{"1": {"fulltext": "^^h\\n^^B\\n3^\\nvW\\n1MB\\nm r 4\\nHi\\nHi\\nB\\n^B\\nW\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0P\\nI", "height": "4057", "width": "2982", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2753", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2753", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "LlUS CAESAR\\nBY\\nJACOB ABBOTT\\nWITH PORTY-fOUR ILLUSTRATIONS\\nCopyright 1900 by Henry Altemus Company\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nHENRY. ALTEMUS COMPANY\\nI\\ne\\nt TT o O\\nr\\nv", "height": "3876", "width": "2763", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "C)\\n53130\\nSEP 28 1900\\nv^uVMqoc\\nSi cow copy,\\nOliOH DIVISION,\\nOCT ltl 1900\\nLT", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nMarius and Sylla\\n1\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCaesar s Early Years\\n21\\nCHAPTER III.\\nAdvancement to the Consulship\\n40\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe Conquest of Gaul\\n62\\nCHAPTER V.\\nPoMPEY\\n83\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nCrossing the Rubicon\\n103\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Battle op Pharsalia\\n123\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nFlight and Death of Pompey\\n138\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nCaesar in Egypt\\n156\\nCHAPTER X.\\nCAESAR IMPERATOR\\n173\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nThe Conspiracy\\n191\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Assassination\\n209\\n(v)", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Julum L cesar, vi\\nA Roman Centurion.", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nThe Assassination of Julius Caesar,\\nA Roman Centurion\\nRoman Gladiators\\nMarius and Sylla\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I.\\nRoman Plebeians\\nMarius Among the Ruins of Carthage,\\nEscape of Marius the Younger\\nRust of Julius Caesar\\nHeadpiece, Chapter II.\\nCaesar at his Studies\\nGladiators in the Arena\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\nCaesar Imposing a Fine on Vettius,\\nA Roman Proclamation\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IV.\\nA Chieftain of Gaul Submitting to Cassar,\\nInvasion of Rritain by Julius Csesar\\nRritish War Chariot\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\nEntrance of Poinpey into Rome\\nRust of Poinpey the Great\\nHeadpiece, Chapter YI.\\nCaesar Crossing the Rubicon\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VII.\\nRoman Standard Bearers\\nFrontispiece.\\nfacing\\nfacing\\nfacing\\nfacing\\nfacing\\nfacing\\npage vi\\nviii\\nx\\n1\\n5\\n8\\n14\\n20\\n21\\n24\\n39\\n40\\n56\\n61\\n62\\n72\\n80\\n82\\n83\\n100\\n102\\n103\\n112\\n123\\n133\\n(vii)", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Vlll\\nILLUSTRATIONS.\\nHeadpiece, Chapter VIII.\\npag\\n3 138\\nFlight of Pompey after the Battle\\nfacing\\n140\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX.\\n156\\nPompey s Pillar\\n1 161\\nDeath of Cleopatra\\n172\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X.\\n173\\nCaesar in the Campus Marti us\\nfacing\\n178\\nA Triumphal Procession in\\nRome\\n(i i\\n184\\nNaval Spectacle or Naumachia\\na c\\n186\\nA Roman Circus\\n190\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XI.\\n191\\nCaesar Refusing a Crown\\nfacing\\n198\\nTailpiece\\n208\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII.\\n209\\nPompey s Statue\\n221\\nThe Capitol of Rome\\nfacing l\\n222\\nAntony s Oration Over the Dead G\\nesar. facing\\n226\\nRoman Gladiators.", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nThe main outcome of Caesar s lifework was\\nthe transformation of the Roman republic into\\na government under a single ruler. He was\\nthe greatest orator of his time, unless we except\\nCicero, and no historian has ever surpassed him\\nin simplicity, directness and dignity. In addi-\\ntion to this he was an architect, a mathemati-\\ncian, a philologist and a jurist.\\nHe was made dictator of Rome for life; his\\nperson was declared sacred, and even divine.\\nHis statue was placed in the temple, and his\\nportrait was struck on coins. But it is as\\ngeneral and statesman that he takes a foremost\\nplace in the annals of the world.\\nAt the time of his assassination he was im-\\nmersed in vast designs, among which were a\\ndigest of the entire Roman law, the founding\\nof libraries, the draining of the Pontine marshes,\\nthe enlargement of the harbor of Ostia, and\\nthe digging of a canal across the Isthmus of\\nCorinth. Of his literary works none have been\\npreserved with the exception of the Commen-\\ntaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars.\\nIn person Caesar was of a noble presence, tall,\\nthin-featured, bald and close-shaven.\\n(ix)", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "JULIUS C^SAR.\\nCHAPTER I\\nMARIUS AND SYLLA.\\nThere were three great European nations in\\nancient days, each of which furnished history\\nwith a hero: the Greeks, the Carthaginians,\\nand the Romans.\\nAlexander was the hero of the Greeks. He\\nwas King of Macedon, a country lying north\\nof Greece proper. He headed an army of his\\ncountrymen, and made an excursion for con-\\nquest and glory into Asia. He made himself\\nmaster of all that quarter of the globe, and\\nreigned over it in Babylon, till he brought\\nhimself to an early grave by the excesses into\\n*vhich his boundless prosperity allured him.\\nHis fame rests on his triumphant success in\\nbuilding up for himself so vast an empire, and\\nthe admiration which his career has always\\nexcited among mankind is heightened by the\\nconsideration of his youth, and of the noble\\nand generous impulses which strongly marked\\nhis character.", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "2 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nThe Carthaginian hero was Hannibal. We\\nclass the Carthaginians among the European\\nnations of antiquity for, in respect to their\\norigin, their civilization, and all their com-\\nmercial and political relations, they belonged\\nto the European race, though it is true that\\ntheir capital was on the African side of the\\nMediterranean Sea. Hannibal was the great\\nCarthaginian hero. He earned his fame by\\nthe energy and implacableness of his hate.\\nThe work of his life was to keep a vast empire\\nin a state of continual anxiety and terror for\\nfifty years, so that his claim to greatness and\\nglory rests on the determination, the persever-\\nance, and the success with which he fulfilled\\nhis function of being, while he lived, the ter-\\nror of the world.\\nThe Roman hero w r as Caesar. He was born\\njust one hundred years before the Christian\\nera. His renown does not depend, like that\\nof Alexander, on foreign conquests, nor, like\\nthat of Hannibal, on the terrible energy of his\\naggressions upon foreign foes, but upon his\\nprotracted and dreadful contests with, and\\nultimate triumphs over, his rivals and com-\\npetitors at home. When he appeared upon\\nthe stage, the Roman empire already included\\nnearly all of the world that was worth possess-\\ning. There were no more conquests to be", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "MAR1US AND SYLLAo 3\\nmade. Caesar did, indeed, enlarge, in some\\ndegree, the boundaries of the empire; but the\\nmain question in his day was, who should pos-\\nsess the power which preceding conquerors\\nhad acquired.\\nThe Eoman empire, as it existed in those\\ndays, must not be conceived of by the reader\\nas united together under one compact and con-\\nsolidated government. It was, on the other\\nhand, a vast congeries of nations, widely dis-\\nsimilar in every respect from each other, speak-\\ning various languages, and having various cus-\\ntoms and laws. They were all, however, more\\nor less dependent upon, and connected with, the\\ngreat central power. Some of these countries\\nwere provinces, and were governed by officers\\nappointed and sent out by the authorities at\\nRome. These governors had to collect the\\ntaxes of their provinces, and also to preside\\nover and direct, in many important respects,\\nthe administration of justice. They had, ac-\\ncordingly, abundant opportunities to enrich\\nthemselves while thus in office, by collecting\\nmore money than they paid over to the govern-\\nment at home, and by taking bribes to favor\\nthe rich man s cause in court. Thus the more\\nwealthy and prosperous provinces were objects\\nof great competition among aspirants for office\\nat Rome. Leading men would get these ap-\\npointments, and, after remaining long enough\\nin their provinces to acquire a fortune, would", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "4 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ncome back to Some, and expend it in intrigues\\nand maneuvers to obtain higher offices stilL\\nWhenever there was any foreign war to be\\ncarried on with a distant nation or tribe, there\\nwas always a great eagerness among all the\\nmilitary officers of the state to be appointed to\\nthe command. They each felt sure that they\\nshould conquer in the contest, and they could\\nenrich themselves still more rapidly by the\\nspoils of victory in war than by extortion and\\nbribes in the government of a province in\\npeace. Then, besides, a victorious general\\ncoming back to Eome always found that his\\nmilitary renown added vastly to his influence\\nand power in the city. He was welcomed with\\ncelebrations and triumphs; the people flocked\\nto see him and to shout his praise. He placed\\nhis trophies of victory in the temples, and en-\\ntertained the populace with games and shows,\\nand with combats of gladiators or of wild\\nbeasts, which he had brought home with him\\nfor this purpose in the train of his army.\\nWhile he was thus enjoying his triumph, his\\npolitical enemies would be thrown into the\\nbackground and into the shade; unless, in-\\ndeed, some one of them might himself be earn-\\ning the same honors in some other field, to\\ncome back in due time, and claim his share of\\npower and celebrity in his turn. In this case,\\nEome would be sometimes distracted and rent\\nby the conflicts and contentions of military", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 5\\nrivals, who had acquired powers too vast for\\nall the civil influences of the republic to regu-\\nlate or control.\\nThere had been two such rivals just before\\nRoman Plebeians.\\nthe time of Caesar, who had filled the world\\nwith their quarrels. They were Marius and\\nSylla. Their very names have been, in all ages\\nof the world, since their day, the symbols of", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "6 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nrivalry and hate. They were the representa-\\ntives respectively of the two great parties into\\nwhich the Roman state, like every other com-\\nmunity in which the population at large have\\nany voice in governing, always has been, and\\nprobably always will be divided, the upper\\nand the lower; or, as they were called in those\\ndays, the patrician and the plebeian. Sylla\\nwas the patrician; the Jiigher and more aristo-\\ncratic portions of the community were on his\\nside. Marius was the favorite of the plebeian\\nmasses. In the contests, however, which they\\nwaged with each other, they did not trust to\\nthe mere influence of votes. They relied much\\nmore upon the soldiers they could gather\\nunder their respective standards, and upon\\ntheir power of intimidating, by means of them,\\nthe Roman assemblies. There was a war to\\nbe waged with Mithridates, a very powerful\\nAsiatic monarch, which promised great oppor-\\ntunies for acquiring fame and plunder. Sylla\\nwas appointed to the command. While he\\nwas absent, however, upon some campaign in\\nItaly, Marius contrived to have the decision\\nreversed, and the command transferred to him.\\nTwo officers, called tribunes, were sent to\\nSylla s camp to inform him of the change.\\nSylla killed the officers for daring to bring him\\nsuch a message, and began immediately to\\nmarch toward Eome. In retaliation for the\\nmurder of the tribunes, the party of Marius in", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 7\\nthe city killed some of Sylla s prominent\\nfriends there, and a general alarm spread itself\\nthroughout the population. The Senate, which\\nwas a sort of House of Lords, embodying\\nmainly the power and influence of the patri-\\ncian party, and was, of course, on Sylla s side,\\nsent out to him, when he had arrived within a\\nfew miles of the city, urging him to come no\\nfarther. He pretended to comply he marked\\nout the ground for a camp; but he did not, on\\nthat account, materially delay his march. The\\nnext morning he was in possession of the city.\\nThe friends of Marius attempted to resist him,\\nby throwing stones upon his troops from the\\nroofs of the houses. Sylla ordered every\\nhouse from which these symptoms of resistance\\nappeared to be set on fire. Thus the whole\\npopulation of a vast and wealthy city were\\nthrown into a conditi n of extreme danger and\\nterror, by the conflicts of two great bands of\\narmed men, each claiming to be their friends.\\nMarius was conquered in this struggle, and\\nfled for his life. Many of the friends whom\\nhe left behind him were killed. The Senate\\nwere assembled, and, at Sylla s orders, a de-\\ncree was passed declaring Marius a public\\nenemy, and offering a reward to any one who\\nwould bring his head back to Eome.\\nMarius fled, friendless and alone, to the\\nsouthward, hunted everywhere by men who\\nwere eager to get the reward offered for his", "height": "3857", "width": "2735", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "S JULIUS C^SAR,\\nhead. After various romantic adventures and\\nnarrow escapes, he succeeded in making his\\nway across the Mediterranean Sea, and found\\nat last a refuge in a hut among the ruins of\\nCarthage. He was an old man, being now\\nover seventy years of age.\\nOf course, Sylla thought that his great rival\\nand enemy was now finally disposed of, and he\\naccordingly began to make preparations for his\\nAsiatic campaign. He raised his army, built\\nand equipped a fleet, and went away. As soon\\nas he was gone, Marius friends in the city\\nbegan to come forth, and to take measures for\\nreinstating themselves in power. Marius re-\\nturned, too, from Africa, and soon gathered\\nabout him a large army. Being the friend, as\\nhe pretended, of the lower classes of society,\\nhe collected vast multitudes of revolted slaves,\\noutlaws, and other desperadoes, and advanced\\ntoward Borne. He assumed, himself, the\\ndress, and air, and savage demeanor of his fol-\\nlowers. His countenance had been rendered\\nhaggard and cadaverous partly by the influence\\nof exposures, hardships, and suffering upon\\nhis advanced age, and partly by the stern and\\nmoody plans and determinations of revenge\\nwhich his mind was perpetually revolving.\\nHe listened to the deputations which the\\nBoman Senate sent out to him from time to\\ntime, as he advanced toward the city, but re-\\nfused to make any terms. He moved forward", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Juiius uju/ p /act v. i\\nMarius Among the Ruins of Carthage.", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 9\\nwith all the outward deliberation and calmness\\nsuitable to his years, while all the ferocity of\\na tiger was burning within.\\nAs soon as he had gained possession of the\\ncity, he began his work of destruction. He\\nfirst beheaded one of the consuls, and ordered\\nhis head to be set up, as a public spectacle, in\\nthe roost conspicuous place in the city. This\\nwas the beginning. All the prominent friends\\nof Sylla, men of the highest rank and station,\\nwere then killed, wherever they could be\\nfound, without sentence, without trial, without\\nany other accusation, even, than the military\\ndecision of Marius that they were his enemies,\\nand must die. For those against whom he\\nfelt any special animosity, he contrived some\\nspecial mode of execution. One, whose fate\\nhe wished particularly to signalize, was\\nthrown down from the Tarpeian Rock.\\nThe Tarpeian Rock was a precipice about\\nfifty feet high, which is still to be seen in\\nRome, from which the worst of state criminals\\nwere sometimes thrown. They w T ere taken up\\nto the top by a stair, and were then hurled\\nfrom the summit, to die miserably, writhing\\nin agony after their fall, upon the rocks be-\\nlow.\\nThe Tarpeian Rock received its name from\\nthe ancient story of Tarpeia. The tale is,\\nthat Tarpeia was a Roman girl, who lived at a\\ntime in the earliest periods of the Roman his-\\n2 Julius Caesar", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "10 JULIUS CJESAR.\\ntory, when the city was besieged by an army\\nfrom one of the neighboring nations. Besides\\ntheir shields, the story is that the soldiers had\\ngolden bracelets upon their arms. They\\nwished Tarpeia to open the gates and let them\\nin. She promised to do so if they would give\\nher their bracelets but, as she did not know\\nthe name of the shining ornaments, the lan-\\nguage she used to designate them was, Those\\nthings you have upon your arms. The sol-\\ndiers acceded to her terms; she opened the\\ngates, and they, instead of giving her the\\nbracelets, threw their shields upon her as they\\npassed, until the poor girl was crushed down\\nwith them and destroyed. This was near the\\nTarpeian Eock, which afterward took her\\nname. The rock is now found to be perforated\\nby a great many subterranean passages, the\\nremains, probably, of ancient quarries. Some\\nof these galleries are now walled up; others\\nare open and the people who live around the\\nspot believe, it is said, to this day, that Tar-\\npeia herself sits, enchanted, far in the interior\\nof these caverns, covered with gold and jewels,\\nbut that whoever attempts to find her is fated\\nby an irresistible destiny to lose his way, and\\nhe never returns. The last story is probably\\nas true as the other.\\nMarius continued his executions and massa-\\ncres until the whole of Sylla s party had been\\n\u00c2\u00a7lain or put to flight. He made every effort", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "MAR1US AND SYLLA. 11\\nto discover Sylla s wife and child, with a view\\nto destroying them also, but they could not be\\nfound. Some friends of Sylla, taking compas-\\nsion on their innocence and helplessness, con-\\ncealed them, and thus saved Marius from the\\ncommission of one intended crime. Marius\\nwas disappointed, too, in some other cases,\\nwhere men whom he had intended to kill de-\\nstroyed themselves to baffle his vengeance.\\nOne shut himself up in a room with burning\\ncharcoal, and was suffocated with the fumes.\\nAnother bled himself to death upon a public\\naltar, calling down the judgments of the god to\\nwhom he offered this dreadful sacrifice, upon\\nthe head of the tyrant whose atrocious cruelty\\nhe was thus attempting to evade.\\nBy the time that Marius had got fairly es-\\ntablished in his new position, and was com-\\npletely master of Eome, and the city had begun\\nto recover a little from the shock and conster-\\nnation produced by his executions, he fell\\nsick. He was attacked with an acute disease\\nof great violence. The attack was perhaps\\nproduced, and was certainly aggravated by,\\nthe great mental excitements through which\\nhe had passed during his exile, and in the\\nentire change of fortune which had attended\\nhis return. From being a wretched fugitive,\\nhiding for his life among gloomy and desolate\\nruins, he found himself suddenly transferred to\\nthe mastery of the world, His mind was ex-", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "12 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ncited, too, in respect to Sylla, whom he had\\nnot yet reached or subdued, but who was still\\nprosecuting his war against Mithridates.\\nMarius had had him pronounced by the Senate\\nan enemy to his country, and was meditating\\nplans to reach him in his distant province,\\nconsidering his triumph incomplete as long as\\nhis great rival was at liberty and alive. The\\nsickness cut short these plans, but it only in-\\nflamed to double violence the excitement and the\\nagitations which attended them.\\nAs the dying tyrant tossed restlessly upon\\nhis bed, it was plain that the delirious ravings\\nwhich he began soon to utter were excited by\\nthe same sentiments of insatiable ambition and\\nferocious hate whose calmer dictates he had\\nobeyed when well. He imagined that he had\\nsucceeded in supplanting Sylla in his command,\\nand that he was himself in Asia at the head of\\nhis armies. Impressed with this idea, he\\nstared wildly around he called aloud the name\\nof Mithridates; he shouted orders to imaginary\\ntroops he struggled to break away from the\\nrestraints which the attendants about his bed-\\nside imposed, to attack the phantom foes\\nwhich haunted him in his dreams. This con-\\ntinued for several days, and when at last nature\\nwas exhausted by the violence of these parox-\\nysms of frenzy, the vital powers which had\\nbeen for seventy long years spending their\\nstrength in deeds of selfishness, cruelty, and", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 13\\nhatred, found their work done, and sunk to\\nrevive no more.\\nMarius left a son, of the same name with\\nhimself, who attempted to retain his father s\\npower; but Sylla, having brought his war with\\nMithridates to a conclusion, was now on his\\nreturn from Asia, and it was very evident that\\na terrible conflict was about to ensue. Sylla\\nadvanced triumphantly through the country,\\nwhile Marius the younger and his partisans\\nconcentrated their forces about the city, and\\nprepared for defense. The people of the city\\nwere divided, the aristocratic faction adhering\\nto the cause of Sylla, while the democratic\\ninfluences sided with Marius. Political\\nparties rise and fall, in almost all ages of the\\nworld, in alternate fluctuations, like those of\\nthe tides. The faction of Marius had been for\\nsome time in the ascendency, and it was now\\nits turn to fall. Sylla found, therefore, as he\\nadvanced, everything favorable to the restora-\\ntion of his own party to power. He de-\\nstroyed the armies which came out to op-\\npose him. He shut up the young Marius in\\na city not far from Rome, where he had en-\\ndeavored to find shelter and protection, and\\nthen advanced himself and took possession of\\nthe city. There he caused to be enacted again\\nthe horrid scenes of massacre and murder which\\nMarius had perpetrated before, going, how-\\never, as much beyond the example which he", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "14 JULIUS C^SAR e\\nfollowed as men usually do in the commission\\nof crime. He gave out lists of the names of\\nmen whom he wished to have destroyed, and\\nthese unhappy victims of his revenge were to\\nbe hunted out by bands of reckless soldiers, in\\ntheir dwellings, or in the places of public re-\\nsort in the city, and dispatched by the sword\\nwherever they could be found. The scenes\\nwhich these deeds created in a vast and popu-\\nlous city can scarcely be conceived of by those\\nwho have never witnessed the horrors pro-\\nduced by the massacres of civil war. Sylla\\nhimself went through with this work in the\\nmost cool and unconcerned manner, as if he\\nwere performing the most ordinary duties of\\nan officer of state. He called the Senate to-\\ngether one day, and, while he was addressing\\nthem, the attention of the Assembly was sud-\\ndenly distracted by the noise of outcries and\\nscreams in the neighboring streets from those\\nwho were suffering military execution there.\\nThe senators started with horror at the sound.\\nSylla, with an air of great composure and un-\\nconcern, directed the members to listen to him,\\nand to pay no attention to what was passing\\nelsewhere. The sounds that they heard were,\\nhe said, only some correction which was be-\\nstowed by his orders on certain disturbers of\\nthe public peace.\\nSylla s orders for the execution of those who\\nhad taken an active part against him were not", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Julius Caesar, face p. iU\\nEscape of Marius, the Younger.", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 15\\nconfined to Borne. They went to the neigh-\\nboring cities and to distant provinces, carry-\\ning terror and distress everywhere. Still,\\ndreadful as these evils were, it is possible for\\nus, in the conceptions which we form, to over-\\nrate the extent of them. In reading the his-\\ntory of theKoman empire during the civil wars\\nof Marius and Sylla, one might easily imagine\\nthat the whole population of the country was\\norganized into the two contending armies, and\\nwere employed wholly in the work of fighting\\nwith and massacring each othtir. But nothing\\nlike this can be true. It is obviously but a\\nsmall part, after all, of an extended community\\nthat can be ever actively and personally en-\\ngaged in these deeds of violence and blood.\\nMan is not naturally a ferocious wild beast.\\nOn the contrary, he loves, ordinarily, to live\\nin peace and quietness, to till his lands and\\ntend his flocks, and to enjoy the blessings of\\npeace and repose. It is comparatively but a\\nsmall number in any age of the world, and in\\nany nation, whose passions of ambition,\\nhatred, or revenge become so strong as that\\nthey love bloodshed and war. But these few,\\nwhen they once get weapons into their hands,\\ntrample recklessly and mercilessly upon the\\nrest. One ferocious human tiger, with a\\nspear or a bayonet to brandish, will tyrannize\\nas he pleases over a hundred quiet men, who\\nare armed only with shepherds crooks, and", "height": "3857", "width": "2669", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "!6 JULIUS C,\u00c2\u00a3SAR.\\nwhose only desire is to live in peace with their\\nwives and their children.\\nThus, while Marius and Sylla, with some\\nhundred thousand armed and reckless follow-\\ners, were carrying terror and dismay wherever\\nthey went, there were many millions of herds-\\nmen and husbandmen in the Koman world who\\nwere dwelling in all the peace and quietness\\nthev could command, improving with their\\npeaceful industry every acre where corn would\\nripen or grass grow. It was by taxing and\\nplundering the proceeds of this industry that\\nthe generals and soldiers, the consuls and\\nprsetors, and proconsuls and propraetors,\\nfilled their treasuries, and fed their troops,\\nand paid the artisans for fabricating their\\narms With these avails they built the\\nmagnificent edifices of Eome, and adorned its\\nenvirons with sumptuous villas. As they had\\nthe power and the arms in their hands the\\npeaceful and the industrious had no alternative\\nbut to submit. They went on as well as they\\ncould with their labors, bearing patiently every\\ninterruption, returning again to till their fields\\nafter the desolating march of the army bad\\npassed away, and repairing the injuries of\\nviolence, and the losses sustained by plunder,\\nwithout useless repining. They looked upon\\nan armed government as a necessary and inevi-\\ntable affliction of humanity, and submitted to\\nits destructive violence as they would submit", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "MARIUS AND SYLLA. 17\\nto an earthquake or a pestilence. The tillers\\nof the soil manage better in this country at th\u00c2\u00a9\\npresent day. They have the power in their\\nown hands, and they watch very narrowly to\\nprevent the organization of such hordes of\\narmed desperadoes as have held the peaceful\\ninhabitants of Europe in terror from the ear-\\nliest periods down to the present day.\\nWhen Sylla returned to Home, and took pos-\\nsession of the supreme power there, in looking\\nover the lists of public men, there was one\\nwhom he did not know at first what to do with.\\nIt was the young Julius Caesar, the subject of\\nthis history. Caesar was, by birth, patrician,\\nhaving descended from a long line of noble an-\\ncestors. There had been, before his day, a\\ngreat many Caesars who had held the highest\\noffices of the state, and many of them had been\\ncelebrated in history. He naturally, there-\\nfore, belonged to Sylla s side, as Sylla was the\\nrepresentative of the patrician interest. But\\nthen Caesar had personally been inclined to-\\nward the party of Marius. The elder Marius\\nhad married his aunt, and, besides, Caesar\\nhimself had married the daughter of Cinna,\\nwho had been the most efficient and powerful\\nof Marius coadjutors and friends. Caesar was\\nat this time a very young man, and he was of\\nan ardent and reckless character, though he\\nhad, thus far, taken no active part in public\\naffairs. Sylla overlooked him for a time, but", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "18 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nat length was about to put his name on the list\\nof he Proscribed. Some of the nobles, who\\nwere friends both of Sylla and o C\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab too\\ninterceded for the young man; Sjllajielded\\nto their request, or, rather suspended his d\\ncision, and sent orders to tear to repudiate\\nbis wife, the daughter of Cinna. Hei Dame\\nwas Co nelia. tear absolutely refused to\\nRepudiate his wife. He was influenced u, this\\ndecision partly by Section for Cornelia and\\npartly bv a sort of stern and indomitable in-\\nsXLsiveness, which formed, from his ear-\\nliest years, a prominent trait ns char te\\nand which led him, during all his life, to\\nbrave every possible danger rather than alio*\\nhimself to be controlled. tea, rkj\u00c2\u00ab. |*-T\\nwell that, when this his refusal should be re\\nported to Sylla, the next order would be for\\nhis destruction. He accordingly fled Sylla\\ndeprived him of his titles and offices, couns-\\neled his wife s fortune and his own patrnno-\\nnial estate, and put his name upon the list ot\\nthe public enemies. Thus tear became a\\nfugitive and an exile. The adventures which\\nbefell him in his wanderings will be described\\nin the following chapter. -Vwnlnte\\nSylla was now in the possession of absolute\\npower. He was master of Borne and of all\\n[be countries over which Borne held sway\\nStill he was nominally not a magistrate, but\\nonly a general returning victoriously from bis", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MAR1US AND SYLLA. 19\\nAsiatic campaign, and putting to death, some-\\nwhat irregularly, it is true, by a sort of mar-\\ntial law, persons whom he found, as he said,\\ndisturbing the public peace. After having\\nthus effectually disposed of the power of his\\nenemies, he laid aside, ostensibly, the govern-\\nment of the sword, and submitted himself and\\nhis future measures to the control of law. He\\nplaced himself ostensibly at the disposition of\\nthe city. They chose him dictator, which was\\ninvesting him with absolute and unlimited\\npower. He remained on this, the highest\\npinnacle of worldly ambition, a short time,\\nand then resigned his power, and devoted the\\nremainder of his days to literary pursuits and\\npleasures. Monster as he was in the cruelties\\nwhich he inflicted upon his political foes, he\\nwas intellectually of a refined and cultivated\\nftrind, and felt an ardent interest in the pro-\\nmotion of literature and the arts.\\nThe quarrel between Marius and Sylla, in\\nrespect to everything which can make such a\\ncontest great, stands in the estimation of man-\\nkind as the greatest personal quarrel which the\\nhistory of the world has ever recorded. Its\\norigin was in the simple personal rivalry of\\ntwo ambitious men. It involved, in its con-\\nsequences, the peace and happiness of the\\nworld. In their reckless struggles, the fierce\\ncombatants trampled on everything that came\\nin their way, and destroyed mercilessly, each", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "20\\nJULIUS C^SAR.\\nin his turn, all that opposed them. Mankind\\nhave always execrated their crimes, but have\\nJulius Csesar.\\nnever ceased to admire the frightful and almost\\nsuperhuman energy with which they committed\\nthem.", "height": "3857", "width": "2687", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE II.\\nC^SAR S EARLY YEARS.\\nC^ssar does not seem to have been much dis-\\nheartened and depressed by his misfortunes.\\nHe possessed in his early life more than the\\nusual share of buoyancy and light-heartedness\\nof youth, and he went away from Home to en-\\nter, perhaps, upon years of exile and wander-\\ning, with a determination to face boldly and to\\nbrave the evils and dangers which surrounded\\nhim, and not to succumb to them.\\nSometimes they who become great in their\\nmaturer years are thoughtful, grave, and se-\\ndate when young. It was not so, however,\\nwith Caesar. He was of a very gay and lively\\ndisposition. He was tall and handsome in his\\nperson, fascinating in his manners, and fond\\nof society, as people always are who know or\\nwho suppose that they shine in it. He had\\nseemed, in a word, during his residence at\\nRome, wholly intent upon the pleasures of a\\ngay and joyous life, and upon the personal ob-\\nservation which his rank, his wealth, his agree-\\nable manners, and his position in society se-\\n21", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "22 JULIUS C^SAR.\\ncured for him. In fact, they who observed\\nand studied his character in these early years,\\nthought that, although his situation was very\\nfavorable for acquiring power and renown, he\\nwould never feel any strong degree of ambition\\nto avail himself of its advantages. He was\\ntoo much interested, they thought, in personal\\npleasures ever to become great, either as a\\nmilitary commander or a statesman.\\nSylla, however, thought differently. He\\nhad penetration enough to perceive, beneath\\nall the gayety and love of pleasure which char-\\nacterized Caesar s youthful life, the germs of a\\nsterner and more aspiring spirit, which, he\\nwas very sorry to see, was likely to expend its\\nfuture energies in hostility to him. By refus-\\ning to submit to Sylla s commands, Caesar had,\\nin effect, thrown himself entirely upon the\\nother party, and would be, of course, in future\\nidentified with them. Sylla consequently\\nlooked upon him now as a confirmed and\\nsettled enemy. Some friends of Caesar among\\nthe patrician families interceded in his behalf\\nwith Sylla again, after he had fled from Borne.\\nThey wished Sylla to pardon him, saying that\\nhe was a mere boy and could do him no harm.\\nSylla shook his head, saying that, young as\\nhe was, he saw in him indications of a future\\npower which he thought was more to be\\ndreaded than that of many Mariuses.\\nOne reason which led Sylla to form this", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CESAR S EARLY YEARS. 23\\nopinion of Caesar was, that the young noble-\\nman, with all his love of gayety and pleasure,\\nhad not neglected his studies, but had taken\\ngreat pains to perfect himself in such intellec-\\ntual pursuits as ambitious men who looked for-\\nward to political influence ar*d ascendency were\\naccustomed to prosecute in those days. He\\nhad studied the Greek language, and read the\\nworks of Greek historians; and he attended\\nlectures on philosophy and rhetoric, and was\\nobviously interested deeply in acquiring power\\nas a public speaker. To write and speak well\\ngave a public man great influence in those days.\\nMany of the measures of the government were\\ndetermined by the action of great assemblies\\nof the free citizens, which action was itself, in\\na great measure, controlled by the harangues\\nof orators who had such powers of voice and\\nsuch qualities of mind as enabled them to gain\\nthe attention and sway the opinions of large\\nbodies of men.\\nIt must not be supposed, however, that thia\\npopular power was shared by all the inhabi-\\ntants of the city. At one time, when the pop-\\nulation of the city was about three millions,\\nthe number of free citizens was only three\\nhundred thousand. The rest were laborers,\\nartisans, and slaves, who had no voice in\\npublic affairs. The free citizens held very\\nfrequent public assemblies. There were vari-\\nous squares and open spaces in the city where\\n3 Julius Caesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nsuch assemblies were convened, and where courts\\nof justice were held. The Roman name for such\\na square was forum. There was one which\\nwas distinguished above all the rest, and was\\ncalled emphatically The Forum. It was a\\nmagnificent square, surrounded by splendid\\nedifices, and ornamented by sculptures and\\nstatues without number. There were ranges\\nof porticoes along the sides, where the people\\nwere sheltered from the weather when neces-\\nsary, though it is seldom that there is any\\nnecessity for shelter under an Italian sky. In\\nthis area and under these porticoes the people\\nheld their assemblies, and here courts of jus-\\ntice were accustomed to sit. The Forum was\\nornamented continually with new monuments,\\ntemples, statues, and columns by successful\\ngenerals returning in triumph from foreign\\ncampaigns, and by proconsuls and praetors\\ncoming back enriched from their provinces,\\nuntil it was fairly choked up with its architec-\\ntural magnificence, and it had at last to be\\npartially cleared again, as one would thin out\\ntoo dense a forest, in order to make room for\\nthe assemblies which it was its main function\\nto contain.\\nThe people of Rome had, of course, no\\nprinted books, and yet they were mentally cul-\\ntivated and refined, and were qualified for a\\nvery high appreciation of intellectual pursuits\\nand pleasures. In the absence, therefore, of", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CiESAR S EARLY YEARS. 25\\nall facilities for private reading, the Forum\\nbecame the great central point of attraction.\\nThe same kind of interest which, in our day,\\nfinds its gratification in reading volumes of\\nprinted history quietly at home, or in silently\\nperusing the columns of newspapers and\\nmagazines in libraries and reading-rooms,\\nwhere a whisper is seldom heard, in Caesar s\\nday brought everybody to the Forum, to listen\\nto historical harangues, or political discus-\\nsions, or forensic arguments in the midst of\\nnoisy crowds. Here all tidings centered; here\\nall questions were discussed and all great elec-\\ntions held. Here were waged those ceaseless\\nconflicts of ambition and struggles of power on\\nwhich the fate of nations, and sometimes the\\nwelfare of almost half mankind depended. Of\\ncourse, every ambitious man who aspired to\\nan ascendency over his fellow-men, wished to\\nmake his voicQ heard in the Forum. To calm\\nthe boisterous tumult there, and to hold, as\\nsome of the Roman orators could do, the vast\\nassemblies in silent and breathless attention,\\nwas a power as delightful in its exercise as it\\nwas glorious in its fame. Caesar had felt this\\nambition, and had devoted himself very earn-\\nestly to the study of oratory.\\nHis teacher was Apollonius, a philosopher\\nand rhetorician from Rhodes. Rhodes is a\\nGrecian island, near the southwestern coast of\\nAsia Minor. Apollonius was a teacher of", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "26 JULIUS C^SAR.\\ngreat celebrity, and Csesar became a very able\\nwriter and speaker under his instructions.\\nHis time and attention were, in fact, strangely\\ndivided between the highest and noblest intel-\\nlectual avocations, and the lowest sensual\\npleasures of a gay and dissipated life. The\\ncoming of Sylla had, however, interrupted all;\\nand, after receiving the dictator s command to\\ngive up his wife and abandon the Marian fac-\\ntion, and determining to disobey it, he fled\\nsuddenly from Rome, as was stated at the close\\nof the last chapter, at midnight, and in dis-\\nguise.\\nHe was sick, too, at the time, with an inter-\\nmittent fever. The paroxysm returned once in\\nthree or four days, leaving him in tolerable\\nhealth during the interval. He went first into\\nthe country of the Sabines, northeast of Eome,\\nwhere he wandered up and down, exposed con-\\ntinually to great dangers from those who knew\\nthat he was an object of the great dictator s\\ndispleasure, and who were sure of favor and of\\na reward if they could carry his head to Sylla.\\nHe had to change his quarters every day, and\\nto resort to every possible mode of concealment.\\nHe was, however, at last discovered, and seized\\nby a centurion. A centurion was a commander\\nof a hundred men his rank and his position,\\ntherefore, corresponded somewhat with those\\nof a captain in a modern army. Caesar was\\nnot much disturbed at this accident. He", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CiESAR S EARLY YEARS. 27\\noffered the centurion a bribe sufficient to in-\\nduce him to give tip his prisoner, and so es-\\ncaped.\\nThe two ancient historians, whose records\\ncontain nearly all the particulars of the early\\nlife of Caesar which are now known, give some-\\nwhat contradictory accounts of the adventures\\nwhich befell him during his subsequent wan-\\nderings. They relate, in general, the same\\nincidents, but in such different connections,\\nthat the precise chronological order of the\\nevents which occurred cannot now be ascer-\\ntained. At all events, Caesar, finding that he\\nwas no longer safe in the vicinity of Home,\\nmoved gradually to the eastward, attended by\\na few followers, until he reached the sea, and\\nthere he embarked on board a ship to leave his\\nnative land altogether After various adven-\\ntures and wanderings, he found himself at\\nlength in Asia Minor, and he made his way at\\nlast to the kingdom of Bithynia, on the north-\\nern shore. The name of the king of Bithynia\\nwas Nicomedes. Caesar joined himself to\\nNicomedes court, and entered into his serv-\\nice.\\nIn the meantime, Sylla had ceased to\\npursue him, and ultimately granted him a par-\\ndon, but whether before or after this time is\\nnot now to be ascertained. At all events,\\nCaesar became interested in the scenes and en-\\njoyments of Nicomedes court, and allowed the", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "28 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ntime to pass away without forming any plans\\nfor returning to Rome.\\nOn the opposite side of Asia Minor, that is,\\non the southern shore, there was a wild and\\nmountainous region called Cilicia. The great\\nchain of mountains called Taurus approaches\\nhere very near to the sea, and the steep con-\\nformations of the land, which, in the interior,\\nproduce lofty ranges and summits, and dark\\nvalleys and raviues, form, along the line of the\\nshore, capes and promontories, bounded by\\nprecipitous sides, and with deep bays and har-\\nbors between them. The people of Cilicia\\nwere accordingly half sailors, half mountain-\\neers. They built swift galleys, and made ex-\\ncursions in great force over the Mediterranean\\nSea for conquest and plunder. They would\\ncapture single ships, and sometimes even whole\\nfleets of merchantmen. They were even strong\\nenough on many occasions to land and take\\npossession of a harbor and a town, and hold\\nit, often, for a considerable time, against all\\nthe efforts of the neighboring powers to dis-\\nlodge them. In case, however, their enemies\\nbecame at any time too strong for them, they\\nwould retreat to their harbors, which were so\\ndefended by the fortresses which guarded them,\\nand by the desperate bravery of the garrisons,\\nthat the pursuers generally did not dare to at-\\ntempt to force their way in; and if, in any\\ncase, a town or a port was taken, the indomi-", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Cesar s early years. 29\\ntable savages would continue their retreat to\\nthe fastnesses of the mountains, where it was\\nutterly useless to attempt to follow them.\\nBut with all their prowess and skill as naval\\ncombatants, and their hardihood as mountain-\\neers, the Cilicians lacked one thing which is\\nvery essential in every nation to an honorable\\nmilitary fame. They had no poets or histo-\\nrians of their own, so that the story of their\\ndeeds had to be told to posterity by their\\nenemies. If they had been able to narrate\\ntheir own exploits, they would have figured,\\nperhaps, upon the page of history as a small\\nbut brave and efficient maritime power, pursu-\\ning for many years a glorious career of con-\\nquest, and acquiring imperishable renown by\\ntheir enterprise and success. As it was, the\\nKomans, their enemies, described their deeds\\nand gave them their designation. They called\\nthem robbers and pirates and robbers and\\npirates they must forever remain.\\nAnd it is, in fact, very likely true that the\\nCilician commanders did not pursue their con-\\nquests and commit their depredations on the\\nrights and the property of others in quite so\\nsystematic and methodical a manner as some\\nother conquering states have done. They\\nprobably seized private property a little more\\nunceremoniously than is customary though\\nall belligerent nations, even in these Christian\\nages of the world, feel at liberty to seize and", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "30 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nconfiscate private property when they find it\\nafloat at sea, while, by a strange inconsistency,\\nthey respect it on the land. The Cilician\\npirates considered themselves at war with all\\nmankind, and, whatever merchandise they\\nfound passing from port to port along the\\nshores of the Mediterranean, they considered\\nlawful spoil. They intercepted the corn which\\nwas going from Sicily to Kome, and filled their\\nown granaries with it. They got rich mer-\\nchandise from the ships of Alexandria, which\\nbrought, sometimes, gold, and gems, and\\ncostly fabrics from the east and they obtained,\\noften, large sums of money by seizing men of\\ndistinction and wealth, who were continually\\npassing to and fro between Italy and Greece,\\nand holding them for a ransom. They were\\nparticularly pleased to get possession in this\\nway of Eoman generals and officers of state,\\nwho were going out to take the command of\\narmies, or who were returning from their\\nprovinces with the wealth which they had ac-\\ncumulated there.\\nMany expeditions were fitted out and many\\nnaval commanders were commissioned to sup-\\npress and subdue these common enemies of\\nmankind, as the Komans called them. At one\\ntime, while a distinguished general, named\\nAntonius, was in pursuit of them at the head\\nof a fleet, a party of the pirates made a descent\\nupon the Italian coast, south of Eome, at", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Cesar s early years. 31\\nNicenum, where the ancient patrimonial man-\\nsion of this very Antonius was situated, and\\ntook away several members of his family as\\ncaptives, and so compelled him to ransom them\\nby paying a very large sum of money. The\\npirates grew bolder and bolder in proportion\\nto their success. They finally almost stopped\\nall intercourse between Italy and Greece,\\nneither the merchants daring to expose their\\nmerchandise, nor the passengers their persons\\nto such dangers. They then approached nearer\\nand nearer to Kome, and at last actually en-\\ntered the Tiber, and surprised and carried off\\na Roman fleet w T hich was anchored there.\\nCaesar himself fell into the hands of these\\npirates at some time during the period of his\\nwanderings.\\nThe pirates captured the ship in which he\\nwas sailing near Pharmacusa, a small island in\\nthe northeastern part of the iEgean Sea. He\\nwas not at this time in the destitute condition\\nin which he had found himself on leaving\\nEome, but was traveling with attendants suit-\\nable to his rank, and in such a style and man-\\nner as at once made it evident to the pirates\\nthat he was a man of distinction. They ac-\\ncordingly held him for ransom, and, in the\\nmeantime, until he could take measures for\\nraising the money, they kept him a prisoner on\\nboard the vessel which had captured him.\\nIn this situation, Caesar, though entirely in", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "32 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nthe power and at the mercy of his lawless cap-\\ntors, assumed such an air of superiority and\\ncommand in all his intercourse with them as\\nat first awakened their astonishment, then ex-\\ncited their admiration, and ended in almost\\nsubjecting them to his will. He asked them\\nwhat they demanded for his ransom. They\\nsaid twenty talents, which was quite a large\\namount, a talent itself being a considerable\\nsum of money. Csesar laughed at this de-\\nmand, and told them it was plain that they\\ndid not know who he was. He would give\\nthem fifty talents. He then sent away his\\nattendants to the shore, with orders to proceed\\nto certain cities where he was known, in order\\nto procure the money, retaining only a physi-\\ncian and two servants for himself. While his\\nmessengers were gone, he remained on board\\nthe ship of his captors, assuming in every re-\\nspect the air and manner of their master.\\nWhen he wished to sleep, if they made a noise\\nwhich disturbed him, he sent them orders to\\nbe still. He joined them in their sports and\\ndiversions on the deck, surpassing them in\\ntheir feats, and taking the direction of every-\\nthing as if he were their acknowledged leader.\\nHe wrote orations and verses which he read to\\nthem, and if his wild auditors did not appear\\nto appreciate the literary excellence of his com-\\npositions, he told them that they were stupid\\nfools without any taste, adding, by way oS", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CESAR S EARLY YEARS. 33\\napology, that nothing better could be expected\\nof such barbarians.\\nThe pirates asked him one day what he\\nshould do to them if he should ever, at any\\nfuture time, take them prisoners. Caesar said\\nthat he would crucify every one of them.\\nThe ransom money at length arrived. Caesar\\npaid it to the pirates, and they, faithful to\\ntheir covenant, sent him in a boat to the land.\\nHe was put ashore on the coast of Asia Minor.\\nHe proceeded immediately to Miletus, the\\nnearest port, equipped a small fleet there, and\\nput to sea. He sailed at once to the roadstead\\nwhere the pirates had been lying, and found\\nthem still at anchor there, in perfect security.\\nHe attacked them, seized their ships, recovered\\nhis ransom money, and took the men all\\nprisoners. He conveyed his captives to the\\nland, and there fulfilled his threat that he\\nwould crucify them by cutting their throats\\nand nailing their dead bodies to crosses which\\nhis men erected for the purpose along the\\nshore.\\nDuring his absence from Kome Caesar went\\nto Rhodes, where his former preceptor resided,\\nand he continued to pursue there for some\\ntime his former studies. He looked forward\\nstill to appearing one day in the Roman\\nForum. In fact, he began to receive messages", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "34 JULIUS CA SAR.\\nfrom his friends at home that they thought it\\nwould be safe for him to return. Sylla had\\ngradually withdrawn from power, and finally\\nhad died. The aristocratical party were in-\\ndeed still in the ascendency, but the party of\\nMarius had begun to recover a little from the\\ntotal overthrow with which Sylla s return, and\\nhis terrible military vengeance, had over-\\nwhelmed them. Caesar himself, therefore, they\\nthought, might, with prudent management, be\\nsafe in returning to Eome.\\nHe returned, but not to be prudent or cau-\\ntious; there was no element of prudence or\\ncaution in his character. As soon as he ar-\\nrived, he openly espoused the popular party.\\nHis first public act was to arraign the governor\\nof the great province of Macedonia, through\\nwhich he had passed on his way to Bithynia.\\nIt was a consul whom he thus impeached, and\\na strong partisan of Sylla s. His name was\\nDolabella. The people were astonished at his\\ndaring in thus raising the standard of resistance\\nto Sylla s power, indirectly, it is true, but\\nnone the less really on that account. When the\\ntrial came on, and Caesar appeared at the For-\\num, he gained great applause by the vigor and\\nforce of his oratory. There was, of course, a\\nvery strong and general interest felt in the\\ncase; the people all seeming to understand\\nthat, in this attack on Dolabella, Caesar was\\nappearing as their champion, and their hopes", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CiESAR S EARLY YEARS. 35\\nwere revived at having at last found a leader\\ncapable of succeeding Marius, and building up\\ntheir cause again. Dolabella was ably de-\\nfended by orators on the other side, and was,\\nof course, acquitted, for the power of Sylla s\\nparty was still supreme. All Eonie, however,\\nwas aroused and excited by the boldness of\\nCaesar s attack, and by the extraordinary\\nability which he evinced in his mode of con-\\nducting it. He became, in fact, at once one\\nof the most conspicuous and prominent men in\\nthe city.\\nEncouraged by his success, and the ap-\\nplauses which he received, and feeling every\\nday a greater and greater consciousness of\\npower, he began to assume more and more\\nopenly the character of the leader of the popu-\\nlar party. He devoted himself to public speak-\\ning in the Forum, both before popular assem-\\nblies and in the courts of justice, where he was\\nemployed a great deal as an advocate to defend\\nthose who were accused of political crimes.\\nThe people, considering him as their rising\\nchampion, were predisposed to regard every-\\nthing that he did with favor, and there was\\nreally a great intellectual power displayed in\\nhis orations and harangues. He acquired, in\\na word, great celebrity by his boldness and\\nenergy, and his boldness and energy were\\nthemselves increased in their turn as he felt the\\nstrength of his position increase with his\\ngrowing celebrity.", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "36 JULIUS C.ESAR.\\nAt length the wife of Marius, who was\\nCaesar s aunt, died. She had lived in obscu-\\nrity since her husband s proscription and death,\\nhis party having been put down so effectually\\nthat it was dangerous to appear to be her\\nfriend. Caesar, however, made preparations\\nfor a magnificent funeral for her. There was\\na place in the Forum, a sort of pulpit, where\\npublic orators were accustomed to stand in ad-\\ndressing the assembly on great occasions.\\nThis pulpit was adorned with the brazen beaks\\nof ships w T hich had been taken by the Eomans\\nin former wars. The name of such a beak was\\nrostrum; in the plural, rostra. The pulpit\\nwas itself, therefore, called the Rostra, that is,\\nThe Beaks; and the people were addressed\\nfrom it on great public occasions.** Caesar\\npronounced a splendid panegyric upon the wife\\nof Marius, at this her funeral, from the Bostra,\\nin the presence of a vast concourse of specta-\\ntors, and he had the boldness to bring out and\\ndisplay to the people certain household images\\nof Marius, which had been concealed from\\nview ever since his death. Producing them\\nagain on such an occasion w r as annulling, so far\\nas a public orator could do it, the sentence of\\ncondemnation which Sylla and the patrician\\nparty had pronounced against him, and bring-\\nIn modern books this pulpit is sometimes called the\\nRostrum, using the word in the singular.", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CESAR S EARLY YEARS. 37\\ning him forward again as entitled to public ad-\\nmiration and applause. The patrician parti-\\nsans who were present attempted to rebuke\\nthis bold maneuver with expressions of disap-\\nprobation, but these expressions were drowned\\nin the loud and long-continued bursts of ap-\\nplause with which the great mass of the as-\\nsembled multitude hailed and sanctioned it.\\nThe experiment was very bold and very hazard-\\nous, but it was triumphantly successful.\\nA short time time after this Caesar had\\nanother opportunity for delivering a funeral\\noration it w r as in the case of his own wife,\\nthe daughter of Cinna, who had been the col-\\nleague and coadjutor of Marius during the days\\nof his power. It was not usual to pronounce\\nsuch panegyrics upon Eoman ladies unless\\nthey had attained to an advanced age. Caesar,\\nhowever, was disposed to make the case of his\\nown wife an exception to the ordinary rule.\\nHe saw in the occasion an opportunity to give\\na new impulse to the popular cause, and to\\nmake further progress in gaining the popular\\nfavor. The experiment w r as successful in this\\ninstance too. The people were pleased at the\\napparent affection which his action evinced;\\nand as Cornelia was the daughter of Cinna, he\\nhad opportunity, under pretext of praising the\\nbirth and parentage of the deceased, to laud\\nthe men whom Sylla s party had outlawed and\\ndestroyed. In a word, the patrician party saw\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Caesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "38 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nwith anxiety and dread that Caesar was rapidly\\nconsolidating and organizing, and bringing\\nback to its pristine strength and vigor, a party\\nwhose restoration to power would of course in-\\nvolve their own political, and perhaps personal\\nruin.\\nCaesar began soon to receive appointments\\nto public office, and thus rapidly increased his\\ninfluence and power. Public officers and can-\\ndidates for office were accustomed in those\\ndays to expend great sums of money in shows\\nand spectacles to amuse the people. Caesar\\nwent beyond all limits in these expenditures.\\nHe brought gladiators from distant provinces,\\nand trained them at great expense, to fight in\\nthe enormous amphitheaters of the city, in the\\nmidst of vast assemblies of men. Wild beasts\\nwere procured also from the forests of Africa,\\nand brought over in great numbers, under his\\ndirection, that the people might be entertained\\nby their combats with captives taken in war,\\nwho were reserved for this dreadful fate.\\nCaesar gave, also, splendid entertainments, of\\nthe most luxurious and costly character, and he\\nmingled with his guests at these entertain-\\nments, and with the people at large on other\\noccasions, in so complaisant and courteous a\\nmanner as to gain universal favor.\\nHe soon, by these means, not only ex-\\nhausted all his own pecuniary resources, but\\nplunged himself enormously into debt. It", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "Cesar s early years.\\n39\\nwas not difficult for such a man in those days\\nto procure an almost unlimited credit for such\\npurposes as these, for every one knew that, if\\nhe finally succeeded in placing himself, by\\nmeans of the popularity thus acquired, in\\nGladiators in the Arena.\\nstations of power, he could soon indemnify\\nhimself and all others who had aided him.\\nThe peaceful merchants, and artisans, and\\nhusbandmen of the distant provinces over\\nwhich he expected to rule, would yield the\\nrevenues necessary to fill the treasuries thus\\nexhausted.", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "njMj\\nm\\n(HA\\nH\\nBrWjK\\nCHAPTEE III.\\nADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP,\\nFrom this time, which was about sixty-seven\\nyears before the birth of Christ, Caesar re-\\nmained for nine years generally at Rome, en-\\ngaged there in a constant struggle for power.\\nHe was successful in these efforts, rising all\\nthe time from one position of influence and\\nhonor to another, until he became altogether\\nthe most prominent and powerful man in the\\ncity. A great many incidents are recorded, as\\nattending these contests, which illustrate in a\\nvery striking manner the strange mixture of\\nrude violence and legal formality by which\\nEome was in those days governed.\\nMany of the most important offices of the\\nstate depended upon the votes of the people\\nand as the people had very little opportunity\\nto become acquainted with the real merits of\\nthe case in respect to questions of government,\\nthey gave their votes very much according to\\nthe personal popularity of the candidate.\\nPublic men had very little moral principle in\\nthose days, and they would accordingly resort\\n40", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 41\\nto any means whatever to procure this per-\\nsonal popularity. They who wanted office\\nwere accustomed to bribe influential men\\namong the people to support them, sometimes\\nby promising them subordinate offices, and\\nsometimes by the direct donation of sums of\\nmoney and they would try to please the mass\\nof the people, who were too numerous to be\\npaid with offices or with gold, by shows and\\nspectacles, and entertainments of every kind\\nwhich they would provide for their amusement.\\nThis practice seems to us very absurd; and\\nwe wonder that the Eoman people should tol-\\nerate it, since it is evident that the means for\\ndefraying these expenses must come, ulti-\\nmately, in some way or other, from them.\\nAnd yet, absurd as it seems, this sort of policy\\nis not wholly disused even in our day. The\\noperas and the theaters, and other similar es-\\ntablishments in France, are sustained, in part,\\nby the government; and the liberality and\\nefficiency with which this is done, forms, in\\nsome degree, the basis of the popularity of each\\nsucceeding administration. The plan is better\\nsystematized and regulated in our day, but it\\nis, in its nature, substantially the same.\\nIn fact, furnishing amusements for the peo-\\nple, and also providing supplies for their\\nwants, as well as affording them protection,\\nwere considered the legitimate objects of\\ngovernment in those days. It is very different", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "42 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nat the present time, and especially in this\\ncountry. The whole community are now\\nunited in the desire to confine the functions\\nof government within the narrowest possible\\nlimits, such as to include only the preserva-\\ntion of public order and public safety. The\\npeople prefer to supply their own wants and\\nto provide their own enjoyments, rather than\\nto invest government with the power to do it\\nfor them, knowing very well that, on the latter\\nplan, the burdens they will have to bear,\\nthough concealed for a time, must be doubled\\nin the end.\\nIt must not be forgotten, however, that there\\nwere some reasons in the days of the Romans\\nfor providing public amusements for the peo-\\nple on an extended scale which do not exist\\nnow. They had very few facilities then for\\nthe private and separate enjoyments of home, so\\nthat they were much more inclined than the\\npeople of this country are now to to seek pleas-\\nure abroad and in public. The climate, too,\\nmild and genial nearly all the year, favored\\nthis. Then thev were not interested, as men\\nare now, in the pursuits and avocations of pri-\\nvate industry The people of Eome were not\\na community of merchants, manufacturers, and\\ncitizens, enriching themselves, and adding to\\nthe comforts and enjoyments of the rest of\\nmankind by the products of their labor.\\nThey were supported, in a great measure, by", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 43\\nthe proceeds of tbe tribute of foreign provinces,\\nand by the plunder taken by the generals in\\nthe name of the state in foreign wars. From\\nthe same source, too foreign conquest\\ncaptives were brought home, to be trained as\\ngladiators to amuse them with their combats,\\nand statues and paintings to ornament the\\npublic buildings of the city. In the same\\nmanner, large quantities of corn, which had\\nbeen taken in the provinces, were often distrib-\\nuted at Rome. And sometimes even land\\nitself, in large tracts, which had been confis-\\ncated by the state, or otherwise taken from the\\noriginal possessors, was divided among the\\npeople. The laws enacted from time to time\\nfor this purpose were called Agrarian laws;\\nand the phrase afterward passed into a sort of\\nproverb, inasmuch as plans proposed in\\nmodern times for conciliating the favor of the\\npopulace by sharing among them property\\nbelonging to the state or to the rich, are des-\\nignated by the name of Agrarianism.\\nThus Rome was a city supported, in a great\\nmeasure, by the fruits of its conquests, that\\nis, in a certain sense, by plunder. It was a\\nvast community most efficiently and admirably\\norganized for this purpose; and yet it would\\nnot be perfectly just to designate the people\\nsimply as a band of robbers. They rendered,\\nin sdme sense, an equivalent for what they\\ntook, in establishing and enforcing a certain", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "44 JULIUS C^SAR.\\norganization of society throughout the world,\\nand in preserving a sort of public order and\\npeace. They built cities, they constructed\\naqueducts and roads; they formed harbors,\\nand protected them by piers and by castles;\\nthey protected commerce, and cultivated the\\narts, and encouraged literature, and enforced\\na general quiet and peace among mankind,\\nallowing of no violence or war except what\\nthey themselves created. Thus they governed\\nthe world, and they felt, as all governors of\\nmankind always do, fully entitled to supply\\nthemselves with the comforts and conveniences\\nof life, in consideration of the service which\\nthey thus rendered.\\nOf course, it was to be expected that they\\nwould sometimes quarrel among themselves\\nabout the spoils. Ambitious men were always\\narising, eager to obtain opportunities to make\\nfresh conquests, and to bring home new sup-\\nplies, and those who were most successful in\\nmaking the results of their conquests available\\nin adding to the wealth and to the public en-\\njoyments of the city, would, of course, be\\nmost popular with the voters. Hence extor-\\ntion in the provinces, and the most profuse and\\nlavish expenditure in the city, became the\\npolicy which every great man must pursue to\\nrise to power.\\nCaesar entered into this policy with his\\nwhole soul, founding all his hopes of success", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 45\\nupon the favor of the populace. Of course,\\nhe had many rivals and opponents among the\\npatrician ranks, and in the Senate, and they\\noften impeded and thwarted his plans and\\nmeasures for a time, though he always tri-\\numphed in the end.\\nOne of the first offices of importance to\\nwhich he attained was that of qucestor, as it\\nwas called, which office called him away from\\nRome into the province of Spain, making him\\nthe second in command there. The officer\\nfirst in command in the province was, in this\\ninstance, a praetor. During his absence in\\nSpain, Caesar replenished in some degree his\\nexhausted finances, but he soon became very\\nmuch discontented with so subordinate a posi-\\ntion. His discontent was greatly increased by\\nhis coming unexpectedly, one day, at a city\\nthen called Hades the present Cadiz upon a\\nstatue of Alexander, which adorned one of the\\npublic edifices there. Alexander died when\\nhe was only about thirty years of age, having\\nbefore that period made himself master of the\\nworld. Caesar wa3 himself now about thirty-\\nfive years of age, and it made him very sad to\\nreflect that, though he had lived five years\\nlonger than Alexander, he had yet accom-\\nplished so little. He was thus far only the\\nsecond in a province, while he burned with an\\ninsatiable ambition to be the first in Rome.\\nThe reflection made him so uneasy that he left", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "46 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nhis post before his time expired, and went back\\nto Borne, forming, on the way, desperate proj-\\nects for getting power there.\\nHis rivals and enemies accused him of vari-\\nous schemes, more or less violent and trea-\\nsonable in their nature, but how justly it is\\nnot now possible to ascertain. They alleged\\nthat one of his plans was to join some of the\\nneighboring colonies, whose inhabitants wished\\nto be admitted to the freedom of the city, and,\\nmaking common cause with them, to raise an\\narmed force and take possession of Eome. It\\nwas said that, to prevent the accomplishment\\nof this design, an army which they had raised\\nfor the purpose of an expedition against the\\nCilician pirates was detained from its march,\\nand that Caesar, seeing that the government\\nwere on their guard against him, abandoned\\nthe plan.\\nThey also charged him with having formed,\\nafter this, a plan within the city for assassi-\\nnating the senators in the senate house, and\\nthen usurping, with his fellow-conspirators,\\nthe supreme power. Crassus, who was a man\\nof vast wealth and a great friend of Caesar s,\\nwas associated with him in this plot, and was\\nto have been made dictator if it had succeeded.\\nBut, notwithstanding the brilliant prize with\\nwhich Caesar attempted to allure Crassus to\\nthe enterprise, his courage failed him when the\\ntime for action arrived. Courage and enter-", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP. 47\\nprise, in fact, ought not to be expected of the\\nrich; they are the virtues of poverty.\\nThough the Senate were thus jealous and\\nsuspicious of Caesar, and were charging him\\ncontinually with these criminal designs, the\\npeople were on his side and the more he wag\\nhated by the great, the more strongly he be-\\ncame intrenched in the popular favor. They\\nchose him cedile. The aedile had the charge\\nof the public edifices of the city, and of the\\ngames, spectacles, and shows which were ex-\\nhibited in them. Caesar entered with great\\nzeal into the discharge of the duties of this\\noffice. He made arrangements for the enter-\\ntainment of the people on the most magnificent\\nscale, and made great additions and improve-\\nments to the public buildings, constructing\\nporticoes and piazzas around the areas where\\nhis gladiatorial shows and the combats with\\nwild beasts were to be exhibited. He provided\\ngladiators in such numbers, and organized and\\narranged them in such a manner, ostensibly\\nfor their training, that his enemies among the\\nnobility pretended to believe that he was in-\\ntending to use them as an armed force against\\nthe government of the city. They accordingly\\nmade laws limiting and restricting the number\\nof the gladiators to be employed. Caesar then\\nexhibited his shows on the reduced scale which\\nthe new laws required, taking care that the\\npeople should understand to whom the respon-", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "48 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nsibility for this reduction in the scale of their\\npleasures belonged. They, of course, mur-\\nmured against the Senate, and Caesar stood\\nhigher in their favor than ever.\\nHe was getting, however, by these means,\\nvery deeply involved in debt; and, in order\\npartly to retrieve his fortunes in this respect,\\nhe made an attempt to have Egypt assigned to\\nhim as a province. Egypt was then an im-\\nmensely rich and fertile country. It had,\\nhowever^ never been a Boman province. It\\nwas an independent kingdom, in alliance with\\nthe Romans, and Caesar s proposal that it\\nshould be assigned to him as a province ap-\\npeared very extraordinary. His pretext was,\\nthat the people of Egypt had recently deposed\\nand expelled their king, and that, conse-\\nquently, the Romans might properly take pos-\\nsession of it. The Senate, however, resisted\\nthis plan, either from jealousy of Caesar or\\nfrom a sense of justice to Egypt; and, after a\\nviolent contest, Caesar found himself compelled\\nto give up the design. He felt, however, a\\nstrong degree of resentment against the patri-\\ncian party who had thus thwarted his designs.\\nAccordingly, in order to avenge himself upon\\nthem, he one night replaced certain statues\\nand trophies of Marius in the capitol, which\\nhad been taken down by order of Sylla when\\nhe returned to power. Marius, as will be\\nrecollected, had been the great champion of the", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 49\\npopular party, and the enemy of the patricians;\\nand, at the time of his downfall, all the memo-\\nrials of his power and greatness had been\\neverywhere removed from Eome, and among\\nthem these statues and trophies, which had\\nbeen erected in the capitol in commemoration\\nof some former victories, and had remained\\nthere until Sylla s triumph, when they were\\ntaken down and destroyed. Caesar now ordered\\nnew ones to be made, far more magnificent than\\nbefore. They were made secretly, and put up\\nin the night. His office as sedile gave him\\nthe necessary authority. The next morning,\\nwhen the people saw these splendid monu-\\nments of their great favorite restored, the\\nwhole city was animated with excitement and\\njoy. The patricians, on the other hand were\\nfilled with vexation and rage. Here is a\\nsingle officer, said they, who is attempting\\nto restore, by his individual authority, what\\nhas been formally abolished by a decree of the\\nSenate. He is trying to see how much we will\\nbear. If he finds that we will submit to this,\\nhe will attempt bolder measures stilL They\\naccordingly commenced a movement to have\\nthe statues and trophies taken down again, but\\nthe people rallied in vast numbers in defense\\nof them. They made the capitol ring with\\ntheir shouts of applause; and the Senate, find-\\ning their power insufficient to cope with so", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "50 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ngreat a force, gave up the point, and Caesar\\ngained the day.\\nCaesar had married another wife after the\\ndeath of Cornelia. Her name was Pompeia.\\nHe divorced Pompeia about this time, under\\nvery extraordinary circumstances. Among\\nthe other strange religious ceremonies and\\ncelebrations which were observed in those\\ndays, was one called the celebration of the\\nmysteries of the Good Goddess. This cele-\\nbration was held by females alone, everything\\nmasculine being most carefully excluded.\\nEven the pictures of men, if there were any\\nupon the walls of the house where the assembly\\nwas held, w T ere covered. The persons engaged\\nspent the night together in music and dancing\\nand various secret ceremonies, half pleasure,\\nhalf worship, according to the ideas and cus-\\ntoms of the time.\\nThe mysteries of the Good Goddess were to\\nbe celebrated one night at Caesar s house, he\\nhimself having, of course, withdrawn. In the\\nmiddle of the night, the whole company in one\\nof the apartments were thrown into consterna-\\ntion at finding that one of their number was a\\nman. He had a smooth and youthful-looking\\nface, and was very perfectly disguised in the\\ndress of a female. He proved to be a certain\\nClodius, a very base and dissolute young man,\\nthough of great wealth and high connections.\\nHe had been admitted by a female slave of", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP. 51\\nPompeia s, whom he had succeeded in brib-\\ning. It was suspected that it was with Pom-\\npeia s concurrence. At any rate, Caesar im-\\nmediately divorced his wife. The Senate\\nordered an inquiry into the affair, and, after\\nthe other members of the household had given\\ntheir testimony, Csesar himself was called\\nupon, but he had nothing to say. He knew\\nnothing about it. They asked him, then, why\\nhe had divorced Pompeia, unless he had some\\nevidence for believing her guilty. He replied,\\nthat a wife of Caesar must not only be without\\ncrime, but without suspicion.\\nClodius was a very desperate and lawless\\ncharacter, and his subsequent history shows,\\nin a striking point of view, the degree of vio-\\nlence and disorder which reigned in those\\ntimes. He became involved in a bitter conten-\\ntion with another citizen whose name was\\nMilo, and each, gaining as many adherents as\\nhe could, at length drew almost the whole city\\ninto their quarrel. Whenever they went out,\\nthey were attended with armed bands, which\\nwere continually in danger of coming into col-\\nlision. The collision at last came, quite a\\nbattle was fought, and Clodius was killed.\\nThis made the difficulty worse than it was be-\\nfore. Parties were formed, and violent dis-\\nputes arose on the question of bringing Milo\\nto trial for the alleged murder. He was\\nbrought to trial at last, but so great was the", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52 JULIUS CiESAR.\\npublic excitement, that the consuls for the time\\nsurrounded and filled the whole Forum with\\narmed men while the trial was proceeding, to\\ninsure the safety of the court.\\nIn fact, violence mingled itself continually,\\nin those times, with almost all public proceed-\\nings, whenever any special combination of cir-\\ncumstances occurred to awaken unusual excite-\\nment. At one time, when Caesar was in office,\\na very dangerous conspiracy was brought to\\nlight, which was headed by the notorious\\nCatiline. It was directed chiefly against the\\nSenate and the higher departments of the\\ngovernment; it contemplated, in fact, their\\nutter destruction, and the establishment of an\\nentirely now government on the ruins of the\\nexisting constitution. Caesar was himself ac-\\ncused of a participation in this plot. When it\\nwas discovered, Catiline himself fled; some\\nof the other conspirators were, however, ar-\\nrested, and there was a long and very excited\\ndebate in the Senate on the question of their\\npunishment. Some were for death. Caesar,\\nhowever, very earnestly opposed this plan,\\nrecommending, instead, the confiscation of the\\nestates of the conspirators, and their imprison-\\nment in some of the distant cities of Italy.\\nThe dispute grew very warm, Caesar urging his\\npoint with great perseverance and determina-\\ntion, and with a degree of violence which\\nthreatened seriously to obstruct the proceed-", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP. 53\\nings, when a body of armed men, a sort of\\nguard of honor stationed there, gathered\\naround him, and threatened him with their\\nswords. Quite a scene of disorder and terror\\nensued. Some of the senators arose hastily\\nand fled from the vicinity of Caesar s seat to\\navoid the danger. Others, more courageous,\\nor more devoted in their attachment to him,\\ngathered around him to protect him, as far as\\nthey could, by interposing their bodies be-\\ntween his person and the weapons of his as-\\nsailants. Caesar soon left the Senate, and for\\na long time would return to it no more.\\nAlthough Caesar was all this time, on the\\nwhole, rising in influence and power, there\\nwere still fluctuations in his fortune, and the\\ntide sometimes, for a short period, went\\nstrongly against him. He was at one time,\\nwhen greatly involved in debt, and embarassed\\nin all his affairs, a candidate for a very high\\noffice, that of Pontifex Maximus, or sovereign\\npontiff. The office of the pontifex was origin-\\nally that of building and keeping custody of\\nthe bridges of the city, the name being derived\\nfrom the Latin w T ord pons, which signifies\\nbridge. To this, however, had afterward been\\nadded the care of the temples, and finally the\\nregulation and control of the ceremonies of re-\\nligion, so that it came in the end to be an\\noffice of the highest dignity and honor. Caesar\\nmade the most desperate efforts to secure his\\nJulius Caesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "54 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nelection, resorting to such measures, expend-\\ning such sums, and involving himself in debt\\nto such an extreme, that, if he failed, he\\nwould be irretrievably ruined. His mother,\\nsympathizing with him in his anxiety, kissed\\nhim when he went away from the house on the\\nmorning of the election, and bade him farewell\\nwith tears. He told her that he should come\\nhome that night the pontiff, or he should never\\ncome home at all. He succeeded in gaining\\nthe election.\\nAt one time Caesar was actually deposed from\\na high office which he held, by a decree of the\\nSenate. He determined to disregard this de-\\ncree, and go on in the discharge of his office\\nas usual. But the Senate, whose ascendency\\nwas now, for some reason, once more estab-\\nlished, prepared to prevent him by force of\\narms. Caesar, finding that he was not sus-\\ntained, gave up the contest, put off his robes\\nof office, and went home. Two days afterward\\na reaction occurred. A mass of the populace\\ncame together to his house, and offered their\\nassistance to restore his rights and vindicate\\nhis honor. Caesar, however, contrary to what\\nevery one would have expected of him, exerted\\nhis influence to calm and quiet the mob, and\\nthen sent them away, remaining himself in\\nprivate as before. The Senate had been\\nalarmed at the first outbreak of the tumult,\\nand a meeting had been suddenly convened to", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 55\\nconsider what measures to adopt in such a\\ncrisis. When, however, they found that\\nCaesar had himself interposed, and by his own\\npersonal influence had saved the city from the\\ndanger which threatened it, they were so\\nstrongly impressed with a sense of his forbear-\\nance and generosity, that they sent for him to\\ncome to the senate house, and, after formally\\nexpressing their thanks, they canceled their\\nformer vote, and restored him to his office\\nagain. This change in the action of the\\nSenate does not, however, necessarily indicate\\nso great a change of individual sentiment as\\none might at first imagine. There was, un-\\ndoubtedly, a large minority who were averse\\nto his being deposed in the first instance but,\\nbeing outvoted, the decree of deposition was\\npassed. Others were, perhaps, more or less\\ndoubtful. Caesar s generous forbearance in re-\\nfusing the offered aid of the populace carried\\nover a number of these sufficient to shift the\\nmajority, and thus the action of the body was\\nreversed. It is in this way that the sudden\\nan apparently total changes in the action of\\ndeliberative assemblies which often take place,\\nand which would otherwise, in some cases, be\\nalmost incredible, are to be explained.\\nAfter this, Caesar became involved in another\\ndifficulty, in consequence of the appearance of\\nsome definite and positive evidence that he\\nwas connected with Catiline in his famous con-", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "56 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nspiracy. One of the senators said that Cati-\\nline himself had informed him that Caesar was\\none of the accomplices of the plot. Another\\nwitness, named Vettius, laid an information\\nagainst Caesar before a Koman magistrate, and\\noffered to produce Caesar s handwriting in\\nproof of his participation in the conspirator s\\ndesigns. Caesar was very much incensed, and\\nhis manner of vindicating himself from these\\nserious charges was as singular as many of his\\nother deeds. He arrested Vettius, and sen-\\ntenced him to pay a heavy fine, and to be im-\\nprisoned; and he contrived also to expose him,\\nin the course of the proceedings, to the mob in\\nthe Forum, who were always ready to espouse\\nCaesar s cause, and who, on this occasion, beat\\nVettius so unmercifully, that he barely es-\\ncaped with his life. The magistrate, too, was\\nthrown into prison for having dared to take an\\ninformation against a superior officer.\\nAt last Caesar became so much involved in\\ndebt, through the boundless extravagance of\\nhis expenditures, that something must be done\\nto replenish his exhausted finances. He had,\\nhowever, by this time, risen so high in official\\ninfluence and power, that he succeeded in hav-\\ning Spain assigned to him as his province,\\nand he began to make preparations to proceed\\nto it. His creditors, however, interposed, un-\\nwilling to let him go without giving them\\nsecurity. In this dilemma, Caesar succeeded", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "tfl", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP. 57\\nin making an arrangement with Crassus, who\\nhas already been spoken of as a man of un-\\nbounded wealth and great ambition, but not\\npossessed of any considerable degree of intel-\\nlectual power. Crassus consented to give the\\nnecessary security, with an understanding that\\nCaesar was to repay him by exerting his poli-\\ntical iufluence in hjs favor. So soon as this\\narrangement was made, Caesar set off in a sud-\\nden and private manner, as if he expected that\\notherwise some new difficulty w r ould intervene.\\nHe went to Spain by land, passing through\\nSwitzerland on the way. He stopped with his\\nattendants one night at a very insignificant\\nvillage of shepherds huts among the moun-\\ntains. Struck with the poverty and worthless-\\nness of all they saw in this wretched hamlet,\\nCaesar s friends were wondering whether the\\njealousy, rivalry, and ambition which reigned\\namong men everywhere else in the world could\\nfind any footing there, when Caesar told them\\nthat, for his part, he should rather choose to\\nbe first in such a village as that than the\\nsecond at Rome. The story has been repeated\\na thousand times, and told to every successive\\ngeneration now for nearly twenty centuries,\\nas an illustration of the peculiar type and\\ncharacter of the ambition which controls such\\na soul as that of Caesar.\\nCaesar was very successful in the administra-\\ntion of his province that is to say, he returned", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "58 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nin a short time with considerable military\\nglory, and with money enough to pay all his\\ndebts, and furnish him with means for fresh\\nelectioneering.\\nHe now felt strong enough to aspire to the\\noffice of consul, which was the highest office of\\nthe Eoman state. When the line of kings had\\nbeen deposed, the Eomans had vested the\\nsupreme magistracy in the hands of two con-\\nsuls, who. were chosen annually in a general\\nelection, the formalities of which were all very\\ncarefully arranged. The current of popular\\nopinion was, of course, in Csesar s favor, but\\nhe had many powerful rivals and enemies\\namong the great, who, however, hated and\\nopposed each other as well as him. There\\nwas at that time a very bitter feud between\\nPompey and Crassus, each of them struggling\\nfor power against the efforts of the other.\\nPompey possessed great influence through his\\nsplendid abilities and his military renown.\\nCrassus, as has already been stated, was\\npowerful through his wealth. Caesar, who\\nhad some influence with them both, now con-\\nceived the bold design of reconciling them, and\\nthen of availing himself of their united aid in\\naccomplishing his own particular ends.\\nHe succeeded perfectly well in his manage-\\nment. He represented to them that, by con-\\ntending against each other, they only ex-\\nhausted their own powers, and strengthened", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP, 5 J\\nthe arms of their common enemies. He pro-\\nposed to them to unite with one another and\\nwith him, and thus make common cause to\\npromote their common interest and advance-\\nment. They willingly acceded to this plan,\\nand a triple league was accordingly formed, in\\nwhich they each bound themselves to promote,\\nby every means in his power, the political ele-\\nvation of the others, and not to take any public\\nstep or adopt any measures without the concur-\\nrence of the three. Caesar faithfully observed\\nthe obligations of this league so long as he\\ncould use his two associates to promote his own\\nends, and then he abandoned it.\\nHaving, however, completed this arrange-\\nment, he was now prepared to push vigorously\\nhis claims to be elected consul. He associated\\nw 7 ith his own name that of Lucceius, who was\\na man of great wealth, and w 7 ho agreed to de-\\nfray the expenses of the election for the sake\\nof the honor of being consul with Caesar.\\nCaesar s enemies, however, knowing that they\\nprobably could not prevent his election, deter-\\nmined to concentrate their strength in the effort\\nto prevent his having the colleague he desired.\\nThey made choice, therefore, of a certain\\nBibulus as their candidate. Bibulus had\\nalways been a political opponent of Caesar s,\\nand they thought that, by associating him with\\nCaesar in the sujireme magistracy, the pride\\nand ambition of their great adversary might", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "60 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nbe held somewhat in check. They accordingly\\nmade a contribution among themselves to en-\\nable Bibulus to expend as much money in\\nbribery as Lucceius, and the canvass went on.\\nIt resulted in the election of Caesar and Bibu-\\nlus. They entered upon the duties of their\\noffice; but Caesar, almost entirely disregarding\\nhis colleague, began to assume the whole\\npower, and proposed and carried measure after\\nmeasure of the most extraordinary character,\\nall aiming at the gratification of the populace.\\nHe was at first opposed violently both by Bi-\\nbulus and by many leading members of the\\nSenate, especially by Cato, a stern and inflexi-\\nble patriot, whom neither fear of danger nor\\nhope of reward could move from what he re-\\ngarded his duty. But Caesar was now getting\\nstrong enough to put down the opposition\\nwhich he encountered without much scruple as\\nto the means. He ordered Cato on one occa-\\nsion to be arrested in the Senate and sent to\\nprison. Another influential member of the\\nSenate rose and was going out w 7 ith him.\\nCgesar asked him where he was going. He\\nsaid he was going with Cato. He w T ould\\nrather, he said, be with Cato in prison, than\\nin the Senate with Caesar.\\nCaesar treated Bibulus also with so much\\nneglect, and assumed so entirely the whole\\ncontrol of the consular power, to the utter ex-\\nclusion of his colleague, that Bibulus at last.", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "ADVANCEMENT TO THE CONSULSHIP,\\n61\\ncompletely discouraged and chagrined, aban-\\ndoned all pretension to official authority, re-\\ntired to his house, and shut himself up in per-\\nfect seclusion, leaving Caesar to his own way.\\nIt was customary among the Romans, in their\\nhistorical and narrative writings, to designate\\nthe successive years, not by a numerical date\\nas with us, but by the names of the consuls\\nwho held office in them. Thus, in the time of\\nCaesar s consulship, the phrase would have\\nbeen, In the year of Csesar and Bibulus,\\nconsuls, according to the ordinary usage; but\\nthe wags of the city, in order to make sport of\\nthe assumptions of Csesar and the insignifi-\\ncance of Bibulus, used to say, In the year of\\nJulius and Csesar, consuls, rejecting the\\nname of Bibulus altogether, and taking the two\\nnames of Caesar to make out the necessary\\nduality.\\nA Roman Proclamation.", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "jfevr Mwftu\\nCHAPTER IV,\\nTHE CONQUEST OF GAUL.\\nIn attaining to the consulship, Caesar had\\nreached the highest point of elevation which it\\nwas possible to reach as a mare citizen of\\nRome. His ambition was, however, of course,\\nnot satisfied. The only way to acquire higher\\ndistinction and to rise to higher power was to\\nenter upon a career of foreign conquest.\\nCsesar therefore aspired now to be a soldier.\\nHe accordingly obtained the command of an\\narmy, and entered upon a course of military\\ncampaigns in the heart of Europe, which he\\ncontinued for eight years. These eight years\\nconstitute one of the most important and\\nstrongly-marked periods of his life. He was\\ntriumphantly successful in his military career,\\nand he made, accordingly, a vast accession to\\nhis celebrity and power, in his own day, by\\nthe results of his campaigns. He also wrote,\\nhimself, an account of his adventures during\\nthis period, in which the events are recorded in\\nso lucid and in so eloquent a manner, that the\\nnarrations have continued to be read by every\\n62", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OE GAUL. 63\\nsuccessive generation of scholars down to the\\npresent clay, and they have had a great influ-\\nence in extending and perpetuating his fame.\\nThe principal scenes of the exploits which\\nCaesar performed during the period of this his\\nfirst great military career, were the north of\\nItaly, Switzerland, France, Germany, and Eng-\\nland, a great tract of country, nearly all of\\nwhich he overran and conquered. A large\\nportion of this territory w T as called Gaul in\\nthose days; the part on the Italian side of the\\nAlps being named Cisalpine Gaul, while that\\nwhich lay beyond was designated as Transal-\\npine. Transalpine Gaul was substantially\\nwhat is now France. There was a part of\\nTransalpine Gaul which had been already con-\\nquered and reduced to a Eoman province. It\\nwas called The Province then, and has retained\\nthe name, with a slight change in orthography,\\nto the present day. It is now known as Prov-\\nence.\\nThe countries w 7 hich CiBsar w r ent to invade\\nwere occupied by various nations and tribes,\\nmany of which were well organized and war-\\nlike, and some of them were considerably civi-\\nlized and wealthy. They had extended tracts\\nof cultivated land, the slopes of the hills and\\nthe mountain sides being formed into green\\npasturages, which were covered with flocks of\\ngoats, and sheep, and herds of cattle, while\\nthe smoother and more level tracts were", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "64 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nadorned with smiling vineyards and broadly-\\nextended fields of waving grain. They had\\ncities, forts, ships, and armies. Their man-\\nners and customs would be considered some-\\nwhat rude by modern nations, and some of\\ntheir usages of war were half barbarian. For\\nexample, in one of the nations which Caesar\\nencountered, he found, as he says in his narra-\\ntive, a corps of cavalry, as a constituent part of\\nthe army, in which, to every horse, there were\\ntwo men, one the rider, and the other a sort of\\nfoot soldier and attendant. If the battle went\\nagainst them, and the squadron were put to\\ntheir speed in a retreat, these footmen w r ould\\ncling to the manes of the horses, and then, half\\nrunning, half flying, they would be borne\\nalong over the field, thus keeping always at the\\nside of their comrades, and escaping with\\nthem to a place of safety.\\nBut, although the Eomans were inclined to\\nconsider these nations as only half civilized,\\nstill there would be great glory, as Caesar\\nthought, in subduing them, nd probably great\\ntreasure would be secured in the conquest, both\\nby the plunder and confiscation of govern-\\nmental property, and by the tribute which\\nwould be collected in taxes from the people of\\nthe countries subdued. Caesar accordingly\\nplaced himself at the head of an army of three\\nEoman legions, which he contrived, by means\\nof a great deal of political maneuvering and", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 65\\nmanagement, to have raised and placed under\\nhis command. One of these legions, which was\\ncalled the tenth legion, was his favorite corps,\\non account of the bravery and hardihood which\\nthey often displayed. At the head of these\\nlegions Caesar set out for Gaul. He was at\\nthis time not far from forty years of age.\\nCaesar had no difficulty in finding pretexts\\nfor making war upon any of these various\\nnations that he might desire to subdue. They\\nwere, of course, frequently at war with each\\nother, and there were at all times standing\\ntopics of controversy and unsettled disputes\\namong them. Caesar had, therefore, only to\\ndraw near to the scene of contention, and then\\nto take sides with one party or the other, it\\nmattered little with which, for the affair almost\\nalways resulted, in the end, in his making\\nhimself master of both. The manner, how-\\never, in which this sort of operation was per-\\nformed, can best be illustrated by an example,\\nand we will take for the purpose the case of\\nAriovistus.\\nAriovistus was a German king. He had\\nbeen nominally a sort of ally of the Romans.\\nHe had extended his conquests across the\\nRhine into Gaul, and he held some nations\\nthere as his tributaries. Among these, the\\niEcluans were a prominent party, and, to sim-\\nplify the account, we will take their name as\\nthe representative of all who were concerned.", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "66 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nWhen Caesar came into the region of the JEd-\\nuans, he entered in .o some negotiations with\\nthem, in which they, as he alleges, asked his\\nassistance to enable them to throw off the do-\\nminion of their German enemy. It is prob-\\nable, in fact, that there was some proposition\\nof this kind from them, for Caesar had abun-\\ndant means of inducing them to make it, if he\\nwas disposed; and the receiving of such a\\ncommunication furnished the most obvious and\\nplausible pretext to authorize and justify his\\ninterposition.\\nCaesar accordingly sent a messenger across\\nthe Khine to Ariovistus, saying that he wished\\nto have an interview with him on business of\\nimportance, and asking him to name a time\\nwhich would be convenient to him for the in-\\nterview, and also to appoint some place in\\nGaul where he would attend.\\nTo this Ariovistus replied that if he had,\\nhimself, any business with Caesar, he would\\nhave waited upon him to propose it; and, in\\nthe same manner, if Caesar wished to see him,\\nhe must come into his own dominions. He\\nsaid that it would not be safe for him to come\\ninto Gaul without an army, and that it was\\nnot convenient for him to raise and equip an\\narmy for such a purpose at that time.\\nCaesar sent again to Ariovistus to say, that\\nsince he was so unmindful of his obligations to\\ntho Roman people as to refuse an interview", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 67\\nwith him on business of common interest, he\\nwould state the particulars that he required of\\nhim. The iEcluans, he said, were now his\\nallies, and under his protection, and Ariovistus\\nmust send back the hostages which he held\\nfrom them, and bind himself henceforth not\\nto send any more troops across the Ehine, nor\\nmake war upon the iEduans, or injure them\\nin any way. If he complied with these terms,\\nall would be well. If he did not, Caesar said\\nthat he should not himself disregard the just\\ncomplaints of his allies.\\nAriovistus had no fear of Caesar. Caesar\\nhad, in fact, thus far, not begun to acquire the\\nmilitary renown to which he afterward attained.\\nAriovistus had, therefore,, no particular cause\\nto dread his power. He sent him back word\\nthat he did not understand why Caesar should\\ninterfere between him and his conquered prov-\\nince. The iEduans, said he, tried the\\nfortune of war with me, and were overcome;\\nand they must abide the issue. The Romans\\nmanage their conquered provinces as they\\njudge proper, without holding themselves ac-\\ncountable to any one. I shall do the same\\nwith mine. All that I can say is, that so long\\nas the iEduans submit peaceably to my au-\\nthority, and pay their tribute, I shall not mo-\\nlest them as to your threat that you shall not\\ndisregard their complaints, you must know\\nthat no one has ever made war upon me but to\\n(5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Ciesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "68 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nhis own destruction, and, if you wish to see\\nhow it will turn out in jour case, you may\\nmake the experiment whenever you please.\\nBoth parties immediately prepared for war.\\nAriovistus, instead of waiting to be attacked,\\nassembled his army, crossed the Rhine, and\\nadvanced into the territories from which Caesar\\nhad undertaken to exclude him.\\nAs Caesar, however, began to make his ar-\\nrangements for putting his army in motion to\\nmeet his approaching enemy, there began to\\ncirculate throughout the camp such extraordi-\\nnary stories of the terrible strength and cour-\\nage of the German soldiery as to produce a\\nvery general panic. So great, at length, be-\\ncame the anxiety and alarm, that even the\\nofficers were wholly dejected and discouraged\\nand as for the men, they were on the very eve\\nof mutiny.\\nWhen Caesar understood this state of things,\\nhe called an assembly of the troops, and made\\nan address to them. He told them that he\\nwas astonished to learn to what an extent an\\nunworthy despondency and fear had taken pos-\\nsession of their minds and how little confidence\\nthey reposed in him, their general. And then,\\nafter some further remarks about the duty of a\\nsoldier to be ready to go wherever his com-\\nmander leads him, and presenting also some\\nconsiderations in respect to the German troops\\nwith which they were going to contend, in", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 69\\norder to show them that they had no cause to\\nfear, he ended by saying that he had not been\\nfully decided as to the time of marching, but\\nthat now he had concluded to give orders for\\nsetting out the next morning at 3 o clock,\\nthat he might learn, as soon as possible, who\\nwere too cowardly to follow him. He would\\ngo himself, he said, if he was attended by the\\ntenth legion alone. He was sure that they\\nwould not shrink from any undertaking in\\nwhich he led the way.\\nThe soldiers, moved partly by shame, partly\\nby the decisive and commanding tone which\\ntheir general assumed, and partly reassured by\\nthe courage and confidence which he seemed\\nto feel, laid aside their fears, and vied with\\neach other henceforth in energy and ardor.\\nThe armies approached each other. Ariovis-\\ntus sent to Caesar, saying that now, if he\\nwished it, he was ready for an interview.\\nCaesar acceded to the suggestion, and the\\narrangements for a conference were made,\\neach party, as usual in such cases, taking every\\nprecaution to guard against the treachery of\\nthe other.\\nBetween the two camps there was a rising\\nground, in the middle of an open plain, where\\nit was decided that the conference should be\\nheld. Ariovistus proposed that neither party\\nshould bring any foot soldiers to the place of\\nmeeting, but cavalry alone; and that these", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "TO JULIUS C^SSAR.\\nbodies of cavalry, brought by the respective\\ngenerals, should remain at the foot of the emi-\\nnence on either side, while Caesar and Ariovis-\\ntus themselves, attended each by only ten fol-\\nlowers on horseback, should ascend it. This\\nplan was acceded to by Caesar, and a long con-\\nference was held in this way between the two\\ngenerals, as they sat upon their horses, on the\\nsummit of the hill.\\nThe two generals, in their discussion, only\\nrepeated in substance what they had said in\\ntheir embassages before, and made no progress\\ntoward coming to an understanding. At\\nlength Caesar closed the conference and with-\\ndrew. Some days afterward Ariovistus sent a\\nrequest to Caesar, asking that he would appoint\\nanother interview, or else that he would depute\\none of his officers to proceed to Ariovistus\\ncamp and receive a communication which he\\nwished to make to him. Caesar concluded not\\nto grant another interview, and he did not\\nthink it prudent to send any one of his princi-\\npal officers as an ambassador, for fear that he\\nmight be treacherously seized and held as a\\nhostage. He accordingly sent an ordinary\\nmessenger, accompanied by one or two men.\\nThese men were all seized and put in irons as\\nsoon as they reached the camp of Ariovistus,\\nand Caesar now prepared in earnest for giving\\nhis enemy battle.\\nHe proved himself as skillful and efficient in", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 71\\narranging and managing the combat as he had\\nbeen sagacious and adroit in the negotiations\\nwhich preceded it. Several days were spent\\nin maneuvers and movements, by which each\\nparty endeavored to gain some advantage over\\nthe other in respect to their position in the ap-\\nproaching struggle. When at length the combat\\ncame, Caesar and his legions were entirely and\\ntriumphantly successful. The Germans were\\nput totally to flight. Their baggage and stores\\nwere all seized, and the troops themselves fled\\nin dismay by all the roads which led back to\\nthe Rhine; and there those who succeeded in\\nescaping death from the Eomans, who pursued\\nthem all the w 7 ay, embarked in boats and upon\\nrafts, and returned to their homes. Ariovistus\\nhimself found a small boat, in which, with one\\nor two followers, he succeeded in getting\\nacross the stream.\\nAs Caesar, at the head of a body of his\\ntroops, was pursuing the enemy in this their\\nflight, he overtook one party who had a\\nprisoner with them confined by iron chains fas-\\ntened to his limbs, and whom they were hurry-\\ning rapidly along. This prisoner proved to\\nbe the messenger that Caesar had sent to Ario-\\nvistus camp, and whom he had, as Caesar\\nalleges, treacherously detained. Of course, he\\nwas overjoyed to be recaptured and set at\\nliberty. The man said that three times they\\nhad drawn lots to see whether they should burn", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "72 JULIUS OESAR.\\nhim alive then, or reserve the pleasure for a\\nfuture occasion, and that every time the lot\\nhad resulted in his favor.\\nThe consequence of this victory was, that\\nCaesar s authority was established triumphantly\\nover all that part of Gaul which he had thus\\nfreed from Ariovistus sway. Other parts of\\nthe country, too, were pervaded by the fame\\nof his exploits, and the people everywhere be-\\ngan to consider what action it would be incum-\\nbent on them to take, in respect to the new\\nmilitary power which had appeared so sud-\\ndenly among them. Some nations determined\\nto submit without resistance, and to seek the\\nconqueror s alliance and protection. Others,\\nmore bold, or more confident of their strength,\\nbegan to form combinations and to arrange\\nplans for resisting him. But, whatever they\\ndid, the result in the end was the same.\\nCaesar s ascendency was everywhere and always\\ngaining ground. Of course, it is impossible\\nin the compass of a single chapter, which is\\nall that can be devoted to the subject in this\\nvolume, to give any regular narrative of the\\nevents of the eight years of Caesar s military\\ncareer in Gaul. Marches, negotiations, battles,\\nand victories mingled with and followed each\\nother in a long succession, the particulars of\\nwhich it would require a volume to detail,\\neverything resulting most successfully for the", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 73\\nincrease of Caesar s power and the extension of\\nhis fame.\\nCaesar gives, in his narrative, very extraordi-\\nnary accounts of the customs and modes of life\\nof some of the people that he encountered.\\nThere was one country, for example, in which\\nall the lands were common, and the whole\\nstructure of society was based on the plan of\\nforming the community into one great martial\\nband. The nation was divided into a hundred\\ncantons, each containing two thousand men\\ncapable of bearing arms. If these were all\\nmustered into service together, they would\\nform, of course, an army of two hundred thou-\\nsand men. It was customary, however, to\\norganize only one half of them into an army,\\nwhile the rest remained at home to till the\\nground and tend the flocks and herds. These\\ntwo great divisions interchanged their work\\nevery year, the soldiers becoming husband-\\nmen, and the husbandmen soldiers. Thus\\nthey all became equally inured to the hard-\\nships and dangers of the camp, and to the\\nmore continuous but safer labors of agricul-\\ntural toil. Their fields w T ere devoted to past-\\nurage more than to tillage, for flocks and herds\\ncould be driven from place to place, and thus\\nmore easily preserved from the depredations of\\nenemies than fields of grain. The children\\ngrew up almost perfectly wild from infancy,\\nand hardened themselves by bathing in cold", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nstreams, wearing very little clothing, and mak-\\ning long hunting excursions among the moun-\\ntains. The people had abundance of excellent\\nhorses, which the young men were accustomed,\\nfrom their earliest years, to ride without sad-\\ndle or bridle, the horses being trained to obey\\nimplicitly every command. So admirably dis-\\nciplined were they, that sometimes, in battle,\\nthe mounted men would leap from their horses\\nand advance as foot soldiers to aid the other\\ninfantry, leaving the horses to stand until they\\nreturned. The horses would not move from\\nthe spot; the men, when the object for which\\nthey had dismounted was accomplished, would\\ncome back, spring to their seats again, and\\nonce more become a squadron of cavalry.\\nAlthough Caesar was very energetic and de-\\ncided in the government of his army, he was\\nextremely popular with his soldiers in all\\nthese campaigns. He exposed his men, of\\ncourse, to a great many privations and hard-\\nships, but then he evinced, in many cases, such\\na willingness to bear his share of them, that\\nthe men were very little inclined to complain.\\nHe moved at the head of the column when his\\ntroops were advancing on a march, generally\\non horseback, but often on foot; and Suetonius\\nsays that he used to go bareheaded on such\\noccasions, whatever was the state of the\\nweather, though it is difficult to see what the\\nmotive of this apparently needless exposure", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 75\\ncould be, unless it was for effect, on some\\nspecial or unusual occasion. Caesar would ford\\nor swim rivers with his men whenever there\\nwas no other mode of transit, sometimes sup-\\nported, it was said, by bags inflated with air,\\nand placed under his arms. At one time he\\nbuilt a bridge across the Khiae, to enable his\\narmy to cross that river. This bridge was\\nbuilt with piles driven down into the sand,\\nwhich supported a flooring of timbers. Caesar,\\nconsidering it quite an exploit thus to bridge\\nthe Ehine, wrote a minute account of the man-\\nner in which the work was constructed, and\\nthe description is almost exactly in accordance\\nwith the principles and usages of modern car-\\npentry.\\nAfter the countries which were the scene of\\nthese conquests were pretty well subdued,\\nCaesar established on some of the great routes\\nof travel a system of posts, that is, he\\nstationed supplies of horses at intervals of\\nfrom ten to twenty miles along the way, so that\\nhe himself, or the officers of his army, or any\\ncouriers whom he might have occasion to send\\nwith dispatches, could travel with great speed\\nby finding a fresh horse ready at every stage.\\nBy this means he sometimes traveled himself a\\nhundred miles in a day. This system, thus\\nadopted for military purposes in Caesar s\\ntime, has been continued in almost all coun-\\ntries of Europe to the present age, and is ap", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "76 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nplied to traveling in carriages as well as on\\nhorseback. A family party purchase a car-\\nriage, and arranging within it all the comforts\\nand conveniences which they will require on\\nthe journey, tliey set out, taking these post\\nhorses, fresh at each village, to draw them to\\nthe next. Thus they can go at any rate of\\nspeed which they desire, instead of being\\nlimited in their movements by the powers of\\nendurance of one set of ammals, as they would\\nbe compelled to be if they were to travel with\\ntheir own. This plan has, for some reason,\\nnever been introduced into America, and it is\\nnow probable that it never will be, as the rail-\\nway system will doubtless supersede it.\\nOne of the most remarkable of the enter-\\nprises which Csesar undertook during the\\nperiod of these campaigns was his excursion\\ninto Great Britain. The real motive of this\\nexpedition was probably a love of romantic ad-\\nventure, and a desire to secure for himself at\\nKome the glory of having penetrated into re-\\nmote regions which Eoman armies had never\\nreached before. The pretext, however, which\\nhe made to justify his invading the territories\\nof the Britons was, that the people of the\\nisland were accustomed to come across the\\nchannel and aid the Gauls in their wars.\\nIn forming his arrangements for going into\\nEngland, the first thing was to obtain all the\\ninformation which was accessible in Gaul in", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 77\\nrespect to the country. There were, in those\\ndays, great numbers of traveling merchants,\\nwho went from one nation to another to pur-\\nchase and sell, taking with them such goods\\nas were most easy of transportation. These\\nmerchants, of course, were generally possessed\\nof a great deal of information in respect to the\\ncountries which they had visited, and Caesar\\ncalled together as many of them as he could\\nfind, when he had reached the northern shores\\nof France, to inquire about the modes of cross-\\ning the channel, the harbors on the English\\nside, the geographical conformation of the\\ncountry, and the military resources of the\\npeople. He found, however, that the mer-\\nchants could give him very little information.\\nThey knew that Britain was an island, but\\nthey did not know its extent or its boundaries;\\nand they could tell him very little of the char-\\nacter or customs of the people. They said\\nthat they had only been accustomed to land\\nupon the southern shore, and to transact all\\ntheir business there, without penetrating at all\\ninto the interior of the country.\\nCaesar then, who, though undaunted and\\nbold in emergencies requiring prompt and de-\\ncisive action, was extremely cautious and wary\\nat all other times, fitted up a single ship, and,\\nputting one of his officers on board with a\\nproper crew, directed him to cross the channel\\nto the English coast, and then to cruise along", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "78 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nthe land for some miles in each direction, to\\nobserve where were the best harbors and places\\nfor landing, and to examine generally the ap-\\npearance of the shore. This vessel was a gal-\\nley, manned with numerous oarsmen, well\\nselected and strong, so that it could retreat\\nwith great speed from any sudden appearance\\nof danger. The name of the officer who had\\nthe command of it was Volusenus. Volusenus\\nset sail, the army watching his vessel with great\\ninterest as it moved slowly away from the\\nshore. He was gone five days, and then re-\\nturned, bringing Caesar an account of his dis-\\ncoveries.\\nIn the meantime, Caesar had collected a large\\nnumber of sailing vessels from the whole line\\nof the French shore, by means of which he\\nproposed to transport his army across the\\nchannel. He had two legions to take into\\nBritain, the remainder of his forces having\\nbeen stationed as garrisons in various parts of\\nGaul. It was necessary, too, to leave a con-\\nsiderable force at his post of debarkation, in\\norder to secure a safe retreat in case of any\\ndisaster on the British side. The number of\\ntransport ships provided for the foot soldiers\\nwhich were to be taken over was eighty.\\nThere were, besides these, eighteen more,\\nwhich were appointed to convey a squadron of\\nhorse. This cavalry force was to embark at a\\nseparate port, about eighty miles distant from\\nthe one from which the infantry were to sail.", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 79\\nAt length a suitable day for the embarka-\\ntion arrived the troops were put on board the\\nships, and orders were given to sail. The day\\ncould not be fixed beforehand, as the time for\\nattempting to make the passage must neces-\\nsarily depend upon the state of the wind and\\nweather. Accordingly, when the favorable\\nopportunity arrived, and the main body of the\\narmy began to embark, it took some time to\\nsend the orders to the port where the cavalry\\nhad rendezvoused; and there were, besides,\\nother causes of delay which occurred to detain\\nthis corps, so that it turned out, as we shall\\npresently see, that the foot soldiers had to act\\nalone in the first attempt at landing on the\\nBritish shore.\\nIt was 1 o clock in the morning when the\\nfleet set sail. The Britons had, in the mean-\\ntime, obtained intelligence of Caesar s threat-\\nened invasion, and they had assembled in great\\nforce, with troops, and horsemen, and car-\\nriages of war, and were all ready to guard the\\nshore. The coast, at the point where Caesar\\nwas approaching, consists of a line of chalky\\ncliffs, with valley-like openings here and there\\nbetween them, communicating with the shore,\\nand sometimes narrow beaches below. When\\nthe Eoman fleet approached the land, Caesar\\nfound the cliffs everywhere lined with troops\\nof Britons, and every accessible point below\\ncarefully guarded It was now about 10", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "80 JULIUS C^SAR.\\no clock in the morning, and Csesar, finding the\\nprospect so unfavorable in respect to the prac-\\nticability of effecting a landing here, brought\\nhis fleet to anch )r near the shore, but far\\nenough from it to be safe from the missiles of\\nthe enemy.\\nHere he remaind for several hours, to give\\ntime for all the vessels to join him. Some of\\nthem had been delayed in the embarkation, or\\nhad made slower progress than the rest in\\ncrossing the channel. He called a council,\\ntoo, of the superior officers of the army on\\nboard his own galley, and explained to them\\nthe plan which he now adopted for the land-\\ning. About 3 o clock in the afternoon he\\nsent these officers back to their respective ships,\\nand gave orders to make sail along the shore.\\nThe anchors were raised and the fleet moved\\non, borne by the united impulse of the wind\\nand the tide. The Britons, perceiving this\\nmovement, put themselves in motion on the\\nland, following the motions of the fleet so as\\nto be ready to meet their enemy wherever they\\nmight ultimately undertake to land. Their\\nhorsemen and carriages went on in advance, and\\nthe foot soldiers followed, all pressing eagerly\\nforward to keep up with the motion of the\\nfleet, and to prevent Csesar s army from having\\ntime to land before they should arrive at the\\nspot and be ready to oppose them\\nThe fleet moved on until, at length, after", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "JnliuH Caesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. 81\\nsailing about eight miles, they came to a part\\nof the coast where there was a tract of com-\\nparatively level ground, which seemed to be\\neasily accessible from the shore. Here Caesar\\ndetermined to attempt to land and drawing up\\nhis vessel, accordingly, as near as possible to\\nthe beach, he ordered the men to leap ovee\\ninto the water, with their weapons in their\\nhands. The Britons were all here to oppose\\nthem, and a dreadful struggle ensued, the com-\\nbatants dying the waters with their blood as\\nthey fought, half-submerged in the surf which\\nrolled in upon the sand. Some galleys rowed\\nup at the same time near to the shore, and the,\\nmen on board of them attacked the Britons\\nfrom the decks by the darts and arrows which\\nthey shot to the land. Caesar at last prevailed;\\nthe Britons were driven away, and the Boman\\narmy established themselves in quiet posses-\\nsion of the shore.\\nCaesar had afterward a great variety of ad-\\nventures, and many narrow escapes from im-\\nminent dangers in Britain, and, though he\\ngained considerable glory by thus penetrating\\ninto such remote and unknown regions, there\\nwas very little else to be acquired. The glory,\\nhowever, was itself of great value to Caesar,\\nDuring the whole period of his campaigns in\\nGaul, Borne, and all Italy in fact, had been\\nfilled with the fame of his exploits, and the\\nexpedition into Britain added not a little to", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nhis renown. The populace of the city were\\ngreatly gratified to hear of the continued suc-\\ncess of their former favorite. They decreed\\nto him triumph after triumph, and were pre-\\npared to welcome him, whenever he should re-\\nturn, with greater honors and more extended\\nand higher powers than he had ever enjoyed\\nbefore.\\nCaesar s exploits in these campaigns were, in-\\nfact, in a military point of view, of the most\\nmagnificent character. Plutarch, in summing\\nup the results of them, says that he took eight\\nhundred cities, conquered three hundred\\nnations, fought pitched battles at separate\\ntimes with three millions of men, took one\\nmillion of prisoners, and killed another mil-\\nlion on the field. What a vast work of de-\\nstruction w r as this for a man to spend eight\\nyears of his life in performing upon his fellow-\\ncreatures, merely to gratify his insane love of\\ndominion.\\nBritish War Chariot.", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE V.\\nK)MPEY,\\nWhile Csesar had thus been rising to so\\nhigh an elevation, there was another Roman\\ngeneral who had been, for nearly the same\\nperiod, engaged, in various other quarters of\\nthe world, in acquiring, by very similar means,\\nan almost equal renown. This general was\\nPompey. He became, in the end, Caesar s great\\nand formidable rival. In order that the\\nreader may understand clearly the nature of\\nthe great contest which sprung up at last be-\\ntween these heroes, we must now go back and\\nrelate some of the particulars of Pompey s in-\\ndividual history down to the time of th9 com-\\npletion of Caesar s conquests in Gaul.\\nPompey was a few years older than Csesar,\\nhaving been born in 106 B.C. His father\\nwas a Eoman general, and the young Pompey\\nwas brought up in camp. He was a young\\nman of very handsome figure and countenance,\\nand of very agreeable manners. His hair\\ncurled slightly over his forehead, and he had a\\ndark and intelligent eye, full of vivacity and\\nmeaning. There was, besides, in the expres-\\n83", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "84 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nsion of his face, and in his air and address, a\\ncertain indescribable charm, which prepos-\\nsessed every one strongly in his favor, and\\ngave him, from his earliest years, a great per-\\nsonal ascendency over all who knew him.\\nNotwithstanding this popularity, however,\\nPompey did not escape, even in very early life,\\nincurring his share of the dangers which\\nseemed to environ the path of every public\\nman in those distracted times. It will be recol-\\nlected that, in the contests between Marius and\\nSylla, Caesar had joined the Marian faction.\\nPompey s father, on the other hand, had con-\\nnected himself with that of Sylla. At one\\ntime, in the midst of these wars, when Pompey\\nwas very young, a conspiracy was formed to\\nassassinate his father by burning him in his\\ntent, and Pompey s comrade, named Teren-\\ntius, who slept in the same tent with him, had\\nbeen bribed to kill Pompey himself at the\\nsame time, by stabbing him in his bed. Pom-\\npey contrived to discover this plan, but instead\\nof being at all discomposed by it, he made\\narrangements for a guard about his father s\\ntent, and then went to supper as usual with\\nTerentius, conversing with him all the time in\\neven a more free and friendly manner than\\nusual. That night he arranged his bed so as\\nto make it appear as if he was in it, and then\\nstole away. When the appointed hour arrived\\nTerentius came into the tent, and, approaching", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 85\\nthe couch where he supposed Pompey was lying\\nasleep, stabbed it again and again, piercing\\nthe coverlets in many places, but doing no\\nharm, of course, to his intended victim.\\nIn the course of the wars between Marius\\nand Sylla, Pompey passed through a great\\nvariety of scenes, and met with many extraor-\\ndinary adventures and narrow escapes, which,\\nhowever, cannot be here particularly detailed.\\nHis father, who was as much hated by his sol-\\ndiers as the son was beloved, was at last, one\\nday, struck by lightning in his tent. The\\nsoldiers were inspired with such a hatred for\\nhis memory, in consequence, probably, of the\\ncruelties and oppressions which they had\\nsuffered from him, that they would not allow\\nhis body to be honored with the ordinary\\nfuneral obsequies. They pulled it off from the\\nbier on which it was to have been borne to the\\nfuneral pile, and dragged it ignominiously\\naway. Pompey s father was accused, too,\\nafter his death, of having converted some\\npublic moneys which had been committed to\\nhis charge to his own use, and Pompey ap-\\npeared in the Roman Forum as an advocate to\\ndefend him from the charge and to vindicate\\nhis memory. He was very successful in this\\ndefense. All who heard it were, in the first\\ninstance, very deeply interested in favor of the\\nspeaker, on account of his extreme youth and\\nhis personal beauty and as he proceeded with", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "86 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nhis plea he argued with so much eloquence\\nand power as to win universal applause. One\\nof the chief officers of the government in the\\ncity was so much pleased with his appearance,\\nand with the promise of future greatness which\\nthe circumstances indicated that he offered\\nhim his daughter in marriage. Pompey ac-\\ncepted the offer and married the lady. Her\\nname w r as Antistia.\\nPompey rose rapidly to higher and higher\\ndegrees of distinction, until he obtained the\\ncommand of an army, which he had, in fact,\\nin a great measure raised and organized him-\\nself, and he fought at the head of it with great\\nenergy and succeess against the enemies of\\nSylla. At length he was hemmed in on the\\neastern coast of Italy by three separate armies,\\nwhich were gradually advancing against him\\nwith a certainty, as they thought, of effecting\\nhis destruction. Sylla, hearing of Pompey s\\ndanger, made great efforts to march to his\\nrescue. Before he reached the place, however,\\nPompey had met and defeated one after another\\nof the armies of his enemies, so that, when\\nSylla approached, Pompey marched out to\\nmeet him with his army drawn up in magnifi-\\ncent array, trumpets sounding and banners fly-\\ning, and with large bodies of disarmed troops,\\nthe prisoners that he had taken, in the rear.\\nSylla was struck with surprise and admiration;\\nand when Pompey saluted him with the title", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 87\\nof Imperator, which was the highest title known\\nto the Roman constitution, and the one which\\nSylla s lofty rank and unbounded power might\\nproperly claim, Sylla returned the compliment\\nby conferring this great mark of distinction on\\nhim.\\nPompey proceeded to Eome, and the fame\\nof his exploits, the singular fascination of his\\nperson and manners, and the great favor with\\nSylla that he enjoyed, raised him to a high\\ndegree of distinction. He was not, however,\\nelated with the pride and vanity which so\\nyoung a man would be naturally expected to\\nexhibit under such circumstances. He was,\\non the contrary, modest and unassuming and he\\nacted in all respects in such a manner as to\\ngain the approbation and the kind regard of\\nall who knew him, as well as to excite their\\napplause. There was an old general at this\\ntime in Gaul for all these events took place\\nlong before the time of Caesar s campaigns in\\nthat country, and, in fact, before the com-\\nmencement of his successful career in Eome\\nwhose name was Metellus, and who, either on\\naccount of his advancing age, or for some other\\nreason, was very inefficient and unsuccessful in\\nhis government. Sylla proposed to supersede\\nhim by sending Pompey to take his place.\\nPompey replied that it was not right to take\\nthe command from a man who was so much his\\nsuperior in age and character, but that, if Me-", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "88 JULIUS C.ESAR.\\ntellus wished for his assistance in the manage-\\nment of his command, he would proceed to\\nGaul and render him every service in his\\npower. When this answer was reported to\\nMetellus, he wrote to Pompey to come. Pom-\\npe} r accordingly went to Gaul, where he ob-\\ntained new victories, and gained new and\\nhigher honors than before.\\nThese, and various anecdotes which the\\nancient historians relate, would lead us to\\nform very favorable ideas of Pompey s char-\\nacter. Some other circumstances, however,\\nwhich occurred seem to furnish different in-\\ndications. For example, on his return to Eome,\\nsome time after the events above related, Sylla,\\nwhose estimation of Pompey s character and of\\nthe importance of his services, seemed con-\\ntinually to increase, wished to connect him\\nwith his own family by marriage. He accord-\\ningly proposed that Pompey should divorce\\nhis wife Antistia, and marry iEmilia, the\\ndaughter-in-law of Sylla. iEmiliawas already\\nthe wife of another man, from whom she would\\nhave to be taken away to make her the wife of\\nPompey. This, however, does not seem to have\\nbeen thought a very serious difficulty in the\\nway of the arrangement. Pompey s wife was\\nput away, and the wife of another man taken\\nin her place. Such a deed was a gross viola-\\ntion not merely of revealed and written law,\\nbut of those universal instincts of right and", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "POxMPEY. 89\\nwrcmg which are implanted indelibly in all\\nhuman hearts. It ended, as might have been\\nexpected, most disastrously. Antistia was\\nplunged, of course, into the deepest distress.\\nHer father had recently lost his life on account\\nof his supposed attachment to Pompey. Her\\nmother killed herself in the anguish and de-\\nspair produced by the misfortunes of her\\nfamily; and iEmilia, the new wife, died sud-\\ndenly, on the occasion of the birth of a child,\\na very short time after her marriage with Pom-\\npey\\nThese domestic troubles did not, however,\\ninterpose any serious obstacle to Pompey s\\nprogress in his career of greatness and glory.\\nSylla sent him on one great enterprise after\\nanother, in all of which Pompey acquitted\\nhimself in an admirable manner. Among his\\nother campaigns, he served for some time in\\nAfrica with great success. He returned in due\\ntime from this expedition, loaded with mili-\\ntary honors. His soldiers had become so\\nmuch attached to him that there w r as almost a\\nmutiny in the army when he was ordered\\nhome. They were determined to submit to no\\nauthority but that of Pompey. Pompey at\\nlength succeeded, by great efforts, in subduing\\nthis spirit, and bringing back the army to\\ntheir duty. A false account of the affair,\\nhowever, went to Eome. It was reported to\\nSylla that there was a revolt in the army of", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "90 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nAfrica, headed by Pompey himself, who was\\ndetermined not to resign his command. Sylla\\nwas at first very indignant that his authority\\nshould be despised and his power braved, as\\nhe expressed it, by such a boy; for Pom-\\npey was still, at this time, very young. When,\\nhowever, he learned the truth, he conceived a\\nhigher admiration for the young general than\\never. He went out to meet him as he ap-\\nproached the city, and, in accosting him he\\ncalled him Pompey the Great. Pompey has\\ncontinued to bear the title thus given him to\\nthe present day. Pompey began, it seems,\\nnow to experience, in some degree, the usual\\neffects produced upon the human heart by celeb-\\nrity and praise. He demanded a triumph.\\nA triumph was a great and splendid ceremony,\\nby which victorious generals, who were of ad-\\nvanced age and high civil or military rank,\\nwere received into the city when returning from\\nany specially glorious campaign. There was\\na grand procession formed on these occasions,\\nin which various emblems and insignia, and\\ntrophies of victory, and captives taken by the\\nconqueror, were displayed. This great proces-\\nsion entered the city with bands of music ac-\\ncompanying it, and flags and banners flying,\\npassing under triumphal arches erected along\\nthe way. Triumphs were usually decreed by\\na vote of the senate, in cases where they were\\ndeserved; but, in this case, Sylla s power as", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 91\\ndictator was supreme, and Pompey s demand\\nfor a triumph seems to have been addressed\\naccordingly to him.\\nSylla refused it. Pompey s performances\\nin the African campaign had been, he admitted,\\nvery creditable to him, but he had neither the\\nage nor the rank to justify the granting him a\\ntriumph. To bestow such an honor upon one\\nso young and in such a station would only\\nbring the honor itself, he said, into disrepute,\\nand degrade, also, his dictatorship for suffer-\\ning it.\\nTo this Pompey replied, speaking, however,\\nin an undertone to those around him in the as-\\nsembly, that Sylla need not fear that the\\ntriumph would be unpopular, for people were\\nmuch more disposed to worship a rising than\\na setting sun, Sylla did not hear this remark,\\nbut, perceiving by the countenances of the by-\\nstanders that Pompey had said something\\nw 7 hich seemed to please them, he asked what\\nit was. When the remark w r as repeated to\\nhim, he seemed pleased himself with its just-\\nness or with its wit, and said, Let him have\\nhis triumph.\\nThe arrangements were accordingly made,\\nPompey ordering everything necessary to be\\nprepared for a most magnificent procession.\\nHe learned that some persons in the city, en-\\nvious at his early renown, were displeased with\\nhis triumph this only awakened in him a de-", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "92 JULIUS C^SAR.\\ntermination to make it still more splendid and\\nimposing. He had brought some elephants\\nwith him from Africa, and he formed a plan\\nfor having the car in which he was to ride in\\nthe procession drawn by four of these huge\\nbeasts as it entered the city bat, on measur-\\ning the gate, it was found not wide enough to\\nadmit such a team, and the plan was accord-\\ningly abandoned. The conqueror s car was\\ndrawn by horses in the usual manner, and the\\nelephants followed singly, with the other tro-\\nphies, to grace the train.\\nPompey remained some time after this in\\nHome, sustaining from time to time various\\noffices of dignity and honor. His services\\nwere often called for to plead causes in the\\nForum, and he performed this duty, whenever\\nhe undertook it, with great success. He, how-\\never, seemed generally inclined to retire some-\\nwhat from intimate intercourse with the mass\\nof the community, knowing very well that if he\\nwas engaged often in the discussion of com-\\nmon questions with ordinary men, he should\\nsoon descend in public estimation from the\\nhigh position to which his military renown\\nhad raised him. He accordingly accustomed\\nhimself to appear but little in public, and,\\nwhen he did so appear, he was generally ac-\\ncompanied by a large retinue of armed attend-\\nants, at the head of which he moved about the\\ncity in great state, more like a victorious gen-", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 93\\neral in a conquered province than like a peace-\\nful citizen exercising ordinary official func-\\ntions in a community governed by law. This\\nwas a very sagacious course, so far as con-\\ncerned the attainment of the great objects of\\nfuture ambition. Pompey knew very well that\\noccasions would probably arise in which he\\ncould act far more effectually for the promo-\\ntion of his own greatness and fame than by\\nmingling in the ordinary municipal contests of\\nthe city.\\nAt length, in fact, an occasion came. In the\\nyear B. C. 67, which was about the time that\\nCaesar commenced his successful career in ris-\\ning to public office in Eome, as is described in\\nthe third chapter of this volume, the Cilician\\npirates, of whose desperate character and bold\\nexploits something has already been said, had\\nbecome so powerful, and were increasing so\\nrapidly in the extent of their depredations, that\\nthe Koman people felt compelled to adopt some\\nvery vigorous measures for suppressing them.\\nThe pirates had increased in numbers during\\nthe wars between Marius and Sylla in a very\\nalarming degree. They had built, equipped,\\nand organized whole fleets. They had various\\nfortresses, arsenals, ports, and watch-towers\\nall along the coasts of the Mediterranean.\\nThey had also extensive warehouses, built in\\nsecure and secluded places, where they stored\\ntheir plunder. Their fleets were well manned,", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "94 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nand provided with skillful pilots, and with\\nample supplies of every kind and they were\\nso well constructed, both for speed and safety,\\nthat no other ships could be made to surpass\\nthem. Many of them, too, were adorned and\\ndecorated in the most sumptuous manner, with\\ngilded sterns, purple awnings, and silver-\\nmounted oars. The number of their galleys\\nwas said to be a thousand. With this force\\nthey made themselves almost complete masters\\nof the sea. They attacked not only separate\\nships, but whole fleets of merchantmen sailing\\nunder convoy and they increased the diffi-\\nculty and expense of bringing grain to Rome\\nso much, by intercepting the supplies, as very\\nmaterially to enhance the price and to threaten\\na scarcity. They made themselves masters of\\nmany islands and of various maritime towns\\nalong the coast, until they had four hundred\\nports and cities in their possession. In fact,\\nthey had gone so far toward forming them-\\nselves into a regular maritime power, under a\\nsystematic and legitimate government, that\\nvefy respectable young men from other coun-\\ntries began to enter their service, as one open-\\ning honorable avenues to wealth and fame.\\nUnder these circumstances, it was obvious\\nthat something decisive must be done. A\\nfriend of Pompey s brought forward a plan for\\ncommissioning some one, he did not say\\nwhom, but every one understood that Pompey", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "POMPEY, 95\\nwas intended, to be sent forth against the\\npirates, with extraordinary powers, such as\\nshould be amply sufficient to enable him to\\nbring their dominion to an end. He was to\\nhave supreme command upon the sea, and also\\nupon the land for fifty miles from the shore.\\nHe was, moreover, to be empowered to raise\\nas large a force, both of ships and men, as he\\nshould think required, and to draw from the\\ntreasury whatever funds were necessary to de-\\nfray the enormous expenses which so vast an\\nundertaking would involve. If the law should\\npass creating this office, and a person be de-\\nignated to fill it, it is plain that such a com-\\nmander would be clothed with enormous\\npowers but then he would incur, on the other\\nhand, a vast and commensurate responsibility,\\nas the Eoman poeple would hold him rigidly\\naccountable for the full and perfect accomplish-\\nment of the work he undertook, after they had\\nthus surrendered every possible power neces-\\nsary to accomplish it so unconditionally into\\nhis hands.\\nThere was a great deal of maneuvering, man-\\nagement, and debate on the one hand to effect\\nthe passage of this law, and, on the other, to\\ndefeat it. Caesar, who, though not so promi-\\nnent yet as Pompey, was now rising rapidly to\\ninfluence and power, was in favor of the meas-\\nure, because, as is said, he perceived that the\\npeople were pleased with it. It was at length\\no\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Caesar", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "9f) JULIUS CAESAR.\\nadopted. Pompey was then designated to fill\\nthe office which the law created. He accepted\\nthe trust, and began to prepare for the vast\\nundertaking. The price of grain fell imme-\\ndiately in Eome, as soon as the appointment\\nof Pompey was made known, as the merchants,\\nwho had large supplies in the granaries there,\\nwere now eager to sell, even at a reduction,\\nfeeling confident that Pompey s measures would\\nresult in bringing in abundant supplies. The\\npeople, surprised at this sudden relaxation of\\nthe pressure of their burdens, said that the\\nvery name of Pompey had put an end to the\\nwar.\\nThey were not mistaken in their anticipa-\\ntions of Pompey s success. He freed the\\nMediterranean from pirates in three months,\\nby one systematic and simple operation, which\\naffords one of the most striking examples of the\\npower of united and organized effort, planned\\nand conducted by one single master mind,\\nwhich the history of ancient or modern times\\nhas recorded. The manner in which this\\nwork was effected was this\\nPompey raised and equipped a vast number\\nof galleys, and divided them into separate\\nfleets, putting each one under the command of\\na lieutenant. He then divided the Mediterran-\\nean Sea into thirteen districts, and appointed\\na lieutenant and his fleet for each one of them\\nas a guard. After sending these detachments", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 97\\nforth to their respective stations, he set out\\nfrom the city himself to take charge of the\\noperations which he was to conduct in person.\\nThe people followed him, as he went to the\\nplace where he was to embark, in great crowds,\\nand with long and loud acclamations.\\nBeginning at the Straits of Gibraltar, Pom-\\npey cruised with a powerful fleet toward the\\neast, driving the pirates before him, the lieu-\\ntenants, who were stationed along the coast,\\nbeing on the alert to prevent them from finding\\nany places of retreat or refuge. Some of the\\npirates ships were surrounded and taken.\\nOthers fled, and were followed by Pompey s\\nships until they had passed beyond the coasts\\nof Sicily, and the seas between the Italian and\\nAfrican shores. The communication was now\\nopen again to the grain-growing countries\\nsouth of Eome, and large supplies of food\\nwere immediately poured into the city. The\\nwhole population was, of course, filled with\\nexultation and joy at receiving such welcome\\nproofs that Pompey was successfully accom-\\nplishing the work they had assigned him.\\nThe Italian peninsula and the island of\\nSicily, which are, in fact, a projection from\\nthe northern shores of the Mediterranean, with\\na salient angle of the coast nearly opposite to\\nthem on the African side, form a sort of strait\\nwhich divides this great sea into two separate\\nbodies of water, and the pirates were now driven", "height": "3819", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "98 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nentirely out of the western division. Pompey\\nsent his principal fleet after them, with orders\\nto pass around the island of Sicily and the\\nsouthern part of Italy to Brundusium, which\\nwas the great port on the western side of Italy.\\nHe himself was to cross the peninsula by land,\\ntaking Kome in his way, and afterward to join\\nthe fleet at Brundusium. The pirates, in the\\nmeantime, so far as they had escaped Pom-\\npey s cruisers, had retreated to the seas in the\\nneighborhood of Cilicia, and were concentrat-\\ning their forces there in preparation for the\\nfinal struggle.\\nPompey was received at Kome with the ut-\\nmost enthusiasm. The people came out in\\nthrongs to meet him as he approached the city,\\nand welcomed him with loud acclamations.\\nHe did not, however, remain in the city to en-\\njoy these honors. He procured, as soon as\\npossible, what was necessary for the further\\nprosecution of his work, and went on. He\\nfound his fleet at Brundusium, and, imme-\\ndiately embarking, he put to sea.\\nPompey went on to the -completion of his\\nwork with the same vigor and decision which\\nhe had displayed in the commencement of it.\\nSome of the pirates, finding themselves hemmed\\nin within narrower and narrower limits, gave\\nup the contest, and came and surrendered.\\nPompey, instead of punishing them severely\\nfor their crimes, treated them, and their wives", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 99\\nand children, who fell likewise into his power,\\nwith great humanity. This induced many\\nothers to follow their example, so that the\\nnumber that remained resisting to the end was\\ngreatly reduced. There were, however, after\\nall these submissions, a body of stern and in-\\ndomitable desperadoes left, who were incapable\\nof yielding. These retreated, with all the\\nforces which they could retain, to their strong-\\nholds on the Silician shores, sending their\\nwives and children back to still securer retreats\\namong the fastnesses of the mountains.\\nPompey followed them, hemming them in\\nwith the squadrons of armed galleys which he\\nbrought up around them, thus cutting off from\\nthem all possibility of escape. Here, at\\nlength, a great final battle was fought, and the\\ndominion of the pirates was ended forever.\\nPompey destroyed their ships, dismantled\\ntheir fortifications, restored the harbors and\\ntowns which they had seized to their rightful\\nowners, and sent the pirates themselves, with\\ntheir wives and children, far into the interior\\nof the country, and established them as agri-\\nculturists and herdsmen there, in a territory\\nwhich he set apart for the purpose, where they\\nmight live in peace on the fruits of their own\\nindustry without the possibility of again dis-\\nturbing the commerce of the seas.\\nInstead of returning to Rome after these ex-\\nploits, Pompey obtained new powers from the\\nL\u00c2\u00abfC", "height": "3819", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "100 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ngovernment of the city, and pushed his way\\ninto Asia Minor, where he remained several\\nyears, pursuing a similar career of conquest to\\nthat of Caesar in Gaul. At length he returned\\nto Eome, his entrance into the city being sig-\\nnalized by a most magnificent triumph. The\\nprocession for displaying the trophies, the\\ncaptives, and the other emblems of victory, and\\nfor conveying the vast accumulation of treas-\\nures and spoils, was two days in passing into\\nthe city and enough was left after all for\\nanother triumph. Pompey was, in a word, on\\nthe very summit of human grandeur and re-\\nnown.\\nHe found, however, an old enemy and rival\\nat Eome. This was Crassus, who had been\\nPompey s opponent in earlier times, and who\\nnow renewed his hostility. In the contest that\\nensued, Pompey relied on his renown, Crassus\\non his wealth. Pompey attempted to please\\nthe people by combats of lions and of elephants\\nwhich he had brought home from his foreign\\ncampaigns; Crassus courted their favor by\\ndistributing corn among them, and inviting\\nthem to public feasts on great occasions. He\\nspread for them, at one time, it was said, ten\\nthousand tables. All Eome was filled with the\\nfeuds of these great political foes. It was at\\nthis time that Caesar returned from Spain, and\\nhad the adroitness, as has already been ex-\\nplained, to extinguish these feuds, and recon-", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Julius Caesar, face p. 100\\nEntrance of Pompey into Koine.", "height": "3819", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "POMPEY. 101\\ncile these apparently implacable foes. He\\nunited them together, and joined them with\\nhimself iu a triple league, which is celebrated\\nin Eoman history as the first triumvirate.\\nThe rivalry, however, of these great aspirants\\nfor power was only suppressed and concealed,\\nwithout being at all weakened or changed.\\nThe death of Crassus soon removed him from\\nthe stage. Caesar and Pompey continued after-\\nward, for some time, an ostensible alliance.\\nCaesar attempted to strengthen this bond by\\ngiving Pompey his daughter Julia for his wife.\\nJulia, though so young even her father was\\nsix years younger than Pompey was devotedly\\nattached to her husband, and he was equally\\nfond of her. She formed, in fact, a strong\\nbond of union between the two great conquer-\\nors as long as she lived. One day, however,\\nthere was a riot at an election, and men were\\nkilled so near to Pompey that his robe wa3\\ncovered with blood. He changed it; the serv-\\nants carried home the bloody garment which\\nhe had taken off, and Julia was go terrified at\\nthe sight, thinking that her husband had been\\nkilled, that she fainted, and her constitution\\nsuffered very severely by the shock. She\\nlived some time afterward, but finally died\\nunder circumstances which indicate that this\\noccurrence was the cause. Pompey and Caesar\\nnow soon became open enemies. The ambi-\\ntious aspirations which each of them cherished", "height": "3819", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "102\\nJULIUS C^SAR.\\nwere so vast that the world was not wide\\nenough for them both to be satisfied. They\\nhad assisted each other up the ascent which\\nPompey the Great.\\nthey had been so many years in climbing, but\\nnow they had reached very near to the summit,\\nand the question was to be decided which of\\nthe two should have his station there.", "height": "3848", "width": "2515", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE VI.\\nCROSSING THE RUBICON.\\nThere was a little stream in ancient times,\\nin the north of Italy, which flowed westward\\ninto the Adriatic Sea, called the Eubicon.\\nThis stream has been immortalized by the\\ntransactions which we are now about to de-\\nscribe.\\nThe Kubicon was a very important bound-\\nary, and yet it was in itself so small and in-\\nsignificant that it is now impossible to deter-\\nmine which of two or three little brooks here\\nrunning into the sea is entitled to its name and\\nrenown. In history the Eubicon is a grand,\\npermanent, and conspicuous stream, gazed\\nupon with continued interest by all mankind\\nfor nearly twenty centuries in nature it is an\\nuncertain rivulet, for a long time doubtful and\\nundetermined, and finally lost.\\nThe Eubicon originally derived its import-\\nance from the fact that it was the boundary\\nbetween all that part of the north of Italy\\nwhich is formed by the valley of the Po, one\\nof the richest and most magnificent countries\\n103", "height": "3819", "width": "2603", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "104 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nof the world, and the more southern Roman\\nterritories. This country of the Po con-\\nstituted what was in those days called the\\nhither Gaul, and was a Roman province. It\\nbelonged now to Caesar s jurisdiction, as the\\ncommander in Gaul. All south of the Rubicon\\nwas territory reserved for the immediate juris-\\ndiction of the city. The Romans, in order to\\nprotect themselves from any danger which\\nmight threaten their own liberties from the\\nimmense armies which they raised for the con-\\nquest of foreign nations, had imposed on every\\nside very strict limitations and restrictions in\\nrespect to the approach of these armies to the\\ncapital. The Rubicon was the limit on this\\nnorthern side. Generals commanding in Gaul\\nwere never to pass it. To cross the Rubicon\\nwith an army on the way to Rome was rebel-\\nlion and treason. Hence the Rubicon became,\\nas it were, the visible sign and symbol of civil\\nrestriction to military power.\\nAs Caesar found the time of his service in\\nGaul drawing tow r ard a conclusion, he turned\\nhis thoughts more and more toward Rome, en-\\ndeavoring to strengthen his interest there by\\nevery means in his power, and to circumvent\\nand thwart the designs of Pompey. He had\\nagents and partisans in Rome who acted for\\nhim and in his name. He sent immense sums\\nof money to these men, to be employed in such\\nways as would most tend to secure the favor of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 105\\nthe people. He ordered the Forum to be re-\\nbuilt with great magnificence. He arranged\\ngreat celebrations, in which the people were\\nentertained with an endless succession of\\ngames, spectacles, and public feasts. When\\nhis daughter Julia, Pompey s wife, died, he\\ncelebrated her funeral with indescribable\\nsplendor. He distributed corn in immense\\nquantities among the people, and he sent a\\ngreat many captives home, to be trained as\\ngladiators, to fight in the theaters for their\\namusement. In many cases, too, where he\\nfound men of talents and influence among the\\npopulace, who had become involved in debt by\\ntheir dissipations and extravagance, he paid\\ntheir debts, and thus secured their influence on\\nhis side. Men were astounded at the magni-\\ntude of these expenditures, and, while the\\nmultitude rejoiced thoughtlessly in the pleas-\\nures thus provided for them, the more reflect-\\ning and considerate trembled at the greatness\\nof the power which was so rapidly rising to\\novershadow the land.\\nIt increased their anxiety to observe that\\nPompey was gaining the same kind of influ-\\nence and ascendency too. He had not the ad-\\nvantage which Caesar enjoyed in the prodigious\\nwealth obtained from the rich countries over\\nwhich Csesar ruled, but he possessed, instead\\nof it, the advantage of being all the time at\\nEome, and of securing, by his character and", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "106 JULIUS C^SAR.\\naction there, a very wide personal popularity\\nand influence. Poropey was, in fact, the idol\\nof the people. At one time, when he was ab-\\nsent from Borne, at Naples, he was taken sick.\\nAfter being for some days in considerable\\ndanger, the crisis passed favorably, and he\\nrecovered. Some of the people of Naples pro-\\nposed a public thanksgiving to the gods, to\\ncelebrate his restoration to health. The plan\\nwas adopted by acclamation, and the example,\\nthus set, extended from city to city, until it\\nhad spread throughout Italy, and the whole\\ncountry was filled with the processions, games,\\nshows, and celebrations, which were instituted\\neverywhere in honor of the event. And when\\nPompey returned from Naples to Some, the\\ntowns on the way could not afford room for the\\ncrowds that came forth to meet him. The high\\nroads, the villages, the ports, says Plutarch,\\nwere filled with sacrifices and entertainments.\\nMany received him with garlands on their\\nheads and torches in their hands, and, as they\\nconducted him along, strewed the way with\\nflowers.\\nIn fact, Pompey considered himself as stand-\\ning far above Caesar in fame and power, and\\nthis general burst of enthusiasm and applause,\\neduced by his recovery from sickness, con-\\nfirmed him in this idea. He felt no solici-\\ntude, he said, in respect to Caesar. He should\\ntake no special precautions against any hostile", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 107\\ndesigns which he might entertain on his return\\nfrom Gaul. It was he himself, he said, that\\nhad raised Caesar up to whatever of elevation\\nle had attained, and he could put him down\\neven more easily than he had exalted him.\\nIn the meantime, the period was drawing\\nnear in which Caesar s command in the prov-\\ninces was to expire; and, anticipating the\\nstruggle with Pompey which was about to en-\\nsue, he conducted several of his legions\\nthrough the passes of the Alps, and advanced\\ngradually, as he had a right to do across the\\ncountry of the Po toward the Rubicon, revolv-\\ning in his capacious mind, as he came, the\\nvarious plans by which he might hope to gain\\nthe ascendency over the power of his mighty\\nrival, and make himself supreme.\\nHe concluded that it would be his wisest\\npolicy not to attempt to intimidate Pompey by\\ngreat and open preparations for war, which\\nmight tend to arouse him to igorous measures\\nof resistance, but rather to cover and conceal\\nhis designs, and thus throw his enemy off his\\nguard. He advanced, therefore, toward the\\nEubicon with a small force. He established\\nhis headquarters at Ravenna, a city not far\\nfrom the river, and employed himself in ob-\\njects of local interest there, in order to avert as\\nmuch as possible the minds of the people from\\nimagining that he was contemplating any great\\ndesign. Pompey sent to him to demand the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "108 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nreturn of a certain legion which he had lent\\nhim from his own army at a time when they\\nwere friends. Caesar complied with this de-\\nmand without any hesitation, and sent the\\nlegion home. He sentrwith this legion, also,\\nsome other troops which were properly his\\nown, thus evincing a degree of indifference in\\nrespect to the amount of the force retained\\nunder his command which seemed wholly in-\\nconsistent with the idea that he contemplated\\nany resistance to the authority of the govern-\\nment at Rome.\\nIn the meantime, the struggle at Rome be-\\ntween the partisans of Caesar and Pompey grew\\nmore and more violent and alarming. Caesar,\\nthrough his friends in the city, demanded to\\nbe elected consul. The other side insisted that\\nhe must first, if that was his wish, resign the\\ncommand of his array, come to Rome, and\\npresent himself as a candidate in the character\\nof a private citizen. This the constitution of\\nthe state very properly required. In answer\\nto this requisition, Caesar rejoined that, if\\nPompey would lay down his military com-\\nmands, he would do so too if not, it was un-\\njust to require it of him. The services, he\\nadded, which he had performed for his coun-\\ntry, demanded some recompense, which,\\nmoreover, they ought to be willing to award\\neven if in order to do it it were necessary to\\nrelax somewhat in his favor the strictness of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 109\\nordinary rules. To a large part of the people\\nof the city these demands of Caesar appeared\\nreasonable. They were clamorous to have\\nthem allowed. The partisans of Pompey, with\\nthe stern and inflexible Cato at their head,\\ndeemed them wholly inadmissible and con-\\ntended with the most determined violence\\nagainst them. The whole city was filled with\\nthe excitement of this struggle, into which all\\nthe active and turbulent spirits of the capital\\nplunged with the most furious zeal, while the\\nmore considerate and thoughtful of the popula-\\ntion, remembering the days of Marius and\\nSylla, trembled at the impending danger.\\nPompey himself had no fear. He urged the\\nSenate to resist to the utmost all of Caesar s\\nclaims, saying, if Caesar should be so presump-\\ntuous as to attempt to march to Rome, he could\\nraise troops enough by stamping with his foot\\nto put him down.\\nIt would require a volume to contain a full\\naccount of the disputes and tumults the maneu-\\nvers and debates, the votes and decrees, which\\nmarked the successive stages of this quarrel.\\nPompey himself was all the time without the\\ncity. He was in command of an army there,\\nand no general, while in command, was allowed\\nto come within the gates. At last an exciting\\ndebate was broken up in the Senate by one of\\nthe consuls rising to depart, saying that he\\nwould hear the subject discussed no longer.\\n9 JuliuB Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "110 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nThe time had arrived for action, and he should\\nsend a commander, with an armed force, to de-\\nfend the country from Caesar s threatened in-\\nvasion. Caesar s leading friends, two tribunes\\nof the people, disguised themselves as slaves,\\nand fled to the north to join their master.\\nThe country was filled with commotion and\\npanic. The Commonwealth had obviously\\nmore fear of Caesar than confidence in Pompey.\\nThe country was full of rumors in respect to\\nCaesar s power, and the threatening attitude\\nwhich he was assuming, while they who had\\ninsisted on resistance seemed, after all, to have\\nprovided very inadequate means with which to\\nresist. A thousand plans were formed, and\\nclamorously insisted upon by their respective\\nadvocates, for averting the danger. This only\\nadded to the confusion, and the city became at\\nlength pervaded with a universal terror.\\nWhile this was the state of things at Eome,\\nCaesar was quietly established at Eavenna,\\nthirty or forty miles from the frontier. H 5\\nwas erecting a building for a fencing school\\nthere, and his mind seemed to be occupied very\\nbusily with the plans and models of the edifice\\nwhich the architects had formed. Of course,\\nin his intended march to Eome, his reliance\\nwas not to be so much on the force which he\\nshould take with him, as on the co-operation\\nand support which he expected to find there.\\nIt was his policy, therefore, to move as quietly", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. Ill\\nand privately as possible, and with as little\\ndisplay of violence, and to avoid everything\\nwhich might indicate his intended march to\\nany spies which might be around him, or to\\nany other persons who might be disposed to\\nreport what they observed at Eome. Accord-\\ningly, on the very eve of his departure, he\\nbusied himself with his fencing school, and as-\\nsumed with his officers and soldiers a careless\\nand unconcerned air, which prevented any one\\nfrom suspecting his design.\\nIn the course of the day he privately sent\\nforward some cohorts to the southward, with\\norders for them to encamp on the banks of the\\nRubicon. When night came he sat down to\\nsupper as usual, and conversed with his friends\\nin his ordinary manner, and went with them\\nafterward to a public entertainment. As soon\\nas it was dark and the streets were still, he set\\noff secretly from the city, accompanied by a\\nvery few attendants. Instead of making use\\nof his ordinary equipage, the parading of\\nwhich would have attracted attention to his\\nmovements, he had some mules taken from a\\nneighboring bakehouse, and harnessed into his\\nchaise. There were torchbearers provided to\\nlight the way. The cavalcade drove on during\\nthe night, finding, however, the hasty prepara-\\ntions which had been made inadequate for the\\noccasion. The torches went out, the guides\\nlost their way, and the future conqueror of the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "112 JULIUS C/ESAR.\\nworld wandered about bewildered and lost,\\nuntil, just after break of day, the party met\\nwith a peasant who undertook to guide them.\\nUnder his direction they made their way to the\\nmain road again, and advanced then without\\nfarther difficulty to the banks of the river,\\nwhere they found that portion of the arrny\\nwhich had been sent forward encamped, and\\nawaiting their arrival.\\nCaesar stood for some time upon the banks\\nof the stream, musing upon the greatness of the\\nundertaking in which simply passing across it\\nwould involve him. His officers stood by his\\nside. We can retreat now, said he, but\\nonce across that river and we must go on.\\nHe paused for sometime, conscious of the vast\\nimportance of the decision, though he thought\\nonly, doubtless, of its consequences to himself.\\nTaking the step which was now before him\\nwould necessarily end either in his realizing the\\nloftiest aspirations of his ambition, or in his\\nutter and irreparable ruiu. There were vast\\npublic interests, too, at stake, of which, how-\\never, he probably thought but little. It proved,\\nin the end, that the history of the whole Komau\\nworld, for several centuries, was depending\\nupon the manner in which the question now in\\nCaesar s mind should turn.\\nThere was a little bridge across the Eubicon\\nat the point where Caesar was surveying it.\\nWhile he was standing there, the story is, a", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 113\\npeasant or shepherd came from the neigh-\\nboring fields with a shepherd s pipe a\\nsimple musical instrument, made of a reed,\\nand used much by the rustic musicians of\\nthose days. The soldiers and some of the\\nofficers gathered around him to hear him play.\\nAmong the rest came some of Caesar s trumpet-\\ners, with their trumpets in their hands. The\\nshepherd took one of these martial instruments\\nfrom the hands of its possessor, laying aside\\nhis own, and began to sound a charge which\\nis a signal for a rapid advance and to march\\nat the same time over the bride. An omen!\\na prodigy! said Caesar. Let us march where\\nwe are called by such a divine intimation.\\nThe die is cast.\\nSo saying, he pressed forward over the\\nbridge, while the officers, breaking up the en-\\ncampment, put the columns in motion to follow\\nhim.\\nIt was shown abundantly, on many oc-\\ncasions in the course of Caesar s life, that he\\nhad no faith in omens. There are equally\\nnumerous instances to show that he was always\\nready to avail himself of the popular belief in\\nthem, to awaken his soldiers ardor or to allay\\ntheir fears. Whether, therefore, in respect to\\nthis story of the shepherd trumpeter, it was\\nan incident that really and accidentally oc-\\ncurred, or whether Caesar planned and arranged\\nit himself, with reference to its effect, or", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "114 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nwhether, which is, perhaps, after all, the most\\nprobable supposition, the tale was only an em-\\nbellishment invented out of something or\\nnothing by the story-tellers of those days to\\ngive additional dramatic interest to the narra-\\ntive of the crossing of tbe Rubicon, it must be\\nleft for each reader to decide.\\nAs soon as the bridge was crossed, Caesar\\ncalled an assembly of his troops, and, with\\nsigns of great excitement and agitation, made\\nan address to them on the magnitude of the\\ncrisis through which they were passing. He\\nshowed them how entirely he was in their\\npower; he urged them, by the most eloquent\\nappeals, to stand by him, faithful and true,\\npromising them the most ample rewards when\\nhe should have attained the object at which he\\naimed. The soldiers responded to this appeal\\nwith promises of the most unwavering fidelity.\\nThe first town on the Roraan side of the Rubi-\\ncon was Ariminum. Caesar advanced to this\\ntown. The authorities opened its gates to\\nhim very willing, as it appeared, to receive\\nhim as their commander. Caesar s force was\\nyet quite small, as he had been accompanied\\nby only a single legion in crossing the river.\\nHe had, however, sent orders for the other\\nlegions, which had been left in Gaul, to join\\nhim without any delay, though any reinforce-\\nment of his troops seemed hardly necessary, as\\nhe found no indications of opposition to his", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 115\\nprogress. He gave his soldiers the strictest\\ninjunctions to do no injury to any property,\\npublic or private, as they advanced, and not to\\nassume, in any respect, a hostile attitude to-\\nward the people of the country. The inhabit-\\nants, therefore, welcomed him wherever he\\ncame, and all the cities and towns followed the\\nexample of Ariminum, surrendering, in fact,\\nfaster than he could take possession of them.\\nIn the confusion of the debates and votes in\\nthe Senate at Eome before Caesar crossed the\\nEubicon, one decree had been passed deposing\\nhim from his command of the army, and ap-\\npointing a successor. The name of the gen-\\neral thus appointed was Domitius. The only\\nreal opposition which Caesar encountered in\\nhis progress toward Eome was from him.\\nDomitius had crossed the Apennines at the\\nhead of an army on his way northward to sup-\\nersede Caesar in his command, and had reached\\nthe town of Corfinium, which was perhaps one\\nthird of the way between Eome and the Eubi-\\ncon. Caesar advanced upon him here and shut\\nhim in.\\nAfter a brief siege the city was taken, and\\nDomitius and his army were made prisoners.\\nEverybody gave them up for lost, expecting\\nthat Caesar would wreak terrible vengeance\\nupon them. Instead of this, he received the\\ntroops at once into his own service, and let\\nDomitius go free.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "116 JULIUS C.ESAR,\\nIn the meantime, the tidings of Caesar s hav-\\ning passed the Rubicon, and of the triumphant\\nsuccess which he was meeting with at the com-\\nmencement of his march toward Rome, reached\\nthe Capital, and added greatly to the pre-\\nvailing consternation. The reports of the\\nmagnitude of his force and of the rapidity of\\nhis progress were greatly exaggerated. The\\nparty of Pompey and the Senate had done\\neverything to spread among the people the\\nterror of Caesar s name, in order to arouse\\nthem to efforts for opposing his designs; and\\nnow, when he had broken through the barriers\\nwhich had been intended to restrain him, and\\nwas advancing toward the city in an unchecked\\nand triumphant career, they were overwhelmed\\nwith dismay. Pompey began to be terrified at\\nthe danger which was impending. The Senate\\nheld meetings without the city councils of\\nwar, as it were, in which they looked to Pom-\\npey in vain for protection from the danger\\nwhich he had brought upon them. He had\\nsaid that he could raise an army sufficient to\\ncope with Caesar at any time by stamping with\\nhis foot. They told him they thought now\\nthat it was high time for him to stamp.\\nIn fact, Pompey found the current setting\\neverywhere strongly against him. Some\\nrecommended that commissioners should be\\nsent to Caesar to make proposals for peace.\\nThe leading men, however, knowing that any", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 117\\npeace made with him under such circumstances\\nwould be their own ruin, resisted and defeated\\nthe proposal. Cato abruptly left the city and\\nproceeded to Sicily, which had been assigned\\nhim as his province. Others fled in other\\ndirections. Pompey himself, uncertain what\\nto do, and not daring to remain, called upon\\nall his partisans to join him, and set off at\\nnight, suddenly, and with very little prepara-\\ntion and small supplies, to retreat across the\\ncountry toward the shores of the Adriatic Sea.\\nHis destination was Brundusium, the usual\\nport of embarkation for Macedon and Greece.\\nCaesar was all this time gradually advancing\\ntoward Rome. His soldiers were full of en-\\nthusiasm in his cause. As his connection\\nwith the government at home was sundered the\\nmoment he crossed the Eubicon, all supplies\\nof money and of provisions were cut off in that\\nquarter until he should arrive at the Capital\\nand take possession of it. The soldiers voted,\\nhowever, that they would serve him without\\npay. The officers, too, assembled together,\\nand tendered him the aid of their contribu-\\ntions. He had always observed a very gener-\\nous policy in his dealings with them, and he\\nwas now greatly gratified at receiving their\\nrequital of it.\\nThe further he advanced, too, the more he\\nfound the people of the country though which\\nhe passed disposed to espouse his cause. They", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "118 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nwere struck with his generosity in releasing\\nDomitius. It is true that it was a very saga-\\ncious policy that prompted him to release him.\\nBut then it was generosity too. In fact, there\\nmust be something of a generous spirit in the\\nsoul to enable a man even to see the policy of\\ngenerous actions.\\nAmong the letters of Caesar that remain to\\nthe present day, there is one written about\\nthis time to one of his friends, in which he\\nspeaks of this subject. I am glad, says he,\\nthat you approve of my conduct at Corfinium.\\nI am satisfied that such a course is the best\\none for us to pursue, as by so doing we shall\\ngain the good will of all parties, and thus secure\\na permanent victory. Most conquerors have\\nincurred the hatred of mankind by their cruel-\\nties, and have all, in consequence of the enmity\\nthey have thus awakened, been prevented from\\nlong enjoying their power. Sylla was an ex-\\nception but his example of successful cruelty\\nI have no disposition to imitate. I will con-\\nquer after a new fashion, and fortify myself in\\nthe possession of the power I acquire by gen-\\nerosity and mercy.\\nDomitius had the ingratitude, after this\\nrelease, to take up arms again, and wage a\\nnew war against Caesar. When Caesar heard\\nof it, he said it was all right. I will act out\\nthe principles of my nature, said he. and\\nhe may act out his.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 119\\nAnother instance of Caesar s generosity oc-\\ncurred, which is even more remarkable than\\nthis. It seems that among the officers of his\\narmy there were some whom he had appointed\\nat the recommendation of Pompey, at the time\\nwhen he and Pompey were friends. These\\nmen would, of course, feel under obligations\\nof gratitude to Pompey, as they owed their\\nmilitary rank to his friendly interposition in\\ntheir behalf. As soon as the war broke out,\\nCaesar gave them all his free permission to go\\nover to Pompey s side, if they chose to do so.\\nCaesar acted thus very liberally in all re-\\nspects. He surpassed Pompey very much in\\nthe spirit of generosity and mercy with which\\nhe entered upon the great contest before them.\\nPompey ordered every citizen to join his stand-\\nard, declaring that he should consider all neu-\\ntrals as his enemies. Caesar, on the other\\nhand, gave free permission to every one to de-\\ncline, if he chose, taking any part in the con-\\ntest, saying that he should consider all who\\ndid not act against him as his friends. In the\\npolitical contests of our day, it is to be ob-\\nserved that the combatants are much more\\nprone to imitate the bigotry of Pompey than\\nthe generosity of Caesar, condemning, as they\\noften do, those who choose to stand aloof from\\nelectioneering struggles, more than they do\\ntheir most determined opponents and enemies.\\nWhen, at length, Caesar arrived at Brun-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "120 JULIUS CJESAR.\\ndusium, he found that Pompey had sent a part\\nof his army across the Adriatic into Greece,\\nand was waiting for the transports to return\\nthat he might go over himself with the re-\\nmainder. In the meantime, he had fortified\\nhimself strongly in the city. Caesar imme-\\ndiately laid siege to the place, and he com-\\nmenced some works to block up the mouth of\\nthe harbor. He built piers on each side, ex-\\ntending out as far into the sea as the depth of\\nthe water would allow them to be built. He\\nthen constructed a series of rafts, which he\\nanchored on the deep water, in a line extend-\\ning from one pier to the other. He built\\ntowers upon these rafts, and garrisoned them\\nwith soldiers, in hopes by this means to pre-\\nvent all egress from the fort. He thought\\nthat, when this work was completed, Pompey\\nwould be entirely shut in, beyond all possi-\\nbility of escape.\\nThe transports, however, returned before the\\nwork was completed. Its progress was, of\\ncourse, slow, as the constructions were the\\nscene of a continued conflict; for Pompey sent\\nout rafts and galleys against them every day,\\nand the workmen had thus to build in the\\nmidst of continual interruptions, sometimes\\nfrom showers of darts, arrows, and javelins,\\nsometimes from the conflagrations of fireships,\\nand sometimes from the terrible concussions of\\ngreat vessels of war, impelled with prodigious", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CROSSING THE RUBICON. 121\\nforce against them. The transports returned,\\ntherefore, before the defenses were complete,\\nand contrived to get into the harbor. Pompey\\nimmediately formed his plan for embarking\\nthe remainder of his army.\\nHe filled the streets of the city with barri-\\ncades and pitfalls excepting two streets which\\nled to the place of embarkation. The object\\nof these obstructions was to embarrass Caesar s\\nprogress through the city in case he should\\nforce an entrance while his men were getting\\non board the ships. He then, in order to\\ndivert Caesar s attention from his design,\\ndoubled the guards stationed upon the walls\\non the evening of his intended embarkation,\\nand ordered them to make vigorous attacks\\nupon all Caesar s forces outside. He then,\\nwhen the darkness came on, marched his troops\\nthrough the two streets which had been left\\nopen, to the landing place, and got them as\\nfast as possible on board the transports. Some\\nof the people of the town contrived to make\\nknown to Caesar s army what was going on, by\\nmeans of signals from the walls; the army im-\\nmediately brought scaling ladders in great\\nnumbers, and, mounting the walls with great\\nardor and impetuosity, they drove all before\\nthem, and soon broke open the gates and got\\npossession of the city. But the barricades and\\npitfalls, together with the darkness, so em-\\nbarrassed their movements that Pompey sue-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "122 JULIUS CESAR.\\nceeded in completing his embarkation and sail-\\ning away.\\nCaesar had no ships in which to follow. He\\nreturned to Kome. He met, of course, with\\nno opposition. He re-establishejJ the govern-\\nment there, organized the Senate anew, and\\nobtained supplies of corn from the public\\ngranaries, and of money from the city treasury\\nin the Capital. In going to the Capitoline Hill\\nafter this treasure, he found the officer who had\\ncharge of the money stationed there to defend\\nit. He told Caesar that it was contrary to law\\nfor him to enter. Caesar said that, for men\\nwith swords in their hands, there was no law.\\nThe officer still refused to admit him. Caesar\\nthen told him to open the doors, or he would\\nkill him on the spot. And you must under-\\nstand, he added, that it will be easier for\\nme to do it than it has been to say it. The\\nofficer resisted no longer, and Caesar went in.\\nAfter this, Caesar spent some time in vigor-\\nous campaigns in Italy, Spain, Sicily, and\\nGaul, wherever there was manifested any op-\\nposition to his sway. When this work was\\naccomplished, and all these countries were\\ncompletely subjected to his dominion, he began\\nto turn his thoughts to the plan of pursuing\\nPompey across the Adriatic Sea.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK VII\\nTHE BATTLE OF PHAESALIA.\\nThe gathering of the armies of Caesar and\\nPompey on the opposite shores of the Adriatic\\nSea was one of the grandest preparations for\\nconflict that history has recorded, and the\\nwhole world gazed upon the spectacle at the\\ntime with an intense and eager interest, which\\nwas heightened by the awe and terror which\\nthe danger inspired. During the year while\\nCaesar had been completing his work of sub-\\nduing and arranging all the western part of the\\nempire, Pompey had been gathering from the\\neastern division every possible contribution to\\nswell the military force under his command,\\nand had been concentrating all these elements\\nof power on the coasts of Macedon and Greece,\\nopposite to Brundusium, where he knew that\\nCaesar would attempt to cross the Adriatic Sea.\\nHis camps, his detachments, his troops of\\narchers and slingers, and his squadrons of\\nhorse, filled the land, while every port was\\nguarded, and the line of the coast was environed\\nby batteries aud castles on the rocks, and fleets\\nof galleys on the water. Caesar advanced with\\n10\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Caesar\\n12\\n92", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "124 JULIUS CESAR.\\nhis immense army to Brundusium, on the op-\\nposite shore, in December, so that, in addition\\nto the formidable resistance prepared for him\\nby his enemy on the coast, he had to encounter\\nthe wild surges of the Adriatic, rolling perpet-\\nually in the dark and gloomy commotion\\nalways raised in such wide seas by wintery\\nstorms.\\nCaesar had no ships, for Pompey had cleared\\nthe seas of everything which could aid him in\\nhis intended passage. By great efforts, how-\\never, he succeeded at length in getting together\\na sufficient number of galleys to convey over a\\npart of his army, provided he took the men\\nalone, and left all his military stores and\\nbaggage behind. He gathered his army to-\\ngether, therefore, and made them an address,\\nrepresenting that they were now drawing to-\\nward the end of all their dangers and toils.\\nThey were about to meet their great enemy for\\na final conflict. It was not necessary to take\\ntheir servants, their baggage, and their stores\\nacross the sea, for they were sure of victory,\\nand victory would furnish them with ample\\nsupplies from those whom they were about to\\nconquer.\\nThe soldiers eagerly imbibed the spirit of\\nconfidence and courage which Caesar himself ex-\\npressed. A large detachment embarked and\\nput to sea, and, after being tossed all night\\nupon the cold and stormy waters, they ap-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 125\\nproacbed the shore at some distance to the\\nnorthward of the place where Pompey s fleets\\nhad expected them. It was at a point where\\nthe mountains came down near to the sea, ren-\\ndering the coast rugged and dangerous with\\nshelving rocks and frowning promontories.\\nHere Caesar succeeded in effecting a landing of\\nthe first division of his troops, and then sent\\nback the fleet for the remainder.\\nThe news of his passage spread rapidly to\\nall Pompey s stations along the coast, and the\\nships began to gather, and the armies to march\\ntoward the point where Caesar had effected hid\\nlanding. The conflict and struggle commenced.\\nOne of Pompey s admirals intercepted the fleet\\nof galleys on their return, and seized and\\nburned a large number of them, with all who\\nwere on board. This, of course, only renewed\\nthe determined desperation of the remainder.\\nCaesar advanced along the coast with the troops\\nwhich he had landed, driving Pompey s troops\\nbefore him, and subduing town after town as\\nhe advanced. The country was filled with\\nterror and dismay. The portion of the army\\nwhich Caesar had left behind could not now\\ncross, partly on account of the stormy condi-\\ntion of the seas, the diminished number of the\\nships, and the redoubled vigilance with which\\nPompey s forces now guarded the shores, but\\nmainly because Caesar was now no longer with\\nthem to inspire them with his reckless, though", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "126 JULIUS C^SAR.\\ncalm and quiet daring. They remained, there-\\nfore, in anxiety and distress, on the Italian\\nshore. As Caesar on the other hand, advanced\\nalong the Macedonian shore, and drove Pom-\\npey back into the interior, he cut off the com-\\nmunication between Pompey s ships and the\\nland, so that the fleet was soon reduced to great\\ndistress for want of provisions and water. The\\nmen kept themselves from perishing with thirst\\nby collecting the dew which fell upon the decks\\nof their galleys. Caesar s army was also in\\ndistress, for Pompey s fleets cutoff all supplies\\nby water, and his troops hemmed them in on\\nthe side of the land; and, lastly, Pompey him-\\nself, with the immense army that was under\\nhis command, began to be struck with alarm at\\nthe impending danger with which they were\\nthreatened. Pompey little realized, however,\\nhow dreadful a fate w r as soon to overwhelm\\nhim.\\nThe winter months rolled away, and nothing\\neffectual was done. The forces, alternating and\\nintermingled, as above described, kept each\\nother in a continued state of anxiety and suffer-\\ning. Csesar became impatient at the delay of\\nthat portion of his army that he had left on the\\nItalian shore. The messages of encouragement\\nand of urgency which he sent across to them\\ndid not bring them over, and at length, one\\ndark and stormy night, when he thought that\\nthe inclemency of the skies and the heavy", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 127\\nsurging of the swell in the offing would drive\\nhis vigilant enemies into places of shelter, and\\nput them off their guard, he determined to\\ncross the sea himself and bring his hesitating\\narmy over. He ordered a galley to be pre-\\npared, and went on board of it disguised, and\\nwith his head muffled in his mantle, intending\\nthat not even the officers or crew of the ship\\nwhich was to convey him should know of his\\ndesign. The galley, in obedience to orders,\\nput off from the shore. The mariners en-\\ndeavored in vain for some time to make head\\nagainst the violence of the wind and the heavy\\nconcussions of the waves, and at length, terri-\\nfied at the imminence of the danger to which\\nso wild and tumultuous a sea on such a night\\nexposed them, refused to proceed, and the\\ncommander gave them orders to return. Caesar\\nthen came forward, threw off his mantle, and\\nsaid to them Friends! you have nothing to\\nfear. You are carrying Caesar.\\nThe men were, of course, inspirited anew by\\nthis disclosure, but all was in vain. The ob-\\nstacles to the passage proved insurmountable,\\nand the galley, to avoid certain destruction,\\nwas compelled to return.\\nThe army, however, on the Italian side,\\nhearing of Caesar s attempt to return to them,\\nfruitless though it was, and stimulated by the\\nrenewed urgency of the orders which he now\\nsent to them, made arrangements at last for an", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "128 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nembarkation, and, after encountering great\\ndangers on the way, succeeded in landing in\\nsafety. Caesar, thus strengthened, began to\\nplan more decided operations for the coming\\nspring.\\nThere were some attempts at negotiation.\\nThe armies were so exasperated against each\\nother on account of the privations and hard-\\nships which each compelled the other to suffer,\\nthat they felt too strong a mutual distrust to\\nattempt any regular communication by com-\\nmissioners or ambassadors appointed for the\\npurpose. They came to a parley, however, in\\none or two instances, though the interviews\\nled to no result. As the missiles used in those\\ndays were such as could only be thrown to a\\nvery short distance, hostile bodies of men\\ncould approach much nearer to each other then\\nthan is possible now, when projectiles of the\\nmost terribly destructive character can be\\nthrown for miles. In one instance, some of\\nthe ships of Pompey s fleet approached so near\\nto the shore as to open a conference with one\\nor two of Caesar s lieutenants who were en-\\ncamped there. In another case, two bodies of\\ntroops from the respective armies were sepa-\\nrated only by a river, and the officers and sol-\\ndiers came down to the banks on either side,\\nand held frequent conversations, calling to each\\nother in loud voices across the water. In this\\nway they succeeded in so far coming to an", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 129\\nagreement as to fix upon a time and place for a\\nmore formal conference, to be held by com-\\nmissioners chosen on each side. This con-\\nference was thus held, but each party came\\nto it accompanied by a considerable body of\\nattendants, and these, as might have been\\nanticipated, came into open collision while the\\ndiscussion was pending; thus the meeting\\nconsequently ended in violence and disorder,\\neach party accusing the other of violating the\\nfaith which both had plighted.\\nThis slow 7 and undecided mode of warfare\\nbetween the two vast armies continued for\\nmany months without any decisive results.\\nThere were skirmishes, struggles, sieges, block-\\nades, and many brief and partial conflicts^ but\\nno general and decided battle. Now the ad-\\nvantage seemed on one side, and now on the\\nother. Pompey so hemmed in Caesar s troops\\nat one period, and so cut off his supplies, that\\nthe men were reduced to extreme distress for\\nfood. At length they found a kind of root\\nwhich they dug from the ground, and, after\\ndrying and pulverizing it, they made a sort of\\nbread of the pow T der, which the soldiers were\\nwilling to eat rather than either starve or give\\nup the contest. They told Caesar, in fact, that\\nthey would live on the bark of trees ratlnr\\nthan abandon his cause. Pompey s soldiers,\\nat one time, coming near to thew 7 alls of a town\\nwhich they occupied, taunted and jeered them", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "130 JULIUS C^SAR.\\non account of their wretched destitution of\\nfood. Caesar s soldiers threw loaves of this\\nbread at them in return, by way of symbol that\\nthey were abundantly supplied.\\nAfter some time the tide of fortune turned.\\nCaesar contrived, by a succession of adroit\\nmaneuvers and movements, to escape from his\\ntoils, and to circumvent and surround Pom-\\npey s forces so as soon to make them suffer\\ndestitution and distress in their turn. He cut\\noff all communication between them and the\\ncountry at large, and turned away the brooks\\nand streams from flowing through the ground\\nthey occupied. An army of forty or fifty\\nthousand men, with the immense number of\\nhorses and beasts of burden which accompany\\nthem, require very large supplies of water, and\\nany destitution or even scarcity of water leads\\nimmediately to the most dreadful conse-\\nquences. Pompey s troops dug wells, but\\nthey obtained only very insufficient supplies.\\nGreat numbers of beasts of burden died, and\\ntheir decaying bodies so tainted the air as to\\nproduce epidemic diseases, which destroyed\\nmany of the troops, and depressed and dis-\\nheartened those whom they did not destroy.\\nDuring all these operations there was no de-\\ncisive general battle. Each one of the great\\nrivals knew very well that his defeat in one\\ngeneral battle would be his utter and irretriev-\\nable ruin. In a war between two independent", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 131\\nnations, a single victory, however complete,\\nseldom terminates the struggle, for the de-\\nfeated party has the resources of a whole\\nrealm to fall back upon, which are sometimes\\ncalled forth with renewed vigor after experi-\\nencing such reverses; and then defeat in such\\ncases, even if it be final, does not necessarily\\ninvolve the ruin of the unsuccessful com-\\nmander. He may negotiate an honorable\\npeace, and return to his own land in safeiy\\nand, if his misfortunes are considered by his\\ncountrymen as owing not to any dereliction\\nfrom his duty as a soldier, but to the influence\\nof adverse circumstances which no human skill\\nor resolution could have controlled, he may\\nspend the remainder of his days in prosperity\\nand honor. The contest, however, between\\nCsesar and Pompey was not of this character.\\nOne or the other of them was a traitor and a\\nusurper an enemy to his country. The re-\\nsult of a battle would decide which of the two\\nwas to stand in this attitude. Victory would\\nlegitimize and confirm the authority of one,\\nand make it supreme over the whole civilized\\nworld. Defeat was to annihilate the power of\\nthe other, and make him a fugitive and a vaga-\\nbond, without friends, without home, without\\ncountry. It was a desperate stake and it is\\nnot at all surprising that both parties lingered\\nand hesitated, and postponed the throwing of\\nthe die.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "132 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nAt length Pompey, rendered desperate by\\nthe urgency of the destitution and distress\\ninto which Caesar had shut him, made a series\\nof vigorous and successful attacks upon Cae-\\nsar s lines, by which he broke away in his\\nturn from his enemy s grasp, and the two\\narmies moved slowly back into the interior of\\nthe country, hovering in the vicinity of each\\nother, like birds of prey contending in the air,\\neack continually striking at the other, and\\nmoving onward at the same time to gain some\\nposition of advantage, or to circumvent the\\nother in such a design. They passed on in\\nthis manner over plains, and across rivers, and\\nthrough mountain passes, until at length they\\nreached the heart of Thessaly. Here at last\\nthe armies came to a stand and fought the final\\nbattle.\\nThe place was known then as the plain of\\nPharsalia, and the greatness of the contest\\nwhich was decided there has immortalized its\\nname. Pompey s forces were far more numer-\\nous than those of Caesar, and the advantage in\\nall the partial contests which had taken place\\nfor some time had been on his side; he felt,\\nconsequently, sure of victory. He drew up\\nhis men in a line, one flank resting upon the\\nbank of a river, which protected them from\\nattack on that side. From this point, the\\nlong line of legions, drawn up in battle array,\\nextended out upon the plain, and was termi-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA.\\n133\\nnated at the other extremity by strong squad-\\nrons of horse, and bodies of slingers and arch-\\ners, so as to give the force of weapons and the\\nactivity of men as great a range as possible\\nRoman Standard Bearers.\\nthere, in order to prevent Caesar s being able\\nto outflank and surround them.\\nThere was, however, apparently very little\\ndanger of this, for Caesar, according to his", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "134 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nown story, had but about half as strong a force\\nas Pompey. The army of the latter, he says,\\nconsisted of nearly fifty thousand men, while\\nhis own number was between twenty and thirty\\nthousand. Generals, however, are prone to\\nmagnify the military grandeur of their exploits\\nby overrating the strength with which they\\nhad to contend, and underestimating their\\nown. We are therefore to receive with some\\ndistrust the statements made by Caesar and his\\npartisans; and as for Pompey s story, the\\ntotal and irreparable ruin in which he himself\\nand all who adhered to him were entirely\\noverwhelmed immediately after the battle,\\nprevented its being ever told.\\nIn the rear of the plain where Pompey s\\nlines were extended was the camp from which\\nthe army had been drawn out to prepare for\\nthe battle. The campfires of the preceding\\nnight were moldering away, for it was a warm\\nsummer morning; the intrenchments were\\nguarded, and the tents, now nearly empty,\\nstood extended in long rows within the in-\\nclosure. In the midst of them was the magnif-\\nicent pavilion of the general, furnished with\\nevery imaginable article of luxury and splen-\\ndor. Attendants were busy here and there,\\nsome rearranging what had been left in dis-\\norder by the call to arms by which the troops\\nhad been summoned from their places of rest,\\nand others providing refreshments and food", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 135\\nfor their victorious comrades when they should\\nreturn from the battle. In Pompey s tent a\\nmagnificent entertainment was preparing. The\\ntables were spread with every luxury, the side-\\nboards were loaded with plate, and the whole\\nscene was resplendent with utensils and deco-\\nrations of silver and gold.\\nPompey and all his generals were perfectly\\ncertain of victory. In fact, the peace and har-\\nmony of their councils in camp had been\\ndestroyed for many days by their contentions\\nand disputes about the disposal of the high\\noffices, and the places of profit and power at\\nEome, which were to come into their hands\\nwhen Caesar should have been subdued. The\\nsubduing of Caesar they considered only a\\nquestion of time; and, as a question of time,\\nit was now reduced to very narrow limits. A\\nfew days more and they were to be masters of\\nthe whole Roman empire, and, impatient and\\ngreedy, they disputed in anticipation about the\\ndivision of the spoils.\\nTo make assurance doubly sure, Pompey\\ngave orders that his troops should not advance\\nto meet the onset of Caesar s troops on the\\nmiddle ground between the two armies, but that\\nthey should wait calmly for the attack, and\\nreceive the enemy at the posts where they had\\nthemselves been arrayed.\\nThe hour at length arrived, the charge was\\nsounded by the trumpets, and Caesar s troops", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "136 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nbegan to advance with loud shouts and great\\nimpetuosity toward Poinpey s lines. There\\nwas a long and terrible struggle, but the forces\\nof Pompey began finally to give way. Not-\\nwithstanding the precautions which Pompey\\nhad taken to guard and protect the wing of his\\narmy which w r as extended toward the land,\\nCaesar succeeded in turning his flank upon that\\nside by driving off the cavalry and destroying\\nthe archers and slingers, and he was thus en-\\nabled to throw a strong force upon Pompey s\\nrear. The flight then soon became general,\\nand a scene of dreadful confusion and slaugh-\\nter ensued. The soldiers of Caesar s army,\\nmaddened with the insane rage which the prog-\\nress of a battle never faik to awaken, aud\\nnow excited to frenzy by the exultation of\\nsuccess, pressed on after the affrighted fugi-\\ntives, w r ho trampled one upon another, or fell\\npierced with the weapons of their assailants,\\nfilling the air with their cries of agony and\\ntheir shrieks of terror. The horrors of the\\nscene, far from allaying, only excited still more\\nth\u00c2\u00a3 ferocity of their bloodthirsty foes, and\\nthey pressed steadily and fiercely on, hour\\nafter hour, in their dreadful work of destruc-\\ntion. It was one of those scenes of horror and\\nwoe, such as those who have not witnessed\\nthem cannot conceive of, and those who have\\nwitnessed can never forget.\\nWhen Pompey perceived that all was lost,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 13?\\nlie fled from the field in a state of the wildest\\nexcitement and consternation. His troops\\nwere flying in all directions, some toward the\\ncamp, vainly hoping to find refuge there, and\\nothers in various other quarters, wherever they\\nsaw the readiest hope of escape from their\\nmerciless pursuers. Pompey himself fled in-\\nstinctively toward the camp. As he passed\\nthe guards at the gate where he entered, he\\ncommanded them, in his agitation and terror,\\nto defend the gate against the coming enemy,\\nsaying that he was going to the other gates to\\nattend to the defenses there. He then hurried\\non, but a full sense of the helplessness and\\nhopelessness of his condition soon overv/helmed\\nhim; he gave up all thought of defense, and,\\npassing with a sinking heart through the scene\\nof consternation and confusion which reigned\\neverywhere within the encampment, he sought\\nhis own tent, and, rushing into it, sank down,\\namid the luxury and splendor which had been\\narranged to do honor to his anticipated vic-\\ntory, in a state of utter stupefaction and\\ndespair.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK YIII.\\nFLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY.\\nC^sae pursued the discomfited and flying\\nbodies of Pompey s army to the camp. They\\nmade a brief stand upon the ramparts and at\\nthe gates, in a vain and fruitless struggle\\nagainst the tide of victory which they soon\\nperceived must fully overwhelm them. They\\ngave way continually here and there along the\\nlines of intrenchment, and column after column\\nof Caesar s followers broke through into the\\ncamp. Pompey, hearing from his tent the in-\\ncreasing noise and uproar, was at length\\naroused from his stupor, and began to summon\\nhis faculties to the question what he was to do.\\nAt length a party of fugitives, hotly pursued\\nby some of Caesar s soldiers, broke into his\\ntent. What! said Pompey, into my tent\\ntoo! He had been for more than thirty\\nyears a victorious general, accustomed to all\\nthe deference and respect which boundless\\nwealth, extended and absolute power, and the\\nhighest military rank could afford. In the\\n138", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPLY. 139\\nencampments which he had made, and in the\\ncities which he had occupied from time to\\ntime, he had been the supreme and unques-\\ntioned master, and his tent, arranged and fur-\\nnished, as it had always been, in a style of the\\nutmost magnificence and splendor, had been\\nsacred from all intrusion, and invested with\\nsuch a dignity that potentates and princes were\\nimpressed when they entered, with a feeling of\\ndeference and awe. Now, rude soldiers burst\\nwildly into it, and the air without was filled\\nwith an uj^roar and confusion, drawing every\\nmoment nearer and nearer, and warning the\\nfallen hero that there was no longer any pro-\\ntection there against the approaching torrent\\nwhich was coming on to overwhelm him.\\nPompey aroused himself from his stupor,\\nthrew off the military dress which belonged to\\nhis rank and station, and assumed a hasty dis-\\nguise, in which he hoped he might make his\\nescape from the immediate scene of his calam-\\nities. He mounted a horse and rode out of\\nthe camp at the easiest place of egress in the\\nrear, in company with bodies of troops and\\nguards who were also flying in confusion,\\nwhile Caesar and his forces on the other side\\nwere carrying the intrenchments and forcing\\ntheir way in. As soon as he had thus made\\nhis escape from the immediate scene of dan-\\nger, he dismounted and left his horse, that he\\nmight assume more completely the appearance\\n11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Csesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "140 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nof a common soldier, and, with a few attend-\\nants who were willing to follow his fallen for-\\ntunes, he went on to the eastward, directing\\nhis weary steps toward the shores of the\\niEgean Sea.\\nThe country through which he was traveling\\nwas Thessaly. Thessaly is a vast amphi-\\ntheater, surrounded by mountains, from whose\\nsides streams descend, which, after watering\\nmany fertile valleys and plains, combine to\\nform one great central river that flows to the\\neastward, and after various meanderings, finds\\nits way into the iEgan Sea through a romantic\\ngap between two mountains, called the Vale of\\nTempe a vale which has been famed in all\\nages for the extreme picturesqueness of its\\nscenery, and in which, in those days, all the\\ncharms botli of the most alluring beauty and\\nof the sublimest grandeur seemed to be com-\\nbined. Pompey followed the roads leading\\nalong the banks of this stream, weary in body,\\nand harassed and disconsolate in mind. The\\nnews which came to him from time to time,\\nby the flying parties which were moving\\nthrough the country in all directions, of the\\nentire and overwhelming completeness of Cae-\\nsar s victory, extinguished all remains of hope,\\nand narrowed down at last the grounds of his\\nsolicitude to the single point of his own per-\\nsonal safety. He was well aware that he\\nshould be pursued, and, to baffle the efforts", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Julius Uceaar, face p. 1 0\\nFlight of Pompey After the Battle of Pharsalia.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. Ill\\nwhich he knew that his enemies would make to\\nfollow his track, he avoided large towns, and\\npressed forward in byways and solitudes,\\nbearing as patiently as he was able his increas-\\ning destitution and distress. He reached, at\\nlength, the Vale of Tempe, and there, ex-\\nhausted with hunger, thirst, and fatigue, he\\nsat down upon the bank of the stream to re-\\ncover by a little rest strength enough for the\\nremainder of his weary way. He wished for a\\ndrink, but he had nothing to drink from.\\nAnd so the mighty potentate, whose tent was\\nfull of delicious beverages, and cups and gob-\\nlets of silver and gold, extended himself down\\nupon the sand at the margin of the river, and\\ndrank the warm water directly from the stream.\\nWhile Pompey w r as thus anxiously and toil-\\nsomely endeavoring to gain the seashore, Caesar\\nwas completing his victory over the army\\nwhich he had left behind him. When Caesar\\nhad carried the intrenchments of the camp,\\nand the army found that there was no longer\\nany safety for them there, they continued their\\nretreat under the guidance of such generals as\\nremained. Caesar thus gained undisputed pos-\\nsession of the camp. He found everywhere\\nthe marks of wealth and luxury, and indica-\\ntions of the confident expectation of victory\\nwhich the discomfited army had entertained.\\nThe tents of the generals were crowned with\\nmyrtle, the beds were strewed with flowers,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "142 JULIUS C.ESAR.\\nand tables everywhere were spread for feasts,\\nwith cups and bowls of wine all ready for the\\nexpected revelers. Caesar took possession of\\nthe whole, stationed a proper guard to protect\\nthe property, and then pressed forward with\\nhis army in pursuit of the enemy.\\nPompey s army made their way to a neigh-\\nboring rising ground, where they threw up\\nhasty intrenchments to protect themselves for\\nthe night. A rivulet ran near the hill, the\\naccess to which they endeavored to secure, in\\norder to obtain supplies of water. Caesar and\\nhis forces followed them to this spot. The\\nday was gone, and it was too late to attack\\nthem. Caesar s soldiers, too, were exhausted\\nwith the intense and protracted excitement and\\nexertions which had now been kept up for many\\nhours in the battle and in the pursuit, and\\nthey needed repose. They made, however, on\\neffort more. They seized the avenue of ap-\\nproach to the rivulet, and threw up a tempo-\\nrary intrenchment to secure it, which intrench-\\nment they protected with a guard; and then\\nthe army retired to rest, leaving their helpless\\nvictims to while away the hours of the night,\\ntormented with thirst, and overwhelmed with\\nanxiety and despair. This could not long be\\nendured. They surrendered in the morning,\\nand Caesar found himself in possession of over\\ntwenty thousand prisoners.\\nIn the meantime, Pompey passed on through", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 143\\nthe Vale of Terape toward the sea, regardless\\nof the beauty and splendor that surrounded\\nhim, and thinking only of his fallen fortunes,\\nand revolving despairingly in his mind the\\nvarious forms in which the final consummation\\nof his ruin might ultimately come. At length\\nhe reached the seashore, and found refuge for\\nthe night in a fisherman s cabin. A small\\nnumber of attendants remained with him, some\\nof whom w r ere slaves. These he now dis-\\nmissed, directing them to return and surrender\\nthemselves to Ciesar, saying that he was a gen-\\nerous foe, and that they had nothing to fear\\nfrom him. His other attendants he retained,\\nand he made arrangements for a boat to take\\nhim the next day along the coast. It was a\\nriver boat, and unsuited to the open sea, but\\nit was all that he could obtain.\\nHe arose the next morning at break of day,\\nand embarked in the little vessel, with two or\\nthree attendants, and the oarsmen began to\\nrow away along the shore. They soon came\\nin sight of a merchant ship just ready to sail.\\nThe master of this vessel, it happened, had\\nseen Pompey, and knew his countenance, and\\nhe had dreamed, as a famous historian of the\\ntimes relates, on the night before, that Pom-\\npey had come to him in the guise of a simple\\nsoldier, and in great distress, and that he had\\nreceived and rescued him. There was nothing\\nextraordinary in such a dream at such a time,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "144 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nas the contest between Caesar and Pompey,\\nand the approach of the final collision which\\nwas to destroy one or the other of them, filled\\nthe minds and occupied the conversation of the\\nworld. The shipmaster, therefore, having\\nseen and known one of the great rivals in the\\napproaching conflict, would naturally find both\\nhis waking and sleeping thoughts dwelling on\\nthe subject; and his fancy, in his dreams,\\nmight easily picture the scene of his rescuing\\nand saving the fallen hero in the hour of his\\ndistress.\\nHowever this may be, the shipmaster is said\\nto have been relating his dream to the seamen\\non the deck of his vessel when the boat which\\nwas conveying Pompey came into view. Pom-\\npey himself, having escaped from the land,\\nsupposed all immediate danger over, not im-\\nagining that seafaring men would recognize\\nhim in such a situation and in such a disguise.\\nThe shipmaster did, however, recognize him.\\nHe was overwhelmed with grief at seeing him\\nin such a condition. With a countenance and\\nwith gestures expressive of earnest surprise\\nand sorrow, he beckoned to Pompey to come\\non board. He ordered his own ship s boat to\\nbe immediately let down to meet and receive\\nhim. Pompey came on board. The ship was\\ngiven up to his possession, and every possible\\narrangement was made to supply his wants, to\\ncontribute to his comfort, and to do him\\nhonor.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 145\\nThe vessel conveyed him to Amphipolis, a\\ncity of Macedonia near the sea, and to the\\nnorthward and eastward of the place where he\\nhad embarked. When Pompey arrived at the\\nport, he sent proclamations to the shore, call-\\ning upon the inhabitants to take arms and join\\nhis standard. He did not, however, land, or\\ntake any other measures for carrying these\\narrangements into effect. He only waited in\\nthe river upon which Amphipolis stands long\\nenough to receive a supply of money from\\nsome of his friends on the shore, and stores\\nfor his voyage, and then set sail again.\\nWhether he learned that Caesar was advancing\\nin that direction with a force too strong for\\nhim to encounter, or found that the people\\nwere disinclined to espouse his cause, or\\nwhether the whole movement was a feint to\\ndirect Caesar s attention to Macedon as the\\nfield of his operations, in order that he might\\nescape more secretly and safely beyond the\\nsea, cannot now be ascertained.\\nPompey s wife, Cornelia, was on the island\\nof Lesbos, at Mitylene, near the western coast\\nof Asia Minor. She was a lady of distin-\\nguished beauty, and of great intellectual\\nsuperiority and moral worth. She was ex-\\ntremely well versed in all the learning of the\\ntimes, and yet was entirely free from those\\npeculiarities and airs which, as her historian\\nsays, were often observed in learned ladies in", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "146 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nthose days. Pompey had married her after\\nthe death of Julia, Caesar* s daughter. They\\nwere strongly devoted to each other. Pompey\\nhad provided for her a beautiful retreat on the\\nisland of Lesbos, where she was living in ele-\\ngance and splendor, beloved for her own intrin-\\nsic charms, and highly honored on account of\\nthe greatness and fame of her husband. Here\\nshe had received from time to time glowing\\naccounts of his success, all exaggerated as they\\ncame to her, through the eager desire of the\\nnarrators to give her pleasure.\\nFrom this high elevation of honor and hap-\\npiness the ill-fated Cornelia suddenly fell, on\\nthe arrival of Pompey s solitary vessel at\\nMitylene, bringing as it did, at the same time,\\nboth the first intelligence of her husband s\\nfall, and himself in person, a ruined and home-\\nless fugitive and wanderer. The meeting was\\nsad and sorrowful. Cornelia was overwhelmed\\nat the suddenness and violence of the shock\\nwhich it brought her, and Pompey lamented\\nanew the dreadful disaster that he had sus-\\ntained, at finding how inevitably it must in-\\nvolve his beloved wife as well as himself in its\\nirreparable ruin.\\nThe pain, however, was not wholly without\\nsome mingling of pleasure. A husband finds\\na strange sense of protection and safety in the\\npresence and sympathy of an affectionate wife\\nin the hour of his calamity. She can, per-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 147\\nhaps, do nothing, but her mute and sorrowful\\nconcern and pity comfort and reassure him.\\nCornelia, however, was able to render her hus-\\nband some essential aid. She resolved imme-\\ndiately to accompany him wherever he should\\ngo; and, by their joint endeavors, a little fleet\\nwas gathered, and such supplies as could be\\nhastily obtained, and such attendants and fol-\\nlowers as were willing to share his fate, were\\ntaken on board. During all this time Pompey\\nwould not go on shore himself, but remained\\non board his ship in the harbor. Perhaps he\\nwas afraid of some treachery or surprise, or\\nperhaps, in his fallen and hopeless condition,\\nhe was unwilling to expose himself to the gaze\\nof those w 7 ho had so often seen him in all the\\nsplendor of his former power.\\nAt length, when all was ready, he sailed\\naway. He passed eastward along the Medi-\\nterranean, touching at such ports as he sup-\\nposed most likely to favor his cause. Vague\\nand uncertain, but still alarming rumors that\\nCaesar was advancing in pursuit of him met\\nhim everywhere, and the people of the various\\nprovinces were taking sides, some in his favor\\nand some against him, the excitement being\\neverywhere so great that the utmost caution\\nand circumspection were required in all his\\nmovements. Sometimes he was refused per-\\nmission to land at others, his friends were too\\nfew to afford him protection; and at others", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "H8 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nstill, though the authorities professed friend-\\nship, he did not dare to trust them. He ob-\\ntained, however, some supplies of money and\\nsome accessions to the number of ships and\\nmen under his command, until at length he\\nhad quite a little fleet in his train. Several\\nmen of rank and influence, who had served\\nunder him in the days of his prosperity, nobly\\nadhered to him now, and formed a sort of\\ncourt or council on board his galley, where\\nthey held with their great though fallen com-\\nmander frequent conversations on the plan\\nwhich it was best to pursue.\\nIt was finally decided that it was best to\\nseek refuge in Egypt. There seemed to be,\\nin fact, no alternative. All the rest of the\\nworld was evidently going over to Csesar.\\nPompey had been the means, some years be-\\nfore, of restoring a certain king of Egypt to\\nhis throne, and many of his soldiers had been\\nleft in the country, and remained there still.\\nIt is true that the king himself had died. He\\nhad left a daughter named Cleopatra, and also\\na son, who was at this time very young. The\\nname of this youthful prince was Ptolemy.\\nPtolemy and Cleopatra had been made by their\\nfather joint heirs to the throne. But Ptolemy,\\nor, rather, the ministers and counselors who\\nacted for him and in his name, had expelled\\nCleopatra, that they might govern alone.\\nCleopatra had raised an army in Syria, and", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 149\\nwas on her way to the frontiers of Egypt to\\nregain possession of what she deemed her\\nrights. Ptolemy s ministers had gone forth to\\nmeet her at the head of their own troops,\\nPtolemy himself being also with them. They\\nhad reached Pelusium, which is the frontier\\ntown between Egypt and Syria on the coast of\\nthe Mediterranean. Here their armies had\\nassembled in vast encampments upon the land,\\nand their galleys and transports were riding at\\nanchor along the shore of the sea. Pompey\\nand his counselors thought that the govern-\\nment of Ptolemy would receive him as a friend,\\non account of the services he had rendered to\\nthe young prince s father, forgetting that\\ngratitude has never a place on the list of polit-\\nical virtues.\\nPompey s little squadron made its way\\nslowly over the waters of the Mediterranean\\ntoward Pelusium and the camp of Ptolemy.\\nAs they approached the shore, both Pompey\\nhimself and Cornelia felt many anxious fore-\\nbodings. A messenger was sent to the land to\\ninform the young king of Pompey s approach,\\nand to solicit his protection. The government\\nof Ptolemy held a council, and took the subject\\ninto consideration.\\nVarious opinions were expressed, and vari-\\nous plans were proposed. The counsel which\\nwas finally followed was this. It would be\\ndangerous to receive Pompey, since that would", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "150 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nmake Caesar their enemy. It would be dan-\\ngerous to refuse to receive him, as that would\\nmake Pompey their enemy, and, though\\npowerless now he might one day be in a con-\\ndition to seek vengeance. It was wisest,\\ntherefore, to destroy him. They would invite\\nhim to the shore, and kill him when he landed.\\nThis would please Csesar; and Pompey him-\\nself, being dead, could never revenge it.\\nDead dogs, as the orator said who made\\nthis atrocious proposal, do not bite.\\nAn Egyptian, named Achillas, was appointed\\nto execute the assassination thus decreed. An\\ninvitation was sent to Pompey to land, accom-\\npanied with a promise of protection; and,\\nwhen his fleet had approached near enough to\\nthe shore, Achillas took a small party in a\\nboat, and went out to meet his galley. The\\nmen in this boat, of course, were armed.\\nThe officers and attendants of Pompey\\nwatched all these movements from the deck of\\nhis galley. They scrutinized everything that\\noccurred with the closest attention and the\\ngreatest anxiety, to see whether the indications\\ndenoted an honest friendship or intentions of\\ntreachery. The appearances were not favor-\\nable. Pompey s friends observed that no\\npreparations were making along the shore for\\nreceiving him with the honors due, as they\\nthought, to his rank and station. The manner,\\ntoo, in which the Egyptians seemed to expect", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 151\\nhim to land was ominous of evil. Only a\\nsingle insignificant boat for a potentate who\\nrecently had commanded half the world!\\nThen, besides, the friends of Pompey observed\\nthat several of the principal galleys of Ptole-\\nmy s fleet were getting up their anchors, and\\npreparing apparently to be ready to move at a\\nsudden call. These and other indications ap-\\npeared much more like preparations for seiz-\\ning an enemy than welcoming a friend. Cor-\\nnelia, who, with her little son, stood upon the\\ndeck of Pompey s galley, watching the scene\\nwith a peculiar intensity of solicitude which\\nthe hardy soldiers around her could not have\\nfelt, became soon exceedingly alarmed. She\\nbegged her husband not to go on shore. But\\nPompey decided that it was now too late to re-\\ntreat. He could not escape from the Egyptian\\ngalleys if they had received orders to intercept\\nhim, nor could he resist violence if violence\\nwere intended. To do anything like that\\nwould evince distrust, and to appear like\\nputting himself upon his guard would be to\\ntake at once, himself, the position of an enemy,\\nand invite and justify the hostility of the\\nEgyptians in return. As to flight, he could\\nnot hope to escape from the Egyptian galleys\\nif they had received orders to prevent it; and,\\nbesides, if he were determined on attempting\\nan escape, whither should he fly The world\\nwas against him. His triumphant enemy was", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "152 JULIUS CESAR.\\non his track in full pursuit, with all the vast\\npowers and resources of the whole Eoman em-\\npire at his command. There remained for\\nPompey only the last forlorn hope of a refuge\\nin Egypt, or else, as the sole alternative, a\\ncomplete and unconditional submission to\\nCaesar. His pride would not consent to this,\\nand he determined, therefore, dark as the in-\\ndications were, to place himself, without any\\nappearance of distrust, in Ptolemy s hands,\\nand abide the issue.\\nThe boat of Achillas approached the galley.\\nWhen it touched the side, Achillas and the\\nother officers on board of it hailed Pompey in\\nthe most respectful manner, giving him the\\ntitle of Imperator, the highest title known in the\\nEoman state. Achillas addressed Pompey in\\nGreek. The Greek was the language of edu-\\ncated men in all the Eastern countries in those\\ndays. He told him that the water was too\\nshallow for his galley to approach nearer to the\\nshore, and invited him to come on board of his\\nboat, and he would take him to the beach,\\nwhere, as he said, the king was waiting to re-\\nceive him.\\nWith many anxious forebodings, that were\\nbut ill concealed, Pompey made preparations\\nto accept the invitation. He bade his wife\\nfarewell, who clung to him as they were about\\nto part with a gloomy presentiment that they\\nshould never meet again. Two centurions who", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 153\\nwere to accompany Pompey, and two servants,\\ndescended into the boat. Pompey himself fol-\\nlowed, and then the boatmen pushed off from\\nthe galley and made toward the shore. The\\ndecks of all the vessels in Pompey s little\\nsquadron, as well as those of the Egyptian\\nfleet, were crowded with spectators, and lines\\nof soldiery and groups of men, all intently\\nwatching the operations of the landing, were\\nscattered along the shore.\\nAmong the men whom Achillas had provided\\nto aid him in the assassination was an officer\\nof the Roman army who had formerly served\\nunder Pompey. As soon as Pompey was\\nseated in the boat, he recognized the counte-\\nnance of this man, and addressed him, saying:\\nI think I remember you as having been in\\nformer days my fellow-soldier. The man re-\\nplied merely by a nod of assent. Feeling\\nsomewhat guilty and self-condemned at the\\nthoughts of the treachery which he was about\\nto perpetrate, he was little inclined to renew\\nthe recollection of the days when he was Pom-\\npey s friend. In fact, the whole company in\\nthe boat, filled on the one part with awe in an-\\nticipation of the terrible deed which they were\\nsoon to commit, and on the other with a dread\\nsuspense and alarm, were little disposed for\\nconversation, and Pompey took out a manu-\\nscript of an address in Greek which he had\\nprepared to make to the young king at his\\n12 Julius Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "154 JULIUS CJESAR.\\napproaching interview with him, and occupied\\nhimself in reading it over. Thus they ad-\\nvanced in a gloomy and solemn silence, hear-\\ning no sound but the dip of the oars in the\\nwater, and the gentle dash of the waves along\\nthe line of the shore.\\nAt length the boat touched the sand, while\\nCornelia still stood on the deck of the galley,\\nwatching every movement with great solicitude\\nand concern. One of the two servants whom\\nPompey had taken with him, named Philip,\\nhis favorite personal attendant, rose to assist\\nhis master in landing. He gave Pompey his\\nhand to aid him in rising from his seat, and\\nat that moment the Koman officer whom Pom-\\npey had recognized as his fellow-soldier, ad-\\nvanced behind him and stabbed him in the\\nback. It the same instant Achillas and the\\nothers drew their swords. Pompey saw that\\nall was lost. He did not speak, and he uttered\\nno cry of alarm, though Cornelia s dreadful\\nshriek was so loud and piercing that it was\\nheard upon the shore. From the suffering\\nvictim himself nothing was heard but an inar-\\nticulate groan extorted by his agony. He\\ngathered his mantle over his face, and sank\\ndown and died.\\nOf course, all was now excitement and con-\\nfusion. As soon as the deed was done, the\\nperpetrators of it retired from the scene, tak-\\ning the head of their unhappy victim with", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "FLIGHT AND DEATH OF POMPEY. 155\\nthem, to offer to Caesar as proof that his enemy\\nwas really no more. The officers who re-\\nmained in the fleet which had brought Pompey\\nto the coast made all haste to sail away, bear-\\ning the wretched Cornelia with them, utterly\\ndistracted with grief and despair, while Philip\\nand his fellow-servant remained upon the\\nbeach, standing bewildered and stupefied over\\nthe headless body of their beloved master.\\nCrowds of spectators came in succession to\\nlook upon the hideous spectacle a moment in\\nsilence, and then to turn, shocked and repelled,\\naway. At length, when the first impulse of\\nexcitement had in some measure spent its force,\\nPhilip and his comrades so far recovered their\\ncomposure as to begin to turn their thoughts\\nto the only consolation that was now left to\\nthem, that of performing the solemn duties of\\nsepulture. They found the wreck of a fishing\\nboat upon the strand, from which they obtained\\nwood enough for a rude funeral pile. They\\nburned what remained of the mutilated body,\\nand, gathering up the ashes, they put them\\nin an urn and sent them to Cornelia, who after-\\nward buried them at Alba with many bitter\\ntears.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK IX\\nC^SAB IN EGYPT.\\nCesar surveyed the field of battle after the\\nvictory of Pharsalia, not with the feelings of\\nexultation which might have been expected in\\na victorious general, but with compassion and\\nsorrow for the fallen soldiers whose dead\\nbodies covered the ground. After gazing upon\\nthe scene sadly and in silence for a time, he\\nsaid: They would have it so, and thus dis-\\nmissed from his mind all sense of his own re-\\nsponsibility for the consequences which had\\nensued.\\nHe treated the immense body of prisoners\\nwhich had fallen into his hands with great\\nclemency, partly from the natural impulses of\\nhis disposition, which were always generous\\nand noble, and partly from policy, that he\\nmight conciliate them all, officers and soldiers,\\nto acquiescence in his future rule. He then\\nsent back a large portion of his force to Italy,\\nand, taking a body of cavalry from the rest,\\nin order that he might advance with the ut-\\nmost possible rapidity, he set off through Thes-\\n156", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CJESAR IN EGYPT. 157\\nsaly and Macedon in pursuit of his fugitive\\nfoe.\\nHe had no naval force at his command, and\\nhe accordingly kept upon the land. Besides,\\nhe wished, by moving through the country at\\nthe head of an armed force, to make a demon-\\nstration which should put down any attempt\\nthat might be made in any quarter to rally or\\nconcentrate a force in Pompey s favor. He\\ncrossed the Hellespont, and moved down the\\ncoast of Asia Minor. There was a great tem-\\nple consecrated to Diana at Ephesus, which,\\nfor its wealth and magnificence, was then the\\nwonder of the world. The authorities who\\nhad it in their charge, not aware of Caesar s\\napproach, had concluded to withdraw the\\ntreasures from the temple and loan them to\\nPompey, to be repaid when he should have re-\\ngained his power. An assembly was accord-\\ningly convened to witness the delivery of the\\ntreasures, and take note of their value, which\\nceremony was to be performed with great for-\\nmality and parade, when they learned that Cae-\\nsar had crossed the Hellespont and was drawing\\nnear. The w r hole proceeding was thus arrested,\\nand the treasures were retained.\\nCaesar passed rapidly on through Asia\\nMinor, examining and comparing, as he ad-\\nvanced, the vague rumors which were contin-\\nually coming in in respect to Pompey s move-\\nments. He learned at length that he had gone", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "158 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nto Cyprus; he presumed that his destination\\nwas Egypt, and he immediately resolved to\\nprovide himself with a fleet, and follow him\\nthither by sea. As time passed on, and the\\nnews of Pompey s defeat and flight, and of\\nCaesar s triumphant pursuit of him, became\\ngenerally extended and confirmed, the various\\npowers ruling in all that region of the world\\nabandoned one after another the hopeless\\ncause, and began to adhere to Caesar. They\\noffered him such resources and aid as he might\\ndesire. He did not, however, stop to organize\\na large fleet or to collect an army. He de-\\npended, like Napoleon, in all the great move-\\nments of his life, not on grandeur of prepara-\\ntion, but on celerity of action. He organized\\nat Ehodes a small but very efficient. fleet of ten\\ngalleys, and, embarking his best troops in\\nthem, he made sail for the coasts of Egypt,\\nPompey had landed at Pelusium, on the east-\\nern frontier, having heard that the young king\\nand his court were there to meet and resist\\nCleopatra s invasion. Caesar, however, with\\nthe characteristic boldness and energy of his\\ncharacter, proceeded directly to Alexandria,\\nthe capital.\\nEgypt was, in those days, an ally of the\\nRomans, as the phrase was; that is, the coun-\\ntry, though it preserved its independent organ-\\nization and its forms of royalty, was still\\nunited to the Roman people by an intimate", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IN EGYPT. 159\\nleague, so as to form an integral part of the\\ngreat empire. Caesar, consequently, in ap-\\npearing there with an armed force, would\\nnaturally be received as a friend. He found\\nonly the garrison which Ptolemy s government\\nhad left in charge of the city. At first the\\nofficers of this garrison gave him an outwardly\\nfriendly reception, but they soon began to take\\noffense at the air of authority and command\\nwhich he assumed, and which seemed to them\\nto indicate a spirit of encroachment on the\\nsovereignty of their own king.\\nFeelings of deeply-seated alienation and\\nanimosity sometimes find their outward ex-\\npression in contests about things intrinsically\\nof very little importance. It w T as so in. this\\ncase. The Koman consuls were accustomed to\\nuse a certain badge of authority called the\\nfasces. It consisted of a bundle of rods,\\nbound around the handle of an ax. When-\\never a consul appeared in public, he was pre-\\nceded by two officers called Motors, each of\\nwhom carried the fasces as a symbol of the\\npower which was vested in the distinguished\\npersonage who followed them.\\nThe Egyptian officers and the people of the\\ncity quarreled with Caesar on account of his\\nmoving about among them in his imperial\\nstate, accompanied by a life guard, and pre-\\nceded by the lictors. Contests occurred be-\\ntween his troops and those of the garrison,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "160 JULIUS CESAR.\\nand many disturbances were created in the\\nstreets of the city. Although no serious col-\\nlision took place, Caesar thought it prudent to\\nstrengthen his force, and he sent back to\\nEurope for additional legions to come to Egypt\\nand join him.\\nThe tidings of Pompey s death came to Cae-\\nsar at Alexandria, and with them the head of\\nthe murdered man, which was sent by the\\ngovernment of Ptolemy, they supposing that it\\nwould be an acceptable gift to Caesar. Instead\\nof being pleased with it, Caesar turned from\\nthe shocking spectacle in horror. Pompey\\nhad been, for many years now gone by, Caesar s\\ncolleague and friend. He had been his son-\\nin-law, and thus had sustained to him a verv\\nnear and endearing relation. In the contest\\nwhich had at last unfortunately arisen, Pom-\\npey had done no wrong either to Caesar or to\\nthe government at Borne. He was the injured\\nparty, so far as there was a right and a wrong\\nto such a quarrel. And now, after being\\nhunted through half the world by his trium-\\nphant enemy, he had been treacherously mur-\\ndered by men pretending to receive him as a\\nfriend. The natural sense of justice, which\\nformed originally so strong a trait in Caesar s\\ncharacter, was not yet wholly extinguished.\\nHe could not but feel some remorse at the\\nthoughts of the long course of violence and\\nwrong which he had pursued against his old", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IN EGYPT.\\n161\\nchampion and friend, and which had led at\\nlast to so dreadful an end. Instead of being\\npleased with the horrid trophy which the\\nPompey s Pillar.\\nEgyptians sent him, he mourned the death of\\nhis great rival with sincere and unaffected\\ngrief, and was filled with indignation against\\nhis murderers.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "162 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nPompey had a sigDet ring upon his finger at\\nthe time of his assassination, which was taken\\noff by the Egyptian officers and carried away\\nto Ptolemy, together with the other articles of\\nvalue which had been found upon his person.\\nPtolemy sent this seal to Caesar to complete\\nthe proof that its possessor was no more.\\nCaesar received this memorial with eager though\\nmournful pleasure, and he preserved it with\\ngreat care. And in many ways, during all the\\nremainder of his life, he manifested every out-\\nward indication of cherishing the highest re-\\nspect for Pompey s memory. There stands to\\nthe present day, among the ruins of Alexan-\\ndria, a beautiful column, about one hundred\\nfeet high, which has been known in all modern\\ntimes as Pompey s Pillar. It is formed of\\nstone, and is in three parts. One stone forms\\nthe pedestal, another the shaft, and a third the\\ncapital. The beauty of this column, the per-\\nfection of its workmanship, which still con-\\ntinues in excellent preservation, and its antiq-\\nuity, so great that all distinct record of its\\norigin is lost, have combined to make it for\\nmany ages the wonder and admiration of man-\\nkind. Although no history of its origin has\\ncome down to us, a tradition has descended\\nthat Caesar built it during his residence in\\nEgypt, to commemorate the name of Pompey\\nbut whether it was his own victory over Pom-\\npey, or Pompey s own character and military", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "C;\u00c2\u00a3SAR IN EGYPT. 163\\nfame which the structure was intended to sig-\\nnalize to mankind, cannot now be known.\\nThere is even some doubt whether it was erected\\nby Caesar at all.\\nWhile Caesar was in Alexandria, many of\\nPompey s officers, now that their master was\\ndead, and there w r as no longer any possibility\\nof their rallying again under his guidance and\\ncommand, came in and surrendered themselves\\nto him. He received them with great kind-\\nness, and, instead of visiting them with any\\npenalties for having fought against him, he\\nhonored the fidelity and bravery they had\\nevinced in the service of their own former\\nmaster. Caesar had, in fact, shown the same\\ngenerosity to the soldiers of Pompey s army\\nthat he had taken prisoners at the battle of\\nPharsalia. At the close of the battle, he\\nissued orders that each one of his soldiers\\nshould have permission to save one of the\\nenemy. Nothing could more strikingly ex-\\nemplify both the generosity and the tact that\\nmarked the great conqueror s character than\\nthis incident. The hatred and revenge w 7 hich\\nhad animated his victorious soldiery in the\\nbattle and in the pursuit, were changed imme-\\ndiately by the permission to compassion and\\ngood will. The ferocious soldiers turned at\\nonce from the pleasure of hunting their dis-\\ncomfited enemies to death to that of protecting\\nand defending them; and the way was pre-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "164 JULIUS CAESAR.\\npard for their being received into his service,\\nand incorporated with the rest of his army as\\nfriends and brothers.\\nCaesar soon found himself in so strong a\\nposition at Alexandria, that he determined to\\nexercise his authority as Roman consul to\\nsettle the dispute in respect to the succession of\\nthe Egyptian crown. There was no difficulty\\nin finding pretexts for interfering in the affairs\\nof Egypt. In the first place, there was, as\\nhe contended, great anarchy and confusion at\\nAlexandria, people taking different sides in\\nthe controversy w 7 ith such fierceness as to ren-\\nder it impossible that good government and\\npublic order should be restored until this great\\nquestion was settled. He also claimed a debt\\ndue from the Egyptian government, which\\nPhotinus, Ptolemy s minister at Alexandria,\\nwas very dilatory in paying. This led to ani-\\nmosities and disputes; and, finally, Caesar\\nfound, or pretended to find, evidence that\\nPhotinus was forming plots against his life.\\nAt length Caesar determined on taking decided\\naction. He sent orders both to Ptolemy and\\nto Cleopatra to disband their forces, to repair\\nto Alexandria, and lay their respective claims\\nbefore him for his adjudication.\\nCleopatra complied with this summons, and\\nreturned to Egypt w T ith a view to submitting\\nher case to Caesar s arbitration. Ptolemy de-\\ntermined to resist. He advanced toward", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CiESAR IN EGYPT. 165\\nEgypt, but it was at the head of his army, and\\nwith a determination to drive Caesar and all\\nhis Eoman followers away.\\nWhen Cleopatra arrived, she found that the\\navenues of approach to Caesar s quarters were\\nall in possession of her enemies, so that, in at-\\ntempting to join him, she incurred danger of\\nfalling into their hands as a prisoner. She\\nresorted to a stratagem, as the story is, to gain\\na secret admission. They rolled her up in a\\nsort of bale of bedding or carpeting, and she\\nwas carried in in this way on the back of a\\nman, through the guards, who might otherwise\\nhave intercepted her. Caesar was very much\\npleased with this device, and with the success-\\nful result of it. Cleopatra, too, was young\\nand beautiful, and Caesar immediately con-\\nceived a strong but guilty attachment to her,\\nwhich she readily returned. Caesar espoused\\nher cause, and decided that she and Ptolemy\\nshould jointly occupy the throne.\\nPtolemy and his partisans were determined\\nnot to submit to this award. The consequence\\nwas, a violent and protracted war. Ptolemy\\nwas not only incensed at being deprived of\\nwhat he considered his just right to the realm,\\nhe was also half distracted at the thought of\\nhis sister s disgraceful connection with Caesar.\\nHis excitement and distress, and the exertions\\nand efforts to which they aroused him, awak-\\nened a strong sympathy in his cause among", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "166 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nthe people, and Caesar found himself involved\\nin a very serious contest, in which his own\\nlife was brought repeatedly into the most im-\\nminent danger, and which seriously threatened\\nthe total destruction of his power. He, how-\\never, braved all the difficulty and dangers, and\\nrecklessly persisted in the course he had taken,\\nunder the influence of the infatuation in which\\nhis attachment to Cleopatra held him, as by a\\nspell.\\nThe war in which Csesar was thus involved\\nby his efforts to give Cleopatra a seat with her\\nbrother on the Egyptian throne, is called in\\nhistory the Alexandrine war. It was marked\\nby many strange and romantic incidents.\\nThere was a lighthouse, called the Pharos, on\\na small island opposite the harbor of Alexan-\\ndria, and it was so famed, both on account of\\nthe great magnificence of the edifice itself, and\\nalso on account of its position at the entrance\\nto the greatest commercial port in the w r orld,\\nthat it has given its name, as a generic appel-\\nlation, to all other structures of the kind any\\nlighthouse being now called a Pharos, just as\\nany serious difficulty is called a Gordian knot.\\nThe Pharos was a lofty tower the accounts\\nsay that it was five hundred feet in height,\\nwhich would be an enormous elevation for such\\na structure and in a lantern at the top a bril-\\nliant light was kept constantly burning, which\\ncould be seen over the water for a hundred", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "CAESAR IN EGYPT. 16?\\nmiles. The tower was built in several succes-\\nsive stories, each being ornamented with bal-\\nustrades, galleries, and columns, so that the\\nsplendor of the architecture by day rivaled the\\nbrilliancy of the radiation which beamed from\\nthe summit by night. Far and wide over the\\nstormy waters of the Mediterranean this\\nmeteor glowed, inviting and guiding the mar-\\niners in and both its welcome and its guid-\\nance were doubly prized in those ancient days,\\nwhen there was neither compass nor sextant on\\nwhich they could rely. In the course of the\\ncontest with the Egyptians, Caesar took pos-\\nsession of the Pharos, and of the island on\\nwhich it stood and as the Pharos was then\\nregarded as one of the seven wonders of the\\nworld, the fame of the exploit, though it was\\nprobably nothing remarkable in a military\\npoint of view, spread rapidly throughout the\\nworld.\\nAnd yet, though the capture of a lighthouse\\nwas no very extraordinary conquest, in the\\ncourse of the contests on the harbor which were\\nconnected with it Csesar had a very narrow es-\\ncape from death. In all such struggles he was\\naccustomed always to take personally his full\\nshare of the exposure and the danger. This\\nresulted in part from the natural impetuosity\\nand ardor of his character, which were always\\naroused to double intensity of action by the\\nexcitement of battle, and partly from the ideas", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "168 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nof the military duty of a commander which\\nprevailed in those days. There was, besides,\\nin this case, an additional inducement to ac-\\nquire the glory of extraordinary exploits, in\\nCaesar s desire to be the object of Cleopatra s\\nadmiration, who w r atched all his movements,\\nand who was doubly pleased with his prowess\\nand bravery, since she saw that they were ex-\\nercised for her sake and in her cause.\\nThe Pharos was built upon an island, which\\nw T as connected by a pier or bridge with the\\nmainland. In the course of the attack upon\\nthis bridge, Caesar, w T ith a party of his fol-\\nlowers, got driven back and hemmed in by a\\nbody of the enemy that surrounded them, in\\nsuch a place that the only mode of escape\\nseemed to be by a boat, which might take them\\nto a neighboring galley. They began, there-\\nfore, all to crowd into the boat in confusion,\\nand so overloaded it that it was obviously in\\nimminent danger of being upset or of sinking.\\nThe upsetting or sinking of an overloaded\\nboat brings almost certain destruction upon\\nmost of the passengers, whether swimmers or\\nnot, as they seize each other in their terror,\\nand go down inextricably entangled together,\\neach held by the others in the convulsive grasp\\nwith which drowning men always cling to\\nwhatever is within their reach. Csesar, antici-\\npating this danger, leaped over into the sea\\nand swam to the ship. He had some papers", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IN EGYPT. 169\\nin Lis band at the time plans, perhaps, of\\nthe works which he was assailing. These he\\nheld above the water with his left hand, while\\nhe swam with the right. And to save his\\npurple cloak or mantle, the emblem of his im-\\nperial dignity, which he supposed the enemy\\nwould eagerly seek to obtain as a trophy, he\\nseized it by a corner between his teeth, and\\ndrew it after him through the water as he swam\\ntoward the galley. The boat which he thus\\nescaped from soon after went down, with all on\\nboard.\\nDuring the progress of this Alexandrine war\\none great disaster occurred, which has given to\\nthe contest a most melancholy celebrity in all\\nsubsequent ages this disaster was the destruc-\\ntion of the Alexandrian library. The Egyp-\\ntians were celebrated for their learning, and,\\nunder the munificent patronage of some of\\ntheir kings, the learned men of Alexandria had\\nmade an enormous collection of writings, which\\nwere inscribed, as was the custom in those\\ndays, on parchment rolls. The number of the\\nrolls or volumes was said to be seven hundred\\nthousand and when we consider that each one\\nwas written with great care, in beautiful char-\\nacters, with a pen, and at a vast expense, it is\\nnot surprising that the collection was the ad-\\nmiration of the world. In fact, the whole\\nbody of ancient literature was there recorded.\\nCaesar set fire to some Egyptian galleys, which\\ni 3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "170 JULIUS OESAR.\\nlay so near the shore that the wind blew the\\nsparks and flames upon the buildings on the\\nquay. The fire spread among the palaces and\\nother magnificent edifices of that part of the\\ncity, and one of the great buildings in which\\nthe library was stored was reached and de-\\nstroyed. There was no other such collection\\nin the world; and the consequence of this\\ncalamity has been, that it is only detached and\\ninsulated fragments of ancient literature and\\nscience that have come down to our times.\\nThe world will never cease to mourn the irre-\\nparable loss.\\nNotwithstanding the various untoward inci-\\ndents which attended the war in Alexandria\\nduring its progress, Caesar, as usual, conquered\\nin the end. The young king Ptolemy was de-\\nfeated, and, in attempting to make his escape\\nacross a branch of the Nile, he was drowned.\\nCsesar then finally settled the kingdom upon\\nCleopatra and a younger brother, and, after\\nremaining for some time longer in Egypt, he\\nset out on his return to Rome.\\nThe subsequent adventures of Cleopatra were\\nso romantic as to have given her name a very\\nwide celebrity. The lives of the virtuous pass\\nsmoothly and happily away, but the tale, when\\ntold to others, possesses but little interest or\\nattraction; while those of the wicked, whose\\ndays are spent in wretchedness and despair,\\nand are thus full of misery to the actors them-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IN EGYPT. 171\\nselves, afford to the rest of mankind a high\\ndegree of pleasure, from the dramatic interest\\nof the story.\\nCleopatra led a life of splendid sin, and, of\\ncourse, of splendid misery. She visited Caesar\\nin Kome after his return thither. Ciesar re-\\nceived her magnificently, and paid her all pos-\\nsible honors; but the people of Eome regarded\\nher with strong reprobation. When her young\\nbrother, whom Caesar had made her partner on\\nthe throne, was old enough to claim his share,\\nshe poisoned him. After Caesar s death, she\\nwent from Alexandria to Syria to met Antony,\\none of Caesar s successors, in a galley or barge,\\nwhich was so rich, so splendid, so magnifi-\\ncently finished and adorned, that it was famed\\nthroughout the world as Cleopatra s barge. A\\ngreat many beautiful vessels have since been\\ncalled by the same name. Cleopatra connected\\nherself w T ith Antony, who became infatuated\\nwith her beauty and her various charms as\\nCaesar had been. After a great variety of\\nromantic adventures, Antony was defeated in\\nbattle by his great rival Octavius, and, sup-\\nposing that he had been betrayed by Cleopatra,\\nhe pursued her to Egypt intending to kill her.\\nShe hid herself in asepulcher, spreading are-\\nport that she had committed suicide, and then\\nAntony stabbed himself in a fit of remorse and\\ndespair. Before he died, he learned that\\nCleopatra was alive, and he caused himself to", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "172 JULIUS C2ESAR.\\nbe carried into her presence and died in her\\narms. Cleopatra then fell into the hands of\\nOctavius, who intended to carry her to Rome\\nto grace his triumph. To save herself frorn^\\nDeath of Cleopatra.\\nthis humiliation, and weary with a life which,\\nfull of sin as it had been, was a constant series\\nof sufferings, she determined to die. A serv-\\nant brought in an asp for her, concealed in a\\nvase of flowers, at a great banquet. She laid\\nthe poisonous reptile on her naked arm, and\\ndied immediately of the bite which it inflictedo", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0082\u00acx\\n\u00c2\u00abrtsj^i xj\\\\a J\\nJk^\\\\ nt W\\nP3^L. l^^j#l^*v\\nMif^^\\\\ jf\\nv x\\\\^2r^ i fl\\\\ \\\\u/l I\\ni$W\\ni7l\\\\m r /rw\\n1 /JL. ^i\\nf 11\\nCHAPTEE X.\\nCJ1SAR IMPERATOR\\nAlthough Pompey himself had been killed,\\nand the army under his immediate command\\nentirely annihilated, Caesar did not find that\\nthe empire was yet completely submissive to\\nhis sway. As the tidings of his conquests\\nspread over the vast and distant regions which\\nwere under the Koman rule although the story\\nitself of his exploits might have been exag-\\ngerated the impression produced by his\\npower lost something of its strength, as men\\ngenerally have little dread of remote danger.\\nWhile he was in Egypt there were three great\\nconcentrations of power formed against him in\\nother quarters of the globe in Asia Minor, in\\nAfrica, and in Spain. In putting down these\\nthree great and formidable arrays of opposi-\\ntion, Csesar made an exhibition to the world of\\nthat astonishing promptness and celerity of\\nmilitary action on which his fame as a general\\nso much depends. He went first to Asia\\nMinor, and fought a great and decisive battle\\nthere, in a manner so sudden and unexpected\\n17^", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "174 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nto the forces that opposed hira that they\\nfound themselves defeated almost before they\\nsuspected that their enemy was near. It was in\\nreference to this battle that he wrote the in-\\nscription for the banner, Veni, vidi, vici.\\nThe words may be rendered in English, I\\ncame, looked, and conquered, though the\\npeculiar force of the expression, as well as\\nthe alliteration, is lost in any attempt to trans-\\nlate it.\\nIn the meantime, Caesar s prosperity and\\nsuccess had greatly strengthened his cause at\\nEome. Eome was supported in a great meas-\\nure by the contributions brought home from\\nthe provinces by the various military heroes\\nwho were sent out to govern them and, of\\ncourse, the greater and more successful was the\\nconqueror, the better was he qualified for\\nstations of highest authority in the estimation\\nof the inhabitants of the city. They made\\nCaesar dictator even while he was away, and\\nappointed Mark Antony his master of horse.\\nThis was the same Antony whom we have\\nalready mentioned as having been connected\\nwith Cleopatra after Caesar s death. Home,\\nin fact, was filled with the fame of Caesar s ex-\\nploits, and, as he crossed the Adriatic and ad-\\nvanced toward the city, he found himself the\\nobject of universal admiration and applause.\\nBut he could not yet be contented to estab-\\nlish himself quietly at Eome. There was a large", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CESAR IMPERATOR. 175\\nforce organized against him in Africa under\\nCato, a stern and indomitable man, who had long\\nbeen an enemy to Caesar, and who now con-\\nsidered him as a usurper and an enemy of the\\nrepublic, and was determined to resist him to\\nthe last extremity. There was also a large\\nforce assembled in Spain under the command\\nof two sons of Pompey, in whose case the ordi-\\nnary political hostility of contending partisans\\nwas rendered doubly intense and bitter by their\\ndesire to avenge their father s cruel fate. Cae-\\nsar determined first to go to Africa, and then,\\nafter disposing of Cato s resistance, to cross\\nthe Mediterranean into Spain.\\nBefore he could set out, however, on these\\nexpeditions, he was involved in very serious\\ndifficulties for a time, on account of a great\\ndiscontent which prevailed in his army, and\\nwhich ended at last in open mutiny. The sol-\\ndiers complained that they had not received\\nthe rewards and honors which Caesar had\\npromised them. Some claimed offices, others\\nmoney, others lands, which, as they main-\\ntained, they had been led to expect would be\\nconferred upon them at the end of the cam-\\npaign. The fact undoubtedly was, that, elated\\nwith their success, and intoxicated with the\\nspectacle of the boundless influence and power\\nwhich their general so obviously wielded at\\nKome, they formed expectations and hopes for\\nthemselves altogether too wild and unreason-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "176 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nable to be realized by soldiers; for soldiers,\\nhowever much they may be flattered by their\\ngenerals in going into battle, or praised in the\\nmass in official dispatches, are after all but\\nslaves, and slaves, too, of the very humblest\\ncaste and character.\\nThe famous tenth legion, Caesar s favorite\\ncorps, took the most active part in fomenting\\nthese discontents, as might naturally have been\\nexpected, since the attentions and the praises\\nwhich he had bestowed upon them, though at\\nfirst they tended to awaken their ambition, and\\nto inspire them with redoubled ardor and cour-\\nage, ended, as such favoritism always does, in\\nmaking them vain, self-important, and un-\\nreasonable. Led on thus by the tenth legion,\\nthe whole army mutinied. They broke up the\\ncamp where they had been stationed at some\\ndistance beyond the walls of Eome, and\\nmarched toward the city. Soldiers in a\\nmutiny, even though headed by their subaltern\\nofficers, are very little under command; and\\nthese Roman troops, feeling released from\\ntheir usual restraints, committed various ex-\\ncesses on the way, terrifying the inhabitants\\nand spreading universal alarm. The people of\\nthe city were thrown into utter consternation\\nat the approach of the vast horde, which was\\ncoming like a terrible avalanche to descend\\nupon them.\\nThe army expected some signs of resistance", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IMPERATOR. 177\\nat the gates, which, if offered, they were pre-\\npared to encounter and overcome. Their plan\\nwas, after entering the city, to seek Caesar and\\ndemand their discharge from his service.\\nThey knew that he was under the necessity of\\nimmediately making a campaign in Africa, and\\nthat, of course, he could not possibly, as they\\nsupposed, dispense with them. He would,\\nconsequently, if they asked their discharge,\\nbeg them to remain, and, to induce them to do\\nit, would comply with all their expectations\\nand desires.\\nSuch was their plan. To tender, however, a\\nresignation of an office as a means of bringing\\nan opposite party to terms, is always a very\\nhazardous experiment. We easily overrate\\nthe estimation in which our own services are\\nheld, taking what is said to us in kindness or\\ncourtesy by friends as the sober and deliberate\\njudgment of the public; and thus it often\\nhappens that persons who in such case offer to\\nresign, are astonished to find their resignations\\nreadily accepted.\\nWhen Caesar s mutineers arrived at the gates,\\nthey found, instead of opposition, only orders\\nfrom Caesar, by which they w T ere directed to\\nleave all their arms except their swords, and\\nmarch into the city. They obeyed. They\\nwere then directed to go to the Campus\\nMartius, a vast parade ground situated within\\nthe walls, and to await Caesar s orders there.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "178 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nCsesar met them in the Campus Martins, and\\ndemanded why they had left their encampment\\nwithout orders and come to the city. They\\nstated in reply, as they had previously planned\\nto do, that they wished to be discharged from\\nthe public service. To their great astonish-\\nment, Caesar seemed to consider this request\\nas nothing at all extraordinary, but promised,\\non the other hand, very readily to grant it.\\nHe said that they should be at once dis-\\ncharged, and should receive faithfully all the\\nrewards which had been promised them at the\\nclose of the war. for their long and arduous\\nservices. At the same time he expressed his\\ndeep regret that, to obtain what he was per-\\nfectly willing and ready at any time to grant,\\nthey should have so far forgotten their duties\\nas Eomans, and violated the discipline which\\nshould always be held absolutely sacred by\\nevery soldier. He particularly regretted that\\nthe tenth legion, on which he had been long\\naccustomed so implicitly to rely, should have\\ntaken a part in such transactions.\\nIn making this address, Caesar assumed a\\nkind and considerate, and even respectful tone\\ntoward his men, calling them Quirites instead\\nof soldiers an honorary mode of appellation,\\nwhich recognized them as constituent members\\nof the Koman commonwealth. The effect of\\nthe whole transaction was what might have\\nbeen anticipated, A universal desire was", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Jtutua uce*ar,faci\\nCaesar Addressing the Mutineers in the Campus Martius.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IMPERATOR. 1?9\\nawakened throughout the whole army to return\\nto their duty. They sent deputations to\\nCaesar, begging not to be taken at their word,\\nbut to be retained in the service, and allowed\\nto accompany him to Africa. After much\\nhesitation and delay, Caesar consented to re-\\nceive them again, all excepting the tenth\\nlegion, who, he said, had now irrevocably lost\\nhis confidence and regard. It is a striking illus-\\ntration of the strength of the attachment which\\nbound Caesar s soldiers to their commander,\\nthat the tenth legion would not be discharged,\\nafter all. They followed Caesar of their own\\naccord into Africa, earnestly entreating him\\nagain and again to receive them. He finally\\ndid receive them in detachments, which he in-\\ncorporated with the rest of his army, or sent\\non distant service, but hew 7 ould never organize\\nthem as the tenth legion again.\\nIt was now early in the winter, a stormy\\nseason for crossing the Mediterranean Sea.\\nCaesar, however, set off from Home imme-\\ndiately, proceeded south to Sicily, and en-\\ncamped on the seashore there till the fleet was\\nready to convey his forces to Africa. The\\nusual fortune attended him in the African cam-\\npaigns. His fleet was exposed to imminent\\ndangers in crossing the sea, but, in conse-\\nquence of the extreme deliberation and skill\\nwith which his arrangements were made, he\\nescaped them all. He overcame one after", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "180 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nanother of the military difficulties which were\\nin his way in Africa. His army endured, in the\\ndepth of winter, great exposures and fatigues,\\nand they had to encounter a large hostile\\nforce under the charge of Cato. They were,\\nhowever, successful in every undertaking.\\nCato retreated at last to the city of TJtica,\\nwhere he shut himself up with the remains of\\nhis army; but finding, at length, when Caesar\\ndrew near, that there was no hope or possi-\\nbility of making good his defense, and as his\\nstein and indomitable spirit could not endure\\nthe thought of submission to one whom he\\nconsidered as an enemy to his country and a\\ntraitor, he resolved upon a very effectual mode\\nof escaping from his conqueror s power. He\\nfeigned to abandon all hope of defending the\\ncity, and began to make arrangements to facili-\\ntate the escape of his soldiers over the sea.\\nHe collected the vessels in the harbor, and\\nallowed all to embark who were willing to take\\nthe risks of the stormy water. He took, ap-\\nparently, great interest in the embarkations,\\nand, when evening came on, he sent repeatedly\\ndown to the seaside to inquire about the state\\nof the wind and the progress of the operations.\\nAt length he retired to his apartment, and,\\nwhen all was quiet in the house, he lay down\\nupon his bed and stabbed himself with his\\nsword. He fell from the bed by the blow, or\\nelse from the effect of some convulsive motion", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CiESAR IMPERATOR. 181\\nwhich the penetrating steel occasioned. His\\nson and servants, hearing the fall, came rush-\\ning into the room, raised him from the floor,\\nand attempted to bind up and stanch the\\nwound. Cato would not permit them to do it.\\nHe resisted them violently as soon as he was\\nconscious of what they intended. Finding\\nthat a struggle would only aggravate the hor-\\nrors of the scene, and even hasten its termi-\\nnation, they left the bleeding hero to his fate,\\nand in a few minutes he died.\\nThe character of Cato, and the circumstances\\nunder which his suicide was committed, make\\nit, on the whole, the most conspicuous act of\\nsuicide which history records; and the events\\nwhich followed show in an equally conspicuous\\nmanner the extreme folly of the deed. In re-\\nspect to its wickedness, Cato, not having had\\nthe light of Christianity before him, is to be\\nleniently judged. As to the folly of the deed,\\nhowever, he is to be held strictly accountable.\\nIf he had lived and yielded to his conqueror,\\nas he might have done gracefully and without\\ndishonor, since all his means of resistance\\nwere exhausted, Caesar would have treated him\\nwith generosity and respect, and would have\\ntaken him to Borne; and as within a year or\\ntwo of this time Csesar himself was no more,\\nCato s vast influence and power might have\\nbeen, and undoubtedly would have been, called\\nmost effectually into action for the benefit of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "182 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nLis country. If any one, in defending Cato.\\nshould say he could not foresee this, we reply,\\nhe could have foreseen it; not the precise\\nevents, indeed, which occurred, but he could\\nhave foreseen that vast changes must take\\nplace, and new aspects of affairs arise, in which\\nhis powers would be called into requisition.\\nWe can always foresee in the midst of any\\nstorm, however dark and gloomy, that clear\\nskies will certainly sooner or later come again\\nand this is just as true metaphorically in re-\\nspect to the vicissitudes of human life, as it is\\nliterally in regard to the ordinary phenomena\\nof the skies.\\nFrom Africa Caesar returned to Rome, and\\nfrom Eome he went to subdue the resistance\\nwhich was offered by the sons of Pompey in\\nSpain. He was equally successful here. The\\noldest son was wounded in battle, and was car-\\nried off from the field upon a litter faint and\\nalmost dying. He recovered in some degree,\\nand, finding escape from the eager pursuit of\\nCaesar s soldiers impossible, he concealed\\nhimself in a cave, where he lingered for a little\\ntime in destitution and misery. He was dis-\\ncovered at last; his head was cut off by his\\ncaptors and sent to Caesar, as his father s had\\nbeen. The younger son succeeded in escap-\\ning, but he became a wretched fugitive and\\noutlaw, and all manifestations of resistance to\\nCaesar s sway disappeared from Spain. The", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IMPEKATOR. 1X3\\nconqueror returned to Eome the undisputed\\nmaster of the whole Roman world.\\nThen came his triumphs. Triumphs were\\ngreat celebrations, by which military heroes\\nin the days of the Eoman commonwealth sig-\\nnalized their victories on their return to the\\ncity. Caesar s triumphs were four, one for\\neach of his four great successful campaigns,\\nviz., in Egypt, in Asia Minor, in Africa, and\\nin Spain. Each was celebrated on a separate\\nday, and there was an interval of several days\\nbetween them to magnify their importance,\\nand swell the general interest which they ex-\\ncited among the vast population of the city.\\nOn one of these days, the triumphal car in\\nwhich Caesar rode, which was most magnifi-\\ncently adorned, broke down on the way, and\\nCasar was nearly thrown out of it by the\\nshock. The immense train of cars, horses,\\nelephants, flags, banners, captives, and tro-\\nphies which formed the splendid procession was\\nall stopped by the accident, and a considerable\\ndelay ensued. Night came on, in fact, before\\nthe column could again be put in motion to\\nenter the city, and then Caesar, whose genius\\nwas never more strikingly shown than when he\\nhad opportunity to turn a calamity to advan-\\ntage, conceived the idea of employing the forty\\nelephants of the train as torchbearers the long\\nprocession accordingly advanced through the\\nstreets and ascended to the capitol, lighted by\\n14 Julius Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "184 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nthe great blazing flambeaus which the saga-\\ncious and docile beasts were easily taught to\\nbear, each elephant holding one in his pro-\\nboscis, and waving it above the crowd around\\nhim.\\nIn these triumphal processions everything\\nwas borne in exhibition which could serve as a\\nsymbol of the conquered country or a trophy\\nof victory. Flags and banners taken from the\\nenemy vessels of gold and silver, and other\\ntreasures, loaded in vans; wretched captives\\nconveyed in open carriages or marching sor-\\nrowfully on foot, and destined, some of them,\\nto public execution when the ceremony of the\\ntriumph was ended displays of arms, and im-\\nplements, and dresses, and all else which might\\nserve to give the Koman crowd an idea of the\\ncustoms and usages of the remote and con-\\nquered nations the animals they used, capari-\\nsoned in the manner in which they used them\\nthese, and a thousand other trophies and em-\\nblems, were brought into the line to excite the\\nadmiration of the crowd, and to add to the gor-\\ngepusness of the spectacle. In fact, it was\\nalways a great object of solicitude and exertion\\nwith all the Koman generals, when on distant\\nand dangerous expeditions, to possess them-\\nselves of every possible prize in the progress of\\ntheir campaign which could aid in adding\\nsplendor to the triumph which was to signalize\\nits end.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CAESAR IMPERATOR. 185\\nIn these triumphs of Caesar, a young sister\\nof Cleopatra was in the line of the Egyptian\\nprocession. In that devoted to Asia Minor\\nwas a great banner containing the words\\nalready referred to, Veni, Vidi, Vici. There\\nwere great paintings, too, borne aloft, repre-\\nsenting battles and other striking scenes. Of\\ncourse, all Rome was in the highest state of\\nexcitement during the days of the exhibition of\\nthis pageantry. The whole surrounding coun-\\ntry flocked to the capital to witness it, and\\nCsesar s greatness and glory were signalized in\\nthe most conspicuous manner to all mankind.\\nAfter these triumphs, a series of splendid\\npublic entertainments were given, over twenty\\nthousand tables having been spread for the\\npopulace of the city. Shows of every possible\\ncharacter and variety were exhibited. There\\nwere dramatic plays, and equestrian preform-\\nances in the circus, and gladiatorial combats,\\nand battles with wild beasts, and dances, and\\nchariot races, and every other imaginable\\namusement which could be devised and car-\\nried into effect to gratify a population highly\\ncultivated in all the arts of life, but barbarous\\nand cruel in heart and character. Some of the\\naccounts which have come down to us of the\\nmagnificence of the scale on which these enter-\\ntainments were conducted are absolutely in-\\ncredible. It is said, for example, that an im-\\nmense basin was constructed near the Tiber,,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "186 JULIUS Ci SAR.\\nlarge enough to contain two fleets of galleys,\\nwhich had on board two thousand rowers each,\\nand one thousand fighting men. These fleets\\nwere then manned with captives, the one with\\nAsiatics and the other with Egyptians, and\\nwhen all was ready they were compelled to\\nfight a real battle for the amusement of the\\nspectators which thronged the shores, until\\nvast numbers were killed, and the waters of\\nthe lake were dyed with blood. It is also said\\nthat the whole Forum, and some of the great\\nstreets in the neighborhood where the princi-\\npal gladiatorial shows were held, were covered\\nwith silken awnings to protect the vast crowds\\nof spectators from the sun, and thousands of\\ntents were erected to accommodate the people\\nfrom the surrounding country, whom the\\nbuildings of the city could not contain.\\nAll open opposition to Caesar s power and\\ndominion now entirely disappeared. Even\\nthe Senate vied with the people in rendering\\nhim every possible honor. The supreme\\npower had been hitherto lodged in the hands\\nof t two consuls, chosen annually, and the\\nRoman people had been extremely jealous of\\nany distinction for any one, higher than that\\nof an elective annual office, with a return to\\nprivate life again when the brief period should\\nhave expired. They now, however, made\\nCassar, in the first place, consul for ten years,\\nand then Perpetual Dictator. They conferred", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "C^SAR IMPERATOR. 18?\\nupon him the title of the Father of his Coun-\\ntry. The name of the month in which he was\\nborn was changed to Julius, from his praeno-\\nmen, and we still retain the name. He was\\nmade, also, commander-in-chief of all the\\narmies of the commonwealth, the title to\\nwhich vast military jjower was expressed in\\nthe Latin language by the word Imperator.\\nCsesar was highly elated with all these sub-\\nstantial proofs of the greatness and glory to\\nw r hich he had attained, and was also very evi-\\ndently gratified with smaller, but equally ex-\\npressive proofs of the general regard. Statues\\nrepresenting his person were placed in the\\npublic edifices, and borne in processions like\\nthose of the gods. Conspicuous and splendidly\\nornamented seats were constructed for him in\\nall the places of public assembly, and on these\\nhe sat to listen to debates or witness spectacles,\\nas if he were upon a throne. He had, either\\nby his influence or by his direct power, the\\ncontrol of all the appointments to office, and\\nwas, in fact, in everything but the name, a\\nsovereign and an absolute king.\\nHe began now to form great schemes of in-\\nternal improvement for the general benefit of\\nthe empire. He wished to increase still more\\nthe great obligations which the Koman people\\nwere under to him for what he had already\\ndone. They really were under vast obliga-\\ntions to him for, considering Rome as a com-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "188 JULIUS Ci^SAR.\\nnmnity which was to subsist by governing the\\nworld, Caesar had immensely enlarged the\\nmeans of its subsistence by establishing its\\nsway everywhere, and providing for an incal-\\nculable increase of its revenues from the tribute\\nand the taxation of conquered provinces and\\nkingdoms. Since this work of conquest was\\nnow completed, he turned his attention to the\\ninternal affairs of the empire, and made many\\nimprovements in the system of administration,\\nlooking carefully into everything, and intro-\\nducing everywhere those exact and systematic\\nprinciples which such a mind as his seeks in-\\nstinctively in everything over which it has any\\ncontrol.\\nOne great change which he effected continues\\nin perfect operation throughout Europe to the\\npresent day. It related to the division of\\ntime. The system ofmonths in use in his day\\ncorresponded so imperfectly with the annual\\ncircuit of the sun, that the months were mov-\\ning continually along the year in such a man-\\nner that the winter months came at length in\\nthe^ summer, and the summer months in the\\nwinter. This led to great practical inconve-\\nniences; for whenever, for example, anything\\nwas required by law to be done in certain\\nmonths, intending to have them done in the\\nsummer, and the specified month came at\\nlength to be a winter month, the law would re-\\nquire the thing to be done in exactly the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "CESAR IMPERATOR. 180\\nwrong season. Caesar remedied all this by\\nadopting a new system of months, which\\nshould give three hundred and sixty -five days\\nto the year for three years, and three hundred\\nand sixty-six for the fourth; and so exact was\\nthe system which he thus introduced, that it\\nwent on unchanged for sixteen centuries. The\\nmonths were then found to be eleven days out\\nof the way, when a new correction was intro-\\nduced,* and it will now go on three thousand\\nyears before the error will amount to a single\\nday. Caesar employed a Greek astronomer to\\narrange the system that he adopted and it was\\nin part on account of the improvement which\\nhe thus effected that one of the months, as has\\nalready been mentioned, was called July. Its\\nname before was Qumtilis.\\nCaesar formed a great many other vast and\\nmagnificent schemes. He planned public\\nbuildings for the city, which were going to ex-\\nceed in magnitude and splendor all the edifices\\nof the world. He commenced the collection\\nof vast libraries, formed plans for draining the\\nPontine Marshes, for bringing great supplies\\nof water into the city by an aqueduct, for cut-\\nting a new passage for the Tiber from Koine\\nto the sea, and making an enormous artificial\\nharbor at its mouth. He was going to make\\n*By Pope Gregory XIII, at the time of the change from\\ntlie old style to the new.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "190\\nJULIUS CAESAR\\na road along the Apennines, and cut a canal\\nthrough the^Isthmus of Corinth, and construct\\nother vast works, which were to make Eome the\\nA Roman Circus\\ncenter of the commerce of the world. In a\\nword, his head was filled with the grandest\\nschemes, and he was gathering around him all\\nthe means and resources necessary for the exe-\\ncution of them.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK XI.\\nTHE CONSPIRACY.\\nCesar s greatness and glory came at last to\\na very sudden and violent end. He was assas-\\nsinated. All the attendant circumstances of\\nthis deed, too, were of the most extraordinary\\ncharacter, and thus the dramatic interest which\\nadorns all parts of the great conqueror s his-\\ntory marks strikingly its end.\\nHis prosperity and power awakened, of\\ncourse, a secret jealousy and ill will. Those\\nwho were disappointed in their expectations of\\nhis favor murmured. Others, who had once\\nbeen his rivals, hated him for having tri-\\numphed over them. Then there was a stern\\nspirit of democracy, too, among certain classes\\nof the citizens of Eome which could not brook\\na master. It is true that the sovereign power\\nin the Eoman commonwealth had never been\\nshared by all the inhabitants. It was only in\\ncertain privileged classes that the sovereignty\\nwas vested; but among these the functions of\\ngovernmert were divided and distributed in\\nsuch a way as to balance one interest again^.\\n191", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "192 JULIUS CESAR.\\nanother, and *o give all their proper share of\\ninfluence and authority. Terrible struggles and\\nconflicts often occurred among these various\\nsections of society, as one or another attempted\\nfrom time to time to encroach upon the rights\\nor privileges of the rest. These struggles,\\nhowever, ended usually in at last restoring\\nagain the equilibrium which had been dis-\\nturbed. No one power could ever gain the en-\\ntire ascendency and thus, as all monarchism\\nseemed excluded from their system, they called\\nit a republic. Caesar, however, had now con-\\ncentrated in himself all the principal elements\\nof power, and there began to be suspicions\\nthat he wished to make himself in name and\\nopenly, as well as secretly and in fact, a king.\\nThe Romans abhorred the very name of\\nking. They had had kings in the early\\nperiods of their history, but they made them-\\nselves odious by their pride and their oppres-\\nsions, and the people had deposed and expelled\\nthem. The modern nations of Europe have\\nseveral times performed the same exploit, but\\nthey have generally felt unprotected and ill at\\nease without a personal sovereign over them,\\nand have accordingly, in most cases, after a\\nfew years, restored some branch of the expelled\\ndynasty to the throne. The Romans were\\nmore persevering and firm. They had man-\\naged their empire now for five hundred years\\nas a republic, and though they had had internal", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 193\\ndissensions, conflicts, and quarrels without\\nend, bad persisted so firmly and unanimously\\nin their detestation of all regai authority, that\\nno one of the long line of ambitious and power-\\nful statesmen, generals, or conquerors by which\\nthe history of the empire had been signalized,\\nhad ever dared to aspire to the name of king.\\nThere began, however, soon to appear some\\nindications that Caesar, who certainly now\\npossessed regal power, would like the regal\\nname. Ambitious men, in such cases, do not\\ndirectly assume themselves the titles and\\nsymbols of royalty. Others make the claim\\nfor them, while they faintly disavow it, till\\nthey have opportunity to see what effect the\\nidea produces on the public mind. The fol-\\nlowing incidents occurred which it was thought\\nindicated such a design on the part of Caesar.\\nThere were in some of the public buildings\\ncertain statues of kings for it must be under-\\nstood that the Roman dislike to kings was only\\na dislike to having kingly authority exercised\\nover themselves. They respected and some-\\ntimes admired the kings of other countries,\\nand honored their exploits, and made statues\\nto commemorate their fame. They were will-\\ning that kings should reign elsewhere, so long\\nas there were no king of Eome. The Ameri-\\ncan feeling at the present day is much the\\nsame. If the Queen of England were to make\\na progress through this country, she would re-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "194 JULIUS CJESAR.\\nceive- perhaps, as many and as striking marks\\nof attention and honor as would be rendered to\\nher in her own realm. We venerate the anti-\\nquity of her royal line; we admire the effi-\\nciency of her government and the sublime\\ngrandeur of her empire, and have as high an\\nidea as any of the powers and prerogatives of\\nher crown and these feelings w r ould show\\nthemselves most abundantly on any proper\\noccasion. We are willing, nay, wish that she\\nshould continue to reign over Englishmen\\nand yet, after all, it would take some millions\\nof bayonets to place a queen securely upon a\\nthrone over this land.\\nKegal power was accordingly, in the abstract,\\nlooked up to at Eome, as it is elsewhere, with\\ngreat respect; and it was, in fact, all the more\\ntempting as an object of ambition, from the\\ndetermination felt by the people that it should\\nnot be exercised there. There were, accord-\\ningly, statues of kings at Eome. Caesar placed\\nhis own statue among them. Some approved,\\nothers murmured.\\nThere was a public theater in the city,\\nwhere the officers of the government were ac-\\ncustomed to sit in honorable seats prepared\\nexpressly for them, those of the Senate being\\nhigher and more distinguished than the rest.\\nCfesar had a seat prepared for himself there,\\nsimilar in form to a throne, and adorned it\\nmagnificently with gilding and ornaments of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 195\\ngold, which gave it the entire pre-eminence\\nover all the other seats.\\nHe had a similar throne placed in the senate\\nchamber, to be occupied by himself when at-\\ntending there, like the throne of the King of\\nEngland in the House of Lords.\\nHe held, moreover, a great many public cele-\\nbrations and triumphs in the city in commem-\\noration of his exploits and honors; and, on\\none of these occasions, it was arranged that\\nthe Senate were to come to him at a temple in\\na body and announce to him certain decrees\\nwhich they had passed to his honor. Vast\\ncrowds had assembled to witness the ceremony.\\nCaesar was seated in a magnificent chair, which\\nmight have been called either a chair or a\\nthrone, and was surrounded by officers and at-\\ntendants. When the Senate approached, Caesar\\ndid not rise to receive them, but remained\\nseated, like a monarch receiving a deputation\\nof his subjects. The incident would not seem\\nto be in itself of any great importance, but,\\nconsidered as an indication of Caesar s designs,\\nit attracted great attention, and produced a\\nvery general excitement. The act was adroitly\\nmanaged so as to be somewhat equivocal in its\\ncharacter, in order that it might be represented\\none way or the other on the following day, ac-\\ncording as the indications of public sentiment\\nmight incline. Some said that Caesar was in-\\ntending to rise, but was prevented, and held\\n15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Ctesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "196 JULIUS C^SAR,\\na\\ndown by those who stood around him. Others\\nsaid that an officer motioned to him to rise, but\\nhe rebuked his interference by a frown, and\\ncontinued his seat. Thus while, in fact, he\\nreceived the Roman Senate as their monarch\\nand sovereign, his own intentions and designs\\nin so doing were left somewhat in doubt, in\\norder to avoid awakening a sudden and violent\\nopposition.\\nNot long after this, as he was returning in\\npublic from some great festival, the streets\\nbeing full of crowds, and the populace follow-\\ning him in great throngs with loud acclama-\\ntions, a man went up to his statue as he passed\\nit, and placed upon the head of it a laurel\\ncrown, fastened with a white ribbon, which\\nwas a badge of royalty. Some officers ordered\\nthe ribbon to be taken down, and sent the man\\nto prison. Caesar was very much displeased\\nwith the officers, and dismissed them from\\ntheir office. He wished, he said, to have the\\nopportunity to disavow, himself, such claims,\\nand not to have others disavow them for him.\\nCaesar s disavowals were, however, so faint,\\narid poeple had so little confidence in their\\nsincerity, that the cases became more and more\\nfrequent in which the titles and symbols of\\nroyalty were connected with his name. The\\npeople who wished to gain his favor saluted\\nhim in public with the name of Bex, the Latin\\nword for king. He replied that his name was", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 19?\\nCaesar, Dot Rex, showing, however, no other\\nsigns of displeasure. On one great occasion,\\na high public officer, a near relative of his, re-\\npeatedly placed a diadem upon his head, Caesar\\nhimself, as often as he did it, gently putting\\nit off. At last he sent the diadem away to a\\ntemple that was near, saying that there was no\\nking in Home but Jupiter. In a word, all hi3\\nconduct indicated that he wished to have it\\nappear that the people were pressing the crown\\nupon him, when he himself was steadily\\nrefusing it.\\nThis state of things produced a very strong\\nand universal, though suppressed excitement\\nin the city. Parties were formed. Some began\\nto be willing to make Caesar king; others were\\ndetermined to hazard their lives to prevent it.\\nNone dared, however, openly to utter their\\nsentiments on either side. They expressed\\nthem by mysterious looks and dark intima-\\ntions. At the time when Caesar refused to rise\\nto receive the Senate, many of the members\\nwithdrew in silence, and with looks of offended\\ndignity. When the crown was placed upon\\nhis statue or upon his own brow, a portion of\\nthe populace would applaud with loud acclama-\\ntions; and whenever he disavowed these acts,\\neither by words or counter-actions of his own,\\nan equally loud acclamation would arise from\\nthe other side. On the whole, however, the\\nidea that Caesar was gradually advancing to-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "198 JULIUS C/ESAR.\\nward the kingdom steadily gained ground.\\nAnd yet Caesar himself spoke frequently\\nwith great humility in respect to his preten-\\nsions and claims; and when he found public\\nsentiment turning against the ambitious\\nschemes he seems secretly to have cherished,\\nhe would present some excuse or explanation\\nfor his conduct plausible enough to answer the\\npurpose of a disavowal. When he received\\nthe Senate, sitting like a king, on the occasion\\nbefore referred to, when they read to him the\\ndecrees which they had passed in his favor,\\nhe replied to them that there was more need of\\ndiminishing the public honors which he re-\\nceived than of increasing them. When he\\nfound, too, how much excitement his conduct\\non that occasion had produced, he explained it\\nby saying that he had retained his sitting pos-\\nture on account of the infirmity of his health,\\nas it made him dizzy to stand. He thought,\\nprobably, that these pretexts would tend to\\nquiet the strong and turbulent spirits around\\nhim, from whose envy or rivalry he had most\\nto. fear, without at all interfering with the\\neffect which the act itself would have produced\\nupon the masses of the population. He\\nwished, in a word, to accustom them to see\\nhim assume the position and the bearing of a\\nsovereign, while, by his apparent humility in\\nhis intercourse with those immediately around\\nhim, he avoided as much as possible irritating", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "Julius Cctsar, face p. 198\\nCaesar Refusing a Crown.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 199\\nand arousing the jealous and watchful rivals\\nwho were next to him in power.\\nIf this were his plan, it seemed to be ad-\\nvancing prosperously toward its accomplish-\\nment. The population of the city seemed to\\nbecome more and more familiar with the idea\\nthat Caesar was about to become a king. The\\nopposition which the idea had at first awak-\\nened appeared to subside, or, at least, the\\npublic expression of it, which daily became\\nmore and more determined and dangerous, was\\nrestrained. At length the time arrived when\\nit appeared safe to introduce the subject to the\\nEoman Senate. This, of course, was a hazard-\\nous experiment. It was managed, however, in\\na very adroit and ingenious manner.\\nThere were in Borne, and, in fact, in many\\nother cities and countries of the world in those\\ndays, a variety of prophetic books, called the\\nSibylline Oracles, in which it was generally\\nbelieved that future events were foretold.\\nSome of these volumes or rolls, which were\\nvery ancient and of great authority, were pre-\\nserved in the temples at Eome, under the\\ncharge of a board of guardians, who were to\\nkeep them with the utmost care, and to consult\\nthem on great occasions, in order to discover\\nbeforehand what would be the result of public\\nmeasures or great enterprises which were in\\ncontemplation. It happened that at this time\\nthe Romans were engaged in a war with the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "200 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nParthians, a very wealthy and powerful nation\\nof Asia. Caesar was making preparations for\\nan expedition to the East to attempt to subdue\\nthis people. He gave orders that the Sibylline\\nOracles should be consulted. The proper\\nofficers, after consulting them with the usual\\nsolemn ceremonies, reported to the Senate that\\nthey found it recorded in these sacred proph-\\necies that the Parthians could not be con-\\nquered except by a, king. A senator proposed,\\ntherefore, that, to meet the emergency, Caesar\\nshould be made king during the war. There\\nwas at first no decisive action on this proposal.\\nIt was dangerous to express any opinion.\\nPeople were thoughtful, serious, and silent,\\nas on the eve of some great convulsion. No\\none knew what others were meditating, and\\nthus did not dare to express his own wishes or\\ndesigns. There soon, however, was a prevail-\\ning understanding that Caesar s friends were\\ndetermined on executing the design of crown-\\ning him, and that the fifteenth of March,\\ncalled, in their phraseology, the Ides of March\\nwas fixed upon as the coronation day.\\nIn the meantime, Caesar s enemies, though\\nto all outward appearance quiet and calm, had\\nnot been inactive. Finding that his plans\\nwere now ripe for execution, and that they had\\nno open means of resisting them, they formed\\na conspiracy to assassinate Caesar himself, and\\nthus bring his ambitious schemes to an effectual", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 201\\nand final end. The name of the original leader\\nof this conspiracy was Cassius.\\nCassius had been for a long time Caesars\\npersonal rival and enemy. He was a man of a\\nvery violent and ardent temperament, impet-\\nuous and fearless, very fond of exercising\\npower himself, but very restless and uneasy in\\nhaving it exercised over him. He had all the\\nKoman repugnance to being under the authority\\nof a master, with an additional personal deter-\\nmination of his own not to submit to Csesar.\\nHe determined to slay Csesar rather than to\\nallow him to be made a king, and he went to\\nwork, with great caution, to bring other lead-\\ning and influential men to join him in this de-\\ntermination. Some of those to whom he ap-\\nplied said that they would unite with him in\\nhis plot provided he would get Marcus Brutus\\nto join them.\\nBrutus was the praetor of the city. The\\npraetorship of the city was a very high muni-\\ncipal office. The conspirators wished to have\\nBrutus join them partly on account of his\\nstation as a magistrate, as if they supposed\\nthat by having the highest public magistrate of\\nthe city for their leader in the deed, the de-\\nstruction of their victim would appear less\\nlike a murder, and would be invested, instead,\\nin some respects, with the sanctions and with\\nthe dignity of an official execution.\\nThen, again, they wished for the moral sup-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "202 JULIUS C^SAR.\\nport which would be afforded them in their\\ndesperate enterprise by Brutus extraordinary\\npersonal character. He was younger than\\nCassius, but he was grave, thoughtful, taci-\\nturn, calm a man of inflexible integrity, of\\nthe coolest determination, and, at the same\\ntime, of the most undaunted courage. The\\nconspirators distrusted one another, for the\\nresolution of impetuous men is very apt to fail\\nwhen the emergency arrives which puts it to\\nthe test but as for Brutus, they knew very\\nwell that whatever he undertook he would most\\ncertainly do.\\nThere was a great deal even in his name.\\nIt was a Brutus that five centuries before had\\nbeen the main instrument of the expulsion of\\nthe Koman kings. He had secretly meditated\\nthe design, and, the better to conceal it, had\\nfeigned idiocy, as the story was, that he might\\nnot be watched or suspected until the favorable\\nhour for executing his design should arrive.\\nHe therefore ceased to speak, and seemed to\\nlose his reason he wandered about the city\\nsilent and gloomy, like a brute. His name\\nhad been Lucius Junius before. They added\\nBrutus now, to designate his condition. When\\nat last, however, the crisis arrived which he\\njudged favorable for the expulsion of the\\nkings, he suddenly reassumed his speech and\\nhis reason, called the astonished Bomans to\\narms, and triumphantly accomplished his de-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 203\\nsign. His name and memory had been cher-\\nished ever since that day as of a great deliverer.\\nThey, therefore, who looked upon Caesar as\\nanother kiDg, naturally turned their thoughts\\nto the Brutus of their day, hoping to find in\\nhim another deliverer. Brutus found, from\\ntime to time, inscriptions on his ancient name-\\nsake s statue expressing the wish that be were\\nnow alive. He also found each morning, a\\nhe came to the tribunal where he was accus-\\ntomed to sit in the discharge of the duties of\\nhis office, brief writings, which had been left\\nthere during the night, in which few words\\nexpressed deep meaning, such as Awake,\\nBrutus, to thy duty; and Art thou indeed a\\nBrutus?\\nStill it seemed hardly probable that Brutus\\ncould be led to take a decided stand against\\nCaesar, for they had been warm personal friends\\never since the conclusion of the civil wars.\\nBrutus had, indeed, been on Pompey s side\\nwhile that general lived; he fought with him\\nat the battle of Pharsalia, but he had been\\ntaken prisoner there, and Caesar, instead of\\nexecuting him as a traitor, as most victorious\\ngenerals in a civil war would have done,\\nspared his life, forgave him for his hostility,\\nreceived him into his own service, and after-\\nward raised him to very high and honorable\\nstations. He gave him the government of the\\nrichest province, and, after his return from it,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "204 JULIUS C SAR.\\nloaded with wealth and honors, he made him\\npraetor of the city. In a word, it would seem\\nthat he had done everything which it was pos-\\nsible to do to make him one of his most trust-\\nworthy and devoted friends. The men, there-\\nfore, to whom Cassius first applied, perhaps\\nthought that they were very safe in saying that\\nthey would unite in the intended conspiracy if\\nhe would get Brutus to join them.\\nThey expected Cassius himself to make the\\nattempt to secure the co-operation of Brutus,\\nas Cassius was on terms of intimacy with him\\non account of a family connection. Cassius\\nwife was the sister of Brutus. This had made\\nthe two men intimate associates and warm\\nfriends in former years, though they had been\\nrecently somewhat estranged from each other\\non account of having been competitors for the\\nsame offices and honors. In these contests\\nCaesar had decided in favor of Brutus. Cas-\\nsius, said he, on one such occasion, gives\\nthe best reasons but I cannot refuse Brutus\\nanything he asks for. In fact, Csesar, had\\nconceived a strong personal friendship for\\nBrutus, and believed him to be entirely devoted\\nto his cause.\\nCassius, however, sought an interview with\\nBrutus, with a view of engaging him in his\\ndesign. He easily effected his own reconcilia-\\ntion with him, as he had himself been the\\noffended party in their estrangement from each", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY, 205\\nother. He asked Brutus whether he intended to\\nbe present in the Senate on the Ides of March,\\nwhen the friends of Caesar, as was understood,\\nwere intending to present him with the crown.\\nBrutus said he should not be there. But\\nsuppose, said Cassius, we are specially\\nsummoned. Then, said Brutus, I shall\\ngo, and shall be ready to die if necessary to\\ndefend the liberty of my country.\\nCassius then assured Brutus that there were\\nmany other Roman citizens, of the highest\\nrank, who were animated by the same determi-\\nnation, and that they all looked up to him to\\nlead and direct them in the work which it was\\nnow very evident must be done. Men look,\\nsaid Cassius, to other praetors to entertain\\nthem with games, spectacles, and shows, but\\nthey have very different ideas in respect to\\nyou. Your character, your name, your posi-\\ntion, your ancestry, and the course of conduct\\nwhich you have already always pursued, in-\\nspire the whole city with the hope that you\\nare to be their deliverer. The citizens are all\\nready to aid you, and to sustain you at the\\nhazard of their lives; but they look to you to\\ngo forward, and to act in their name and in\\ntheir behalf, in the crisis which is now ap-\\nproaching.\\nMen of a very calm exterior are often sus-\\nceptible of the profoundest agitations within,\\nthe emotions seeming to be sometimes all the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "206 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nmore permanent and uncontrollable from the\\nabsence of outward display. Brutus said\\nlittle, but his soul was excited and fired by\\nCassius words. There was a struggle in his\\nsoul between his grateful sense of his political\\nobligations to Csesar and his personal attach-\\nment to him on the one hand, and, on the other,\\na certain stern Koman conviction that every-\\nthing should be sacrificed, even friendship and\\ngratitude, as well as fortune and life, to the\\nwelfare of his country. He acceded to the\\nplan, and began forthwith to enter upon the\\nnecessary measures for putting it into execu-\\ntion.\\nThere was a certain general, named Ligurius,\\nwho had been in Pompey s army, and whose\\nhostility to Csesar had never been really sub-\\ndued. He was now sick. Brutus went to see\\nhim. He found him in his bed. The excite-\\nment in Borne was so intense, though the ex-\\npressions of it were suppressed and restrained,\\nthat every one was expecting continually some\\ngreat event, and every motion and look was\\ninterpreted to have some deep meaning. Lig-\\nurius read in the countenance of Brutus as he\\napproached his bedside, that he had not come\\non any trifling errand. Ligurius, said\\nBrutus, this is not a time for you to be sick.\\nBrutus, replied Ligurius, rising at once\\nfrom his couch, if you have any enterprise\\nin mind that is worthy of you, I am well.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY. 207\\nBrutus explained to the sick man their design,\\nand he entered into it with ardor. The plan\\nwas divulged to one after another of such men\\nas the conspirators supposed most worthy of\\nconfidence in such a desperate undertaking,\\nand meetings for consultation were held to\\ndetermine what plan to adopt for finally ac-\\ncomplishing their end. It was agreed that\\nCaesar must be slain; but the time, the place,\\nand the manner in which the deed should be\\nperformed were all yet undecided. Various\\nplans were proposed in the consultations which\\nthe conspirators held; but there was one thing\\npeculiar to them all, which was, that they did\\nnot any of them contemplate or provide for\\nany thing like secrecy in the commission of\\nthe deed. It was to be performed in the most\\nopen and public manner. With a stern and\\nundaunted boldness, which has always been\\nconsidered by mankind as truly sublime, they\\ndetermined that, in respect to the actual exe-\\ncution itself of the solemn judgment which\\nthey had pronounced, there should be nothing\\nprivate or concealed. They thought over the\\nvarious public situations in which they might\\nfind Csesar, and where they might strike him\\ndown, only to select the one which would be\\nmost public of all. They kept, of course, their\\npreliminary counsels private, to prevent the\\nadoption of measures for counteracting them\\nbut they were to perform the deed in such a", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "208 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nmanner as that, so soon as it was performed,\\nthey should stand out to view, exposed fully to\\nthe gaze of all mankind as the authors of it.\\nThey planned no retreat, no concealment, no\\nprotection whatever for themselves, seeming to\\nfeel that the deed which they were about to\\nperform, of destroying the master and monarch\\nof the world, was a deed in its own nature so\\ngrand and sublime as to raise the perpetrators\\nof it entirely above all considerations relating\\nto their own personal safety. Their plan,\\ntherefore, was to keep their consultations and\\narrangements secret until they were prepared\\nto strike the blow, then to strike it in the most\\npublic and imposing manner possible, and\\ncalmly afterward to await the consequences.\\nIn this view of the subject, they decided\\nthat the chamber of the Roman Senate was the\\nproper place, and the Ides of March, the day\\non which he was appointed to be crowned, was\\nthe proper time for Csesar to be slain=", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XII.\\nTHE ASSASSINATION\\nAccording to the account given by his his-\\ntoiians, Cagsar received many warnings of his\\napproaching fate, which, however, he would\\nnot heed. Many of these warnings were strange\\nportents and prodigies, which the philosophi-\\ncal writers who recorded them half believed\\nthemselves, and which they were always ready\\nto add to their narratives, even if they did not\\nbelieve them, on account of the great influence\\nwhich such an introduction of the supernatural\\nand the divine had with readers in those days\\nin enhancing the dignity and the dramatic in-\\nterest of the story. These warnings were as\\nfollows\\nAt Capua, which was a great city at some\\ndistance south of Borne, the second, in fact, in\\nItaly, and the one which Hannibal had pro-\\nposed to make his capital, some workmen were\\nremoving certain ancient sepulchers to make\\nroom for the foundations of a splendid edifice\\nwhich, among his other plans for the embel-\\nlishment of the cities of Italy, Caesar was in-\\n16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Julius Caesar\\n209", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "210 JULIUS CiESAR.\\ntending to have erected there. As the excava-\\ntions advanced, the workmen came at last to an\\nancient tomb, which proved to be that of the\\noriginal founder of Capua; and, in bringing\\nout the sarcophagus, they found an inscrip-\\ntion, worked upon a brass plate, and in the\\nGreek character, predicting that if those re-\\nmains were ever disturbed, a great member of\\nthe Julian family would be assassinated by his\\nown friends, and his death would be followed\\nby extended devastations throughout all Italy.\\nThe horses, too, with which Csesar had passed\\nthe Rubicon, and which had been, ever since\\nthat time, living in honorable retirement in a\\nsplendid park which Csesar had provided for\\nthem, by some mysterious instinct, or from\\nsome divine communication, had warning of\\nthe approach of their great benefactor s end.\\nThey refused their food, and walked about with\\nmelancholy and dejected looks, mourning ap-\\nparently, and in a manner almost human, some\\nimpending grief.\\nThere was a class of prophets in those days\\ncalled by a name which has been translated\\nsoothsayers. These soothsayers were able, as\\nwas supposed, to look somewhat into futurity\\ndimly and doubtfully, it is true, but /really,\\nby means of certain appearances exhibited by\\nthe bodies of the animals offered in sacrifices.\\nThese soothsayers were consulted on all im-\\nportant occasions and if the auspices proved", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 211\\nunfavorable when any great enterprise was\\nabout to be undertaken, it was often, on that\\naccount, abandoned or postponed. One of\\nthese soothsayers, named Spuiinna, came to\\nCaesar one day, and informed him that he had\\nfound, by means of a public sacrifice which he\\nhad just been offering, that there was a great\\nand mysterious danger impending over him,\\nwhich was connected in some way with the\\nIdes of March, and he counseled him to be\\nparticularly cautious and circumspect until that\\nday should have passed.\\nThe Senate were to meet on the Ides of\\nMarch in a new and splendid edifice, which\\nhad been erected for their use by Pompey.\\nThere was in the interior of the building,\\namong other decorations, a statue of Pompey.\\nThe day before the Ides of March, some birds of\\nprey from a neighboring grove came flying into\\nthis hall, pursuing a little wren with a sprig\\nof laurel in its mouth. The birds tore the\\nwren to pieces, the laurel dropping from its\\nbill to the marble pavement of the floor below.\\nNow, as Caesar had been always accustomed to\\nwear a crown of laurel on great occasions, and\\nhad always evinced a particular fondness for\\nthat decoration, that plant had come to be\\nconsidered his own proper badge, and the fall\\nof the laurel, therefore, was naturally thought\\nto protend some great calamity to him.\\nThe night before the Ides of March Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "212 JULIUS C,\u00c2\u00a3SAR 6\\ncould not sleep. It would not seem, however,\\nto be necessary to suppose anything super-\\nnatural to account for his wakefulness. He\\nlay upon his bed restless and excited, or if he\\nfell into a momentary slumber, his thoughts,\\ninstead of finding repose, were only plunged\\ninto greater agitations, produced by strange,\\nand, as he thought, supernatural dreams. He\\nimagined that he ascended into the skies, and\\nwas received there by Jupiter, the supreme\\ndivinity, as an associate and equal. While\\nshaking hands with the great father of gods\\nand men, the sleeper was startled by a frightful\\nsound. He awoke, and found his wife Cal-\\npurnia groaning and struggling in her sleep.\\nHe saw her by the moonlight which was shin-\\ning into the room. He spoke to her, and\\naroused her. After staring wildly for a\\nmoment till she had recovered her thoughts, she\\nsaid that she had had a dreadful dream. She\\nhad dreamed that the roof of the house had\\nfallen in, and that, at the same instant, the\\ndoors had been burst open, and some robber\\nor assassin had stabbed her husband as he was\\nlying in her arms. The philosophy of those\\ndays found in these dreams mysterious and\\npreternatural warnings of impending danger;\\nthat of ours, however, sees nothing either in\\nthe absurd sacrilegiousness of Caesar s\\nthoughts, or his wife s incoherent and incon-\\nsistent images of terror\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nothing more than the", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 213\\nnatural and proper effects, on the one hand, of\\nthe insatiable ambition of man, and, on the\\nother, of the conjugal affection and solicitude of\\nwoman. The ancient sculptors carved out\\nimages of men, by the forms and lineaments\\nof which we see that the physical characteris-\\ntics of humanity have not changed. History\\nseems to do the same w r ith the affections and\\npassions of the soul. The dreams of Caesar\\nand his wife on the night before the Ides of\\nMarch, as thus recorded, form a sort of spirit-\\nual statue, which remains from generation to\\ngeneration, to show us how precisely all the\\ninward workings of human nature are from age\\nto age the same.\\nWhen the morning came Caesar and Calpurnia\\narose, both restless and ill at ease. Caesar\\nordered the auspices to be consulted with refer-\\nence to the intended proceedings of the day.\\nThe soothsavers came in in due time, and re-\\nported that the result was unfavorable. Cal-\\npurnia, too, earnestly entreated her husband\\nnot to go to the senate-house that day. She\\nhad a very strong presentiment that, if he did\\ngo, some great calamity w r ould ensue. Caesar\\nhimself hesitated. He was half inclined to\\nyield, and postpone his coronation to another\\noccasion.\\nIn the course of the day, while Caesar was\\nin this state of doubt and uncertainty, one of\\nthe conspirators, named Decimus Brutus, came", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "214 JULIUS CAESAR.\\nin. This Brutus was not a roan of any extra-\\nordinary courage of energy, but he had been\\ninvited by the other conspirators to join them,\\non account of his having under his charge a\\nlarge number of gladiators, who, being des-\\nperate and reckless men, would constitute a\\nvery suitable armed force for them to call in to\\ntheir aid in case of any emergency arising\\nwhich should require it.\\nThe conspirators having thus all their plans\\narranged, Decimus Brutus was commissioned\\nto call at Cesar s house when the time ap-\\nproached for the assembling of the Senate,\\nboth to avert suspicion from Caesar s mind, and\\nto assure himself that nothing had been dis-\\ncovered. It was in the afternoon, the time for\\nthe meeting of the senators having been fixed\\nat 5 o clock. Decimus Brutus found Caesar\\ntroubled and perplexed, and uncertain what to\\ndo. After hearing what he had to say, he re-\\nplied by urging him to go by all means to the\\nsenate-house, as he had intended. You have\\nformally called the Senate together, said he,\\nand they are now assembling. They are all\\nprepared to confer upon you the rank and title\\nof king, not only in Parthia, while you are\\nconducting this war, but everywhere, by sea\\nand land, except in Italy. And now, while\\nthey are all in their places, waiting to consum-\\nmate the great act, how absurd will it be for\\nyou to send them word to go home again, and", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 215\\ncome back some other day, when Calpurnia\\nshall have had better dreams!\\nHe urged, too, that, even if Caesar was deter-\\nmined to put off the action of the Senate to\\nanother day, he was imperiously bound to go\\nhimself and adjourn the session in person.\\nSo saying, he took the hesitating potentate by\\nthe arm, and adding to his arguments a little\\ngentle force, conducted him along.\\nThe conspirators supposed that all was safe.\\nThe fact was, however, that all had been dis-\\ncovered. There was a certain Greek, a teacher\\nof oratory, named Artemidorus. He had con-\\ntrived to learn something of the plot from some\\nof the conspirators who were his pupils. He\\nwrote a brief statement of the leading particu-\\nlars, and, having no other mode of access to\\nCaesar, he determined to hand it to him on the\\nway as he went to the senate-house. Of\\ncourse, the occasion was one of great public\\ninterest, and crowds had assembled in the\\nstreets to see the great conqueror as he went\\nalong. As usual at such time?:, when power-\\nful officer* of state appear in public, many\\npeople came up to present petitions to him as\\nhe passed. These he received, and handed\\nthem without reading to his secretary who at-\\ntended him as if to have them preserved for\\nfuture examination. Artemidorus, who was\\nwaiting for his opportunity, when he perceived\\nwhat disposition Caesar made of the papers", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "16 JULIUS CiESAR.\\nwhich were given to him, began to be afraid\\nthat his own communication would not be at-\\ntended to until it was too late. He accordingly\\npressed up near to Caesar, refusing to allow any-\\none else to pass the paper in and when, at\\nlast, he obtained an opportunity, he gave it\\ndirectly into Caesar s hands, saying to him,\\nBead this immediately it concerns yourself\\nand is of the utmost importance.\\nCaesar took the paper and attempted to read\\nit, but new petitions and other interruptions\\nconstantly prevented him; finally he gave up\\nthe attempt, and went on his way, receiving\\nand passing to his secretary all other papers,\\nbut retaining this paper of Artemidorus in his\\nhand.\\nCaesar passed Spurinna on his way to the\\nsenate-house the soothsayer who had pre-\\ndicted some great danger connected with the\\nIdes of March. As soon as he recognized\\nhim, he accosted him with the words, Well,\\nSpurinna, the Ides of March have come, and I\\nam safe.\\nYes, replied Spurinna, they have come,\\nbut they are not yet over.\\nAt length he arrived at the senate-house,\\nwith the paper of Artemidorus still unread in\\nhis hand. The senators were all convened,\\nthe leading conspirators among them. They\\nall rose to receive Caesar as he entered. Ca3sar\\nadvanced to the seat provided for him. and.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 217\\nwhen he was seated, the senators themselves\\nsat down. The moment had now arrived, and\\nthe conspirators, with pale looks and beating\\nhearts, felt that now ot never the deed was to\\nbe done.\\nIt requires a very considerable degree of\\nphysical courage and hardihood for men to\\ncome to a calm and deliberate decision that\\nthey will kill one whom they hate, and, still\\nmore, actually to strike the blow, even when\\nunder the immediate impulse of passion. But\\nmen who are perfectly capable of either of\\nthese often find their resolution fail them as\\nthe time comes for striking a dagger into the\\nliving flesh of their victim, when he sits at\\nease and unconcerned before them, unarmed\\nand defenseless, and doing nothing to excite\\nthose feelings of irritation and anger which\\nare generally found so necessary to nerve the\\nhuman arm to such deeds. Utter defenseless-\\nness is accordingly, sometimes, a greater pro-\\ntection than an armor of steel.\\nEven Cassius himself, the originator and the\\nsoul of the whole enterprise, found his courage\\nhardly adequate to the work now that the\\nmoment had arrived and, in order to arouse\\nthe necessary excitement in his soul, he looked\\nup to the statue of Pompey, Caesar s ancient\\nand most formidable enemy, and invoked its\\naid. It gave him its aid. It inspired him\\nwith some portion of the enmity with which", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "218 JULIUS CESAR.\\nthe soul of its great original had burned and\\nthus the soul of the living assassin was nerved\\nto its work by a sort of sympathy with a block\\nof stone.\\nForeseeing the necessity of something like\\na stimulus to action when the immediate\\nmoment for action should arrive, the conspira-\\ntors had agreed tbat, as soon as Caesar was\\nseated, they would approach him with a peti-\\ntion, which he would probably refuse, and\\nthen, gathering around him, they would urge\\nhim with their importunities, so as to produce,\\nin the confusion, a sort of excitement that\\nwould make it easier for them to strike the\\nblow.\\nThere was one person, a relative and friend\\nof Caesar s, named Marcus Antonius, called\\ncommonly, however, in English narratives/\\nMarc Antony, the same who has been already\\nmentioned as having been subsequently con-\\nnected with Cleopatra. He was a very ener-\\ngetic and determined man, who, they thought,\\nmight possibly attempt to defend him. To\\nprevent this, one of the conspirators had been\\ndesignated to take him aside, and occupy his\\nattention with some pretended subject of dis-\\ncourse, ready, at the same time, to resist and\\nprevent his interference if he should show him-\\nself inclined to offer any.\\nThings being thus arranged, the petitioner,\\nas had been agreed, advanced to Caesar with", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 219\\nhis petition, others coming up at the same time\\nas if to second the request. The object of the\\npetition was to ask for the pardon of the\\nbrother of one of the conspirators. Caesar de-\\nclined granting it. The others then crowded\\naround him, urging him to grant the request\\nwith pressing importunities, all apparently re-\\nluctant to strike the first blow. Caesar began\\nto be alarmed, and attempted to repel them.\\nOne of them then pulled down his robe from\\nhis neck to lay it bare. Caesar arose, exclaim-\\ning: But this is violence. At the same in-\\nstant, one of the conspirators struck at him\\nwith his sword, and wounded him slightly in\\nthe neck.\\nAll was now terror, outcry, and confusion.\\nCaasar had no time to draw his sword, but\\nfought a moment with his style, a sharp in-\\nstrument of iron with which they wrote, in\\nthose days, on waxen tablets, and which he\\nhappened then to have in his hand. With\\nthis instrument he ran one of his enemies\\nthrough the arm.\\nThis resistance was just what was necessary\\nto excite the conspirators, and give them the\\nrequisite resolution to finish their work.\\nCaesar soon saw the swords, accordingly,\\ngleaming all around him, and thrusting them-\\nselves at him on every side. The senators rose\\nin confusion and dismay, perfectly thunder-\\nstruck at the scene, and not knowing what to", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "2^0 JULIUS C^SAR.\\ndo. Antony perceived that all resistance on\\nhis part would be unavailing, and accordingly\\ndid not attempt any. Csesar defended himself\\nalone for a few minutes as well as he could,\\nlooking all around him in vain for help, and\\nretreating at the same time toward the pedestal\\nof Pompey s statue. At length, when he saw\\nBrutus among his murderers, he exclaimed\\nAnd you too, Brutus? and seemed from\\nthat moment to give up in despair. He drew\\nhis robe over his face, and soon fell under the\\nwounds which he received. His blood ran out\\nupon the pavement at the foot of Pompey s\\nstatue, as if his death were a sacrifice offered\\nto appease his ancient enemy s revenge.\\nIn the midst of the scene Brutus made an\\nattempt to address the senators, and to vindi-\\ncate what they had done, but the confusion\\nand excitement were so great that it was im-\\npossible that anything could be heard. The\\nsenators were, in fact, rapidly leaving the\\nplace, going off in every direction, and spead-\\ning the tidings over the city. The event, of\\ncourse, produced universal commotion. The\\ncitizens began to close their shops, and some\\nto barricade their houses, while others hurried\\nto and fro about the streets, anxiously inquir-\\ning for intelligence, and wondering what dread-\\nful event was next to be expected. Antony and\\nLepidus, who were Caesar s two most faithful\\nand influential friends, not knowing how ex-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION.\\n221\\ntensive the conspiracy might be, nor how far\\nthe hostility to Caesar and his party might ex-\\ntend, fled, and, not daring to go to their own\\nhouses, lest the assassins or their confederates\\nmight pursue them there, sought concealment\\nin the houses of friends on whom they sup-\\nPompey s Statue\\nposed they could rely, and who were willing to\\nreceive them.\\nIn the meantime, the conspirators, glorying\\nin the deed which they had perpetrated, and\\ncongratulating each other on the successful\\nissue of their enterprise, sallied forth together\\nfrom the senate-house, leaving the body of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "222 JULIUS (LESAR.\\ntheir victim weltering in its blood, ana\\nmarched, with drawn swords in their hands,\\nalong the streets from the senate-house to the\\ncapitol. Brutus went at the head of them,\\npreceded by a liberty cap borne upon the point\\nof a spear, and with his bloody dagger in his\\nhand. The capitol was the citadel, built mag-\\nnificently upon the Capitoline Hill, and sur-\\nrounded by temples, and other sacred and civil\\nedifices, which made the spot the architectural\\nwonder of the world. As Brutus and his com-\\npany proceeded thither, they announced to the\\ncitizens, as they went along, the great deed of\\ndeliverance which they had wrought out for\\nthe country. Instead of seeking concealment,\\nthey gloried in the work which they had done,\\nand they so far succeeded in inspiring others\\nwith a portion of their enthusiasm, that some\\nmen who had really taken no part in the deed\\njoined Brutus and his company in their march,\\nto obtain by stealth a share in the glory.\\nThe body of Caesar lay for some time un-\\nheeded where it had fallen, the attention of\\nevery one being turned to the excitement, which\\nwas extending through the city, and to the ex-\\npectation of other great events which might\\nsuddenly develop themselves in other quarters\\nof Kome. There were left only three of Cae-\\nsar s slaves, who gathered around the body to\\nlook at the wounds. They counted them, and\\nfound the number twenty-three. It shows,", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Julius CcRsar, face. p. 222\\nThe Capitol of Rome.", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 223\\nhowever, how strikingly, and with what reluct-\\nance, the actors in this tragedy came up to\\ntheir work at last, that of all these twenty-three\\nwounds only one was a mortal one. In fact,\\nit is probable that, while all of the conspirators\\nstruck the victim in their turn, to fulfill the\\npledge which they had given to one another\\nthat they would everyone inflict a wound, each\\none hoped that the fatal blow would be given,\\nafter all, by some other hand than his own.\\nAt last the slaves decided to convey the body\\nhome. They obtained a sort of chair, which\\nwas made to be borne by poles, and placed the\\nbody upon it. Then, lifting at the three\\nhandles, and allowing the fourth to hang un-\\nsupported for want of a man, they bore the\\nghastly remains home to the distracted Cal-\\npurnia.\\nThe next clay Brutus and his associates called\\nan assembly of the people in the Forum, and\\nmade an address to them, explaining the\\nmotives which had led them to the commission\\nof the deed, and vindicating the necessity and\\nthe justice of it. The people received these\\nexplanations in silence. They expressed\\nneither approbation nor displeasure. It was\\nnot, in fact, to be expected that they would feel\\nor evince any satisfaction at the loss of their\\nmaster. He had been their champion, and, as\\nthey believed, their friend. The removal of\\nCaesar brought no accession of power nor in-\\nI Julius Caesar", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "224 JULIUS CAESAR.\\ncrease of liberty to then). It might have been\\na gain to ambitious senators, or powerful gen-\\nerals, or high officers of state, by removing a\\nsuccessful rival out of their way, but it seemed\\nto promise little advantage to the community\\nat large, other than the changing of one des-\\npotism for another. Besides, a populace who\\nknow that they must be governed, prefer gen-\\nerally, if they must submit to some control, to\\nyield their submission to some one master\\nspirit whom they can look up to as a great and\\nacknowledged superior. They had rather have\\na Caesar than a Senate to command them.\\nThe higher authorities, however, were, as\\nmight have been expected, disposed to ac-\\nquiesce in the removal of Caesar from his in-\\ntended throne. The Senate met, and passed an\\nact of indemnity, to shield the conspirators\\nfrom all legal liability for the deed they had\\ndone. In order, however, to satisfy the people\\ntoo, as far as possible, they decreed divine\\nhonors to Caesar, confirmed and ratified all that\\nhe had done while in the exercise of supreme\\npower, and appointed a time for the funeral,\\nordering arrangements to be made for a very\\npompous celebration of it.\\nA will was soon found, which Caesar, it\\nseems, had made some time before. Calpur-\\nnia s father proposed that this will should be\\nopened and read in public at Antony s house;\\nand this was accordingly done. The provis-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 225\\nions of the will were, many of them, of such a\\ncharacter as renewed the feelings of interest\\nand sympathy which the people of Home had\\nbegun to cherish for Caesar s memory. His\\nvast estate was divided chiefly among the chil-\\ndren of his sister, as he had no children of his\\nown, while the very men who had been most\\nprominent in his assassination were named as\\ntrustees and guardians of the property and\\none of them, Decimus Brutus, the one who had\\nbeen so urgent to conduct him to the senate-\\nhouse, was a second bier. He had some\\nsplendid gardens near the Tiber, which he be-\\nqueathed to the citizens of Rome, and a large\\namount of money also, to be divided among\\nthem, sufficient to give every man a consider-\\nable sum.\\nThe time for the celebration of the funeral\\nceremonies was made known by proclamation,\\nand, as the concourse of strangers and citizens\\nof Rome w r as likely to be so great as to forbid\\nthe forming of all into one procession without\\nconsuming more than one day, the various\\nclasses of the community were invited to come,\\neach in their own way, to the Field of Mars,\\nbringing with them such insignia, offerings,\\nand oblations as they pleased. The Field of\\nMars was an immense parade ground, reserved\\nfor military reviews, spectacles, and shows.\\nA funeral pile was erected here for the burning\\nof the body. There was to be a funeral dis-", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "226 JULIUS CiESAR.\\ncourse pronounced, and Marc Antony had\\nbeen designated to perform this duty. The\\nbody liad been placed in a gilded bed, under a\\nmagnificent canopy in the form of a temple,\\nbefore the rostra where the funeral discourse\\nwas to be pronounced. The bed was covered\\nwith scarlet and cloth of gold, and at the head\\nof it was laid the robe in which Caesar had been\\nslain. It was stained with blood, and pierced\\nwith the holes that the swords and daggers of\\nthe conspirators had made.\\nMarc Antony, instead of pronouncing a\\nformal panegyric upon his deceased friend,\\nordered a crier to read the decrees of the\\nSenate, in which all honors, human and divine,\\nhad been ascribed to Caesar. He then added a\\nfew w r ords of his own. The bed was then\\ntaken up, with the body upon it, and borne\\nout into the Forum, preparatory to conveying\\nit to the pile which had been prepared for it\\nupon the Field of Mars. A question, how-\\never, here arose among the multitude assembled\\nin respect to the proper place for burning the\\nbody. The people seemed inclined to select\\nthe most honorable place which could be found\\nwithin the limits of the city. Some proposed\\na beautiful temple on the Capitoline Hill.\\nOthers wished to take it to the senate-house,\\nwhere he had been slain. The Senate, and\\nthose who were less inclined to pay extravagant\\nhonors to the departed hero, were in favor of", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "THE ASSASSINATION. 227\\nsome more retired spot, under pretense that the\\nbuildings of the city would be endangered by\\nthe fire. This discussion was fast becoming a\\ndispute, when it was suddenly ended by two\\nmen, with swords at their sides and lances in\\ntheir hands, forcing their way through the\\ncrowd with lighted torches, and setting the\\nbed and its canopy on fire where it lay.\\nThis settled the question, and the whole\\ncompany were soon in the wildest excitement\\nwith the work of building up a funeral pile\\nupon the spot. At first they brought fagots\\nand threw upon the fire, then benches from the\\nneighboring courts and porticoes, and then\\nanything combustible which came to hand.\\nThe honor done to the memory of a deceased\\nhero was, in some sense, in proportion to the\\ngreatness of his funeral pile, and all the popu-\\nlace on this occasion began soon to seize every-\\nthing they could find, appropriate andunappro-\\npriate, provided that it would increase the\\nflame. The soldiers threw on their lances and\\nspears, the musicians their instruments, and\\nothers stripped off the cloths and trappings\\nfrom the furniture of the procession, and\\nheaped them upon the burning pile.\\nSo fierce and extensive was the fire, that it\\nspread to some of the neighboring houses, and\\nrequired great efforts to prevent a general con-\\nflagration. The people, too, became greatly\\nexcited by the scene. They lighted torches by", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "228 JULIUS C/ESAR.\\nthe fire, and went to the houses of Brutus and\\nCassius, threatening vengeance upon them for\\nthe murder of Caesar. The authorities suc-\\nceeded, though with infinite difficulty, in protect-\\ning Brutus and Cassius from the violence of the\\nmob, but they seized one unfortunate citizen\\nof the name of Cinna, thinking it a certain\\nCinna who had been known as an enemy of\\nCaesar. They cut off his head, notwithstand-\\ning his shrieks and cries, and carried it about\\nthe city on the tip of a pike, a dreadful sym-\\nbol of their hostility to the enemies of Caesar.\\nAs frequently happens, however, in such deeds\\nof sudden violence, these hasty and lawless\\navengers found afterward that they had made a\\nmistake, and beheaded the wrong man.\\nThe Boman people erected a column to the\\nmemory of Ciesar, on which they placed the\\ninscription, To the Father of his Country.\\nThey fixed the figure of a star upon the summit\\nof it, and some time afterward, while the\\npeople were celebrating some games in honor\\nof his memory, a great comet blazed for seven\\nnights in the sky, which they recognized as\\nthe mighty hero s soul reposing in heaven.\\n3477-2", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: j^Qy \u00c2\u00a3QJp\\nPreservationTechnologies\\nA WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION\\n111 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724) 779-2111", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3820", "width": "2524", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n008 904 0115\\nB\\n1^1", "height": "4126", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "historyofjuliusc02abbo_0280.jp2"}}