frigate La Vengeance of fifty-two guns, throw-\\ning one thousand one hundred and fifteen pounds\\nof shot as against the Constellation s fifty guns,\\nthrowing only eight hundred and twenty-six pounds\\nof shot The difference in favor of La Vengeance\\nover the Constellation was about the same as the\\ndifference in favor of the Constellation over L Li-\\nsurgente, but in spite of that the Constellation had\\nproven the victor.\\nTruxtun received a medal from Congress, a magnif-\\nicent piece of plate valued at six hundred guineas from\\nLloyds, in England, swords, prize money and other\\nrewards.\\nLittle Jarvis was not forgotten, as the following\\nresolution of Congress will show.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Truxtun and the Constellation 195\\nResolved, that the conduct of James Jarvis, a\\nmidshipman in said frigate, who gloriously\\npreferred certain death to an abandonment\\nof his post, is deserving of the highest praise,\\nand that the loss of so promising an officer is\\na subject of national regret.\\nThat is certainly honor enough for any one boy or\\nman, and I believe he is the only youth so distinguished\\nby Congress.\\nL Lisiirgcntc had been taken into the service of the\\nUnited States, and one summer morning in 1799 she\\nsailed away into the ocean under command of Captain\\nPatrick Fletcher, and never came back again. No tid-\\nings of her end after she left the Capes of Virginia were\\never received and her fate is one of the untold secrets\\nof the teeming sea.\\nSix months after her action with the Constellation\\nthe unfortunate La Vengeance was captured, after an-\\nother desperate battle, in which she lost over a hundred\\nmen killed and wounded, by the British thirty-eight-\\ngun frigate Seine. In both instances she was beaten\\nby an inferior force. The Constellation still flies the\\nAmerican flag and hundreds of future admirals (and\\nsome who are not, and never will be, admirals, includ-\\ning the writer) learned their seamanship upon her\\nwhen she was the practise ship of the Naval Academy\\nplaying at war upon those decks which had resounded\\nwith the roar of the guns in those half forgotten days\\nwhen she so successfully fought the enemies of her\\ncountry under the command of brave old Truxtun and\\nhis gallant men.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "American Fights and Fighters\\nPart IV\\nWAR WITH TRIPOLI\\n1802-1 805", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "DECATUR AND THE\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nThe most romantic and brilliant figure in the naval\\nannals of our country is Stephen Decatur. Born in\\n1779, while this country was in the throes of the\\nRevolution, his ancestry French and Irish, always a\\nbrilliant combination, he early set the pace for daring\\nand courage and consistently kept up to his own mark\\nuntil the end. Most of our other naval heroes gained\\ntheir immortality by a single fight. Decatur s name is\\nassociated during three wars with a half dozen ex-\\nploits and encounters of the greatest brilliancy, any\\none of which would give him eternal fame.\\nThink of his dash and desperate courage in the hand\\nto hand fighting with the gunboats at Tripoli, his de-\\ncision and firmness in wringing a treaty of peace from\\nthe Dey of Algiers subsequently the splendid battle in\\nwhich he captured the Macedonian while in command\\nof the frigate United States in the War of 18 12; the\\nbold way in which he dashed out of New York Har-\\nbor in the face of a heavy blockade later on in the Presi-\\ndent; his smashing fight with the frigate \u00c2\u00a3nc?3;wf on, and\\nhis persistent and desperate efifort to escape in a disabled\\nship from a whole British squadron after that action;\\n199", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "200 American Fights and Fighters\\nhis intrepidity in several personal encounters in the\\nshape of duels unfortunately so prevalent at that\\ntime in one of which he finally met his death. Add\\nto this catalogue his burning love of country, his un-\\nquenchable determination to stand up for his service\\nand his flag on every occasion, at whatever cost; his\\nfamous sentiment, My country! may she always be\\nright; but right or wrong, my country! why, any\\none of these things is enough to have given him im-\\nmortality, any one would put him upon a plane of equal-\\nity with the other great captains of his time. But the\\nevent which, more than any of those cited, has en-\\ndeared him to his countrymen, and to all who love the\\nbrave, is that exploit which Lord Nelson, than whom\\nthere could be no better judge, called the most bold\\nand daring act of the age the cutting out of the\\nPhiladelphia. This occurred in the year 1804, in the\\nwar with the Barbary pirates.\\nIt is to the eternal glory of America that the United\\nStates, then a young, weak, struggling country, should\\nhave been the first among civilized powers to put down\\nthe frightful depredations of those brutal pirates with\\nan iron hand. The nascent navy followed Scipio s\\nfamous maxim and carried the war into Africa, prose-\\ncuting it there with such vigor and success that, when\\nthe conflict was over, the ships of our country alone,\\namong the the nations of the world, sailed the Medi-\\nterranean untroubled by these ruthless corsairs while\\nmerchant vessels of other countries pursued their way\\nbefore these licensed blackmailers in fear and trem-\\nbling, unless protected by ignoble tribute, until our ex-\\nample of resistance was followed. The war not only\\nresulted in the protection of the merchant marine, but\\nit proved the nursery of the navy as well, and in it", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 201\\nwere laid those foundations of skill and ability which\\nwere so costly to Great Britain, and so useful to our\\ncountry in later days. The history of the little war fair-\\nly bristles with glorious achievements, and the names\\nof stout old Commodore Preble and his efficient sub-\\nordinates, Stewart, Hull, Bainbridge, Somers, Wads-\\nworth, Trippe, Sterrett, Lawrence, Macdonough, Mor-\\nris, Jones, Israel, and many others, constitute a galaxy\\nof heroes whom it would be hard to equal, much less\\nsurpass. The brightest name among them all, how-\\never, was that of Stephen Decatur. He had been but\\nfive years in the naval service, to which he traditional-\\nly belonged, as his father had been a naval officer\\nduring the Revolution, and his brother and other\\nrelatives were in the service with him, when he was\\nsent to Tripoli at the age of twenty-four as one of Pre-\\nble s schoolboy captains.\\nThe frigate Fhxladdphla, 38, one of the best of her\\nclass, had been blockading the harbor of Tripoli in the\\nfall of 1803. She was under the command of William\\nBainbridge, an officer of great professional skill and\\nhigh merit, who subsequently distinguished himself in\\nthe War of 1812 in the old Constitution, by his capture\\nof the frigate Java. One morning, while chasing a\\ncruiser or blockade runner hard in shore, she ran upon\\nan hitherto unknown and uncharted reef. Her guns\\nwere thrown overboard, the foremast cut away, the\\nship otherwise lightened, and every effort made to\\nforce her off, but with no success, as she finally bilged.\\nWhen in that helpless condition and unable to make\\nany resistance she was captured by a swarm of Tri-\\npolitan gunboats.\\nIn spite of the efforts which had been made by\\nBainbridge to render her unseaworthy, the Tripoli-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "202 American Fights and Fighters\\ntans, unhampered Ijy any American vessels of war,\\nfor none were present, succeeded in hauling her\\noff the rocks, patching her up, and taking her into\\nthe harbor of Tripoli, where she was anchored under\\nthe guns of the Bashaw s castle. Her guns had been\\nrecovered and replaced in her ports. This capture mate-\\nrially altered the situation. The addition of this heavy\\nfrigate to the other defenses of the place rendered it\\nimpossible for the small American squadron to attack\\nwith any degree of success. It might be said that the\\nwhole war depended, for the present at any rate, upon\\nthe Philadelphia.\\nDecatur conceived the idea of cutting her out, and\\napplied to Commodore Preble for the privilege of do-\\ning so. The notion seems to have occurred to several\\nother officers independently about the same time, one\\nof whom was Stewart, and probably to Preble himself\\nas well but careful investigation inclines me to believe\\nin the priority of Decatur s conception. At any rate\\nhis offer was accepted and arrangements were at once\\nmade to carry it out. The Mastico, a little ketch of\\nabout fifty tons burden was ready to hand. She was\\na vessel peculiar to the Mediterranean, with two masts,\\nthe forward one set well amidships, leaving a long,\\nclear space forward upon which bombs were frequently\\nmounted, and the after one, the smaller, both carrying\\nfore and aft sails; the boat was provided with sweeps\\nor enormous oars, used in fair or calm weather. She\\nhad been captured recently by the Enterprise, at that\\ntime under the command of Decatur himself.\\nThe ketch had been built by the French and used as\\na bomb vessel in Egypt, where she had been captured\\n1)y the English at the Battle of Aboukir, and by them\\npresented to the Tripolitans a Greek gift as it after-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 203\\nward turned out! When she was captured by Decatur\\nshe had just left the harbor with a lot of female\\nslaves on board, a present to the Sultan of Turkey.\\nWhen she returned she carried quite a different crew.\\nShe was small and in every way a miserable vessel,\\nbut the best for their purpose that could be had.\\nAs soon as he had received his orders from Preble,\\nto whose wise planning their success was largely due,\\nDecatur mustered his crew on the Enterprise, explained\\nthe hazardous nature of the venture, and called for vol-\\nunteers. Every officer and man at once clamored to\\nbe taken. From the Enterprise Lieutenants James\\nLawrence, Joseph Bainbridge, Jonathan Thorn, Sur-\\ngeon L. Heerman, and Midshipman Thomas Macdon-\\nough (late of the Philadelphia, and escaping capture\\non account of being on detached service when she was\\nlost), with sixty-two of the more active men of the\\ncrew, were chosen. To these were added Midshipmen\\nIzard, Rowe, Charles Morris, Lewis, and Davis from\\nthe Constitution, and a Sicilian pilot named Salvator\\nCatalino. Charles Stewart, who commanded the war\\nbrig Siren, and who as Decatur s superior officer was\\nnominally in command of the whole expedition, though\\nthe details and the execution of the matter were entire-\\nly left to Decatur, was ordered to accompany the ketch,\\nwhich had been re-named, and most appropriately, the\\nIntrepid, on her adventure.\\nOne hour after receiving notice they left Syracuse,\\nItaly, on February 3, 1804, and six days after, late in\\nthe afternoon, appeared off the mouth of the harbor\\nof Tripoli. The wind was rising and the sea breaking\\nover the bar off the mouth of the harbor with such\\nforce that Midshipman Morris and the pilot, who had\\nbeen sent to reconnoiter in one of the cutters, reported", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "204 American Fights and Fighters\\nthat it would be difficult to get in with safety, and im-\\npossible to get out, so the two vessels reluctantly\\ndecided to wait for better weather. It came on to blow\\ntremendously almost immediately thereafter, and for\\nsix days the two little boats beat up against an awful\\nstorm. The situation on the ketch was most critical.\\nNo provision had been made for so extended a stay;\\nthere were no places in which the men could adequate-\\nly shelter themselves from the fury of the storm and the\\ncold wintry rain; the captain and three lieutenants oc-\\ncupied the small cabin, the midshipmen and marines\\nslept upon a small platform, the sailors on the water\\nand provision casks. The salt bacon, their only provi-\\nsion, spoiled, and as the ship was infested with vermin\\nfrom her previous occupants, their situation was as\\nuncomfortable as it was precarious. The men, like\\ntrue American jackies, kept their spirits up, however,\\nand endured the hardships cheerfully.\\nAfter six days of labor the gale abated and the two\\nships determinedly made for the harbor once more to\\ncarry out their astonishing purpose. After getting as\\nnear as she dared, for fear of discovering her charac-\\nter to the enemy, the Siren hove to, about two miles\\nfrom the harbor mouth, and the Intrepid went on\\nalone. Before she parted with the Siren Midship-\\nman Anderson and eight men were sent aboard her\\nby Stewart to supplement the crew. It had been\\narranged that the attack of the ketch should be sup-\\nported by the Siren s boats, but delay occurring,\\nDecatur decided not to wait for them, remarking to\\nhis officers, The fewer the number the greater the\\nhonor! It was still early evening, and with beating\\nhearts the men on the brig watched the little ketch\\nspeed into the harbor toward the Philadelphia.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 205\\nThe frigate lay swinging to the wind under the guns\\nof the Bashaw s castle, and protected on every side by\\nthe powerful land batteries and forts, mounting over\\none hundred and fifteen heavy guns, beside number-\\nless smaller pieces, and manned by twenty-five thousand\\nmen. On either side, reaching toward the entrance\\nof the harbor, like the horns of a wide crescent, were\\narranged three smart cruisers, two large galleys and\\nnineteen gunboats. The group of vessels resembled an\\nopen mouth, at the back of which was the Philadelphia.\\nInto these jaws of death Decatur boldly sent the Intrep-\\nid. The breeze being still fresh, though dying, drags\\ncomposed of buckets, spare spars and canvas were cast\\nastern to diminish the speed of the vessel coming on\\ntoo rapidly, as any attempt to take in sail would have\\nbeen suspicious. As the hours of the evening w^ore\\naway, the wind fell and she crept slowly up the\\nharbor.\\nThe evening was balmy and pleasant, the moon\\nin that tropic land had flooded the heavens with mystic\\nlight, bathing the minarets and towers of the sleeping\\ntown upon the shores with silver splendor; lights\\ntwinkled here and there in the white walled city, and\\nthe Philadelphia herself was brilliantly illuminated by\\nlong rows of battle-lanterns which sent beams of yel-\\nlow lustre to mingle with the soft moonlight upon the\\nsparkling water. The frigate s foremast had been cut\\naway in the effort to get her off the reef, her topmasts\\nwere housed and the lower yards lay athwart ship on\\nthe gunwales; the lower rigging was set up and as it\\nwas afterward learned, all her guns were shotted. A\\nheavy crew, probably three hundred and fifty men, was\\non board.\\nWhat must have been the sensations of the men in", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "2o6 American Fights and Fighters\\nthat little ketch as they glided along? To what were\\nthey going? Destruction, victory, what would be the\\nend of it By Decatur s orders, the men had concealed\\nthemselves by lying flat upon the decks, behind the\\nbulwarks, rails, masts, bitts, etc., and only a few of\\nthe seamen, dressed like Sicilian sailors, with Decatur\\nand the pilot aft to con the ship, and an old battle-\\nscarred veteran at the wheel, were visible. Eighty-\\nthree men in a little ramshackle boat, a cockle-shell,\\nwere going into a harbor defended by scientifically\\nconstructed and well-armed batteries, to attempt to\\ntake a thirty-eight-gun frigate full manned and armed\\nand surrounded by a fleet of small boats carrying fifty\\nto sixty more guns, all bearing upon the Philadelphia\\nherself, in expectation of just such an attack; the at-\\ntack itself to be delivered in the bright moonlight\\nand in the early evening, about half after ten o clock!\\nThe very audacity of the conception strikes one with\\namazement, and to its boldness is largely due the im-\\nmunity the attackers enjoyed; that anybody should at-\\ntempt such a thing was absolutely incredible! The\\nthoughts of the young men doubtless went back to home\\nand friends, sweethearts and wives, but, with the de-\\ntermination of heroes, they schooled their beating\\nhearts, nerved their resolution, and stifled any sensa-\\ntions of trepidation which might naturally possess\\nthem.\\nAs they approached the Philadelphia Decatur or-\\ndered the seaman at the wheel to head the ketch for the\\nbows of the latter ship, determining to lay his vessel\\nathwart the hawse of the frigate and board from\\nthence. As they drew near the Tripolitan hailed. By\\nDecatur s direction the pilot answered that they were\\ntraders from Malta, who had lost their anchors in the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 207\\nrecent storm and desired the privilege of riding by the\\nPhiladelphia for the night i. e., attaching their boat\\nto the frigate s cables until morning.\\nThis not unusual request was granted as a matter\\nof course, and after assuring the watchful Tripolitan\\nthat the brig in the offing, about which he had made\\ninquiry, was an English schooner, the Transfer,\\nthe Siren s boat, which was swinging astern, was\\nmanned by the sailors upon the deck and a line carried\\nforward to the port-sheet cable. At this moment a\\nsudden shift of wind took the ketch aback and she\\nhung motionless, directly in line with the frigate s bat-\\ntery, and not forty yards away. The position was one\\nfraught with the greatest danger. If they were discov-\\nered now they were lost. The pilot, however, by\\nDecatur s orders, amused the enemy with descriptions\\nof the cargo and sea gossip in his lingua Franca, the\\ncommon language of the Mediterranean, until the boat\\ngot away, and the ketch feeling the breeze moved for-\\nward again. The coolness and resource of their young\\ncommander had saved them. The Tripolitans with\\nready kindness soon to be ill-requited had sent a\\nboat of their own with a cable leading from the port\\nquarter off which they desired the ketch to lie. With\\ngreat presence of mind the Americans intercepted the\\nboat and took the cable back to the ketch themselves.\\nThe two lines were fastened together and then passed\\nin board, where the men, lying down on the deck,\\ngrasped it in their hands without rising and lustily\\nhauled away, breasting the Intrepid steadily in toward\\nthe frigate.\\nAs the ketch gathered way, she shot into the moon-\\nlight between the shadows cast by the masts of the\\nPhiladelphia, when the Tripolitan commander at once", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "2o8 American Fights and Fighters\\ndiscovered her anchors hanging over her bows in plain\\nsight. Indignant at the deception which had been\\npractised, but still unsuspicious of the true character\\nof the stranger, he ordered the fasts immediately to be\\ncut at the same moment some of his crew discovered\\nthe men upon the decks of the ketch. The alarm was\\ninstantly given. The cry, Americanos, Americanos,\\nrang out over the water. The Americans sprang\\nto their feet, and though the ketch at this time\\nlay directly under the broadside of the Philadelphia,\\nand could have been blown out of the water by her\\nheavy guns, disregarding their peril in their wild de-\\nsire for action after their long restraint, they gave\\nsuch a pull upon the line that before it could be cut the\\nketch had sufficient way to strike the side of the Phil-\\nadelphia, where eager hands at once made her fast.\\nNot an order had been given nor a sound made.\\nDecatur now shouted the command boarders\\naway, and sprang at the main chains. Midshipmen\\nMorris and Laws, who were beside him, leaped for-\\nward at the same instant. Laws dashed in through a\\nport, but the pistols in his boarding belt caught between\\nthe gun and the port-sill, the foot of Decatur slipped,\\nand Charles Morris was the first man to stand upon the\\ndeck of the Philadelphia. A second after, the other\\ntwo men were with him, and the rest of the crew\\npoured in over the rail, and with cutlasses or boarding\\npikes, charged down upon the astonished Tripolitans.\\nThe weapons were cold steel, the watchword Phila-\\ndelphia. No firearms were used, for Preble s strict\\norders had been to carry all with the sword.\\nWithout cheers and with desperate energy the little\\nband dashed at the masses of astonished and terrified\\nmen before them, and the whistle of the cutlasses, the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 209\\nring of steel against steel, the thud of the pike as it\\nburied itself in some beating heart, alone gave evidence\\nof the fell purpose of the stern boarders.\\nTheir attack was pressed home with such vigor that\\nthe Americans could not be denied; forming a line from\\nbulwark to bulwark they cleared the deck. After a\\nshort but fierce resistance, in which upward of twenty\\nTripolitans were killed, those remaining on the upper\\ndeck jumped overboard, where many of them were\\nkilled by Anderson and his boat crew, or were\\ndrowned others concealed themselves below to meet\\na worse fate later, A similar scene was en-\\nacted upon the gun-deck by Lawrence, Bainbridge,\\nMacdonough, and others, during and following the\\naction above. Only the watchword in the darkness\\nand excitement had prevented several of the Ameri-\\ncans from attacking each other. In ten minutes the\\nship was captured. Not an American had been\\nwounded, so far.\\nDecatur would have given half his life to have\\nbrought her out, and many naval officers have be-\\nlieved that he could have done so. It would have been\\na matter of extreme difficulty in face of the dangers,\\nespecially as there was not a yard crossed nor a sail\\nbent and as he had received positive orders not to at-\\ntempt it, he had to obey. The ketch had been filled\\nwith combustibles, and they were immediately passed\\non board. The crew had been divided into several\\ndifferent parties, and each body of men, under the di-\\nrection of an officer, had been carefully instructed just\\nwhat was to be done. With remarkable speed and\\norder each group proceeded to its appointed station\\nand, speedily arranging the inflammable matter, ap-\\nplied the torch.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "2IO American Fights and Fighters\\nSo rapidly was this done that those charged with the\\nduty of starting the fires below were almost cut off from\\nescape by the flames and smoke from the conflagra-\\ntion above. In less than thirty minutes the ship was on\\nfire in every direction, and the Americans had re-\\ngained the ketch Decatur was the last man to leave\\nthe Philadelphia. The bow-fast and the grapnels on the\\nIntrepid were hastily cut, the sweeps manned, and in-\\nstant endeavor was made to get clear. For some un-\\naccountable reason, however, the ketch clung to the\\nfrigate. Broad sheets of flame came rushing out from\\nthe latter s ports and played over the deck of the In-\\ntrepid. The situation was serious. It was the most\\ncritical moment of the enterprise. All the powder on\\nthe Intrepid, in default of a magazine, was stored upon\\nthe deck, covered only by a tarpaulin, over which the\\nflames were roaring. In another moment they would\\nbe blown up. They retained their presence of mind,\\nhowever, and soon discovered that the stern-fast had\\nnot been cast off. Decatur and others sprang upon the\\ntaffrail in the midst of the flames, and as no axes were\\nat hand, hacked the line asunder with their swords. The\\nIntrepid was clear. After a few lusty strokes, which\\ncarried them a little distance away, the men stopped\\nrowing and gave three hearty American cheers. They\\nwaited until success was achieved and then, in the midst\\nof further danger, gave tongue to their emotions a\\nsignificant action\\nAt the same moment the startled Tripolitans awoke\\nto life. The minutes of stupor with which they had\\nwitnessed the attack, which they hardly comprehended,\\ngave place to energy. The rolling of the drums upon\\nthe shore mingled with the wild shouts and cries of the\\nexcited soldiery. Lights appeared upon the parapets", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "Decatur and the Philadelphia 2 1 1\\nand immediately the roar of a heavy gun, which sent a\\nshell over the ketch, broke the silence. As if this had\\nbeen a signal, every battery and every vessel in the\\nharbor awoke to action and commenced a furious\\ncannonade.\\nSolid shot, shells, canister and grape shrieked and\\nscreamed in the air about the devoted Intrepid, casting\\nup beautiful jets-d eatt upon the surface of the bay,\\nwhich the flames from the burning Philadelphia ren-\\ndered as light as day. The Americans, having cheered\\nto their hearts content, bent to their oars, and with\\nsuch energy as they probably never had used before,\\nthey speedily fled from the harbor.\\nThe spectacle they were leaving was one of awe\\ninspiring magnificence. The frigate, from her long\\ncruise in the tropic latitude, was as dry as paper, and\\nburned like tinder. The flames ran up the lofty spars\\nin lambent columns and clustered about the broad tops\\nin rosy capitals of wavering and mysterious beauty.\\nAs the fire spread, the guns of her battery became\\nheated, and in sullen succession they poured forth their\\nmessengers of death upon the harbor and the affrighted\\ntown toward which the starboard broadside bore. It\\nwas a death song and a last salute, for, as the eager\\nwatchers gazed in melancholy triumph upon the results\\nof their own destructive handiwork, she drifted ashore\\nand with a frightful explosion, which seemed to rend\\nthe heavens and surface the sky with fire, she blew up\\nA moment of silence supervened, which was broken by\\nthe roar of the batteries resuming the cannonade.\\nStrange to say, the Intrepid passed through the fusil-\\nlade unharmed, one man being slightly wounded, and a\\ngrape shot passing through a sail The moon had\\nset and the eager watchers on the Siren finally lost", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "212 American Fights and Fighters\\ntrack of the vessel in the darkness. Their burning\\nanxiety as to her fate was not reheved until a boat\\ndashed alongside and a manly figure, clad in a sailor s\\nrough jacket, and grimed with smoke, sprang on\\nboard, triumphantly announcing their safe arrival.\\nIt was Decatur", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "American Fights and Fighters\\nPart V\\nTHE SECOND WAR WITH\\nENGLAND\\ni8 1 2-1 815", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION S HARDEST\\nFIGHT\\nOn December 29, 18 12, about nine o clock in the morn-\\ning, the United States ship Constitution was lazily\\ntossing to and fro in the long swell of the Atlantic\\nOcean, about thirty miles off the northeast coast of\\nBrazil. She was carrying all plain sail, from royals\\ndown, and under the influence of a light breeze was\\ngently shoving her mighty prow through the tumbling\\nwaters. Almost a month before, in company with the\\nsloop-of-war Hornet, she had started on a cruise for\\nthe Pacific Ocean in the. hope that the ships might play\\nhavoc with the British East India trade. They were\\nto be joined later at a certain rendezvous by the frig-\\nate Essc.r, Captain David Porter, and the little squad-\\nron was under the command of Commodore William\\nBainbridge, as fine a seaman and as bold a fighter as\\never trod an American deck. The Hornet had been\\ndetached to blockade another British sloop-of-war, the\\nBonne Citoyenne, in the harbor of Bahia, and the\\nConstitution was cruising off the coast while waiting\\nfor the Essex.\\nBainbridge was a most distinguished officer, high in\\nrank and held in great consideration in the service.\\n215", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "2i6 American Fights and Fighters\\nHe was a veteran of the French and Tripolitan wars,\\nand it was due to his arguments, coupled with those of\\nthe famous Charles Stewart, that the American ships\\nat the beginning of the War of 1812 were allowed to\\nget to sea wherever possible. It had been the plan of\\nthe authorities to dismantle the ships, never dreaming\\nthat they could cope with the gigantic and successful\\nEnglish navy, and it was only after the most urgent\\nrepresentations that Bainbridge and Stewart succeed-\\ned in changing the plan. There is therefore due to\\nthese men, from all Americans, a deep debt of grati-\\ntude, for the War of 181 2 would have turned out very\\ndifferently had it not been for the exploits of our ships,\\nwhich laid in that period the foundation of the future\\nnaval greatness of our country. The successes of\\nManila and Santiago may be traced back to Bain-\\nbridge and Stewart. Bainbridge had been an able but\\nnot hitherto a very lucky captain. In the war with\\nFrance his ship had been captured, though by his ad-\\ndress he had saved two other vessels from being taken\\nat the same time. Subsequently he made a brilliant\\ncruise in the Norfolk and performed some remarkable\\nfeats of seamanship and skill in blockading. During\\nthe Tripolitan War he had the misfortune to lose the\\nPhiladelphia, as we have seen, though without the\\nslightest reflection being attached to him in any way,\\nhis conduct having been characterized by a court-mar-\\ntial as exhibiting the highest degree of professional\\nskill and courage.\\nHe was a man of striking personality, six feet high,\\nand of splendid proportion as well. His spirit was as\\ngreat as his body. While in command of an armed\\nmerchantman, on one occasion he captured an English\\nwar vessel of twice the size and armament of his own.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Hardest Fight 217\\nWhen master of the merchant ship Hope, an Eng-\\nlish ship-of-the-Hne took from him one of his men.\\nHe vowed that he would supply the place of the man\\nfrom the next English ship he met and he did so. A\\nbad man to tackle was Captain William Bainbridge\\non this bright, sunny morning, when at nine o clock\\ntwo sail were reported from the masthead. The larg-\\ner of the two ships discovered to the windward at\\nonce set toward the C onstitution the other made sail\\nto escape. As the ships drew nearer it was seen that\\nthe escaping ship was a large merchantman, afterward\\nknown as the American ship William, a prize to the\\nBritish frigate Java, which was the name of the war\\nvessel sweeping gracefully down to the Constitution.\\nThe Jaz a was commanded by Captain Henry Lam-\\nbert. He was one of the most thorough seamen who\\never handled a ship, and in every other way a man\\nof deservedly high reputation. A brief catalogue of\\nhis exploits shows that he was an officer of the first\\nquality. He was a man of proven courage and great\\nhardihood as well, and he had under him one of the\\nfinest frigates in the British navy, originally the\\nFrench frigate Rcnoinuicc, wdiich had been captured\\nby the English almost as soon as she had been\\nlaunched late in the previous year. She was a beauti-\\nful model and one of the swiftest vessels on the sea.\\nHer destination was India, whither she was conveying\\na lieutenant-general, recently appointed Governor of\\nBombay, his staff, a naval captain, several other sea\\nofficers and a large number of supernumerary seameii,\\ntogether with supplies to outfit a ship-of-the-line, the\\nCornzvallis, and two sloops-of-war. The total number\\nof persons on board of her, therefore, was about four\\nhundred and fifty. She was slightly smaller and not", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "2i8 American Fights and Fighters\\nquite so heavily armed as the Constitution, the propor-\\ntion between them in efficiency being represented by\\nabout ten to nine not a very material difference.\\nThe two ships sailed toward each other in the light\\nbreeze all the morning, each flying signals which the\\nother was unable to comprehend. Bainbridge made his\\npreparations for the expected battle with the greatest\\ndeliberation. He sent his men to dinner at the proper\\ntime, allowed them a comfortable smoke afterward,\\nand then leisurely beat to quarters and luffed up to get\\ninto range. At two o clock in the afternoon he plumped\\na shot from a long gun across the forefoot of the Java,\\nwhereupon the English ship showed colors from every\\nmasthead, and Bainbridge followed up his introduction\\nwith a broadside, most of the shot from which cut the\\nwater around the English ship and did no damage. The\\nbroadside was returned with effect by the Java, for,\\nstrange to say, it was better aimed than that of the\\nConstitution, and several of the latter s men were\\nkilled and wounded. It must have been luck rather\\nthan skill, for after that the English gunnery was exe-\\ncrable! The firing on both sides now became rapid\\nand continuous, and both vessels sailed along in the\\nlight wind covered with clouds of smoke. The Eng-\\nlish had the weather-gage, and the Java was very\\nmuch faster than the Constitution which, as she had\\nbeen cruising without going into dry-dock for a long\\ntime, had a very foul bottom covered with weeds.\\nBainbridge, who had been watching the flame-pierced\\ncloud of smoke off to port, noticed that the fire of the\\nenemy seemed to draw forward, and he was not sur-\\nprised when he saw the Java suddenly shoot out of the\\nsmoke, put her helm hard up, and make a broad sweep\\nto cross his bows and rake. He followed her manoeu-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Hardest Fight 219\\nvers with the quickness of thought itself, and the\\nConstitution, admirably handled, wore swiftly around\\non the other tack and escaped the threatened peril.\\nThe Java still preserved the weather-gage and the\\ntwo ships sailed together as before, only heading the\\nother way and shifting their crews to the other battery.\\nThe superior speed of the Java enabled her to fore-\\nreach on the Constitution a second time, and as soon\\nas he had gained sufficient distance Lambert put his\\nhelm hard up again and tried once more to cross the\\nConstitution s bows. As before, Bainbridge was too\\nquick for him, and the two ships repeated their pre-\\nvious evolution, wearing and heading in the opposite\\ndirection again, shifting batteries and keeping up a\\nhot and continuous fire. Lambert still maintained his\\nweather-gage in spite of the skilful efforts of the Con-\\nstitution to cut him out of it. During all this man-\\nCEUvering whenever the guns bore they were fought\\nfuriously, different batteries being engaged in alter-\\nnation. Whenever the Constitution luffed up to close\\nthe Java attempted to rake her, but the aim of her men\\nwas now so poor that they made little use of the op-\\nportunities afforded them, and practically no damage\\nwas done the Constitution. Finally, in desperation at\\nhis inability to get near the swift English ship, Bain-\\nbridge determined to set his foresail and mainsail, the\\naction having been fought hitherto under the topsails\\nand topgallant sails, and boldly headed for the Eng-\\nlish frigate to close and run her aboard. Necessarily\\nin doing this he presented his bow fair and square to\\nher broadside, thus deliberately taking a dangerous\\nrisk. It was a superb opportunity for the Java to de-\\nliver a smashing blow in the face of the Constitution,\\nbut the shot of her broadside, except one bullet from a", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "220 American Fights and Fighters\\nnine-pounder, went wild. If the Java had led down\\non the Constitiitiofi that way she would have been cut\\nto pieces.\\nThe Constitution now drew to within pistol-shot\\ndistance of the Java s starboard quarter, and the fire of\\nher heavy battery at close range was fearfully effec-\\ntive. Under the additional pressure of the fore and\\nmainsails, Bainbridge in his turn now forged ahead,\\nthe Java at the same time losing her jib-boom and\\nbowsprit at the cap. As the Constitution luffed again\\nto lay the Java aboard, the latter put her helm down\\nand tacked ship, when the Constitution immediately\\nwore, the two ships thus circling away from each\\nother. Owing to the loss of her headsail, the Java paid\\noff very slowly and the Constitution crossed her stern\\nat a distance of a cable s length, pouring in a tremen-\\ndous raking broadside the while. Both ships now ran\\noff with the wind free, the Java being handled beauti-\\nfully and still preserving the valuable weather-gage.\\nThough exchanging broadsides continually, the firing\\nof the American was at last proving much more disas-\\ntrous than that of the Englishman. The Java s rigging\\nwas cut to pieces and her masts were seriously wounded.\\nUnable to stand this exchange of shots in which his\\ndisadvantage was manifest, Lambert determined to\\nboard. It was, in this instance, the last resource of\\nthe British captain. Taking advantage of his weather-\\ngage, he boldly put his helm up and came swooping\\ndown for the Constitution. His boarders swarmed\\nforward ready to spring, Lambert himself preparing to\\nlead the charge.\\nAs he headed toward the American he was coolly\\nraked again and again by the latter s guns. The\\ncarnage was fearful, but Lambert resolutely held\\non he had to keep on or strike his flag. Before he", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Hardest Fieht 221\\nto\\nreached the Constitution, by her fearful fire his main\\ntopmast was carried away at the cap and the fore-\\nmast just below the cat-harpens. The wreck fell upon\\nthe deck and in the water, dragging the head of the\\nJava away from the Constitution, which still kept up\\nits merciless resistless fire. As the two ships neared\\neach other the stump of the Java s bowsprit caught for\\na moment in the mizzen rigging of the American, but\\nthe frigates were not yet in contact and it was impos-\\nsible for the English to board. The American top-\\nmen and marines now poured a tremendous rifle fire\\ninto the ranks of the British grouped forward, while\\nthe carronades below kept smashing the English ship\\nin the bows. It was an awful moment for the Java\\nbut the ships finally separated and the Constitution\\nkept away to avoid being raked, as the bowsprit of the\\nJava swung slowly across her taffrail, and the Eng-\\nlish ship headed for the south. The two vessels now\\nran off parallel to each other, the Java, marvelous to\\nrelate, still keeping the weather-gage The ships again\\ndrew side by side, but the Constitution, having lost\\nnone of her sails or spars, was now the swifter and\\nshe ranged ahead of the Java. Bainbridge then wore\\nhis ship, came up under the quarter, raking the helpless\\nJava again, shot past her stern, wore a second time,\\nand at a quarter past three came alongside and renewed\\nthe conflict. His seamanship was simply masterly.\\nHe had been wounded early in the action by a musket\\nball in the hip, but, though bleeding seriously, he had\\nremained at his post. Leaning over the wheel, he con-\\ntinued the direction of the action. A little later a\\nheavy shot from the Java carried away the Constitu-\\ntion s wheel and drove one of the copper bolts with\\nwhich it was fastened deep into the thigh of the com-\\nmander. It was an excruciatingly painful wound, but", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "222 American Fights and Fighters\\nhe still persistently refused to go below, so he had the\\nwound dressed on deck and continued to direct the\\nmanoeuvers of this wonderful battle while in the hands\\nof the surgeon It was an exhibition of supreme cour-\\nage and resolution. The Constitution thereafter, for\\nthe greater part of the action, was steered by relieving\\ntackles, word being passed below by a line of midship-\\nmen\\nAbout this time Captain Lambert was dreadfully\\nand mortally wounded by a ball from the American\\nmaintop which shattered his breast-bone and passed\\nthrough his lung. The first lieutenant, Chads, took\\ncommand and, assisted by the supernumerary naval\\nofficers, continued the combat with unabated resolution.\\nThe wreck of the masts of the Jaz a, which had not yet\\nbeen cut away, hung over her starboard side and caught\\nfire with almost every discharge of the battery. Chads\\nhimself was severely wounded, but remained in com-\\nmand. The British fought on with desperate courage\\nand heroically continued their now hapless battle. The\\nvessels were almost in contact and the Americans\\ndeliberately knocked the remaining spars out of the\\nhelpless English frigate. The mizzenmast was cut\\naway, the stump of the foremast cut down further still,\\nand all her guns were silenced. At five minutes after\\nfour the Constitution, under the impression that the\\nJai a had struck, as no flag was flying, concluded that\\nthe battle was ended. Bainbridge drew off, therefore,\\nin accordance with the common practice of the Ameri-\\ncans after action when alone on seas swarming with\\nBritish cruisers, to re-reeve the cut gear and make nec-\\nessary repairs. An hour after, fit for another battle, she\\nstood toward the old enemy. The English had pluck-\\nily hoisted an ensign, but as the Constitution, in grim\\nsilence, crossed the forefoot of the helpless, rolling,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "S -i", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Hardest Fight 223\\ndismasted hulk of the Java, deliberately taking a posi-\\ntion in which she could have raked her to pieces, the\\nflag of the latter was struck.\\nThere was not a single spar left standing except the\\nstump of the mainmast and the stump of the bowsprit.\\nAt 5.25 P.M. Lieutenant Parker boarded the frigate\\nand received the surrender. The actual fighting time,\\nincluding the manoeuvering, had been about an hour\\nand forty minutes, the action having been protracted\\nby the brilliant seamanship of both captains. Lambert\\nhad never lost the weather-gage until the end of the\\nbattle, he had made the best possible use of his superior\\nspeed and handiness, and it was only the most consum-\\nmate ability on the part of Bainbridge which had\\nsaved the Constitution from being raked again and\\nagain. The loss on the Java was sixty killed and one\\nhundred and two wounded, on the Constitution twelve\\nwere killed and twenty-two wounded, the heaviest loss\\nshe ever sustained in action. The Constitution went\\ninto the action with her royal yards across, and came\\nout of it with everything standing, while the Java had\\nbeen cut to pieces\\nSome little incidents of the battle are worth record-\\ning. Two brothers named Cheever were among the\\ncrew of the Constitution. One of them was killed\\nearly in the fight, the other mortally wounded at the\\nclose. He was lying upon the deck when he was told\\nthat the other ship had struck. In spite of his desperate\\nwound he immediately lifted himself up and gave three\\ncheers, expiring with the last cheer. On the Java\\nwere two boys, twin brothers, midshipmen on their first\\ncruise. They were both killed, the last one begging\\nthat he might die under the English flag, which was\\nspread over him by his kind-hearted conquerors.\\nBainbridge s treatment of his prisoners was every-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "224 American Fights and Fighters\\nthing which could be expected from so high-minded\\nand courteous a gentleman, and Lieutenant-General\\nHislop, the captured governor aforesaid, presented him\\nwith a sword in token of gratitude for his kind-\\nness. Owing to the shattered condition of the Java\\nand their great distance from the United States, Bain-\\nbridge determined to blow her up. The unfortunate\\nLambert, who had been delirious most of the time\\nsince receiving his frightful wound, muttering and\\nmoaning over the loss of his ship, which evidently\\npreyed upon his mind, was removed with the greatest\\ncare in the midst of a heavy sea to the Constitution,\\nthe whole ship s company looking on in strained anx-\\niety till the removal was afifected. Bainbridge, being\\ninformed that the English captain was enjoying a lucid\\nmoment or two, immediately caused himself to be car-\\nried by two of his officers, his wound preventing him\\nfrom walking, to the cot of the dying Lambert which\\nhad been placed upon the quarter-deck. When he\\nreached his whilom enemy he gave his sword back to\\nLambert, laying it on the cot with the hilt by the dying\\nman s nerveless hand. Lambert was so weak that he\\ncould only look his gratitude. The wounded Ameri-\\ncan supported in the arms of his officers, and the dying\\nEnglishman on the cot on the grim, blood-stained deck\\nof the war-ship, make one of the sweet pictures of\\nAmerican history, and the mind loves to dwell upon\\nthis tender action of the great-hearted and heroic Bain-\\nbridge. It seems to me, that in such little occasions as\\nthis, we may found our hope that war and its horrors\\nwill some day vanish from among the children of men.\\nAfter the war was over some English nautical ex-\\nperts were inspecting the Constitution. Well, said\\none them at the close of his visit, your ship seems to", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Hardest Fight 225\\nbe absolutely perfect, but as I must make some criti-\\ncism, I will say that you have a very ugly wheel for\\nso beautiful a vessel. Yes, said the American offi-\\ncer to whom he was speaking, it is ugly. We lost our\\nwheel in the action with the Java and, after the battle\\nwas over, we replaced it with hers, and somehow we\\nhave never cared to change it\\nFrom the point of view of seamanship, tactics and\\ngunnery, this battle was one of the finest ever fought.\\nLambert, however, handled his ship quite as brilliantly\\nas Bainbridge had done, and the action was decided\\nby the superior gunnery of the American. I do not\\nsuppose that the Americans were any better gunners\\nnaturally than the British. Both ships had been out\\nabout the same time, but during five weeks the Java s\\nmen had never engaged in a single target practice,\\nwhile the Americans were frequently given an oppor-\\ntunity for perfecting themselves in that necessary req-\\nuisite of a successful man-o -war s-iman in fact the\\nEnglish had only fired six blank broadsides in the\\nwhole of their cruise, had little or no drill, other than\\nthe ordinary routine of the ship, while the Americans\\nwere exercised and drilled morning, noon and night!\\nDrill, discipline, gun practice told then as it told in our\\nrecent war, and as it will tell in other wars in the fu-\\nture aye, as it tells even in the daily affairs of so-called\\npeaceful life.\\nNo man should stand higher than Bainbridge in our\\nnaval history. I look upon him possibly more than\\nany other man as the father of the American navy.\\nWithout his determined pleading there would have\\nbeen no naval war in 1812 and England would still be\\nthe undisputed mistress of the sea.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "THE NIAGARA CAMPAIGN\\nI. CHIPPEWA\\nFor fierce, hard, desperate fighting, no army which has\\never upheld the prestige of American arms, was ever\\nmore distinguished than that commanded by Major-\\nGeneral Jacob Brown, in the year 1814, when he\\nmade his famous campaign on the Canadian side of\\nthe Niagara River, sometimes called the Niagara cam-\\npaign. Nothing particular eventuated from that cam-\\npaign it had no result except to discourage the\\nBritish, give them a more healthy respect for the Amer-\\nican regular and to encourage the Americans corres-\\npondingly but while it was in progress it was marked\\nby several sanguinary and desperate battles, in which\\nwere displayed as cool courage, as pretty fighting and\\nas brilliant tactics, as were ever exhibited upon a bat-\\ntle field. General Brown seems to have been a very\\ncapable and determined fighter although his glory has\\nbeen almost obscured by the more brilliant reputation\\ngained by Winfield Scott, his principal brigadier, he\\ndeserves to be held in high remembrance by his coun-\\ntrymen as a sturdy, courageous and successful soldier.\\nThe land engagements during the war prior to this\\ncampaign had not reflected any great credit upon either\\n226", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 227\\nBritish or American combatants. The armies on both\\nsides were inferior in quahty, and the leadership was\\npoor it anything the honors were with the British.\\nGeneral Scott, who had shown his daring and capac-\\nity on several occasions, in conjunction with General\\nBrown, who had also exhibited great gallantry and\\nskill, had seen that the pressing needs of their country-\\nmen were more thorough drill, more rigid discipline\\nand some adequate teaching in military tactics, of\\nwhich they were mainly ignorant. During the win-\\nter and spring of 18 14 they had instructed the men\\nof the little army of regulars they commanded in the\\nmost thorough manner the drills occupying long hours\\ndaily, the men grumbled and rebelled as usual, as much\\nas they dared, until they got in action and saw the\\nvalue of it all. It is said that there was but one book on\\nmilitary tactics, a copy of a French work, ui the army\\nthey made good use of it, however, for Scott translated\\nit and established a regular school of instruction for the\\nhigher officers, who communicated what they learned\\nto their subordinates, and they in turn to the men.\\nThe labors of them all were arduous and unceasing\\nand, as the summer dawned, the painstaking and hard\\nworking commanders were conscious that they had an\\narmy under their direction at last. They needed one the\\nBritish had also waked up to the situation and larger\\nand better forces, veterans of Wellington s command,\\nhad at last been despatched to this country to end\\nmatters.\\nGeneral Brown planned a campaign on the west bank\\nof the Niagara River which he hoped would result in\\nthe seizure of all the British posts in the peninsula be-\\ntween Lakes Ontario and Erie, after which he trusted\\nthat, with the cooperation of Commodore Chauncey,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "228 American Fights and Fighters\\nwho commanded the naval forces on the lakes, he might\\nsuccessfully possess himself of Canada, which was the\\ndream of the American soldier in this war. His little\\nforce consisted of two small brigades of regular sol-\\ndiers of three regiments each, under the command\\nof Brigadier-Generals Winfield Scott and Eleazer W.\\nRipley, each numbering about fifteen hundred men\\nin addition he had another brigade of about one thou-\\nsand Pennsylvania and New York militia under\\nBrigadier-General Peter B. Porter. There was\\nalso a small train of artillery comprising Ritchie s\\nand Towson s batteries under Major Hindman, and\\na squadron of cavalry, in all but little more than\\nfour thousand men of all arms. It was a compact,\\nhandy, well-officered, well-drilled, little force. Early\\nin the morning of July 3, 18 14, the army which had\\nassembled at Buffalo and Black Rock, began to cross\\nthe Niagara River.\\nThe English had begun the erection of a small work\\ncalled Fort Erie opposite Buffalo; it was then garri-\\nsoned by one hundred and fifty men. Scott s brigade\\ncrossed above, and Ripley s below it, and the fort,\\nwhich was immediately invested, surrendered in the\\nafternoon of the same day without making much of\\na defense. The main body of the British forces in\\nthe peninsula, numbering then about three thousand\\nmen, was encamped at Chippewa, a village situated\\nnear the great falls, about sixteen miles above Fort\\nErie. Major-General Riall, who commanded it, was an\\nIrishman of no great ability and of slender military\\ncapacity, but of very large means, who had attained\\nhis rank mainly through the pernicious purchase sys-\\ntem. He was a man of undoubted courage, but as a\\ncommander he was decidedly inferior another wood-\\nen pole in a cocked hat!", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 229\\nOn the morning of the fourth of July, the American\\narray was put in motion. During the advance of fif-\\nteen miles up the river, which was led by Scott s\\nbrigade, there was constant and heavy skirmishing\\nwith Pearson s brigade which Riall had sent down to\\nrelieve the fort, and which had arrived too late. The\\nEnglish were astonished at the skill and the courage\\nof the American advance until, as they said, they re-\\nmembered what day it was they were to find out soon\\nthat all days were alike to that little army when it came\\nto fighting! Late in the evening Scott s brigade had\\nreached a little stream called the Chippewa River,\\nbehind which Riall s camp had been previously estab-\\nlished. Brown, wdth Ripley s brigade and Porter s\\nvolunteers and the Indian auxiliaries under Red Jack-\\net, was some miles in the rear. To attack the strong\\nw^orks of the camp would be impossible, so the pur-\\nsuit was given over and Scott s brigade moved back\\nto the south bank of a little brook called Street s\\nCreek, where it pitched its tents for the night. Ripley s\\nbrigade was some miles further back, and Porter s\\nmilitia lay refused on Scott s left flank.\\nOn the morning of July fifth Porter was instructed\\nto advance on the enemy s right, with orders to push\\nthrough the wood beyond Scott s position to try to\\ndrive back parties of English scouts and Indians who\\nwould harass the American advance. The duty was\\ngallantly performed until early in the afternoon, when\\nthe skirmishers were met by the enemy advancing in\\nforce. Brown, who had been carefully observing the\\nscene from a distant and commanding hill, saw an im-\\nmense cloud of dust rising over the plain between the\\nChippew a River and Street s Creek. Rapid firing ap-\\nprised him that Porter was heavily engaged. He at\\nonce sent orders to Ripley to advance to the support", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "230 American Fights and Fighters\\nof tlie first brigade and then galloped forward to\\nScott s position. That gallant officer was entirely ig-\\nnorant of the close proximity of the British, and had\\njust made arrangements to lead his men across the\\nbridge over the creek in order to have a dress parade\\non the open plain before tliem He could hardly\\nbelieve Brown s statement that his parade bade fair to\\nbecome a battle. However, he welcomed the opportu-\\nnity w^ith alacrity, and made all speed to cross the\\ncreek.\\nPorter, after making a gallant defense against the\\nwhole British army led by Riall in person, had at last\\nfallen back. y\\\\s the British came out of tlie wood\\nthey discovered Scott s brigade marching across the\\nbridge. The American army was uniformed in gray.\\nThere had been a great scarcity of blu^ cloth and the\\nquartermaster at Buffalo offered to provide gray, of\\nwhich he had a large supply on hand Brown and\\nwScott had accepted his offer and consequently the us-\\nual blue uniform was mainly conspicuous by its ab-\\nsence. In honor of this campaign, by the way, the\\nmemory of the gray uniform has been perpetuated in\\nthe dress of the West Point Cadets, which has since\\nthat time been of the same gray color. Scott was a\\ngreat stickler for the pomp and circumstance of glori-\\nous war he used to be called Old Fuss and Feathers\\nby the rank and file and, in fact, he and his officers\\nhad agreed to make this campaign in full, fig cocked\\nhat, rosettes, epaulets, sashes, and so on Consequent-\\nly when the red-coated British veterans saw the gray-\\ncoated, full dressed American regulars advancing,\\nRiall remarked that they were nothing but Buffalo\\nmilitia, and that they would have an easy victory! He\\nopened fire upon the Americans at once from his bat-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 231\\ntery of nine guns posted on the high road; Towson,\\nopposite him on the right, returned the fire with his\\nsmall battery of three guns, which he used with great\\neffect. The Americans in the face of the British fire\\ncrossed the bridge and deployed with the steadiness of\\nveterans, undeceiving Riall at once as to their char-\\nacter.\\nScott detached Major Jessup in command of the\\nTwenty-fifth regiment, to make a fiank movement\\nthrough the woods, while he sent the rest of his men\\nstraight for the enemy. Jessup executed his movement\\nwith alacrity and skill, and while the engagement was\\nbeing hotly contested in the front, he fell upon the right\\nflank of the British. Meanwhile Colonel Leavenworth\\nhad massed upon the left flank of the enemy, and assist-\\ned by Towson executed a furious charge upon it. These\\nattacks were stubbornly resisted for a time, especially\\non the right flank where Jessup was. The men of the\\nTwenty-fifth regiment had become somewhat disor-\\nganized through the dash and impetuosity of their wild\\ncharge, and as the British advanced to deliver a coun-\\ntercharge, Jessup deliberately re-formed the regiment\\nunder fire, bringing them to a support arms the while.\\nThe discipline of his detachment was very fine, and\\ntheir gallantry and steadiness remarkable. When he\\nhad perfected his alignment to his entire satisfaction,\\nhe sent them forward again with the bayonet.\\nThe right of the British was completely shattered,\\nand separated from the center by a wide gap. At this\\njuncture the Cjuick eye of Scott saw his opportunity;\\nriding down to his remaining regiment, the Eleventh,\\nunder the gallant McNeill the other two being hotly\\nengaged on either flank he shouted in a voice heard\\nplainly by the men above the roar of the battle: The", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "232 American Fights and Fighters\\nenemy say we are good at long shot but cannot stand\\nthe cold iron I call upon the Eleventh instantly to give\\nthe lie to that slander Charge! Officers in action do\\nnot usually make speeches of that kind, but it was in-\\ntensely like Scott to have done so. At any rate, the\\nEleventh, led by Scott and McNeill in person, rushed\\nforward into the gap with fixed bayonets, and that\\ncharge practically ended the fight. The British were\\nrouted on every hand and fled with all speed back to\\ntheir encampment and entrenchments across the Chip-\\npewa. Scott moved up to attack but found the position\\ntoo strong to be carried by his shattered regiments.\\nRipley s brigade did not reach the field in time to take\\nany effective part in the battle. While Scott waited\\nfor the rest of the army to assemble, the British aban-\\ndoned their position during the night, leaving a large\\nportion of their stores and equipage, and fled precipi-\\ntately to the northwest, to Burlington Heights at the\\nwestern end of Lake Ontario.\\nIn this sharp action, known as the Battle of Chip-\\npewa, the number of British engaged was about twen-\\nty-two hundred, as opposed to an American force\\nnumbering nineteen hundred. The American loss in\\nkilled, wounded and missing, was three hundred and\\ntwenty-seven, that of the British five hundred and\\nseven. Scott had attacked and defeated a superior\\nforce upon whom he had inflicted much greater loss\\nthan his own. The battle had been fought on an open\\nplain and the brilliant tactics of the Americans assured\\nthe British that there was a soldier in command.\\nBrown now pushed forward for Lake George at the\\nhead of the river, intending to capture it, and then\\nmove on Burlington and thence to Upper Canada, but\\nChauncey, who was the most inefficient of all the Amer-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 233\\nican naval commanders in this war, was ill, and it never\\nseemed to have occurred to him that anybody else could\\nhave commanded his fleet, so he did nothing. Mean-\\nwhile, the British were reinforced byLieutenant-General\\nSir Gordon Drummond, with a large body of men,\\nbringing the total of their army up to nearly five thou-\\nsand men, including some of the best regiments in their\\nservice, the One Hundredth, the Royal Scots, the\\nKing s Own, etc. some, at least, of which had been\\nwith the redoubtable Wellington.\\nII. LUNDY S LANE\\nBrown thereupon moved back to Chippewa, and\\nDrummond and Riall advanced down the river.\\nScouts had reported that a large body of British had\\nbeen detached to cross the river at Queenstown and\\nmenace the American supply depot on the other side.\\nBrown was in a quandary on the receipt of this news.\\nHe dared not divide his force in the face of an enemy\\nwho already outnumbered him, neither could he afford\\nto lose his supplies, and to retreat across the river\\nwould be to give up the whole campaign. He deter-\\nmined wisely, therefore, in the face of these three pos-\\nsibilities, to move up to attack the main force of the\\nBritish in front of him. If they had detached an ex-\\npedition, they would be weakened thereby and he might\\ndefeat them, or cause the recall of the expedition, or\\nprevent it if it had not started anyway, it was good,\\nbold tactics to attack. On the twenty-fifth of July,\\ntherefore, he ordered his plucky little army to advance.\\nThe first brigade under Scott, now comprising the\\nregiments of Colonel Hugh Brady, the Twenty-second", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "234 American Fights and Fighters\\nMajors Jessup, tlie Twenty-fifth; Leavenworth, the\\nNinth; and McNeill, the Eleventh; Towson s artillery\\nand Harris cavalry, numbering in all about thirteen\\nhundred men, took the lead. About five o clock in the\\nevening, the advance under Colonel Brady with the\\nTwenty-second infantry, discovered the forward divi-\\nsion of the enemy drawn up in force at a place called\\nLundy s Lane.\\nThe rumors which had reached Brown had not\\nbeen correct. The whole British army was still on the\\nsame side of the river. The position they had taken\\nwas an exceedingly strong one; this portion of the\\narmy, numbering about two thousand men, had been\\ndrawn up in a crescent shaped line with a heavy bat-\\ntery of artillery in the center, upon a little hill, which\\ncommanded the whole field. To retreat was to be\\ndefeated, to stand still would mean destruction, there\\nwas but one thing to be done. Scott despatched mes-\\nsengers post-haste to Brown imploring reinforcements\\nand with the instinct of a true soldier, at once boldly\\nmoved his little force forward to the attack. Repeating\\nhis tactics of Chippewa, he sent a flanking party under\\nthe command of Brady (after Scott the ranking offi-\\ncer of the brigade) and Jessup, to the open ground on\\nthe British left, and forming up the remainder of his\\nbrigade in the thick woods, desperately charged the\\ncenter. It was an amazing manoeuver over two thou-\\nsand men in a chosen position, defended with artillery,\\nwere charged in the open by less than one thousand,\\nwhile three hundred were detached for a flank attack\\nThe shock of tl^^e battle was terrific. The roar of\\nthe mighty falls near by mingled in deep undertones\\nwith the crash of the artillery and the rattle of the\\nsmall arms. Again and again the Americans were led", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 235\\nforward Brady and Jessup finally established them-\\nselves on the flank and Jessup actually got in the rear\\nof the enemy, where he had the good fortune to capture\\nGeneral Riall himself, who was in command of the de-\\nfense. The bold detachment made good its retreat\\nthereafter in the face of reinforcements, and rejoined\\nScott s thin straggling line. When they reached the\\ncenter they were immediately sent forward in the\\ncharge. Colonel Brady, Majors Jessup and McNeill\\nwere desperately wounded, Brady twice. All the offi-\\ncers of the three regiments which they commanded,\\nthe Twenty-second, the Twenty-fifth and the Eleventh,\\nexcept two or three, were killed or wounded. There\\nwas not a horse left in the brigade, two had been killed\\nunder Colonel Brady, before he was wounded.^ These\\nregiments, somewhat disorganized by the hot firing\\nthey had received, and the large numbers killed and\\nwounded, rallied in the rear of Leavenworth s battalion\\nof the Ninth, wdiich still preserved its integrity, and the\\nwhole mass actually moved forward for another\\ncharge\\nFortunately Brown, wath the head of Ripley s brig-\\nade, now galloped on the field. It was high time for\\nhim to appear, he was sorely needed. As fast as the\\nmen of Ripley s brigade, who had been marching des-\\nperately for the last hour upon the dead run, arrived,\\nthey were deployed for attack. Scott s exhausted, dec-\\nimated men were collected to form a reserve. Porter\\nsoon joined Ripley. With first-class military instinct\\nBrown at once discovered that the battery in the cen-\\nter of the British line was the key to their position. He\\nlost no time in reflection; calling up Colonel Miller,\\n1 Colonel, afterward Major-General, Hugh Brady was a\\ngreat-great-uncle of the writer.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "236 American Fights and Fighters\\nof the famous Twenty-first, he pointed it out and asked\\nhim if he would storm the hill and take the battery with\\nhis regiment. I will try, sir, replied the intrepid sol-\\ndier. The First Regiment, under Colonel Nicholas, was\\nordered to support him. It was now eight o clock at\\nnight and quite dark, the waning moon, veiled under\\nheavy clouds of smoke from the continuous discharges,\\ngiving but little light and the armies were actually\\nfighting in thick darkness.\\nMiller and his men crept up the hill on their hands\\nand knees until, about twenty yards from the battery,\\nthey reached a rail fence undiscovered. They could\\nsee the British guns plainly by the light of the burning\\nlinstocks which the cannoneers held in their hands\\nready to discharge the loaded pieces. Thrusting their\\nmuskets through the fence rails the Americans took\\ncareful aim and poured in a volley which killed or\\nwounded many of the surprised gunners. They then\\nrushed up the hill, cleared its top with the bayonet and\\nfound themselves in possession The loaded guns\\nwere swung about instantly and poured forth their\\nmurderous discharges upon the retreating British.\\nThe First Regiment, which had been met by a smart\\nfire and had wavered, now recovered its ground and\\nreinforced the Twenty-first on the hill. The men of\\nMiller s regiment after that wore upon the buttons of\\ntheir coats his famous words, T will try, sir\\nLieutenant-General Drummond now arrived with\\nheavy reinforcements for the British and assumed com-\\nmand. He immediately formed his fresh men in the\\nthick darkness in the valley below and advanced to\\nattack the hill, which Brown had meanw^hile strongly\\nreinforced. Five separate assaults were delivered upon\\nthis hill, the attacks being made with the greatest de-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "-5", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 237\\ntermination. They were repulsed in each instance\\nwith equal courage. Men aimed at the flashes of light\\nfrom the opposing line, and when their pieces were dis-\\ncharged, fought in the night, hand to hand, with the\\nbayonet and the sword. Late that night Scott s brig-\\nade, which he had rapidly got into shape again, not yet\\nhaving had enough of it, executed a bayonet charge up\\nLundy s Lane. In the height of the charge Scott was\\ndesperately wounded in two places, his shoulder being\\nshattered by a grape shot. At the same moment\\nBrown had ordered an advance down the hill, and\\nwhile leading it received also a second wound. In\\nspite of a severe wound which he had received early in\\nthe fight, he had persisted in continuing the command\\nof the field. Faint from the loss of blood he had to\\nretire and the command now devolved upon General\\nRipley.\\nIt was now about midnight. The British had com-\\npletely abandoned the field. The Americans were fa-\\ntigued and exhausted by their desperate struggle.\\nThere was no water to be had on the top of the hill,\\nand so Ripley, most unaccountably, ordered a retreat.\\nThe Americans withdrew, leaving the British guns\\nwhich they had captured and so gallantly defended\\nto remain alone upon the hill because there were no\\nhorses, all of them having been killed, with which to\\nbring them off! Miller s men, who had captured the\\nhill, dragged away one gun by hand the only\\ntrophy of their exploit. Li the morning when Brown,\\nthe wounded commander, heard of the withdrawal of\\nthe army and the abandonment of the hard-won posi-\\ntion, he was furious with indignation. He at once\\nordered an advance, but the British had re-occupied\\ntheir lines in greater force, and as Ripley was no great", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "238 American Fights and Fighters\\noffensive fighter, though a man of high personal cour-\\nage, the victorious army reluctantly withdrew. The\\nAmericans had, with twenty-five hundred men, en-\\ngaged over three thousand five hundred British. They\\nhad taken a strong position, held it and driven the\\nenemy from the field. Scott s dashing tactics and\\nthe desperate resolution of his men who had attacked\\nimmediately under his leadership, and had held the\\nenemy in play until Brown could bring up his supports,\\nawakened admiration on every hand. The attacks of\\nthe Americans had been so determined that the English\\nartillerists had been bayoneted while loading their\\nguns. The American batteries were advanced within\\na few yards of the British. Even the English histor-\\nians acknowledge the superior gallantry and courage\\nof their foes, saying that it would have done honor to\\nany service. Each side lost about nine hundred men,\\nor about thirty per cent, of the total force engaged,\\nor three times as great a proportion as has usually ob-\\ntained in the greater battles of later wars.\\nIII. THE SIEGE OF FORT ERIE\\nAfter the battle the Americans withdrew in good\\norder to Fort Erie, followed leisurely at a safe distance\\nby the superior forces of the British. General Gaines,\\nin the absence of Scott and Brown the life of the\\nformer being despaired of, and the latter seriously\\nwounded now was ordered to the command of the\\nAmerican position. Entrenchments were at once\\nthrown up, forming a long, narrow enclosure, with\\nFort Erie, a star-pointed, bastioned fort at the right\\nupper corner, Fort Douglass near the lake to the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 239\\nright, and a long line of entrenchments terminating\\nin Fort Towson on the lake to the left. The works\\nwere well-constructed, provided with ditches and abat-\\ntis. Both armies were soon reinforced, bringing the\\nBritish numbers to over four thousand, the American\\nto little less than three thousand.\\nDrummond regularly laid siege to the fort, mean-\\nwhile sending Colonel Tucker with five hundred British\\nregulars across the river to destroy the batteries at\\nBlack Rock. The expedition was badly defeated by\\nthree hundred American regulars fighting behind\\nstrong entrencliments thrown up on the bank of a\\ncreek, and withdrew to the main army again. On the\\nthirteenth of August, the British batteries being then\\ncompleted, a furious cannonade of the American works\\nwas begun which continued without intermission until\\nthe night of the fifteenth, when an attack in force was\\ndelivered upon the works.\\nThe British came forward in three heavy columns\\nof one thousand men each. One column attacked\\nTowson s battery on Snake Hill on the left. The\\nAmerican guns there were so well served that they\\npoured out a continuous sheet of flame and shot\\nthrough the black night. The men called the place\\nTowson s light-house. Though they finally reached\\nthe parapet there and crossed bayonets, the assailants\\nwere ultimately repulsed with great slaughter. The\\nattack on Fort Douglass on the right, which was met\\nwith equal determination, was equally unfortunate.\\nThe second column, however, under Lieutenant-Col-\\nonel Drummond, brother of the general-in-chief, had\\nsucceeded in entering the northeast bastion of Fort\\nErie. The men struggled through the ditch, some\\nmen from the defeated column from Fort Douglass", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "240 American Fights and Fighters\\nreinforced them, and they planted their scaling ladders\\non the fort and drove out the Americans at the point\\nof the bayonet indeed, during the whole of this des-\\nperate assault, the English did not once fire their mus-\\nkets; by the specific orders of their commander, the\\nflints had been removed from the guns, and they\\nrelied entirely upon the secret and sudden use of the\\nbayonet, the watchword was cold steel and they\\nused it effectively.\\nLieutenant-Colonel Drummond was the first man to\\nenter the fort. The Americans in the bastion made a\\nheroic resistance, but they were all immediately killed\\nor wounded. No captures were made or allowed.\\nLieutenant Macdonough, in command of the position,\\nbeing wounded and helpless, asked for quarter. Drum-\\nmond ruthlessly shot him down. His word had been\\nGive no quarter to the damned Yankees and he w^as\\ndistinctly heard to pass that order. One of the Ameri-\\ncan soldiers who had himself asked for quarter, seeing\\nMacdonough s fate, shot the British commander, and\\nimmediately followed the discharge of his rifle by\\nsavagely thrusting him through the heart with the\\nbayonet. The steel passed through a paper in Drum-\\nmond s breast pocket, on which was written the order\\nto attack containing these significant words The\\nLieutenant-General most strongly recommends the free\\nuse of the bayonet! The blood-stained paper is still\\npreserved by the New York Historical Society Drum-\\nmond, of course, was instantly killed, his slayer also.\\nHis party, however, held the bastion with the most te-\\nnacious courage until morning.\\nThe Americans brought up party after party to\\neffect its capture, without success. As the day dawned\\nthe broken assaulting columns which had been rallied", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 241\\nafter their repulse at Forts Towson and Douglass, ac-\\ncompanied by the British reserves, were seen deploying\\nin the open, preparing to support the column which had\\nnot yet been dislodged from the bastion. The Ameri-\\ncan artillery at once began playing upon them, doing\\ngreat execution still they came on. Gaines was mak-\\ning ready for another desperate attempt to recapture\\nthe coveted bastion, when there was a violent explosion\\ninside the work which killed or wounded most of the\\nBritish, and the position was at once recaptured, where-\\nupon the British columns withdrew precipitately and\\nthe battle was over. It is reported that Lieutenant\\nMacdonough, wounded and dying, incensed at his bru-\\ntal treatment, saw an opportunity and exploded an\\nartillery caisson by the flash of his pistol, Samson-\\nlike destroying himself and his foes. The total loss of\\nthe British in this attack in killed and wounded was\\none thousand men, the American rather less than one\\nhundred The bastion was repaired under fire, and\\nthe cannonading was renewed with spirit on both\\nsides.\\nSome time after, General Gaines was badly wounded\\nby a solid shot, and General Brown, though still weak\\nfrom his wound, came over to take command in person.\\nHe immediately resolved upon a sortie. On the seven-\\nteenth of September, at half after two o clock in the\\nafternoon, the carefully arranged sortie was delivered.\\nThe assaulting forces were divided into two columns\\nof one thousand men each. One under General Porter\\nmarched over a road which had been opened through\\nthe woods and fell upon the flank of the British camp\\nand entrenchments. The other, under Colonel Miller,\\nmarched up a ravine and interposed between the left\\nand the center of the enemy s line. The attack, bril-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "242 American Fights and Fighters\\nliantly delivered under cover of a thick fog, was a\\ngreat surprise and was followed up successfully. Bat-\\nteries number three and four were stormed and after\\na furious action of thirty minutes, were captured by\\nPorter s men. This success was followed by the cap-\\nture of the blockhouse in the rear of battery number\\nthree. The garrison were made prisoners, cannon and\\ncarriages destroyed and the blockhouse and magazine\\nblown up. All three of Porter s regimental comman-\\nder s were killed or wounded, with many of his men.\\nMiller, equally successful with his column, captured\\ntwo more batteries and another blockhouse. Within\\nforty minutes the whole forward line of the British\\nentrenchments was in possession of the Americans.\\nGeneral Ripley, who had supported the attack, now\\nbrought up his reserve, and, in the new action which\\nensued received a severe wound. The cannon having\\nbeen destroyed and the batteries rendered useless, the\\nAmericans having affected their purpose withdrew in\\ngood order, their loss in killed and wounded being\\nfive hundred as against one thousand of the British\\nthe whole affair was considered most creditable to the\\nAmericans.\\nHastily collecting his shattered forces, on the night\\nof the twenty-first, Drummond broke up his camp\\nand retreated behind the Chippewa, leaving large stores\\nand munitions of war in the hands of the Americans.\\nThe brave Brown being unable to continue in command\\nany longer, his wound breaking out afresh, the charge\\nof the army was given to General Izard, who, after a\\nfutile engagement with the British, mainly carried on\\nby skirmish and advance parties, destroyed Fort Erie\\nand recrossed the river to the American side late in the\\nfall. General Drummond withdrew his force at the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "The Niagara Campaign 243\\nsame time to Burlington Heights, so the peninsula\\nwas abandoned by both armies. The British loss in\\nkilled and wounded in the whole campaign, in which\\nthey always had the superior force and never once\\ngained the victory, was over three thousand, and the\\nAmerican loss less than eighteen hundred. The quality\\nof the fighting, and the way the Americans had devel-\\noped their army, went a long way toward convincing the\\nEnglish of the futility of continuing the struggle, and\\nwas largely instrumental in bringing about the peace\\ntreaty which was signed on the twenty-fourth of De-\\ncember in the same year.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "THE AMERICAN WASPS AND\\nTHEIR VICTIMS\\nI. THE FROLIC\\nThe most famous name among the smaller ships of\\nthe early American navy is that of the Wasp. It was\\nborne in succession by two similar vessels, which in\\neach instance sustained the high reputation of the\\nAmerican arms with an equal degree of fortune and\\nsuccess. The first, which was a small corvette of four\\nhundred and fifty tons burden, was built shortly after\\nthe close of the Tripolitan War. She was armed with\\nsixteen short thirty-two-pounders, and two long\\ntwelves, giving a total weight of about two hundred\\nand fifty pounds to the broadside. Just before the be-\\nginning of the War of 1812, she was in England with\\ndespatches under the command of Captain Jacob Jones.\\nHe was the third eminent man of the same name who\\ndistinguished himself in the service.\\nAs soon as he reached home Captain Jones refitted\\nand started out on a cruise with his ship to see what he\\ncould devour. On his second cruise, about the middle\\nof October, 181 2, he was making for the track between\\nEngland and the West Indies for the purpose of pick-\\n244", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 245\\ning up prizes, when he was overtaken by a violent gale\\nduring which the jib-boom carried away, taking\\nwith it two men who were on it at the time and his\\nship was otherwise damaged in the severe weather.\\nThe gale had abated somewhat, though the sea was\\nstill running high, when a little before midnight on the\\nseventeenth of October, in latitude thirty-seven degrees\\nNorth, longitude sixty-five degrees West, or about five\\nhundred miles east of Albemarle Sound, North Car-\\nolina, he raised several lights, which he at once sus-\\npected to be a convoy. Uncertain, however, as to the\\ncharacter of the force which might be guarding the\\nsupposed merchant vessels. Captain Jones prudently\\nrefrained from making a closer inspection until the\\nmorning.\\nWhen the sun rose, he saw that the convoy consisted\\nof five merchant ships, several of them armed, under\\nthe charge of a heavy brig-of-war. Jones was to wind-\\nward of the squadron and he immediately bore down\\nin chase. The war-brig appeared nothing loath for ac-\\ntion, and signaling her convoy to make sail and run\\nbefore the wind, she interposed between them and the\\nJ J asp, and dropped astern to reconnoiter, clearing for\\naction at the same time. As the Wasp drew nearer,\\nJones saw that the brig, which had hoisted a Spanish\\nflag, had her main-yard on deck it had been damaged\\nin the gale of the day before. However, as the wind\\nwas very heavy, the brig was manoeuvering easily under\\na boom mainsail and the foretopsail and, in fact, had\\nbeen converted into a brigantine, a very handy and con-\\nvenient rig for her under the circumstances. The\\nWasp was under short fighting canvas also.\\nAt half after eleven o clock in the morning, when\\nthe two vessels were within fifty yards of each other,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "246 American Fights and Fighters\\nJones hailed and demanded the stranger s name. The\\nbrig hauled down the Spanish flag which had de-\\nceived no one, by the way, for the Spaniard never lived\\nwho would come down upon a foe and carry sail as she\\nhad done hoisted the English colors and poured in\\na broadside followed by a rattling volley of musketry.\\nThe PVasp responded in kind immediately, and the two\\nvessels sailed side by side nearing each other with every\\npassing moment. The firing was rapid and severe on\\nboth sides, although the English delivered three broad-\\nsides to the American two. The sea was still running\\nvery heavy and the roll of the ships was tremendous,\\nthe decks were flooded from time to time and the gun\\nmuzzles went under with every roll. After a few min-\\nutes of combat, the main topmast of the Wasp was\\nshot away, and together with its yards fell across\\nthe forebraces, rendering it impossible to swing the\\nhead yards for the rest of the action. A few moments\\nafter this misfortune, the gaff and the mizzen topgal-\\nlant mast were shot away, which rendered the Wasp\\nalmost unmanageable.\\nAt 11.52 A.M. the vessels had worked to w^ithin half\\npistol-shot distance of each other. The Wasp had been\\ncut up fearfully aloft, every brace and most of her run-\\nning rigging had been carried away, and, so far as the\\nAmericans could see, but little damage had as yet been\\ndone to their antagonist. They could not account for it\\ntheir fire had been deliberate and it was believed accur-\\nate, the crew had been carefully trained and exercised\\nin frequent target practice, they were going about their\\nwork coolly enough, and why no damage appeared on\\ntheir enemy was difficult to understand. There had\\nbeen very few casualties on the American vessel and\\nthe fire was still kept up unremittingly, though it was", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 247\\nperceived that the Enghsh return was gradually de-\\ncreasing in violence and force. At this juncture the\\nhead braces of the brig were carried away, and as she\\nwas unable to trim her yards, the pressure of the wind\\nupon her after sails threw her bows up toward the\\nbroadside of the Wasp which was forging ahead\\nslowly.\\nThe two vessels came together with a tremendous\\ncrash, the brig s bowsprit was thrust violently be-\\ntween the main and mizzenmasts of the American and\\njammed tightly in the main-shrouds. The Amer-\\nicans loaded their port guns with grape and canister\\nand actually fired through the English bridle ports and\\nraked the enemy with terrible effect. No reply of any\\nkind came from the brig. The ships were so close\\ntogether that the American ramrods struck the sides\\nof the British brig. The bowsprit of the enemy hav-\\ning been fouled, so that she could not extricate herself,\\nJones, in view of his shattered spars, desired to rake\\nher again before he attempted to board, but in spite of\\nhis peremptory orders, the impetuosity of his crew\\ncould no longer be restrained. After the first rake,\\nJack Lang, an American sailor, who had a bitter score\\nto pay against the British government for impress-\\nment, jumped on his gun and reaching for the brig s\\nbowsprit clambered to her deck. Lieutenant James\\nBiddle had stepped up on the rail in readiness to jump\\nas soon as the roll of the vessels should bring them\\nclose enough together at a nod from Jones he at once\\nleaped for the enemy s rail, which he caught with his\\nhands; little Midshipman Baker, utterly unable to\\nreach the deck of the other ship, now caught hold of\\nBiddle s coat-tails and endeavored to swarm up his\\nback, whereupon both of them fell back upon the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "248 American Fights and Fighters\\ndeck of the Wasp, narrowly escaping a fall into\\nthe water between the two ships. Biddle picked up the\\nplucky little midshipman, threw him on the rail of the\\nsilent brig, and scrambled up afterward, to support the\\nintrepid Lang, who had been alone on the enemy s deck\\nfor nearly a minute. The other boarders immediately\\nfollowed and gained the brig s forecastle.\\nLang, who had been in no danger whatever, was\\nstanding on the forecastle, with his arms folded about\\nhis cutlass, surveying in great awe the English ship,\\nthe like of which neither he nor any other man had\\never seen before. The deck was covered thick with\\ndead and wounded men, many of the latter groaning\\nand shrieking in horrible agony. Aft on the quarter-\\ndeck were three officers, two of them unable to stand\\nalone, and all of them badly wounded. At the wheel\\nand clinging resolutely to its spokes, was a grim, blood-\\nstained old sailor, an heroic example of devotion to\\nduty, who still kept his station and that was all. The\\nguns were dismounted on every hand ports had been\\nbeaten into each other, rails smashed, not a boat left\\nat the davits. The decks were washed about with\\nwater brightly colored with the l^lood of the dead and\\ndying. The American boarders were simply appalled\\nat the sight of the slaughter. They stood in silence\\nfor a few moments, until Biddle, followed by Lieuten-\\nant Rogers and Midshipman Baker, after directing\\nthe other men to remain where they were, picked his\\nway over the bodies to the quarter-deck. As he ap-\\nproached them, the three officers flung dowai their\\nsw^ords at his feet, and one of them, burying his face in\\nhis hands, leaned upon the rail and burst into tears.\\nThe grim old sailor still kept his place at the helm.\\nBiddle sprang into the rigging and with his own hands", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "S s\\n3", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 249\\nlowered the flag. After forty-nine minutes of strug-\\ngle the battle was over. Almost as he did so, the\\nmasts of the prize fell, the mainmast breaking off close\\nto the deck, the foremast ten feet above it.\\nOut of a crew of one hundred and ten, between ten\\nand twenty only were unscathed, and had fled below\\nto escape the awful punishment of the American shot.\\nThe actual loss in killed and wounded was over ninety.\\nThe prize proved to be the British brig Frolic, Cap-\\ntain Thomas Whinyates. She was of four hundred\\nand seventy tons burden and carried twenty-two guns,\\nsixteen short thirty-twos and four twelves on the main\\ndeck, and two twelve-pound carronades on the forecas-\\ntle, which gave her two hundred and ninety pounds to\\nthe broadside. She was larger, better armed and in\\nevery way superior to the Wasp, and she had been ab-\\nsolutely beaten to pieces. She had been desperately\\ndefended and her gun fire had been exceedingly ac-\\ncurate. The English, however, had fired on the up-\\nward roll of the ship on the waves and most of their\\nshot had gone into the rigging and braces. The Amer-\\nicans had fired on the downward roll and their shot\\nhad hulled the Frolic repeatedly, though, of course,\\nthey had not been aware of its destructive force until\\nafter the action. Captain Whinyates was much cen-\\nsured for his defeat by an inferior force and was never\\nafterward employed in active service. The loss on the\\nWasp was only five killed and five wounded. Immedi-\\nately after the battle another English vessel, the\\nPoicticrs, a seventy-four, hove in sight and captured\\nboth vessels. The Wasp made an effort to escape, but\\nwhen her men shook her sails out of the gaskets they\\nfound they had been cut to ribbons by the enemy s fire\\nand she was helpless.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "250 American Fights and Fighters\\nII. THE REINDEER\\nEighteen months after the capture, a new and im-\\nproved edition of the former ship bearing the same\\nname, which had been built at Washington after her\\nloss, got to sea from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on\\nMay I, 1 8 14, under the command of Captain Johnston\\nBlakely, of North Carolina. The new vessel carried\\ntwenty short thirty-two-jDound carronades and two\\nlong twelves, a total of twenty-two guns with about\\nthree hundred and nine pounds to the broadside. She\\nwas larger and better built than the old ship, and of a\\nbeautiful model, upon which her designer and ship-\\nbuilders had lavished all their inventive capacity and\\nskill, until they had produced one of the swiftest and\\nhandiest vessels upon the sea. Her crew had been se-\\nlected with especial care and she was very heavily\\nmanned. Blakely was already a distinguished young\\nofficer and he was destined to add greatly to his repu-\\ntation by this cruise. He made for the crowded waters\\nof the European coast, and by his captures of merchant\\nvessels spread consternation in the narrow seas.\\nAt four o clock in the morning of June 28, 1814, in\\nlatitude forty-eight degrees thirty-six minutes North,\\nlongitude eleven degrees fifteen minutes West, the\\nweather being cloudy with a light breeze from the\\nnortheast, two sail were raised to windward. As the\\nWasp made for the stranger, three other vessels ap-\\npeared close at hand oft the weather beam. Blakely\\nchanged his course for the nearest ship, and at 12.30\\nP.M., as the American had not recognized signals\\nthrown out by the strangers, Blakely cleared for action.\\nHe vainly endeavored to get the weather-gage, for\\nthe English ship was beautifully handled, and the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 251\\nWasp finally fired a lee gun and ran off free with the\\nwind a little forward the port beam. The English ship,\\na brig-of-war, accepted the bold challenge at once and\\nhoisted sail to close. She slowly crept up on the\\nweather quarter of the American, and at 3.17 p.m.\\nopened fire, at a range of about sixty yards, from a\\nshifting twelve-pound carronade upon her forecastle,\\nwhich was loaded \\\\vith grape. To this discharge the\\nAmericans could make no reply and they had perforce\\nto endure patiently the fire of the gun which was dis-\\ncharged five times with the utmost deliberation, inflict-\\ning much damage to the ship and causing some loss\\namong the men for nine minutes, or until 3.26 p.m.,\\nwhen, finding that the enemy did not draw abreast\\nof him, Blakely put his helm a-lee and luffed up, firing\\nhis carronades from aft forward as they bore.\\nFor ten minutes the two vessels, lying side by side\\nabout as far from each other as the width of an ordinary\\ncity street, kept up an unremitting fire. The cannonade\\nwas terrific. The concussions of the explosions dead-\\nened the little wind prevailing, so that the ships lost way\\nand the smoke hung over them in heavy clouds. Both\\ncrews worked at the guns with desperate energy but\\nthe odds were too great for the English vessel, the\\nReindeer; Captain William Manners, her commander,\\none of the finest officers in the service, saw that his\\nonly hope lay in employing that last resource which has\\nbeen so often successfully tried by British seamen, the\\nsteel of their cutlasses and their good right arms. The\\nships were now almost touching. Suddenly putting\\nhis helm hard up, the captain of the Reindeer ran the\\nWasp aboard on her port quarter. Manners had been\\nslightly wounded several times and, though bleeding,\\nstill stuck to his post. At this moment a grape shot", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "252 American Fights and Fighters\\npassed through his thighs, bringing him to the deck,\\nbut with unparalleled resolution he dragged himself\\nto his feet, and clinging to a stay, cheered his men as\\nthey sprang to board. Blakely was ready for them.\\nAs the ships came together, he called his boarders\\naft and massed them behind the rail. As the two ves-\\nsels lay side by side, their boarders hacked and thrust\\nat each other through the ports in the shrouding\\nsmoke. As it blew away from the now silent guns,\\nthe English sprang to the rail. But a little chasm sep-\\narated them, caused by the bends of the ships, and there\\ncommenced a deadly hand to hand conflict. The top-\\nmen and marines on either ship poured in a withering\\nfire. Presently the English gave back. Then it was that\\nManners sprang into the breach sword in hand, and\\nwounded and dying though he was, he summoned the\\nlast vestige of his strength and leaped to the rail to lead\\nhis men again. They followed him gallantly, like the\\nbrave fellows they were. At this instant, a bullet\\nfrom the American maintop crushed into his skull. He\\nclapped his left hand to his face, shrieked out My\\nGod and still brandishing his sword in his right hand\\nfell back upon the deck he had defended so desperately.\\nNo one ever died better. As the British hesitated in\\nthe face of this loss, Blakely sprang to the Reindeer s\\nrail and gave the order to board, and with wild cheers\\nthe Americans followed their leader to the British deck.\\nThere was a furious struggle for a few minutes, when\\nthe British were either killed or driven below, and\\nthe captain s clerk, the highest surviving officer, sur-\\nrendered the ship\\nThe time of the conflict had been twenty-seven min-\\nutes from the time the Reindeer fired her shifting\\ncarronade, and only eighteen minutes from the time", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 253\\nthe Wasp had first responrled. The Reindeer was\\nsmaller than the Wasp, her broadside was only two\\nhundred and ten pounds as against three hundred and\\nfifteen; her crew numbered one hundred and eighteen\\nas against one hundred and seventy-three. The Wasp\\nhad twenty-six killed and wounded and had been\\nrather severely handled. The Reindeer had sixty-\\nseven killed and wounded and had been cut to pieces.\\nShe fought under greater disadvantage than any other\\nof the British sloops which had been captured in a sin-\\ngle action during the whole war, yet she had made in-\\ncomparably the best fight of them all There were no\\nmistakes made on either side. Manners had fought\\nhis ship in the most brilliant way, and no human man\\ncould have done better. On the other hand, the differ-\\nence in execution on the two vessels in favor of the\\nAmerican was fully proportioned to the latter s pre-\\nponderance in force. It is impossible to see how\\nBlakely could have ended the fight more quickly and\\nthoroughly than he did. As Roosevelt remarks, We\\nmay take great pride in the prowess and courage and\\nskill exhibited on both ships. Manners illustrated in\\nhis death the glorious traditions of his service as few\\nmen have done. The day after the conflict it was\\nfound impossible to save the Reindeer, and by Blake-\\nly s orders she was burned.\\nIII. THE AVON\\nAfter the battle the Wasp went into TOrient to refit.\\nOn the twenty-seventh of August Blakely sailed again,\\ntaking several prizes. On September first he over-\\nhauled a convoy bound for Gibraltar under the protec-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "254 American Fights and Fighters\\ntion of a line-of-battle ship, the Armada, 74. The\\nbrave American, in spite of the fact that he was several\\ntimes chased away by the Hne-of-battle ship, finally\\nsucceeded in cutting out one of the convoy, laden with\\nguns and military stores of great value, which he de-\\nliberately proceeded to burn and destroy under the\\nnose of the infuriated captain of the liner. It was a\\npart of Blakely s bold daring that he should have ac-\\ncomplished this audacious feat without harm to his\\nship. At half past six in the evening of the same day,\\nbeing in latitude forty-seven degrees thirty minutes\\nNorth, longitude eleven degrees West, having run the\\nconvoy out of sight, he discovered four sail, two to\\nstarboard and two to port; he at once determined to\\nhave a nearer look at them that they might all be\\nships-of-war made no difference to him. It soon ap-\\npeared that they were three English war vessels chas-\\ning an American privateer.\\nAt seven o clock the nearest one, which had lagged\\nfar behind the others, and which was afterward found\\nto be the British brig Avon, Captain John Arbuthnot,\\nmade night signals, to which the Wasp paid no atten-\\ntion. At 8.38 P.M. the Avon began firing her stern\\nchaser. At twenty minutes after nine the Wasp weath-\\nered on the Avon off the port cjuarter. Hails were ex-\\nchanged and the brig was ordered to heave to. She\\ndeclined and set her foretopmast studding sail to es-\\ncape. At 9.29 P.M. the Wasp began firing with a twelve-\\npound carronade which had been mounted forward\\nafter the action with the Reindeer. The Avon replied\\nbriskly with her stern guns. Blakely, then fearing that\\nthe enemy would square away before the wind and es-\\ncape in the darkness, shifted his helm and ran to lee-\\nward of her and ranged alongside after pouring a", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 255\\nsemi-raking broadside into her starboard quarter as he\\npassed. A furious^ engagement began immediately at\\nvery close range. The night was a black one and all\\nthe men on the Wasp could see was a great shadow\\nrushing rapidly through the water by their side. They\\ncould aim at the flashes of their enemy s guns or at the\\nwhite foam on her water-line, and as usual their practice\\nwas excellent. The Avon was hulled again and again,\\nher guns were dismounted, the mainmast was carried\\naway, and after thirty minutes of conflict she was com-\\npletely silenced. When Blakely, suspending his fire,\\nasked if she had struck, she returned with a few scat-\\ntered discharges and the battle was commenced. For\\nten minutes the Wasp again poured her broadsides into\\nthe Avon, which was hailed at the end of that time, and\\nthis time answered that she surrendered.\\nBefore Blakely could take possession of his prize,\\nanother sail, the British brig-of-war Castillian, 18,\\nCaptain Brainer, which had abandoned the chase, was\\nseen astern. The men sprang to quarters again, and\\nin a few minutes two more sail hove in sight, one of\\nwhich was the English sloop Tartarus, 20. The braces\\nof the Wasp being much cut up, she ran off before the\\nwind while re-reeving new ones. The Castillian made\\nafter her until she came within range, when she poured\\nin a broadside which went over the American and did\\nno damage at all. When her fire was returned with\\npromptness, she immediately tacked and edged away\\nin the darkness. The ship with which the Wasp had\\nbeen engaged and whose name the crew never learned,\\nwas now making a signal of distress. The three Brit-\\nish ships left the Wasp to pursue her course unimped-\\ned and the Castillian made for the Avon. The\\nCastillian reached her at twelve o clock, midnight, when", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "256 American Fights and Fighters\\nCaptain Brainer was informed by Captain Arbuthnot\\nthat she was sinking fast, and by oi\\\\p o clock, just as the\\nlast boat load of men had been taken from her, the\\nAvon went down bow foremost. The Avon mounted\\neighteen guns, carrying two hundred and sixty-two\\npounds to the broadside; out of her crew of one hun-\\ndred and seventeen men, forty-two had been killed and\\nwounded. The loss on the IV asp was two killed and\\none wounded.\\nThe Wasp continued on her course, capturing and\\ndestroying several merchantmen and letters-of-marque,\\none of which, the Atlanta, proving of great value, was\\nsent home. The prize reached Savannah safely on\\nNovember fourth, bringing Blakely s report of his\\ncruise to the Secretary of the Navy. On October ninth\\nthe Swedish brig Adonis, carrying two American lieu-\\ntenants paroled from the captured frigate Essex, was\\noverhauled by a ship-of-war in latitude eighteen de-\\ngrees thirty-five minutes North, longitude thirty de-\\ngrees ten minutes West. Upon being informed that\\nthe man-of-war was the American sloop Wasp, Messrs.\\nMcKnight and Lyman, the two lieutenants, went\\naboard her, and she sailed away upon her cruise.\\nFrom that day to this she disappeared from the ken of\\nhumanity. Not a sight nor a sign of her has ever\\ncome up from the great deep to say what ever became\\nof Blakely and his gallant crew. Some time after-\\nward, it is stated, a large British frigate put into\\nLisbon very badly damaged and cut up, and re-\\nlated that she had suffered in a night action with a\\nsmall American sloop, at the close of which the latter\\nsuddenly disappeared. James Barnes surmises that\\nthis might have been the Wasp. It is certainly possi-\\nble of course, though there is no proof of it, and w^io", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "The Wasps Victims 257\\ncould wish for a better end for that httle terror of the\\nsea than for her to go down with her colors flying,\\nafter a bitter battle against overwhelming odds? But\\nthere is nothing certain about the surmise, and we shall\\nnot really know what became of them until that long\\ndeferred day when the earth and the sea shall give up\\ntheir dead. It is singular also that the first Wasp,\\nwhich was captured by the Poicticrs and was taken\\ninto the British service, sailed away on a cruise in this\\nsame year and, like her younger American namesake,\\nnever came back again. Perhaps in some mighty ocean\\nValhalla, in amity and friendship, these heroes of the\\ndeep meet together and tell tales of the old days when\\nthey battled stoutly for the honor of their flags upon\\nthe sea.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "MACDONOUGH AT LAKE\\nCHAMPLAIN\\nWAR OF l8l2\\nThe greatest figure In the naval annals of our country\\nfrom Paul Jones to David Farragut is Thomas Mac-\\ndonough. Prior to the Civil War, the naval battle\\nwhich he fought and won, was certainly the most im-\\nportant of any in which the American navy has partici-\\npated. From the point of strategy, tactics, seamanship,\\nand hard, desperate fighting, it stands in the first rank.\\nSingularly enough, it has never been a popular battle,\\nand Macdonough does not hold that place in the af-\\nfections of his countrymen to which his merits entitle\\nhim. Two of the largest and most popular encyclo-\\npedias in my library do not even mention his name.\\nWithout in the least minimizing the service nor dis-\\nparaging the greatness of Perry, at Lake Erie, as a\\ntactician, as a fighter, as a man, he is not to be men-\\ntioned in the same breath as Macdonough.\\nAs might be surmised from his name, the tall, slen-\\nder, blue-eyed, red-headed young fighter (twenty-eight\\nwhen he fought his great battle) was of Scotch descent.\\nHis great-great-grandfather emigrated to Ireland and\\n258", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 259\\nfrom thence his grandfather came early to America, so\\nthat if any one falls within the disputed category of\\nScotch-Irish, it is certainly he. His brother had\\nbeen a midshipman with Truxtun, and when the Con-\\nstellation captured L Insurgciitc, one of the three men\\nwounded on the American was James Macdonough,\\nwho lost a leg and retired from the service. Inspired\\nby his brother s glorious example, and I doubt not by\\nthe memory of the sacrifice of his father, a successful\\nphysician who had given up his practice to go into the\\nline of the army of the Revolution, where he rose to a\\nhigh rank, Thomas Macdonough at the late age of\\nseventeen gladly received a midshipman s warrant.\\nHe took a distinguished part in the operations around\\nTripoli, and was one of the officers who accompanied\\nDecatur when he cut out the Philadelphia.\\nA year or two after, while he was first lieutenant of\\nthe brig Siren and in command in the absence of the\\ncaptain, a British man-of-war sent an eight-oared boat\\nto an American merchantman lying near the Siren and\\ntook from her a sailor. On his own responsibility\\nMacdonough called away his boat, manned by four\\nstout oarsmen, pursued the Britisher until he caught up\\nwith him, and peremptorily demanded the return of the\\nman. When he was refused he boldly reached over the\\ngunwale of the English boat and hauled the captive\\ninto his own boat, right under the guns of the frigate,\\nand made his way back to the Siren. The English\\ncaptain followed hot foot and furious with rage, but\\nMacdonough, entirely equal to the occasion, stood his\\nground and declared he would sink alongside rather\\nthan give up the man. The man was not given up.\\nThere is a family tradition to the effect that while\\nin command of a merchant vessel during a leave of ab-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "26o American Fights and Fighters\\nsence. he was actually seized himself, by a press gang,\\nand in spite of his protestations, was sent aboard a\\nBritish frigate, where his name was duly entered upon\\nthe ship s books. The night of the capture his ham-\\nmock was swung next to that of the corporal of the\\nmarine guard. The story goes, that when the corporal\\nturned in, Macdonough dressed himself in the marine s\\nuniform, went up on deck, and boldly got permission\\nfrom the officer in charge to go into the cutter along-\\nside at the swinging boom, to search for spirits. As\\nhe went forward to drop into the boat, the real cor-\\nporal awakening and missing his clothes, came up on\\ndeck to give the alarm. The bold American knocked\\nhim senseless with his fist, ran out on the boom,\\ndropped into the boat, cut the lashing, drifted away,\\nand in spite of pursuit, regained his own ship and got\\nunder wa3^ He paid back the score fully later on.\\nWhen he was sent, a young lieutenant, to take com-\\nmand on Lake Champlain, like Perry, he had to impro-\\nvise a navy, ships, guns, officers and nearly everything\\nelse. By herculean exertions he finally built or as-\\nsembled a small squadron a sloop-of-war, the Sarato-\\nga, which he commanded himself; a brig, the Eagle,\\nLieutenant Robert Henly, an old friend from the\\nConstellation; the schooner Ticonderoga (converted\\ninto a war vessel from a broken down steamboat, by\\nthe way) commanded by Stephen Cassin; the sloop\\nPreble, and ten galleys or gunboats, small affairs,\\nmainly propelled by oars, carrying one or two rather\\nheavy guns and manned by from twenty-five to forty\\nmen each.\\nThe British, under Commodore Downie, an experi-\\nenced officer, with equal skill and exertion had secured\\nor built a similar squadron, comprising a heavy frigate,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 261\\nthe Coniiancc, about twice as large as the Saratoga\\nand three times as efficient, and which should have\\nbeen a match for any three of Macdonough s vessels;\\na brig, the Linnet, of slightly less force than the Eagle;\\ntwo sloops, the Chubb and the Finch, each about half\\nagain as large as the Preble and correspondingly smal-\\nler than the Ticondcroga, and twelve gun boats similar\\nto the American vessels of the same class.\\nExcept for their light draft the large vessels of both\\nsquadrons were built, rigged, and equipped as if for\\nsea. A reference to the table following this chapter\\nshows the force, etc., of the two squadrons. It will be\\nseen that the British had a great superiority in the\\nnumber and size of their long guns and in the arrange-\\nment of them. The more force that is concentrated\\nin one ship in such circumstances, the greater the ad-\\nvantage. This advantage, however, the tactical dis-\\nposition and seamanlike prevision of Macdonough\\nlargely neutralized.\\nThe little bay near Plattsburg between Cumberland\\nHead and Crab Island looks toward the south, and the\\nAmerican position had been so skilfully chosen that\\nthe attacking force would be compelled to come up\\nbows on, whatever the state of the wind, and thus sub-\\nject themselves to a raking fire. This did not matter\\nmuch to the ordinary English seaman, for he had been\\naccustomed by years of success to swoop down upon\\nhis continental enemies in any sort of a way, his only\\nobject being to get alongside, when the end was certain.\\nIt may be remarked in passing, if Nelson had led down\\nupon an American fleet as he did on the French and\\nSpanish at Trafalgar, his vessels would have been\\nbeaten to pieces in succession, and the result of the bat-\\ntle would have been the other way. This is no disre-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "262 American Fights and Fighters\\nspect to Nelson, the greatest admiral of all history,\\nfor he knew upon whom he was leading down\\nMacdonough had drawn up his fleet in line ahead,\\nthe Eagle in the lead close to the shore, her nose fairly\\npoking into a shoal, so that it was impossible for an ene-\\nmy to turn that flank so long as she stayed there. Next\\nto ih^ Eagle was the flagship Saratoga, following her\\nthe Ticonderoga, and at the rear of the line resting on\\nCrab Island, which carried a one-gun battery, a six-\\npounder, manned by invalids and convalescents from\\nthe hospital thereon, was the little Preble. The inter-\\nspaces between the large ships were filled by the gun-\\nboats which were withdrawn somewhat to form a\\nsecond line, and the larger part of the gunboats were\\nordered to support the more vulnerable part of the line\\nwhere the Preble and Ticonderoga lay (which they\\nmainly failed to do).\\nEvery one of the American ships had sent anchors\\ndown with ropes leading to different parts of the ship,\\nby hauling in or slacking off which the vessels could be\\nturned in any direction. Technically, they had springs\\non their cables, with which to wind ship, and stream\\nand kedge anchors out, in case any of the sheet or other\\ncables were shot away. It was this precaution which\\nfinally gained the victory for Macdonough.\\nThe morning of Sunday, September 11, 1814 singu-\\nlar how many of our naval battles have been on Sunday\\nwas as fair a day in which to worship God as ever\\ncomes to these beautiful regions in the early autumn.\\nThe gentle breeze from the north slightly ruffled the\\nsurface of the lake as the enemy slowly made their\\nway with the wind aft round Cumberland Head, and\\nthen hove to out of range below the American line,\\nuntil the vessels were all assembled and in place, when", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 263\\nthey deliberately began to beat up toward the waithig\\nsquadron. It was not the first tmie that the besom of\\nwar had swept the waters of the lake, nor the clamor of\\nbattle reechoed from the crags which fringed its shores.\\nEvery silent hill was eloquent with the war-cry of the\\nterrible savage and the shriek of his terrified victim;\\nthe valleys were reminiscent with the prayers of the\\nheroic Jesuit priests the air was filled with memories of\\nthe French, the German and the English soldiers and\\nwoodsmen in every rocky cavern lurked the echo of\\nringing steel and roaring cannon.\\nNow a powerful army of veterans of the peninsula,\\nthan whom, as their own officers testified, there never\\nwas a braver soldiery nor a more bloody, brutal, and\\nferocious, were making ready to strike down the old\\nwar-path, in order to cut the struggling young United\\nStates in two and dictate terms of peace and surrender\\nin the chief city of the conquered. General Macomb,\\nwith a small body of regulars and a few thousand mili-\\ntia, his total force not a third as great as that which\\nmenaced him, was yet resolutely preparing to dispute\\nthe advance to the bitter end, but the fate of the enter-\\nprise depended upon the strength of the naval forces\\non the lake. When they had brushed aside Macdonough\\nthe valley of the Eludson would be clear and their way\\nto New York open. As long as the Americans held\\nthe lake the movement was impossible. Downie came\\non in full confidence of his own ability to do the neces-\\nsary brushing aside.\\nAs the rolling echo of the drums beating to quar-\\nters softly melted away among the surrounding hills,\\nand the busy note of preparation subsided into an ex-\\npectant silence, Macdonough bade his waiting crews\\nto prayer. There at their stations with bowed heads", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "264 American Fights and Fighters\\nthey knelt down upon the white decks, soon to be\\nstained with their own blood, while with his own lips,\\nin. the familiar words of the Book of Common Prayer,\\nthe young, commander invoked the protection of the\\nGod of Battles for the coming conflict a rare and\\nmemorable scene indeed\\nAs the British in grim silence slowly drew near, their\\nplan of attack developed itself. The brig Linnet and the\\nsloop Chubb luffed up toward the head of Macdon-\\nough s line, where the Eagle lay. The sloop Finch\\nand all of the galleys kept away toward the rear of the\\nline, while the Confiancc prepared to smash in through\\nthe center, between the Eagle and the Saratoga. The\\nplan was simple but good. Macdonough was a dis-\\norganizing factor in carrying it out, however with his\\nown hands he aimed and fired the first gun a previous\\nbroadside from the Eagle, which fell far short, not\\nbeing counted) the twenty- four-pound shot from the\\nSaratoga struck the English flagship squarely in the\\nbow, passed through the hawse pipe and, ranging aft,\\ndismounted a gun, killed several men, and carried\\naway the wheel she had been fairly raked. It was a\\nlittle after eight in the morning.\\nThe American ships now opened, as their guns\\nbore, and the Conhance, which came on steadily and\\nimperturbably, was raked again and again. All hope\\nof breaking through the line had to be abandoned in\\nthe face of that smashing fire, and the battle neces-\\nsarily resolved itself into an artillery duel at long\\nrange. Therefore, when Downie reached a position in\\nwhich he judged he could use his preponderating force\\nof long guns to the best advantage, the Coniiance\\ndropped anchor, deliberately and with splendid cour-\\nage took in sail, swung calmly round until her battery", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "w\\nii\\n^l!\\n-ii: ::i ij-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 265\\nbore, and within the distance of two hundred and fifty-\\nyards poured into the Saratoga a shattering broadside\\nfrom her long twenty-fours. The effect was fearful.\\nOn the American over a hundred men were knocked\\ndown by the force of the concussion. The ship shiv-\\nered and reeled from stem to stern, from truck to keel-\\nson, under the fearful impact. More than forty poor\\nfellows lay weltering in their blood. First Lieutenant\\nGamble, in the act of sighting a gun, was killed by a\\npiece of a quoin which was driven against him, though\\nthe blow did not break the skin. With great courage\\nMacdonough rallied his men, and the broadside was\\nreturned with effect.\\nFor two long hours the two anchored ships poured\\ninto each other a tremendous and continuous fire, Mac-\\ndonough toiling at the guns like a common seaman\\nwith the rest, and by his personal gallantry sustaining\\nhis men. It has been fondly noted by various writers\\nthat the terrible first broadside of the Coniiance\\nsmashed a chicken-coop on one of the American ves-\\nsels, thus liberating a game cock, which sprang into\\nthe rigging and with lusty crowing encouraged the\\ncheering crews. Inasmuch as nearly every writer puts\\nthe chicken in a different ship, it is safe to conclude\\nthat there must have been one chicken there, and the\\nincident probably did occur. At any rate, if it was an\\nAmerican chicken, it would certainly crow upon being\\nmade free.\\nMeanwhile, up at the head of the line, which they\\nunsuccessfully endeavored to turn, the Linnet and the\\nCJiitbb were heavily engaged with the Eagle. After\\nan hour s combat the Cliiibb was completely disabled\\nby a severe raking from the Eagle, about one half of\\nher crew were killed and wounded, and, with reeking", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "266 American Fights and Fighters\\ndecks and shattered spars, she drifted helplessly down\\nthe line. As she came opposite the Saratoga, a twenty-\\nfoiir-pouiid shot brought down her colors, and she was\\ngallantly taken possession of by Midshipman Pratt,\\nand removed from the combat to the rear of the Ameri-\\ncan line.\\nDuring this episode the Linnet had at last secured\\na raking position off the starboard bow of the Eagle,\\nand the springs of the latter s cables being unfortu-\\nnately shot away, Henly was unable to make any\\neffective defense, so he finally cut his cable, sheeted\\nhome his topsails, and sailed down in the rear of the\\nSaratoga, where he brought to between her and the\\nTiconderoga, and opened a brisk fire from his port\\nguns upon the big Conilancc and the gunboats. This\\nleft the head of Macdonough s line entirely exposed,\\nand that flank was at once turned. The Linnet, ad-\\nmirably handled, took a position squarely across the\\nbows of the Saratoga, and deliberately raked her again\\nand again. Macdonough, hotly engaged with the\\nConfiance, had to grin and bear it as best he might.\\nIt was now about eleven o clock.\\nWhile the head is being turned and the fierce attack\\nis being made on the center, let us look to the other\\nend of the line. The little Preble had almost imme-\\ndiately been driven out of the combat by the onslaught\\nof the flotilla of British galleys, and she took no further\\npart in the action. The Finch was so roughly han-\\ndled by the larger Ticondcroga that she drifted down\\nunder the lee of the Crab Island battery and the in-\\nvalids fired their little gun at her, which caused her to\\nsurrender, and they took possession of the sloop, find-\\ning her full of dead and wounded.\\nThis left the Ticonderoi^a and four of the Ameri-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 267\\ncan gunboats to sustain the attack of the heavier, better\\nmanned, and more efficient British gunboats. Some\\nof the American gunboats did not behave well, and for\\na time the Ticondcroga was practically alone. The\\nEnglish gunboats attacked with the greatest spirit,\\ndriving up to the Ticondcrogo again and again, pour-\\ning a perfect stream of grape and solid shot upon the\\nschooner, getting so near her on several occasions that\\nthe oarsmen sprang to their feet and handled cutlass\\nand pistol, preparing to board, but time and again\\nthey were beaten off with great slaughter.\\nThe brave Cassin throughout the whole of the\\nfierce little battle walked the taffrail of his ship as\\ncalmly as if he had been in a drawing-room, unmindful\\nof the stream of bullets which screamed past him, en-\\ncouraging his gallant crew, and, with the greatest pos-\\nsible resolution, holding his ground against these over-\\nwhelming odds, until succored by some more of the\\nAmerican gunboats and a portion of the fire from the\\nEagle. His conduct was simply heroic, his services\\ninvaluable yet there are few people who have even\\nheard of his name. During this part of the action the\\nmatches gave out on the Ticondcroga, and Midship-\\nman (after Rear Admiral) Paulding fired the guns by\\nsnapping his pistol at the touch holes. The executive\\nofficer, Stansbury, was struck by a round shot, cut in\\ntwo, and his body carried overboard. His disappear-\\nance had not been observed, and the mystery of it was\\nnot explained until his body rose two days after the\\nbattle. The schooner was riddled with bullets. It is\\nnot too much to say that if she had been driven from\\nher post the battle would have been irretrievably lost.\\nSo much for Cassin and his men.\\nIt was almost lost anyhow. To return to the cen-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "268 American Fights and Fighters\\nter, the raking of the Linnet and the steady fire for\\nnearly two hours from the enormous battery of the\\nConhance had at last silenced the overmatched Sara-\\ntoga. Twice she had been set on fire by hot shot. All\\nthe officers, except Macdonough, had been killed or\\nwounded. He himself had been knocked senseless\\nthree times. The first time a shot cut the spanker\\nboom above his head, and one of the broken pieces\\nfell upon him; a splinter struck him on the second\\noccasion; and the third time he was actually struck\\nin the breast by a human head, which belonged to the\\ncaptain of his favorite gun, who had just been decapi-\\ntated by a round shot. Macdonough was like Jones,\\nhowever, in that he never knew when he was beaten.\\nThe slaughter had been fearful. Many of the men\\nhad their clothes literally torn from them by the splint-\\ners, the master being a striking example. He fought\\nthe latter part of the action in a breech-clout alone,\\nthough he had not been otherwise damaged by\\nthe splinters which had stripped him of his raiment.\\nOn the Confiancc the loss had been extremely severe\\nalso, and in one sense irreparable. About fifteen min-\\nutes after the battle began, a shot from the Saratoga\\nhad struck one of the guns of the Confiance, torn it\\nfrom its carriage, and hurled it against Commodore\\nDownie, who had been instantly killed, though the skin\\nof his body, as was the case with Lieutenant Gamble,\\nwas not even broken. English seamen who had been\\nat Trafalgar said afterward that this little battle was\\ninfinitely more fierce and bloody than that great one.\\nThe fight was going on all along the line at the same\\ntime, and the lake was covered with smoke. The light\\nbreeze had died away entirely.\\nAt this moment Macdonough, finding that every\\ngun in his starboard battery had been dismounted and", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain 269\\nsilenced, determined to wind ship and thus bring his\\nnew and hitherto nnengaged port battery into play.\\nHis forethonght had provided him with the means to\\ndo this, and as the undaunted men strained at the haw-\\nsers the gallant little corvette swung slowly about until\\npresently the after gun of the port battery bore upon\\nthe Coniiance. When it sent its missile of death crash-\\ning through the side of the doomed frigate, the end of\\nthe battle began.\\nRobertson, who had succeeded Downie in com-\\nmand of the Coniiance, finding his own battery almost\\ndismounted, attempted to emulate Macdonough s ma-\\nnoeuver, but for lack of proper prevision could not\\ncomplete the evolution. His bower anchors had been\\nshot away early in the fight, and his vessel only turned\\nso that her bows faced the Saratoga as she swept about,\\nand there she hung, absolutely helpless and immovable.\\nManning the port battery with eager avidity, the\\nAmericans on the Saratoga, heartily seconded by the\\nEagle, poured a tremendous raking fire into the Con-\\niiance. It was more than humanity could stand, and\\nin a short time her colors were hauled down.\\nShe was a wreck. Her masts looked like bunches\\nof match wood, and her sails like bundles of rags.\\nOver one half of her crew had been killed or severely\\nwounded. By the testimony of one of her own offi-\\ncers, there were not five men left on her who had not\\nsome mark of the combat on them. The Saratoga\\nwas now swung again until her broadside bore upon\\nthe plucky Linnet, which had enjoyed immunity here-\\ntofore on account of weightier matters, and for fifteen\\nminutes she had made a chopping-block out of that\\ndevoted vessel.\\nPring, with a resolution so great that it cannot\\nbe too highly commended, fought his little brig to the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "270 American Fights and Fighters\\nlast, in the hope that the gunboats might come up and\\nassist him, or something might happen, until she was\\na total wreck in fact, when, not getting the desired\\nhelp, he reluctantly struck her colors. The battle\\nwas over. It was a little before twelve o clock. The\\nshattered British gunboats now surrendered to the\\nEagle and the Ticonderoga, but as the Americans were\\nin no condition to take possession or to pursue, the\\nEnglish boats slowly drifted away and finally escaped,\\nmany of them in a sinking condition.\\nPractically the whole British fleet had been cap-\\ntured. I only know of three other instances when a\\nwhole fleet of ships was captured or destroyed one\\nwas by Nelson at Aboukir, the second by Dewey at\\nManila, the third by Sampson at Santiago. The\\ncombat had lasted over two hours and a half without\\nintermission, and had been fierce and bloody in the\\nextreme. The attacks on Plattsburg by Wellington s\\nveterans under Prevost rather feebly delivered, to be\\nsure had been stoutly repulsed by Macomb s levies,\\nwho had made a most gallant defense, and when the\\nnews of the victory of Macdonough was carried\\nashore, Prevost withdrew incontinently, leaving a large\\npart of his stores and munitions of war behind. New\\nYork was free from invasion and capture, and the stu-\\npendous victory of Macdonough played a great part\\nin the treaty of peace which soon after ensued.\\nMedals, swords, honors, prize money, grants of land,\\nwere poured upon the great seaman, who announced his\\nvictory in this modest despatch The Almighty has been\\npleased to grant us a signal victory on Lake Cham-\\nplain in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and two\\nsloops-of-war of the enemy. Spears, the naval his-\\ntorian, says, with all due respect to religion (he re-\\nminds me of George Sampson in this), that for the pur-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "Lake Champlain\\n271\\npose of rousing the seamen a rooster in the rigging is\\nworth more than a dozen prayers on the quarter-deck\\nbut, without any undue piety, we may question his\\ndecision as to the relative value, even upon the sailor s\\nmind, of the prayers to God of the humble-minded but\\nhigh-spirited Christian commander and the shrill cry\\nof the game cock in the shrouds.\\nMacdonough died at sea, in 1825, while returning\\nfrom the command of the European squadron. An\\nanonymous writer in the National Portrait Gallery\\nwell sums him up in these words The great charm\\nof his character was in the refinement of his taste, the\\npurity of his principles, and the sincerity of his relig-\\nion. These gave a perfume to his name which the\\npartial page of history seldom can retain for departed\\nwarriors, however brilliant their deeds.\\nAfnerican\\nSaratoga\\nEagle\\nTiconderoga\\nPreble\\n6 Gunboats\\n4 Gunboats\\nTotal\\nTons\\n500\\n80\\n420\\n160\\nCrew\\n240\\n112\\n246\\n104\\nGtins\\nLon^ Short\\n8 18\\n8 12\\n12 5\\n7 o\\n6 6\\n4 o\\n2520\\n937\\n60\\nKilled and\\nTotal ser. wd.\\n57\\n26\\n20\\n17\\n7\\n12\\n4\\n33\\n12\\n2\\n3\\n3\\nTotal\\n2260\\n882\\n45\\n41\\n^(i\\nno\\nBritish\\nConfiance\\n1300\\n325\\n31\\n6\\n37\\n180\\nLifinet\\n350\\n125\\n16\\n16\\n50\\nChubb\\nno\\n50\\nI\\n10\\nII\\n20\\nFinch\\nno\\n50\\n4\\n7\\nII\\n20\\n5 Gunboats\\n350\\n205\\n5\\n5\\n10\\n|8o\\n7 Gunboats\\n280\\n182\\n3\\n4\\n7\\n32\\n92\\n350\\nBritish Excess\\nover American\\n260\\n55\\n15\\nJ40", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "REID AND THE GENERAL\\nARMSTRONG\\nWay for the bold men of the privateers the free-\\nlances of the sea! The sails of their saucy clippers\\ngleamed in the sunlight of every horizon, their stanch\\nkeels parted the waters of every ocean in their dashing\\npursuit of British merchantmen. With a valor which\\noften equaled that of their better-trained naval breth-\\nren, they upheld the honor of the flag in all quarters\\nof the globe. When resistance was made to their at-\\ntacks they generally fought with credit and success,\\neven, in many instances, against regularly commis-\\nsioned war ships of the foe. With a persistency which\\nAvas the despair of the British ship masters and owners,\\nthey flaunted their flags in the English Channel in the\\nface of the fleets and squadrons of English men-of-\\nwar, and displayed their skill and courage in the dis-\\ntant China seas as well. They searched the hidden\\nrecesses of the world for their prey, and no route of\\ntrade was so remote as to be safe from their ravages.\\nThe damage they inflicted and the part they played\\nin bringing the War of 1812 to a close can hardly be\\noverestimated. Their adventures are as romantic as\\n272", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 273\\nthe inventions of the noveHst. The story of their\\nnaval ruses, subterfuges, pursuits, fights, and flights,\\nmakes most brilHant history history which, save in\\nrare instances, has only been recorded in the most mea-\\nger way. They had no inconsiderable share in laying\\nthe foundation of the naval greatness of the United\\nStates, and though it cannot be denied that their first\\naim was plunder, yet their conduct in many a desperate\\nlittle fight shows that patriotism and courage were,\\nafter all, master motives of their souls. There will be\\nno more of them hereafter international agreement\\nhas abolished them now but the country should never\\nforget their services in the two great wars we have\\nfought with England.\\nThe most conspicuous of them all, for he fought\\nthe greatest fight in their records and the .most impor-\\ntant, was Captain Samuel Chester Reid. It gives one\\nwho has an idea that there has been a great gulf fixed\\nfrom time immemorial between England and the\\nUnited States, something of a shock to find that he was\\nthe son of an English naval officer. This officer, while\\nin charge of a boat expedition in the war of the Revo-\\nlution, was captured by the rebellious colonists, and\\nwhen he had been sufficiently persuaded of the justice\\nof their cause, he resigned his commission in the Brit-\\nish navy and entered the American service. It may\\nbe that Miss Rebecca Chester, whose people were brave\\nsoldiers and stanch supporters of the Revolution, had\\nsomething to do with the decision at which he arrived\\nat any rate, he married her in 1781, and to them, in\\n1783, the year of the peace, was born the great pri-\\nvateer.\\nHe came of distinguished ancestry on both sides of\\nthe house, his father being a direct descendant of the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "274 American Fights and Fighters\\nLord High Admiral of Scotland in the great days of\\nBruce; while the Chesters were of old colonial and\\nEnglish stock, none better, counting lords and earls\\ngalore among them. Young Reid was therefore\\nbrought up like a gentleman to adorn that station in\\nlife unto which it had pleased God to call him, and in\\nevery way he proved worthy of his sires. His first\\nchoice of a profession was the navy following in the\\nfootsteps of the Lord High Admiral aforesaid and he\\nlearned some good lessons while still a young boy from\\nthat past master of seamanship, discipline, and hard,\\nclose fighting, Thomas Truxtun, in whose squadron he\\nserved as a midshipman in the frigate Baltimore in the\\nFrench war. For various reasons, however, at the\\nclose of that little war he entered the mercantile marine,\\nand, rising rapidly to command rank, became widely\\nknown as a bold and successful navigator and captain.\\nAbout the middle of the year 1814 he was given\\ncommand, by her owners, of the General Armstrong,\\na small New York privateer, brigantine rigged, and\\none of the smartest, most noted, and successful of her\\nclass. She had already proved, under her other gal-\\nlant commanders, that she could not only prey but\\nfight. She had just returned from her fifth lucky\\ncruise. I suppose her to have been of about two hun-\\ndred tons burden, one hundred and twenty feet long\\nover all, and about thirty feet in beam. Her armament\\nconsisted of seven guns three long nines in each\\nbroadside and a long twenty-four pounder on a pivot\\namidships, in sea parlance a Long Tom. Her crew\\nand officers numbered ninety men. They had been\\nselected, by Reid himself, with especial care, and were\\nprobably quite up to the high standard which obtained\\non that most gallant frigate, the United States ship", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 275\\nConstitution herself. On account of the high wages\\npaid and the liberal prize money accruing from the\\ncaptures in a successful cruise, in which the men were\\nall interested, it was not difficult to secure desirable\\nmen for a crew. Indeed, with the exception of some\\nof the more famous frigates, the pick of the seamen\\nof the nation were on the privateers and letters-of\\nmarque.\\nThe twenty-sixth of September, 18 14, found Reid\\nand the Armstrong at the island of Fayal, in the\\nAzores. He had run the blockade off New York about\\nthe middle of the month, distancing all pursuers by his\\ngreat speed, and had stopped at the island on his voyage\\nto the English Channel for food and Vi-ater. The bay\\nof Da Horta, the principal town and seaport of the\\nisland of Fayal, is crescent shaped and is surrounded\\nby a sea wall* with the old castle of Santa Cruz, even\\nthen an obsolete fortification, at the base of the cres-\\ncent. Opposite to the entrance of the bay, on a neigh-\\nboring island, boldly rises the splendid mountain called\\nPico, to a height of nearly eight thousand feet, and on\\nall sides are lofty mountains and hills which descend\\nin beetling crags and wild ravines to the water s edge.\\nHaving speedily fulfilled his errand, the American\\nskipper had gone ashore to call upon and dine with the\\nUnited States Consul, Mr. Dabney, and after dinner\\nhad brought him, and a party of gentlemen with him,\\noff^ to inspect his vessel. Just about sunset the spars\\nof a large brig-of-war, flying English colors, were\\ndiscovered making around the rocky headlands which\\nbound the entrance to the harbor. The brig, it was\\nsoon discovered, was followed by two other large ships,\\nstill some distance away. It was the first time any\\nEnglish war vessels had been in the harbor for months.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "276 American Fights and Fighters\\nThe Portuguese pilot had told the English commodore\\nof the arrival of the privateer, and he came into the\\nharbor with his squadron with the deliberate purpose\\nof effecting her capture.\\nIn spite of Consul Dabney s assurances, it instantly\\noccurred to the wary and experienced Reid that the\\nneutrality of the place would not be respected by the\\nEnglish. It seems to be a general practice among na-\\ntions to disregard the so-called laws of neutrality with\\nperfect equanimity, provided they feel themselves able\\nand willing to abide the consequences. England has\\ndone it on several occasions, and the United States has\\nnot hesitated to follow her example as late as in the\\nCivil War, so we can cast no stones in this case. So\\nReid sent his guests post-haste ashore, and began to\\nwarp his vessel closer into the harbor. The English\\nbrig, which proved to be the Carnation, eighteen guns,\\nCommander George Bentham, did not waste any time.\\nShe had hardly dropped anchor in the harbor before she\\nexchanged signals with the other ships, and then put\\nout four boats, crowded with about a hundred and\\ntwenty armed men, who, wnth the usual British intre-\\npidity, made straight for the Armstrong.\\nReid left the business of warping in to a more con-\\nvenient season, dropped anchor temporarily, called his\\nmen to quarters, and, as the menacing boats rapidly\\ndrew near, he repeatedly hailed them, to discover their\\npurpose, warning them to desist from their approach\\nor come on at their peril. There was not the least\\ndoubt as to the character of the movement in any ra-\\ntional mind. The armed men were in plain sight, as\\nthe moon flooded the placid waters of the bay\\nwith a soft, autumnal splendor. The English disdain-\\ning to make any reply to his hails and urging their", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 277\\nboats persistently onward, Reid opened the fight with\\na severe, well-directed fire from the great guns of his\\nbattery and his small arms, to which the enemy replied\\nwith boat guns and an ineffective musketry fire.\\nA very few minutes were sufficient to determine\\nthis event; only one boat touched the American, and\\nmost of those in her were killed or wounded. The\\nother boats stopped rowing, and the officers called for\\nquarter; then, while Reid, who might have sunk the\\nwhole business without difficulty, mercifully held his\\nfire, the boats turned tail, and, with a large number of\\nkilled and wounded on board, made their way back to\\nthe brig. They had hoped to carry the Armstrong by\\na coup-dc-moin, but had met with a most discouraging\\nand costly repulse instead. The privateer had only\\none man killed, and her first lieutenant, a brother of\\nthe noted General Worth, of the United States Army,\\nseverely wounded. Two more masterful players en-\\ntered the game at this juncture, however, in the shape\\nof his Britannic Majesty s frigate Rota, 38, Captain\\nPhilip Somerville, followed by his Britannic Majesty s\\nhuge ship-of-the-line Plantagenct, 74, Commodore\\nRobert Lloyd, who commanded the squadron. This\\nraised the effective force of the enemy to nearly two\\nhundred guns and twelve hundred men.\\nIt was soon evident that Commodore Lloyd intended\\nto take up the frustrated attempt of the Carnation, for\\nboats were called away from all three ships to the num-\\nber of twelve. This statement is made upon the testi-\\nmony of unimpeachable witnesses, among them Captain\\nReid and Consul Dabney, a fine old gentleman of the\\nhighest reputation, who stood upon shore in full sight\\nof the battle, with many other observers, some of\\nwhom go so far as to say there were fourteen boats,", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "278 American Fights and Fighters\\nthough the British allow there were but seven. These\\nboats were loaded with nearly four hundred and fifty\\nmen. They were towed in by the brig, and then ren-\\ndezvoused in three divisions under the lee of the little\\nreef just beyond gunshot range from the Armstrong,\\nwhile they matured their plans for the contemplated\\nattack.\\nMeanwhile Reid and his gallant crew, not in the\\nleast alarmed by this display of overwhelming force,\\nhad completed their preparations to receive and repel\\nthe expected onslaught. The Armstrong had been\\nwarped within a short distance of the shore, where she\\nlay under the useless and silent guns of the Portuguese\\ncastle. Two of the guns on the unengaged side of her\\nhad been shifted over to face the enemy, through ports\\ncut in the rail for them. All the small arms in the\\nbrigantine of which she had a great many, the pistols\\nactually being in bucketsful had been charged and\\nplaced close at hand. Boarding nettings, made of\\nheavily tarred rope, had been triced up from one end\\nof the ship to the other. The cutlasses, boarding axes,\\nand pikes were distributed to the men, who were all\\nprovided with steel and leather boarding caps. Reid\\ncommanded upon the quarter-deck, his lieutenants in\\nthe waist and forward.\\nPending any movement of the British, the men\\nwere allowed to rest beside the guns, while the officers\\nand a few of the older and more experienced seamen\\nkept watch. It was a strange picture the stars looked\\ndown upon that calm September night. That little\\nvessel was surrounded by grim and threatening an-\\ntagonists. Her crew was menaced by an overwhelm-\\ning force, which outnumbered them five to one yet\\nwe are told the hardy men slept on the white deck of", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 2 -jg\\nthe privateer, under the shadow of the great peaks\\nand mountains of the island, as soundly and peace-\\nfully as though they had heen at home. There was\\nsomething notable, too, in the spirit which their\\nquiet slumber betokened, of their confidence and\\ntrust in the officers, to whom they looked up as the\\nAmerican sailor has ever looked up to those who led\\nhim. More notable still Avas their willingness to\\nfight an absolutely hopeless battle, in which they had\\neverything to lose and nothing whatever to gain, ex-\\ncept the consciousness of having upheld the honor of\\nthe American flag against tremendous odds.\\nAbout twelve o clock, under the lead of Lieutenant\\nWilliam Matterface, the first lieutenant of the Plan-\\ntagcnct, the flotilla of boats moved out around the reef,\\nand in line ahead i. c, a long, single column swept\\ndown upon the Armstrong. The midshipmen and\\nother junior officers ran along the decks of the pri-\\nvateer and awakened the sleeping men, who sprang\\nquietly to their stations. The stillness of the night\\nwas broken only by the rustle of the oars in the row-\\nlocks and the splash of the dark water parted by the\\nbows of the boats or tossed up in the air by the feather-\\ning blades of the oars, to sparkle in the moonlight.\\nThe men on the Armstrong, so far as the attacking\\nparty could see, might have been asleep or dead.\\nThe shore was fairly crowded with spectators now,\\nwho held their breath while watching the advance and\\nawaiting the denouement. Out in the harbor the men\\nleft upon the ships swarmed in black clusters in the\\nrigging at eager gaze. The officers of the English\\nmen-of-war were closely grouped on the different quar-\\nter-decks eagerly scanning the Armstrong through\\ntheir night-glasses. With what apprehension Dabney", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "28o American Fights and Fighters\\nand his son and the few Americans on shore watched\\nthe British draw near It was a moment fraught with\\nthe most intense anxiety. Would the Armstrong\\nnever fire Was Reid asleep or dead Had she been\\nabandoned by her crew Ah, what was that\\nA flash of light tore through the gray darkness. A\\ncloud of smoke broke out amidships on the privateer,\\nand a roar like thunder echoed and reechoed among\\nthe surrounding hills. Long Tom had spoken The\\nbattle was on. Before the echo had died away the\\nother guns in the starboard battery, which had been\\ntrained upon the advancing line, spoke in quick succes-\\nsion, and sent their messengers of death out over the\\ndark waters. The head of the column was smashed to\\npieces by the discharge. The first boat was completely\\ndisabled, and the shower of American grape shot did\\ngreat execution all along the line. With the courage\\nof their race, the stalwart English broke into loud\\ncheers, and, manfully tugging at the oars, swept\\naround the wrecked boat and dashed into close action\\nat once. The boat carronnades in the bows of the\\nlaunches now rang out, adding their sharp notes to the\\nconfusion of the exciting moment, as they returned\\nthe Armstrong s fire. The men of the privateer re-\\nmained grimly silent, for Reid s command had been\\nNo cheering, lads, till we have beat them off and\\ngained the victory\\nThere was no time for either side to load its artil-\\nlery again before the first boat crashed against the\\nside of the privateer, and the leading man sprang up\\non her low rail. He clutched the netting, which barred\\nhis passage, and shortening his sword hacked franti-\\ncally at it. He was a fair and easy mark to an old man-\\nof-war s man on the brigantine, who buried a half-pike", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 281\\ndeep in his bosom. He had scarcely fallen back before\\nothers, undaunted by his fate, gallantly sprang to the\\nrail and took his place. Encouraged and led by their\\nofficers, the English strove to board on every hand,\\nand the action at once became general. The boats\\nranged themselves about the engaged side of the Arm-\\nstrong as hounds surround a wild boar at bay. One\\ndivision attacked forward, the other in the waist, and\\nthe last and strongest endeavored to gain the quarter.\\nFor a few moments the roar of the great guns was\\nsucceeded by the sharp crackle of the small arms, the\\npistols and muskets of the marines and the darkness\\nwas punctured by vivid flashes of fire, in lurid contrast\\nto the moon s pale light. But these ringing reports\\ngradually died away, and as there was no time to re-\\ncharge the guns the conflict resolved itself into an old-\\nfashioned hand to hand encounter. There was dis-\\nplayed the old knightly courage on both sides, which\\nhad left a glorious record of many a bloody fray in\\ncenturies of history.\\nThe cheers, shouts, curses, and groans of the des-\\nperate men, mad with the blood lust of the fight, the\\nringing of steel on steel, as sword gritted against\\nsword, or axe crashed on boarding cap, or bayonet\\ncrossed half-pike in the dreadful fray, filled the hearts\\nof the spectators near by on the shore with horror.\\nThe British, in overwhelming numbers, though at a\\ndisadvantage as regards position, striving determinedly\\nto make good a footing on the deck, fought with the\\nsame indomitable courage as their American brethren.\\nMost gallantly led, again and again they sprang at\\nthe rail, officer after officer fell, man after man was\\ncut down; the stout arms of the privateersmen grew\\nweary with hacking, and hewing, and slaughtering men.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "282 American Fights and Fighters\\nThe boarding netting was at last nearly cut to pieces,\\nand the way was clear for an entrance. Although the\\nslight success came too late to be of much service, a\\nlodgment was finally effected forward in the forecastle\\nby way of the bowsprit; one of the American lieuten-\\nants in command there had been killed, the other\\nwounded.\\nAt this moment Reid himself, the only officer of\\nrank now left on deck, after a brief rally with swords\\nbetween them, in which he was slightly wounded, suc-\\nceeded in cutting down Matterface, the English leader,\\nwho had been engaged in a last desperate endeavor to\\neffect a lodgment on the quarter-deck. All danger\\nfrom further attack there was over. Some of the\\nboats of this division were sheering off slowly, manned\\nby a few oarsmen others, full of silent dead and\\nshrieking wounded, were aimlessly drifting about.\\nThe party attacking the waist had fared little better.\\nAlarmed by the cries in the bows, and seeing that the\\nenemy near him had been effectively disposed of, the\\ncaptain led a dashing charge forward, and speedily\\ncleared the forecastle. It was all over. That was the\\nexpiring effort of the British. The}^ hurried away as\\nthey were able, in full retreat. They had been totally\\nbeaten.\\nTwo of the boats wxre captured, two of them had\\nbeen sunk, two others drifted ashore and were aban-\\ndoned by the remainder of their crews all but three\\nof the sixty or seventy men they originally contained\\nbeing killed or wounded In one of the boats all were\\nkilled but four. Most of the boats which escaped\\nregained their respective ships, with the greatest diffi-\\nculty, in a sinking condition, not only from the fire of\\nthe American heavy guns, but on account of having", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Annstrong 283\\nbeen stove in by solid shot hurled into them by the\\nAmericans. The total loss was at least two hundred\\nand fifty men on the part of the British, nearly half of\\nwhom were killed and the others severely wounded.\\nThe Americans had two killed and only seven wounded\\nIt seems incredible, but it is true, though the British\\nadmit only about half of the losses ascribed to them.\\nThis desperate and bloody action had lasted forty\\nminutes, and in its sanguinary results is unparalleled.\\nVictory had a second time crowned the efforts of Reid\\nand his undaunted men. I picture them, some pale as\\ndeath from their exhausting labors, others with faces\\nengorged with Blood and trembling still with the pas-\\nsion generated in the fight, grouped about their heroic\\ncaptain on those bloody decks, looking wildly out upon\\nthe drifting, shattered, sinking boats, with their dread-\\nful cargoes. It was time now and they began cheer-\\ning madly in triumph in the still night. They had a\\nright to cheer. Such a fight as they had fought and\\nsuch a victory as they had won it has been given to\\nbut few* on this earth to participate in.\\nNot much damage had been done to the privateer\\neither. The boarding netting had been cut to pieces,\\nsome of the guns, including the Long Tom, had\\nbeen dismounted by the shots from the boat carron-\\nnades, but a few hours sufficed to put everything to\\nrights again. Sending his dead and wounded ashore,\\nand with the remaining men asleep in sheer exhaustion\\nat their quarters again, Reid waited for the next move.\\nAt daybreak the Carnation weighed anchor, sheeted\\nhome her topsails, and got under way. When she came\\nwithin range she opened a fierce cannonade from her\\nheavy guns upon the privateer, which did much dam-\\nage to the vessel, though producing no casualties", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "284 American Fights and Fighters\\namong the crew. Reid and his men met and returned\\nthe attack with the same splendid spirit they had all\\nalong- exhibited, discharging the guns of their smaller\\nbattery with a calm deliberation which enabled them to\\ndo great execution. After a short and fierce engage-\\nment the Carnation prudently withdrew from the com-\\nbat, her foretopmast having been shot away and her\\nother head-gear much damaged, with several more of\\nher crew killed and wounded, mainly by shot from\\nLong Tom, which, carefully and skilfully served,\\nhad again saved the day. This was victory number\\nthree.\\nThe Portuguese governor meanwhile was protesting\\nagainst the violation of neutrality, and requesting\\nCommodore Lloyd to desist from the fighting. He\\nwas informed in reply that the English intended to cap-\\nture the privateer if they had to bring the ship-of-the-\\nline in and bombard the town to do it. Seeing the use-\\nlessness of further resistance, and having maintained\\nthe honor of the American flag, as few men have been\\nable to do, after fighting a battle which is without\\nparallel in naval annals, and having acquired glory\\nsufficient to satisfy any reasonable man, Reid deter-\\nmined, upon the advice of Dabney and others to sink\\nhis ship, so the Long Tom which had done such\\nsplendid execution was swung in board and pointed\\ndown the hatchway and discharged. The Armstrong\\nwent down from the shot from her own guns. Reid\\nand his men, after spiking the great guns, throwing\\noverboard the powder and small arms and removing\\ntheir private belongings, escaped to the shore. A boat\\nparty from the British boarded the sinking ship, and\\nset what remained of her above the water on fire.\\nThe loss in the first and third attack probably", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Reid and the Armstrong 285\\nraised the British total to nearly three hundred, though\\nit had not increased that of the Americans. There are\\nseveral fleet actions on record in which the British won\\nglorious victories without inflicting or receiving so\\nmuch damage as they got in the combat with this little\\ninsignificant privateer. The English commander-in-\\nchief was furious with rage at the results of the action,\\nso much so that he never made proper report of it to\\nthe home authorities, but the statements here given are\\nsupported by unimpeachable evidence. Lloyd was so\\nangered that he insisted that there were British de-\\nserters among the escaped American crew on shore, and\\nactually compelled the Portuguese commander of the\\nisland to have the seamen mustered, that he might in-\\nspect them. He didn t find any deserters, or at least\\nhe did not try to take any, which showed a late dis-\\ncretion on his part. One of two ships-of-war which\\nsoon joined Lloyd s squadron was finally sent back to\\nEngland with the wounded.\\nThe action had an importance far beyond its imme-\\ndiate results in this way The three English ships were\\ndestined to form a part of the fleet rendezvousing at\\nJamaica to convey Pakenham s army of Wellington s\\nveterans to the attack on New Orleans. A delay of\\nten days was caused by the necessity of burying the\\ndead, attending the wounded, and repairing the brig\\nand boats at Fayal, consequently the fleet at Jamaica,\\nwhich this squadron finally joined, was also delayed\\nten days in its departure, to the great indignation of its\\nadmiral. This was just the time that was required\\nto permit the doughty Andrew Jackson to assemble\\nthat army and make those preparations by which he\\nwas enabled to win one of the most astonishing vic-\\ntories that was ever achieved upon the land, so that", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "286 American Fights and Fighters\\nthe stout and hard fighting of Reid and the men of the\\nGeneral Armstrong proved of incalculable service to\\ntheir country. Moral It is always best for the fighter\\nto fight to the end, whatever the odds; for upon the\\naction of the moment the whole future may depend.\\nReid himself was received with the greatest honor\\non his return to America, and the usual rewards in the\\nway of swords, pieces of plate, banquets, etc., were\\nshowered upon him. It is a noteworthy fact in his\\nsubsequent history that he made the design for the\\npresent American flag; heretofore a star and a stripe\\nhad been added for every new State, and it was due to\\nhis suggestion that the flag took its present shape. For\\nthis he was thanked by Congress. Later in his life he\\nwas placed upon the navy list and retired. After this\\nhe lived a long life of eminent usefulness in New York,\\nwhere he was held in the highest respect and honor.\\nHis funeral, in 1861, was a national affair, and some\\nof his immediate descendants are still living. As a\\nspecimen of a bold, daring seaman, a magnificent\\nfighter, a true patriot, and a high-toned gentleman, he\\nranks with the very best, and no one should stand\\nhigher in the affections of the people of the land\\nthan he.\\nSince writing the above I have received word from a creditable source\\nthat in the first attack one of the boats had its bottom stove by the fall of a\\ngrindstone which had been balanced on the rail, and rolled into the boat\\nby a sailor named Granniss.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE DEFENSE OF LOUISIANA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE\\nLAST BATTLE WITH ENGLAND\\nAt half after one o clock on the afternoon of December\\n23, 1 81 4, a little party of officers in the parlor of a\\ndwelling house used as headquarters, on Royal Street,\\nNew Orleans, Louisiana, who were earnestly engaged\\nin conversation, were interrupted by the entrance of\\nthree gentlemen, who had galloped post-haste to the\\ndoor. One of them wore the brilliant uniform of the\\nLouisiana Creole Light Infantry. The other two\\nwere older men, evidently planters. The young offi-\\ncer was Major Gabriel Villere. He bore startling\\nnews, which he proceeded to tell in French, as he was\\nunable to speak English, one of the planters interpret-\\ning for him.\\nHe said that the little outpost guarding Bayou Bien-\\nvenu had been surprised that morning, and subse-\\nquently he himself and all his people had been captured\\non the Villere plantation, his father s home; but that,\\nbeing negligently guarded, he had seized a horse, gal-\\nloped away under a shower of balls, and escaped. The\\nBritish were out in full force about ten miles away,\\nand were marching up the dry ground between the\\n287", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "288 American Fights and Fighters\\nriver and the morasses inland. If they continued their\\nmarch they might probahly reach the city of New Or-\\nleans that night.\\nBy the Eternal said the chief of the officers in\\nthe room, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, a very tall\\nand very thin man, with reddish-gray hair brushed\\nstraight up from his high forehead, his piercing blue\\neyes sparkling with fire and detennination by the\\nEternal, he repeated, bringing his hand down upon the\\ntable, they shall not sleep upon our soil this night!\\nThe man was dreadfully emaciated, worn to a skele-\\nton by wasting disease, utterly broken in health, and\\nat that moment suffering from a dreadful wound in the\\nshoulder, which had been inflicted months before in a\\nduel and which prevented him from ever wearing the\\nheavy bullion epaulet of his rank, which was that of\\nMajor-General in the Regular Army of the United\\nStates. But such greatness of spirit looked out of his\\neyes, such indomitable resolution was evidenced by the\\nstraight, tense lines of his mouth and his square jaws\\nthat it was easy to see that here was a man who would\\nexercise command, sickness or no sickness, until he\\nwas laid in his grave.\\nHe had enjoyed no opportunity for perfecting him-\\nself in the technical art of soldiering; true, as a boy,\\nhe had fought in the partizan warfare which devas-\\ntated the Carolinas in the Revolution, during which he\\nhad been wounded, captured, starved he knew all\\nabout that part of it. He had learned to look into the\\ncold barrel of a pistol without flinching, too, through\\nmany duels, some of them dreadful in character, in\\nwhich he had been a principal. He had been a Mem-\\nber of Congress, a Senator, and United States District\\nAttorney, when to be a district attorney on the fron-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 289\\ntiers was to invite destruction. He had just termi-\\nnated successfully, after unheard-of hardships and the\\nexhibition of the most heroic resolution and courage,\\none of the most famous campaigns ever carried on\\nagainst the Indians, and for this had been made the\\njunior Major-General in the Regular Army.\\nHe had come to New Orleans, on the second of De-\\ncember, fresh from the conquest of Pensacola, which\\nhe had taken by storm from the Spaniards because the\\nplace had been used by the British as a base from which\\nto make forays and incursions into the American terri-\\ntory. Incidentally, also, the troops under his com-\\nmand had repulsed a British attack on Mobile, Major\\nLawrence, at Fort Bowyer, having beaten off four Brit-\\nish ships-of-war and a landing party of six hundred\\nmen, one of the British ships being burned and sunk\\nafter heavy loss in men.\\nThe spirit of the people of New Orleans was very\\nhigh, but they were without a head, and they wel-\\ncomed the advent of the general from Tennessee with\\nthe greatest joy, seconding his efforts for the raising\\nand equipment of an army for the defense of the city\\nin every possible way. Jackson was a natural leader,\\npopular with his men, and knew instinctively the best\\ndisposition to make of the motley forces under his com-\\nmand. When Villere brought the news all the avail-\\nable troops, amounting to but three or four thousand\\nmen, including the militia, were in camp north of the\\ncity. Messengers were sent galloping in every direc-\\ntion, bidding them take up the line of march. They\\nresponded to their orders with alacrity, and the roads\\nwere soon covered with armed men marching gaily\\nthrough the city toward the south.\\nOn the river there were two armed vessels, a sloop-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "290 American Fights and Fighters\\nof-war, the Louisiana, commanded by Commodore\\nPatterson, and the schooner Carolina, Captain Henly,\\nwhom we saw at Lake Champlain. Word was des-\\npatched to the ships, and they immediately cleared for\\naction and dropped down the river. They were im-\\nportant factors in Jackson s brilliant plan of attack.\\nThe news brought by Major Villere was alarming in\\nthe last degree. The troops he had seen were an ad-\\nvance guard of two thousand men of a powerful Brit-\\nish army five times as great. They had appeared in\\ntheir ships a few days before off the Passes in the Delta,\\nthrough which the Mississippi gains the sea. There\\nwere over fifty vessels in the convoy, including the\\npowerful fleet of Admiral Cockburn s ships-of-the-line.\\nThey had sailed from Jamaica a month before bearing\\na large army of Wellington s veterans which had been\\ntransported thither from their successful maraud in\\nVirginia and Maryland, which had resulted in the cap-\\nture and destruction of Washington, to which point\\nthey had come straight from the Garonne. Ross, their\\ncommander, had been killed before Baltimore, and\\nBrigadier-General Keane, a younger soldier, was in\\ncharge. Reinforcements and other generals were even\\nthen speeding across the water as fast as wind could\\ndrive them.\\nThere was no way to take the ships-of-the-line, or\\neven the frigates and transports, up the river, and if\\nthe city was to be captured by the troops their only\\nmode of access to it would be by Lakes Borgne and\\nPonchartrain. To prevent this, there was a little\\nAmerican force on Lake Borgne consisting of five gun-\\nboats, each carrying one heavy gun and several smaller\\nones, and manned by from twenty to thirty men, under\\nthe command of Lieutenant Thomas ap-Catesby Jones,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 291\\nthe third officer of that name to distinguish himself in\\nthe early service. His total force amounted to less\\nthan two hundred men and fourteen available guns in\\nbroadside.\\nThe British attacked him with forty-two boats, car-\\nrying as many guns and over one thousand men.\\nThere was absolutely no hope of successful resistance,\\nyet no one thought of surrender or flight, and there\\nwas a hotly contested battle on the lake, in which sev-\\neral of the British boats were sunk with heavy loss,\\nbut which finally resulted in the capture of the entire\\nAmerican flotilla, after a series of desperate hand to\\nhand conflicts, in which the Americans were overpow-\\nered by force of numbers and only gave way when\\nnearly one fourth of them had been killed or wounded,\\namong the latter being their gallant commander.\\nThe British then surprised the picket post on Bayou\\nBienvenu, and marched up the river on the only firm\\nground in that part of the country. If Keane had\\npushed on vigorously after the escape of Major Vil-\\nlere, instead of halting to entrench and reconnoiter, it\\nis more than probable that he would have effected the\\ncapture of the unprepared city at once. Jackson s\\nquick decision to attack him without delay, which usu-\\nally receives but little attention in the consideration\\nexacted by the greater battle which followed, was more\\nof an indication of the high natural military instinct\\nwhich he possessed than anything else in his life.\\nThe land upon which the British were encamped, was\\nsamewhat lower than the level of the great Mississippi,\\nwhich was here confined by immense retaining walls\\nof earth called levees. About half after seven in the\\nevening the British pickets on the levee noticed a\\nschooner dropping silently down the river, grim and", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "292 American Fights and Fighters\\nghostlike in the night. The boat was hailed, and one\\nor two muskets were fired at her, but no answer was\\nelicited. She came to anchor opposite the camp, de-\\nliberately made her preparations, and then the aston-\\nished sentries heard a stout voice cry, Give them this,\\nlads, for the honor of the United States\\nThe sides of the schooner burst into flame, and a\\nwhole broadside of grape at short range was poured\\ninto the crowded British camp. Numbers clustered\\nabout the campfires were killed or wounded. The\\neager men tramped out the fires as if by magic, and\\nsought instant shelter from the deadly rain of shot\\nwhich came from the Carolina s guns by crouching\\nunder the lee of the river embanlcment. There were\\nbut two guns in the camp, little three-pounders, and\\nabout as efficient as popguns under the circumstances.\\nThere was nothing for the English to do but to hide\\naway and bide their time. So long as they remained\\nunder the cover of the levee they were reasonably safe,\\nthough they could get nothing to eat and could not\\noccupy their tents. They were good soldiers, how-\\never, and made the best of their situation, philosophi-\\ncally disposing themselves to pass the night in their un-\\ncomfortable position as best they could.\\nTheir rest, if they got any, was interrupted by a\\nrifle shot from the landward flank of their position\\nabout eight o clock at night. The shot was succeeded\\nby another and another, and then by a perfect fusillade\\nof small arms from all sides. It was Jackson deliver-\\ning his attack. He had skilfully disposed his men so\\nas to surround the enemy. Though his total force was\\nno greater than the British, the latter were cornered.\\nNecessarily, since the Americans had arrived on the\\nscene, the fire of the Carolina was stopped. The Brit-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 293\\nish soon found this out, and rushed to meet their mid-\\nnight assailants with their usual dogged courage.\\nThen ensued in that darkness a demoniacal struggle,\\nutterly unlike any battle that had occurred heretofore\\non the continent. Rain fell in torrents. Firearms\\nbecame useless, and the bayonets of the English crossed\\nthe long hunting knives of the Kentuckians in a deadly\\ndeath grapple in the black air, in the series of bitter\\nhand to hand conflicts.\\nThe general and his staff were in the thick of it all,\\nand he was personally engaged. After continuing the\\nstruggle for several hours, Jackson drew off his troops,\\nin fairly good order, about ten o clock in the evening,\\nand retreated a few miles up the river behind the\\nRodriguez Canal, an abandoned watercourse, and en-\\ntrenched himself at the narrowest pass, where the dis-\\ntance between the river bank and the impassable mo-\\nrass was the shortest. The Carolina, now seconded\\nby the Louisiana, opened fire again, and once more\\ndominated the situation. Jackson had effected his ob-\\nject. With a loss of about three hundred men he had\\nparalyzed the advance of the British army. They\\nwould remain where they were, he felt certain, and\\nmake no offensive movement whatever until reinforce-\\nments were brought up, and that would give him what\\nhe most earnestly desired, and what is of vital impor-\\ntance to every military commander time.\\nThe British had lost over five hundred in killed and\\nwounded in this audacious attack, and were so thor-\\noughly and completely astonished by their rough hand-\\nling that they dreamed of nothing but holding their\\nposition and sending for reinforcements all idea of ad-\\nvance was abandoned. It was no use even to consider\\nit; for the American ships made a direct target out of", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "294 American Fights and Fighters\\nevery individual who ventured to show himself for a\\nmoment behind the levee.\\nThe British soldiers were the best on earth and Jack-\\nson knew that his troops with the possible exception\\nof the Tennesseans who were all of them without\\nbayonets, could never have met them in the open with\\nany prospect of success therefore he contented himself\\nwith strengthening his entrenchments, assiduously\\ndrilling his men constantly in such military tactics as\\nhe was familiar with himself, and in sending expresses\\nand recjuisitions for help and supplies in every di-\\nrection.\\nThe militia of Louisiana turned out nobly. So, by\\nthe way, did La Fitte, the last of the buccaneers and\\nhis pirate crew. The citizens were fighting in de-\\nfense of their homes. It was well understood that if\\nNew Orleans, which was then a populous and\\nwealthy city of some thirty thousand people, and a\\nplace of the greatest commercial importance, for the\\nwhole trade of the Mississippi valley passed through it,\\nwere captured, that it was to be sacked by the soldiery.\\nIf one wishes to know to what excesses the British\\nsoldiery could descend in the sacking of a town he need\\nonly read the descriptions of similar affairs by Lord\\nNapier in his great Peninsula Campaign. The sol-\\ndiers of Tilly, at the famous storming of Magdeburg,\\ncould not have been more lustful, brutal, wanton and\\nferocious. Said British soldiery at that time could\\nalmost have given pointers to a Geronimo Apache.\\nThe main reliance of Jackson, however, was upon\\nthe famous riflemen from Kentucky and Tennessee\\nunder Coffey and Carroll. They knew little about\\nmanoeuyers or tactics. The school of the soldier was\\na thing of which they had heard little, and about which", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 295\\nIhey cared less but they could shoot and shoot straight\\nand shoot fast and keep it up. Nothing could exceed\\ntheir courage. They had fought under their general\\nbefore and knew what manner of man he was. They\\nloved him even for his faults and the enemies he had\\nmade, and most excellently officered, could be depended\\nupon to the last gasp. There was also a small but\\nefficient contingent of regular troops.\\nMatters remained in statu quo for two days, until\\nChristmas, when Sir Edward Pakenham, a brother-in-\\nlaw to the Iron Duke, arrived from England to take\\ncommand of the army. He was accompanied by Gen-\\neral Samuel Gibbs, and was followed soon after by\\nGeneral John Lambert, with several regiments of men\\nwho, with the officers named, were all veterans and had\\nbeen taught in the splendid school of Wellington.\\nPakenham had especially distinguished himself in\\nthe Peninsula. He was a man of the highest personal\\ngallantry and much military skill and experience. At\\nthe Battle of Salamanca, the charge which he led at the\\nhead of his division had saved the day. He expected\\nto make an easy conquest of the backwoods general\\nand add new laurels to his wreath by the capture of\\nNew Orleans. A peerage would probably reward his\\nsuccess.\\nHe found Keane s army still clinging desperately to\\nthe lee side of the levee. Under his orders a battery of\\nheavy guns was landed from the ships, and on the\\nevening of the 26th they set fire to the Carolina with\\nred hot shot. She was windbound at the time and\\nafter making a gallant defense with the single long\\ngun which would bear, she blew up. The Louisiana,\\nfurther away, managed to tow out of range and es-\\ncape.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "296 American Fights and Fighters\\nPakenham then determined upon a reconnoissance\\nin force. There were some plantation buildings in\\nfront of the American line, and as his troops came\\nmarching along the level ground on the morning of\\nthe twenty-eighth of December they were concealed\\nuntil they advanced beyond the buildings. As soon\\nas they passed them they were met by such a discharge\\nof artillery as convinced Pakenham that the works\\nwere far stronger than he had anticipated. The build-\\nings were set on fire by the American shot. After\\nmarching his men up to the old canal in front of the\\nAmerican fortifications, losing many of them by the\\nway, the troops withdrew, having effected nothing be-\\nyond informing themselves of the strength of the\\nAmerican position. This affair is sometimes called\\nthe Battle of Chalmette s plantation.\\nOn the other side of the river the navy had erected\\na formidable water battery by landing some of the\\nLouisiana s heavy guns, which enfiladed and thus pro-\\ntected the front of Jackson s entrenchments. Jackson\\nhimself had a motley lot of artillery mounted be-\\ntween embrasures made of cotton bales, the heaviest\\ngun being an old thirty-two-pounder. Pakenham\\nnow resolved to begin a regular siege of the American\\nposition. Consequently very early in the morning of\\nJanuary i, 181 5, his troops advanced silently to within\\nthree hundred yards of the American entrenchments,\\nand cautiously opened a parallel. Their fortifications\\nwere made of barrels of sugar, of which there were a\\ngreat number in the various plantations.\\nWhen the fog lifted about ten o clock the Americans,\\nwho were holding dress parade in front of their en-\\ntrenchments in honor of New Year s Day, were aston-\\nished to see the frowning batteries of the British.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 297\\nThey scampered back in hot haste to their positions,\\nand a cannonade immediately began, which lasted the\\ngreater part of the morning. The British guns were\\nsilenced, the sugar barrels were knocked to pieces, and\\nproved no protection whatever. The Louisiana and\\nthe water battery on the other side had done dreadful\\nexecution with their raking fire. Pakenham withdrew\\nhis troops at once, and succeeded, through the gal-\\nlantry of some of the seamen of the ships, in saving\\nall his guns. On the American side the cotton bales\\nforming the embrasures were set on fire or knocked out\\nof place, and were afterward supplanted by the soft,\\nmuddy earth of the Delta.\\nThe American mounted riflemen now harassed the\\nBritish camp continually on every side. The life of a\\nsentry on the picket line was always in jeopardy. For-\\naging was decidedly unsafe. The Louisiana and the\\nwater batteries sent balls from their long guns toward\\nthe British camp at regular intervals day and night,\\nso that the men got neither sleep nor rest. Pakenham\\nand his lieutenants chafed under the annoying position,\\nand, irritated by the taunts of that valiant house-\\nburner. Admiral Cockburn, who threatened to land his\\nmarines and do up the job himself, they at last resolved\\nupon a final attempt.\\nPakenham s plan was an excellent one indeed, the\\nonly possible one under the circumstances. He deter-\\nmined to detach a large body of men under Colonel\\nThornton, one of his most efficient officers, and send\\nthem across the river to capture the water battery and\\nthe Louisiana, which were defended by about a thou-\\nsand inefficient militiamen, then turn their guns upon\\nJackson s line, upon which, with the balance of his\\narmy, he would deliver a direct assault in force. In", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "298 American Fights and Fighters\\norder to get the boats of the ships into the Mississippi\\nto ferry over the troops, a canal was cut through from\\nLake Borgne, with great labor, by the soldiers.\\nThe morning of January 8, 18 15 (Sunday), was\\nselected for the attack. When Thornton reached the\\ncanal, however, he found that instead of boats for fif-\\nteen hundred men he only had transportation for about\\nfour hundred. He was delayed in getting even those\\nin motion by the caving in of the banks of the canal,\\nand when he reached the Mississippi he was swept\\ndown for two miles below his projected landing place\\nby the swift current. Pakenham, meanwhile, ignorant\\nof all these mishaps, had put his army in motion, and\\nhad crept slowly up toward the American works in\\nthe gray of the morning. It was four o clock when\\nthe British columns reached their designated positions.\\nThey waited and waited in vain for the signal from\\nThornton to begin the attack.\\nThree thousand men, under Generals Gibbs and\\nKeane, were to assault the left of the American line;\\none thousand men, led by Colonel Rennie, were to at-\\ntack the right; the Ninety-third Highlanders, eight\\nhundred strong, a splendid regiment of hard-praying\\nand hard-fighting Caledonians, just in from the Cape\\nof Good Hope, under Colonel Dale, were to attack the\\ncenter; and a reserve of two regiments, about fifteen\\nhundred strong, under General Lambert, were to fol-\\nlow up whichever one of the attacks was the most suc-\\ncessful. Pakenham had been told by a deserter that\\nthe left of the American line was the weakest point,\\nwhich was true at the time. Jackson, however, had\\nfortunately reinforced it on the day before the battle\\nwith a strong body of the Tennessee riflemen.\\nAs the mists rolled away the Americans saw the", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 299\\nvivid scarlet lines of the British advancing upon them.\\nIt was six o clock in the morning. Pakenham had to\\nattack now. He was already within range, and a re-\\ntreat was not to be thought of. Besides, the idea of\\ndefeat never entered his head. What, the finest sol-\\ndiers in the world to be stopped or defeated by a lot\\nof volunteers, militiamen, backwoodsmen Nonsense\\nForward was the word\\nThe head of Gibbs column was led by the Forty-\\nfourth regiment, under Colonel Mullens, who had been\\nordered to provide the fascines and scaling ladders, to\\nenable them to cross the ditch and mount the walls.\\nThe regiment, badly commanded, passed by the place\\nof storage in the darkness, and had failed to bring up\\nthe ladders; and General Gibbs, promising to hang\\nColonel Mullens after the action, had sent them back\\nat the double quick to procure them. They now came\\nstraggling back in great disorder, with only a few lad-\\nders. The troops meanwhile were steadily advancing\\nin the face of such a hellish fire as few troops have\\never attempted to withstand. The great thirty-two-\\npounder, charged with musket balls to the very muz-\\nzle, actually tore up the head of the column.\\nThe continuous crackle of the small arms and the\\ndeep roar of the great guns filled the air with stunning\\nsound. The cloud of smoke over the American lines\\nwas lined and seamed with streaks of fire, and the\\nlightning itself was not more swift and deadly than\\nthe leaden messengers which leaped from it. Grape\\nand solid shot ripped long lanes through the advancing\\nsoldiery, but they still came on! It was magnificent!\\nReaching the edge of the ditch, they were in point-\\nblank range of the deadly American riflemen. Mul-\\nlens and his men were nowhere to be seen. There", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "300 American Fights and Fighters\\nwere no ladders, no fascines, no anything. No troops\\nthat hved could stand the steady, awful fire of the\\nTennesseans. In the face of that blasting storm of\\ndeath they stopped, faltered, broke, and ran.\\nThe officers recklessl}^ and heroically strove to re-\\nform them and lead them on. They were shot down\\nlike sheep in their brave efforts. Gibbs came up to\\nPakenham weeping and crying.\\nThe men will not follow me, he said brokenly.\\nT can t get them to come on.\\nHere comes the Ninety-third, said Pakenham,\\nlooking at the splendid regiment of Highlanders ad-\\nvancing coolly in the awful confusion. Rally on the\\nNinety-third he cried, darting in among the retreat-\\ning men, followed by the officers of his staff. They\\nfinally succeeded in checking the backward movement,\\nthe brave men fell into line once more, faced the other\\nway slowly, and began another desperate advance.\\nOn the other flank a small redoubt in front of Jack-\\nson s lines was captured by Rennie s men after a furi-\\nous little combat, but not until every one of the few\\ndefenders was killed or wounded. The guns were\\nthen turned upon the American line. Rennie and a\\nfew of his men made for the ditch in spite of the fact\\nthat the black regiment from the West Indies, which\\nwas to lead, failed miserably at this juncture, behaving\\nquite as badly as the Forty-fourth. There were no\\nladders, no fascines here either. Nevertheless, Rennie\\nand a few men struggled across the ditch, and the col-\\nonel, the major, and one other officer mounted the\\nworks crying, Surrender! They were shot dead the\\ninstant their heads appeared over the parapets, and\\ntheir bodies fell inward. The attack was broken, the\\nregiments were actually crumpled up by the fierce, rapid", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0354.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 301\\nfiring of the Americans until they too fled all who\\nwere able, that is.\\nThornton, on the other bank of the river, had at\\nlast come up and had captured the American position\\nwith the loss of about one hundred of his men, mainly-\\ninflicted by the American naval contingent. Most of\\nthe militia behaved disgracefully, and fled without fir-\\ning a shot. On that side the river only six Americans\\nwere killed. Thornton s success came too late to be\\nof service.\\nMeanwhile, Pakenham, Gibbs and Keane led the\\nnew attack forward, with the magnificent Scotsmen in\\nthe advance a forlorn hope, a desperate venture.\\nThey had seen hot, hard fighting in Spain; never had\\nthey met anything like this. There was no lack of\\nAnglo-Saxon courage there. Valor teemed upon the\\nfield, but the trouble was that it was on both sides of\\nthe redoubt. The men came slowly, with fixed bayo-\\nnets, grim determination in their white faces. They\\nwere waited for by the cool American commander.\\nAgain the word was given. Again the low, black,\\nmuddy redoubt of the Americans was tipped with\\nvivid, death-dealing flame. The advancing troops\\nwere mowed down in sheets.\\nShame, shame! cried Pakenham, intercepting\\nthose who would fain retreat. This is the way.\\nForward Forward he cried, beating the reluctant\\nmen with his sword. Order up the reserve he said\\nto his aide, who galloped madly away.\\nWhen the officer delivered the order to Lambert,\\nwho was watching the dreadful carnage with feelings\\nof sickening horror, he ordered the bugler to sound\\nthe advance. The men sprang to their feet, waiting the\\nsignal, when a solid shot tore the trumpet from the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0355.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "302 American Fights and Fighters\\nbugler s lips before he had made a note. Ere he\\ncould procure another bugle the battle was over, and\\nto put in the reserve would be only to devote more men\\nto destruction.\\nPakenham s arm was shattered, his horse was killed\\nunder him, but, forgetful of everything but the battle,\\nhe mounted another and, waving his sword, rode on,\\nencouraging his troops until he was hurled from his\\nsaddle and instantly killed by another bullet. Keane\\nfell desperately hurt. Gibbs was mortally wounded,\\nand carried reluctantly from the field. Colonel Dale,\\nat the head of the Highlanders, was shot dead. Offi-\\ncer after officer was killed. The splendid Ninety-third\\nmarched up to the edge of the ditch and stood there,\\nunable to go forward, too proud to retreat an heroic\\nexample of veteran soldiery. They won a deathless\\nname on that field. Finally, with less than one hun-\\ndred and twenty men out of nearly eight hundred, the\\nHighlanders slowly retired. The rest of the army had\\nlong since fled. Less than half an hour had ended it\\nall. Half the American force had not been engaged.\\nJackson immediately despatched a large body of\\ntroops across the river to oust Thornton, but before\\nthe Americans could deliver their attack Thornton,\\nunder orders from Lambert, who succeeded to the com-\\nmand of the beaten army, abandoned the position.\\nThe British retreated precipitately to their ships a few\\ndays later, leaving behind those of their wounded un-\\nable to be moved, and many guns and supplies. Lam-\\nbert conducted the retreat so skilfully that he was re-\\nwarded by a baronetcy when he returned to England.\\nThe British loss in this battle was seven hundred\\nkilled, fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred\\nprisoners; a total loss of twenty-six hundred in twenty-\\nfive minutes over one and a half per second Li-", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0356.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "The Defense of Louisiana 303\\ncredible? True! The American loss was but eight\\nkilled and fourteen wounded, mostly in the redoubt\\ncaptured by Rennie These figures take no account\\nof Thornton s attack. The British loss in the whole\\ncampaign was over thirty-five hundred men, the\\nAmerican about three hundred, the number engaged in\\nthe campaign being about ten thousand for the British\\nand about seven thousand for the Americans, although\\nin the decisive battle Jackson had in action less than\\nthree thousand to six thousand of the British.\\nIt was the most astonishing battle ever fought, and\\nthe most stupendous victory ever achieved in this hemi-\\nsphere prior to Dewey and Sampson, and the misery of\\nit all was that peace had been declared some time be-\\nfore the battle was fought Oh, for some earth-gird-\\nling Puck to have carried the news The lives of all\\nthe brave men had been sacrificed in vain.\\nThe English soldiers had fought with the utmost\\ndetermination and valor. Pakenham s plans were\\ngood ones, in fact they were the only ones which could\\nhave been put in operation at all no blame attaches to\\nhim, unless for haste in not waiting for Thornton, but\\nthe honor of the campaign must rest with Jackson.\\nNobody could have done better few so well.\\nWhile the battle was unnecessary, the victory was\\nvery useful in creating among the British nation and\\nthe nations of the world generally a healthy respect\\nfor American arms, which has never entirely left them.\\nWe have kept it fresh from time to time. The battle\\nof New Orleans was a great, glorious, and dreadful\\nvictory, and the most conspicuous military figure in the\\nhistory of our country between the Revolution and the\\nCivil War is undoubtedly that of the backwoods fighter\\nAndrew Jackson of Tennessee!", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0357.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTION S LAST\\nBATTLE\\nThe last survivor of the great captains of the War of\\n1812, who indeed Hved until four years after the close\\nof the Civil War, having been previously retired in\\n1862 as rear admiral, was Charles Stewart. Though\\nit does not appertain to this story, it is interesting to\\nnote that the daughter of this splendid American\\nfighter became the mother of that equally brilliant\\nfighter in other fields, Charles Stewart Parnell, the\\ngreat Irish agitator. Stewart was born of Irish\\nparentage, in Pennsylvania, in 1776, He entered the\\nmerchant service at thirteen, and was captain of a ship\\nat nineteen, an age at which, at present and under\\nmodern conditions, our prospective naval officers cannot\\npossibly have attained the rank of midshipman even!\\nIn 1798 Stewart was appointed a lieutenant in the navy,\\nwhere he served with distinction in all the subsequent\\nwars. In the French War, while in command of the\\nschooner Experiment, he captured a French armed\\nschooner of much greater force than his own after a\\nbrilliant little combat. He was the second in com-\\nmand to stout old Commodore Preble in the Tripoli-\\ntan War, and offered to cut out the Philadelphia; but\\nDecatur had made the proposition before Stewart.\\n304", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0358.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Last Battle 305\\nwho had command of the Siren, which had been away\\nfrom the station, had learned of the disaster, and so he\\nhad to content himself with supporting Decatur s at-\\ntack, as we have seen.\\nAt the beginning- of the War of 1812 he had com-\\nmand of the famous frigate Constellation. It was\\nthrough his address that she escaped from a heavy-\\nBritish squadron into the Elizabeth River at Norfolk,\\nwhere she was unfortunately so closely blockaded dur-\\ning the entire war that it was impossible for her to\\nget to sea. It was his precaution and wise prevision\\nwhich prevented the capture of that ship by several\\ncutting-out expeditions which attempted it. At the\\nclose of 1 81 3 he was given command of the more fa-\\nmous ship Constitution, 44, in which Hull and Bain-\\nbridge had won their notable victories over the Giier-\\nriere and the Jaz a. Stewart at once put to sea, as usual\\nescaping the blockaders off Boston. He had a rather\\nsuccessful cruise, capturing a heavily armed British\\nschooner of war, an armed privateer of large size,\\na letter of marque, several merchant vessels, and\\nchasing the frigate Pique, 36, which escaped at night,\\nafter a hard pursuit, through the Windward Passage.\\nOn his way back the Constitution was chased hard by\\nthe frigates Jimon and Nyrnplie, either of which was\\na match for her. She escaped with difficulty, and\\nfinally made the harbor of Marblehead thence, shortly\\nafter, she got into Boston, passing the blockade again.\\nThe ship was in bad shape, nothing having been\\ndone to her in the way of refitting or repairing since\\nher two hard battles. She was therefore entirely over-\\nhauled, under Stewart s direction a long and tedious\\njob. Her crew having been sent to the Lakes, where\\nthey gave good account of themselves, a new crew was", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0359.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "3o6 American Fights and Fighters\\nshipped the pick of the country and on December\\n30, 18 14, she got to sea, eluding the blockaders before\\nBoston for the seventh time during the war She was\\nas fine and fit for every emergency as any frigate that\\never sailed the ocean. It is quite within the bounds\\nof truth to say that there never was a ship so dreaded\\nby the whilom masters of the sea as the United States\\nship Constitution. Under previous instructions from\\nthe British Admiralty, as soon as she got away every\\nvessel of whatever class which spoke another on the\\nhigh seas was instructed to announce the escape of the\\nConstitution from the blockade; thus, almost with\\nthe quickness of the wind itself, from ocean to ocean\\nwas carried the ominous news. Frigates cruising alone\\nwere instructed to avoid action with anything that\\nlooked like the great American. Other vessels were\\ndirected to hunt her in couples\\nPerhaps Captain Stewart had this fact in mind, for\\nwhen his young wife, to whom he had been recently\\nmarried, in answer to the natural question of depart-\\ning husbands especially youthful ones What shall\\nI bring you as a present? patriotically answered, A\\nBritish frigate, he replied, smiling, I will bring you\\ntwo! However, his expectations did not seem in the\\nway of being realized, for the cruise was more or less\\nan uneventful one at first, and the officers and men\\nbegan to feel that the usual luck of the Constitution\\nhad failed them. On February 18, 181 5, long after\\npeace had been declared, by the way, Stewart chased\\nan English line-of-battle ship, the Elizabeth, ofT the\\nPortuguese coast near Lisbon; before her character\\nwas discovered he left the chase and captured a mer-\\nchant vessel. When the Eli::;ahcth reached Lisbon\\nand learned that the Constitution was in the vicinity,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0360.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Last Battle 307\\nwithout stopping for any purpose she at once squared\\naway in pursuit.\\nIt happened that the frigate Tf^cr, 36, under the com-\\nmand of Richard Dacres, who had been so badly beaten\\non the Guerriere, was in port also. Dacres had been\\nespecially preparing his vessel for the purpose of meet-\\ning the Constitution, or one of her sister ships, and he\\nfollowed the Elisabeth close on the heels of the Ameri-\\ncan. It was lucky for him he never caught sight of\\nher. About the same time the Lcandcr, the Nczvcastlc,\\nand the Acasta, two fifty- and one forty-gun frigates,\\nwdiich the Constitution had eluded before at Boston,\\nwere booming along toward the eastward in pursuit of\\nher, deluded by a rumor which said that she had been\\njoined by the Congress and the President. In addi-\\ntion, the seas swarmed with British cruisers in couples\\nseeking her. Stewart, who had changed his course\\nwithout any explicable reason, had sailed the Constitu-\\ntion down to within eighty leagues of the Madeiras,\\nwhich then bore about southwest by west. She was\\nsailing along serenely in the midst of all this commo-\\ntion when, early in the afternoon of February 20th,\\na large sail was discovered, through a rift in the fog,\\nbearing two points off the port bow\\\\ It was a raw,\\nnasty day, the fresh wet breeze raising a choppy, un-\\ncomfortable sea.\\nThe Constitution at once edged away in chase. At\\ntwo o clock another sail was raised, right ahead of the\\nformer and apparently in company with her. Signals\\nwere exchanged between the two vessels which had\\nbeen sighted, and they made every effort to close w ith\\neach other. A double row of painted ports on the\\nnearest led the Americans to think that they were in\\nthe presence of two frigates, a large one of at least", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0361.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "3o8 American Fights and Fighters\\nfifty guns and a smaller, but Stewart had promised his\\nofficers a fight, and he was quite in the mood to have\\ntackled a line-of-battle ship rather than disappoint all\\nhands, so the Constitution was soon covered with every\\nstrip of canvas, including studding sails, which she\\ncould carry alow and aloft, and bore down upon the\\nstrangers, which she soon began to overhaul. The\\ntwo ships, which were gradually working nearer to\\neach other, set all sail, hoisted the English flag, and\\nendeavored to escape.\\nAbout half past four in the afternoon the Constitu-\\ntion carried away her main royal mast in the freshen-\\ning breeze, which so far delayed her that it gave her\\nenemies time to close with each other. By smart sea-\\nmanship, by five o clock the damage was repaired, an-\\nother spar replaced the broken one, sail was set, and\\nthe Constitution quickly regained her speed, and\\nbegan to overhaul the chase again as before. There\\nwas some little manceuvering on the part of the Eng-\\nlish, who had flung out their battle flags, to get the\\nweather-gage, but they were unable to out-point the\\nConstitution, and indeed had hardly time to settle back\\non the old starboard tack again when she came booming\\ndown upon them. Action was now inevitable. Seeing\\nthis they deliberately stripped themselves to fighting\\ncanvas, and Stewart did the same. At six o clock in\\nthe evening the three vessels lay at the points of an\\nequilateral angle, the two English vessels in a line\\nahead, the smaller in the lead, forming the base, and\\nthe Constitution midway between them at the apex;\\nall were heading west, with the wind over the star-\\nboard quarter, the Constitution being to windward.\\nStewart now saw that his antagonists were a small\\nfrigate and a large sloop-of-war a very tidy couple", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0362.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "The Constitution! s Last Battle 309\\nindeed. At six o clock the battle began at a range\\nwithin two hundred and fifty yards, a little more than\\nthe length of an ordinary city block. It was a brilliant\\nmoonlight night, the clouds and the fog had disap-\\npeared, and all of the vessels were now plainly visible.\\nEvery gun on the engaged sides of the three ships was\\nat once in action, and the firing for fifteen minutes was\\nrapid and fierce. The British cheered loudly, while\\nthe men on the Constitution maintained a grim silence\\nthey could cheer later on. A cloud of smoke drifted\\ndown between the Constitution and her antagonists,\\nwhose fire, by the way, materially decreased, and at\\n6.15 P.M. Stewart ceased firing.\\nAs the smoke blew away he saw that he had forged\\nahead, and was now abreast of and very near the fore-\\nmost ship, afterward found to be the sloop-of-war\\nLevant, Captain Douglass. Stewart also discovered\\nthat the rear ship, the frigate Cyanc, had luft ed up into\\nthe wind and was endeavoring to go about on the other\\ntack to cross his stern and rake him. He acted with\\nthe quickness of thought itself to meet this new dan-\\nger, first pouring a tremendous broadside from double-\\nshotted guns into the Levant at close range, which\\nnearly smashed the life out of her; he laid his main\\nand mizzen topsails to the mast, let fly the jib-sheet,\\nbraced the head-yards around until the sails shivered\\nin the wind, and with astonishing rapidity actually\\nbacked the Constitution down upon her other enemy.\\nInstead of being able to cross the stern of the Ameri-\\ncan, what was the surprise of Captain Falcon, of the\\nfrigate Cyane, to see her huge bulk come shoving\\nthrough the smoke across his own bows. At this junc-\\nture, the two ships being almost in contact, the Consti-\\ntution poured in a full broadside from her port battery.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0363.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "3IO American Fights and Fighters\\nwhich raked the Cyane terribly fore and aft. She\\nshivered from truck to keelson under this terrific\\nsmashing as if she had struck a rock. Beaten off from\\nthe wind by the Constitution s manoeuvers, the Cyane\\nfell away, of course, and the two ships sailed side by\\nside for perhaps five minutes, exchanging broadsides,\\nuntil the lighter Cyane was silenced.\\nLeaving the helpless frigate for the moment, Stewart\\nturned his attention to the Levant, which had been fir-\\ning aimlessly into the smoke and had at last found out\\nthat the Constitution had dropped astern. Now, there-\\nfore, Captain Douglass attempted to come by the wind\\nto cross the bows of the Constitution and rake her, in\\nthe hope of delivering his helpless consort. As soon\\nas Stewart saw the manoeuvers he put his helm up,\\nfilled away, and, the ship being handled with wonder-\\nful smartness, ran down off the wind and crossed\\nastern of the Levant, into whom he poured two raking\\nbroadsides at close range from his starboard battery,\\nwhich almost completely disabled her. The Levant\\ndrifted far away and remained out of action for a long\\ntime, while her men worked desperately to re-reeve the\\ngear and refit, so that they could once more engage in\\nthe fight. Meanwhile the Cyane had pluckily followed\\ntheConstitution, and now attempted to wear to cross her\\nstern and rake, but the Constitution was much better\\nhandled. She emulated the manoeuverof the enemy, and\\nactually succeeded in swinging around under the stern\\nof the devoted Cyane, into which she poured another\\nterrible raking broadside; then she rounded to on her\\nport quarter, and for ten minutes she made a chopping-\\ni3lock of her gallant enemy. At 6.50 p.m. the Cyane\\nstruck her colors. She was immediately taken posses-\\nsion of by a prize crew, an operation which consumed\\nsome little time.", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0364.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Last Battle 311\\nMeanwhile the Levant, having finished refitting-, in-\\nstead of trying to escape, now sailed boldly down to\\nmeet the Constitution again. Captain Douglass must\\nhave known that the Cyanc had been captured, and\\nthat he, in his smaller ship, had no further chance in\\nthe fight, especially in view of the punishment he had\\nalready received, therefore his action was foolhardy,\\nbut gallant. At 8.50 p.m. the two ships passed each\\nother on different tacks, exchanging broadsides, then\\nthe Levant spread everything to get away. The Con-\\nstitution wore in chase, and by 9.30 in the evening had\\ndrawn so close to that ship that the shot from her bow-\\nchasers could be distinctly heard splintering the tim-\\nbers on board of the Levant. The situation of the\\nlatter was perfectly helpless, and she struck her colors.\\nThe Constitution s last and greatest battle was over.\\nAs an exhibition of the highest seamanship this ac-\\ntion has never even been paralleled. It is almost hopeless\\nto attempt to prevent one ship engaged with two others\\nfrom being frequently raked. In this instance the Con-\\nstitution, by her masterly handling, raked both ships\\nopposed to her repeatedly, manning her port or star-\\nboard battery at will. One of the opposing ships tried\\ntwo times to cross her stern, the other to cross her\\nbows, she frustrated both attempts with ease. In all\\nher manoeuvers she never lost the weather-gage; she\\nwent backward, or forward, or turned about on her heel,\\nattacking either ship apparently at pleasure. Stewart\\nhandled her like a yacht or a catboat. It was astonish-\\ning! Stewart s exploit excited the greatest admiration\\namong nautical critics all over the world and does to\\nthis day and, with Hull s wonderful escape on the\\nsame ship from the pursuing British squadron, stands\\nat the very high-water mark of consummate seaman-\\nship and skill.", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0365.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "312 American Fights and Fighters\\nThe number of guns on the Constitution was fifty-\\none. Out of her crew of four hundred and fifty-six\\nshe lost four killed and ten wounded. The combined\\narmament of the Cyane and the Levant amounted to\\nfifty-five guns. Out of their crews of three hundred\\nand fifteen they lost thirty-five killed and forty-two\\nwounded. Both ships were terribly cut up.\\nThe Constitution had sustained but little damage to\\nher rigging, but she had been hulled thirteen times by\\nsolid shot. Only three shot had hulled her when she\\nfought the Guerriere, and four when she had fought\\nthe Java, therefore the English had done better than\\nusual. The Cyane had lost twelve killed and twenty-\\nsix wounded. Every brace and bowline had been cut,\\nmost of her standing and running rigging was carried\\naway, her main and mizzenmasts were tottering, many\\nimportant spars were badly wounded, she had been\\nhulled many times, and five of her guns were disabled.\\nThe Levant lost twenty-three killed and sixteen\\nwounded. She was smashed up as badly as her con-\\nsort.\\nOne or two little anecdotes in connection with the\\nfight are of interest. The two British captains were\\ndiscussing, over their wine after dinner in Stewart s\\ncabin, the reason of their defeat, each accusing the\\nother of being the cause of it. Stewart listened to\\ntheir acrimonious debate for some time, and finally\\nsuggested, as a method of solving the problem, that\\nhe would put them and their crews back upon their\\nrespective ships and try it over! The solution was\\ndeclined in silence.\\nJust before the battle grog was served out as usual\\nto the crew of the Constitution. Some of the men\\nclaimed that they should have a double portion, as they", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0366.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Last Battle 313\\nhad two ships to fight. This so filled the mind of a\\nveteran seaman aboard with disgust that he kicked\\nover the grog tub, amid the cheers of the men, remark-\\ning that they didn t need no Dutch courage to fight\\nthem ships.\\nA sailor named John Lancey, from Cape Ann, was\\ncarried below to the cockpit, horribly mutilated by a\\nsolid shot and writhing in death agony, just as the\\nCyane struck her colors. The surgeon, after a hasty\\nexamination, told him that he could do nothing for\\nhim and that his end was approaching. I know it,\\nreplied the heroic man I only want to know that the\\nother ship has struck. When the shouts of the men\\nabove announced to him that the Levant had surren-\\ndered he actually lifted himself from his cot, waved his\\nblood-stained, shattered arm stump in the air, and\\njoined in the cheering, and immediately thereafter ex-\\npired.\\nAfter a very gallant action many years before, by\\nwhich Stewart saved the lives of some sixty Spanish\\npeople escaping from an outbreak at San Domingo, he\\nhad been presented with a superb Toledo blade by the\\nKing of Spain, his naval and official rank not per-\\nmitting him to receive a completed sword from a for-\\neign government. This blade had been beautifully\\nmounted, and he wore the sword during this battle\\nwith the Cyanc and the Levant. A solid shot, which\\ngrazed his side during the action, had carried away the\\nhilt. The armorer of the Constitution, after the bat-\\ntle, fitted a rudely forged iron guard to the exquisite\\nblade, and ever after, on state occasions, Stewart wore\\nthis rough, iron-hilted sword.\\nThe prize crews from the Constitution made all haste\\nto get the ships in shape again. By one o clock in the", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0367.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "314 American Fights and Fighters\\nmorning of February 21st, or three hours after the\\nsurrender of the Cyanc and the Levant, the Constitu-\\ntion was ready for another action. On the following\\nday they headed for the nearest neutral port, and on\\nthe fifteenth of March anchored in Porta Praya, in the\\nCape Verde Islands. There Stewart found one of his\\nprizes, which he determined to use as a cartel to send\\nthe prisoners back to England. The day after their\\narrival, as they were busily engaged in their prepara-\\ntions, an English midshipman on the Constitution\\ncalled the attention of Captain Falcon of the Cyane,\\nwho was a prisoner there, to the sails of a large ship\\nseen above the fog, coming toward the harbor. The\\nair was filled with a dense mist, Avhich hung low and\\nprevented anything below the topgallant yards from\\nbeing visible. The English captain angrily silenced\\nthe imprudent midshipman, but the attention of Shu-\\nbrick, acting first of the Constitution, had been called\\nto the stranger.\\nHe hastily informed Captain Stewart, who was\\nshaving in his cabin, and received orders to get under\\nway and go out to engage. Immediately thereafter\\nthe sails of two other ships were detected towering\\nal)ove the fog. At this news the half-shaved, but fully\\nalert Stewart came running on deck, ordered the\\ncables cut, and signaled the two prizes to get under\\nway at once. It was quite evident from the look of\\nthe sails that the force approaching was too great for\\nhim to cope with, with any chance of success. It is\\non a par with the rest of the seamanship of this re-\\nmarkable cruise to note that ten minutes after the\\nstrange sails had been sighted the Constitution and\\nher prizes, the latter naturally greatly undermanned\\nwith their small prize crews, had cut cables, got under", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0368.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "The Constitution s Last Battle 315\\nway, and under their topsails alone, which rendered\\nthem invisible as the fog rose above them, they were\\nstretching swiftly for the mouth of the harbor. Some\\nof the English prisoners, who had been landed, took\\npossession of a Portuguese battery and began firing at\\nthe escaping ships, which caused the English outside to\\nget on the alert at once.\\nThe fog gradually lowered as the three ships made\\nthe harbor entrance and, crossing their topgallant\\nyards in gallant style, stretched away for the open sea.\\nThe various ships were plainly visible to each other\\ndown to the tops. The three English vessels were Sir\\nGeorge Collier s squadron, before mentioned the\\nLeandcr, 50, the Newcastle, 50, and the Acasta, 40.\\nTo oppose this formidable squadron Stewart had the\\nConstitution, 44, the Cyane, 32, the Levant, 18, the two\\nlatter badly disabled still and with only small prize\\ncrews, insufficient in number to work the guns aboard.\\nThe English forces counted one hundred and sixty-\\nthree heavy guns and twelve hundred men. The\\nAmericans one hundred and six guns, most of them\\nlight, and four hundred and fifty men. The fifty-gun\\nships were especially large and heavy, and designed\\nparticularly to overmatch ships of the Constitution s\\nclass. To run was Stewart s only chance; he was as\\ngood at running as he was at fighting.\\nThe chase that ensued was as exciting as any the\\nConstitution ever participated in. The fog still held,\\nthough it gradually settled down so that the officers\\nstanding on the hammock cloths of the pursuing ships\\nwere easily seen from the American ships, though the\\nhulls of the English ships still remained concealed.\\nAbout I P.M., finding that the Cyane was lagging be-\\nhind and in danger of being overhauled, Stewart sig-", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0369.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "3i6 American Fights and Fighters\\nnaled her to tack, supposing that one of the chasing\\nships would be detached to pursue. If he could divide\\nthe enemy he determined to engage the nearest ship\\nhimself. The three pursuers, however, paid no atten-\\ntion to the last ship which, by the way, succeeded in\\nreaching New York in safety a month later but held\\non after the other two. At 2.30 p.m. the foremost\\nEnglish ship opened on the Constitution, firing by divi-\\nsion, but the shot fell short by an hundred yards.\\nStewart gained a little more definite idea of the size\\nand quality of his pursuer from the heavy fire of the\\ndivisions of her battery.\\nAt 3 P.M., the Levant being now almost within\\nrange of the nearest pursuer, Stewart signaled her to\\ntack, which she immediately did, when, to the surprise\\nof the officers on board the Constitution, the whole of\\nthe formidable English squadron tacked and stood on\\nin the wake of the little sloop Levant. The old Con-\\nstitution at this time was skipping through the water\\nat about twelve knots an hour. There was nothing\\non the seas to catch her, and she soon ran the enemy\\nout of sight. She reached Boston in safety early in\\nMay. Ballard, the prize master of the Levant, seeing\\nescape was hopeless, made for Porta Praya again. He\\nanchored immediately under the guns of the battery,\\nbut the English commodore, as usual paying no atten-\\ntion to the neutrality of the port, sent the Newcastle\\nand the Acasta into the harbor, and, after enduring the\\nfire of these two heavy ships for some fifteen minutes,\\nLieutenant Ballard struck his colors.\\nI believe, sir, said the English boarding officer, in\\ngreat exultation, coming to take charge of the prize,\\nthat I have the honor to receive the sword of Captain\\nBlakeley of the Wasp No, sir, said Ballard grimly,", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0370.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "The Constitutioii s Last Battle 317\\nyou have the honor to receive the sword of Cap-\\ntain Bahard, prize master of his Britannic Majesty s\\nsloop-of-war Levant I Why Sir George Colher s\\nsquadron acted in this extraordinary manner in this\\npursuit has never been definitely ascertained, though\\nvarious explanations of it, all equally unsatisfactory,\\nhave been put forth. Sir George was so chagrined\\nover the matter that, on being reproached with it some\\nyears later, he committed suicide.\\nThe brilliant way in which Stewart had escaped\\nfrom the harbor and succeeded in preserving two of\\nhis ships from the tremendously overwhelming force\\nof his enemy added new laurels to the wreath which\\nhis grateful countrymen had twined about the head of\\nthe splendid sailor. He received the usual rewards\\nfrom Congress and his countrymen, and, by graceful\\ncompliment, the popular name of the gallant ship\\nhe had so ably commanded was soon applied to him,\\nand to the end of his days he was known as Old\\nIronsides", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0371.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0372.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "INDEX", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0373.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0374.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAbercrombie, Lieut. -Col., 156\\nAcasta (British frigate), 307, 315-\\n316\\nAckland, Maj., 76-78, 82\\nActtzon (British frigate), 7, 8, 12\\nActive (British frigate), 7, 8, 13\\nAllen, Ethan, 1 18-120\\nAlliance (American frigate), 44, 46,\\n51, 54, 140-142\\nAnderson, Midshipman, 204, 209\\nAndria Doria (American armed\\nvessel), 129\\nAnn, Fort, abandonment of, 61\\nArbuthnot, John, 254, 256\\nArmada (British line-of-battle ship),\\n254\\nArnold, Benedict, in Saratoga cam-\\npaign, 66, 73-79; in storming of\\nTiconderoga, 117-120; in the\\nYorktown campaign, 145-146\\nAtalanta (British war ship), 140-\\n141\\nAugusta (Ga.), post at, 86, 89; cap-\\nture of, 103\\nAvon (British brig-of-war), 254-\\n256\\nBainbridge, Joseph, 203, 209\\nBainbridge, William, 201, 215-225\\nBaker, Midshipman, 247, 248.\\nBalcarras, Lord, 58, 76\\nBallard, Lieut., 316, 317\\nBarney, Joshua, 136-139\\nBarras, Count de, 148, 152\\nBarreaut, Capt., of U Instirgente,\\n186\\nBarry, John, 139-142\\nBaum, Col., 59, 67-69\\nBeatty, Capt., 105\\nBemis Heights, American occupa-\\ntion of, 73, 75\\nBennington, Battle of, 68-70\\nBentham, George, 276\\nBiddle, James, 247, 248\\nBiddle, Nicholas, 128-132\\nBladensburg, Battle of, 138\\nBlakely, Johnston, 250-256\\nBonhotmne Richard, 43 crew of,\\n44; encounter with the Serapis,\\n45-54 destruction of, 54\\nBorgne, Lake, attack at, 290-291\\nBrady, Hugh, 233-235\\nBrainer, Capt., 255, 256\\nBrandywine, Battle of, 59\\nBrant, Joseph, 64, 1 75\\nBreyman, Col., 59, 69\\nBristol (British line-of-battle ship),\\n7.8, 11-13\\nBrown, Jacob, 226-230, 232, 233,\\n238, 241, 242\\nBurgoyne, John, 56-59, 62, 67, 71-\\n74, 76, 79\\nButler, Richard, 168, 172\\nCadwalader, Gen., 20, 22\\nCamden (N. C.),post at, 86; Battle\\nof, 86\\nCampbell, Col., 112, 113\\nCampbell, Lord William, 6, 13\\nCarleton, Sir Guy, 58\\nCarnation (British brig-of-war),\\n275-277, 283, 284\\nCarolina (American schooner), 290-\\n293. 295\\nCarolinas, Greene s campaign in,\\n84-116\\nCarroll, leader of Tennessee rifle-\\nmen, 294\\nCassin, Stephen, 260, 267\\nCastillian (British brig-of-war), 255\\nCaswell, Richard, 4\\nCatalino, Salvator, 203\\nChads, Lieut., 222\\nChalmette s plantation, Battle of, 296", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0375.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "322\\nIndex\\nCliamplain, Lake, Battle of, 262-271\\nCharles, Midshipman, 203\\nCharleston, attack of, 5-14; evacua-\\ntion of, 116\\nCharon (British frigate), 156\\nChauncey, Commodore, 227-228,\\n232-233\\nCheevers, heroism of the, 223\\nChippewa, Battle of, 229-232\\nChubb (British sloop-of-war), 261,\\n264-266, 271\\nClinton, Sir Henry, expedition 01\\n1776, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13; operations\\nof 1777, 72; expedition of 1780,\\n85, 86, 89; operations of 1779,\\n121,124,125; operations of 1 781,\\n149, 152, 156\\nCockburn, Admiral, 297\\nCoffey, leader of Kentucky riflemen,\\n294\\nCoffin, Capt., Ill\\nCollier, Sir George, 315, 317\\nConfia7tce (British frigate), 261, 264-\\n266, 268, 269, 271\\nConstellation (American frigate),\\n179,183-195,305\\nCo7tstitt{tion{Kmiix\\\\(zan frigate), 201,\\n203, 215,217-225,305-317\\nCornwallis, Lord, expedition ol\\n1776,4, 18; Princeton campaign,\\n27. 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 38; Caro-\\nlina campaign, 86-92, 96-101\\nsurrender, 116; Yorktown cam-\\npaign, 144-148, 150-152, 155-159\\nCornwallis (British ship-of-the-\\nline), 217\\nCowpens, Battle of, 93-96\\nCox, Col., 63, 64\\nCrown Point, capture of, 120\\nCruger, Col., 107, 108, 113\\nCyane (British frigate), 307-316\\nDabney, Consul, 275-277, 279, 284\\nDacres, Richard, 307\\nDale, Col., 298, 302\\nDale, Richard, 44, 48-52, 181\\nDarke, Col., 173\\nDavis, Midshipman, 203\\nDecatur, Stephen, 199-212\\nDefiance, Mount, 59\\nDe Kalb, Baron, 86, 87\\nDelaplace, Capt., 117, 119, 120\\nDelaware River, Washington s re-\\ntreat across, 18 second crossing,\\n21\\nDouglas, Capt., 309-311\\nDouglas, Fort, 238, 239, 241\\nDownie, Commodore, 260, 263, 264,\\n268, 269\\nDrummond, Lieut. -Col., 239, 240\\nDrummond, Sir Gordon, 233, 236,\\n239, 242, 243\\nEagle (American brig-of-war), 260,\\n262, 264-267, 269-271\\nEaston, Jonathan, 118\\nE?idyniion (British frigate), 199\\nEnterprise (American war vessel),\\n202, 203\\nErie, Fort, surrender of, 228; siege\\nof, 238-242\\nEutaw Springs, battle of, 110-115\\nEwing, Gen., 20, 22\\nExperi7)ietit (American schooner),\\n304\\nExperi7)ient (British line-of-battle\\nship), 7, 8, II, 13, 140\\nFalcon, Capt., 309, 314\\nFalling Timbers, Battle of, 175\\nFebiger, Col., 123\\nFerguson, Patrick, 88\\nFermoy, Gen. de, 60\\nEinch (British sloop-of-war), 261,\\n264, 266, 271\\nFlag, first American, 65-66\\nFleury, Lieut.-Col., 122, 123\\nFrancis, Col., 60, 61\\nEraser, Maj.-Gen., 58, 61, 73, 74,\\n76, 77, 79\\nFreeman s Farm, Battle of, 74-75\\nFrench War, 179-195\\nEriendship (British battle-ship), 7\\nErolic (British brig-of-vvar), 245-\\n249\\nGaines, Gen., 238, 241\\nGamble, Lieut., 265, 268\\nGansevoort, Peter, 62, 63, 65\\nGates, Horatio, 20, 22, 71, 74-76,\\n78,86\\nGermaine, Lord, 58, 159\\nGermantown, Battle of, 59\\nGeneral Arjnstrong (American pri-\\nvateer-ship), 274-284, 286", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0376.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "Index\\n323\\nGeneral Rlonk (British sloop-of-\\nwar), 137, 138\\nGibbons, Lieut., 123\\nGibbs, Samuel, 295, 298-302\\nGranby, Fort, 89, 103\\nGrasse, Count de, 1 10, 143, 147,\\n148, 150-152, 156, 159\\nGraves, Admiral, 152\\nGreen Mountain Boys, n8\\nGreene, Nathaniel, in New Jersey\\ncampaign, 20, 22; Carolina cam-\\npaign, 84 character, 85 organi-\\nzation of Southern army, 87-90;\\nplans for campaign, 91-92 Battle\\nof Cowpens and retreat, 96-97\\nBattle of Guilford Court House,\\n98-101 further movements, 102-\\n107; siege of Ninety-six, 107-\\n109; Battle of Eutawf Springs,\\n110-I12, 114; end of campaign,\\n115-I16; death, 116\\nGuilford Court House, Battle of,\\n98-100\\nHale, Col., 60, 6i\\nHamilton, Alexander, 153\\nHamtranck, Maj., 169\\nHaslet, Col., 33\\nHenderson, Col., iii, 113\\nHenly, Robert, 260, 266, 290\\nHerkimer, Nicholas, 63, 65-67\\nHessian troops, surprise of, 23-25\\nat Bennington, 68-69\\nHindman, Maj., 228\\nHislop, Lieut.-Gen., 217, 224\\nHobkirk s Hill, Battle of, 104\\nHoward, John, 94, 95, 113\\nHowe, Gen., 18, 27, 58, 59, 72\\nHubbardton, Battle of, 61\\nHyder Ally (American armed mer-\\nchantman), 136-138\\nIndependence (American privateer-\\nship), 181\\nIndian War in the Northwest, 163-\\n176\\nIndians in the Revolution, 64-66, 71\\nInsiirgente, V (French frigate),\\n179, 183-188, 195\\nIntrepid (American ketch previously\\ncalled J/rtj-/;V(;), 202-211\\nIris (British frigate), 135, 136\\nIzard, Gen., 242\\nIzard, Midshipman, 203\\nJackson, Andrew, 285, 287-303\\nJarvis, James, 193-195\\nJasper, William, 10, 14-15\\nJava (British frigate), 201, 217-225\\nJefferson, Fort, 168, 175\\nJessup, Maj., 231,234, 235\\nJones, Jacob, 244-247\\nJones, John Paul, early life, 41-\\n43; battle with Scrapis, 45-54;\\ndeath 55 encounter with\\nTruxtun, 181\\nJones, Thomas, 290, 291\\nKeane, Gen., 290, 291, 298, 301, 302\\nKing s Mountain, Battle of, 88\\nKnox, Gen., 21, 154\\nKnox, Lieut., 123\\nKosciusko, Thaddeus, 73, 107\\nLafayette, Gen., 145-147\\nLa Fitte, Jean, 294\\nLambert, Henry, 217, 219, 220,222-\\n225\\nLambert, John, 295, 298, 301, 302\\nLancey, John, 313\\nLandais, Capt., of the Alliance, 46,\\nLang, Jack, 247, 248\\nLauzun, Duke de, 153\\nLawrence, Maj., 289\\nLawrence, James, 203, 209\\nLaws, Midshipman, 208\\nleander (British frigate), 307, 315\\nLeavenworth, Col., 231, 234, 235\\nLee, Charles, 5, 6, 8, 12, 19, 59\\nLee, Richard Henry, in Carolina\\ncampaign, 87, 99, 102, 103, 108,\\n111-113; storming of Paulus\\nHook, 125-127\\nLee, Fort, capture of, 72\\nLevant (British sloop-of-war), 307-\\n317\\nLewis, Midshipman, 203\\nLight Horse Harry Lee. See\\nLee, Richard Henry\\nLincoln, Gen., 86, 151\\nLinnet (British brig-of-war), 261,\\n264-266, 268-271\\nLittle Turtle (Indian chief of the\\nMiamis), 175", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0377.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "324\\nIndex\\nLloyd, Robert, 277, 285\\nLouisiana (American sloop-of-war),\\n290, 293, 295-297\\nLouisiana, defense of, 287-303\\nLundy s Lane, Battle of, 233-238\\nLyman, Lieut., 256\\nMacCrea, Jane, murder of, 71\\nMacdaniel, Sergeant, II\\nMacdonald, Alan and Donald, 3, 4\\nMacdonough, Lieut., 240, 241\\nMacdonough, Thomas, 201, 203,\\n209, 258-266, 268-271\\nMcKay, Lieut., 103\\nMcKnight, Lieut., 256\\nMcLane, Allan, 126\\nMcNeil, John, 231, 232, 234, 235\\nMacomlj, Gen., 263, 270\\nMaham, Col., 103\\nMajoribanks, Maj., 112, 113\\nManners, William, 251-253\\nMarion, Francis, at defense of Char-\\nleston, 6, 8; Carolina campaign,\\n88, 91, 100, 102, 103, 109, 112\\nMartin, Gov. of N. C, 3\\nMastico. See Intrepid.\\nMatterface, William, 279, 282\\nMawhood, Lieut. -Col., 30, 33\\nMercer, Gen., 32-34\\nMiller, Col., 235, 236, 241, 242\\nMonroe, James, 24\\nMoore s Creek, Battle of, 4\\nMorgan, Daniel, 73, 76, 77, 87, 91-\\n97\\nMorris, Midshipman, 203, 208\\nMorris, John, 11\\nMorris, Robert, 29, 41\\nMotte, Fort, 89, 103\\nMoultrie, William, 5, 6, 8-10, 14\\nMoultrie, Fort, change of Fort Sul-\\nlivan s name to, 14\\nMullens, Col., 299\\nMurray, Alexander, 134, 135\\nNelson, Gov., 151, 155\\nNew Brunswick, British headquar-\\nters at, 18\\nNew Orleans, siege and Battle of,\\n296-303\\nNewcastle (British frigate), 307,315,\\n316\\nNiagara, campaign of, 226-243\\nNicholas, Col., 235\\nNicholson, John, 132-136\\nNinety-six (N. C.) post at,\\nsiege of 107-108\\nO Hara, Gen., 158\\nOld Ironsides. See Constitution,\\nOriskany Creek, Battle of, 63-65\\nPakenham, Sir Edward, 295-303\\nPallas (American war ship), 44, 45,\\n53\\nParis, Col., 63, 64\\nParker, Lieut., 223\\nParker, Sir Peter, 4, 7-10\\nPatterson, Commodore, 290\\nPaulding, Midshipman, 267\\nPaulus Hook, storming of, 125-\\n127\\nPearson, Capt., of Serapis, 45-47,\\n49, 50 52-53\\nPensacola, capture of, 289\\nPerry, Christopher, 134\\nPhiladelphia (American frigate),\\n201-211, 216\\nPhiladelphia, capture of, 59\\nPhilips, Chief of the Artillery, 58,\\n60, 73, 75-76, 145\\nPickens, Andrew, 94, 95, 112\\nPinckney s rangers, 88\\nPlatitagettet (British ship-of-the-\\nline), 277, 279\\nPoicticrs (British war vessel), 249,\\n257\\nPorter, David, 187, 215\\nPorter, Peter, 228-230, 235, 241,\\n242\\nPosey, Maj., 123\\nPratt, Midshipman, 266\\nPreble, Commodore, 201-203\\nPreble (American sloop-of-war),\\n260, 262, 266, 271\\nPrinceton, British occupation of,\\n27 Battle of, 30-36\\nPring (Commander of the Linnet),\\n269-270\\nPutnam, Gen., 20, 23, 37, 73\\nQuebec (British frigate), 137\\nRaleigh (American frigate), 139-\\n140\\nRail, Col., 19, 24, 25", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0378.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Index\\n325\\nRandolph (American frigate), 129-\\n131\\nRanger (American sloop-of-war),\\n42\\nRanger (British battle-ship), 7\\nRawdon, Lord, loi, 104-106, 108,\\nno\\nRed Jacket, Indian leader, 229\\nReid, Samuel, 273-280, 282-284,\\n286\\nReindeer (British brig-of-war), 250-\\n253\\nRennie, Col., 298, 300, 303\\nRevolutionary War, defense of Fort\\nSullivan, 3-15; Trenton cam-\\npaign, 16-26; Princeton cam-\\npaign, 27-38; battle of the Bon-\\nhomnie Richard and the Serapis,\\n39-55 Saratoga campaign, 56-\\n83; Carolina campaign, 84-116;\\ncapture of Ticonderoga, I17-120;\\nstorming of Stony Point, 121-\\n125; storming of PauUis Hook,\\n125-127; minor sea fights, 128-\\n142 siege and surrender 01\\nYorktown, 143-159\\nRiall, Maj.-Gen., 228-231, 233, 235\\nRieaesel, Baron, 59, 61, 73, 75-76\\nRipley, Eleazer, 228, 229, 232, 235,\\n237, 238, 242\\nRobertson (Commander of the Con-\\nfiance^, 269\\nRochambeau, Gen., 148, 154, 156\\nRodgers, John, 187\\nRogers, Lieut., 248\\nRota (British frigate), 277\\nRowe, Midshipman, 203\\nKntl ij,c, Gov. of S. C, 5, 6, 8, 9\\nSt. Clair, Gen., in the Revolution,\\n58-60; in the Indian War, 166-\\n175\\nSt. Johns, capture of, 120\\nSt. Lawrence (British battle-ship), 7\\nSt. Leger, Lieut. -Col., 62, 63, 66\\nSaratoga (American sloop-of-war),\\n260, 262, 264-266, 268-269, 271\\nSaratoga, campaign of, 56-83 Con-\\nvention of, 81\\nSargent, Col., 167\\nSaumarez, Midshipman, 11\\nScarborough (British sloop-of-war),\\n45. 53 54\\nSchuyler, Gen., 61, 63, 66, 71, 72\\nScott, Winfield, 226-235, 237, 238\\nSerapis (British frigate), 45-49,\\n51-54\\nSthylle (British war ship), 141, 142\\nSiren (American war brig), 203,\\n204, 211,259,305\\nSolebay (British frigate), 7, 8, 13\\n.Somerville, Philip, 277\\nSphynx (British sloop-of-war), 7, 8,\\n13\\nStansbury (officer on the Ticoft-\\nderoga), 267\\nStark, John, 67-70\\nSterrett, Lieut., 185\\nStewart, Col., 110-114\\nStewart, Maj., 123\\nStewart, Charles, 201, 203, 204,216,\\n304-317\\nStillwater, Battle of, 76-79\\nStony Point, storming and surrender\\nof, 121-125\\nSullivan, Gen., 20-25\\nSullivan, Fort, building of, 5; de-\\nfense of, 6-14; change of name\\n14\\nSumter, Thomas, 88, 91, loo, 102,\\n103, 109\\nSutherland (Commander of Paulus\\nHook), 126\\nSyren (British frigate), 7, 8, 13\\nTarleton, Banastre, 89, 92-95, 146\\nTartarus {BriiAsh sloop-of-war), 255\\nThorn, Jonathan, 203\\nThornton, Col., 297-298, 301-303\\nThunder (British bomb vessel), 7\\nTiconderoga (American war vessel),\\n260, 262, 266-267, 270, 271\\nTiconderoga, Fort, British attack,\\n59-60; American abandonment,\\n60; besieged by Americans, 76;\\nstorming and surrender, 1 17-120\\nTowson, Nathan, 228, 231, 234\\nTowson, Fort, 239, 241\\nTrenton, attack on, 19-26\\nTrepassy (British war ship), 140,\\n141\\nTripolitan War, 199-212\\nTrumbull (American frigate), 132-\\n135\\nIruxtun, Thomas, 179-186, 188-\\n192, 194-195\\nTucker, Col., 239", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0379.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "326\\nIndex\\nI\\nUnicorn (British war vessel), 139-\\n140\\nUnited States (American frigate),\\nI S3, 199\\nVengeance (American war ship), 44,\\n46\\nVengeance, La (French frigate),\\n179, 188-195\\nVillere, Gabriel, 287, 289-291\\nViomenil, Baron de, 153, 154\\nWabash Creek, Indian attack at,\\n170-175\\nWar of 1812, Constitution and the\\nJava, 215-225 last battle of the\\nConstitution, 304-3 1 7 Wasp\\nand the Frolic, 244-249 second\\nWasp s encounters, 250-257;\\nReid and the General Arm-\\nstrong, 272-286; Niagara cam-\\npaign, 226-243 treaty of peace,\\n243 Macdonough s victory at\\nLake Champlain, 258-271 de-\\nfense of Louisiana, 287-303\\nWarner, Seth, 60, 61, 70, 118, 120\\nWashington, Lieut. -Col., 87, 95, 99,\\n104-105, 112-113\\nWashington, George, Trenton and\\nPrinceton campaign, 16-18; at-\\ntack on Trenton, 18-26; Battle\\nof Princeton, 27-36; results of\\ncampaign, 37-38; recruiting of\\nGates s army, 73 recruiting\\nof Southern army, 86-87; storm-\\ning of Stony Point, 121, 122, 124;\\nstorming of Paulus Hook, 127;\\nrecruiting of Virginian army, 145-\\n146; Yorktown campaign, 147-\\n159; in the Indian War, 163-165,\\n176\\nWashington, William, 24\\nWashington, Fort, capture of, 72\\nWasp (American corvette), 244-\\n249. 257\\nWasp (American corvette, second),\\n250-257\\nWatson, Fort, 89, 102, 103\\nWatts, Maj., 63\\nWayne, Anthony, 116, 121-125,146,\\n147, 175, 176\\nWhinyates, Thomas, 249\\nWillet, Marinus, 65-66\\nWilliams, Otho, 87, 91, loo, 112\\nWilliamsburg, Battle of, 146-147\\nWool, Lieut., 277\\nYannoitth (British ship-of-the-line),\\n129-131\\nYorktown, campaign and surrender\\nof, 143-159\\n3l^77-l", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0380.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0381.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0382.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0383.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing Agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date:\\nPRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. LP.\\nIll Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Twp PA 16066", "height": "2989", "width": "1936", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0384.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2979", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0385.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3135", "width": "2003", "jp2-path": "americanfightsfi00brad_0386.jp2"}}