{"1": {"fulltext": "]^^w\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2iifi^iili\\n!r\\nmm\\nZJ", "height": "4290", "width": "3371", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "r:mL .M^ \u00c2\u00abi\\n^m\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap. !___^ Copyright No..\\nShelfL.?6_\u00c2\u00a7.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nWrn mL-yzi^\\ni^m^,\\nT^-j^-s^mmitm m^ V\\n^i^\\nj^", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "I^rrhus. Frontispiece\\nPluto Carrying Off Proserpina. {See p. 19S,", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "ALTEA\\\\US YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY\\nHISTORY\\nor\\nPYRRMUS\\nBY\\nJACOB ABBOTT\\nV/lTtl rORTY-riYE ILLUSTRATIONS^\\nCopyright 1900 by Henry Altemus Company\\nPhlLADELPHIA\\nHENRY ALTE/nUS COynPANY", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "53134\\nSEP 28 1900\\nCof^yn^M Mtry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nOKDtrt O .VISION,\\nOCT 16 1900", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nOlympias and Antipater\\nPAGE\\n13\\nCHAPTER II.\\nCassander\\n40\\nCHAPTER III.\\nEarly Life op Pyrrhus\\n65\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nWars in Maoedon\\n87\\nCHAPTER V.\\nWar in Italy\\n110\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nNegotiations\\n133\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nThe Sicilian Campaign\\n159\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nThe Retreat from Italy\\n188\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nThe Family of Lysimachus\\n208\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe Reconquest of Macedon\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nSparta\\n.233\\n247\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nThe Last Campaign op Pyrrhi\\nIS 266\\n(v)", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Pyrrh\\nPhilip of Macedon. [Set p. IS.", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPluto Carrying Off Proserpina\\nFrontispiece,\\nPhilip of Macedon\\npage vi\\nPyrrhus, King of Epirus\\nX\\nHeadpiece, Chapter I.\\n13\\nMap of the Empire of Pyrrhus\\nfacing 14\\nBabylon\\n26\\nA Macedonian Soldier\\nfacing 36\\nTailpiec\\n39\\nHeadpiece, Chapter II.\\n40\\nPolysperchon s Army at Megalopoli\\n3, facing 44\\nEurydice in Prison\\n57\\nAssassination of Olympias\\n64\\nHeadpiece, Chapter III.\\n65\\nThe Battle of Ipsiis\\nfacing 74\\nDemetrius\\n86\\nPtolemy\\n86\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IV.\\n87\\nPyrrhus Slays Neoptolemus\\nfacing 104\\nHeadpiece, Chapter V.\\n110\\nThe Trophies\\n131\\nHeadpiece, Chapter YI.\\n133\\nDestruction of Pyrrhus Fleet\\nfacing 134\\nThe Elephant Concealed\\n144\\nBoman Arms\\n158\\nHeadpiece, Chapter YII.\\n159\\n(vii)", "height": "3990", "width": "3136", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Vlll ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nThe Macedonian Phalanx fac\\ning page 164\\nThe Assault\\n177\\nPyrrhus\\n^187\\nHeadpiece, Chapter YIIT.\\n188\\nLycurgus Presents the Infant King,\\nfacing\\n194\\nPanic of the Elephants\\n207\\nHeadpiece, Chapter IX.\\n208\\nPyrrhus and the Spartan Ambassadors,\\nfacing\\n224\\nThe Fallen Elephant\\n231\\nSeleucus\\n232\\nLysimachus\\n232\\nHeadpiece, Chapter X.\\n233\\nGreek Armor\\n246\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XI.\\n247\\nBattle Between Acrotatus and the Gauls,\\nfacing\\n254\\nSpartan Warriors\\n265\\nHeadpiece, Chapter XII.\\n266\\nPyrrhus Repulsed from Sparta\\nfacing\\n274\\nThe Charge\\n283\\nDeath of Pyrrhus\\n300\\n^mmmm^. .j", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nPyrrhus, King of Epirus, after losing his\\nthrone, and regaining it by the help of the\\nPtolomies, extended his dominions by the\\naddition of a portion of Macedonia, and then,\\nat the invitation of a Greek colony in Lower\\nItaly, joined them in battle against the Ro-\\nmans by the river Siris. The battle was long\\nand bloody, but Pyrrhus won it with the aid of\\nhis elephants which were then unknown to the\\nRomans. He defeated the Romans again at\\nAsculum. Then a truce was made, and Pyrrhus\\npassed over into Sicily to assist the islanders\\nagainst the Carthaginians. Misunderstandings\\narose, however, and he quitted the island to\\nrenew his war against Rome. On the way he\\nmet a Carthaginian fleet, and lost a large por-\\ntion of his ships. Later, he was defeated by\\nthe Consul Curius Dentatus, and forced to\\nabandon Italy. Successful in his next war,\\nthis time with the king of Macedonia, he then\\nresolved upon the conquest of Sparta, but was\\nrepulsed in every attempt. His death occurred\\nduring the siege of Argos. While possessed\\nof extraordinary military genius, Pyrrhus\\naccomplished nothing but mischief on a gi-\\ngantic scale. w", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "ryrrhus,\\nRoman Soldiers.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^r^f^\\n^II\\nPYRRHUS\\nCHAPTER I.\\nOLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER.\\nPyrrhus, King of Epirus, entered at the\\nvery beginning of his life upon the extraor-\\ndinary series of romantic adventures which\\nso strikingly marked his career. He became\\nan exile and a fugitive from his father s house\\nwhen he was only two years old, having been\\nsuddenly borne away at that period by the at-\\ntendants of the household, to avoid a most im-\\nminent personal danger that threatened him.\\nThe circumstances which gave occasion for\\nthis extraordinary ereption were as follows:\\nThe country of Epirus, as will be seen by the\\naccompanying map, was situated on the east-\\nern shore of the Adriatic Sea, and on the\\nsouthwestern confines of Macedonia. The\\nkingdom of Epirus was thus very near to, and\\nin some respects dependent upon, the king-\\ndom of Macedon. In fact, the public affairs", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14 PYRRHUS.\\nof the two countries, through the personal re-\\nlations and connections which subsisted from\\ntime to time between the royal families that\\nreigned over them respectively, were often in-\\ntimately intermingled, so that there could\\nscarcely be any important war, or even any\\ngreat civil dissention in Macedon, which\\ndid not sooner or later draw the king or the\\npeople of Epirus to take part in the dispute,\\neither on one side or on the other. And as it\\nsometimes happened that in these questions of\\nMacedonian politics the king and the people\\nof Epirus took opposite sides, the afifairs of the\\ngreat kingdom were often the means of bring-\\ning into the smaller one an infinite degree of\\ntrouble and confusion.\\nThe period of Pyrrhus s career was immedi-\\nately subsequent to that of Alexander the\\nGreat, the birth of Pyrrhus having taken place\\nabout four years after the death of Alexander\\nAt this time it happened that the relations\\nwhich subsisted between the royal families of\\nthe two kingdoms were very intimate. This\\nintimacy arose from an extremely important\\nintermarriage which had taken place between\\nthe two families in the preceding generation\\nnamely, the marriage of Philip of Macedon\\nwith Olympias, the daughter of a king of Epir-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 1$\\nUS. Philip and Olympias were the father and\\nmother of Alexander the Great. Of course,\\nduring the whole period of the great conquer-\\nor s history, the people of Epirus, as well as\\nthose of Macedon, felt a special interest in his\\ncareer. They considered him as a descend-\\nant of their own royal line, as well as of that\\nof Macedon, and so, very naturally, appro-\\npriated to themselves some portion of the\\nglory which he acquired. Olympias, too, who\\nsometimes, after her marriage with Philip, re-\\nsided at Epirus, and sometimes at Macedon,\\nmaintained an intimate and close connection,\\nboth with her own and with Philip s family;\\nand thus, through various results of her\\nagency, as well as through the fame of Alex-\\nander s exploits, the governments of the two\\ncountries were continually commingled.\\nIt must not, however, by any means be sup-\\nposed that the relations which were establish-\\ned through the influence of Olympias, between\\nthe courts of Epirus and of Macedon, were al-\\nways of a friendly character. They were, in\\nfact, often the very reverse. Olympias was a\\nwoman of a very passionate and ungovern-\\nable temper, and of a very determined will;\\nand as Philip was himself as impetuous and\\nas resolute as she, the domestic life of this dis-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "l6 PYRRHUS.\\ntinguished pair was a constant succession of\\nstorms. At the commencement of her mar-\\nried life, Olympias was, of course, generally\\nsuccessful in accomplishing her purposes.\\nAmong other measures, she induced Philip to\\nestablish her brother upon the throne of Epir-\\nus, in the place of another prince who was\\nmore directly in the line of succession. As,\\nhowever, the true heir did not, on this account,\\nrelinquish his claims, two parties were formed\\nin the country, adhering respectively to the\\ntwo branches of the family that claimed the\\nthrone, and a division ensued, which, in the\\nend, involved the kingdom of Epirus in pro-\\ntracted civil wars. While, therefore, Olym-\\npias continued to hold an influence over her\\nhusband s mind, she exercised it in such a way\\nas to open sources of serious calamity and\\ntrouble for her own native land.\\nAfter a time, however, she lost this influ-\\nence entirely. Her disputes with Philip ended\\nat length in a bitter and implacable quarrel.\\nPhilip married another woman, named Cleo-\\npatra, partly, indeed, as a measure of political\\nalliance, and partly as an act of hostility and\\nhatred against Olympias, whom he accused of\\nthe most disgraceful crimes. Olympias went", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. I7\\nhome to Epirus in a rage, and sought refuge\\nin the court of her brother.\\nAlexander, her son, was left behind at\\nMacedon at this separation between his father\\nand mother. He was then about nineteen\\nyears of age. He took part with his mother\\nin the contest. It is true, he remained for a\\ntime at the court of Philip after his mother s\\ndeparture, but his mind was in a very irritable\\nand sullen mood; and at length, on the oc-\\ncasion of a great public festival, an angry con-\\nversation between Alexander and Philip oc-\\ncurred, growing out of some allusions which\\nwere made to Olympias by some of the guests,\\nin the course of which Alexander openly de-\\nnounced and defied the king, and then abrupt-\\nly left the court, and went off to Epirus to\\njoin his mother. Of course the attention of\\nthe people of Epirus was strongly attracted\\nto this quarrel, and they took sides, some with\\nPhilip, and some with Olympias and Alexan-\\nder.\\nNot very long after this Philip was assassin-\\nated in the most mysterious and extraordin-\\nary manner.* Olympias was generally accus-\\ned of having been the instigator of this deed.\\n*For a full account of this transaction, see History\\nof Alexander the Great.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "l8 PYRRHUS.\\nThere was no positive evidence of her guilt\\nnor, on the other hand, had there ever been in\\nher character and conduct any such indica-\\ntions of the presence of even the ordinary sen-\\ntiments of justice and humanity in her heart\\nas could form a presumption of her innocence.\\nIn a word, she was such a woman that it was\\nmore easy and natural, as it seemed, for man-\\nkind to believe her guilty than innocent; and\\nshe has accordingly been very generally con-\\ndemned, though on very slender evidence, as\\naccessory to the crime.\\nOf course, the death of Philip, whether\\nOlympias was the procurer of it or not, was\\nof the greatest conceivable advantage to her\\nin respect to its effect upon her position, and\\nupon the promotion of her ambitious schemes.\\nThe way was at once opened again for her re-\\nturn to Macedon. Alexander, her son, suc-\\nceeded immediately to the throne. He was\\nvery young, and would submit, as she sup-\\nposed, very readily to the influence of his\\nmother. This proved, in fact, in some sense\\nto be true. Alexander, whatever may have\\nbeen his faults in other respects, was a very\\ndutiful son. He treated his mother, as long as\\nhe lived, with the utmost consideration and\\nrespect, while yet he would not in any sense", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. IC)\\nsubject himself to her authority and influence\\nin his poHtical career. He formed his own\\nplans, and executed them in his own way;\\nand if there was ever at any time any dispute\\nor disagreement between him and Olympias\\nin respect to his measures, she soon learned\\nthat he was not to be controlled in these\\nthings, and gave up the struggle. Nor was\\nthis a very extraordinary result; for we often\\nsee that a refractory woman, who can not by\\nany process be made to submit to her husband,\\nis easily and completely managed by a son.\\nThings went on thus tolerably smoothly\\nwhile Alexander lived. It was only tolerably,\\nhowever; for Olympias, though she always\\ncontinued on friendly terms with Alexander\\nhimself, quarreled incessantly with the com-\\nmanders and ministers of state whom he left\\nwith her at Macedon while he was absent on\\nhis Asiatic campaigns. These contentions\\ncaused no very serious difficulty so long as\\nAlexander himself was alive to interpose, when\\noccasion required, and settle the difificulties\\nand disputes which originated in them before\\nthey became unmanageable. Alexander was\\nalways adroit enough to do this in a manner\\nthat was respectful and considerate toward\\nhis mother, and which yet preserved the act-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 PYRRHUS.\\nual administrative power of the kingdom in\\nthe hands to which he had intrusted it.\\nHe thus amused his mother s mind, and\\nsoothed her irritable temper by marks of con-\\nsideration and regard, and sustained her in a\\nvery dignified and lofty position in the royal\\nhousehold, while yet he confided to her very\\nlittle substantial power.\\nThe officer whom Alexander had left in\\nchief command at Macedon, while absent on\\nhis Asiatic expedition, was Antipater. Antip-\\nater was a very venerable man, then nearly\\nseventy years of age. He had been the prin-\\ncipal minister of state in Macedonia for a long\\nperiod of time, having served Philip in that\\ncapacity with great fidelity and success for\\nmany years before Alexander s accession.\\nDuring the whole term of his public office, he\\nhad maintained a most exalted reputation for\\nwisdom and virtue. Philip placed the most\\nabsolute and entire confidence in him, and\\noften committed the most momentous affairs\\nto his direction. And yet, notwithstanding\\nthe illustrious position which Antipater thus\\noccupied, and the great influence and control\\nwhich he exercised in the public affairs of\\nMacedon, he was simple and unpretending in\\nhis manners, and kind and considerate to all", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 21\\naround him, as if he were entirely devoid of\\nall feelings of personal ambition, and\\nwere actuated only by an honest and\\nsincere devotedness to the cause of those\\nwhom he served. Various anecdotes were\\nrelated of him in the Macedonian court,\\nwhich showed the estimation in which\\nhe was held. For example, Philip one\\nday, at a time when placed in circumstances\\nv/hich required special caution and vigilance\\non his part, made his appearance at a late hour\\nin the morning and he apologized for it by\\nsaying to the officers, I have slept rather late\\nthis morning, but then I knew that Antipater\\nwas awake. Alexander, too, felt the highest\\nrespect and veneration for Antipater s charac-\\nter. At one time some person expressed sur-\\nprise that Antipater did not clothe himself in a\\npurple robe the badge of nobility and great-\\nness as the other great commanders and\\nministers of state were accustomed to do.\\nThose men, said Alexander, wear purple\\non the outside, but Antipater is purple with-\\nin\\nm.\\nThe whole country, in a word, felt so much\\nconfidence in the wisdom, the justice, and the\\nmoderation of Antipater, that they submitted\\nvery readily to his sway during the absence\\n2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 PYRRHUS.\\nof Alexander. Olympias, however, caused him\\ncontinual trouble. In the exercise of his re-\\ngency, he governed the country as he thought\\nhis duty to the people of the realm and to\\nAlexander required, without yielding at all to\\nthe demands or expectations of Olympias.\\nShe, consequently, finding that he was un-\\nmanageatJe, did all in her power to embarrass\\nhim in his plans, and to thwart and circum-\\nvent him. She wrote letters continually to\\nAlexander, complaining incessantly of his con-\\nduct, sometimes misrepresenting occurrences\\nwhich had actually taken place, and sometimes\\nmaking accusations wholly groundless and un-\\ntrue. Antipater, in the same manner, in his\\nletters to Alexander, complained of the inter-\\nference of Olympias, and of the trouble and\\nembarrassment which her conduct occasioned\\nhim. Alexander succeeded for a season in\\nsettling these difficulties more or less perfectly,\\nfrom time to time, as they arose; but at last\\nhe concluded to make a change in the regency.\\nAccordingly, on an occasion when a consider-\\nable body of new recruits from Macedon was\\nto be marched into Asia, Alexander ordered\\nAntipater to accompany them, and, at the\\nsame time, he sent home another general\\nnamed Craterus, in charge of a body of troops;", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 23\\nfrom Asia, whose term of service had expired.\\nHis plan was to retain Antipater in his service\\nin Asia, and to give to Craterus the govern-\\nment of Macedon, thinking it possible, per-\\nhaps, that Craterus might agree better with\\nOlympias than Antipater had done.\\nAntipater was not to leave Macedon until\\nCraterus should arrive there and while Crate-\\nrus was on his journey, Alexander suddenly\\ndied. This event changed the whole aspect of\\naffairs throughout the empire, and led to a\\nseries of very important events, which follow-\\ned each other in rapid succession, and which\\nwere the means of affecting the conditions\\nand the fortunes of Olympias in a very material\\nmanner. The state of the case was substan-\\ntially thus. The story forms quite a compli-\\ncated plot, which it will require close atten-\\ntion on the part of the reader clearly to com-\\nprehend.\\nThe question which rose first to the mind of\\nevery one, as soon as Alexander s death bo-\\ncame known, was that of the succession. There\\nwas, as it happened, no member of Alexan-\\nder s own family who could be considered as\\nclearly and unquestionably his heir. At the\\ntime of his death he had no child. He had a", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 PYRRHUS.\\nWife, however, whose name was Roxana, and\\na child was born to her a few months after\\nAlexander s death. Roxana was the daughter\\nof an Asiatic prince. Alexander had taken\\nher prisoner, with some other ladies, at a fort\\non a rock, where her father had placed her for\\nsafety. Roxana was extremely beautiful, and\\nAlexander, as soon as he saw her, determined\\nto make her his wife. Among the thousands\\nof captives that he made in his Asiatic cam-\\npaign, Roxana, it was said, was the most love-\\nly of all and as it was only about four years\\nafter her marriage that Alexander died, she\\nwas still in the full bloom of youth and beauty\\nwhen her son was born.\\nBut besides this son, born thus a few\\nmonths after Alexander s death, there was a\\nbrother of Alexander, or, rather, a half-broth-\\ner, whose claims to the succession seemed to\\nbe more direct, for he was living at the time\\nthat Alexander died. The name of his brother\\nwas Aridseus. He was imbecile in intellect,\\nand wholly insignificant as a political person-\\nage, except so far as he was by birth the next\\nheir to Alexander in the Macedonian line. He\\nwas not the son of Olympias, but of another\\nmother, and his imbecility was caused, it was\\nsaid, by an attempt of Olympias to poison him", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 2$\\nin his youth. She was prompted to do this by\\nher rage and jealousy against his mother, for\\nwhose sake PhiHp had abandoned her. The\\npoison had ruined the poor child s intellect,\\nthough it had failed to destroy his life. Alex-\\nander, when he succeeded to the throne,\\nadopted measures to protect Aridaeus from\\nany future attempt which his mother might\\nmake to destroy him, and for this, as well as\\nperhaps for other reasons, took Aridaeus with\\nhim on his Asiatic campaign. Aridaeus and\\nRoxana were both at Babylon when Alexan-\\nder died.\\nWhatever mig^ht be thought of the compara-\\ntive claims of Aridaeus and of Roxana s babe\\nin respect to the inheritance of the Macedon-\\nian crown, it was plain that neither of them\\nwas capable of exercising any actual power\\nAlexander s son being incapacitated by his\\nyouthfulness, and his brother by his imbecil-\\nity. The real power fell immediately into the\\nhands of Alexander s great generals and coun-\\nselors of state. These generals, on consulta-\\ntion with each other, determined not to de-\\ncide the question of succession in favor of\\neither of the two heirs, but to invest the sov-\\nereignty of the empire jointly in them both.\\nSo they gave to Aridaeus the name of Philip,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "2(y PYRRHUS.\\nand to Roxana s babe that of Alexander. They\\nmade these two princes jointly the nominal\\nsovereigns, and then proceeded, in their name,\\nto divide all the actual power among them-\\nselves.\\nIn this division, Egypt, and the African\\ncountries adjoining it, were assigned to a very\\ndistinguished general of the name of Ptolemy,\\nV\\\\^ho became the founder of a long line of\\nEgyptian sovereigns, known as the Ptolemaic\\ndynasty the line from which, some centuries\\nlater, the renowned Cleopatra sprang. Mace-\\ndon and Greece, with the other European\\nprovinces, were allotted to Antipater and\\nCraterus Craterus himself being then on the\\nway to Macedon with the invalid and disband-\\ned troops whom Alexander had sent home.\\nCraterus was in feeble health at this time, and\\nwas returning to Macedon partly on this ac-\\ncount. In fact, he was not fully able to take\\nthe active command of the detachment com-\\nmitted to him, and Alexander had accordingly\\nsent an officer with him, named Polysperchon.\\nwho was to assist him in the performance of\\nhis duties on the march. This Polysperchon,\\nas will appear in the sequel, took a very im-\\nportant part in the events which occurred in", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 2*]\\nMacedonia after he and Craterus had arrived\\nthere.\\nIn addition to these great and important\\nprovinces\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that of Egypt in Africa, and Mace-\\ndon and Greece in Europe there were var-\\nious other smaller ones in Asia Minor\\nand in Syria, which were assignci to\\ndifferent generals and ministers of state\\nwho had been attached to the service\\nof Alexander, and who all now claimed\\ntheir several portions in the general distribu-\\ntion of power which took place after his death.\\nThe distribution gave at first a tolerable de-\\ngree of satisfaction. It was -made in the name\\nof Philip the king, though the personage who\\nreally controlled the arrangement was Perdic-\\ncas, the general who was nearest to the person\\nof Alexander, and highest in rank at the time\\nof the great conqueror s decease. In fact, as\\nsoon as Alexander died, Perdiccas assumed\\nthe commiand of the army, and the general di-\\nrection of affairs.* He intended, as was sup-\\nposed, to make himself emperor in the place\\nof Alexander. At first he had strongly urged\\nthat Roxana s child should be declared heir to\\n*The death of Alexander took place, and the dis-\\ntribution here referred to was made at Babylon.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28 PYRRHUS.\\nthe throne, to the exclusion of Aridseus. His\\nsecret motive in this was, that by governing\\nas regent during the long minority of the in-\\nfant, he might prepare the v^ay for finally seiz-\\ning the kingdom himself. The other generals\\nof the army, however, would not consent to\\nthis they were inclined to insist that Aridseus\\nshould be king. The army was divided on this\\nquestion for some days, and the dispute ran\\nvery high. It seem-ed, in fact, for a time, that\\nthere was no hope that it could be accommo-\\ndated. There was every indication that a civil\\nwar must ensue to break out first under the\\nvery walls of Babylon. At length, however,\\nas has already been stated, the question was\\ncompromised, and it was agreed that the crown\\nof Alexander should become the joint inherit-\\nance of Aridseus and of the infant child, and\\nthat Perdiccas should exercise at Babylon the\\nfunctions of regent. Of course, when the di-\\nvision of the empire was made, it was made in\\nthe name of Philip; for the child of Roxana,\\nat the time of the division, was not yet born.\\nBut, though made in King Philip s name, it\\nwas really the work of Perdiccas. His plan,\\nit was supposed, in the assignment of prov-\\ninces to the various generals, was to remove\\nthem from Babylon, and give thm employ-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 29\\nment in distant fields, where they would not\\ninterfere with him in the execution of his\\nplans for making himself master of the su-\\npreme power.\\nAfter these arrangements had been made,\\nand the affairs of the empire had been toler-\\nably well settled for the time being by this dis-\\ntribution of power, and Perdiccas began to\\nconsider what ulterior measures he should\\nadopt for the widening and extending of his\\npower, a question arose which for a season\\ngreatly perplexed him it was the question of\\nhis marriage. Two proposals were made to\\nhim one by Olympias, and one by Antipater.\\nEach of these personages had a daughter\\nwhom they were desirous that Perdiccas\\nshould make his wife. The daughter of Olym-\\npias was named Cleopatra that of Antipater\\nwas Nicsea. Cleopatra was a young widow.\\nShe was residing at this time in Syria. She\\nhad been married to a king of Epirus named\\nAlexander, but was now residing in Sardis, in\\nAsia Minor. Some of the counselors of Per-\\ndiccas represented to him very strongly that a\\nmarriage with her would strengthen his po-\\nsition more than any other alliance that he\\ncould form, as she was the sister of Alexander\\nthe Great, and by his marriage with her he", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30 PYRRHUS.\\nwould secure to his side the influence of Olym-\\npias and all of Alexander s famil}^ Perdic-\\ncas so far acceeded to these views that he sent\\na messenger to Sardis to visit Cleopatra in his\\nname, and to make her a present. Olympias\\nand Cleopatra accordingly considered the ar-\\nrangement a settled affair.\\nIn the mean time, however, Antipater, who\\nseems to have been more in earnest in his\\nplans, sent off his daughter Nicsea herself to\\nBabylon, to be offered directly to Perdiccas\\nthere. She arrived at Babylon after the mes-\\nsenger of Perdiccas had gone to visit Cleo-\\npatra. The arrival of Nicsea brought up very\\ndistinctly to the mind of Perdiccas the advant\\nages of an alliance with Antipater. Olympias,\\nit is true, had a great name, but she possessed\\nno real power. Antipater, on the other hand,\\nheld sway over a widely-extended region,\\nwhich comprised some of the most wealthy\\nand populous countries on the globe. He had\\na large army under his command, too, con-\\nsisting of the bravest and best-disciplined\\ntroops in the world; and he himself, though\\nadvanced in age, was a very able and effective\\ncommander. In a word, Perdiccas was per-\\nsuaded, by these and similar considerations,\\nthat the alliance of Antipater would be more", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 3I\\nserviceable to him than that of Olympias, and\\nhe accordingly married Nicaea. Olympias,\\nwho had always hated Antipater before, was\\nnow, when she found herself thus supplanted\\nby him in her plans for allying herself with\\nPerdiccas, aroused to the highest pitch of in-\\ndignation and rage.\\nBesides the marriage of Perdiccas, anothe^\\nmatrimonial question arose about this time,\\nwhich led to a great deal of difficulty. There\\nwas a lady of the royal family of Macedon\\nnamed Cynane a daughter of Philip of Mace-\\ndon, and half-sister of Alexander the Great\\nwho had a daughter named Ada. Cynane\\nconceived the design of marrying her daughter\\nto King Philip, who was now, as well as Rox-\\nana and her babe, in the hands of Perdiccas\\nas their guardian. Cynane stt out from Mace\\ndon with her daughter, on the journey to Asia,\\nin order to carry this arrangement into effect.\\nThis was considered as a very bold undertak-\\ning on the part of Cynane and her daughter;\\nfor Perdiccas would, of course, be implacably\\nhostile to any plan for the marriage of Philip,\\nand especially so to his marrying a princess of\\nthe royal family of Macedon. In fact, as soon\\nas Perdiccas heard of the movement which Cy-\\nnane was making, he was enraged at the au-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "3^ PYRRHUS.\\ndacity of it, and sent messengers to intercept\\nCynane and murder her on the way. This\\ntransaction, however, as soon as it was known,\\nproduced a great excitement throughout the\\nwhole of the Macedonian army. The army, in\\nfact, felt so strong an attachment for every\\nbranch and every member of the family of\\nAlexander, that they would not tolerate any\\nviolence or wrong against any one of them.\\nPerdiccas was quite terrified at the storm\\nwhich he had raised. He immediately coun-\\ntermanded the orders which he had given to\\nthe assassins and, to atone for his error and\\nallay the excitement, he received Ada, when\\nshe arrived at Babylon, with great apparent\\nkindness, and finally consented to the plan of\\nher being married to Philip. She was accord-\\ningly married to him, and the army was ap-\\npeased. Ada received at this time the name\\nof Eurydice, and she became subsequently,\\nunder that name, quite renowned in history.\\nDuring the time in which these several\\ntransactions were taking place, various in-\\ntrigues and contentions were going on among\\nthe governors of the different provinces in\\nEurope and Asia, which, as the results of\\nthem did not particularly affect the affairs of\\nEpirus, we need not here particularly describe.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 33\\nDuring all this period, however, Perdiccas\\nwas extending and maturing his arrange-\\nments, and laying his plans for securing the\\nwhole empire to himself; while Antipatei and\\nPtolemy, in Macedon and Egypt, were all the\\ntime holding secret communications with each\\nother, and endeavoring to devise means by\\nwhich they might thwart and circumvent him.\\nThe quarrel was an example of what very of-\\nten occurs in such political systems as the\\nMacedonian empire presented at this time\\nnamely, a combining of the extremities against\\nthe centre. For some time the efforts of the\\nhostile parties were confined to the maneuvers\\nand counter-maneuvers which they devised\\nagainst each other. Antipater was, in fact, re-\\nstrained from open hostility against Perdic-\\ncas from a regard to his daughter Nicaea, who\\nas has been already mentioned, was Perdic-\\ncas wife. At length, however, under the in-\\nfluence of the increasing hostility which pre-\\nvailed between the two families, Perdiccas de-\\ntermined to divorce Nic^a, and marry Cleo-\\npatra after all. As soon as Antipater learned\\nthis, he resolved at once upon open war. The\\ncampaign commenced with a double opera-\\ntion. Perdiccas himself raised an army; and,\\ntaking Philip and Eurydice, and also Roxana", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34 PYRRHUS.\\nand her babe in his train, he marched into\\nEgypt to make war against Ptolemy. At the\\nsame time, Antipater and Craterus, at the\\nhead of a large Macedonian force, passed\\nacross the Hellespont into Asia Minor, on\\ntheir way to attack Perdiccas in Babylon. Per-\\ndiccas sent a large detachment of troops, un-\\nder the command of a distinguished general,\\nto meet and encounter Antipater and Crat-\\nerus in Asia Minor, while he was himself en-\\ngaged in the Egyptian campaign.\\nThe result of the contest was fatal to the\\ncause of Perdiccas. Antipater advanced tri-\\numphantly through Asia Minor, though in\\none of the battles which took place there\\nCraterus was slain. But while Craterus him-\\nself fell, his troops were victorious. Thus the\\nfortunes of war in this quarter went against\\nPerdiccas. The result of his own operations\\nin Egypt was still more disastrous to him. As\\nhe approached the Egyptian frontier, he found\\nhis soldiers very averse to fighting against\\nPtolemy, a general whom they had always re-\\ngarded with extreme respect and veneration,\\nand who, as was well known, had governeJ\\nhis province in Egypt with the greatest wis-\\ndom, justice, and moderation. Perdiccas\\ntreated this disaffection in a very haughty and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 35\\ndomineering manner. He called his soldiers\\nrebels, and threatened to punish them as such.\\nThis aroused their indignation, and from se-\\ncret rnurmurings they proceeded to loud and\\nangry complaints. Perdiccas was not their\\nking, they said, to lord it over them in that im-\\nperious manner. He was nothing but the tu-\\ntor of their kings, and they would not submit\\nto any insolence from him. Perdiccas was\\nsoon quite alarmed to observe the degree of\\ndissatisfaction which he had awakened, and\\nthe violence of the form which it seemed to be\\nassuming. He changed his tone, and attempt-\\ned to soothe and conciliate the minds of his\\nmen. He at length succeeded so far as to re-\\nstore some degree of order and discipline to\\nthe army, and in that condition the expedition\\nentered Egypt.\\nPerdiccas crossed one of the branches of\\nthe Nile, and then led his army forward to\\nattack Ptolemy in a strong fortress, where he\\nhad intrenched himself with his troops. The\\nforces of Perdiccas, though much more nu-\\nmerous than those of Ptolemy, fought with\\nvery little spirit while those of Ptolemy ex-\\nerted themselves to the utmost, under the in-\\nfluence of the strong attachment which they\\n3\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 PYRRHUS.\\nfelt for their commander. Perdiccas was\\nbeaten in the engagement; and he was so\\nmuch weakened by the defeat, that he deter-\\nmined to retreat back across the river. When\\nthe army arrived at the bank of the\\nstream, the troops began to pass over;\\nbut after about half the army had cross-\\ned, they found, to their surprise, that\\nthe water, which had been growing\\ngradually deeper all the time, became impass-\\nable. The cause of this deepening of the\\nstream was at first a great mystery, since the\\nsurface of the water, as was evident by marks\\nalong the shore, remained all the time at the\\nsame level. It was at length ascertained that\\nthe cause of this extraordinary phenomenon\\nwas, that the sands in the bottom of the river\\nwere trampled up by the feet of the men and\\nhorses in crossing, so that the current of the\\nwater could wash them away; and such was\\nthe immense number of footsteps made by\\nthe successive bodies of troops, that, by the\\ntime the transportation had been half accom-\\nplished, the water had become too deep to be\\nforded. Perdiccas was thus, as it were,\\ncaught in a trap half his army being on one\\nside of the river, and himself, with the re-\\nmainder, on the other.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "[i^A/WV\\\\A/^^\\nPyrrlius, face p, 36.\\nA Macedonian Soldier.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER. 37\\nHe was seriously alarmed at the dangerous\\nsituation in which he thus found himself plac-\\ned, and immediately resorted to a variety of\\nexpedients to remedy the unexpected diffi-\\nculty. All his efforts were, however, vain.\\nFinally, as it seemed imperiously necessary\\nto effect a junction between the two divisions\\nof his army, he ordered those who had gone\\nover to make an attempt, at all hazards, to re-\\nturn. They did so; but in the attempt, vast\\nnumbers of men got beyond their depth, and\\nwere swept down by the current and drowned.\\nMultitudes of the bodies, both of the dead\\nand of the dying, were seized and devoured\\nby the crocodiles which lined the shores of\\nthe river below. There were about two\\nthousand men thus lost in the attempt to re-\\ncross the stream.\\nIn all military operations, the criterion of\\nmerit, in the opinion of an army, is success\\nand, of course, the discontent and disaffection\\nwhich prevailed in the camp of Perdiccas\\nbroke out anew in consequence of these mis-\\nfortunes. There was a general mutiny. The\\nofficers themselves took the lead in it, and one\\nhundred of them went over in a body to Ptol-\\nemy s side, taking with them a considerable\\nportion of the army; while those that were", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38 PYRRHUS.\\nleft remained with Perdiccas, not to defend,\\nbut to destroy him. A troop of horse gathered\\naround his tent, guarding it on all sides, to\\nprevent the escape of their victim, and then a\\ncertain number of the men rushed in and kill\\ned him in the midst of his terror and despair.\\nPtolemy now advanced to the camp of Per-\\ndiccas, and was received there with acclama-\\ntion. The whole army submitted themselves\\nat once to his command. An arrangement\\nwas made for the return of the army to Baby-\\nlon, with the kings and their train. Pithon,\\none of the generals of Perdiccas, took the com-\\nmand of the army, and the charge of the royal\\nfamily, on the return. In the mean time, An-\\ntipater had passed into Asia, victorious over\\nthe forces that Perdiccas had sent against\\nhim. A new congress of generals was held,\\nand a new distribution of power was made.\\nBy the new arrangement, Antipater was to\\nretain his command in Macedon and Greece,\\nand to have the custody of the kings. Accord-\\ningly, when every thing had thus been set-\\ntled, Antipater set out on his return to Mace-\\ndon, with Philip and Eurydice, and also Rox-\\nana and the infant Alexander, in his train.\\nThe venerable soldier for he was now about\\neighty years of age was received in Mace-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "OLYMPIAS AND ANTIPATER.\\n39\\ndon, on his return, with universal honor and\\napplause. There were several considerations,\\nin fact, which conspired to exalt Antipater in\\nthe estimation of his countrymen on this oc-\\ncasion. He had performed a great military\\nexploit in conducting the expedition into\\nAsia, from which he was now triumphantly\\nreturning. He was bringing back to Mace-\\ndon, too, the royal family of Alexander, the\\nrepresentatives of the ancient Macedonian\\nline; and by being made the custodian of\\nthese princes, and regent of the empire in\\ntheir name, he had been raised to the most\\nexalted position which the whole world at that\\nperiod could afford. The Macedonians re-\\nceived him, accordingly, on his return, with\\nloud and universal acclamations.\\n1\\nE\\n^^^^^^^fci^iMffli\\nIPnJ:\\n1\\nBS^^^fcS\\nH^Hul\\nra^^^fH\\n-V-JlS-^- e=fegHiMM^M^y^s^^i^^^^^^^^ |l ilflj^v Vjj\\n1\\nW\\ni^jgRV- |teisyW|^l|jp|l5H^j^^\\n1\\n^^^9\\nH\\n^^^^^mP|^m\\n1\\n^^^^^^^^^ss^3b^\\n1\\n^^^^^Sq^^H", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11.\\nCASSANDER.\\nAlthough Antipater, on his return to\\nMacedon, came back loaded with honors, and\\nin the full and triumphant possession of\\npower, his situation was still not without its\\ndifficulties. He had for enemies, in Macedon,\\ntwo of the most violent and unmanageable\\nwomen that ever lived Olympias and Euryd-\\nice who quarreled with him incessantly, and\\nwho hated each other even more than they\\nhated him.\\nOlympias was at this time in Epirus. She\\nremained there, because she did not choose to\\nput herself under Antipater s power by resid-\\ning in Macedon. She succeeded, however, by\\nher maneuvers and intrigues, in giving Anti-\\npater a great deal of trouble. Her ancient\\nanimosity against him had been very much\\nincreased and aggravated by the failure of her\\nplan for marrying her daughter Cleopatra to\\nPerdiccas, through the advances which Anti-\\npater made ip. behalf of his daughter Nicsea;\\n40", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 4I\\nand though Nicaea and Perdiccas were now-\\ndead, yet the transaction was an offense\\nwhich such a woman as Olympias never could\\nforgive.\\nEurydice was a still greater source of an-\\nnoyance and embarrassment to Antipater\\nthan Olympias herself. She was a woman of\\nvery masculine turn of mind, and she had\\nbeen brought up by her mother, Cynane, to\\nmartial exercises, such as those to which\\nyoung men in those days were customarily\\ntrained. She could shoot arrows, and throw\\nthe javelin, and ride on horseback at the head\\nof a troop of armed men. As soon as she was\\nmarried to Philip she began at once to as-\\nsume an air of authority, thinking, apparent-\\nly, that she herself, being the wife of the king,\\nwas entitled to a much greater share of the re-\\ngal authority than the generals, who, as she\\nconsidered them, were merely his tutors and\\nguardians, or, at most, only military agents,\\nappointed to execute his will. During the\\nmemorable expedition into Egypt, Perdiccas\\nhad found it very difficult to exercise any con-\\ntrol over her; and after the death of Perdic-\\ncas, she assumed a more lofty and imperious\\ntone than ever. She quatreled incessantly\\nwith Pithon, the commander of the army, on", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42 PYRRHUS.\\nthe return from Egypt; and she made the\\nmost resolute and determined opposition to\\nthe appointment of Antipater as the custodian\\nof the persons of the kings.\\nThe place where the consultation was held,\\nat which this appointment was made, was\\nTriparadeisus, in Syria. This was the place\\nwhere the expedition of Antipater, coming\\nfrom Asia Minor, met the army of Egypt on\\nits return. As soon as the junction of the two\\narmies was effected, and the grand council was\\nconvened, Eurydice made the most violent\\nopposition to the proceedings. Antipater re-\\nproved her for evincing such turbulence and\\ninsubordination of spirit. This made her more\\nangry than ever; and when at length Anti-\\npater was appointed to the regency, she went\\nout and made a formal harangue to the army,\\nin which she denounced Antipater in the se-\\nverest terms, and loaded him with crimina-\\ntions and reproaches, and endeavored to in-\\ncite the soldiers to revolt. Antipater endeav-\\nored to defend himself against these accusa-\\ntions by a calm reply but the influence which\\nEurdyice s tempestuous eloquence exerted on\\nthe minds of the soldiery was too much for\\nhim. A very serious riot ensued, which", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 43\\nthreatened to lead to the most disastrous re-\\nsults. For a time Antipater s life was in most\\nimminent danger, and he was saved only by\\nthe interposition of some of the other gener-\\nals, who hazarded their own lives to rescue\\nhim from the enraged soldiery.\\nThe excitement of this scene gradually sub-\\nsided, and, as the generals persisted in the ar-\\nrangement which they had made, Eurydice\\nfound herself forced to submit to it. She had,\\nin fact, no real power in her hands except that\\nof making temporary mischief and disturb-\\nance; and, as is usually the case with charac-\\nters like hers, when she found that those\\naround her could not be driven from their\\nground by her fractiousness and obstinacy,\\nshe submitted herself to the necessity of the\\ncase, though in a moody and sullen manner.\\nSuch were the relations which Antipater and\\nEurydice bore to each other on the return of\\nAntipater to Macedon.\\nThe troubles, however, in his government,\\nwhich Antipater might have reasonably ex-\\npected to arise from his connection with\\nOlympias and Eurydice, were destined to a\\nvery short continuance, so far as he person-\\nally was concerned for, not long after his re-\\nturn to Macedon, he fell sick of a dangerous", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44 PYRRHUS.\\ndisease, under which it was soon evident that\\nthe vital principle, at the advanced age to\\nwhich he had attained, must soon succumb.\\nIn fact, Antipater himself soon gave up all\\nhopes of recovery, and began at once to make\\narrangements for the final surrender of his\\npower.\\nIt will be recollected that when Craterus\\ncame from Asia to Macedon, about the time\\nof Alexander s death, he brought with him a\\ngeneral named Polysperchon, who, though\\nnominally second in command, really had\\ncharge of the army on the march, Craterus\\nhimself being at the time an invalid. When,\\nsome time afterward, Antipater and Craterus\\nset out on their expedition to Asia, in the war\\nagainst Perdiccas, Polysperchon was left in\\ncharge of the kingdom of Macedon, to govern\\nit as regent until Antipater should return.\\nAntipater had a son named Cassander, who\\nwas a general in his army. Cassander natur-\\nally exepected that, during the absence of his\\nfather, the kingdom would be committed to\\nhis charge. For some reason or other, how-\\never, Antipater had preferred Polysperchon,\\nand had intrusted the government to him.\\nPolysperchon had, of course, become ac-\\nquainted with the duties of government, and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 45\\nhad acquired an extensive knowledge of Ma-\\ncedonian affairs. He had governed well, too,\\nand the people were accustomed to his sway.\\nAntipater concluded, therefore, that it would\\nbe better to continue Polysperchon in power\\nafter his death, rather than to displace Poly-\\nsperchon for the sake of advancing his son\\nCassander. He therefore made provision for\\ngiving to Cassander a very high command in\\nthe army, but he gave Polysperchon the king-\\ndom. This act, though Cassander himseU\\nnever forgave it, raised Antipater to a higher\\nplace than ever in the estimation of mankind.\\nThey said that he did what no monarch ever\\ndid before; in determining the great question\\nof the succession, he made the aggrandize-\\nment of his own family give place to the wel-\\nfare of the realm.\\nAntipater on his death-bed, among other\\ncouncils which he gave to Polysperchon,\\nwarned him very earnestly against the danger\\nof yielding to any woman whatever a share in\\nthe control of public affairs. Woman, he said,\\nwas, from her very nature, the creature of im-\\npulse, and was swayed in all her conduct by\\nthe emotions and passions of her heart. She\\npossessed none of the calm, considerate, and\\nself-controlling principles of wisdom and pru-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46 PYRRHUS.\\ndence, so essential for the proper administra-\\ntion of the affairs of states and nations. These\\ncautions, as Antipater uttered them, were ex-\\npressed in general terms, but they were un-\\nderstood to refer to Olympias and Eurydice,\\nwhom it had always been very difficult to con-\\ntrol, and who, of course, when Antipater\\nshould be removed from the scene, might be\\nexpected to com.e forward with a spirit more\\nobtrusive and unmanageable than ever.\\nThese councils, however, of the dying king\\nseemed to have had very little effect upon\\nPolysperchon for one of the first measures\\nof his government, after Antipater was dead,\\nwas to send to Epirus to invite Olympias to\\nreturn to Macedon. This measure was de-\\ncided upon in a grand council which Poly-\\nsperchon convened to deliberate on the state\\nof public affairs as soon as the government\\ncame into his hands. Polysperchon thought\\nthat he should greatly strengthen his admin-\\nistration by enlisting Olympias on his side.\\nShe was held in great veneration by all the\\npeople of Macedon; not on account of any\\npersonal qualities which she possessed to en-\\ntitle her to such regard, but because she was\\nthe mother of Alexander. Polysperchon,\\ntherefore, considered it very important to se-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 47\\ncure her influence, and the prestige of her\\n.name in his favor. At the same time, while he\\nthus sought to propitiate Olympias, he neg-\\nlected Cassander and all the other members\\nof Antipater s family. He considered them,\\ndoubtless, as rivals and antagonists, whom\\nhe was to keep down by every means in his\\npower.\\nCassander, who was a man of a very bold,\\ndetermined, and ambitious spirit, remained\\nquietly in Polysperchon s court for a little\\ntime, watching attentively all that was done,\\nand revolving silently in his mind the ques-\\ntion what course he himself should pursue.\\nAt length he formed a small party of his\\nfriends to go away on a hunting excursion.\\nWhen he reached a safe distance from the\\ncourt of Polysperchon, he called his friends\\naround him, and informed them that he had\\nresolved not to submit to the usurpation of\\nPolysperchon, who, in assuming the throne\\nof Macedon, had seized what rightfully be-\\nlonged, he said, to him, Cassander, as his\\nfather s son and heir. He invited his friends\\nto join him in the enterprise of deposing Poly-\\nsperchon, and assuming the crown.\\nHe urged this undertaking upon them with\\nvery specious arguments. It was the only\\n4\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 PYRRHUS.\\ncourse of safety for them, as well as for him,\\nsince they that is, the friends to whom Cas-\\nsander was making these proposals had all\\nbeen friends of Antipater; and Olympias,\\nwhom Polysperchon was about to take into\\nhis counsels, hated the very name of Antipa-\\nter, and would evince, undoubtedly, the most\\nunrelenting hostility to all whom she should\\nconsider as having been his friends. He was\\nconfident, he said, that the Asiatic princes and\\ngenerals would espouse his cause. They had\\nbeen warmly attached to Antipater, and\\nwould not willingly see his son and rightful\\nsuccessor deprived of his legitimate rights.\\nBesides, Philip and Eurydice would join him.\\nThey had everything to fear from Olympias,\\nand would, of course, oppose the power of\\nPolysperchon, now that he had determined to\\nally himself to her.\\nThe friends of Cassander very readily\\nagreed to his proposal, and the result proved\\nthe truth of his predictions. The Asiatic prin-\\nces furnished Cassander with very efficiejit\\naid in his attempt to depose his rival. Olym-\\npias adhered to Polysperchon, while Eurydice\\nfavored Cassander s cause. A terrible con-\\nflict ensued. It was waged for some time in\\nGreece, and in other countries more or less re-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 49\\nmote from Macedon, the advantage in the\\ncombats being sometimes on one side and\\nsometimes on the other. It is not necessary\\nto detail here the events which occurred in the\\ncontest so long as the theatre of war was be-\\nyond the frontiers of Macedon, for the parties\\nwith whom we are now particularly dealing\\nwere not directly affected by the conflict until\\nit came nearer home.\\nIt ought here to be stated that Olympias\\ndid not at first accept the invitation to return\\nto Macedon which Polysperchon sent to her.\\nShe hesitated. She consulted with her friends,\\nand they were not decided in respect to the\\ncourse which it would be best for her to pur-\\nsue. She had made a great many enemies in\\nMacedon during her former residence there,\\nand she knew well that she would have a\\ngreat deal to fear from their hostility in case\\nshe should return, and thus put herself again,\\nas it were, into their power. Then, besides,\\nit was quite uncertain what course affairs in\\nMacedon would finally take. Antipater had\\nbequeathed the kingdom to Polysperchon, it\\nwas true; but there might be great doubt\\nwhether the people would acquiesce in this de-\\ncision, and allow the supreme power to re-\\nmain quietly in Polysperchon s hands. She", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "50 PYRRHUS.\\nconcluded, therefore, to remain a short time\\nwhere she was, till she could see how the case\\nwould finally turn. She accordingly con-\\ntinued to reside in Epirus, keeping up, how-\\never, a continual correspondence with Poly-\\nsperchon in respect to the measures of his\\ngovernment, and watching the progress of the\\nv/ar between him and Cassander in Greece,\\nwhen that war broke out, with the utmost\\nsolicitude and anxiety.\\nCassander proved to be too strong for Poly-\\nsperchon in Greece. He had obtained large\\nbodies of troops from his Asiatic allies, and he\\nmaneuvered and managed these forces with so\\nmuch bravery and skill, that Polysperchon\\ncould not dislodge him from the country. A\\nsomewhat curious incident occurred on one\\noccasion during the campaign, which illus-\\ntrates the modes of warfare practiced in those\\ndays. It seems that one of the cities of Pelo-\\nponnesus, named Megalopolis, was on the\\nside of Cassander, and when Polysperchon\\nsent them a summons to surrender to him and\\nacknowledge his authority, they withdrew all\\ntheir property and the whole of their popula-\\ntion within the walls, and bid him defiance.\\nPolysperchon then advanced and laid siege to\\nthe city.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 5f\\nAfter fully investing the city and commenc-\\ning operations on various sides, to occupy the\\nattention of the garrison, he employed a corps\\nof sappers and miners in secretly undermining\\na portion of the wall. The mode of proce-\\ndure, in operations like this, was to dig a sub-\\nterranean passage leading to the foundations\\nof the wall, and then, as fast as these founda-\\ntions were removed, to substitute props to\\nsupport the superincumbent mass until all\\nwas ready for the springing of the mine.\\nWhen the excavations were completed, the\\nprops were suddenly pulled away, and the\\nwall would cave in, to the great astonishment\\nof the besieged, who, if the operation had\\nbeen skillfully performed, knew nothing of\\nthe danger until the final consummation of it\\nopened suddenly before their eyes a great\\nbreach in their defenses. Polysperchon s\\nmine was so successful, that three towers fell\\ninto it, with all the wall connecting them.\\nThese towers came down with a terrific crash,\\nthe materials of which they had been com-\\nposed lying, after the fall, half buried in the\\nground, a mass of ruins.\\nThe garrison of the city immediately re-\\npaired in great numbers to the spot, to pre-\\nvent the ingress of the enemy; while, on the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "ro PYRRHUS.\\nOther hand, a strong detachment of troops\\nrushed forward from the camp of Polysper-\\nchon to force their way through the breach\\ninto the city. A very desperate conflict en-\\nsued, and while the men of the city were thus\\nengaged in keeping back the invaders, the\\nwomen and children were employed in throw-\\ning up a line of intrenchments further within,\\nto cover the opening which had been made in\\nthe wall. The people of the city gained the\\nvictory in the combat. The storming party\\nwere driven back, and the besieged were be-\\nginning to congratulate themselves on their\\nescape from the danger which had threatened\\nthem, when they were suddenly terrified be-\\nyond measure by the tidings that the besieg-\\ners were arranging a train of elephants to\\nbring in through the breach. Elephants were\\noften used for war in those days in Asiatic\\ncountries, but they had seldom appeared in\\nGreece. Polysperchon, however, had a num-\\nber of them in the train of his army, and the\\nsoldiers of Megalopolis were overwhelmed\\nwith consternation at the prospect of being\\ntrampled under foot by these huge beasts,\\nwholly ignorant as they were of the means of\\ncontending against them.\\nIt happened, however, that there was in", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 53\\nthe city of Megalopolis at this time a soldier\\nnamed Damides, who had served in former\\nyears under Alexander the Great, in Asia.\\nHe went to the officers who had command\\nwithin the city and offered his aid. Tear\\nnothing/ said he, but go on with your pre-\\nparations of defense, and leave the elephants\\nto m C. I will answer for them, if you will do\\nas I say/ The officers agreed to follow his in-\\nstructions. He immediately caused a great\\nnumber of sharp iron spikes to be made.\\nThese spikes he set firmly in the ends of short\\nstakes of wood, and then planted the stakes in\\nthe ground all about the intrenchments and in\\nthe breach, in such a manner that the spikes\\nthemselves, points upward, protruded from\\nthe ground. The spikes were then concealed\\nfrom view by covering the ground with straw\\nand other similar rubbish.\\nThe consequence of this arrangement was,\\nthat when the elephants advanced to enter the\\nbreach, they trod upon these spikes, and the\\nwhole column of them was soon disabled and\\nthrown into confusion. Some of the elephants\\nwere wounded so severely that they fell where\\nthey stood, and were unable to rise. Others,\\nmaddened with the pain which they endured,\\nturned back and trampled their own keepers", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54 PYRRHUS.\\nunder foot in their attempts to escape from\\nthe scene. The breach, in short, soon became\\nso choked up with the bodies of beasts and\\nmen, that the assailants were compelled to\\ngive up the contest and withdraw. A short\\ntime afterward, Polysperchon raised the siege\\nand abandoned the city altogether.\\nIn fact, the party of Cassander was in the\\nend triumphant in Greece, and Polysperchon\\ndetermined to return to Macedon.\\nIn the meantime, Olympias had determined\\nto come to Macedon, and aid Polysperchon\\nin his contest with Cassander. She accord-\\ningly left Epirus, and with a small body of\\ntroops, with which her brother Alexander,\\nwho was then King of Epirus, furnished her,\\nwent on and joined Polysperchon on his re-\\nturn. Eurydice was alarmed at this; for,\\nsince she considered Olympias as her great\\npolitical rival and enemy, she knew very well\\nthat there could be no safety for her or her\\nhusband if Olympias should obtain the as-\\ncendency in the court of Polysperchon. She\\naccordingly began to call upon those around\\nher, in the city where she was then residing,\\nto arm themselves for her defense. They did\\nso, and a considerable force was thus collect-\\ned. Eurydice placed herself at the head of it.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 55\\nShe sent messengers off to Cassander, urging\\nhim to come immediately and join her. She\\nalso sent an embassage to Polysperchon, com-\\nmanding him, in the name of PhiHp the king,\\nto dehver up his army to Cassander. Of\\ncourse this was only a form, as she could not\\nhave expected that such a command would\\nhave been obeyed and, accordingly, after\\nhaving sent off these orders, she placed her-\\nself at the head of the troops that she had\\nraised, and marched out to meet Polysperchon\\non his return, intending, if he would not sub-\\nmit, to give him battle.\\nHer designs, however, were all frustrated\\nin the end in a very unexpected manner. For\\nwhen the two armies approached each other,\\nthe soldiers who were on Eurydice s side, in-\\nstead of fighting in her cause as she expected,\\nfailed her entirely at the time of trial. For\\nwhen they saw Oiympias, whom they had\\nlong been accustomed almost to adore as the\\nwife of old King Philip, and the mother of\\nAlexander, and who was now advancing to\\nmeet them on her return to Macedon, splen-\\ndidly attended, and riding in her chariot, at\\nthe head of Polysperchon s army, with the air\\nand majesty of a queen, they were so over-\\npowered with the excitement of the spectacle,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56 PYRRHUS.\\nthat they abandoned Eurydice in a body, and\\nwent over, by common consent, to Polysper-\\nchon s side.\\nOf course Eurydice herself and her hus-\\nband Philip, who was with her at this time,\\nfell into Polysperchon s hands as prisoners.\\nOlympias was almost beside herself with ex-\\nultation and joy at having her hated rival thus\\nput into her power. She imprisoned Eurydice\\nand her husband in a dungeon, so small that\\nthere was scarcely room for them to turn\\nthemselves in it; and while they were thus\\nconfined, the only attention which the wretch-\\ned prisoners received was to be fed, from time\\nto time, with coarse provisions, thrust in to\\nthem through a hole in the wall. Having\\nthus made Eurydice secure, Olympias pro-\\nceeded to wreak her vengeance on all the\\nmembers of the family of Antipater whom\\nshe could get within her power. Cassander,\\nit is true, was beyond her reach for the pres-\\nent; he was gradually advancing through\\nThessaly into Macedonia, at the head of a\\npowerful and victorious army. There was an-\\nother son of Antipater, however, named Nica\\nnor, who was then in Macedon. Him she\\nseized and put to death, together with about\\na hundred of his relatives and friends. lU", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER.\\n57\\nfact, so violent and insane was her rage\\nagainst the house of Antipater, that she open-\\ned a tomb where the body of another of his\\nsons had been interred, and caused the re-\\nmains to be brought out and thrown into the\\nstreet. The people around her began to re-\\nmonstrate against such atrocities but these\\nremonstrances, instead of moderating her\\nrage, only excited it still more. She sent to\\n\u00c2\u00a3uRYoic\u00c2\u00a3 IN Prison.\\nthe dungeon where her prisoners, Philip and\\nEurydice, were confined, and caused Philip to", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "58 PYRRHUS.\\nbe stabbed to death with daggers and then,\\nwhen this horrid scene was scarcely over, an\\nexecutioner came in to Eurydice vv^ith a dag-\\nger, a rope, and a cup of poison, saying that\\nOlympias sent them to her, that she might\\nchoose herself by what she would die. Eury-\\ndice, on receiving this message, replied, say-\\ning, I pray Heaven that Olympias herself\\nmay one day have the like alternative present-\\ned to her. She then proceeded to tear the\\nlinen dress which she wore into bandages, and\\nto bind up with these bandages the wounds\\nin the dead body of her husband. This dread-\\nful though useless duty being performed, she\\nthen, rejecting all of the means of self-destruc-\\ntion which Olympias had offered her, strangl-\\ned herself by tying tigiht about her neck a\\nband which she obtained from her own attire.\\nOf course, the tidings of these proceedings\\nwere not long in reaching Cassander. He was\\nat this time in Greece, advancing, however,\\nslowly to the northward, toward Macedon. In\\ncoming from Greece into Thessaly, his route\\nlay through the celebrated Pass of Thermopy-\\nlae. He found this pass guarded by a large\\nbody of troops, which had been posted there\\nto oppose his passage. He immediately got\\ntogether all the ships, boats, galleys, and ves-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 59\\nsels of every kind which he could procure,\\nand, embarking his army on board of them,\\nhe sailed past the defile, and landed in Thes-\\nally. Thence he marched into Macedon.\\nWhile Cassander has thus been slowly ap-\\nproaching, Polysperchon and Olympias had\\nbeen very vigorously employed in making\\npreparations to receive him. Olympias, with\\nRoxana and the young Alexander, who was\\nnow about five years old, in her train, traveled\\nto and fro among the cities of Macedonia,\\nsummoning the people to arms, enlisting all\\nwho would enter her service, and collecting\\nmoney and military stores. She also sent to\\nEpiras, to ^acides the king, the father of\\nPyrrhus, imploring him to come to her aid\\nwith all the force he could bring. Polysper-\\nchon, too, though separate from Olympias,\\nmade every effort to strengthen himself\\nagainst his coming enemy. Things were in\\nthis state when Cassander entered Macedon.\\nCassander immediately divided his troops\\ninto two distinct bodies, and sending one, un-\\nder the command of an able general, to at-\\ntack Polysperchon, he himself went in pur-\\nsuit of Olympias. Olympias retreated before\\nhim, until at length she reached the city of\\nPydna, a city situated in the southeastern part", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "6o PYRRHUS.\\nof Macedon, on the shore of the ^gean Sea.\\nShe knew that the force under her command\\nwas not sufficient to enable her to offer her\\nenemy battle, and she accordingly went into\\nthe city, and fortified herself there. Cassan-\\nder advanced immediately to the place, and,\\nfinding the city too strongly fortified to be\\ncarried by assault, he surrounded it with his\\narmy, and invested it closely both by land and\\nsea.\\nThe city was not well provided for a siege,\\nand the people within very soon began to\\nsuffer for want of provisions. Olympias, how-\\never, urged them to hold out, representing to\\nthem that she had sent to Epiras for assist-\\nance, and that ^acides, the king, was already\\non his way, with a large force, to succor her.\\nThis was very true; but, unfortunately for\\nOlympias, Cassander was aware of this fact\\nas well as she, and, instead of waiting for the\\ntroops of -^acides to come and attack him, he\\nhad sent a large armed force to the confines\\nbetween Epiras and Macedon, to intercept\\nthese expected allies in the passes of the\\nmountains. This movement was successful.\\nThe army of ^acides found, when they\\nreached the frontier, that the passages leading\\n*See map.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 6l\\ninto Macedonia were all blocked up by the\\ntroops of the enemy. They made some in-\\neffectual attempts to break through and then\\nthe leading officers of the army, who had\\nnever been really willing to embark in th-^\\nwar, revolted against ^acides, and returned\\nhomiC. And as, in the case of deeds of vio-\\nlence and revolution, it is always safest to go\\nthrough and finish the work when it is once\\nbegun, they deposed ^acides entirely, and\\nraised the other branch of the royal family to\\nthe throne in his stead. It was on this occa-\\nsion that the infant Pyrrhus was seized and\\ncarried away by his friends, to save his life, as\\nmentioned in the opening paragraphs of this\\nhistory. The particulars of this revolution,\\nand of the flight of Pyrrhus, will be given\\nmore fully in the next chapter. It is suffici-\\nent here to say, that the attempt of ^acides\\nto come to the rescue of Olympias in her peril\\nwholly failed, and there was nothing now left\\nbut the wall of the city to defend her from her\\nterrible foe.\\nIn the meantime, the distress in the city for\\nwant of food had become horrible. Olympias\\nherself, with Roxana and the boy, and the\\nother ladies of the court, lived on the flesh of\\nhorses. The soldiers devoured the bodies of", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "62 PYRRHUS.\\ntheir comrades as they were slain upon the\\nwall. They fed the elephants, it was said, on\\nsaw-dust. The soldiers and the people of the\\ncity, who found this state of things intoler-\\nable, deserted continually to Cassander, let-\\nting themselves down by stealth in the night\\nfrom the wall. Still Olympias would not sur-\\nrender; there was one more hope remaining\\nfor her. She contrived to dispatch a messen-\\nger to Polysperchon with a letter, asking him\\nto send a galley round into the harbor at a\\ncertain time in the night, in order that she\\nmight get on board of it, and thus escape.\\nCassander intercepted this messenger. After\\nreading the letter, he returned it to the mes-\\nsenger again, and directed him to go on and\\ndeliver it. The messenger did so, and Poly-\\nsperchon sent the galley. Cassander, of\\ncourse, watched for it, and seized it himself\\nwhen it came. The last hope of the unhappy\\nOlympias was thus extinguished, and she\\nopened the gates and gave herself up to Cas-\\nsander. The whole country immediately af-\\nterward fell into Cassander s hands.\\nThe friends of the family of Antipater were\\nnow clamorous in their demands that Olym-\\npias should be brought to punishment for\\nhaving so atrociously murdered the sons and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CASSANDER. 63\\nrelatives of Antipater while she was in power.\\nOlympias professed herself willing to be tried,\\nand appealed to the Macedonian senate to be\\nher judges. She relied on the ascendency\\nwhich she had so long exercised over the\\nminds of the Macedonians, and did not be-\\nlieve that they would condemn her. Cassan-\\nder himself feared that they would not; and\\nalthough he was unwilling to murder her while\\nshe was a defenseless prisoner in his hands, he\\ndetermined that she should die. He recom-\\nmended to her secretly not to take the hazard\\nof a trial, but to make her escape and go to\\nAthens, and offered to give her an opportu-\\nnity to do so. He intended, it was said, if she\\nmade the attempt, to intercept and slay her on\\nthe way as a fugitive from justice. She re-\\nfused to accede to this proposal, suspecting,\\nperhaps, Cassander s treachery in making it.\\nCassander then sent a band of two hundred\\nsoldiers to put her to death.\\nThese soldiers, when they came into the\\nprison, were so impressed by the presence of\\nthe queen, to whom, in former years, they had\\nbeen accustomed to look up with so much\\nawe, that they shrank back from their duty,\\nand for a time it seemed that no one would\\nstrike the blow. At length, however, some\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PyrrhuB", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "64\\nPYRRHUS.\\namong the number, who were relatives of\\nthose that Olympias had murdered, succeed-\\ning in nerving their arms with the resolution\\nAssassination of Olympias.\\nof revenge, fell upon her and killed her with\\ntheir swords.\\nAs for Roxana and the boy, Cassander kept\\nthem close prisoners for many yearjs; and\\nfinally, feeling more and more that his pos-\\nsession of the throne of Alexander was con-\\nstantly endangered by the existence of a son\\nof Alexander, caused them to be assassinated\\ntoo.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nEARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS.\\nIn the two preceding chapters we have re-\\nlated that portion of the history of Macedonia\\nwhich it is necessary to understand in order\\nrightly to appreciate the nature of the difficul-\\nties in which the royal family of Epirus was\\ninvolved at the time when Pyrrhus first ap-\\npeared upon the stage. The sources of these\\ndifficulties were two first, the uncertainty of\\nthe line of succession, there being two branch-\\nes of the royal family, each claiming the\\nthrone, which state of things was produced,\\nin a great measure, by the interposition of\\nOlympias in the affairs of Epirus some years\\nbefore; and, secondly, the act of Olympias in\\ninducing ^acides to come to Macedon-\\nia, to embark in her quarrel against\\nCassander there. Of course, since there were\\ntwo lines of princes, both claiming the throne,\\nno sovereign of either line could hold any\\nthing more than a divided empire over the\\nhearts of his subjects; and consequently,\\nwhen .^acides left the kingdom to fight the\\n65", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "66\\nbattles of Olympias in Macedon, it was coiii-\\nJjaratively easy for the party opposed to him\\ntO effect a revolution and raise their own\\nprince to the throne.\\nThe prince whom Olympias had originally\\n:n?de king of Epirus, to the exclusion of the\\nclaimant belonging to the other branch of the\\nfamily, was her own brother. His name was\\nAlexander. He was the son of Neoptolemus.\\nThe rival branch of the family were the child-\\nren of Arymbas, the brother of Neoptole-\\nmus. This Alexander flourished at the same\\ntime as Alexander the Great, and in his char-\\nacter very much resembled his distinguished\\nnamesake. He commenced a career of con-\\nquest in Italy at the same time that his\\nnephew embarked in his in Asia, and com-\\nmenced it, too, under very similar circum-\\nstances. One went to the East, and another\\nto the West, each determined to make himself\\nmaster of the world. The Alexander of Ma-\\ncedon succeeded. The Alexander of Epirus\\nfailed. The one acquired, consequently, uni-\\nversal and perpetual renown, while the mem-\\nory of the other has been almost entirely neg-\\nlected and forgotten.\\nOne reason, unquestionably, for the differ-\\nence in these results was the difference in the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 67\\ncharacter of the enemies respectively against\\nwhom the two adventurers had to contend.\\nAlexander of Epirus went westward into\\nItaly, where he had to encounter the soldiery\\nof the Romans a soldiery of the most rug-\\nged, determined, and indomitable character.\\nAlexander of Macedon, on the other hand,\\nwent to the East, where he found only Asiatic\\nraces to contend with, whose troops, though\\ncountless in numbers and magnificently ap-\\npointed in respect to all the purposes of par-\\nade and display, were yet enervated with lux-\\nury, and wholly unable to stand against any\\nenergetic and determined foe. In fact, Alex-\\nander of Epirus used to say that the\\nreason why his nephew, Alexander of\\nMacedon, had succeeded, while he him-\\nself had failed, was because he himself had\\ninvaded countries peopled by men, while the\\nMacedonian, in his Asiatic campaign, had en-\\ncountered only women.\\nHowever this may be, the campaign of\\nAlexander of Epirus in Italy had a very dis-\\nastrous termination. The occasion of his go-\\ning there was a request which he had received\\nfrom the inhabitants of Tarentum that he\\nwould come over and assist them in a war in\\nwhich they were engaged with some neigh-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68 PYRRHUS.\\nboring tribes. Tarentum was a city situated\\ntoward the western shore of Italy. It was at\\nthe head of the deep bay called the Gulf of\\nTarentum, which bay occupies the hollow of\\nthe foot that the form of Italy presents to the\\neye as seen upon a map.* Tarentum was, ac-\\ncordingly, across the Adriatic Sea from Epi-\\nrus. The distance was about two hundred\\nmiles. By taking a southerly route, and go-\\ning up the Gulf of Tarentum, this distance\\nmight be traversed wholly by sea. A little to\\nthe north the Adriatic is narrow, the passage\\nthere being only about fifty miles across. To\\nan expedition, however, taking this course,\\nthere would remain, after arriving on the Ital-\\nian shore, fifty miles or more to be accom-\\nplished by land in order to reach Tarentum.\\nBefore deciding to comply with the re-\\nquest of the Tarentines that he would come to\\ntheir aid, Alexander sent to a celebrated ora-\\ncle in Epirus, called the oracle of Dodona, to\\ninquire Whether it would be safe for him to\\nundertake the expedition. To his mquiries\\nthe oracle gave him this for an answer:\\nThe waters of Acheron will be the cause of your\\ndeath, and Pandosia is the place where you will die.\\n*See map.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 69\\nAlexander was greatly rejoiced at receiving\\nthis answer. Acheron was a stream of Epirus,\\nand Pandosia was a town upon the banks of\\nit. He understood the response to mean that\\nhe was fated to die quietly in his own country\\nat some future period, probably a remote one,\\nand that there was no danger in his under-\\ntaking the expedition to Which he had been\\ncalled. He accordingly set sail from Epirus,\\nand landed in Italy; and there, believing that\\nhe was fated to die in Epirus, and not in Italy,\\nhe fought in every battle with the most des-\\nperate and reckless bravery, and achieved\\nprodigies of valor. The possibiUty that there\\nmight be an Acheron and a Pandosia in Italy,\\nas well as in Epirus, did not occur to his\\nmind.\\nFor a time he was very successful in his\\ncareer. He fought battles, gained victories,\\nconquered cities, and estabUshed his domin\\nion over quite an extended region. In order\\nto hold what he had gained, he sent over a\\ngreat number of hostages to Epirus, to be\\nkept there as security for the continued sub-\\nmission of those whom he had subdued.\\nThese hostages consisted chiefly, as was usual\\nin such cases, of children. At length, in the\\ncourse of the war, an occasion arose in which", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70 PYRRHUS.\\nit was necessary, for the protection of his\\ntroops, to encamp them on three hills which\\nwere situated very near to each other. These\\nhills were separated by low interval lands and\\na small stream but at the time when Alexan-\\nder established his encampment, the stream\\nconstituted no impediment to free intercom-\\nmunication between the different divisions of\\nhis army. There came on, however, a power-\\nful rain the stream overflowed its banks the\\nintervals were inundated. This enabled the\\nenemy to attack two of Alexander s encamp-\\nments, w^hile it was utterly impossible for\\nAlexander himself to render them any aid.\\nThe enemy made the attack, and were suc-\\ncessful in it. The two camps were broken up,\\nand the troops stationed in them were put to\\nflight. Those that remained with Alexander,\\nbecoming discouraged by the hopeless condi-\\ntion in which they found themselves placed,\\nmutinied, and sent to the camp of the enemy,\\noffering to dieliver up Alexander to them,\\ndead or alive, as they should choose, on condi-\\ntion that they themselves might be allowed\\nto return to their native land in peace. This\\nproposal was accepted but, before it was put\\nin execution, Alexander, having dicoverci\\nthe plot, placed himself at the head of a de-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 7I\\ntermined and desperate band of followers,\\nbroke through the ranks of the enemies that\\nsurrounded him, and made his escape toaneig h-\\nboring wood. From this wood he took a\\nroute which led him to a river, intending to\\npass the river by a bridge which he expected\\nto find there, and then to destroy the bridge\\nas soon as he had crossed it, so as to prevent\\nhis enemies from -following him. By this\\nmeans he hoped to make his way to some\\nplace of safety. He found, on arriving at the\\nbrink of the stream, that the bridge had been\\ncarried away by the inundation. He, how-\\never, pressed forward into the water on horse-\\nback, intending to ford the stream. The tor-\\nrent was wild, and the danger was imminent,\\nbut Alexander pressed on. At length one of\\nthe attendants, seeing his master in imminent\\ndanger of being drowned, exclaimed aloud,\\nThis cursed river! well is it named Ache-\\nron. The word Acheron, in the original\\nlanguage, signifies River of Sorrow.\\nBy this exclamation Alexander learned, for\\nthe first time, that the river he was crossing\\nbore the same name with the one in Epirus,\\nwhich he supposed had been referred to in the\\nwarning of the oracle. He was at once over-\\nw^helmed with consternation. He did not", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "y2 PYRRHUS.\\nknow whether to go forward or to return.\\nThe moment of indecision was suddenly end-\\ned by a loud outcry from his attendants, giv-\\ning the alarm that the traitors were close up-\\non him. Alexander then pushed forward\\nacross the water. He succeeded in gaining\\nthe bank; but as soon as he did so, a dart\\nfrom one of his enemies reached him and\\nkilled him on the spot. His lifeless body fell\\nback into the river, and was floated down the\\nstream, until at length it reached the camp of\\nthe enemy, which happened to be on the bank\\nof the stream below. Here it was drawn out\\nof the water, and subjected to every possible\\nindignity. The soldiers cut the body in two,\\nand, sending one part to one of the cities as a\\ntrophy of their victory, they set up the other\\npart in the camp as a target for the soldiers to\\nshoot at with darts and javelins.\\nAt length a woman came into the camp,\\nand, with earnest entreaties and many tears,\\nbegged the soldiers to give the mutilated\\ncorpse to her. Her object in wishing to ob-\\ntain possession of it was, that she might send\\nit home to Epirus, to the family of Alexander,\\nand buy with it the liberty of her husband and\\nher children, who were among the hostages\\nwhich had been sent there. The soldiers ac-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 73\\nceded to this request, and the parts of the\\nbody having been brought together again,\\nwere taken to Epirus, and dehvered to Olym-\\np*as, by whom the remains were honorably in-\\nterred. We must presume that the woman\\nwho sent them obtained the expected reward,\\nin the return of her husband and children,\\nthough of this we are not expressly informed.\\nOf course, the disastrous result of this most\\nunfortunate expedition had the effect, in Epi-\\nrus, of diminishing very much the popularity\\nand the strength of that branch of the royal\\nfamily namely, the line of Neop^tolemus to\\nw hich Alexander had belonged. According-\\nly, instead of being succeeded by one of his\\nbrothers, zEacides, the father of Pyrrhus,\\nv^ho was the representative of the other line,\\nwas permitted quietly to assume the crown.\\nIt might have been expected that Olympias\\nwould have opposed his accession, as she was\\nherself a princess of the rival line. She did\\nnot, however, do so. On the contrary, she\\ngave him her support, and allied herself to\\nhim very closely; and he, on his part, became\\nin subsequent years one of her most devoted\\nadherents and friends.\\nWhen Olympias was shut up in Pydna by\\nthe army of Cassander, as was related in the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74 PYRRHUS.\\nlast chapter, and sent far ^acides to come to\\nher aid, he immediately raised an army and\\nmarched to the frontier. He found the passes\\nin the mountains which led from Epirus to\\nMacedonia all strongly guarded, but he still\\ndetermined to force his way through. He\\nsoon, however, began to observe marks of\\ndiscontent and dissatisfaction among the offi-\\ncers of his army. These indications increas-\\ned, until at length the disafifection broke out\\ninto open mutiny, as stated in the last chapter,\\n^acides then called his forces together, and\\ngave orders that all who were unwilling to\\nfollow him into Macedon should be allowed\\nfreely to return. He did not wish, he said,\\nthat any should accompany him on such an\\nexpedition excepting those who went of their\\nown free will. A considerable part of the army\\nthen returned, but, instead of repairing peace-\\nably to their homes, they raised a general in\\nsurrection in Epirus, and brought the family\\nof Neoptolemus again to the throne. A solemn\\ndecree of the state was passed, declaring\\nthat ^acides, in withdrawing from the king-\\ndom, had forfeited his crown, and banishing\\nhim forever from the country. And as this\\nrevolution was intended to operate, not mere-\\nly against ^acides personally, but against", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 75\\nthe branch of the royal family to which he be-\\nlonged, the new government deemed it nec-\\nessary, in order to finish their work and make\\nit sure, that many of his relatives and friends,\\nand especially his infant son and heir, should\\ndie. Several of the members of ^acides\\nfamily were accordingly killed, though the at-\\ntendants in charge succeeded in saving the life\\nof the child by a sudden flight.\\nThe escape was effected by the instrument-\\nality of two of the officers of ^acides house-\\nhold, named Androclides and Angelus.\\nThese men, as soon as the alarm was given,\\nhurried the babe away, with only such nurses\\nand other attendants as it was necessary to\\ntake with them. The child was still unwean-\\ned; and though those in charge made the\\nnumber of attendants as small as possible, still\\nthe party were necessarily of such a character\\nas to forbid any great rapidity of flight. A\\ntroop was sent in pursuit of them, and soon\\nbegan to draw near. When Androclides\\nfound that his party would be overtaken by\\nthe troop, he committed the child to the care\\nof three young men, bidding them to ride on\\nwith him, at their utmost speed, to a certain\\ntown in Macedon, called Megarse, where they\\nthought he would be safe; and then he him-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76 PYRRHUS.\\nself, and the rest of his company, turned back\\nto meet the pursuers. They succeeded, partly\\nby their representations and entreaties, and\\npartly by such resistance and obstruction as it\\nwas in their power to make, in stopping the\\nsoldiers where they were. At length, having,\\nthough with some difficulty, succeeded in get-\\nting away from the soldiers, Androclides and\\nAngelus rode on by secret ways till they over-\\ntook the three young men. They now began\\nto think that the danger was over. At length,\\na little after sunset, they approached the town\\nof Megarae. There was a river just before the\\ntown, which looked too rough and dreadful to\\nbe crossed. The party, however, advanced to\\nthe brink, and attempted to ford the stream,\\nbut they found it imposssible. It was grow-\\ning dark the water of the river, having been\\nswelled by rains, was very high and boister-\\nous, and they found that they could not get\\nover. At length they saw some of the people\\nof the town coming down to the bank on the\\nopposite side. They were in hopes that these\\npeople could render them some assistance in\\ncrossing the stream, and they began to call\\nout to them for this purpose; but the stream\\nran so rapidly, and the roaring of the torrent\\nwas so great, that they could not make them-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. Jj\\nselves heard. The distance was very inconsid-\\nerable, for the stream was not wide; but,\\nthough the party with Pyrrhus called aloud\\nand earnestly, and made signs, holding up the\\nchild in their arms to let the people see him,\\nthey could not make themselves understood.\\nAt last, after spending some time in these\\nfruitless efforts, one of the party who were\\nwere with Pyrrhus thought of the plan of writ-\\ning what they wished to say upon a piece of\\nbark, and throwing it across the stream to\\nthose on the other side. They accordingly\\npulled off some bark from a young oak which\\nwas growing on a bank of the river, and suc-\\nceeded in making characters upon it by means\\nof the tongue of a buckle, sufficient to say\\nthat they had with them Pyrrhus, the young\\nprince of Epirus, and that they were flying\\nwith him to save his life, and to implore the\\npeople on the other side to contrive some way\\nto get them over the river. This piece of bark\\nthey then managed to throw across\\nthe stream. Some say that they rolled\\nit around a javelin, and then gave\\nthe javelin to the strongest of their party to\\nthrow; others say that they attached it \\\\o a\\nstone. In some way or other they contrived\\nto give it a sufficient momentum to carry it\\n6\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 PYRRHUS.\\nacross the water and the people on the other\\nside, when they obtained it, and read what was\\nwritten upon it, were greatly excited by the\\ntidings, and engaged at once with ardor and\\nenthusiasm in efforts to save the child.\\nThey brought axes and began to cut down\\ntrees to make a raft. In due time the raft was\\ncompleted; and, nothwithstanding the darkness\\nof the night, and the force and swiftness of\\nthe current of the stream, the party of fugi-\\ntives succeeded in crossing upon it, and thus\\nbrought the child and all the attendants ac-\\ncompanying him safely over.\\nThe party with Pyrrhus did not intend to\\nstop at Megarse. They did not consider it\\nsafe, in fact, for them to remain in any part\\nof Macedon, not knowing what course the war\\nbetween Polysperchon and Cassander would\\ntake there, or how the parties engaged in the\\ncontest might stand affected toward Pyrrhus.\\nThey determined, therefore, to press forward\\nin their flight till they had passed through\\nMacedon, and reached the country beyond.\\nThe country north of Macedon, on the west-\\nern coast, the one in which they determined to\\nseek refuge, was Illyria. The name of the king\\nof Illyria was Glaucias. They had reason to\\nbelieve that Glaucias would receive and pro-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 79\\ntect the child, for he was connected by mar-\\nriage with the royal family of Epirus, his wife,\\nBeroa, being a princess of the line of Msici-\\ndes. When the fugitives arrived at the court\\nof Glaucias, they went to the palace, where\\nthey found Glaucias and Beroa and, after tell-\\ning the story of their danger and escape, they\\nlaid the child down as a suppliant at the feet\\nof the king.\\nGlaucias felt not a little embarrassed at the\\nsituation in which he was placed, and did not\\nknow what to do. He remained for a long\\ntime silent. At length, little Pyrrhus, who was\\nall the while lying at his feet, began to creep\\ncloser toward him and, finally, taking hold\\nof the king s robe, he began to climb up by it,\\nand attempted to get into his lap, looking up\\ninto the king s face, at the same time, with a\\ncountenance in which the expression of con-\\nfidence and hope was mingled with a certain\\ninstinctive infantile fear. The heart of the\\nking was so touched by this mute appeal, that\\nhe took the child up in his arms, dismissed at\\nonce all prudential considerations from his\\nmind, and, in the end, delivered the boy to\\nthe queen, Beroa, directing her to bring him\\nup with her own children.\\nCassander soon discovered the place of Pyr-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "8o PYRRHUS.\\nrhus s retreat, and he made great efforts to in-\\nduce Glaucias to give him up. He offered\\nGlaucias a very large sum of money if he would\\ndeliver Pyrrhus into his hands; but Glaucias\\nrefused to do it. Cassander v^ould, perhaps,\\nhave made v^^ar upon Glaucias to compel him\\nto comply with this requisition, but he was\\nthen fully occupied with the enemies that\\nthreatened him in Greece and Macedon. He\\ndid, subsequently, make an attempt to invade\\nthe dominions of Glaucias, and to get posses-\\nsion of the person of Pyrrhus, but the expedi-\\ntion failed, and after that the boy was allowed\\nto remain in Illyria without any further mol-\\nestation.\\nTime passed on, until at length Pyrrhus\\nwas twelve years old. During this interval\\ngreat changes took place in the affairs of Cas-\\nsander in Macedon. At first he was very suc-\\ncessful in his plans. He succeeded in expell-\\ning Polysperchon from the country, and in es-\\ntablishing himself as king. He caused Rox-\\nana and the young Alexander to be assassin-\\nated, as was stated in the last chapter, so as to\\nremove out of the way the only persons who\\nhe supposed could ever advance any rival\\nclaims to the throne. For a time every thing\\nwent well and prosperously with him, but at", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a3:arly life of pyrrhus. 8i\\nlength the tide of his affairs seemed to turn,\\nA new enemy appeared against him in Asia\\na certain distinguished commander, named\\nDemetrius, who afterward became one of the\\nmost illustrious personages of his age. Just\\nat this time, too, the king of Epirus, Alcetus,\\nthe prince of the family of Neoptolemus, who\\nhad reigned during Pyrrhus s exile in Illyria,\\ndied. Glaucias deemed this a favorable op-\\nportunity for restoring Pyrrhus to the throne.\\nHe accordingly placed himself at the head of\\nan army, and marched into Epirus, taking the\\nyoung prince with him. No effectual resist-\\nance was made, and Pyrrhus was crowned\\nking. He was, of course, too young actually\\nto reign, and a sort of regent was according-\\nly established in power, with authority to gov-\\nern the country in the young king s name un-\\ntil he should come of age.\\nThis state of things could not be very stable.\\nIt endured about five years; and during this\\ntime Pyrrhus seemed to be very firmly es-\\ntablished in power. The strength of his po-\\nsition, however, was more apparent than real\\nfor the princes of the other branch of the\\nfamily, who had been displaced by Pyrrhus s\\nreturn to power, were of course discontented\\nand restless all the time. They were contin-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 PYRRHUS.\\nually forming plots and conspiracies, and were\\nonly waiting for an opportunity to effect an-\\nother revolution. The opportunity at length\\ncame. One of the sons of Glaucias was to\\nbe married. Pyrrhus had been the compan-\\nion and playmate of this prince, during his\\nresidence in Illyria, and was, of course, in-\\nvited to the wedding. Supposing that all was\\nsafe in his dominions, he accepted the invita-\\ntion and went to Illyria. While he was there,\\namusing himself in the festivities and rejoic-\\nings connected with the wedding, his rivals\\nraised a rebellion, took possession of the gov-\\nernment, and of all of Pyrrhus s treasures, kill-\\ned or put to flight his partisans and friends,\\nand raised a prince of the family of Neoptole-\\nmus to the throne. Pyrrhus found himself\\nonce more an exile.\\nThe revolution in Epirus was so complete,\\nthat, after careful consideration and inquiry,\\nPyrrhus could see, with the resources he had\\nat his command, no hope of recovering his\\nthrone. But, being of an ambitious and rest-\\nless spirit, he determined not to remain idle;\\nand he concluded, therefore, to enter into the\\nservice of Demetrius in his war against Cas-\\nsander. There were two considerations which\\nled him to do this. In the first place, Cassan-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 83\\nder was his most formidable enemy, and the\\npros2ect of his being ultimately restored again\\nto his throne would depend almost entirely,\\nhe well knew, upon the possibility of destroy-\\ning, or at least curtailing, Cassander s power.\\nThen, besides, Demetrius was especially his\\nfriend. The wife of Demetrius was Deidamia,\\nthe sister of Pyrrhus, so that Pyrrhus looked\\nupon Demetrius as his natural ally. He ac-\\ncordingly offered to enter the service of De-\\nmetrius, and was readily received. In fact,\\nnotwithstanding his youth for he was now\\nonly seventeen or eighteen years of age De-\\nmetrius gave him a very important command\\nin his army, and took great pains to instruct\\nhim in the art of war. It was not long before\\nan opportunity was afforded to make trial of\\nPyrrhus s capacity as a soldier. A great battle\\nwas fought at Ipsus, in Asia Minor, between\\nDemetrius on one side and Cassander on the\\nother. Besides these two commanders, there\\nwere many princes and generals of the highest\\nrank who took part in the contest as allies of\\nthe principal combatants, which had the effect\\nof making the battle a very celebrated one,\\nand of causing it to attract very strongly the\\nattention of all mankind at the time when it oc-\\ncurred. The result of the contest was, on the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84 PYRRHUS.\\nwhole, unfavorable to the cause of Demetrius.\\nHis troops, generally, were compelled to give\\nway, though the division which Pyrrhus com-\\nmanded retained their ground. Pyrrhus, in\\nfact, acquired great renown by his courage and\\nenergy, and perhaps still more by his success\\non this occasion. Young as he was, Demetrius\\nimmediately gave him a new and very re-\\nsponsible command, and intrusted to him the\\ncharge of several very important expeditions\\nand campaigns, in all of which the young sol-\\ndier evinced such a degree of energy and\\ncourage, combined, too, with so much fore-\\nthought, prudence, and military skill, as pre-\\nsaged very clearly his subsequent renown.\\nAt length an alliance was formed between\\nDemetrius and Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and\\nas security for the due execution of the obliga-\\nticMis assumed by Demetrius in the treaty\\nwhich they made, Ptolemy demanded a hos-\\ntage. Pyrrhus offered to go himself to Egypt\\nin this capacity. Ptolemy accepted him, and\\nPyrrhus was accordingly taken in one of\\nPtolemy s ships across the Mediterranean to\\nAlexandria.\\nIn Egypt the young prince was, of course,\\nan object of universal attention and regard.\\nHe was tall and handsome in person, agree-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "EARLY LIFE OF PYRRHUS. 85\\nable in manners, and amiable and gentle in\\ndisposition. His royal rank, the fame of the\\nexploits which he had performed, the misfor-\\ntunes of his early years, and the strange and\\nromantic adventures through which he had\\npassed, all conspired to awaken a deep inter\\nest in his favor at the court of Ptolemy. The\\nsituation of a hostage, too, is always one\\nwhich strongly attracts the sympathy and\\nkind feelings of those who hold him in cus.\\ntody. A captive is regarded in some sense as\\nan enemy and though his hard lot may awak-\\nen a certain degree of pity and commiseration,\\nstill the kind feeling is always modified by\\nthe fact that the object of it, after all, though\\ndisarmed and helpless, is still a foe. A hos-\\ntage, however, is a friend. He comes as se-\\ncurity for the faithfulness of a friend and an\\nally, so that the sympathy and interest which\\nare felt for him as an exile from his native\\nland, are heightened by the circumstance that\\nhis position makes him naturally an object of\\nfriendly regard.\\nThe attachment which soon began to be\\nfelt for Pyrrhus in the court of Ptolemy was\\nincreased by the excellent conduct and de-\\nmeanor which he exhibited while he was there.\\nHe was very temperate and moderate in his", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86\\nPYRRHUS.\\npleasures, and upright and honorable in all\\nhis doings. In a word, he made himself a gen-\\neral favorite and after a year or two he mar-\\nried Antigone, a princess of the royal family.\\nFrom being a hostage he now became a guest,\\nand shortly afterward Ptolemy fitted out an\\nexpedition to proceed to Epirus and restore\\nhim to his throne. On arriving in Epirus,\\nPyrrhus found every thing favorable to the\\nsuccess of his plans. The people of the coun-\\ntry had become discontented with the govern-\\nment of the reigning king, and were very will-\\ning to receive Pyrrhus in his place. The re-\\nvolution was easily effected, and Pyrrhus was\\nthus once more restored to his throne.\\nDemetrius\\nPtolemy.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Am\\n8^^\u00c2\u00bbS^\\nM\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nWARS IN MACEDON.\\nThe prince whom Pyrrhus displaced from\\nthe throne of Epirus on his return from Egypt,\\nas narrated in the last chapter, was, of course,\\nof the family of Neoptolemus. His own name\\nwas Neoptolemus, and he was the second son\\nof the Neoptolemus who gave his name to the\\nline.\\nPyrrhus exercised an uncommon degree of\\nmoderation in his victory over his rival; for,\\ninstead of taking his life, or even banishing\\nhim. from the kingdom, he treated him with\\nrespectful consideration, and offered, very gen-\\nerously, as it would seem, to admit him to a\\nshare of the regal power. Neoptolemus ac-\\ncepted this proposal, and the two kings\\nreigned conjointly for a considerable time. A\\ndifficulty, however, before long occurred,\\nwhich led to an open quarrel, the result of\\nwhich was that Neoptolemus was slain. The\\ncircumstances, as related by the historians of\\nthe time, were as follows:\\nIt seems that it was the custom of the people\\n87", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 PYRRHUS.\\nof Epirus to celebrate an annual festival at a\\ncertain city in the kingdom, for the purpose\\nchiefly of renewing the oaths of allegiance on\\nthe one part, and of fealty on the other, be-\\ntween the people and the king. Of course,\\nthere were a great many games and spectacles,\\nas well as various religious rites and ceremon-\\nies, connected with this celebration; and\\namong other usages which prevailed, it was\\nthe custom for the people to bring presents to\\nthe king on the occasion. When the period\\nfor this celebration recurred, after Pyrrhus s\\nrestoration to the throne, both Pyrrhus and\\nNeoptolemus, each attended by his own par-\\nticular followers and friends, repaired to the\\ncity where the celebration was to be held, and\\ncommenced the festivities.\\nAmong other donations which were made\\nto Pyrrhus at this festival, he received a pres-\\nent of two yoke of oxen from a certain man\\nnamed Gelon, who was a particular friend of\\nNeoptolemus. It appears that it was the cus-\\ntom for the kings to dispose of many of the\\npresents which they received on these occa-\\nsions from the people of the country, by giv-\\ning them to their attendants and the officers\\nof their households and a certain cup-bearer,\\nnamed Myrtilus, begged Pyrrhus to give these", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 8q\\noxen to him. Pyrrhus declined this request,\\nbut afterward gave the oxen to another man.\\nMyrtilus was offended at this, and uttered pri-\\nvately many murmurings and complaints.\\nGelon, perceiving this, invited Myrtilus to sup\\nwith him. In the course of the supper, he\\nattempted to excite still more the ill-will which\\nMyrtilus felt toward Pyrrhus and finding that\\nhe appeared to succeed in doing this, he fin\\nally proposed to Myrtilus to espouse the cause\\nof Neoptolemus, and join in a plot for poison-\\ning Pyrrhus. His office as cup-bearer would\\nenable him, Gelon said, to execute such a de-\\nsign without difficulty or danger, and, by do-\\ning it, he would so commend himself to the\\nregard of Neoptolemus, that he might rely on\\nthe most ample and abundant rewards. Myr-\\ntilus appeared to receive these proposals with\\ngreat favor; he readily promised to embark\\nin the plot, and promised to fulfill the part as-\\nsigned him in the execution of it. When the\\nproper time arrived, after the conclusion of\\nthe supper, Myjtilus took leave of Gelon, and,\\nproceeding directly to Pyrrhus, he related to\\nhim all that had occurred.\\nPyrrhus did not take any rash or hasty\\nmeasures in the emergency, for he knew very\\nwell that if Gelon were to be then charged", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 PYRRHUS.\\nwith the crime which he had proposed to com-\\nmit, he would deny having ever proposed it,\\nand that then there would be only the word of\\nMyrtilus against that of Gelon, and that im-\\npartial men would have no positive means of\\ndeciding between them. He thought, there-\\nfore, very wisely, that, before taking any de-\\ncided steps, it would be necessary to obtain\\nadditional proof that Gelon had really made\\nthe proposal. He accordingly directed Myr-\\ntilus to continue to pretend that he favored the\\nplan, and to propose to Gelon to invite another\\ncup-bearer, named Alexicrates, to join the\\nplot. Alexicrates was to be secretly instruct-\\ned to appear ready to enter into the conspir-\\nacy when he should be called upon, and thus,\\nas Pyrrhus expected, the testimony of two wit-\\nnesses would be obtained to Gelon s guilt.\\nIt happened, however, that the necessary\\nevidence against Gelon was furnished without\\na resort to this measure; for when Gelon re-\\nported to Neoptolemus that Myrtilus had ac-\\nceded to his proposal to join him in a plan for\\nremoving Pyrrhus out of the way, Neoptole-\\nmus was so much overjoyed at the prospect of\\nrecovering the throne to his own family again,\\nthat he could not refrain from revealing the\\nplan to certain members of the family, and,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 9I\\namong others, to his sister Cadmia. At the\\ntime when he thus discovered the design to\\nCadmia, he supposed that nobody was within\\nhearing. The conversation took place in an\\napartment where he had been supping with\\nCadmia, and it happened that there was a ser-\\nvant-woman lying upon a couch in the corner\\nof the room at the time, with her face to the\\nwall, apparently asleep. She was, in reality,\\nnot asleep, and she overheard all the conver-\\nsation. She lay still, however, and did not\\nspeak a word; but the next day she went to\\nAntigone, the wife of Pyrrhus, and communi-\\ncated to her all that she had heard. Pyrrhus\\nnow considered the evidence that Neoptolemus\\nwas plotting his destruction as complete, and\\nhe determined to take decisive measures to\\nprevent it. He accordingly invited Neoptole-\\nmus to a banquet. Neoptolemus, suspecting\\nnothing, came, and Pyrrhus slew him at the\\ntable. Henceforward Pyrrhus reigned in Epir-\\nus alone.\\nPyrrhus was now about twenty-three years\\nof age, and inasmuch as, with all his modera-\\ntion in respect to the pursuit of youthful pleas-\\nures, he was of a very ambitious and aspiring\\ndisposition, he began to form schemes and\\nplans for the enlargement of his power. An", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "gZ PYRRHUS.\\nOpportunity was soon afforded him to enter\\nupon a military career. Cassander, who had\\nmade himself King of Macedon in the man-\\nner already described, died about the time\\nthat Pyrrhus established himself on his throne\\nin Epirus. He left two sons, Alexander and\\nAntipater. These brothers immediately quar-\\nreled, each claiming the inheritance of their\\nfather s crown. Antipater proved to be the\\nstrongest in the struggle; and Alexander,\\nfinding that he could not stand his ground\\nagainst his brother without aid, sent messen-\\ngers at the same time to Pyrrhus, and also to\\nDemetrius, in Thessaly, calling upon both to\\ncome to his assistance. They both determined\\nto do so. Demetrius, however, was engaged\\nin some enterprises which detained him for a\\ntime, but Pyrrhus immediately put himself at\\nthe head of his army, and prepared to cross\\nthe frontier.\\nThe commencement of this march marks an\\nimportant era in the life of Pyrrhus, for it was\\nnow for the first time that he had an army\\nwholly under his command. In all the former\\nmilitary operations in which he had been en-\\ngaged, he had been only a general, acting\\nunder the orders of his superiors. Now he\\nwas an independent sovereign, leading forth", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 93\\nhis own troops to battle, and responsible to\\nno one for the manner in which he exercised\\nhis power. The character which he displayed\\nin this new capacity was such as very soon to\\nawaken the admiration of all his troops, and\\nto win their affection in a very strong degree.\\nHis fine personal appearance, his great\\nstrength and dexterity in all martial exer-\\ncises, his kind consideration for his soldiers,\\nthe systematic and skillful manner in which\\nall his arrangements were made, and a cer-\\ntain nobleness and generosity of character\\nwhich he displayed on many occasions, all\\ncombined to make him an object of universal\\nfavor and regard.\\nVarious anecdotes were related of him in\\ncamp, which evinced the superiority of his\\nmind, and that peculiar sense of confidence\\nand strength which so often accompanies\\ngreatness. At one time a person was accused\\nof being disaffected toward him, and of being\\nin the habit of speaking evil of him on all oc-\\ncasions and some of his counselors proposed\\nthat the offender should be banished. No,\\nsaid Pyrrhus; let him stay here, and speak\\nevil of me only to a few, instead of being sent\\naway to ramble about and give me a bad char-\\nacter to all the world. At another time, some\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhu3", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94 PYRRHUS.\\npersons, when half intoxicated, at a convivial\\nentertainment, had talked very freely in cen\\nsure of something which Pyrrhus had done.\\nThey were called to account for it; and when\\nasked by Pyrrhus whether it was true that\\nthey had really said such things, they replied\\nthat it was true. And there is no doubt,\\nthey added, that we should have said things\\na great deal worse if we had had more wine.\\nPyrrhus laughed at this reply, and dismissed\\nthe culprits without any punishment. These,\\nand other similar indications of the magnan\\nimity which marked the general s character\\nmade a great and very favorable impression\\nupon the minds of all under his command.\\nPossessing thus, in a very high degree, the\\nconfidence and affection of his troops, Pyrrhus\\nwas able to inspire them with his own ardor\\nand impetuosity when they came to engage\\nin battle, and his troops were victorious in al-\\nmost every conflict. Wherever he went, he\\nreduced the country into subjection to Alex-\\nander, and drove Antipater before him. He\\nleft garrisons of his own in the towns which\\nhe captured, so as to make his conquests se\\ncure, and in a short time the prospect seemed\\ncertain that Antipater would be expelled from", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 95\\nthe country, and Alexander placed upon the\\nthrone.\\nIn this crisis of their affairs, some of the\\nallies of Antipater conceived the design of cir-\\ncumventing their enemy by artifice, since it\\nappeared that he W2is so superior to them in\\nforce. They knew how strong was his feel-\\ning of reverence and regard for Ptolemy, the\\nKing of Egypt, his father-in-law, and they ac-\\ncordingly forged a letter to him in Ptolemy s\\nname, enjoining him to make peace with An-\\ntipater, and withdrew from Macedon, Anti-\\npater, the letter said, was willing to pay him\\nthree hundred talents of silver in consideration\\nof his doing so, and the letter strongly urged\\nhim to accede to this offer, and evacuate the\\nkingdom.\\nIt was much less difficult to practice a suc-\\ncessful deception of this kind in ancient days\\nthan it is now, for then writing was usually\\nperformed by scribes trained for the purpose,\\nand there was therefore seldom any thing in\\nthe handwriting of a communication to deter-\\nmine the question of its authenticity. Pyrrhus,\\nhowever, detected the imposition which was\\nattempted in this case the moment that he\\nopened the epistle. It began with the words,\\nKing Ptolemy to King Pyrrhu.s, greeting;", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96 PYRRHUS.\\nwhereas the genuine letters of Ptolemy to his\\nson-in-law were always commenced thus:\\nThe father to his son, greeting/\\nPyrrhus upbraided the contrivers of this\\nfraud in severe terms for their attempt to de-\\nceive him. Still, he entertained the propos-\\nition that they made, and some negotiations\\nwere entered into, with a view to an amicable\\nsettlement of the dispute. In the end, how-\\never, the negotiations failed, and the war was\\ncontinued until Alexander was established on\\nhis throne. Pyrrhus then returned to his own\\nkingdom. He received, in reward for his ser-\\nvices in behalf of Alexander, a grant of that\\npart of the Macedonian territory which lies\\nupon the coast of the Adriatic Sea, north of\\nEpirus and thus peace was restored, and all\\nthings seemed permanently settled.\\nIt will be recollected, perhaps, by the reader,\\nthat at the time that Alexander sent for Pyr-\\nrhus to assist him, he had also sent for Deme-\\ntrius, who had been in former years the ally\\nand friend of Pyrrhus. In fact, Deidamia, the\\nsister of Pyrrhus, was Demetrius s wife. De-\\nmetrius had been engaged with the affairs of\\nhis own government at the time that he re-\\nceived this message, and was not then ready\\nto grant the desired aid. But after a time,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 97\\nwhen he had settled his own affairs, he placed\\nhimself at the head of an army and went to\\nMacedon. It was now, however, too late, and\\nAlexander was sorry to learn that he was com-\\ning. He had already parted with a consider-\\nable portion of his kingdom to repay Pyrrhus\\nfor his aid, and he feared that Demetrius, if he\\nwere allowed to enter the kingdom, would\\nnot be satisfied without a good part of the re-\\nmainder.\\nHe accordingly advanced to meet Demetrius\\nat the frontier. Here, at an interview which\\nhe held with him, he thanked him for his kind-\\nness in coming to his aid, but said that his as-\\nsistance would now not be required. Deme-\\ntrius said that it was very well, and so pre-\\npared to return. Alexander, however, as De-\\nmetrius afterward alleged, did not intend to\\nallow him to withdraw, but formed a plan to\\nmurder him at supper to which he designed\\nto invite him. Demetrius avoided the fate\\nv\\\\^hfch was intended for him by going away\\nunexpectedly from the supper before Alexan-\\nder had time to execute his plan. Afterward,\\nDemetrius invited Alexander to a supper.\\nAlexander came unarmed and unprotected, in\\norder to set his guest an example of uncon-\\ncern, in hopes that Demetrius would come", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98 PYRRHUS.\\nequally defenseless to a second entertainment\\nwhich he had prepared for him the next day,\\nand at which he intended to adopt such meas-\\nures that his guest should not be able by any\\npossibility to escape. Demetrius, however,\\ndid not wait for the second attempt, but or-\\ndered his servants to kill Alexander, and all\\nwho were with him, while they were at his\\ntable. One of Alexander s men, when the at-\\ntack was made upon them, said, as the soldiers\\nof Demetrius were stabbing him, You are\\ntoo quick for us by just one day.\\nThe Macedonian troops, whom Alexander\\nhad brought with him to the frontier, when\\nthey heard of the murder of their king, ex-\\npected that Demetrius would come upon them\\nat once, with all his army, and cut them to\\npieces. But instead of this, Demetrius sent\\nthem word that he did not intend them any\\nharm, but wished, on the contrary, for an op-\\nportunity to explain and justify to them what\\nhe had done. He accordingly met them, and\\nmade a set harangue, in which he related the\\ncircumstances which led him to take the life\\nof Alexander, and justified it as an act of self-\\ndefense. This discourse was received with\\ngreat applause, and the Macedonian soldiers\\nimmediately hailed Demetrius king.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. 99\\nHow far there was any truth in the charge\\nwhich Demetrius brought against Alexander\\nof intending to kill him, it is, of course, im-\\npossible to say. There was no evidence of the\\nfact, nor could there be any evidence but such\\nas Demetrius might easily fabricate. It is the\\nuniversal justification that is offered in every\\nage by the perpetrators of political crimes,\\nthat they were compelled to perform them-\\nselves the deeds of violence and cruelty for\\nwhich they are condemned, in order to antici\\npate and preclude the performance of similar\\ndeeds on the part of their enemies.\\nDemetrius and Pyrrhus were now neigh-\\nboring kings, and, from the friendly relations\\nwhich had subsisted between them for so many\\nyears, it might, perhaps, be supposed that the\\ntwo kingdoms which they respectively ruled\\nwould enjoy, from this time, a permanent and\\nsettled peace, and maintain the most amicable\\nintercourse with each other. But the reverse\\nwas the fact. Contentions and quarrels arose\\non the frontiers. Each nation complained\\nthat the borderers of the other made inroads\\nover the frontier. Demetrius and Pyrrhus\\ngradually got drawn into these disputes. Un\\nfortunately for the peace of the two countries,\\nDeidamia died, and the strong band of union", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "rOO PYRRHUS.\\nwhich she had formed between the two reign-\\ning families was sundered. In a word, it was\\nnot long before Pyrrhus and Demetrius came\\nto open war.\\nThe war, however, which thus broke out\\nbetween Demetrius and Pyrrhus did not arise\\nwholly from accidental collisions occurring\\non the frontiers. Demetrius was a man of\\nthe most violent and insatiable ambition, and\\nwholly unscrupulous in respect to the means\\nof gratifying the passion. Before his difficul-\\nties with Pyrrhus began, he had made expedi-\\ntions southwardly into Greece, and had finally\\nsucceeded in reducing a large portion of that\\ncountry to his sway. He, however, at one\\ntime, in the course of his campaigns in Greece,\\nnarrowly escaped a very sudden termination\\nof his career. He was besieging Thebes, one\\nof the principal cities of Greece, and one whicn\\nwas obstinately determined not to submit to\\nhim. In fact, the inhabitants of the city had\\ngiven him some special cause of offense, so\\nthat he was excessively angry with them, and\\nthough for a long time he made very little\\nprogress in prosecuting the siege, he was de-\\ntermined not to give up the attempt. At one\\nperiod, he was himself called away from the\\nplace for a time, to engage in some military", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. lOI\\nduty demanding his attention in Thessaly, and\\nduring his absence he left his son to conduct\\nthe siege. On his return to Thebes, he found\\nthat, through the energetic and obstinate re-\\nsistance which was made by the people of\\nThebes, great numbers of his men were con-\\ntinually falling so much so, that his son be-\\ngan to remonstrate with him against allowing\\nso great and so useless a slaughter to go on.\\nConsider, said he, why you should expose\\nso many of your valiant soldiers to such sure\\ndestruction, when\\nHere Demetrius, in a passion, interrupted\\nhim, saying, Give yourself no concern about\\nhow many of the soldiers are killed. The\\nmore there are killed, the fewer you will have\\nto provide subsistence for!\\nThe brutal recklessness, however, which\\nDemetrius thus evinced in respect to the\\nslaughter of his troops was not attended, as\\nsuch a feeling often is, with any cowardly un-\\nwillingness to expose himself to danger. He\\nmingled personally in the contests that took\\nplace about the walls of the city, and hazarded\\nhis own life as freely as he required his sol-\\ndiers to hazard theirs. At length, on one oc-\\ncasion, a javelin thrown from the wall struck\\nhim in the neck, and, passing directly through,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "I02 PYRRHUS.\\nfelled him to the ground. He was taken up for\\ndead, and borne to his tent. It was then found,\\non examination, that no great artery or other\\nvital part had been wounded, and yet in a\\nvery short time a burning fever supervened,\\nand for some time the life of Demetrius was\\nin imminent danger. He still, however, re-\\nfused to abandon the siege. At length, he re-\\ncovered from the effects of his wound, and,\\nin the end, the city surrendered.\\nIt was on the return of Demetrius to Mace-\\ndon, after the close of his successful campaign\\nin Greece, that the war between him and Pyr-\\nrhus broke out. As soon as it appeared that\\nactual hostilities were inevitable, both parties\\ncollected an army and prepared for the con-\\nflict.\\nThey marched to meet each other, Pyrrhus\\nfrom Epirus, and Demetrius from Macedon.\\nIt happened, however, that they took different\\nroutes, and thus passed each other on the\\nfrontier. Demetrius entered Epirus, and found\\nthe whole country open and defenseless be-\\nfore him, for the military force of the country\\nwas all with Pyrrhus, and had passed into\\nMacedon by another way. Demetrius ad-\\nvanced accordingly, as far as he chose, into", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. IO3\\nPyrrhus s territories, capturing and plunder-\\ning every thing that came in his way.\\nPyrrhus himself, on the other hand, met\\nwith quite a different reception. Demetrius\\nhad not taken all his army with him, but had\\nleft a large detachment under the command\\nof a general named Pantauchus, to defend the\\ncountry during his absence. Pyrrhus en-\\ncountered Pantauchus as he entered Macedon,\\nand gave him battle. A very hard-fought and\\nobstinate conflict ensued. In the course of it,\\nPantauchus challenged Pyrrhus to single com-\\nbat. He was one of the most distinguished of\\nDemetrius s generals, being celebrated above\\nall the officers of the army for his dexterity,\\nstrength, and courage; and, as he was a man\\nof very high and ambitious spirit, he was\\ngreatly pleased with the opportunity of dis-\\ntinguishing himself that was now before him.\\nHe conceived that a personal rencounter with\\nso great a commander as Pyrrhus would add\\nvery much to his renown.\\nPyrrhus accepted the challenge. The pre-\\nliminary arrangements were made. The com-\\nbatants came out into the field, and, as they\\nadvanced to the encounter, they hurled their\\njavelins at each other before they met, and\\nthen rushed forward to a close and mortal", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104 PYRRHUS.\\ncombat with swords. The fight continued for\\na long time. Pyrrhus himself received a\\nwound but, notwithstanding this, he suc-\\nceeded in bringing his antagonist to the\\nground, and would have killed him, had not\\nthe friends of Pantauchus rushed on and res-\\ncued him from the danger. A general battle\\nbetween the two armies ensued, in which Pyr-\\nrhus was victorious. The army of Pantau-\\nchus was totally routed, and five thousand\\nmen were taken prisoners.\\nThe Macedonian troops whom Pyrrhus thus\\ndefeated, instead of being maddened with re-\\nsentment and anger against their conqueror,\\nas it might have been expected they would be,\\nwere struck with a sentiment of admiration for\\nhim. They applauded his noble appearance\\nand bearing on the field, and the feats of cour-\\nage and strength which he performed. There\\nwas a certain stern and lofty simplicity in his\\nair and demeanor which reminded them, as\\nthey said, of Alexander the great, whom many\\nof the old soldiers remembered. They com-\\npared Pyrrhus in these respects with Deme-\\ntrius, their own sovereign, greatly to the dis-\\nadvantage of the latter and so strong was the\\nfeeling which was thus excited in Pyrrhus s\\nfavor, that it was thought at the time that, if", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "ryrrUus,facep. 10\\nPyrrhus Slays Neoptolomeus. {See p. 91.)", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. IO3\\nPyrrhus had advanced toward the capital with\\na view to the conquest of the country, the\\nwhole army would have gone over at once to\\nhis side, and that he might have made himself\\nking of Macedon without any further diffi-\\nculty or trouble. He did not do this, however,\\nbut withdrew again to Epirus when Demetrius\\ncame back into Macedonia. The Macedonians\\nwere by no means pleased to see Demetrius\\nreturn.\\nIn fact, Demetrius was beginning to be gen-\\nerally hated by all his subjects, being regard-\\ned by them all as a conceited and cruel tyrant.\\nHe was not only unscrupulously ambitious in\\nrespect to the dominions of his neighbors, but\\nhe was unjust and overbearing in his treat-\\nment of his own friends. Pyrrhus, on the\\nother hand, was kind and courteous to his\\narmy, both to the officers and soldiers. He liv-\\ned in habits of great simplicity, and shared the\\nhardships as well as the toils of those who\\nwere under his command. He gave them, too,\\ntheir share of the glory which he acquired, by\\nattributing his success to their courage and\\nfidelity. At one time, after some brilliant\\ncampaign in Macedon, some persons in his\\narmy compared his progress to the flight of an\\neagle. If I am an eagle, said he in reply,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Io6 PYRRHUS.\\nI owe it to you, for you are the wings by\\nmeans of which I have risen so high/\\nDemetrius, on the other hand, treated the\\nofficers and men under his command with a\\nspecies of haughtiness and disdain. He\\nseemed to regard them as very far beneath\\nhim, and to take pleasure in making them\\nfeel his vast superiority. He was vain and\\nfoppish in his dress, expended great sums in\\nthe adornment of his person, decorating his\\nrobes and vestments, and even his shoes, with\\ngold and precious stones. In fact, he caused\\nthe manufacture of a garment to be com-\\nmenced which he intended should outvie in\\nmagnificence and in costly adornments all that\\nhad ever before been fabricated. This gar-\\nment was left unfinished at the time of his\\ndeath, and his successors did not attempt\\nto complete it. They preserved it, however,\\nfor a very long time as a curiosity, and as a\\nmemorial of vanity and folly.\\nDemetrius, too, was addicted to many vices,\\nbeing accustomed to the unrestrained indul-\\ngence of his appetites and propensities in every\\nform. It was in part owing to these excesses\\nthat he became so hateful in manners and\\ncharacter, the habitual indulgence of his ani-\\nmal appetites and propensities having had the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. IO7\\neffect of making him morose and capricious\\nin mind.\\nThe hostility between Pyrrhus and Deme-\\ntrius was very much increased and aggravated\\nat one time by a difficulty in which a lady was\\nconcerned. Antigone, the first wife of Pyr-\\nrhus, died, and after her death Pyrrhus mar-\\nried two or three other wives, according to the\\ncustom which prevailed in those days among\\nthe Asiatic kings. Among these wives was\\nLknassa, the daughter of Agathocles, the king\\nof Syracuse. The marriage of Pyrrhus with\\nAntigone was apparently prompted by affec-\\ntion but his subsequent alliances seem to have\\nbeen simply measures of governmental policy,\\ndesigned only to aid him in extending his do-\\nminions or strengthening his power. His in-\\nducement for marrying Lanassa was to ob\\ntain the island of Corcyra, which the King of\\nSyracuse, who held that island at that time\\nunder his dominion, was willing to give to his\\ndaughter as her dowry. Now the island oc\\nCorcyra, as will be seen from the map, was\\noff the coast of Epirus, and very near, so that\\nthe possession of it would add very consider-\\nably to the value of Pyrrhus s dominion.\\nLanassa was not happy as Pyrrhus s bride\\nIn fact, to have been married for the sake of\\n8\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhua", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "I08 PYRRHUS.\\nan island brought as dowry, and to be only\\none of several wives after all, would not seem\\nto be circumstances particularly encouraging\\nin respect to the promise of conjugal bliss.\\nLanassa complained that she was neglected\\nthat the other wives received attentions which\\nwere not accorded to her. At last, when she\\nfound that she could endure the vexations and\\ntrials of her condition no longer, she left her\\nhusband and went back to Corcyra, and then\\nsent an invitation to Demetrius to come and\\ntake possession of the island, and marry her.\\nIn a word, she divorced herself and resumed\\npossession of her dowry, and considered her-\\nherself at liberty to dispose of both her per-\\nson and property anew.\\nDemetrius accepted the offer which was\\nmade him. He went to Corcyra, married Lan-\\nassa, and then, leaving a garrison to protect\\nthe island from any attempt which Pyrrhus\\nmight make to recover it, he went back to\\nMacedon. Of course, after this transaction,\\nPyrrhus was more incensed against Demetrius\\nthan ever.\\nVery soon after this Pyrrhus had an oppor-\\ntunity to revenge himself for the injury which\\nDemetrius had done him. Demetrius was\\nsick he had brought on a fever by excessive", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "WARS IN MACEDON. IO9\\ndrinking. Pyrrhus determined to take advan-\\ntage of the occasion to make a new invasion of\\nMacedonia. He accordingly crossed the fron-\\ntier at the head of a numerous army. Deme-\\ntrius, sick as he was, mounted on horseback,\\nand put himself at the head of his forces to go\\nout to meet his enemy. Nothing important\\nresulted from this campaign; but, after some\\nineffectual attempts at conquest, Pyrrhus re-\\nturned to his own country.\\nIn this way the war between Pyrrhus and\\nDemetrius was protracted for many years,\\nwith varying success, one party being some-\\ntimes triumphant, and sometimes the other.\\nAt last, at a time when the tide of fortune\\nseemed inclined to turn against Pyrrhus, some\\ncircumstances occurred which were the means\\nof attracting his attention strongly in another\\ndirection, and ended in introducing him to a\\nnew and very brilliant career in an altogether\\ndifferent region. These circumstances, and\\nthe train of events to which they led, will form\\nthe subject of the following chapter.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "i\\npK^ f\\n\\\\t^\\nh\\n^^i\\nM^\\n^M\\\\\\nM.\\nUSSfc\\niiW/J\\n^r^^\\nCHAPTER V.\\nWAR IN ITALY.\\nThe grand undertaking in which Pyrrh-us\\nnow engaged, as indicated in the last chapter,\\nthe one in which he acquired such great re-\\nnown, was an expedition into Italy against the\\nRomans. The immediate occasion of his em-\\nbarking in this enterprise was an invitation\\nhe received from the inhabitants of Tarentum\\nto come to their aid.* His predecessor, Alex-\\nander, had been drawn into Italy precisely in\\nthe same way; and we might have supposed\\nthat Pyrrhus would have been warned by the\\nterrible fate which Alexander met with not to\\nfollow in his steps. But military men arc\\nnever deterred from dangerous undertakings\\nby the disasters which others have encounter-\\ned in attempting them before. In fact, per-\\nhaps Pyrrhus was the more eager to try his\\nfortune in this field on account of the calami-\\ntous result of his uncle s campaign. He was\\nunwilling that his kingdom of Epirus should\\n*See map.\\n110", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. Ill\\nrest under the discredit of a defeat, and he\\nwas fired with a special ambition to show that\\nhe could overcome and triumph where others\\nhad been overborne and destroyed.\\nThe dominion of the Romans had extended\\nitself before this time over a considerable por-\\ntion of Italy, though Tarentum, and the region\\nof country dependent upon it, had not yet been\\nsubdued. The Romans were, however, now\\ngradually making their way toward the east-\\nern and southern part of Italy, and they had\\nat length advanced to the frontiers of the Ta-\\nrentine territory and having been met and re-\\nsisted there by the Tarentine troops, a col-\\nlision ensued, which was followed by an open\\nand general war. In the struggle, the Taren-\\ntines found that they could not maintain their\\nground against the Roman soldiery. They\\nwere gradually driven back and now the city\\nitself was in very imminent danger.\\nThe difficulties in which the Tarentines were\\nplaced were greatly increased by the fact that\\nthere was no well-organized and stable gov-\\nernment ruling in the city. The government\\nwas a sort of democracy in its form, and in its\\nactions it seems to have been a democracy of\\na very turbulent character the questions of\\npublic policy being debated and decided in as-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112 PYRRHUS.\\nsemblies of the people, where it would seem\\nthat there was very little of parliamentary law\\nto regulate the proceedings and now the dan-\\ngers which threatened them on the approach\\nof the Romans distracted their councils more\\nthan ever, and produced, in fact, universal dis-\\norder and confusion throughout the city.\\nVarious parties were formed, each of which\\nhad its own set of measures to urge and insist\\nupon. Some were for submitting to the Ro-\\nmans, and thus allowing themselves to be in-\\ncorporated in the Roman commonwealth;\\nothers were for persevering in their resistance\\nto the last extremity. In the midst of these\\ndisputes, it was suggested by some of the\\ncounselors that the reason why they had not\\nbeen able to maintain their ground against\\ntheir enemies was, that they had no command-\\ner of sufficient predominence in rank and au-\\nthority to concentrate their forces, and employ\\nthem in an efficient and advantageous manner\\nand they proposed that, in order to supply this\\nvery essential deficiency, Pyrrhus should be\\ninvited to come and take the command of their\\nforces. This plan was strongly opposed by\\nthe more considerate and far-sighted of the\\npeople; for they well knew that when a for-\\neign power was called in, in such a manner,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. 113\\nas a temporary friend and ally, it almost al-\\nways became, in the end, a permanent master.\\nThe mass of the people of the city, however,\\nwere so excited by the imminence of the im-\\nmediate peril, that it was impossible to im-\\npress them with any concern for so remote and\\nuncertain a danger, and it was determined\\nthat Pyrrhus should be called.\\nIt was said that the meetings which were\\nheld by the Tarentines while these proceed-\\nings were in progress, were so boisterous and\\ndisorderly that, as often happens in democrat-\\nic assemblies, the voices of those who were in\\nthe minority could not be heard; and that at\\nlast one of the public men, who was opposed\\nto the plan of sending the invitation to Pyr-\\nrhus, resorted to a singular device in order to\\nexpress his opinion. The name of this per-\\nsonage was Meton. The artifice which he\\nadopted was this: he disguised himself as a\\nstrolling mountebank and musician, and then,\\npretending to be half intoxicated, he came into\\nthe assembly with a garland upon his head, a\\ntorch in his hand, and with a woman playing\\non a sort of flute to accompany him. On see-\\ning him enter the assembly, the people all\\nturned their attention toward him. Some\\nlaughed, some clapped their hands, and others", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114 PYRRHUS.\\ncalled out to him to give them a song. Meton\\nprepared to do so and when, after much dif-\\nficulty, silence was at length, obtained, Meton\\ncame forward into the space that had been\\nmade for him, and, throwing off his disguise,\\nhe called out aloud,\\nMen of Tarentium! You do well in calling\\nfor a song, and in enjoying the pleasures of\\nmirth and merriment while you may; for I\\nwarn you that you will see very little like mirth\\nor merriment in Tarentum after Pyrrhus\\ncomes.\\nThe astonishment which this sudden turn\\nin the affair occasioned, was succeeded for a\\nmoment by a murmur of assent, which seemed\\nto pass through the assembly the good sense\\nof many of the spectators being surprised, as\\nit w^ere, into an admission that the sentiment\\nwhich Meton had so surreptitiously found\\nmeans to express to them vv^as true. This\\npause was, however, but momentary. A scene\\nof violent excitement and confusion ensued,\\nand Meton and the woman were expelled from\\nthe meeting without any ceremony.\\nThe resolution of sending for Pyrrhus was\\nconfirmed, and embassadors were soon after-\\nward dispatched to Epirus. The message\\nwhich they communicated to Pyrrhus on their", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. II 5\\narrival was, that the Tarentines, being engaged\\nin a war with the Romans, invited Pyrrhus\\nto come and take command of their armies.\\nThey had troops enough, they said, and all\\nnecessary provisions and munitions of war.\\nAll that they now required was an able and ef-\\nficient general; and if Pyrrhus would come\\nover to them and assume the command, they\\nwould at once put him at the head of an army\\nof twenty thousand horse and three hundred\\nand fifty thousand foot soldiers.\\nIt seems incredible that a state should have\\nattained to such a degree of prosperity and\\npower as to be able to bring such a force as\\nthis into the field, while under the govern-\\nment of men who, when convened for the con-\\nsideration of questions of public policy in a\\nmost momentous crisis, were capable of hav-\\ning their attention drawn off entirely from the\\nbusiness before them by the coming in of a\\nparty of strolling mountebanks and players.\\nYet such is the account recorded by one of the\\ngreatest historians of ancient times.\\nPyrrhus was, of course, very much elated at\\nreceiving this communication. The tidings,\\ntoo, produced great excitement among all the\\npeople of Epirus. Great numbers immediately\\nbegan to offer themselves as volunteers to ac-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "Il6 PYRRHUS.\\ncompany the expedition. Pyrrhus determined\\nat once to embark in the enterprise, and he\\ncommenced making preparations for it on a\\nvery magnificent scale for, notwithstanding\\nthe assurance which the Tarentines had given\\nhim that they had a very large body of men\\nalready assembled, Pyrrhus seems to have\\nthought it best to take with him a force of his\\nown.\\nAs soon as a part of his army was ready, he\\nsent them forward under the command of a\\ndistinguished general and minister of state,\\nnamed Cineas. Cineas occupied a very high\\nposition in Pyrrhus s court. He was a Thes-\\nsalian by birth. He had been educated in\\nGreece, under Demosthenes, and he was a very\\naccomplished scholar and orator as well as\\nstatesman. Pyrrhus had employed him in em-\\nbassies and negotiations of various kinds from\\ntime to time, and Cineas had always dis-\\ncharged these trusts in a very able and satis-\\nfactory manner. In fact, Pyrrhus, with his\\ncustomary courtesy in acknowledging his ob-\\nligations to those whom he employed, used to\\nsay that Cineas had gained him more cities by\\nhis address than he had ever conquered for\\nhimself by his arms.\\nCineas, it was said, was, in the outset, not", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. H/\\nmuch in favor of this expedition into Italy.\\nThe point of view in which he regarded such\\nan enterprise was shown in a remarkable con-\\nversation which he held with Pyrrhus while\\nthe preparations were going on. He took oc-\\ncasion to introduce the subject one day, when\\nPyrrhus was for a short period at leisure in\\nthe midst of his work, by saying,\\nThe Romans are famed as excellent sol-\\ndiers, and they have many warlike nations in\\nalliance with them. But suppose we succeed\\nin our enterprise and conquer them, what use\\nshall we make of our victory?\\nYour question answers itself, replied the\\nking. The Romans are the predominant\\npower in Italy. If they are once subdued,\\nthere will be nothing in Italy that can with-\\nstand us we can go on immediately and make\\nourselves masters of the whole country.\\nAfter a short pause, during which he seemed\\nto be reflecting on the career of victory which\\nPyrrhus was thus opening to view, Cineas\\nadded,\\nAnd after we have conquered Italy, what\\nshall we do next?\\nWhy, there is Sicily very near, replied\\nPyrrhus, a very fruitful and populous island,\\nand one which we shall then very easily be", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "Il8 P\\\\RRIIUS.\\nable to subdue. It is now in a very unsettled\\nstate, and could do nothing effectual to resist\\nus.\\nI think that is very true/ said Cineas\\n*and after we make ourselves masters of Sic-\\nily, what shall we do then,\\nThen, replied Pyrrhus, we can cross the\\nMediterranean to Lybia and Carthage. The\\ndistance is not very great, and we shall be able\\nto land on the African coast at the head of such\\na force that we shall easily make ourselves\\nmasters of the whole country. We shall then\\nhave so extended and established our power,\\nthat no enemy can be found in any quarter\\nwho will think of opposing us.\\nThat is very true, said Cineas and so\\nyou will then be able to put down effectually\\nall your old enemies in Thessaly, Macedon,\\nand Greece, and make yourself master of all\\nthose countries. And when all this is accom-\\nplished, what shall we do then?\\nWhy, then, said Pyrrus, we can sit down\\nand take our ease, and eat, drink, and be\\nmerry.\\nAnd why, rejoined Cineas, can not we\\nsit down and take our ease, and enjoy our\\nselves now, instead of taking all this trouble\\nbeforehand? You have already at your com-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. II^\\nmand every possible means of enjoyment why\\nnot make yourself happy with them now,\\ninstead of entering on a course which will\\nlead to such dreadful toils and dangers, such\\ninnumerable calamities, and through such seas\\nof blood, and yet bring you after all, at the\\nend, nothing more than you have at the begin-\\nning?\\nIt may, perhaps, be a matter of doubt\\nwhether Cineas intended this as a serious re-\\nmonstrance against the execution of Pyrrhus s\\ndesigns, or only as an ingenious and good-hu-\\nm.ored satire on the folly of ambition, to amuse\\nthe mind of his sovereign in some momentary\\ninterval of leisure that came in the midst of\\nhis cares. However it may have been intended,\\nit made no serious impression on the mind of\\nPyrrhus, and produced no change in his plans.\\nThe work of preparation went vigorously on;\\nand as soon as a portion of the troops were\\nready to embark, Cineas was put in command\\nof them, and they crossed the Adriatic Sea.\\nAfter this, Pyrrhus completed the organiza-\\ntion of the remaining force. It consisted of\\ntwenty elephants, three thousand horse, and\\ntwenty thousand foot, with two thousand\\narchers, and twenty thousand slingers. When\\nall was ready, Pyrrhus put these troops on", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 PYRRHUS.\\nboard a large fleet of galleys, transports, and\\nflat-bottomed boats, which had been sent over\\nto him from Tarentum by Cineas for the pur-\\npose, and at length set sail. He left Ptolemy,\\nhis eldest son, then about fifteen years old, re-\\ngent of the kingdom, and took two younger\\nsons, Alexander and Helenas, with him. The\\nexpedition was destined, it seems, to begin in\\ndisaster; for no sooner had Pyrrhus set sail\\nthan a terrible storm arose, which, for a time,\\nthreatened the total destruction of the fleet,\\nand of all who were on board of it. The ship\\nwhich conveyed Pyrrhus himself was, of\\ncourse, larger and better manned than the\\nothers, and it succeeded at length, a little after\\nmidnight in reaching the Italian shore, while\\nthe rest of the fleet were driven at the mercy\\nof the winds, and dispersed in every direction\\nover the sea, far and wide. But, though Pyr-\\nrhus s ship approached the shore, the violence\\nof the winds and waves was so great, that for\\na long time it was impossible for those on\\nboard to land. At length the wind suddenly\\nchanged its direction, and began to blow very\\nviolently off the shore, so that there seemed\\nto be great probability that the ship would be\\ndriven to sea again. In fact, so imminent was\\nthe danger, that Pyrrhus determined to throw", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. 121\\nhimself into the sea and attempt to swim to\\nthe shore. He accordingly did so, and was\\nimmediately followed by his attendants and\\nguards, who leaped into the water after him;\\nand did every thing in their power to assist\\nhim in gaining the land. The danger, how-\\never, was extreme; for the darkness of\\nthe night, the roaring of the winds\\nand waves, and the violence with which the\\nsurf regurgitated from the shore, rendered the\\nscene terrific beyond description. At last,\\nhowever, about daybreak, the shipwrecked\\ncompany succeeded in gaining the land.\\nPyrrhus was almost completely exhausted\\nin body by the fatigues and exposures which\\nhe had endured, but he appeared to be by no\\nmeans depressed in mind. The people of the\\ncountry flocked down to the coast to render\\naid. Several other vessels afterward succeeded\\nin reaching the shore; and as the wind novr\\nrapidly subsided, the men on board of them\\nfound comparatively little difficulty in effect-\\ning a landing. Pyrrhus collected the rem-\\nnant thus saved, and marshaled them on the\\nshore. He found that he had about two thous-\\nand foot, a small body of horse, and two ele-\\nphants. With this force he immediately set\\nout on his march to Tarentum. As he ap-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 PYRRHUS.\\nproached the city, Cineas came out to meet\\nhim at the head of the forces which had been\\nplaced at his command, and which had made\\nthe passage in safety.\\nAs soon as Pyrrhus found himself establish-\\ned in Tarentum, he immediately assumed the\\ncommand of every thing there, as if he were\\nalready the acknowledged sovereign of the\\ncity. In fact, he found the city in so disorgan-\\nized and defenseless a condition, that this as-\\nsumption of power on his part seemed to be\\njustified by the necessity of the case. The in-\\nhabitants, as is often the fact with men when\\ntheir affairs are in an extreme and desperate\\ncondition, had become reckless. Every where\\nthroughout the city disorder and idleness\\nreigned supreme. The men spent their time in\\nstrolling about from place to place, or sitting\\nidly at home, or gathering in crowds at places\\nof public diversion. They had abandoned all\\ncare or concern about public affairs, trusting\\nto Pyrrhus to save them from the impending\\ndanger. Pyrrhus perceived, accordingly, that\\nan entire revolution in the internal condition\\nof the city was indispensably required, and he\\nimmediately took most efficient measures for\\neffecting it. He shut up all the places of pub-\\nlis amusement, and even the public walks and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. 1 23\\npromenades, and put an end to all feastings,\\nrevels and entertainments. Every man cap-\\nable of bearing arms was enrolled in the army,\\nand the troops thus formed were brought out\\ndaily for severe and long-protracted drillings\\nand reviews. The people complained loudly\\nof these exactions but Pyrrhus had the power\\nin his hands, and they were compelled to sub-\\nmit. Many of the inhabitants, however, weie\\nso dissatisfied with these proceedings, that\\nthey went away and left the city altogether.\\nOf course it was those who were the most\\nhopelessly idle, dissolute, and reckless that\\nthus withdrew, while the more hardy and reso-\\nlute remained. While these changes were go-\\ning on, Pyrrhus set up and repaired\\nthe defenses of the city. He secured the walls,\\nand strengthened the gates, and organized a\\ncomplete system of guards and sentries. In a\\nword, the condition of Tarentum was soon en-\\ntirely changed. From being an exposed and\\ndefenseless town, filled with devotees of idle-\\nness and pleasure, it became a fortress, well se-\\ncured at all points, with material defenses, and\\noccupied by a well-disciplined and resolute\\ngarrison.\\nThe inhabitants of the southeastern part of\\nItaly, where Tarentum was situated, were of\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 PYRRHUS.\\nGreek origin, the country having been settled,\\nas it would seem, by emigrants from the op-\\nposite shores of the Adriatic Sea. Their lan-\\nguage, therefore, as well as their customs and\\nusages of life, were different from those of the\\nRoman communities that occupied the western\\nparts of the peninsula. Now the Greeks at\\nthis period regarded themselves as the only\\ntruly civilized people in the world; all other\\nnations they called barbarians. The people of\\nTarentum, therefore, in sending for Pyrrhus\\nto come to their aid against the Romans, did\\nnot consider him as a foreigner brought in to\\nhelp them in a civil war against their own\\ncountrymen, but rather as a fellow-country-\\nman coming to aid tlTem in a war against for-\\neigners. They regarded him as belonging to\\nthe same race and lineage with themselves,\\nwhile the enemies who were coming from be-\\nyond the Appenines to assail them they looked\\nupon as a foreign and barbarous horde,\\nagainst whom it was for the common interest\\nof all nations of Greek descent to combine.\\nIt was this identity of interest between Pyr-\\nrhus and the people whom he came to aid, in\\nrespect both to their national origin and the\\ncause in which they were engaged, which\\nmade it possible for him to assume so supreme", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. 125\\nan authority over all their affairs when he ar-\\nrived at Tarentum.\\nThe people of the neighboring cities were\\nslow in sending in to Pyrrhus the quotas of\\ntroops which the Tarentines had promised\\nhim; and before his force was collected, the\\ntidings arrived that the Romans were coming\\non at the head of a great army, under the com-\\nmand of the consul Laevinus. Pyrrhus imme-\\ndiately prepared to go forth to meet them. He\\nmarshaled the troops that were already assem-\\nbled, and leaving the city, he advanced to meet\\nthe consul. After proceeding some way, he\\nsent forward an embassador to the camp of\\nLaevinus to propose to that general that, be-\\nfore coming to extremities, an effort should be\\nmade to settle the dispute between the Romans\\nand Tarentines in some amicable manner, and\\noffering his services as an umpire and media-\\ntor for this purpose. To this embassage Laev-\\ninus coolly replied that he did not choose to\\naccept Pyrrhus as a mediator, and that he did\\nnot fear him as an enemy. Of course, after\\nreceiving such a message as this, there was\\nnothing left to Pyrrhus but to prepare for\\nwar.\\nHe advanced, accordingly, at the head of his\\ntroops, until at length, he reached a plain,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 PYRRHUS.\\nwhere he encamped with all his forces. There\\nwas a river before him, a small stream called\\nthe River Siris. The Romans came up and\\nencamped on the opposite side of the bank of\\nthis stream. Pyrrhus mounted his horse and\\nrode to an eminence near the river to take a\\nview of them.\\nHe was much surprised at what he saw. The\\norder of the troops, the systematic and regu-\\nlar arrangement of guards and sentinels, and\\nthe regularity of the whole encampment, ex-\\ncited his admiration.\\nBarbarians! said he. There is certainly\\nnothing of the barbarian in their manner of\\narranging their encampment, and we shall\\nsoon see how it is with them in other re-\\nspects.\\nSo saying, he turned away, and rode to his\\nown camp. He, however, now began to be\\nvery seriously concerned in respect to the re-\\nsult of the approaching contest. The enemy\\nwith whom he was about to engage was ob-\\nviously a far more formidable one than he had\\nanticipated. He resolved to remain where he\\nwas until the allies whom he was expecting\\nfrom the other Grecian cities should arrive.\\nHe accordingly took measures for fortifying", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. I27\\nhimself as strongly as possible in his position,\\nand he sent down a strong detachment from\\nhis main body to the river, to guard the bank\\nand prevent the Romans from crossing to at-\\ntack him. Lsevinus, on the other hand, know-\\ning that Pyrrhus was expecting strong re-\\nenforcements, determined not to wait till they\\nshould come, but resolved to cross the river at\\nonce, notwithstanding the guard which Pyr-\\nrhus had placed on the bank to dispute the\\npassage.\\nThe Romans did not attempt to cross the\\nstream in one body. The troops were divided\\nand the several columns advanced to the river\\nand entered the water at different points up\\nand down the stream, the foot-soldiers at the\\nfords, where the water was most shallow, and\\nthe horsemen at other places the most favor-\\nable that they could find. In this manner the\\nwhole river was soon filled with soldiers.\\nThe guard which Pyrrhus had posted on the\\nbank found that they were wholly unable to\\nwithstand such multitudes in fact, they be-\\ngan to fear that they might be surrounded.\\nThey accordingly abandoned the bank of the\\nriver, and retreated to the main body of the\\narmy.\\nPyrrhus was greatly concerned at this", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 PYRRHUS.\\nevent, and began to consider himself in im-\\nminent danger. He drew up his foot-soldiers\\nin battle array, and ordered them to stand by\\ntheir arms, while he himself advanced, at the\\nhead of the horsemen, toward the river. As\\nsoon as he came to the bank, an extraordin-\\nary spectacle presented itself to view. The\\nsurface of the stream seemed covered in every\\npart with shields, rising a little above the\\nwater, as they were held up by the arms of\\nthe horsemen and footmen who were coming\\nover. As fast as the Romans landed, they\\nformed an array on the shore, and Pyrrhus,\\nadvancing to them, gave them battle.\\nThe contest was maintained, with the ut-\\nmost determination and fury on both sides,\\nfor a long time. Pyrrhus himself was very\\nconspicuous in the fight, for he wore a very\\ncostly and magnificent armor, and so res-\\nplendent in lustre withal as to be an object of\\nuniversal attention. Notwithstanding this, he\\nexposed himself in the hottest parts of the en-\\ngagement, charging upon the enemy with the\\nmost dauntless intrepidity whenever there\\nwas occasion, and moving up and down the\\nlines, wherever his aid or the encouragement\\nof his presence was most required. At length", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY. I29\\none of his generals, named Leonatus, rode up\\nto him and said,\\n^Do you see, sire, that barbarian trooper, on\\nthe black horse with the white feet? I counsel\\nyou to beware of him. He seems to be medi-\\ntating some deep design against you; he sin-\\ngles you out, and keeps his eye constantly up-\\non you, and follows you wherever you go.\\nHe is watching an opportunity to execute\\nsome terrible design, and you will do well to\\nbe on your guard against him.\\nLeonatus, said Pyrrhus, in reply, we\\ncan not contend against our destiny, I know\\nvery well; but it is my opinion that neither\\nthat man, nor any other man in the Roman\\narmy that seeks an encounter with me, will\\nhave any reason to congratulate himself on\\nthe result of it.\\nHe had scarcely spoken these words when\\nhe saw the horsemen whom Leonatus had\\npointed out coming down upon him at full\\nspeed, with his spear grasped firmly in his\\nhands, and the iron point of it aimed directly\\nat Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus sprang immediately to\\nmeet his antagonist, bringing his own spear\\ninto aim at the same time. The horses met,\\nand were both thrown down by the shock of\\nthe encounter. The friends of Pyrrhus rush-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130 PYRRHUS.\\ned to the spot. They found both horses had\\nbeen thrust through by the spears, and they\\nboth lay now upon the ground, dying. Some\\nof the men drew Pyrrhus out from under his\\nhorse and bore him off the field, while others\\nstabbed and killed the Roman where he lay.\\nPyrrhus, having escaped this t:rrible danger,\\ndetermined now to be more upon his guard.\\nHe supposed, in fact, that the Roman officers\\nwould be made furious by the death of their\\ncomrade,. and would make the most desperate\\nefforts to avenge him. He accordingly con-\\ntrived to find an opportunity, in the midst of\\nthe confusion of the battle, to put off the ar-\\nmor which made him so conspicuous, by ex-\\nchanging with one of his officers, named Meg-\\nacles. Having thus disguised himself, he re-\\nturned to the battle. He brought up the foo^-\\nsoldiers and the elephants and, instead of\\nemploying himself, as heretofore, in perform-\\ning single feats of personal valor, he devoted\\nall his powers to directing the arrangements\\nof the battle, encouraging the men, and rally-\\ning them when they were for a time driven\\naway from their ground.\\nBy the exchange of armor which Pyrrhus\\nthus made he probably saved his life for Meg-\\nacles, wherever he appeared after he had as-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "WAR IN ITALY.\\n13^\\nsumed the dress of Pyrrhus, found himself al-\\nways surrounded by enemies, who pressed up-\\non him incessantly and every where in grear\\nnumbers, and was finally killed. When he fell,\\nthe men who slew him seized the glittering\\n3\\n^^y\\nMl\\nmffis^^\\nIHI^^M\\\\a. wm^^*\\nl 1l^-\\ni\\n^ILww^J^fr\\nniii ^lj^k\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6J^^KfeK\\n\u00c2\u00ab-v\\nPIP\\nJ^v^^ii^^SL\u00c2\u00bb\\n^m\\n^^^^^?1\\n^wl^wr\\n^sfe.\\ni^^^^si^^^\\nSS\\n^1^\\n^^^1\\ni ^^L-\\nM\\n!?wllr-^]^i\\ni\\ny^iH^\\niii\\n^^^mlE^K m\\nC^^^K\\nm\\nIf Jl\\nniy^^s^f^i 1 i^.^!\u00c2\u00a3! t^PT tI v\\nLfl _ -jmli^! l^iSiS-\\n.^p^^J^^s\\ns\\niir^/^^ iF \\\\^^s^ g^\\nv^^^B\\n^^^^^T/^fet-.r^fcfc ^yr*\\n^^!Sdc^^^\\n^^^\u00c2\u00a5^f\\nl^^^^^^^;*^^^b^^^r^^r T^^ir\\ni ^S\\ni\\nThe Trophies.\\nhelmet and the resplendent cloak that he wore,\\nand bore them off in triumph into the Roman\\nlines, as proof that Pyrrhus was slain. The tid-\\nings, as it passed along from rank to rank of\\nthe army, awakened a long and loud shout of\\nacclam ation and triumph, which greatly ex-\\ncited and animated the Romans, while\\nit awakened in the army of Pyrrhus a\\ncorrespondent emotion of discouragement", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132 PYRRHUS.\\nand fear. In fact, for a short time it was\\nuniversally believed in both armies that\\nthreatened for a season to produce the most\\nfatal effects, Pyrrhus rode along the ranks\\nwith his head uncovered, showing himself to\\nhis men, and shouting to them that he was\\nyet alive.\\nAt length, after a long and very obstinate\\nconflict, the Greeks gained the victory. This\\nresult was due in the end, in a great measure,\\nto the elephants which Pyrrhus brought into\\nthe battle. The Roman horses, being wholly\\nunused to the sight of such huge beasts, were\\nterrified beyond measure at the spectacle, and\\nfled in dismay whenever they saw the mon-\\nsters coming. In fact, in some cases, the\\nriders lost all command of their horses, and\\nthe troop turned and fled, bearing down and\\noverwhelming the ranks of their friends be-\\nhind them. In the end the Romans were\\nwholly driven from the field. They did not\\neven return to their camp, but, after recross-\\ning the river in confusion, they fled in all di-\\nrections, abandoning the whole country to\\ntheir conqueror. Pyrrhus then advanced\\nacross the river and took possession of the\\nRoman camp.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nNEGOTIATIONS.\\nThe result of the battle on the banks oi the\\nSiris, decisive and complete as the vic-\\ntory was on the part of the Greeks, produced,\\nof course, a very profound sensation at Rome.\\nInstead, however, of discouraging and dis-\\nheartening the Roman senate and people, it\\nonly aroused them to fresh energy and deter-\\nmination. The victory was considered as\\nwholly due to the extraordinary military en-\\nergy and skill of Pyrrhus, and not to any su-\\nperiority of the Greek troops over those of the\\nRomans in courage, in discipline, or in effi-\\nciency in the field. In fact, it was a saying at\\nRome at the time, that it was Lsevinus that\\nhad been conquered by Pyrrhus in the battle,\\nand not the Romans by the Greeks. The Ro-\\nman government, accordingly, began imme-\\ndiately to enlist new recruits, and to make\\npreparations for a new campaign, more ample\\nand complete, and on a far greater scale than\\nbefore.\\nPyrrhus was much surprised when he heard", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "T34 PYRRHUS.\\nthese things. He had supposed that the Ro-\\nmans would have been disheartened by the\\ndefeat which they had sustained, and would\\nnow think only of proposals and negotiations\\nfor peace. He seems to have been but very im-\\nperfectly informed in respect to the condition\\nof the Roman corrumonwealth at this period,\\nand to the degree of power to which it had at-\\ntained. He supposed that, after suffering so\\nsignal and decisive a defeat, the Romans\\nwould regard themselves as conquered, and\\nthat nothing remained to them now but to\\nconsider how they could make the best terms\\nwith their conqueroir. The Roman troops\\nhad, indeed, withdrawn from the neighbor-\\nhood of the place where the battle had Been\\nfought, and had left Pyrrhus to take posses-\\nsion of the ground without molestation. Pyr-\\nrhus was even allowed to advance some con-\\nsiderable distance toward Rome; but he soon\\nlearned that, notwithstanding their temporary\\nreverses, his enemies had not the most remote\\nintention of submitting to him, but were mak-\\ning preparations to take the field again\\nwith a greater force than ever.\\nUnder these circumstances, Pyrrhus was\\nfor a time somewhat at a loss what to do.\\nShould he follow up his victory, and advance", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 1 35\\nboldly toward the capital, with a view of over-\\ncoming the Roman power entirely, or should\\nhe be satisfied with the advantage which he\\nhad already gained, and be content, for the\\npresent, with being master of Western\\nItaly? After much hesitation, he concluded\\non the latter course. He accordingly sus-\\npended his hostile operations, and prepared\\nto send an embassador to Rome to propose\\npeace. Cineas was, of course, the embassador\\ncommissioned to act on this occasion.\\nCineas accordingly proceeded to Rome. He\\nwas accompanied by a train of attendants\\nsuitable to his rank as a royal embassador,\\nand he took with him a great number of cost-\\nly presents to be offered to the leading men in\\nRome, by way, as it would seem, of facilitat-\\ning his negotiations. The nature of the means\\nwhich he thus appears to have relied upon in\\nhis embassy to Rome may, perhaps, indicate\\nthe secret of his success in the diplomatic\\nduties which he had performed in Greece and\\nin Asia, where he had acquired so much dis-\\ntinction for his dexterity in negotiating treat-\\nies favorable to the interests of his master\\nHowever this may be, Cineas found that the\\npolicy which he contemplated would not an-\\nswer in Rome. Soon after his arrival in the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "136 PYRRHUS.\\ncity, and in an early stage of the negotiations,\\nhe began to offer his presents to the pubHc\\nmen with whom he had to deal; but they re-\\nfused to accept them. The Roman senators\\nto whom the gifts were offered returned them\\nall, saying that, in case a treaty should be con-\\ncluded, and peace made between the two na-\\ntions, they should then have no objections to\\nan interchange of such civilities; but, while\\nthe negatiations were pending, they conceived\\nit improper for them to receive any such of-\\nferings. It may, perhaps, be taken as an ad-\\nditional proof of the nature of the influences\\nwhich Cineas was accustomed to rely upon in\\nhis diplomatic undertakings, that he offered\\nmany of his gifts on this occasion to the ladies\\nof the Roman senators as well as to the sena-\\ntors themselves; but the wives were found as\\nincorruptible as the husbands. The gifts\\nwere all alike returned.\\nNot discouraged by the failure of this at-\\ntempt, Cineas obtained permission of the Ro-\\nman senate to appear before them, and to ad-\\ndress them on the subject of the views which\\nPyrrhus entertained in respect to the basis of\\nthe peace which he proposed. On the appoint-\\ned day Cineas went to the senate-chamber,\\nand there made a long and very able and elo-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 1 3/\\nquent address, in the presence of the senate\\nand of the principal inhabitants of the city.\\nHe was very much impressed on this occasion\\nwith the spectacle which the august assembly\\npresented to his view. He said afterward, in\\nfact, that the Roman senate seemed to him\\nlike a congress of kings, so dignii ed and im-\\nposing was the appearance of the body, and so\\nimpressive was the air of calmness and gravity\\nwhich reigned in their deliberations. Cineas\\nmade a very able and eiffective speech. He\\nexplained the views and proposals of Pyrrhus,\\npresenting them in a light as favorable and at-\\ntractive as possible. Pyrrhus was willing, he\\nsaid, to make peace on equal terms. He pro-\\nposed that he should give up all his prisoners\\nwithout ransom, and that the Romans should\\ngive up theirs. He would then form an alli-\\nance with the Romans, and aid them in the\\nfuture conquests that they meditated. All he\\nasked was that he might have the sanction of\\nthe Roman government to his retaining Tar-\\nentum and the countries connected with and\\ndependent upon it; and that, in maintaining\\nhis dominion over these lands, he might look\\nupon the Roman people as his allies and\\nfriends.\\nAfter Cineas had concluded his speech and\\n10\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "138 PYRRHUS.\\nhad withdrawn from the senate-chamber, a\\ndebate arose among the senators on the prop-\\nositions which he had made to them. There\\nwas a difference of opinion; some were for\\nrejecting the proposals at once; others\\nthought that they ought to be accepted. Those\\nwho were inclined to peace urged the wisdom\\nof acceding to Pyrrhus s proposals by repre-\\nsenting the great danger of continuing the\\nwar. We have already, said they, lost one\\ngreat and decisive battle; and, in case of the\\nrenewal of the struggle, we must expect to\\nfind our enemy still more formidable than he\\nwas before; for many of the Italian nations\\nof the eastern coast have joined his standard\\nsince hearing of the victory wh[ch he has ob-\\ntained, and more are coming in. His strength,\\nin fact, is growing greater and greater every\\nday and it is better for us to make peace with\\nhim now, on the honorable terms which he\\nproposes to us, rather than to risk another\\nbattle, which may lead to the most disastrous\\nconsequences.\\nIn the midst of this discussion, an aged\\nsenator, who had been for a long time inca-\\npacitated by his years and infirmities from\\nappearing in his seat, was seen coming to the\\nassembly, supported and led by his sons and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 1 39\\nsons-in-law, who were making way for him in\\nthe passages and conducting him in. His\\nname was Appius Claudius. He was blind\\nand almost helpless through age and infirm-\\nnity. He had heard in his chamber of the ir-\\nresolution of the senate in respect to the fur-\\nther prosecution of the war with Pyrrhus, and\\nhad caused himself to be taken from his bed\\nand borne through the streets by servants on\\na chair to the senate-house, that he might\\nthere once more raise his voice to save, if pos-\\nsible, the honor and dignity of his country.\\nAs he entered the chamber, he became at once\\nthe object of universal attention. As soon as\\nhe reached his seat, a respectful silence began\\nto prevail throughout the assembly, all listen-\\ning to hear what he had to say. He expressed\\nhimself as follows:\\nSenators of Rome, I am blind, and I\\nhave been accustomed to consider my blind-\\nness as a calamity but now I could wish that\\nI had been deaf as well as blind, and then I\\nmight never have heard of the disgrace which\\nseems to impend over my country. Where\\nare now the boastings that we made when\\nAlexander the Great commenced his career,\\nthat if he had turned his arms toward Italy\\nand Rome, instead of Persia and the East, wo", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "140 PYRRHUS.\\nwould never have submitted to him that he\\nnever would have gained the renown of being\\ninvincible if he had only attacked us, but\\nwould, on the other hand, if he invaded our\\ndominions, only have contributed to the glory\\nof the Roman name by his flight or his fall?\\nThese boasts we made so loudly that the echo\\nof them spread throughout the world. And\\nyet now, here is an obscure adventurer who\\nhas landed on our shores as an enemy and an\\ninvader, and because he has met with a par-\\ntial and temporary success, you are debating\\nwhether you shall not make an ignominious\\npeace with him, and allow him to remain.\\nHow vain and foolish does all our boastful de-\\nfiance of Alexander appear when we now\\ntremble at the name of Pyrrhus a man who\\nhas been all his life a follower and dependent\\nof one of Alexander s inferiior generals a\\nman who has scarcely been able to maintain\\nhimself in his own dominions who could not\\nretain even a small and insignificant part of\\nMacedon which he had conquered, but was\\ndriven ignominiously from it and who comes\\ninto Italy now rather as a refugee than a con-\\nqueror an adventurer who seeks power here\\nbecause he can not sustain himself at home!\\nI warn you not to expect that you can gain", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. I4I\\nany thing by making such a peace with him as\\nhe proposes. Such a peace makes no atone-\\nment for the past, and it offers no security for\\nthe future. On the contrary, it will open the\\ndoor to other invaders, who will come, en-\\ncouraged by Pyrrhus s success, and embold-\\nened by the contempt which they will feel for\\nyou in allowing yourselves to be thus braved\\nand insulted with impunity/\\nThe effect of this speech on the senate was\\nto produce a unanimous determination to\\ncarry on the war. Cineas was accordingly\\ndismissed with this answer: that the Romans\\nwould listen to no propositions for peace\\nwhile Pyrrhus remained in Italy. If he\\nwould withdraw from the country altogether,\\nand retire to his own proper dominions, they\\nwould then listen to any proposals that he\\nmight make for a treaty of alliance and amity.\\nSo long, however, as he remained on Italian\\nground, they would make no terms with him\\nwhatever, though he should gain a thousand\\nvictories, but would wage war upon him to\\nthe last extremity.\\nCineas returned to the camp of Pyrrhus,\\nbearing this reply. He communicated also to\\nPyrrhus a great deal of information in respect\\nto the government and the people of Rome,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "142 PYRRHUS.\\nthe extent of the population, and the wealth\\nand resources of the city; for while he had\\nbeen engaged in conducting his negotiations,\\nhe had made every exertion to obtain intelli-\\ngence on all these points, and he had been a\\nvery attentive and sagacious observer of all\\nthat he had seen. The account which he gave\\nwas very little calculated to encourage Pyr\\nThus in his future hopes and expectations.\\nThe people of Rome, Cineas said, were far\\nmore numerous than he had before supposed.\\nThey had now already on foot an army twice\\nas large as the one which Pyrrhus had defeat-\\ned, and multitudes besides were still left in\\nthe city, of a suitable age for enlisting, suffi-\\ncient to form even larger armies still. The\\nprospect, in a word, was very far from such\\nas to promise Pyrrhus an easy victory.\\nOf course, both parties began now to pre-\\npare vigorously for war. Before hostilities\\nwere resuna^d, however, the Romans sent a\\nmessenger to the camp of Pyrrhus to negoti-\\nate an exchange of prisoners. The name of\\nthis embassador was Fabricius. Fabricius, as\\nPyrrhus was informed by Cineas, was very\\nhighly esteemed at Rome for his integrity\\nand for his military abilities, but he was with-\\nout property, being dependent wholly on his", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. I43\\npay as an officer of the army. Pyrrhus re-\\nceived Fabricius in the most respectful man-\\nner, and treated him with every mark of con-\\nsideration and honor. He, moreover, offered\\nhim privately a large sum of money in gold.\\nHe told Fabricius that, in asking his accept-\\nance of such a gift, he did not do it for any\\nbase purpose, but intended it only as a token\\nof friendship and hospitality. Fabricius, how-\\never, refused to accept the present, and Pyr-\\nrhus pressed him no further.\\nThe next day Pyrrhus formed a plan for\\ngiving his guest a little surprise. He sup-\\nposed that he had never seen an elephant, and\\nhe accordingly directed that one of the larg-\\nest of these animals should be placed secretly\\nbehind a curtain, in an apartment where Fab-\\nricius was to be received. The elephant was\\ncovered with his armor, and splendidly capar\\nisoned. After Fabricius had come in, and\\nwhile he was sitting in the apartment wholly\\nunconscious of what was before him, all at\\nonce the curtain was raised, and the elephant\\nwas suddenly brought to view; and, at the\\nsame instant, the huge animal, raising his\\ntrunk, flourished it in a threatening manner\\nover Fabricius s head, making at the same\\ntime a frightful cry, such as he had been train-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "144\\nPYRRHUS.\\ned to utter for the purpose of striking terror\\ninto the enemy, in charging upon them on\\nthe field of battle. Fabricius, instead of ap-\\npearing terrified, or even astonished at the\\nTHE JULEPHANT CONCEALED.\\nspectacle, sat quietly in his seat, to all appear-\\nance entirely unmoved, and, turning to Pyr-\\nrhus with an air of the utmost composure,\\nsaid coolly, You see that you make no im-\\npression upon me, either by your gold yester-\\nday or by your beast to-day.\\nPyrrhus was not at all displeased with this\\nanswer, blunt as it may seem. On the contra-\\nry, he seems to have been very deeply impress-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 145\\ned with a sense of the stern and incorruptible\\nvirtue of Fabricius s character, and he felt a\\nstrong desire to obtain the services of such an\\nofficer in his own court and army. He accord-\\ningly made new proposals to Fabricius, urg-\\ning him to use his influence to induce the\\nRomans to make peace, and then to go with\\nhim to Epirus, and enter into his service\\nthere.\\nIf you will do so, said Pyrrhus, I will\\nmake you the chief of my generals, and my\\nown most intimate friend and companion, and\\nyou shall enjoy abundant honors and re-\\nwards.\\nNo, replied Fabricius, I can not accept\\nthose offers, nor is it for your interest that I\\nshould accept them for, were I to go with you\\nto Epirus, your people, as soon as they came\\nto know me well, would lose all their respect\\nfor you, and would wish to have me, instead\\nof you, for their king.\\nWe are, perhaps, to understand this re-\\njoinder, as well as the one which Fabricius\\nmade to Pyrrhus in respect to the elephant,\\nas intended in a somewhat jocose and play-\\nful sense; since, if we suppose them to hav2\\nbeen gravely and seriously uttered, they would\\nindicate a spirit of vanity and of empty boast-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "146 PYRRHUS.\\ning which would seem to be wholly in-\\nconsistent with what we know of Fab-\\nricius s character. However this may\\nbe, Pyrrhus was pleased with both and\\nthe more that he saw and learned of the Ro-\\nmans, the more desirous he became of ter-\\nminating the war and forming an alliance\\nwith them. But the Romans firmly persisted\\nin refusing to treat with him, except on the\\ncondition ^f his withdrawing first entirely\\nfrom Italy, and this was a condition\\nwith which he deemed it impossible\\nto comply. It would be equivalent, in\\nfact, to an acknowledgement that he had been\\nentirely defeated. Accordingly, both sides\\nbegan again to prepare vigorously for war.\\nThe Romans marched southward from the\\ncity with a large army, under the command of\\ntheir two consuls. The names of the consuls\\nat this time were Sulpicius Saverrio and De-\\ncius Mus. These generals advanced into\\nApulia, a country on the western coast of\\nItaly, north of Tarentum. Here they encamp\\ned on a plain at the foot of the Apennines,\\nnear a place called Asculum. There was a\\nstream in front of their camp, and the moun-\\ntains were behind it. The stream was large\\nand deep, and of course it greatly protected", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. I47\\ntheir position. On hearing of the approach\\nof the Romans, Pyrrhus himself took the field\\nat the head of all his forces, and advanced to\\nmeet them. He came to the plain on which\\nthe Roman army was encamped, and posted\\nhimself on the opposite bank of the stream.\\nThe armies were thus placed in close vicinity\\nto each other, being separated only by the\\nstream. The question was, which should at-\\ntempt to cross the stream and make the at-\\ntack upon the other. They remained in this\\nposition for a considerable time, neither party\\nventuring to attempt the passage.\\nWhile things were in this condition the\\ntroops on each side waiting for an opportu-\\nnity of attacking their enemies, and probably\\nwithout any ifear whatever of the physical\\ndangers which they were to encounter in the\\nconflict the feeling of composure and confi-\\ndence among the men in Pyrrhus s army was\\ngreatly disturbed by a singular superstition.\\nIt was rumored in the army that Decius Mus,\\nthe Roman commander, was endowed with a\\nspecies of magical and supernatural power,\\nwhich would, under certain circumstances,\\nbe fatal to all who opposed him. And thougli\\nthe Greeks seem to have had no fear of the\\nmaterial steel of the Roman legions, this mys-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "148 PYRRHUS.\\nterious and divine virtue, which they imagin-\\ned to reside in the commander, struck them\\nwith an invincible terror.\\nThe story was, that the supernatural power\\nin question originated in one of the ancestors\\nof the present Decius, a brave Roman gen-\\neral, who lived and flourished in the century\\npreceding the time of Pyrrhus. His name,\\ntoo, was Decius Mus. In the early part of his\\nlife, when he was a subordinate officer, he was\\nthe means of saving the whole army from\\nmost imminent danger, by taking possession\\nof an eminence among the mountains, with\\nthe companies that were under his command,\\nand holding it against the enemy until the\\nRoman troops could be drawn out of a dan-\\ngerous defile where they would otherwise\\nhave been overwhelmed and destroyed. He\\nwas greatly honored for this exploit. The\\nconsul who commanded on the occasion re-\\nwarded him with a golden crown, a hundred\\noxen, and a magnificent white bull, with\\ngilded horns. The common soldiers, too, held\\na grand festival and celebration in honor of\\nhim, in which they crowned him with a\\nwreath made of dried grasses on the field, ac-\\ncording to an ancient custom v/hich prevailed\\namong the Romans of rewarding in this way", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 149\\nany man who should be the means of saving\\nan army. Of course, such an event as saving\\nan army was of very rare occurrence; and,\\naccordingly, the crowning of a soldier by his\\ncomrades on the field was a very distinguish-\\ned honor, although the decoration itself was\\nmade of materials so insignificant and worth-\\nless.\\nDecius rose rapidly after this time from\\nrank to rank, until at length he was chosen\\nconsul. In the course of his consulship, he\\ntook the field with pne of his colleagues,\\nwhose name was Torquatus, at the head of a\\nlarge army, in the prosecution of a very im-\\nportant war in the interior of the country.\\nThe time arrived at length for a decisive bat-\\ntle to be fought. Both armies were drawn up\\non the field, the preparations were all made,\\nand the battle was to be fought on the follow-\\ning day. In the night, however, a vision ap-\\npeared to each consul, informing him that it\\nhad been decreed by fate that a general on one\\nside and the army on the other were to be\\ndestroyed on the following day; and that,\\nconsequently, either of the consuls, by sacri-\\nficing himself, might secure the destruction\\nof the enemy. On the other hand, if they\\nwere to take measures to save themselves, the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "150 pyrrhus.\\ngeneral on the other side would be killed, and\\non their side the army would be defeated and\\ncut to pieces.\\nThe two consuls, on conferring together\\nupon the following morning, immediately de-\\ncided that either one or the other of them\\nshould die, in order to secure victory to the\\narms of their country; and the question at\\nonce arose, what method they should adopt\\nto determine which of them should be the\\nsacrifice. At last it was agreed that they\\nwould go into battle as usual, each in com-\\nmand of his own wing of the army, and that\\nthe one whose wing should first begin to give\\nway should offer himself as the victim. The\\narrangements were made accordingly, and\\nthe result proved that Decius was the one on\\nwhom the dire duty of self-immolation was to\\ndevolve. The wing under his command be-\\ngan to give way. He immediately resolved to\\nfulfill his vow. He summoned the high priest.\\nHe clothed himself in the garb of a victim\\nabout to be offered in sacrifice. Then, with\\nhis military cloak wrapped about his head,\\nand standing upon a spear that had been pre-\\nviously laid down upon the ground, he re-\\npeated in the proper form words by which he\\ndevoted himself and the army of the enemy to", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. I5I\\nthe God of Death, and then finally mounted\\nupon his horse and drove furiously in among\\nthe thickest of the enemy. Of course he was\\nat once thrust through with a hundred spears\\nand javelins; and immediately afterward the\\narmy of the enemy gave way on all hands, and\\nthe Romans swept the field, completely vic-\\ntorius.\\nThe power which was in this instance su-\\npernaturally granted to Decius to secure\\nthe victory to the Roman arms, by sacri-\\nficing his own life on the field of battle,\\nafterward descended, it was supposed, as an\\ninheritance, from father to son. Decius Mus,\\nthe commander opposed to Pyrrhus, was the\\ngrandson of his namesake referred to above;\\nand now it was rumored among the Greeks\\nthat he intended, as soon as the armies came\\ninto action, to make the destruction of his\\nenemies sure by sacrificing himself, as his\\ngrandfather had done. The soldiers of Pyr-\\nrhus were willing to meet any of the ordinary\\nand natural chances and hazards of war but,\\nwhere the awful and irresistible decrees of the\\nspiritual world were to be against them, it is\\nnot strange that they dreaded the encounter.\\nUnder these circumstances, Pyrrhus sent a\\nparty of messengers to the Roman camp to", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "152 PYRRHUS.\\nsay to Decius, that if in the approaching battle\\nhe attempted to resort to any such arts of nec-\\nromancy to secure the victory to the Roman\\nside, he would find himself wholly unsuccess-\\nful in the attempt for the Greek soldiers had\\nall been instructed not to kill him if he should\\nthrow himself among them, but to take him\\nalive and bring him a prisoner to Pyrrhus s\\ncamp and that then, after the battle was over,\\nhe should be subjected, they declared, to the\\nmost cruel and ignominious punishments, as\\na magician and an impostor. Decius sent\\nback word, in reply, that Pyrrhus had no oc-\\ncasion to give himself any uneasiness in re-\\nspect to the course which the Roman general\\nwould pursue in the approaching battle. The\\nmeasure that he had referred to was one to\\nwhich the Romans were not accustomed to\\nresort except in emergencies of the most ex-\\ntreme and dangerous character, and Pyrrhus\\nought not to flatter himself with the idea that\\nthe Romans regarded his invasion as of suffi-\\ncient consequence to require them to have re-\\ncourse to any unusual means of defense.\\nThey were fully convinced of their ability to\\nmeet and conquer him by ordinary modes of\\nwarfare. To prove that they were honest in\\nthis opinion, they offered to waive the ad-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 153\\nvantage which the river afforded them as a\\nmeans of defense, and allow Pyrrhus to cross\\nit without molestation, with a view to fighting\\nthe battle afterward upon the open field; or\\nthey would themselves cross the river, and\\nfight the battle on Pyrrhus s side of it\\nwhichever Pyrrhus himself preferred. They\\nasked for no advantage, but were willing to\\nmeet their adversaries on equal terms, and\\nabide by the result.\\nPyrrhus could not with honor decline to ac\\ncept this challenge. He decided to remain\\nwhere he was, and allow the Romans to cross\\nthe stream. This they accordingly did; and\\nwhen all the troops had effected the passage,\\nthey were drawn up in battle array on the\\nplain. Pyrrhus marshaled his forces also, and\\nboth parties prepared for the contest.\\nThe Romans stood most in awe of the elc\\nphants, and they resorted to some peculiar\\nand extraordinary means of resisting them.\\nThey prepared a great number of chariots,\\neach of which was armed witl:i a long pointed\\nspear, projecting forward in such a manner\\nthat when the chariots should be driven on\\ntoward the elephants, these spears or beaks\\nshould pierce the bodies of the beasts and de-\\nstroy them. The chariots, too, were filled\\n11 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "154 PYRRHUS.\\nwith men, who were all provided with fire-\\nbrands, which they were to throw at the ele-\\nphants, and frighten them, as they came on.\\nThese chariots were all carefully posted in\\nfront of that part of Pyrrhus s army where\\nthe elephants were stationed, and the char-\\nioteers were strictly ordered not to move un-\\ntil they should see the elephants advancing.\\nThe battle, as might have been expected\\nfrom the cir,cumstances which preceded it,\\nand from the^ character of the combatants,\\nwas fouglit with the most furious and per-\\nsevering desperation. It continued through\\nthe whole day; and in the various parts of\\nthe field, and during the different hours of the\\nday, the advantage was sometimes strongly\\non one side, and sometimes on the other, so\\nthat it was wholly uncertain, for a long time,\\nwhat the ultimate result would be. The ele-\\nphants succeeded in getting round the char-\\niots which had been posted to intercept them,\\nand effected a great destruction of the Roman\\ntroops. On the other hand, a detachment of\\nthe Roman army made their way to the camp\\nof Pyrrhus, and attacked it desperately.\\nPyrrhus withdrew a part of his forces to pro-\\ntect his camp, and that turned the tide against\\nhim on the field. By means of the most Her-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. 1 55\\nculean exertions, Pyrrhus rallied his men, and\\nrestored their confidence; and then, for a\\ntime, the fortune of war seemed to incline in\\nhis favor. In the course of the day Decius\\nwas killed, and the whole command of the\\nRoman army then devolved upon Sulpicius,\\nhis colleague. Pyrrhus himself was seriously\\nwounded. When, at last, the sun went down,\\nand the approaching darkness of the night\\nprevented a continuance of the combat, both\\nparties drew off such as remained alive of\\ntheir respective armies, leaving the field cov-\\nered with the dead and dying. One of Pyr-\\nrhus s generals congratulated him on his vic-\\ntory. Yes, said Pyrrhus; another such\\nvictory, and I shall be undone.\\nIn fact, after trying their strength against\\neach other in this battle, neither party seemed\\nto be in haste to bring on another contes:.\\nThey both drew away to places of security,\\nand began to send for re-enforcements, and\\nto take measures to strengthen themselves for\\nfuture operations. They remained in this\\nstate of inaction until at length the season\\npassed away, and they then went into winter-\\nquarters, each watching the other, but post-\\nponing, by common consent, all active hos-\\ntilities until spring. In the spring they took", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "156 PYRRHUS.\\nthe field again, and the two armies approach-\\ned each other once more. The Roman army\\nhad now two new commanders, one of whom\\nwas the celebrated Fabricius, whom Pyrrhus\\nhad negotiated with on former occasions. The\\ntwo commanders were thus well acquainted\\nwith each oither and though, as public men,\\nthey were enemies, in private and personally\\nthey were very good friends.\\nPyrrhus had a physician in his service nam-\\ned Nicias. This man conceived the design of\\noffering to the Romans to poison his master\\non condition of receiving a suitable reward.\\nHe accordingly wrote a letter to Fabricius\\nmaking the proposal. Fabricius immediately\\ncommunicated the letter to his colleague, and\\nthey both concurred in the decision to inform\\nPyrrhus himself of the ofTer which had been\\nmade them, and put him on his guard against\\nthe domestic traitor. They accordingly sent\\nhim the letter which they had received, ac-\\ncompanied by one from themselves, of the\\nfollowing tenor:\\nCaius Fabricius and Quintus ^milius to\\nKing Pyrrhus, greeting:\\nYou seem to be as unfortunate in the\\nchoice of your friends as you are in that of", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "NEGOTIATIONS. I $7\\nyour enemies. The letter which we send\\nherewith will satisfy you that those around\\nyou, on whom you rely, are wholly unworthy\\nof your confidence. You are betrayed; your\\nvery physician, the man who ought to be most\\nfaithful to you, offers to poison you. We give\\nyou this information, not out of any particu-\\nlar friendship for you, but because we do not\\nwish to be suspected of conniving at an as-\\nsassination\u00e2\u0080\u0094a crime which we detest and ab-\\nhor. Besides, we do not wish to be deprived\\nof the opportunity of showing the world that\\nwe are able to meet and conquer you in open\\nwar.\\nPyrrhus was very much struck with what\\nhe considered the extraordinary generosity of\\nhis enemies. He immediately collected to-\\ngether all the prisoners that he had taken\\nfrom the Romans, and sent them home to the\\nRoman camp, as a token of acknowledgement\\nand gratitude on his part for the high and\\nhonorable course of action which his adver-\\nsaries had adopted. They, however, Roman-\\nlike, would not accept such a token without\\nmaking a corresponding return, and they ac-\\ncordingly sent home to Pyrrhus a body of\\nGreek prisoners equal in number and rank to\\nthose whom Pyrrhus had set free.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "158\\nPYRRHUS.\\nAll these things tended to increase the dis-\\ninclination of Pyrrhus to press the further\\nprosecution of the war. He became more and\\nmore desirous every day to make peace with\\nthe Romans, preferring very much that such\\na people should be his allies rather than his\\nenemies. They, however, firmly and pertina-\\nciously refused to treat with him on any\\nterms, unless, as a preliminary step, he would\\ngo back to his own dominions. This he\\nthought he could not do with honor. He was\\naccordingly much perplexed, and began earn-\\nestly to wish that something would occur to\\nfurnish him with a plausible pretext for re-\\ntiring from Italy.\\nRoman Arms.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN.\\nThe fact has already been men tioned that\\none of tlhe wives whom Pyrrhus had married\\nafter the death of Antigone, the Egyptian prin-\\ncess, was Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles,\\nthe King of Sicily. Agathocles was a tyrranical\\nmonster of the worst description. His army\\nwas little better than an organized band o*f rob-\\nbers, at the head of which he went forth on\\nmarauding and plundering expeditions among\\nall the nations that were within his reach. He\\nmade these predatory excursions sometimes\\ninto Italy, sometimes into the Carthaginian\\nterritories on the African coast, and sometimes\\namong the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea.\\nIn these campaigns he met with a great variety\\nof adventures, and experienced every possible\\nfate that the fortune of war could bring.\\nSometimes he was triumphant over all who\\nopposed him, and became intoxicated with\\nprosperity and success. At other times, through\\nhis insane and reckless folly, he would involve\\n159", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "l60 PYRRHUS.\\nhimself in the most desperate difficulties, and\\nwas frequently compelled to give up every\\nthing, and to fly alone in absolute destitution\\nfro^m the field of his attempted exploits to save\\nhis life.\\nOn one such occasion, he abandoned an\\narmy in Africa, which he had taken there on\\none of his predatory enterprises, and, flying\\nsecretly from the camp, he made his escape\\nwith a small number of attendants, leaving the\\narmy to its fa_te. His flight was so sudden\\non this occasion that he left his two sons be-\\nhind him in the hands and at the mercy of the\\nsoldiers. The soldiers, as soon as they found\\nthat Agathocles had gone and left them, were\\nso enraged against him that they put his sons\\nto death on the spot, and then surrendered in\\na body to the enemy. Agathocles, when the\\ntidings of this transaction came to him in\\nSicily, was enraged against the soldiers in his\\nturn, and, in order to revenge himself upon\\nthem, he immediately sought out from among\\nthe population of the country their wives and\\ndhildren, their brothers and sisters, and all\\nwho were in any way relate d to them. These\\ninnocent representatives of the absent offenders\\nhe ordered to be seized and slain, and their\\nbodies to be cast into the sea toward Africa", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. l6l\\nas an expression of revengeful triumph and\\ndefiance. So great was the slaughter on this\\noccasion, that the waters of the sea were dyed\\nwith blood to a great distance from the shore.\\nOf course, such cruelty as this could not be\\npracticed without awakening, on the part of\\nthose who suffered from it, a spirit of hatred\\nand revenge. Plots and conspiracies without\\nnumiber were formed against the tyrant s Hfe,\\nand in his later years he lived in continual ap-\\npre hension and distress. His fate, however,\\nwas still more striking as an illustration of\\nthe manner in which the old age of ambitious\\nand unprincipled men is often embittered by\\nthe ingratitude and wickedness of their child-\\nren. Agathocles had a grandson named Ar-\\nchagathus, who, if all the accounts are true,\\nbrought the old king s gray hairs in sorrow to\\nthe grave. The story is too shocking to be\\nfully believed, but it is said that this grandson\\nfirst murdered Agathocles s son and heir, his\\nown uncle, in order that he mig ht ihimsdf suc-\\nceed to the throne ^^his own father, who would\\nhave been the next heir, being dead. Then,\\nnot being willing to wait until the old king\\nhimself should die, he began to form plots\\nagainst his life, and against the lives of the\\nremaining members of the family. Althoug h", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "l62 PYRRHUS.\\nseveral of Agathocles s sons were dead, having\\nbeen destroyed by violence, or having fallen in\\nwar, he had a wife, named Texina, and two\\nchildren still remaining alive. The king was\\nso anxious in respect to these dhildren, on ac-\\ncount of Archagathus, that he determined to\\nsend them with their mother to Egypt, in order\\nto place them beyond the reach of their mer-\\nciless nephew. Texina was very unwilling to\\nconsent to such a measure,. For herself and\\nher sons the proposed retiring into Egypt was\\nlittle better than going into exile, and she was,\\nmoreover, extremely reluctant to leave her hus-\\nband alone in Syracuse, exposed to the machi-\\nnations and plots which his unnatural grand-\\nson might form against him. She, however,\\nfinally submitted to the hard necessity and went\\naway, bidding her husband farewell with many\\ntears. Very soon after her departure her\\nhusband died.\\nThe story that is told of the manner of his\\ndeath is this: There was in his court a man\\nnamed Msenon, whom Agathocles had taken\\ncaptive when a youth, and ever since retained\\nin his court. Thoug h originally a captive,\\ntaken in war, Maenon had been made a favor-\\nite with Agathocles, and had been raised to a\\nhigh position in his service. The indulgence,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 163\\nhowever, and the favoritism with which he had\\nbeen regarded, were not such as to awaken any\\nsentiments of gratitude in Maenon s min d, or to\\nestablish any true and faithful friendsfhip be-\\ntween him and his master; and Archagathus,\\nthe grandson, found m.eans of inducing him to\\nundertake to poison the king. As all the ordi-\\nnary modes of administering poison were pre-\\ncluded by the vigilance and strictness with\\nwhich the usual avenues of approach to the\\nking wxre guarded, Msenon contrived to ac-\\ncomplish his end by poisoning a quill whidh the\\nking was subsequently to use as a tooth-pick.\\nThe poison was insinuated thus into the teeth\\nand gums of the victim, where it soon took\\neffect, producing dreadful ulceration and intol-\\nerable pain. The infection of -the venom after\\na short time pervaded the whole system of the\\nsufferer, and brought him to the brink of the\\ngrave and at last, finding that he was speech-\\nless, and apparently insensible, his ruthless\\nmurderers, fearing, perhaps, that he might\\nrevive again, hurried him to the funeral pile\\nbefore life was extinct, and the fire finished\\nthe work that the poison had begun.\\nThe declaration of Scripture, They that\\ntake the sword shall perish by the sword, is\\nillustrated and confirmed by the history of al-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "164 PYRRHUS.\\nmost every ancient tyrant. We find that -they\\nalmost all come at last to some terrible end.\\nThe man who usurps a throne by violence\\nseems, in a 1 1 ages and among all nations, very\\nsure to be expelled from it by greater violence,\\nafter a brief period of power and he who pois-\\nons or assassinates a precedent rival whcm he\\nwis hes to supplant, is almost invariably cut off\\nby the poison or the dagger of a following one,\\nwho wishes to supplant him.\\nThe death of Agathocles took place about\\nnine years before the campaign of Pyrrhus in\\nItaly, as described in the last dhapter, and dur-\\ning that period the kingdom of Sicily had been\\nin a very distracted s^tate. Maenon, imtmedi-\\nately after the poisoning of the king, fled to the\\ncamp of Archagathus, who was at that time in\\ncommand of an army at a distance from the\\ncity. Here, in a short time, he contrived to as-\\nsassinate Archagathus, and to seize the su-\\npreme power. It was not long, however, be-\\nfore new claimants and competitors for pos-\\nsession of the throne appeared, and new wars\\nbroke out, in the course of which Maenon was\\ndeposed. At length, in tihe midst of the con-\\ntests and commotions that prevailed two of\\nthe leading generals of the Sicilian army con-\\nceived the idea of bringing forward Pyrrhus s", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 165\\nson by Lanassa as the heir to the crown. This\\nprince was, of course, the grandson of the old\\nKing Agatjhocles, and, as there was no other\\ndescendant of the royal Hne at hand who could\\nbe made the representative of the ancient mon-\\narchy, it was thought, by the generals above\\nreferred to, that the only measure Which af-\\nforded any hope of restoring peace to the\\ncountry was to send an embassy to Pyrrhus,\\nand invite him to come and place his young son\\nupon the throne. The name of Lanassa s son\\nwas Alexander. He was a boy, perhaps at tlhis\\ntime about twelve years old.\\nAt the same time that Pyrfhus received the\\ninvitation to go to Sicily, a message cam e to\\nhim from certain parties in Greece, informing\\nhim that, on account of some revolutions which\\nhad taken place there, a very favorable oppor-\\ntunity was afforded him to secure for himself\\nthe throne of that country, and urging him to\\ncome and make the attempt. Pyrrhus was for\\nsome time quite undecided Whicih of these two\\nproposals to accept. The prize offered him in\\nGreece was more tempting, but the expedition\\ninto Sicily seemed to promise more certain suc-\\ncess. While revolving the question in his mind\\nwhich conquest he should first undertake, he\\ncomplained of the tantalizing cruelty of for-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "l66 PYRRHUS.\\ntune, in offering him two sudh tempting prizes\\nat the same time, so as to compel him to forego\\neither the one or the other. At length he de-\\ncided to go first to Sicily.\\nIt was said that one reason wliidh influenced\\nhis mind very strongly in making this decision\\nwas the fact that Sicily was so near the coast\\nof Africa and the Sicilians being involved in\\nwars with the Carthaginians, he thought that,\\nif successful intiis operations in Sicily, the way\\nwould be open for him to make an expedition\\ninto Africa, in whidh case he did not doubt but\\nthat he should be able soon to overturn the\\nCarthaginian power, and add all tihe nortihern\\ncoasts of Africa to his dominions. His empire\\nwould thus embrace Epirus, Hhie wliole southern\\npart of Italy, Sicily, and the coasts of Africa.\\nHe could afterward, he thoug ht, easily add\\nGreece, and then his dominions would include\\nall the wealthy and populous countries sur-\\nrounding the most important part of the Medi-\\nterranean Sea. His government would thus\\nbecome a naval power of the first class, and\\nany further extension of his sway w hich he\\nmiglit subsequendy desire could easily be ac-\\ncomplished.\\nIn a word, Pyrrlhus decided first to proceed", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 16/\\nto Sicily, and to postpone for a brief period his\\ndesigns on Greece.\\nHe accordingly proceeded to withdraw his\\ntroops from the interior of the country in Italy,\\nand concentrate them in and around Tarentum.\\nHe began to make naval preparations, too, on a\\nvery extensive scale. The port of Tarentum\\nsoon presented a very busy scene. The work\\nof building and repairing ships of fabricating\\nsails and rigging ^of constructing and arming\\ngalleys of disciplining and training crews\\nof laying in stores of food and of implements\\nof war, went on witih great activity, and en-\\ngaged universal attention. The Tarentines\\nthemselves stood by, while all these prepara-\\ntions were going on, rather as spectators of the\\nscene than as active participants. Pyrrtius had\\ntaken the absolute command of tlheir city and\\ngovernment, and was exercising supreme\\npower, as if he were the acknowledged sover-\\neign of the country. He had been invited to\\ncome over from his own kingdom to help the\\nTarentines, not to govern them; but he had\\nseized (the sovereign power, justifying the\\nseizure, as is usual with military men under\\nsimilar circumstances, by the necessity of the\\ncase. There must be order and submission\\nto authority in the city, he said, or we can\\n12\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pjrrhas", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "l68 PYRRHUS.\\nmake no progress in subduing our enemies/\\nThe Tarentines had thus been induced to sub-\\nmit to his assumption of power, convinced,\\nperhaps, partly by his reasoning, and, at all\\nevents, silenced by the display of force by\\nwhich it was accompanied and they had con-\\nsoled themselves under a condition of things\\nwhich they could not prevent, by considering\\ntihat it was better to yield to -a temporary for-\\neign domination, than to be Wholly over-\\nwhelmed, as- there was every probability, be-\\nfore Pyrrhus came to them, that they would be,\\nby their domestic foes.\\nWhen, however, they found tfhat Pyrrhus\\nintended to withdraw from them, and to go\\nto Sicily, without Oiaving really effected their\\ndeliverance from the danger wlhich tbreatened\\nthem, they at first remonstrated against the de-\\nsign. They wished him to remain and finish\\nthe work wbic h fee had begun. The Romans\\nhad been checked, but they (had not been sub-\\ndued. Pyrrhus ought not, they said, to go\\naway and leave them until their independence\\nand freedom had been fully establislhed. They\\nremonstrated with him against bis design, but\\ntheir remonstrances proved w holly unavailing.\\nWhen at length the Tarentines found that\\nPyrrhus was determined to go to Sicily, tihey", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 169\\nthen desired that he should withdraw his troops\\nfrom their country altogether, and leave them\\nto themselves. This, however, Pyrrhus refused\\nto do. He had no intention of relinquishing\\nthe power which he had acquired in Italy, and\\nhe accordingly began to make preparations for\\nleaving a strong garrison in Tarentum to main-\\ntain his government fhere. He organized a sort\\nof regency in the city, and set apart a sufficient\\nforce from his army to maintain it in power\\nduring his absence. When tJhis was done, he\\nbegan to make preparations for transporting\\nthe rest of his force to Sicily by sea.\\nHe determined to send Cineas forward first,\\naccording to his usual custom, to make the pre-\\nliminary arrangements in Sicily. Cineas con-\\nsequently left Tarentum with a small squadron\\nof ships and galleys, and, after a short voyage,\\narrived safely at Syracuse. He found the lead-\\ning powers in that city ready to welcome Pyr-\\nrhus as soon as he should arrive, and miake the\\nyoung Alexander king. Cineas completed and\\nclosed the arrangements for this purpose, and\\nthen sent messengers to various other cities on\\nthe northern side of the island, making known\\nto them the design which had been formed of\\nraising an heir of King Agathocles to the\\nthrone, and asking their co-operation in it. He", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "170 PYRRHUS.\\nmanaged these negotiations with so much pru-\\ndence and skill, that nearly all t liat part of the\\nisland which was in the hands of the Sicilians\\nreadily acceded to the plan, and the people\\nwere every wh^re pTepared to welcome Pyr-\\nrhus and the young prince as soon as they\\nshould arrive.\\nSicily, as will be seen by referring to the\\nmap, is of a triangular form. It was only the\\nsouthern portion which was at this time in the\\nhands of the -Sicilians. There were two foreign\\nand hostile powers in possession, respectively,\\nof the northeastern and northwestern portions.\\nIn the northeastern corner of the island was\\nthe city of Messana the Messina of modern\\ndays. In the time of Pyrrhus s expedition,\\nMessana was the seat and strong hold of a\\nwarlike nation, called the Mamertines, who\\nhad come over from Italy across the Straits of\\nMessana some years before, and, having made\\nthemselves masters of that portion of the\\nisland, had since held their ground there, not-\\nwithstanding all the efforts of the Sicilians to\\nexpel them. The Mamertines had originally\\ncome into Sicily, it was said, as Pyrrhus had\\ngone into Italy by invitation. Agathocles\\nsent for them to come an d aid liim in some of\\nhis wars. After the object for which they had", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. I7I\\nbeen sent for had been accomplished, Aga-\\nthocles dismissed his auxiliaries, and t hey set\\nout on their return. They proceeded throug^a\\nthe northeastern part of tlhe island to Messana,\\nwhere they were to embark for Italy. Though\\nthey had rendered Agathocles very efficient aid\\nin his campaigns, they had also occasioned him\\nan infinite deal of trouble by their turbulent\\nand ungovernable spirit and now, as they were\\nwithdrawing from the island, the inhabitants\\nof the country throug^h which they passed on\\nthe way regarded them every where with ter-\\nror and dread. The people of Messana, anx-\\nious to avoid a quarrel with thiem, and dis-\\nposed to facilitate their peaceable departure\\nfrom the land by every means in their power,\\nreceived them into the city, and hospitably en-\\ntertained them there. Instead, hb^vever, of\\nquietly withdrawing from the city in proper\\ntime, as the Messanians had expected them to\\ndo, they rose suddenly and unexpectedly upon\\nthe people, at a concerted signal, took posses-\\nsion of the city, massacrdd without mercy all\\nthe men, seized the women and children, and\\nthen, each one establishing himself in the\\nhousehold that choice or chance assigned h)im,\\nmarried the wife and adopted the children\\nwhose husband and father he had murdered.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1^2 PYRRHUS.\\nThe result was tihe most complete and extra-\\nordinary overturning that tihe history of the\\nworld can afford. It was a political, a social,\\nand a domestic revolution all in one.\\nThis event took pface many years before the\\ntime of Pyrrhus s expedition and tlhougli dur-\\ning the interval the Sicilians had made many\\nefforts to dispossess the intruders and to re-\\ncover possession of Messana, tihey had not\\nbeen able to accomplish the work. The Mamier-\\ntines maintained their ground in Messana, and\\nfrom that city, as their fortress and strong-\\nhold, they extended their power over a consid-\\nerable portion of the surrounding country.\\nThis territory of the Mamertines was in the\\nnortheastern part of the Island. In the niorth-\\nwestern part, on the other ihand, there was a\\nlarge province in the hands of the Carthagini-\\nans. Their chief city was Eryx though there\\nwas another important city and port, called\\nLilybaeum, Which was situated to the south-\\nward of Eryx, on the sea-shore. Here the Car-\\nthaginians were accustome d to land their re-\\nenforcements and stores and by mean s of the\\nready and direct comimunication which they\\ncould th us keep up with Carthage itsdf, they\\nwere enabled to resist all the efforts which the\\nSicilians had made to dispossess them.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. I73\\nThere were thus three objects to be accom-\\nplished by Pyrrhus in Sicily before his domin-\\nion over the island could be complete namely,\\nthe Sicilians themselves, in the southern and\\ncentral parts of the island, were to be concil-\\niated and combined, and induced to give up\\ntheir intestine quarrels, and to acknowledge the\\nyoung Alexander as the king oi Dhe is lamd;\\nand then the Mamertines on the nortlheast part,\\nand the Carthaginians in the northwest, were\\nto be conquered and expelled.\\nThe work was done, so f:ar as relate d to the\\nSicilians tlhemselves, mainly by Cineas. His\\ndexterous negotiations healed, in a great meas-\\nure, t!he quarrels wtiidh prevailed among tihe\\npeople, and prepare d the way for welcomiing\\nPyrrhus and the young prince, as sOon as they\\ns-hould appear. In respect to the Oarthaginians\\nand the Mamertines, nothing, of course, could\\nbe attempted until the fleets and armies s hould\\narrive.\\nAt length the prepamtions for the sailing\\nof the expedition from Tarentum were com-\\npleted. The fleet consisted of two hundred\\nsail. The immense squadron, every vessel of\\nwhidh was crowded with armed men, left the\\nharbor of Tarentum, watdhed by a hundired\\nthousand spectators w ho had assembled to wit", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "174 PYRRHUS.\\nness its departure, and slowly made its way\\nalong the Italian shores, while its arrival at\\nSyracuse was the object of universal expecta-\\ntion and interest in t^hat city. When at length\\nthe fleet appeared in view, entering its port\\nof destination, the whole population of the city\\nand of the surrounding country flocked to the\\nshores to witness the spectacle. Throug*h the\\nefforts which had been made by Cineas, and in\\nconsequence of the measures v^hidh he had\\nadopted, all ranks and classes of men were\\nready to welcome Pyrr hus as an expected de-\\nliverer. In the name of the young prince, his\\nson, he was to re-establisih the ancient mon\\narchy, restore peace and harmony to the land,\\nand expel the hated foreign enemies that in-\\nfested the confines of it. Accoi dlngly, when\\nthe fleet arrived, and Pyrnhus and his troops\\nlanded from it, they were received by the whole\\npopulation with loud and tumultuous accla-\\nmations.\\nAfter the festivities and rejoicings whidh\\nwere instituted to celebrate Pyrrhus s arrival\\nwere concluded, the young A^.exander was pro-\\nclaimed king, and a government was instituted\\nin his name Pyrrhus himself, of course, being\\ninvested with a l actual power. Pyrhus then\\ntook the field and, on mustering h*s forces,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. I75\\nhe found himself at the head of thirty or forty\\nthousand men. He first proceeded to attack\\nthe Carthaginians. He marched to the part of\\nthe island which they held, and gave them bat-\\ntle in the most vigorous and determined man-\\nner. They retreated to their cities, and shut\\nthemselves up closely within the walls. Pyrr-\\nhus advanced to attack them. He determined\\nto carry Eryx, which was the strongest of the\\nCarthaginian cities, by storm, instead of wait-\\ning for the slow operations of an ordinary\\nsiege. The troops were accordingly ordered\\nto advance at once to the walls, and there\\nmounting, by means of innumerable ladders,\\nto the parapets above, they were to force their\\nway in, over the defenses of the city, in spite\\nof all opposition. Of course, such a service as\\nthis is, of all the duties ever required of the\\nso Idier, the most dangero us possible. The\\ntowers and parapets above, which the assailants\\nundertake to scale, are covered with armed\\nmen, who throng to the part of the w^all against\\nwhich the attack is to be directed, and stand\\nthere ready with spears, javelins, rocks, and\\nevery other conceivable missile, to hurl upon\\nthe heads of the besiegers coming up the lad-\\nders.\\nPyrrhus, however, whatever may have been", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "176 PYRRHUS.\\nhis faults in other respects, seems to have been\\nvery Httle inclined at any time to order his sol-\\ndiers to encounter any danger which he was\\nnot willing himself to share. He took the head\\nof the column in the storming of Eryx, and\\nwas the first to mount the ladders. Previous,\\nhowever, to advancing for the attack, he per-\\nformed a grand religious ceremony, in which\\nhe implored thie assistance of the god Hercules\\nin the encounter which was about to take\\nplace; and made a solemn vow that if Hercules\\nwould assist him in the conflict, so as to enable\\nhim to display before the Sicilians such\\nstrength and valor, and to perform such feats\\nas should be worthy of his mame, his ancestry,\\nand his past history, he would, immediately\\nafter the battle, institute on the spot a course\\nof festivals and sacrifices O f the most im posing\\nand magnificent character in honor of the god.\\nThis vow being made, the trumpet sounded and\\nthe storming party went forward Pyrr hus at\\nthe head of it. In mounting the ladder, he\\ndefended himself with his sihield from the mis-\\nsiles thrown down upon him from above un\\ntil he reached the top of the wall, and there,\\nby means of his prodigious strength, and des-\\nperate and reckless bravery, he soon gained\\nground for those that followed him, and es-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN.\\n177\\ntablished a position there both for himself and\\nfor them, having cut down one after another\\nof those who attempted to oppose him, until\\nhe had surrounded -himself with a sort of para-\\npet, formed of the bodies of the dead.\\nIn the meantime, the Whole line of ladders\\nextending along the wall were crowded with\\nmen, all forcing their way upward against the\\nresistance which the besieged opposed to them\\nfrom above; while thousands of troops, drawn\\nup below as near as possible to the scene of\\nconflict, were throwing a s(hower of darts, ar-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "178 PYRRHUS.\\nrows, javelins, spears, and other missiles, to\\naid the storming party by driving away the be-\\nsieged from the top of the wall. By these\\nmeans those w ho were mounting the ladders\\nwere so much aided in their efforts that they\\nsoon succeeded in gaining possession of the\\nwall, and thus made them selves masters of the\\ncity.\\nPyrrhus then, in fulfillment of his vow, in-\\nstituted a great celebration, and devoted sev-\\neral days to games, spectacles, shows, and\\npublic rejoicings of all kinds, intended to ex-\\npress his devout gratitude to Hercules for the\\ndivine assistance Which the god had vouch-\\nsafed to him in the assault by which the city\\nhad been carried.\\nBy the result of this battle, and of some oth-\\ner military operations which we can not here\\nparticularly describe, the Carthaginians were\\ndriven from the open field and compelled to\\nshut themselves up in their strongliolds, or re-\\ntire to the fastnesses of the mountains, where\\nthey found places of refuge and defense from\\nWhich Pyrrhus could not at once dislodge them.\\nAccordingly, leaving things at present as they\\nwere in tihe Carthaginian or western part of the\\nisland, he proceeded to attack the Mamertines\\nin the eastern part. He was equally success-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. I79\\nful here. By means of the tact and skill which\\nhe exercised in ihis military arrangements and\\nmaneuvers, an d by the desperate bravery and\\nimpetuosity Whidh Ihe displayed in battle, he\\nconquered wherever he came. He captured\\nand destroyed many of the strongholds of the\\nMamertines, drove tfliem entirely out of the\\nopen country, and shut them up in Messana.\\nThus the island was almost Wholly restored to\\nfhe possession of the Sicilians, while yet the\\nforeign intruders, thoug^h checked and re-\\nstrained, were not, after all, really expelled.\\nThe Carthaginians sent m.essengers to him\\nproposing terms of peace. Their intention was,\\nin these proposals, to retain their province in\\nSicily, as heretofore, and to agree with Pyrfhus\\nin respect to a boundary, each party being re-\\nquired by the proposed treaty to confine them-\\nselves within their respective limits, as thus\\nascertained. Pyrr^hus, however, replied that he\\ncould entertain no such proposals. He an-\\nswered them precisely as the Romans had an-\\nsvv^ered him on a similar occasion, saying that\\nhe should insist upon their first retiring from\\nSicily altogether, as a preliminary step to any\\nnegotiations Whatever. The Carthaginians\\nwould not accede to this demand, and so the\\nnegotiations v^ere suspended.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "l8o PYRRHUS.\\nStill Vhe Carthaginians were so securely\\nposted in their stronglioMs, that Pyrrfhus sup-\\nposed the work of dislodging them by force\\nwould be a slow, and tedious, and perhaps\\ndoubtful undertaking. His bold and restless\\nspirit accordingly conceived the design of leav-\\ning them as tlhey were, and going on in the\\nprosecution of his original design, by organ-\\nizing a grand expedition for the invasion of\\nAfrica. In fact, he thought this would be the\\nmost effectual ^means of getting the Carthagini-\\nans out of Sicily; since he anticipated that, if\\nhe were to land in Africa, an d threaten Car-\\nthage itself, the authorities there would be com-\\npelled to recall all their forces from foreign\\nlands to defend their own homes and firesides\\nat the capital. He determined, therefore, to^\\nequip his fleet for a voyage across tUe Mediter-\\nranean without any delay.\\nHe had ships enough, but he was in want of\\nmariners. In order to supply this want, he\\nbegan to impress the Sicilians into his service.\\nThey were very reluctant to engage in it, part-\\nly from natural aversion to so distant and dan-\\ngerous an enterprise, and partly because they\\nwere unwilling that Pyrrhus should leave the\\nisland himself until their foreign foes were en-\\ntirely expelled. As soon as you have goriQ,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. l8l\\nthey said, the Cartihaginians and the Mamer-\\ntines will come out from their hiding-places\\nand retreats, and the country will be immedi-\\nately involved in all the difficulties from which\\nyou have been endeavoring to deliver us. All\\nyour labor will have been lost, and we shall\\nsink, perh aps, into a more deplorable condition\\nthan ever.\\nIt was evident that these representations\\nwere true, but Pyrrhus conld not be induced to\\npay any heed to them. He was determined on\\ncarrying into effect his design of a descent\\nupon the coast of Africa. He accordingly\\npressed forward his preparations in a more\\narbitrary and reckless spirit tihan ever. He\\nbecame austere, imperious, and tyrannical in\\nhis measures. He arrested some of the leading\\ngenerals and ministers of state men who had\\nbeen his firmest friends, and throug h w5i ose\\nagency it was that he hiad been invited into\\nSicily, but whom he now suspected of being\\nunfriendly to his designs. One of these men\\nhe put to death. In the mean time, he pressed\\nforward his preparations, compelling men to\\njoin his army and to embark on board his fleet,\\nand resorting to other harsh and extreme\\nmeasures, which the people might perhaps\\nhave submitted to from one of their own hered-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "l82 PYRRIIUS.\\nitary sovereigns, but which were altogether in-\\ntolerable when imposed upon them by a for-\\neign adventurer, who came to their island by\\ntheir invitation, to accomplish a prescribed and\\ndefinite duty. In a word, before Pyrrhus was\\nready to embark on his African campaign, a\\ngeneral rebellion broke out all over Sicily\\nagainst his authority. Some of the people\\njoined the Mamertines, some the Carthagini-\\nans. In a word, the whole country was in an\\nuproar, and Pyrrhus had the mortification of\\nseeing the great fabric of power which, as he\\nimagined, he had been so successfully rearing,\\ncome tumbling suddenly on all sides to the\\nground.\\nAs the reader will have learned long before\\nthis time, it was not the nature of Pyrrhus to\\nremain on the spot and grapple with difficul-\\nties hke these. If there were any new enter-\\nprise to be undertaken, or any desperate battle\\nto be fought on a sudden emergency, Pyrrhus\\nwas always ready and eager for action, and\\nalmost sure of success. But he had no qualities\\nwhatever to fit him for the exigencies of such\\na crisis as this. He had ardor and impetuosity,\\nbut no perseverence or decision. He could\\nfight, but he could not plan. He was recklessly\\nand desperately brave in encountering physical", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 183\\ndanger, but, when involved in difficulties and\\nembarrassments, his only resource v^as to fly.\\nAccordingly, it was soon announced in Sicily\\nthat Pyrrhus had determined to postpone his\\nplan of preceeding to Africa, and was going\\nback to Tarentum, whence he came. He had\\nreceived intelligence from Tarentum, he said,\\nthat required his immediate return to that city.\\nThis was probably true for he had left things\\nin such a condition at Tarentum, that he was,\\ndoubtless, continually receiving such intelli-\\ngence from that quarter. Whether he received\\nany special or extraordinary summons from\\nTarentum just at this time is extremely uncer-\\ntain. He, however, pretended that such a mes-\\nsage had come; and under this pretence he\\nsheltered himself in his intended departure,\\nso as just to escape the imputation of being\\nactually driven away.\\nHis enemies, however, did not intend to\\nallow him to depart in peace. The Carthagini-\\nans, being apprised of his design, sent a fleet to\\nwatch the coast and intercept him while the\\nMamertines, crossing the Strait, marched to\\nthe place on the coast of Italy where they ex-\\npected he would land, intending to attack him\\nas soon as he should set foot upon the shore.\\nBoth these plans were successful. The Car-\\n13\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "184 PYRRHUS.\\nfhaginians attacked his fleet, and destroyed\\nmany of his ships. Pyrr hus himself barely\\nsucceeded in making his escape with a small\\nnumber of vessels, and readhing the sihore.\\nHere, as soon as he gained the land, he was\\nconfronted by the Mamertines, w ho had\\nreached the pilace before him with ten thous-\\nand men. Pyrr hus soon collected from the\\nships fhat reached the land a force so formid-\\nable that the Mamertines did not dare to attack\\nhim in a body, but they blocked up the passes\\nthrough wlhidh the way to Tarentum lay, and\\nendeavored in every way to intercept -and\\nharass him in his m arch. They killed two of\\nhis elephants, and cut off many separate de-\\ntachments of men, and finally deranged all his\\nplans, and threw his whole army into con-\\nfusion. Pyrrhus at length determined to force\\nhis enemies to battle. Accordingly, as soon as\\na favorable opportunity occurred, he pusflhed\\nforward at the head of a strong force, and at-\\ntacked the Mamertines in -a sudden and most\\nimpetuous manner.\\nA terrible conflict ensued, in which Pyrrhus,\\nas usual, exposed himself personally in the\\nmost desperate manner. In fact, the various\\ndisappointments and vexations w^hioh he had\\nendured had arou sed him to a sta te of great", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN. 185\\nexasperation against his tormenting enemies.\\nHe pushed forward into the hottest part of the\\nbattle, his prodigious muscular strength enabl-\\ning him to beat down and destroy, for a time,\\nall who attempted to oppose him.\\nAt last, however, he received a terrible\\nwound in the head, which, for a moment, en-\\ntirely disabled him. He w^as rescued from his\\nperil by his friends, though stunned and faint-\\ning under the blow and was borne off from the\\nscene of conflict with the blood flowing down\\nhis face and neck a frightful spectacle. On\\nbeing carried to a place of safety within his\\nown ranks, he soon revived, and it was found\\nthat he was not dangerously hurt. The enemy,\\nhowever, full of rage and hatred, came up as\\nnear as they dared to the spot where Pyrrhus\\nhad been carried, and stood there, calling out\\nto him to come back if he was still alive, and\\nvociferations of challenge and defiance.\\nPyrrhus endured this mockery for a few mo-\\nments as well as he could, but was finally\\ngoaded by it into a perfect phrensy of rage.\\nHe seized his weapons, pushed his friends\\nand attendants aside, and, in spite of all their\\nremonstrances and all their efforts to restrain\\nhim, he rushed forth and assailed his enemies\\nwith greater fury than ever. Breathless as he", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "l86 PYRRHUS.\\nwas from his former efforts, and covered with\\nblood and gore, he exhibited a sihocking spec-\\ntacle to all who beheld him. The champion of\\nthe Mamertines the one Who had been fore-\\nmost in challenging Pyrrhus to return came\\nup to meet him wit^h his weapon upraised.\\nPyrrhus parried the blow, and then, suddenly\\nbringing down his own sword upon the top of\\nhis antagonist s head, he cut the man down,\\nas the story is told, from head to foot, making\\nso complete a division, that one half of the\\nbody fell over to one side, and the other half\\nto the other.\\nIt is difficult, perhaps, to assign limits to the\\ndegree of physical strength Which the human\\narm is capable of exerting. This fact, how-\\never, of cleaving the body of a man by a blow\\nfrom a sword, was regarded in ancient times\\nas just on the line of absolute impossibility,\\nand was considered, consequently, as the hig h-\\nest personal exploit which a soldier could per-\\nform. It was attributed, at different times, to\\nseveral different warriors, thoug^h it is not\\nbelieved in modern days that the feat was ever\\nreally performed.\\nBut, whatever may have been the fate of the\\nMamertine champion under Pyrrhus s sword,\\nthe army itself met with such a discomfiture", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "THE SICILIAN CAMPAIGN.\\n187\\nin the battle that fhey gave Pyrrhus no further\\ntrouble, but, retiring from tlhe field, left him to\\npursue his march to Tarentum for the remain-\\nder of the way in peace. He arrived there a^\\nlast, v^i th a force in numbers about equal to\\nPyrrhus.\\nthat with Whidh he had left Tarentum for\\nSicily. The whole object, however, of his\\nexpedition had totally failed. The enterprise,\\nin fact, like almost all tlie undertakings wbich\\nPyrrhus engaged in, though brilliantly and tri-\\numphantly successful in the beginning, came\\nonly to disappointment and disaster in the end.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE RETREAT FROM ITALY.\\nThe force with which Pyrrhus returned to\\nTarentum was very nearly as large as Aat\\nwhich he had taken away, but was composed\\nof very different materials. The Greeks from\\nEpirus, wliom he had brouglit over witlh him\\nin the first ins tance from his niative land, had\\ngradually disappeared from t)he ranks of his\\narmy. Many of them had been killed in battle,\\nand still greater numbers had been carried off\\nby exposure and fatigue, and by the thousand\\nother casualties inciden t to such a service as\\nthat in which they were engaged. Their places\\nhad been supplied, from time to time, by new\\nenlistments, or by impressment an d conscrip-\\ntion. Of course, these new recruits were not\\nbound to their comimander by any ties of at-\\ntachment or regard. They were mostly mer-\\ncenaries fhat is, men hired to fight, and will-\\ning to fight, in any cause or for any command-\\ner, provided they could be paid. In a word,\\nPyrrhus s fellow-countrymen of Epirus bad\\n188", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. 189\\ndisappeared, and the ranks of his army were\\nfilled with unprincipled and destitute wretches,\\nw ho felt no interest in his cause no pride in\\nhis success no concern for his honor. They\\nadhered to him only for the sake of the pay and\\nthe indulgences of a soldier s life, and for\\ntheir occasional hopes of plunder.\\nBesides the condition of his army, Pyrrhus\\nfound the situation of his affairs in other re-\\nspects very critical on his arrival at Tarentum.\\nThe Romans had made great progress, during\\nhis absence, in subjugating the whole country\\nto their sway. Cities and towns, which had\\nbeen under his dominion when he went to Sici-\\nly, had been taken by the Romans, or had gone\\nover to them of their own accord. The govern-\\nment which he had established at Tarentum\\nwas thus curtailed of power, and shut in in re-\\nspect to territory; and he felt himself com-\\npelled immediately to take the field, in order\\nto recover his lost ground.\\nHe adopted vigorous measures immediately\\nto re-enforce his army, and to obain the neces\\nsary supplies. His treasury was exhausted in\\norder to replenish it, he dispatched embassa-\\ndors to his various allies to borrow money.\\nHe knew, of course, that a large portion of his\\narmy would abandon him immediately so soon", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "IQO PYRRHUS.\\nas they should find that he was unable to pay\\nthem. He was, therefore, quite uneasy for a\\ntime in respect to the state of his finances, and\\nhe instructed his embassadors to press the ur-\\ngency of his wants upon his allies in a very\\nearnest manner.\\nHe did not, however, wait for the result of\\nthese measures, but immediately commenced\\nactive operations in the field. One of his first\\nexploits was the recapture of Locri, a city situ-\\nated on the southern shore of Italy, as will be\\nseen by the map. This city had been in his\\npossession before he went to Sicily, but it had\\ngone over to the Romans during his absence.\\nLocri was a very considerable town and the re-\\ncovery of it from the Romans was considered\\nquite an important gain. The place derived\\nits consequence, in some considerable degree,\\nfrom a celebrated temple which stood there.\\nIt was the temple of Proserpina, the Goddess\\nof Death. This temple was magnificent in its\\nstructure, and it was enriched with very costly\\nand valuable treasures. It not only gave dis-\\ntinction to th e town in which it stood, but, on\\naccount of an extraordinary train of circum-\\nstances which occurred in connection with it,\\nit became the occasion of one of the most im-\\nportant incidents in Pyrrhus s history.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. I9I\\nProserpina, as has already been intimated\\nwas the Goddess of Death. It is very difficult\\nfor us at the present day to understand and\\nappreciate the conceptions which the Greeks\\nand Romans, in ancient times, entertained oi\\nthe supernatural beings which they worshiped\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u0094those strange creations, in which we see his-\\ntoric truth, poetic fancy, and a sublime super-\\nstition so singularly blended. To aid us in\\nrightly understanding this subject, we must\\nremember that in those days the boundaries of\\nwhat was known as actual reality were very\\nuncertain and vague. Only a very small por-\\ntion, either of the visible world or of the do-\\nmain of science and philosophy, had then been\\nexplored and in the thoughts and conceptions\\nof every man, the natural and the true passed\\nby insensible gradations, on every hand, into\\nthe monstrous and the supernatural, there\\nbeing no principles of any kind established in\\nmen s minds to m.ark the boundaries where the\\ntrue and the possible must end, and all beyond\\nbe impossible and absurd. The knowledge,\\ntherefore, that men derived from the observa-\\ntion of such truths and such objects as were\\nimmediately around them, passed by insensible\\ngradations into the regions of fancy and ro-\\nmance, and all was believed together. They", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "192 PYRRHUS.\\nsaw lions and e lep hamts in the lands Whidh were\\nnear, and which they knew and they beUeved\\nin the centaurs, the mermaids, the hippogriffs,\\nand the dragons, which Dhey imagined inhabit-\\ning regions more remote. They saw heroes\\nand chieftains in the plains and in Uhe valleys\\nbelow; and they had no reason to disbelieve\\nin the existence of gods and demi-god s upon\\nthe summits of the blue and beautiful mount-\\nains above, where, for aug^ht they knew, there\\nmight lie boundless territories of verdure and\\nloveliness, w holly inaccessible to mian. In the\\nsame manner, beneath fhe ear tjh scwniewhere,\\nthey knew not where, there lay, as they imag-\\nined, extended region s destined to receive the\\nspirits of the dead, with approadhes leading to\\nit, through mysterious grottoes and caverns,\\nfrom above. Proserpina was the Goddess of\\nDeath, and the queen of these lower abodes.\\nVarious stories were toM of her origin and\\nhistory. The one most dharacteristic and most\\nminutely detailed is this\\nShe was the daughter of Jupiter and Ceres.\\nShe was very beautiful and, in order to pro-\\ntect her from the importunity of lovers, her\\nmother sent ber, under *tfi-e care of an attendant\\nnamed Calligena, to a cavern in Sicily, and con-\\ncealed her there. The mouth of the cavern was", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. I93\\nguarded by dragons. Pluto, who was the god\\nof the inferior regions, asked her of Jupiter,\\nher father, for his wife. Jupiter consented,\\nand sent Venus to entice her out of her cavern,\\nthat Pluto might obtain her. Venus, attended\\nby Minerva and Diana, proceeded to the cav-\\nern where Proserpina was concealed. The three\\ngoddesses contrived some means to keep the\\ndragons that guarded the cavern away, and\\nthen easily persuaded the maiden to come out\\nto take a walk. Proserpina was charmed with\\nthe verdure and beauty which she found\\naround her on the surface of the ground,\\nstrongly contrasted as they were with the\\ngloom and desolation of her cavern. She was\\nattended by nymphs and zephyrs in her walk,\\nand in their company she rambled along, ad\\nmiring the beauty and enjoying the fragrance\\nof the flowers. Some of the flowers which\\nmost attracted her attention were produced on\\nthe spot by the miraculous power of Jupiter,\\nwho caused them to spring up in wonderful\\nluxuriance and splendor, the more effectually\\nto charm the senses of the maiden whom they\\nwere enticing away. At length, suddenly the\\nearth opened, and Pluto appeared, coming up\\nfrom below in a golden chariot drawn by im-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "194 PYRRHUS.\\nmortal steeds, and, seizing Proserpina, he car-\\nried her down to his own abodes.\\nCeres, the mother of Proiserpina, was greatly\\ndistressed w^hen she learned the fate of her\\ndaughter. She immediately went to Jupiter,\\nand implored him to restore Proserpina to the\\nupper world. Jupiter, on the other hand, urged\\nCeres to consent to her remaining as the wife\\nof Pluto. The mother, however, would not\\nyield, and finally her tears and entreaties so far\\nprevailed over Jupiter as to induce him to give\\npermission to Ceres to bring Proserpina back,\\nprovided that she had not tasted of any food\\nthat grew in the regions below. Ceres accord-\\ningly went in search of her daughter. She\\nfound, unfortunately, that Proserpina, in walk-\\ning through the Elysian fields with Pluto, had\\nincautiously eaten a pomegranate which she\\nhad taken from a tree that was growing there.\\nShe was consequently precluded from availing\\nherself of Jupiter s permission to return to\\nOlympus. Finally, however, Jupiter consented\\nthat she should divide her time between the in-\\nferior and the superior regions, spending six\\nmonths with Pluto below, and six months with\\nher mother above and she did so.\\nProserpina was looked upon by all man^\\nkind with feelings of great veneration and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. I95\\nawe as the goddess and queen of death, and\\nshe was worshiped in many places with sol-\\nemn and imposing ceremonies. There was,\\nmoreover, in the minds of men, a certain mys-\\ntical significancy in the mode of life which she\\nlied, in thus dividing her time by regular al-\\nternations between the lower and upper\\nworlds, that seemed to them to denote and\\ntypify the principle of vegetation, which may\\nbe regarded as, in a certain sense, alternately\\na principle of life and death, inasmuch as, for\\nsix months in the year, it appears in the form\\nof living and growing plants, rising above the\\nground, and covering the earth with verdure\\nand beauty, and then, for the six months that\\nremain, it withdraws from the view, and ex-\\nists only in the form of inert and apparently\\nlifeless roots and seeds, concealed in hidden\\nrecesses beneath the ground. Proserpina was\\nthus considered the type and emblem of veg-\\netation, and she was accordingly worshiped,\\nin some sense, as the goddess of resuscitation\\nand life, as well as of death and the grave.\\nOne of the principal temples which had\\nbeen built in honor of Proserpina was situa-\\nted, as has already been said, at Locri, and\\nceremonials and festivals were celebrated\\nhere, at stated intervals, with great pomp and", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "196 PYRRHUS.\\nparade. This temple had become very\\nwealthy, too, immense treasures having been\\ncollected in it, consisting of gold and silver\\nvessels, precious stones, and rich and splendid\\nparaphernalia of every kind^the gifts and of-\\nferings which had been made, from time to\\ntime, by princes and kings who had attended\\nthe festivals.\\nWhen Pyrrhus had reconquered Locri from\\n(the Romans, and this tempjle, with all its\\ntreasures, fell into his power, some of his ad-\\nvisers suggested that, since he was in such\\nurgent need of money, and all his other plans\\nfor supplying himself had hitherto failed, he\\nshould take possession of these treasures.\\nThey might, it was argued, be considered, in\\nsome sense, as public property; and, as the\\nLocrians had revolted from him in his ab-\\nsence, and had now been conquered anew,\\nle was entitled to regard these riches as the\\nspoils of victory. Pyrrhus determined to fol-\\nlow this advice. He took possession of the\\nrichest and most valuable of the articles which\\nthe temple contained, and, putting them on\\nboard ships which he sent to Locri for the\\npurpose, he undertook to transport them to\\nTarentum. He intended to convert them", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. IQ/\\n,here into money, in order to obtain funds to\\nsupply the wants of his army.\\nThe ships, however, on their passage along\\nthe coast, encountered a terrible storm, and\\nwere nearly all wrecked and destroyed. The\\nmariners who had navigated the vessels were\\ndrowned, while yet the sacred treasures were\\nsaved, and that, too, as it would seem, by\\nsome supernatural agency, since the same\\nsurges which overwhelmed and destroyed the\\nsacrilegious ships and seamen, washed the\\ncases in which the holy treasures had been\\npacked up upon the beach and there the mes-\\nsengers of Pyrrhus found them, scattered\\namong the rocks and on the sand at various\\npoints along the shore. Pyrrhus was greatly\\nterrified at this disaster. He conceived that\\nit was a judgment of Heaveji, inflicted upon\\nhim through the influence and agency of\\nProserpina, as a punishment for his impious\\npresumption in despoiling her shrine. He\\ncarefully collected all that the sea had saved,\\nand sent every thing back to Locri. He in\\nstituted solemn services there in honor ot.\\nProsperpina, to express his penitence for his\\nfaults, and, to give a still more decisive proof\\nof his desire to appease her anger, he put to\\n14\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhua", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "198 PYRRHUS.\\ndeath the counselors who had advised him to\\ntake the treasures.\\nNotwithstanding all these attempts to atone\\nfor his offense, Pyrrhus could not dispel from\\nhis mind the gloomy impression which had\\nbeen made upon it by the idea that he had in-\\ncurred the direct displeasure of Heaven. He\\ndid not believe that the anger of Proserpina\\nwas ever fully appeased and whenever mis-\\nfortunes and calamities befell him in his sub\\nsequent career, he attributed them to the dis-\\npleasure of the goddess of death, who, as he\\nbelieved, followed him every where, and was\\nintent on effecting his ruin.\\nIt was now late in the season, and the mil-\\nitary operations both of Pyrrhus and of the\\nRomans were, in a great measure, suspended\\nuntil spring. Pyrrhus spent the interval in\\nmaking arrangements for taking the field as\\nsoon as the winter should be over. He had,\\nhowever, many difficulties to contend with.\\nHis financial embarrassment still continued.\\nHis efforts to procure funds were only very\\npartially successful. The people too, in all\\nthe legion about Tarentum, were, he found,\\nwholly alienated from him. They had not\\nforgiven him for having left them to go to\\nSicily, and, in consequence of this abandon-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. I99\\nment of their cause, they had lost much of\\ntheir confidence in him as their protector,\\nwhile every thing like enthusiasm in his serv-\\nice was wholly gone. Through these and\\nother causes, he encountered innumerable im-\\npediments in executing his plans, and his\\nmind was harassed with continual disap-\\npointment and anxiety.\\nSuch, however, was still his resolution and\\nenergy, that when the season arrived for tak-\\ning the field, he had a considerable force in\\nreadiness, and he marched out of Tarentum\\nat the head of it, to go and meet the Romans.\\nThe Romans themselves, on the other hand,\\nhad raised a very large force, and had sent it\\nforward in two divisions, under the command\\nof the two consuls. These two divisions took\\ndifferent routes; one passing to the north,\\nthrough the province of Samnium, and the\\nother to the south, through Lucania both,\\nhowever, leading toward Tarentum. Pyrrhus\\ndivided his forces also into two parts. One\\nbody of troops he sent northwardly into\\nSamnium, to meet the northern division of the\\nRoman army, while with the other he\\nadvanced himself by the more southern route,\\nto meet the Roman consul who was coming", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": ":200 PYRRHUS.\\nthrough Lucania. The name of this consul\\nwas Curius Dentatus.\\nPyrrhus advanced into Lucania. The Ro-\\nman general, when he found that his enemy\\nwas coming, thought it most prudent to send\\nfor the other division of his army namely,\\nthe one which was marching through Sam-\\nnium^ and to wait until it should arrive be-\\nfore giving Pyrrhus battle. He accordingly\\ndispatched the necessary orders to Lentulus,\\nwho commanded the northern division, and,\\nin the meantime, intrenched himself in a\\nstrong encampment at a place called Bene-\\nventum. Pyrrhus entered Lucania and ad-\\nvanced toward Beneventum, and, after ascer-\\ntaining the state of the case in respect to the\\nsituation of the camp and the plans of Curius,\\nhe paused at some distance from the Roman\\nposition, in order to consider what it was best\\nfor him to do. He finally came to the conclu-\\nsion that it was very important that his con-\\nflict with the Romans under Curius should\\ntake place before Lentulus should arrive to\\nre-enforce them, and so he determined to ad-\\nvance rapidly, and fall upon and surprise\\nthem in their intrenchments before they were\\naware of his approach. This plan he accord-\\ningly attempted to execute. He advanced in", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. 201\\nthe ordinary manner and by the pubUc roads\\nof the country until he began to draw near to\\nBeneventum. At the close of the day he en-\\ncamped as usual; but, instead of waiting in\\nhis camp until the following day, and then\\nmarching on in his accustomed manner, he\\nprocured guides to lead his troops around by\\na circuitous path among the mountains, with\\na view of coming down suddenly and unex-\\npectedly upon the camp of the Romans from\\nthe hills very early in the morning. An im-\\nmense number of torches were provided, to\\nfurnish light for the soldiers in traversing the\\ndark forests and gloomy ravines through\\nwhich their pathway lay.\\nNotwithsanding all the precautions which\\nhad been taken, the difficulties of the route\\nwere so great that the progress of the troops\\nwas very much impeded. The track was\\neverywhere encumbered with bushes, rocks,\\nfallen trees, and swampy tracts of ground, so\\nthat the soldiers made way very slowly. Great\\nnumbers of the torches failed in the course of\\nthe night, some getting extinguished by acci-\\ndent, and others going out from exhaustion of\\nfuel. By these means great numbers of troops\\nwere left in the dark, and after groping about\\nfor a time in devious and uncertain paths, be-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "202 PYRftHUS.\\ncame hopelessly lost in the forest. Notwith-\\nstanding all these difficulties and discourage-\\nments, however, the main body of the army\\npressed resolutely on, and, just about day-\\nbreak, the van came out upon the heights\\nabove the Roman encampment. As soon as\\na sufficient number were assembled, they were\\nat once marshaled in battle array, and, de-\\nscending from the mountains, they made a\\nfurious onset upon the intrenchments of the\\nenemy.\\nThe Romans were taken wholly by surprise,\\nand their camp became immediately a scene\\nof the wildest confusion. The men started up\\nevery where out of their sleep and seized their\\narms. They were soon in a situation to make\\na very effectual resistance to the attack of thei*\\nenemies. They first beat the assailants back\\nfrom the points where they were endeavoring\\nto gain admission, and then, encouraged by\\ntheir success, they sallied forth from their in-\\ntrenchments, and became assailants in their\\nturn. The Greeks were soon overpowered,\\nand forced to retire altogether from the\\nground. A great many were killed, and some\\nelephants, which Pyrrhus had contrived by\\nsome means to bring up to the spot, were", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. 203\\ntaken. The Romans were, of course, greatly\\nelated at this victory.\\nIn fact, so much was Curius gratified and\\npleased with this success, and so great was the\\nconfidence with which it inspired him, that he\\ndetermined to wait no longer for Lentulus,\\nbut to march out at once and give Pyrrhus\\nbattle. He accordingly brought forth his\\ntroops and drew them up on a plain near his\\nencampment, posting them in such a way as\\nto gain a certain advantage for himself in the\\nnature of the ground which he had chosen,\\nwhile yet, since there was nothing but the open\\nfield between himself and his enemy, the\\nmovement was a fair and regular challenge to\\nbattle. Pyrrhus accepted this challenge by\\nbringing up his forces to the field, and the\\nconflict began.\\nAs soon as the combatants were fairly en-\\ngaged, one of the wings of Pyrrhus s army be-\\ngan to give way. The other wing, on the\\ncontrary, which was the one that Pyrrhus him-\\nself personally commanded, was victorious.\\nPyrrhus himself led his soldiers on and he in-\\nspired them with so much strength and en-\\nergy by his own reckless daring, that all those\\nportions of the Roman army which were op-\\nposed to them were beaten and driven back", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "204 PYRRHUS. V.\\ninto the camp. This success, however, was not\\nwholly owing to the personal prowess of Pyr-\\nrhus. It was due, in a great measure, to the\\npower of the elephants, for they fought in that\\npart of the field. As the Romans were almost\\nwholly unaccustomed to the warfare of ele-\\nphants, they knew not how to resist them and\\nthe huge beasts bore down all before them\\nwherever they moved. In this crisis, Curius\\nordered a fresh body of troops to advance. It\\nwas a corps of reserve, which he had stationed\\nnear the camp under orders to hold themselves\\nin readiness there, to come forward and act\\nat any moment, and at any part of the field\\nwherever their services might be required.\\nThese troops were now summoned to advance\\nand attack the elephants. They accordingly\\ncame nushing on, brandishing their swords m\\none hand, and bearing burning torches, with\\nwhich they had been provided for the occa-\\nsion, in the other. The torches they threw at\\nthe elephants as soon as they came near, in\\norder to terrify them and make them unman-\\nageable and then, with their swords, they at-\\ntacked the keepers and drivers of the beasts,\\nand the men who fought in connection with\\nthem. The success of this onset was so great,\\nthat the elephants soon became unmanageable.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY. 205\\nThey even broke into the phalanx, and threw\\nthe ranks of it into confusion, overturning and\\ntrampling upon the men, and falling them-\\nselves upon the slain, under the wounds which\\nthe spears inflicted upon them.\\nA remarkable incident is said to have oc-\\ncurred in the midst of this scene of confusion\\nand terror, which strikingly illustrates the\\nstrength of the maternal instinct, even among\\nbrutes. It happened that there was a young\\nelephant, and also its mother, in the same di-\\nvision of Pyrrhus s army. The former, though\\nyoung, was sufficiently grov/n to serve as an\\nelephant of war, and, as it happened, its post\\non the field of battle was not very far from that\\nof its mother. In the course of the battle the\\nyoung elephant was wounded, and it uttered\\nimmediately a piercing cry of pain and terror.\\nThe mother heard the cry, and recognized the\\nvoice that uttered it through all the din and up-\\nroar of the battle. She immediately became\\nwholly ungovernable, and, breaking away\\nfrom the control of her keepers, she rushed\\nforward, trampling down everything in her\\nway, to rescue and protect her offspring. This\\nincident occurred at the commencement of the\\nattack which the Roman reserve made upon\\nthe elephants, and contributed very essentially", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "206 PYRRHUS.\\nto the panic and confusion which followed.\\nIn the end Pyrrhus was entirely defeated.\\nHe was compelled to abandon his camp and\\nto retire toward Tarentum. The Romans im-\\nmediately advanced, flushed with victory, and\\ncarrying all before them. Pyrrhus retreated\\nfaster and faster, his numbers continually di-\\nminishing as he fled, until at last, when he\\nreached Tarentum, he had only a few horse-\\nmen in his train. He sent off the most urgent\\nrequests to his friends and allies in Greece to\\nfurnish him aid. The help, however, did not\\ncome, and Pyrrhus, in order to keep the small\\nremnant that still adhered to him together, re-\\nsorted to the desperate expedient of forging\\nletters from his friends, promising speedy and\\nabundant supplies, and showing these letters\\nto his officers, to prevent them from being\\nwholly discouraged and abandoning his cause.\\nThis miserable contrivance, however, even if\\nsuccessful, could only afford a momentary re-\\nlief. Pyrrhus soon found that all hope and\\npossibility of retrieving his fortunes in Italy\\nhad entirely disappeared, and that no alterna-\\ntive was left to him but to abandon the\\nground. So, pretending to wonder why his\\nallies did not send forward the succors which\\nthey had promised in their letters, and saying", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "RETREAT FROM ITALY.\\n207\\nthat, since they were so dilatory and remiss,\\nhe must go himself and bring them, butprom-^\\nPanic of the Elephants.\\nising that he would immediately return, he\\nset sail from Tarentum, and, crossing the sea,\\nwent home to his own kingdom. He arrived\\nsafely in Epirus after an absence of six years.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS,\\nThe reader will perhaps recollect that when\\nPyrrhus withdrew from Macedon, before he\\nembarked on his celebrated expedition into\\nItaly, the enemy before he was compelled to re-\\ntire was Lysimachus. Lysimachus continued\\nto reign in Macedon for some time after Pyr-\\nrhus had gone, until, finally, he was himself\\noverthrown, under circumstances of a very re-\\nmarkable character. In fact, his whole histor^^\\naffords a striking illustration of the nature of\\nthe results which often followed, in ancient\\ntimes, from the system of government which\\nthen almost universally prevailed a system\\nin which the supreme power was considered\\nas rightfully belonging to some sovereign who\\nderived it from his ancestors by hereditary de-\\nscent, and who, in the exercise of it, was en-\\ntirely above all sense of responsibility to the\\nsubjects of his dominion.\\nIt has sometimes been said by writers on\\nthe theory of civil government that the prin-\\n208", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 209\\nciple of hereditary sovereignty in the govern-\\nment of a nation has a decided advantage over\\nany elective mode of designating the chief\\nmagistrate, on account of its certainty. If\\nthe system is such that, on the death of a mon-\\narch, the supreme power descends to his eldest\\nson, the succession is determined at once, with-\\nout debate or delay. If, on the other hand, an\\nelection is to take place, there must be a con-\\ntest. Parties are formed; plans and counter-\\nplans are laid; a protracted and heated con-\\ntroversy ensues and when, finally, the voting\\nis ended, there is sometimes doubt and uncer-\\ntainty in ascertaining the true result, and very\\noften an angry and obstinate refusal to ac-\\nquiesce in it when it is determined. Thus the\\nprinciple of hereditary descent seems simple,\\nclear, and liable to no uncertainty or doubt,\\nwhile that of popular election tends to lead the\\ncountry subject to it into endless disputes, and\\noften ultimately to civil war.\\nBut though this may be in theory the oper-\\nation of the two systems, in actual practice it\\nhas been found that the hereditary principle\\nhas very little advantage over any other in re-\\nspect to the avoidance of uncertainty and dis-\\npute. Among the innumerable forms and\\nphases which the principle of hereditary de-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "210 PYRRHUS.\\nscent assumes in actual life, the cases in which\\none acknowledgv ^^.d and unquestioned sover-\\neign of a country dies, and leaves one acknow-\\nledged and unquestioned heir, are compara-\\ntively few. The relationships existing among\\nthe various branches of a family are often ex-\\ntremely intricate and complicated. Sometimes\\nthey become viciously entangled with each\\nother by intermarriages sometimes the claims\\narising under them are disturbed, or modified,\\nor confused by conquests and revolutions and\\nthus they often become so hopelessly involved\\nthat no human sagacity can classify or arrange\\nthem. The case of France at the present\\ntime* is a striking illustration of this difficulty,\\nthere being in that country no less than three\\nsets of claimants who regard themselves en-\\ntitled to the supreme power the representa-\\ntives, namely, of the Bourbon, the Orleans,\\nand the Napoleon dynasties. Each one of the\\ngreat parties rests the claim which they sever-\\nally advance in behalf of their respective can-\\ndidates more or less exclusively on rights de-\\nrived from their hereditary relationship to for-\\nmer rulers of the kingdom, and there is no\\npossible mode of settling the question between\\nthem but by the test of power. Even if all\\nJanuary, 1852.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 211\\nconcerned were disposed to determine the con-\\ntroversy by a peaceful appeal to the principles\\nof the law of descent, as relating to the trans-\\nmission of governmental power, no principles\\ncould be found that would apply to the case\\nor, rather, so numerous are the principles that\\nwould be required to be taken into the ac-\\ncount, and so involved and complicated are\\nthe facts to which they must be applied, that\\nany distinct solution of the question on theo-\\nretical grounds would be utterly impossible.\\nThere is, and there can be, no means of solv-\\ning such a question but power.\\nIn fact, the history of the smaller monarch-\\nies of ancient times is comprised, sometimes\\nfor centuries almost exclusively, in narratives\\nof the intrigues, the contentions, and the\\nbloody wars of rival families, and rival\\nbranches of the same family, in asserting their\\nrespective claims as inheritors to the posses-\\nsion of power. This truth is strikingly illus-\\ntrated in the events which occurred in Mace\\ndon during the absence of Pyrrhus in Italy\\nand Sicily, in connection with the family of\\nLysimachus, and his successor in power\\nthere. These events we shall now proceed to\\nrelate in their order.\\nAt the time when Pyrrhus was driven from", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "212 PYRRHUS.\\nMacedon by Lysimachus, previous to his go-\\ning into Italy, Lysimachus was far advanced\\nin age. He was, in fact, at this time nearly\\nseventy years old. He commenced his mili-\\ntary career during the lifetime of Alexander\\nthe Great, having been one of the great con-\\nqueror s most distinguished generals. Many\\nstories were told in his early life, of his per-\\nsonal strength and valor. On one occasion,\\nas was said, when hunting in Syria, he en-\\ncountered a lion of immense size single-\\nhanded, and, after a very desperate and ob-\\nstinate conflict, he succeeded in killing him,\\nthough not without receiving severe wounds\\nhimself in the contest. Another story was,\\nthat at one time, having displeased Alexander,\\nhe was condemned to suffer death, and that,\\ntoo, in a very cruel and horrible manner. He\\nwas to be thrown into a lion s den. Th s was\\na mode of execution not uncommon in ancient\\ntimes. It answered a double purpose; it not\\nonly served for a terrible punishment in re-\\nspect to the man, but it also effected a useful\\nend in respect to the animal. By giving him\\na living man to seize and devour, the savage\\nferocity of the beast was stimulated and in-\\ncreased, and thus he was rendered more val-\\nuable for the purposes and uses for which he", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 2I3\\nwas retained. In the case of Lysimachus,\\nhowever, both these objects failed. As soon as\\nhe was put into the dungeon where the lion\\nwas awaiting him^ he attacked the beast, and,\\nthough unarmed, he succeeded in destroying\\nhim. Alexander admired so much the desper-\\nate strength and courage evinced by this ex-\\nploit, that he pardoned the criminal and re-\\nstored him to favor.\\nLysimachus continued in the service of Al-\\nexander as long as that monarch lived; and\\nwhen, at the death of Alexander, the empire\\nwas divided among the leading generals, the\\nkingdom of Thrace, which adjoins Macedon\\non the east,* was assigned to him as his por-\\ntion. He is commonly designated, therefore,\\nin history, as the King of Thrace though in\\nthe subsequent part of his life he obtained pos-\\nsession also, by conquest, of the kingdom of\\nMacedon. He married, in succession, several\\nwives, and experienced through them a great\\nvariety of domestic troubles. His second\\nwife was a Sicilian princess named Amastris.\\nShe was a widow at the time of her marriage\\nwith Lysimachus, and had two sons. After\\nbeing married to her for some time, Lysima-\\nchus repudiated and abandoned her, and she\\n_ *See map.\\n15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrihug", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "214 PYRRHUS.\\nreturned to Sicily with her two sons, and\\nlived in a certain city which belonged to\\nthem there. The young men were not of age,\\nand Amastris accordingly assumed the gov-\\nernment of the city in their name. They, how-\\never, quarreled with their mother, and finally\\ndrowned her, in order to remove her out of\\ntheir way. Lysimachus, though he might\\njustly have considered himself as in some\\nsense the cause of this catastrophe, since, by\\ndeserting his wife and withdrawing his pro-\\ntection from her, he compelled her to return\\nto Sicily and put herself in the power of her\\nunnatural sons, was still very indignant at the\\nevent, and, fitting out an expedition, he went\\nto Sicily, captured the city, took the sons of\\nAmastris prisoners, and put them to death\\nwithout mercy, in retribution for their atro-\\ncious crime.\\nAt the time when Lysimachus put away his\\nwife, Amastris, he married Arsinoe, an Egyp-\\ntian princess, the daughter, in fact, of Ptole-\\nmy, the son of Lagus, who was at this time the\\nking of Egypt. How far Lysimachus was\\ngoverned, in his repudiation of Amastris, by\\nthe influence of Arsinoe s personal attractions\\nin winning his heart away from his fidelity to\\nhis legitimate wife, and how far, on the other", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 21$\\nhand, he was aHenated from her by her own\\nmisconduct or the violence of her temper, is\\nnot now known. At any rate, the SiciUan\\nwife, as has been stated, was dismissed and\\nsent home, and the Egyptian princess came\\ninto her place.\\nThe small degree of domestic peace and\\ncomfort which Lysimachiis had hitherto en-\\njoyed was far from being improved by this\\nchange. The family of Ptolemy was dis-\\ntracted by a deadly feud, and, by means of the\\nmarriage of Arsinoe with Lysimachus, and of\\nanother marriage which subsequently occur-\\nred, and which will be spoken of presently, the\\nquarrel was transferred, in all its bitterness,\\nto the family of Lysimachus, where it produced\\nthe most dreadful results.\\nThe origin of the quarrel in the household\\nof Ptolemy was this Ptolemy married, for\\nhis first wife, Eurydice, the daughter of Anti-\\npater. When Eurydice, at the time of her mar-\\nriage, went with her husband into Egypt, she\\nwas accompanied by her cousin Berenice, a\\nyoung and beautiful widow, whom she invited\\nto go with her as her companion and friend.\\nA great change, however, soon took place in\\nthe relations which they sustained to each\\nother. From being very affectionate and con-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "2l6 PYRRHUS.\\nfidential friends, they became, as often hap-\\npens in similar cases, on far less conspicuous\\ntheatres of action, rivals and enemies. Bere-\\nnice gained the afifections of Ptolemy, and at\\nlength he married her. Arsinoe, whom Ly-\\nsimachus married, was the daughter of Ptole-\\nmy and Berenice. Xhey had also a son who\\nwas named Ptolemy, and who, at the death\\nof his father, succeeded him on the throne.\\nThis son subsequently became renowned in\\nhistory under the name O f Ptolemy Philadel-\\nphus. He was the second monarch of the\\nPtolemaic line.\\nBut, besides these descendants of Berenice,\\nthere was another set of children in Ptolemy s\\nfamily namely, those by Eurydice. Eury-\\ndice had a son and a daughter. The name of\\nthe son was Ptolemy Ceraunus that of the\\ndaughter was Lysandra. There was, of\\ncourse, a standing and bitter feud always rag-\\ning between these two branches of the royal\\nhousehold. The two wives, though they had\\nonce been friends, now, of course, hated each\\nother with perfect hatred. Each had her own\\ncircle of partisans and adherents, and the\\ncourt was distracted for many years with the\\nintrigues, the plots, the^ dissensions, and the\\nendless schemes and counter schemes which", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 2\\\\*J\\nwere resorted to by the two parties in their ef-\\nforts to thwart and circumvent each other. As\\nArsinoe, the wife of Lysimachus, was the\\ndaughter of Berenice, it might have been ex-\\npected that the mfluence of Berenice s party\\nwould prevail in Lysimachus s court. This\\nwould doubtless have been the case, had it\\nnot been that unfortunately there was another\\nalliance formed between the two families\\nwhich complicated the connection, and led, in\\nthe end, to the most deplorable results. This\\nother alliance was the marriage of Agathocles,\\nthe son of Lysimachus, with Lysandra, Eury-\\ndice s daughter. Thus, in the court and fam-\\nily of Lysimachus, Berenice had a representa-\\ntive in the person of her daughter Arsinoe,\\nthe wife of the king himself; while\\nEurydice, also, had one in the person of her\\ndaughter Lysandra, the wife of the king s\\nson. Of course, the whole virulence of the\\nquarrel was spread from Egypt to Macedon,\\nand the household of Lysimachus was dis-\\ntracted by the dissensions of Arsinoe and Ly-\\nsandra, and by the attempts which each made\\nto effect the destruction of the other.\\nOf course, in this contest, the advantage was\\non the side of Arsinoe, since she was the wife\\nof the king himself, while Lysandra was only", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "2l8 PYRRHUS.\\nthe wife of his son. Still, the position and the\\ninfluence of Lysandra were very high. x\\\\gath-\\nocles was a prince of great consideration and\\nhonor. He had been very successful in his\\nmilitary campaigns, had won many battles,\\nan^ had greatly extended the dominion and\\npower of his father. He was a great favorite,\\nin fact, both with the army and with the\\npeople, all of whom looked up to him as the\\nhope and the pride of the kingdom.\\nOf course, the bestowal of all this fame and\\nhonor upon Lysandra s husband only served\\nto excite the rivalry and hatred of Arsinoe the\\nmore. She and Lysandra were sisters, or,\\nrather, half-sisters being daughters of the\\nsame father. They were, however, on this\\nvery account, natural enemies to each other,\\nfor their mothers were rivals. Arsinoe, of\\ncourse, was continually devising means to cur-\\ntail the growing importance and greatness of\\nAgathocles. Agathocles himself, on the other\\nhand, would naturally make every effort to\\nthwart and counteract her designs. In the\\nend, Arsinoe succeeded in convincing Lysim-\\nachus that Agathocles was plotting a con-\\nspiracy against him, and was intending to take\\nthe kingdom into his own hands. This may\\nhave been true. Whether it was true or false,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 219\\nhowever, can now never be known. At all\\nevents, Lysimachus was induced to believe it.\\nHe ordered Agathocles to be seized and put\\ninto prison, and then, a short time afterward,\\nhe caused him to be poisoned. Lysandra was\\noverwhelmed with consternation and sorrow\\nat this event. She was, moreover, greatly\\nalarmed for herself and for her children, and\\nalso for her brother, Ptolemy Ceraunus, who\\nwas with her at this time. It was obvious that\\nthere could be no longer any safety for her\\nin Macedon, and so, taking with her her child-\\nren, her brother, and a few friends who ad-\\nhered to her cause, she made her escape from\\nMacedon and went to Asia. Here she cast\\nherself upon the protection of Seleucus, king\\nof Syria.\\nSeleucus was another of the. generals of Al-\\nexander the only one, in fact, besides Ly-\\nsimachus, who now survived. He had, of\\ncourse, like Lysimachus, attained to a very ad-\\nvanced period of life, being at this time more\\nthan seventy-five years old. These veterans\\nmight have been supposed to have lived long\\nenough to have laid aside their ancient rival-\\nries, and to have been willing to spend their\\nfew remaining years in peace. But it was far\\notherwise in fact. Seleucus was pleased with", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "220 PYRRHUS.\\nthe pretext afforded him, by the coming of Ly-\\nSandra, for embarking in new wars. Lysan-\\ndra was, in a short time, followed in her flight\\nby many of the nobles and chieftains of Mace-\\ndon, who had espoused her cause. Lysima-\\nchus, in fact, had driven them away by the se-\\nvere measures which he had adopted against\\nthem. These men assembled at the court of\\nSeleucus, and there, with Lysander and Ptole-\\nmy Ceraunus, they began to form plans for\\ninvading the dominions of Lysimachus, and\\navenging the cruel death of Agathocles. Se-\\nleucus was very easily induced to enter into\\nthese plans, and war was declared.\\nLysimachus did not wait for his enemies to\\ninvade his dominions; he organized an army,\\ncrossed the Hellespont, and marched to meet\\nSeleucus in Asia Minor. The armies met in\\nPhrygia. A desperate battle was fought. Ly-\\nsimachus was conquered and slain.\\nSeleucus now determined to cross the\\nHellespont himself, and, advancing into\\nThrace and Macedon^ to annex those king-\\ndoms to his own domains. Ptolemy Ceraun-\\nus accompanied him. This Ptolemy, it will be\\nrecollected, was the son of Ptolemy, king of\\nEgypt, by his wife Eurydice; and, at first view,\\nit might seem that he could have no claim", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 221\\nwhatever himself to the crown of Macedon.\\nBut Eurydice, his mother, was the daughter\\nof Antipater, the general to whom Macedon\\nhad been assigned on the original division of\\nthe empire after Alexander s death. Anti-\\npater had reigned over the kingdom for a long\\ntime with great splendor and renown, and his\\nname and memory were still held in great ven-\\neration by all the Macedonians. Ptolemy Cer-\\naunus began to conceive, therefore, that he\\nwas entitled to succeed to the kingdom as the\\ngrandson and heir of the monarch who was\\nAlexander s immediate successor, and whose\\nclaims were consequently, as he contended,\\nentitled to take precedence of all others.\\nMoreover, Ptolemy Ceraunus had lived for\\na long time in Macedon, at the court of Ly-\\nsimachus, having fled there from Egypt on\\naccount of the quarrels in which he was in-\\nvolved in his father s family. He was a man\\nof a very reckless and desperate character, and,\\nwhile a young man in his father s court, he\\nhad shown himself very ill able to brook the\\npreference which his father was disposed to\\naccord to Berenice and to her children over\\nhis mother Eurydice and him. In fact, it was\\nsaid that one reason which led his father to\\ngive Berenice s family the precedence over", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "222 PYRRHUS.\\nthat of Eurydice, and to propose that her son\\nrather than Ptolemy Ceraunus should succeed\\nhim, was the violent and uncontrollable spirit\\nwhich Ceraunus displayed. At any rate, Cer-\\naunus quarreled openly with his father, and\\nwent to Macedon to join his sister there. He\\nhad subsequently spent some considerable\\ntime at the court of Lysimachus, and had taken\\nsome active part in public affairs. When\\nAgathocles was poisoned, he fled with Lysan-\\ndra to Seleucus and when the preparations\\nwere made by Seleucus for war with Lysima-\\nchus, he probably regarded himself as in some\\nsense the leader of the expedition. He con-\\nsidered Seleucus as his ally, going with him\\nto aid him in the attempt to recover the king-\\ndom of his ancestors.\\nSeleucus, however, had no such design. He\\nby no means considered himself as engaged\\nin prosecuting an expedition for the benefit of\\nCeraunus. His plan was the enlargement of\\nhis own dominion and as for Ceraunus, he re-\\ngarded him only as an adventurer following\\nin his train a useful auxiliary, perhaps, but\\nby no means entitled to be considered as a\\nprincipal in the momentous transactions which\\nwere taking place. Ceraunus, when he found\\nwhat the state of the case really was, being", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LVSIMACHUS. 223\\nwholly unscrupulous in respect to the means\\nthat he. employed for the attainment of his\\nends, determined to kill Seleucus on the first\\nopportunity.\\nSeleucus seems to have had no suspicion of\\nthis design, for he advanced into Thrace, on\\nhis way to Macedon, without fear^ and with-\\nout taking any precautions to guard himself\\nfrom the danger of Ceraunus s meditated\\ntreachery. At length he arrived at a certain\\ntown which they told him was called Argos.\\nHe seemed alarmed on hearing this name,\\nand, when they inquired the reason, he said\\nthat he had been warned by an oracle, at some\\nformer period of his life, to beware of Argos,\\nas a place that was destined to be for him the\\nscene of some mysterious and dreadful danger.\\nHe had supposed that another Argos was al-\\nluded to in this warning, namely, an Argos in\\nGreece. He had not known before of the ex-\\nistence of any Argos in Thrace. If he had\\nbeen aware of it, he would have ordered his\\nmarch so as to have avoided it altogether and\\nnow, in consequence of the anxious forebod-\\nings that were excited by the name, he deter-\\nmined to withdraw from the place without de-\\nlay. He was, however, overtaken by his fate\\nbefore he could effect his resolution. Ptole-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "224 PYRRHUS.\\nmy Ceraunus, watching a favorable opportun-\\nity which occurred while he was at Argos,\\ncame stealthily up behind the aged king, and\\nstabbed him in the back with a dagger. Se-\\nleucus immediately fell down and died.\\nPtolemy Ceraunus forthwith organized a\\nbody of adherents and proceeded to Macedon,\\nwhere he assumed the diadem, and caused\\nhimself to be proclaimed king. He found the\\ncountry distracted by dissensions, many par-\\nties having been formed, from time to time, in\\nthe course of the preceding reigns, each of\\nwhich was now disposed to come forward with\\nits candidates and its claims. All these Ptole-\\nmy Ceraunus boldly set aside. He endeavored\\nto secure all those who were friendly to the\\nancient house of Antipater by saying that he\\nwas Antipater s grandson and heir; and, on\\nthe other hand, to conciliate the partisans of\\nLysimachus, by saying that he was Lysima-\\nchus s avenger. This was in one sense true,\\nfor he had murdered Seleucus, the man by\\nwhom Lysimachus had been destroyed. He\\nrelied, however, after all, for the means of\\nsustaining himself in his new position, not on\\nhis reasons, but on his troops and he accord-\\ningly advanced into the country more as a\\nconqueror coming to subjugate a nation by", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 22^\\nforce, than as a prince succeeding peacefully\\nto an hereditary crown.\\nHe soon had many rivals and enemies in the\\nfield against him. The three principal ones\\nwere Antiochus, Antigontis, and Pyrrhus. An-\\ntiochus was the son of Seleucus. He main-\\ntained that his father had fairly conquered the\\nkingdom of Macedon, and had acquired the\\nright to reign over it that Ptolemy Ceraunus,\\nby assassinating Seleucus, had not divested\\nhim of any of his rights, but that they all de-\\nscended unimpaired to his son, and that he\\nhimself, therefore, was the true king of Mace-\\ndon. Antigonus was the son of Demetrius,\\nwho had reigned in Macedon at a former\\nperiod, before Lysimachus had invaded and\\nconquered the kingdom. Antigonus there-\\nfore maintained that his right was superior to\\nthat of Ptolemy, for his father had been the\\nacknowledged sovereign of the country at a\\nperiod subsequent to that of the reign of An-\\ntipater. Pyrrhus was the third claimant. He\\nhad held Macedon by conquest immediately\\nbefore the reign of Lysimachus, and now,\\nsince Lysimachus had been deposed, his\\nrights, as he alleged, revived. In a\\nword, there were four competitors for the\\nthrone, each urging claims compounded", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "226 PYRRHUS.\\nof rights of conquest and of inheritance,\\nso complicated and so involved, one\\nwith the other, as to render all at-\\ntempts at a peaceable adjudication of them\\nabsolutely hopeless. There could be no pos\\nsible way of determining who was best enti-\\ntled to the throne in such a case. The only\\nquestion, therefore, that remained was, who\\nwas best able to take and keep it.\\nThis question Ptolemy Ceraunus had first\\nto try with Antigonus, who came to invade\\nthe country with a fleet and an army from\\nGreece. After a very short but violent con-\\ntest, Antigonus was defeated, both by sea and\\nby land, and Ceraunus remained master of the\\nkingdom. This triumph greatly strength-\\nened his power in respect to the other com-\\npetitors. He, in fact, contrived to settle the\\nquestion with them by treaty, in which they\\nacknowledged him as king. In the case of\\nPyrrhus, he agreed, in consideration of being\\nallowed peaceably to retain possession of his\\nkingdom, to furnish a certain amount of mili-\\ntary aid to strengthen the hands of Pyrrhus\\nin the wars in which he was then engaged in\\nItaly and Sicily. The force which he thus\\nfurnished consisted of five thousand foot, four\\nthousand horse, and fifty elephants.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 227\\nThus it would seem that every thing was\\nsettled. There was, however, one difficulty\\nstill remaining. Arsinoe, the widow of Ly\u00c2\u00b0\\nsimachus, still lived. It was Arsinoe, it will\\nbe recollected, whose jealousy of her half-sis-\\nter, Lysandra, had caused the death of Aga-\\nthocles and the flight of Lysandra, and which\\nhad led to the expedition of Seleucus, and the\\nsubsequent revolution in Macedou. When\\nher husband was killed, she, instead of submit-\\nting at once to the change of government, shut\\nherself up in Cassandria, a rich and well-de-\\nfended city. She had her sons with her, who,\\nas the children of Lysimachus, were heirs to\\nthe throne. She was well aware that she had,\\nfor the time being, no means at her command\\nfor supporting the claims of her children, but\\nshe was fully determined not to relinquish\\nthem, but to defend herself and her children\\nin the city of Cassandria, as well as she was\\nable, until some change should take place in\\nthe aspect of public affairs. Ceraunus, of\\ncourse, saw in her a very formidable and dan-\\ngerous opponent; and, after having triumph-\\ned over Antigonus, and concluded his peace\\nwith Antiochus and with Pyrrhus, he ad-\\nvanced toward Cassandria, revolving in his\\nmind the question by what means he could\\n16\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "228 PYRRHUS.\\nbest manage to get Arsinoe and her children\\ninto his power.\\nHe concluded to try the effect of cunning\\nand treachery before resorting to force. He\\naccordingly sent a message to Arsinoe, pro-\\nposing that, instead of quarreling for the\\nkingdom, they should unite their claims, and\\nasking her, for this purpose, to become his\\nwife. He would marry her, he said, and adopt\\nher children as his own, and thus the whole\\nquestion would be amicably settled.\\nArsinoe very readily acceded to this pro-\\nposal. It is true that she was the half-sister of\\nCeraunus but this relationship was no bar to\\na matrimonial union, according to the ideas\\nthat prevailed in the courts of kings in those\\ndays. Arsinoe, accordingly, gave her consent\\nto the proposal, and opened the gates of the\\ncity to Ceraunus and his troops. Ceraunus im-\\nmediately put her two sons to death. Ar-\\nsinoe herself fled from the city. Very prob-\\nably Ceraunus allowed her to escape, since,\\nas she herself had no claim to the throne, any\\nopen violence offered to her would have been\\na gratuitous crime, which would have increas-\\ned, unnecessarily, the odium that would nat-\\nurally attach to Ceraunus s proceedings. At\\nany rate, Arsinoe escaped, and, after various", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS. 229\\nwanderings, found her way back to her\\nformer home in her father s court at Alexan-\\ndria.\\nThe heart of Ceraunus was now filled with\\nexultation and pride. All his schemes had\\nproved successful, and he found himself, at\\nlast, in secure possession, as he thought, of a\\npowerful and wealthy kingdom. He wrote\\nhome to his brother in Egypt, Ptolemy Phil-\\nadelphus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 by whom, as the reader will recol-\\nlect, he had been supplanted there, in conse-\\nquence of his father s preference for the child-\\nren of Berenice saying that he now acquiesc-\\ned in that disposition of the kingdom of Egypt,\\nsince he had acquired for himself a better\\nkingdom in Macedon. He proceeded to com-\\nplete the organization of his government. He\\nrecruited his armies; he fortified his towns;\\nand began to consider himself as firmly es-\\ntablished on his throne. All his dreams,\\nhowever, of security and peace, were soon\\nbrought to a very sudden termination.\\nThere was a race of half-civilized people on\\nthe banks of the Danube called Gauls. Some\\ntribes of this nation afterward settled in what\\nis now France, and gave their name to that\\ncountry. At the period, however, of the\\nevents which we are here relating, the chief", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "230 PYRRHUS.\\nseat of their dominion was a region on the\\nbanks of the Danube, north of Macedon and\\nThrace. Here they had been for some tirwz\\nconcentrating their forces and gradually in-\\ncreasing in power, although their movements\\nhad been very little regarded by Ceraunus.\\nNow, however, a deputation suddenly appear-\\ned at Ceraunus s capital, to say that they were\\nprepared for an invasion of his dominions,\\nand asking him how much money he would\\ngive for peace. Ceraunus, in the pride of his\\nnewly-established power, treated this proposal\\nwith derision. He directed the embassadors\\nto go back and say that, far from wishing to\\npurchase peace, he would not allow peace to\\nthem, unless they immediately sent him all\\ntheir principal generals, as hostages for their\\ngood behavior. Of course, after such an in-\\nterchange of messages as this, both parties im-\\nmediately prepared for war.\\nCeraunus assembled all the forces that he\\ncould command, marched northward to meet\\nhis enemy, and a great battle was fought be-\\ntween the two armies. Ceraunus commanded\\nin person in this conflict. He rode into the\\nfield at the head of his troops, mounted on an\\nelephant. In the course of the action he was\\nwounded, and the elephant on which he rodr", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "FAMILY OF LYSIMACHUS.\\n231\\nbecoming infuriated at the same time, perhaps\\nfrom being wounded himself too, threw his\\nrider to the ground. The Gauls who were\\nTHE FALLEN ELEPHANT.\\nfighting around him immediately seized him.\\nWithout any hesitation or delay they cut off\\n^ihis head, and, raising it on the point of a pike,\\nthey bore it around the field in triumph. This\\n^jiectacle so appalled and intimidated the ar-\\nmy of the Macedonians, that the ranks were\\nsoon broken, and the troops, giving way, fled\\nin all .directions, and the Gauls found them-\\nselves masters of the field.\\nThe death of Ptolemy Ceraunus was, of", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "2Z2\\nPYRRHUS.\\ncourse, the signal for all the old claimants to\\nthe throne to come forward with their several\\npretensions anew A protracted period of dis-\\nsension and misrule ensued, during which the\\nGauls made dreadful havoc in all the northern\\nportions of Macedon. Antigonus at last suc-\\nceeded in gaining the advantage, and obtained\\na sort of nominal possession of the throne\\nwhich he held until the time when Pyrrhus\\nreturned to Epirus from Italy. Pyrrhus, be-\\ning informed of this state of things, could not\\nresist the desire which he felt of making an\\nincursion into Macedon, and seizing for him-\\nself the prize for which rivals, no better en-\\ntitled to it than he, were so fiercely con-\\ntending.\\nSeleucus\\nLysimachus.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nTHE RECONQUEST OF MACEDON.\\nIt was the great misfortune of Pyrrhus s\\nlife, a misfortune resulting apparently from\\nan inherent and radical defect in his charac-\\nter, that he had no settled plans or purposes,\\nbut embarked in one project after another, as\\naccident or caprice might incline him, appar-\\nently without any forethought, consideration,\\nor design. He seemed to form no plan, to\\nlive for no object, to contemplate no end, but\\nwas governed by a sort of blind and instinct-\\nive impulse, .which led him to love danger,\\nand to take a wild and savage delight in the\\nperformance of military exploits on their own\\naccount, and without regard to any ultimate\\nend or aim to be accomplished by them. Thus,\\nalthough he evinced great power, he produced\\nno permanent effects. There was no steadi-\\nness or perseverance in his action, and there\\ncould be none, for in his whole course of pol-\\nicy there were no ulterior ends in view by\\nwhich perseverance could be sustained. He\\n233", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "234 PYRRHUS.\\nwas, consequently, always ready to abandon\\nany enterprise in which he might be engaged\\nas soon as it began to be involved in difficul-\\nties requiring the exercise of patience, endur-\\nance, and self-denial, and to embark in any\\nnew undertaking, provided that it promised\\nto bring him speedily upon a field of battle.\\nHe was, in a word, the type and exemplar of\\nthat large class of able men who waste their\\nlives in a succession of efforts, which, though\\nthey evince great talent in those who perform\\nthem, being still without plan or aim, end\\nwithout producing any result. Such men of-\\nten, like Pyrrhus, attain to a certain species\\nof gieatness. They are famed among men\\nfor what they seem to have the power to do,\\nand not for any thing that they have actually\\ndone.\\nIn accordance with this view of Pyrrhus s\\ncharacter, we see him changing continually\\nthe sphere of his action from one country to\\nanother, gaining great victories every where,\\nand evincing in all his operations in the or-\\nganizing and assembling of his armies, in\\nhis marches, in his encampments, and in the\\ndisposition of his troops on the field of battle,\\nand especially in his conduct during the\\nperiod of actual conflict the most indomit-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "RECONQUEST OF MACEDON. 235\\nable energy and the most consummate mili-\\ntary skill. But when the battle was fought\\nand the victory gained, and an occasion su-\\npervened requiring a cool and calculating de-\\nliberation in the forming of future plans, and\\na steady adherence to them when formed, the\\ncharacter and resources of Pyrrhus s mind\\nwere found woefully wanting. The first sum-\\nmons from any other quarter, inviting him to\\na field of more immediate excitement and ac-\\ntion, was always sufficient to call him away.\\nThus he changed his field of action succes-\\nsively from Macedon to Italy, from Italy to\\nSicily, from Sicily back to Italy, and from\\nItaly to Macedon again, perpetually making\\nnew beginnings, but nowhere attaining any\\nends.\\nHis determination to invade Macedon once\\nmore, on his return to Epirus from Italy, was\\nprompted, apparently, by the mere accident\\nthat the government was unsettled, and that\\nAnti^onus was insecure in his possession of\\nthe throne. He had no intention, when he\\nfirst embarked in this scheme, of attempting\\nthe conquest of Macedon, but only designed\\nto make a predatory incursion into the coun-\\ntry for the purpose of plunder, its defenseless\\ncondition affording him, as he thought, a", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "2 ^(i PYRRHUS.\\nfavorable opportunity of doing this. The plea\\non which he justified this invasion was, that\\nAntigonus was his enemy. Ptolemy Cerau-\\nnus had made a treaty of alliance with him,\\nand had furnished him with troops for re-\\ncruiting and re-enforcing his armies in Italy,\\nas has already been stated; but Antigonus,\\nwhen called upon, had refused to do this.\\nThis, of course, gave Pyrrhus ample justifi-\\ncation, as he imagined, for his intended incur-\\nsion into the Macedonian realms.\\nBesides this, however, there was another\\njustification, namely, that of necessity. Al-\\nthough Pyrrhus had been compelled to with-\\ndraw from Italy, he had not returned by any\\nmeans alone, but had brought quite a large\\narmy with him, consisting of many thousands\\nof men, all of whom must now be fed and\\npaid. All the resources of his own kingdom\\nhad been wellnigh exhausted by the drafts\\nwhich he had made upon them to sustain him-\\nself in Italy, and it was now necessary, he\\nthought, to embark in some war, as a means\\nof finding employment and subsistence for\\nthese troops. He determined, therfore, on\\nevery account, to make a foray into Macedon.\\nBefore setting off on his expedition, he con-\\ntrived to obtain a considerable force from", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "RECONOUEST OF MACEDON. 23/\\namong the Gauls as auxiliaries. Antigonus,\\nalso, had Gauls in his service, for they them-\\nselves were divided, as it would seem, in re-\\nspect both to their policy and their leaders, as\\nwell as the Macedonians and Antigonus, tak-\\ning advantage of their dissensions, had con-\\ntrived to enlist some portion of them in his\\ncause, while the rest were the more easily,\\non that very account, induced to join the ex-\\npedition of Pyrrhus. Things being in this\\nstate, Pyrrhus, after completing his prepara-\\ntions, commenced his march, and soon cross-\\ned the Macedonian frontier.\\nAs was usually the case with the enterprises\\nwhich he engaged in, he was, in the outset,\\nvery successful. He conquered several cities\\nand towns as he advanced, and soon began to\\nentertain higher views in respect to the ob-\\nject of his expedition than he had at first\\nformed. Instead of merely plundering the\\nfrontier, as he had at first intended, he began\\nto think that it would be possible for him to\\nsubdue Antigonus entirely, and reannex the\\nwhole of Macedon to liis dominions. He was\\nwell known in Macedon, his former cam-\\npaigns in that country having brought him\\nvery extensively before the people and the\\narmy there. He had been a general favorite,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "238 PYRRHUS.\\ntoo, among them at the time when he had\\nbeen their ruler; the people admired his per-\\nsonal qualities as a soldier, and had been ac-\\ncustomed to compare him with Alexander,\\nwhom, in his appearance and manners, and in\\na certain air of military frankness and gener-\\nosity which characterized him, he was said\\nstrongly to resemble. Pyrrhus now found, as\\nhe advanced into the country of Macedonia,\\nthat the people were disposed to regard him\\nwith the same sentiments of favor which they\\nhad formerly entertained for him. Several of\\nthe garrisons of the cities joined his standard\\nand the detachments of troops which Antig-\\nonus sent forward to the frontier to check his\\nprogress, instead of giving him battle, went\\nover to him in a body and espoused his cause.\\nIn a word, Pyrrhus found that, unexpectedly\\nto himself, his expedition, instead of being\\nmerely an incursion across the frontiers on a\\nplundering foray, was assuming the charac-\\nter of a regular invasion. In short, the prog-\\nress that he made was such, that it soon be-\\ncame manifest that to meet Antigonus in one\\npitched battle, and to gain one victory, was\\nall that was required to complete the con-\\nquest of the country.\\nHe accordingly concentrated his forces", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "RECONQUEST OF MACEDON. 239\\nmore and more, strengthened himself by every\\nmeans in his power, and advanced further and\\nfurther into the interior of the country. An-\\ntigonus began to retire, desirous, perhaps, of\\nreaching some ground where he could post\\nhim self advantageously. Pyrrhus, acting\\nwith his customary energy, soon overtook the\\nenemy. He came up with the rear of Antig-\\nonus s army in a narrow defile among the\\nmountains at least, the place is designated\\nas a narrow defile by the ancient historian\\nwho narrates these events, though, from the\\nnumber of men that were engaged in the ac-\\ntion which ensued, as well as from the nature\\nof the action itself, as a historian describes it,\\nit would seem that there must have been a\\nconsiderable breadth of level ground in the\\nbottom of the gorge.\\nThe main body of Antigonus s troops was\\nthe phialanx. The Macedonian phalanx is\\nconsidered one of the most extraordinary\\nmilitary contrivances of ancient times. The\\ninvention of it was ascribed to Philip, the\\nfather of Alexander the Great, though it is\\nprobable that it was only improved and per-\\nfected, and brought into general use, but not\\nreally originated by him. The single phalanx\\nwas formed of a body of about four thousand", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "^40 PYRRHUS.\\nmen. These men were arranged in a com-\\npact form, the whole body consisting of six-\\nteen ranks, and each rank of two hundred\\nand fifty-six men. These men wore each a\\nshort sword, to be used in cases of emergen-\\ncy, and were defended by large shields. The\\nmain peculiarity, however, of their armor,\\nand the one on which the principal power of\\nthe phalanx depended as a military body, was\\nin the immensely long spears which they car-\\nried. These spears were generally twenty-\\none, and sometimes twenty-four feet long.\\nThe handles were slender, though strong,\\nand the points were tipped with steel. The\\nspears were not intended to be thrown, but\\nto be held firmly in the hands, and pointed\\ntoward the enemy and they were so long,\\nand the ranks of the men were so close to-\\nrether, that the spears of the fifth rank pro-\\njected several feet before the men who stood\\nin the front rank. Thus each man in the front\\nrank had five steel-pointed spears projecting\\nto different distances before him, while the\\nmen who stood in ranks further behind rested\\ntheir spears upon the slhoulders of those who\\nwere before them, so as to elevate the points\\ninto the air.\\nThe men were protected by large shields,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "RECONQUEST OF MACEDON. 24 1\\nwhich, when the phalanx was formed in close\\narray, just touched each other, and formed an\\nimpregnable defense. In a word, the phalanx,\\nas it moved slowly over the plain, presented\\nthe appearance of a vast monster, covered\\nwith scales, and bristling with points of steel\\na sort of military porcupine, which nothing\\ncould approach or in any way injure. Missiles\\nthrown toward it were intercepted by the\\nshields, and fell harmless to the ground.\\nDarts, arrows, javelins, and every other\\nweapon which could be projected from a dis-\\ntance, were equally ineffectual, and no one\\ncould come near enough to men thus protect-\\ned to strike at them with the sword. Even\\ncavalry were utterly powerless in attacking\\nsuch chevaux de frise as the phalanx pre-\\nsented. No charge, however furious, could\\nbreak its serrated ranks; an onset upon it\\ncould only end in impaling the men and\\nthe horses that made it together on the points\\nof the innumerable spears.\\nTo form a phalanx, and to maneuver it suc-\\ncessfully, required a special training, both on\\nthe part of the officers and men, and in the\\nLlacedonian armies the system was carried to\\nvery high perfection. When foreign auxil-\\niaries, however, served under Macedonian", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "242 PYRRHUS.\\ngenerals, they were not generally formed this\\nway, but were allowed to fight under then*\\nown leaders, and in the accustomed manner\\nof their respective nations. The army of An-\\ntigonus, accordingly, as he was retiring before\\nPyrrhus, consisted of two portions. Thj\\nphalanx was in advance, and large bodies of\\nGauls, armed and arrayed in their usual man-\\nner, were in the rear. Of course, Pyrrhus, as\\nhe came up with his force in the ravine or\\nvalley, encountered the Gauls first. Their\\nlines, it would seem, filled up the whole valley\\nat the place where Pyrrhus overtook them,\\nso that, at the outset of he contest, Pyrrhus\\nhad them only to engage. There was not\\nspace sufficient for the phalanx to come to\\ntheir aid.\\nBesides the phalanx and the bodies of\\nGauls, there was a troop of elephants in An-\\ntigonus s army. Their position, as it would\\nseem, was between the phalanx and the\\nGauls. This being the state of things, and\\nPyrrhus coming up to the attack in the rear,\\nwould, of course, encounter first the Gauls,\\nthen the elephants, and, lastly, the most for-\\nmidable of all, the phalanx itself.\\nPyrrhus advanced to the attack of the\\nGauls with the utmost fury, and, though they", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "RECONQUEST OF MACEDON. 243\\nmade a very determined resistance, they were\\nsoon overpowered and almost all cut to pieces.\\nThe troop of elephants came next. The army\\nof Pyrrhus, flushed with their victory over\\nthe Gauls, pressed eagerly on, and soon so\\nsurrounded the elephants and hemmed them\\nin, that the keepers of them perceived that all\\nhope of resistance was vain. They surrend-\\nered without an effort to defend themselves.\\nThe phalanx now remained. It had hastily\\nchanged its front, and it stood on the de-\\nfensive. Pyitrhus advanced toward it with\\nhis forces, bringing his men up in array in\\nfront of the long lines of spears, and paused.\\nThe bristling monster remained immovable,\\nevincing no disposition to advance against its\\nenemy, but awaiting, apparently^ an attack.\\nPyrrhus rode out in front of his lines and\\nsurveyed the body of Macedonians before\\nhim. He found that he knew the officers per-\\nsonally, having served with them before in\\nthe wars in which he had been engaged in\\nMacedon in former years. He saluted them,\\ncalling them by name. They were pleased\\nwith being thus remembered and recognized\\nby a personage so renowned. Pyrrhus urged\\nthem to abandon Antigonus, who had, as he\\nmaintained, no just title to the crown, and\\n17\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "244 PYRRHUS.\\nwhose usurped power he was aoout to over-\\nthrow, and invited them to enter into his\\nservice, as the ancient and rightful sovereign\\nof their country. The officers seemed much\\ndisposed to listen to these overtures; in fine,\\nthey soon decided to accede to them. The\\nphalanx went over to Pyrrhus s side in a\\nbody, and Antigonus, being thus deprived of\\nhis last remaining support, left the field in\\ncompany with a few personal followers, and\\nfled for his life.\\nOf course, Pyrrhus found himself at once in\\ncomplete possession of the Macedonian king-\\ndom. Antigonus did not, indeed, entirely\\ngive up the contest. He retreated toward\\nthe coast, where he contrived to hold posses-\\nsion, for a time, of a few maritime towns but\\nhis power as King of Macedon was gone.\\nSome few of the interior cities attempted, for\\na time, to resist Pyrrhus s rule, but he soon\\noverpowered them. Some of the cities that he\\nthus conquered he garrisoned with Gauls.\\nOf course, after such a revolution as this, a\\ngieat deal was required to be done to settle\\nthe affairs of the government on their new\\nfooting, and to make the kingdom secure in\\nthe hands of the conqueror but no one in the\\nleast degree acquainted with the character", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "RECONQUEST OF MACEDON. 245\\nand tendencies of Pyrrhus s mind could ex-\\npect that he would be at all disposed to attend\\nto these duties. He had neither the sagacity\\nto plan nor the steadiness of purpose to exe-\\ncute such measures. He could conquer, but\\nthat was all. To secure the results of his con-\\nquests was utterly beyond his power.\\nIn fact, far from making such a use of his\\npower as to strengthen his position, and es-\\ntablish a permanent and settled government,\\nhe so administered the affairs of state, or,\\nrather, he so neglected them, that very soon\\nan extended discontent and disaffection be-\\ngan to prevail. The Gauls, whom he had left\\nas garrisons in the conquered cities, govern-\\ned them in so arbitrary a manner, and plun-\\ndered them so recklessly, as to produce ex-\\ntreme irritation among the people. They com-\\nplained earnestly to Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus paid\\nlittle attention to their representations. To\\nfight a battle with an open enemy on the field\\nwas always a pleasure to him but to meet and\\ngrapple with difficulties of this kind\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to hear\\ncomplaints, and listen to evidence, and dis-\\ncuss and consider remedies, was all weariness\\nand toil to him.\\nWhat he would have done, and what would\\nhave been the end of his administration in", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "246\\nPYRRHUS.\\nMacedon, had he been left to himself, can not\\nnow be known for, very fortunately, as he\\ndeemed it, he was suddenly relieved of all the\\nemba/rrassment in which he was gradually\\ngetting involved, as he had often been relieved\\nin similar circumstances before, by an invita-\\nGreek Armor,\\ntion which came to him just at this time to\\nembark in a new military enterprise, which\\nwould draw him away from the country al-\\ntogether. It is scarcely necessary to say that\\nPyrrhus accepted the invitation with the most\\neager alacrity. The circumstances of the case\\nwill be explained in the next chapter.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nSPARTA.\\nThe war in which Pyrfhus was invited to\\nengage, at the time referred to at the closii\\nof the last chapter, arose out of a domestic\\nquarrel in one of the royal families of Sparta.\\nSparta was one of the principal cities of the\\nPeloponnesus, and the capital of a very\\npowerful and warlike kingdom.* The insti-\\ntutions of government in this commonwealth\\nwere very peculiar, and among the most ex-\\ntraordinary of them all was the arrangement\\nmade in respect to the kingly power. There\\nwere two dynasties, or lines of kings, reign-\\ning conjointly. The division of power be-\\ntween the two incumbents whO reigned at\\nany one time may have been somewhat similai\\nto that made in Rome between the consuls.\\nBut the system differed from that of the con-\\nsular government in the fact that the SparLan\\nkings were not elected magistrates, like the\\nRoman consuls, but hereditary sovereigns,\\nderiving their power from their ancestors,\\neach in his own line.\\nFor the situation of Sparta, see map.\\n247", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "248 PYRRHUS.\\nThe origin of this extraordinary system was\\nsaid to be this at a very early period of the\\nSpartan history, a king died suddenly, leaving\\ntwo children twins, as his heirs, but without\\ndesignating either one of them as his succes-\\nsor. The Spartans then applied to the mother\\nof the two children to know which of them\\nwas the first-born. She pretended that she\\ncould not tell. They then applied to the ora-\\ncle at Delphi, asking what they should do.\\nThe response of the oracle directed them to\\nmake both the children kings, but to bestow\\nthe highest honors upon the oldest. By this\\nanswer the Spartans were only partially re-\\nlieved from their dilemma for, under the di-\\nrections of the oracle, the necessity of deter-\\nmining the question of priority in respect to\\nthe birth of the two children remained, with-\\nout any light or guidance being afforded them\\nin respect to the mode of doing it.\\nAt last some person suggested that a watcTi\\nshould be set over the mother, with a view to\\nascertain for which of her children she had the\\nstrongest affection. They supposed that :slie\\nreally knew which was the first-born, and\\nthat she would involuntarily give to the one\\nwhom she regarded in that light the prece-\\ndence in the maternal services and duties", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 249\\nwhich she rendered to the babes. This plan\\nsucceeded. It was discovered which was the\\nfirst-born, and which was the younger; and\\nthe Spartans, accordingly, made both the\\nchildren kings, but gave the highest rank to\\nthe former, as the oracle had directed. The\\nchildren both lived, and grew up to be men,\\nand in due time were married. By a singu-\\nlar coincidence, they married twin-sisters.\\nIn the two families thus arising originated the\\nSpartan lines of kings that reigned jointly\\nover the kingdom for many successive gen-\\nerations. To express this extraordinary sys-\\ntem of government, it has sometimes been\\nsaid that Sparta, though governed by kings,\\nwas not a monarchy, but a diarchy.\\nThe diarchy, however, as might have been\\nexpected, was found not to work very success-\\nfully in practice. Various dissensions and\\ndifficulties arose; and at length, about two\\nhundred years after the original establishment\\nof the two lines, the kingdom became almost\\nwholly disorganized. At this juncture the cel-\\nebrated lawgiver Lycurgus arose. He framed\\na system of laws and regulations for the king-\\ndom, which were immediately put in force,\\nand resulted not only in restoring the public\\naffairs to order at the time, but were the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "2SO PYRRHUS.\\nmeans, in the end, of raising Sparta to the\\nhighest condition of prosperity and renown.\\nLycurgus was indebted for his success in\\nthe measures which he adopted not merely to\\nthe sagacity which he exercised in framing\\nthem, and the energy with which he carried\\nthem into effect: he occupied personally a\\nvery peculiar position, which afforded him\\ngreat facilities for the performance of his\\nwork. He was a member of one of the royal\\nfamilies, being a younger son of one of the\\nkings. He had an elder brother named Poly-\\ndectes. His father died suddenly, from a stab\\nthat he received in a fray. He was not per-\\nsonally engaged in the fray himself as one of\\nthe combatants, but only went into it to sep-\\narate other persons, who had by some means\\nbecome involved in a sudden quarrel. In the\\nstruggle, he received a stab from a kitchen\\nknife, with which one of the combatants was\\narmed, and immediately died.\\nPolydectes, of course, being the eldest son,\\nsucceeded to the throne. He, however, very\\nsoon died, leaving a wife, but no children.\\nAbout eight months after his death, however,\\na child was born to his widow, and this child,\\naccording to the then received principles of", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 251\\nhereditary descent, was entitled to succeed\\nhis father.\\nAs, however, at the time of Polydectes s\\ndeath the child was not born, Lycurgus, the\\nbrother, was then apparently the heir. He\\naccordingly assumed the government so far\\nas the government devolved upon the line tj\\nwhich his brother had belonged\u00e2\u0080\u0094 intending\\nonly to hold it in the interim, and to give it\\nup ultimately when the proper heir should\\nappear. In the mean time, the widow sup-\\nposed very naturally that he would like to re-\\ntain the power permanently. She was her-\\nself also ambitious of reigning as queen and\\nshe accordingly made to Lycurgus the atro-\\ncious and unnatural proposal to destroy the\\nlife of her child, on condition that he would\\nmarry her, and allow her to share the king-\\ndom with him. Lycurgus was much shocked\\nat receiving such a proposition, but he deemed\\nit best, for the time being, to appear to accede\\nto it. He accordingly represented to the\\nqueen that it would not be best for her to\\nmake the attempt which she had proposed, lest\\nshe should thereby endanger her own safety.\\nWait, said he, and let me know as soon as\\nthe child is born; then leave every thing to", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "252 PYRRHUS.\\nme. I will do myself whatever is required to\\nbe done.\\nLycurgus, moreover, had attendants, pro-\\nvided with orders to keep themselves in read-\\niness when the child should be born, and, if\\nit proved to be a son, to bring the babe to\\nhim immediately, wherever he might be, or\\nhowever he might be engaged. If it proved\\nto be a daughter, they were to leave it in the\\nhands of the woman who had charge of the\\nqueen. The babe proved to be a son. The of-\\nficers took it, accordingly, and brought it at\\nonce to Lycurgus. The unnatural mother, of\\ncourse, understood that it was taken away\\nfrom her to be destroyed, and she acquiesced\\nin the supposed design, in order, by sacrific-\\ning her child, to perpetuate her own queenly\\ndignity and power. Lycurgus, however, was\\nintending to conduct the affair to a very dif-\\nferent result.\\nAt the time when the attendants brought\\nthe new-born babe to Lycurgus s house, Ly-\\ncurgus was engaged with a party of friends\\nwhom he had invited to a festival. These\\nfriends consisted of nobles, generals, minis-\\nters of state, and other principal personages\\nof the Spartan commonwealth, whom Lycur-\\ngus had thus assembled in anticipation, pro-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 253\\nbably, of what was to take place. The attend-\\nants had been ordered to bring the child to\\nhim without delay, wherever they might find\\nhim. They accordingly came into the apart-\\nment where Lycurgus and his friends were as-\\nsembled, bringing the infant with them in\\ncheir arms. Lycurgus received him, and hold-\\ning him up before the company, called out to\\nthem, in a loud voice, Spartans, I present to\\nyou your new-born king! The people re-\\nceived the young prince with the most extrav-\\nagant demonstrations of joy; and Lycurgus\\nnamed him Charilaus, which means, Dear to\\nthe people.\\nThe conduct of Lycurgus on this occasion\\nwas thought to be very generous and noble,\\nsince by bringing the child forward as the\\ntrue heir to the crown, he surrendered at once\\nall his own pretensions to the inheritance, and\\nmade himself a private citizen. Very few of\\nthe sons of kings, either in ancient or modern\\ntimes, would have pursued such a course.\\nBut, though in respect to his position, he\\nabased himself by thus descending from his\\nplace upon the throne to the rank of a private\\ncitizen, he exalted himself very highly in re-\\nspect to influence and character. He was at\\nonce made protector of the person of the child", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "^54 PYRRHUS.\\nand regent of the realm during the young\\nking s minority; and all the people of the\\ncity, applauding the noble deed which he had\\nperformed, began to entertain toward him feel-\\nings of the highest respect and veneration.\\nIt proved, however, that there were yet very\\nserious difficulties, which he was destined to\\nmeet and surmount before the way should be\\nfully open for the performance of the great\\nwork for which he afterward became so re-\\nnowned. Although the people generally of\\nSparta greatly applauded the conduct of Ly-\\ncurgus, and placed the utmost confidence in\\nhim, there were still a few who hated and op-\\nposed him. Of course, the queen herself,\\nwhose designs he had thwarted, was extreme-\\nly indignant at having been thus deceived.\\nNot only was her own personal ambition dis-\\nappointed by the failure of her design, but her\\nwomanly pride was fatally wounded in hav-\\ning been rejected by Lycurgus in the ofifer\\nwhich she had made to become his wife. She\\nand her friends, therefore, were implacably\\nhostile to him. She had a brother, named Le-\\nonidas, who warmly espoused her cause. Le-\\nonidas quarreled openly with Lycurgus. He\\naddressed him one day, in the presence of sev-\\neral witnesses, in a very violent and threaten-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 255\\ning manner. 1 know very well, said he,\\nthat your seeming disinterestedness, and your\\nshow of zeal for the safety and welfare of the\\nyoung king, are all an empty pretense. You\\nare plotting to destroy him, and to raise your-\\nself to the throne in his stead; and if we wait\\na short time, we shall see you accomplishing\\nthe results at which you are really aiming, in\\nyour iniquitous and hypocritical policy.\\nOn hearing these threats and denunciations,\\nLycurgus, instead of making an angry reply\\nto them, began at once calmly to consider what\\nit would be best for him to do. He reflected\\nthat the life of the child was uncertain, not-\\nwithstanding every precaution which he might\\nmake for the preservation of it and if by any\\ncasuality it should die, his enemies might\\ncharge him with having secretly murdered it.\\nHe resolved, therefore, to remove at once and\\nforever all possible suspicion, present or pros-\\npective, of the purity of his motives, by with-\\ndrawing altogether from Sparta until the child\\nshould come of age. He accordingly made ar-\\nrangements for placing the young king under\\nprotectors who could not be suspected of col-\\nlusion with him for any guilty purpose, and\\nalso organized an administration to govern\\nthe country until the king should be of age.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "256 PYRRHUS.\\nHaving taken these steps, he bade Sparta fare-\\nwell, and set out upon a long and extended\\ncourse of travels.\\nHe was gone from his native land many\\nyears, during which period he visited all the\\nprincipal states and kingdoms of the earth,\\nemploying himself, wherever he went, in\\nstudying the history, the government, and the\\ninstitutions of the countries through which he\\njourneyed and in visiting and conversing with\\nall the most distinguished men. He went first\\nto Crete, a large island which lay south of\\nthe ^gean Sea, its western extremity being\\nnot far from the coast of Peloponnesus. After\\nremaining for some time in Crete, visiting all\\nits principal cities, and making himself thor-\\noughly acquainted with its history and con-\\ndition, he sailed for Asia Minor, and visited\\nall the chief capitals there. From Asia Minor\\nhe went to Egypt, and, after finishing his ob-\\nservations and studies in the cities of the Nile,\\nhe journeyed westward, and passed through\\nall the countries lying on the northern coast\\nof Africa, and then from Africa he crossed\\nover into Spain. He remained long enough in\\neach place that he visited to make himself\\nvery thoroughly acquainted with its philos-\\nophy, its government, its civilization, its state", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "SPARTA, 257\\nof progress in respect to the arts and usages\\nof social life with every thing, in fact, which\\ncould have a bearing upon national prosperity\\nand welfare.\\nIn the mean time, the current of affairs at\\nSparta flowed by no means smoothly. As\\nyears rolled on, and the yoiung prince, Charil-\\naus, advanced toward the period of manhood,\\nhe became involved in various difficulties,\\nwhich greatly embarrassed and perplexed him.\\nHe was of a very amiable and gentle dispos-\\nition, but was wholly destitute of the strength\\nand energy of character required for the sta-\\ntion in which he was placed. Disagreements\\narose between him and the other king. They\\nboth quarreled, too, with their nobles and\\nwith the people. The people did not respect\\nthem, and gradually learned to despise their\\nauthority. They remembered the efficiency\\nand the success of Lycurgus s government,\\nand the regularity and order which had\\nmarked the whole course of public affairs dur-\\ning his administration. They appreciated\\nnow, too, more fully than before, the noble\\npersonal qualities which Lycurgus had evinced\\nhis comprehensiveness of view, his firmness\\nof purpose, his disinterestedness, his generos-\\nity; and they contrasted the lofty sentiments\\n18\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "258 PYRRHUS.\\nand principles which had always governed\\nhim with the weakness, the childishness, and\\nthe petty ambition of their actual kings. In a\\nword, they all wished that Lycurgus would re-\\nturn.\\nEven the kings themselves participated in\\nthis wish. They perceived that their affairs\\nwere getting into confusion, and began to feel\\napprehension and anxiety. Lycurgus received\\nrepeated messages from them and from the\\npeople of Sparta, urging him to return, but he\\ndeclined to accept these proposals, and went\\non with his travels and his studies as before.\\nAt last, however, the Spartans sent a formal\\nembassy to Lycurgus, representing to him the\\ntroubled condition of public affairs in Sparta,\\nand the dangers which threatened the com-\\nmonwealth, and urging him in the most press-\\ning manner to return. These embassadors, in\\ntheir interview with Lycurgus, told him that\\nthey had kings, indeed, at Sparta, so far as\\nbirth, and title, and the wearing of royal robes\\nwould go, but as for any royal qualities be-\\nyond this mere outside show, they had seen\\nnothing of the kind since Lycurgus had left\\nthem.\\nLycurgus finally concluded to comply with\\nthe request. He returned to Sparta. Here he", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 259\\nemployed himself for a time in making a care-\\nful examination into the state of the country,\\nand in conversing with the principal men of\\ninfluence in the city, and renewing his ac-\\nquaintance with them. At length he formed a\\nplan for an entire organization of the govern-\\nment. He proposed this plan to the principal\\nmen, and, having obtained the consent of a\\nsufficient number of them to the leading pro-\\nvisions of his new constitution, he began to\\ntake measures for the public promulgation\\nand establishment of it.\\nThe first step was to secure a religious sanc-\\ntion for his proceedings, in order to inspire\\nthe common people with a feeling of rever-\\nence and awe for his authority. He accord-\\ningly left Sparta, saying that he was going to\\nconsult the oracle at Delphi. In due time he\\nreturned, bringing with him the response of\\nthe oracle. The response was as follows\\nLycurgus is beloved of the gods, and is\\nhimself divine. The laws which he has framed\\nare perfect, and under them a commonwealth\\nshall arise which shall hereafter become the\\nmost famous in the world.\\nThis response, having been made known in\\nSparta, impressed every one with a very high\\nsense of the authority of Lycurgus, and dis-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "2*80 PYRRHUS.\\nposed all classes of people to acquiesce in the\\ncomiilg change. Lycurgus did not, however,\\nrely entirely on this disposition. When the\\ntime came for organizing the new government,\\nhe stationed an armed force in the market-\\nplace one morning at a very early hour, so\\nthat the people, when they came forth, as usu-\\nal, into the streets, found that Lycurgus had\\ntaken military possession of the city. The first\\nfeeling was a general excitement and alarm.\\nCharilaus, the kixig, who, it seems, had not\\nbeen consulted in these movements at all, was\\nvery much terrified. He supposed that an in-\\nsurrection had taken place against his author-\\nity, and that his life was in danger. To save\\nhimself, he fled to one of the temples as to a\\nsanctuary. Lycurgus sent to him, informing\\nhim that those engaged in the revolution\\nwhich had taken place intended no injury to\\nhim, either in respect to his person or his roy-\\nal prerogatives. By these assurances the fears\\nof Charilaus were allayed, and thenceforth he\\nco-operated with Lycurgus in carrying his\\nmeasures into efifect.\\nThis is not the place for a full account of\\nthe plan of government which Lycurgus intro-\\nduced, nor of the institutions which gradually\\ngrew up under it. It is sufficient to say that", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "SPARfA. 261\\nthe system which he adopted was celebrated\\nthroughout the world during the period of its\\ncontinuance, and has since been celebrated in\\nevery age, as being the most stern and rugged\\nsocial system that was ever framed. The com-\\nmonwealth of Sparta became, under the in-\\nstitutions of Lycurgus, one great camp. The\\nnation was a nation of soldiers. Every pos\\nsible device was resorted to to inure all classes\\nof the population, the young and the old, the\\nmen and the women, the rich and the poor, to\\nevery species of hardship and privation. The\\nonly qualities that were respected or cultivated\\nwere such stern virtues as courage, fortitude,\\nendurance, insensibility to pain and grief, and\\ncontempt for all the pleasures of wealth and\\nluxury. Lycurgus did not write out his sys-\\ntem. He would not allow it to be written out.\\nHe preferred to put it in operation, and then\\nleave it to perpetuate itself, as a matter of us-\\nage and precedent. Accordingly, after fully\\norganizing the government on the plan which\\nhe had arranged, and announcing the laws,\\nand establishing the customs by which he in-\\ntended that the ordinary course of social lifj\\nshould be regulated, he determined to with-\\ndraw from the field and await the result. He\\ntherefore informed the people that he was go-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "262 PYRRHUS,\\ning away again on another journey, and that\\nhe would leave the carrying forward of the\\ngovernment which he had framed for them\\nand initiated in their hands; and he required\\nof them a solemn oath that they would make\\nno change in the system until he returned. In\\ndoing this, his secret intention was never to\\nreturn.\\nSuch was the origin, and such the general\\ncharacter of the Spartan government. In the\\ntime of Pyrrhus, the system had been in oper-\\nation for about five hundred years. During\\nthis period the state passed through many and\\nvarious vicissitudes. It engaged in wars, of-\\nfensive and defensive it passed through many\\ncalamitous and trying scenes, suffering, from\\ntime to time, under the usual ills which, in\\nthose days, so often disturbed the peace and\\nwelfare of nations. But during all this time,\\nthe commonwealth retained in a very striking\\ndegree, the extraordinary marks and charac-\\nteristics which the institutions of Lycurgus\\nhad enstamped upon it. The Spartans still were\\nterrible in the estimation of all mankind, so\\nstern and indomitable was the spirit which\\nthey manifested in all the enterprises in which\\nthey engaged.\\nIt was from Sparta that the message came\\nto Pyrrhus asking his assistance in a war that", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "SPARTA. 263\\nwas then waging there. The war originated\\nin a domestic quarrel which arose in the fam-\\nily of one of the lines of kings. The name of\\nthe prince who made application to Pyrrhus\\nwas Cleonymus. He was a younger son of\\none of the Spartan kings. He had had an\\nolder brother named Acrotatus. The crown,\\nof course, would have devolved on this broth-\\ner, if he had been living when the father died.\\nBut he was not. He died before his father,\\nleaving a son, however, named Areus, as his\\nheir. Areus, of course, claimed the throne\\nwhen his grandfather died. He was not young\\nhimself at this time. He had advanced beyond\\nthe period of middle life, and had a son who\\nhad grown up to maturity.\\nCleonymus was very unwilling to acquiesce\\nin the accession of Areus to the throne. He\\nwas himself the son of the king who had died,\\nwhile Areus was only the grandson. He\\nmaintained, therefore, that he had the highest\\nclaim to the succession. He was, however,\\noverruled, and Areus assumed the crown.\\nSoon after his accession, Areus left Sparta\\nand went to Crete, intrusting the government\\nof his kingdom, in the mean time, to his son.\\nThe name of this son was Acrotatus. Cleony-\\nmus, of course, looked with a particularly evil", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "264 PYRRHUS.\\neye upon this young man, and soon began to\\nform designs against him. At length, after\\nthe lapse of a considerable period, during\\nwhich various events occurred which can not\\nbe here described, a circumstance took place\\nwhich excited the hostility which Cleonymus\\nfelt for Acrotatus to the highest degree. The\\ncircumstances were these:\\nCleonymus, though far advanced in life,\\nmarried, about the time that the events oc-\\ncurred which we are here describing, a very\\nyoung lady named Chelidonis. Chelidonis was\\na princess of the royal line, and was a lady of\\ngreat personal beauty. She, however, had very\\nlittle affection for her husband, and at length\\nAcrotatus, who was young and attractive in\\nperson, succeeded in winning her love, and en-\\nticing her away from her husband. This af-\\nfair excited the mind of Cleonymus to a perfect\\nphrensy of jealousy and rage. He immediate-\\nly left Sparta, and, knowing well the character\\nand disposition of Pyrrhus, he proceeded\\nnorthward to Macedon, laid his case before\\nPyrrhus, and urged him to fit out an expedi-\\ntion and march to the Peloponnesus, with a\\nview of aiding him to put down the usurpers,\\nas he called them, and to establish him on the\\nthrone of Sparta instead. Pyrrhus immedi-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "SPARTA.\\n265\\nately saw that the conjuncture opened before\\nhim a prospect of a very brilliant campaign, m\\na field entirely new, and he at once determined\\nto embark forthwith in the enterprise. He re-\\nsolved, accordingly, to abandon his interests\\nin Macedon and march into Greece.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER Xn.\\nTHE LAST CAMPAIGN OF PYRRHUS.\\nImmediately on receiving t he invitation of\\nCleonymus, Pyrrhus commenced making pre-\\nparations on a very extensive scale for the in-\\ntended campaign. He gathered all the troops\\nthat he could command, both from Macedon\\nand Epirus. He levied taxes and contribu-\\ntions, provided military stores of every kind,\\nand entered into all the other arrangements\\nrequired for such an enterprise. These prelim-\\ninary operations required a considerable\\ntime, so that he was not ready to commence\\nhis march until the follov^ing year. When all\\nv^as ready, he found that his force consisted of\\ntwenty-five thousand foot, two thousand\\nhorse, and a troop of twenty-four elephants.\\nHe had two sons, neither of whom, it would\\nseem, was old enough to be intrusted with the\\ncommand, either in Macedon or Epirus, dur-\\ning his absence, and he accordingly deter-\\nmined to take them with him. Their names\\n266", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 267\\nwere Ptolemy and Helenus. Pyrrhus himself\\nat this time was about forty-five years of age.\\nAlthough in this expedition Cleonymus\\nsupposed that Pyrrhus was going into Greece\\nonly as his ally, and that the sole object of the\\nwar was to depose Areus and place Cleonymus\\non the throne in his stead, Pyrrhus himself\\nentertained far different designs. His inten-\\ntion was, while invading the country in\\nCleonymus s name, to overrun and conquer it\\nall, with a view of adding it to his own domin-\\nions. Of course, he gave no intimation to\\nCleonymus that he entertained any such de-\\nsigns.\\nThe approach of Pyrrhus naturally produced\\ngreat excitement and commotion in Sparta.\\nHis fame as a military commander was known\\nthroughout the world; and the invasion of\\ntheir country by such a conqueror, at the head\\nof so large a force, was calculated to awaken\\ngreat alarm among the people. The Spartans,\\nhowever, were not much accustomed to be\\nalarmed. They immediately began to make\\npreparations to defend themselves. They sent\\nforward an embassage to meet Pyrrhus on\\nthe way, and demand wherefore he was com-\\ning. Pyrrhus rnade evasive and dishonest re-\\nplies. He was not intending, he said, to com-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "268 PYRRHUS.\\nmit any hostilities against Sparta. His busi-\\nness was with certain other cities of the Pelo-\\nponnesus, which had been for some time under\\na foreign yoke, and which he was now coming\\nto free. The Spartans were not deceived by\\nthese protestations, but time was gained, and\\nthis was Pyrrhus s design.\\nHis army continued to advance, and in its\\nprogress began to seize and plunder towns be-\\nlonging to the Spartan territory. The Spar-\\ntans sent embassadors again, demanding what\\nthese proceedings meant. The embassadors\\ncharged it upon Pyrrhus, that, contrary to the\\nlaws and usages of nations, he was making\\nwar upon them without having previously de-\\nclared war.\\nAnd do you Spartans, said Pyrrhus, in re-\\nply, always tell the world whatevei you are\\ngoing to do before you do it? Such a\\nrejoinder was virtually acknowledging that\\nthe object of the expedition was an attack on\\nSparta itself. The embassadors so understood\\nit, and bid the invader defiance.\\nLet there be war, then, said they, if you\\nwill have it so. We do not fear you, whether\\nyou are a god or a man. If you are a god, you\\nwill not be disposed to do us any injury, for\\nwe have never injured you. If you are a man.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 269\\nyou can not harm us, for we can produce men\\nin Sparta able to meet any other man what-\\never.\\nThe embassadors then returned to Sparta,\\nand the people immediately pushed forward\\nwith all diligence their preparations for put-\\nting the city in an attitude of defense.\\nPyrrhus continued his march, and at length,\\ntoward evening, approached the walls of the\\ncity. Cleonymus, who knew well what sort of\\nenemies they had to deal with, urgently rec-\\nommended that an assault should be made\\nthat night, supposing that the Spartans would\\nsucceed in making additional defenses if the at-\\ntack were postponed until the morning. Pyr-\\nrhus, however, was disposed not to make the\\nattack until the following day. He felt per-\\nfectly sure of his prize, and was, according-\\nly, in no haste to seize it. He thought, it was\\nsaid, that if the attack were made in the night,\\nthe soldiers would plunder the city, and thus\\nhe should lose a considerable part of the booty\\nwhich he hoped otherwise to secure for him-\\nself. He could control them better in the day-\\ntime. He accordingly determined to remain\\nin his camp, without the city, during the night,\\nand to advance to the assault in the morning.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "270 PYRRHUS.\\nSo he ordered the tents to be pitched on the\\nplain, and sat quietly down.\\nIn the mean time, great activity prevailed,\\nwithin the walls. The senate was convened,\\nand was engaged in debating and deciding the\\nvarious questions that necessarily arise in such\\nan emergency. A plan was proposed for re-\\nmoving the women from the city, in order to\\nsave them from the terrible fate which would\\ninevitably await them, should the army of Pyr-\\nrhus be successful on the following day. It\\nwas thought that they might go out secretly\\non the side opposite to that on which Pyrrhus\\nwas encamped, and thence be conducted to the\\nseashore, where they might be conveyed in\\nships and galleys to the island of Crete, which,\\nas will appear from the map, was situated at\\nno great distance from the Spartan coast. By\\nthis means the mothers and daughters, it was\\nthought, would be saved, whatever might be\\nthe fate of the husbands and brothers. The\\nnews that the senate were discussing such a\\nplan as this was soon spread abroad among\\nthe people. The women were aroused to the\\nmost strenuous opposition against this plan.\\nThey declared that they never would seek\\nsafety for themiselves by going away, and\\nleaving their fathers, husbands, and brothers", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 27I\\nin such danger. They commissioned one of\\ntheir number, a princess named Archidamia,\\nto make known to the senate the views which\\nthey entertained of this proposal. Archida-\\nmia went boldly into the senate-chamber, with\\na drawn sword in her hand, and there arrest-\\ned the discussion in which the senators were\\nengaged by demanding how they could enter-\\ntain such an opinion of the women of Sparta\\nas to suppose that they could survive the de-\\nstruction of the city and the death of all whom\\nthey loved. They did not wish to be saved,\\nthey said, unless all could be saved together;\\nand she implored the senate to abandon at\\nonce all ideas of sending them away, and al-\\nlow them, instead, to take their share in the\\nnecessary labors required for the defense of\\nthe city. The senate yielded to this appeal,\\nand, abandoning the design which they had\\nentertained of sending the women away,\\nturned their attention immediately to plans of\\ndefense.\\nWhile these earnest consultations and dis-\\ncussions were going on in the senate, and in\\nthe streets and dwellings of the city, there was\\none place which presented a scene of excite-\\nment of a very different kind namely, the\\npalace of Cleonymus. There all were in a", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "2y2 PYRRHUS.\\nstate of eager anticipation, expecting the\\nspeedy arrival of their master. The domes-\\ntics believed confidently that an attack would\\nbe made upon the city that night by the com-\\nbined army of Cleonymus and Pyrrhus and\\npresuming that it would be successful, they\\nsupposed that their master, as soon as the\\ntroops should obtain possession of the city,\\nwould coime home at once to his own house,\\nbringing his distinguished ally with him. They\\nbusied themselves, therefore, in adorning and\\npreparing the apartments of the house, and\\nin making ready a splendid entertainment, in\\norder that they might give to Cleonymus and\\nhis friend a suitable reception when they\\nshould arrive.\\nChelidonis, however, the young and beauti-\\nful, but faithless wife of Cleonymus, was not\\nthere. She had long since left her husband s\\ndwelling, and now she was full of suspense\\nand anxiety in respect to his threatened re-\\nturn. If the city should be taken, she knew\\nvery well that she must necessarily fall again\\ninto her husband s power, and she determined\\nthat she never would fall into his power again\\nalive. So she retired to her apartment, and\\nthere putting a rope around her neck, and\\nmaking all other necessary preparations, she", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 273\\nawaited the issue of the battle, resolved to de-\\nstroy herself the moment she should hear tid-\\nings that Pyrrhus had gained the victory.\\nIn the meantime, the miUtary leaders of the\\nSpartans were engaged in strengthening the\\ndefenses, and in making all the necessary pre-\\nparations for the ensuing conflict. They did\\nnot, however, intend to remain within the city,\\nand await the attack of the assailants there.\\nWith the characteristic fearlessness of the\\nSpartan character, they determined, when\\nthey found that Pyrrhus was not intending to\\nattack the city that night, that they would\\nthemselves go out to meet him in the morn-\\ning.\\nOne reason, however, for this determination\\ndoubtless was, that the city was not shut in\\nwith substantial walls and defenses, like\\nmost of the other cities of Greece, as it was a\\nmatter of pride with the Spartans to rely on\\ntheir own personal strength and courage foi\\nprotection, rather than on artificial bulwarks\\nand towers. Still, such artificial aids were not\\nwholly despised, and they now determined to\\ndo what was in their power in this respect, by\\nthrowing up a rampart of earth, under cover of\\nthe darkness of the night, along the line over\\nwhich the enemy must march in attacking the\\n19 Pyrrhus", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "274 PYRRHUS.\\ncity. This work was accordingly begun. They\\nwould not, however, employ the soldiers in\\nthe work, or any strong and able-bodied men\\ncapable of bearing arms. They wished to re~\\nserve the strength of all these for the more\\nurgent and dreadful work of the following\\nday. The ditch was accordingly dug, and the\\nram parts raised by the boys, the old men, and\\nespecially by the women. The women of all\\nranks in the city went out and toiled all night\\nat this labor, having laid aside half their\\nclothes, that their robes might not hinder\\nthem in the digging. The reader, however,\\nmust not, in his imaginatioin, invest these fair\\nlaborers with the delicate forms, and gentle\\nmanners, and timid hearts which are gener-\\nally deemed characteristic of women, for the\\nSpartan females were trained expressly, from\\ntheir earliest life, to the most rough and bold\\nexposures and toils. They were inured from\\ninfancy to hardihood, by being taught to con-\\ntend in public wrestlings and games, to en-\\ndure every species of fatigue and exposure,\\nand to despise every thing like gentleness and\\ndelicacy. In a word, they were little less mas-\\nculine in appearance and manners than the\\nmen and accordingly, when Archidamia\\nwent into the senate-chamber with a drawn", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 275\\nsword in her hand, and there, boldly facing\\nthe whole assembly, declared that the women\\nwould on no account consent to leave the\\ncity, she acted in a manner not at all incon-\\nsistent with what at Sparta was considered\\nthe proper position and character of her sex.\\nIn a word, the Spartan women were as bold\\nand stern, and almost as formidable, as the\\nmen.\\nAll night long the work of excavation went\\non. Those who were too young or too feeble\\nto work were employed in going to and fro,\\ncarrying tools where they were required, or\\nbringing food and drink to those who were\\ndigging in the trench, while the soldiers re-\\nmained quietly at rest within the city, await-\\ning the duties which were to devolve upon\\nthem in the morning. The trench was made\\nwide and deep enough to impede the passage\\nof the elephants and of the cavalry, and it was\\nguarded at the ends by wagons, the wheels of\\nwhich were half buried in the ground at the\\nplaces chosen for them, in order to render\\nthem immovable. All this work was per-\\nformed in such silence and secrecy that it met\\nwith no interruption from Pyrrhus s camp,\\nand the whole was completed before the morn-\\ning dawned.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "^76 PYRRHUS.\\nAs soon as it began to be light, the camp\\nof Pyrrhus was in motion. All was excite-\\nment and commotion, too, within the city.\\nThe soldiers assumed their arms and formed\\nin array. The women gathered around them\\nwhile they were making these preparations,\\nassisting them to buckle on their armor, and\\nanimating them with words of sympathy and\\nencouragement. How glorious it will be for\\nyou, said they, to gain a victory here in thp,\\nprecincts of the city, where we can all witness\\nand enjoy your triumph; and even if you fall\\nin the contest, your mothers and your wives\\nare close at hand to receive you to their arms,\\nand to soothe and sustain you in your dying\\nstruggles\\nWhen all was ready, the men marched forth\\nto meet the advancing columns of Pyrrhus s\\narmy, and the battle soon began. Pyrrhus\\nsoon found that the trench which the Spar-\\ntans had dug in the night was destined greatly\\nto obstruct his intended operations. The horse\\nand the elephants could not cross it at all and\\neven the men, if they succeeded in getting\\nover the ditch, were driven back when at-\\ntempting to ascend the rampart of earth which\\nhad been formed along the side of it, by the\\nearth thrown up in making the excavation,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 27^\\nfor this earth was loose and steep, and afford-\\ned them no footing. Various attempts were\\nmade to dislodge the wagons that had been\\nfixed into the ground at the ends of the\\ntrench, but for a time all these efforts were\\nfruitless. At last, however, Ptolemy, the son\\nof Pyrrhus, came very near succeeding. He\\nhad the command of a force of about two\\nthousand Gauls, and with this body he made\\na circuit, so as to com^e upon the line of wag-\\nons in such a m_anner as to give him a great\\nadvantage in attacking them. The Spartans\\nfought very resolutely in defense of them\\nbut the Gauls gradually prevailed, and at\\nlength succeeded in dragging several of the\\nwagons up out of the earth. All that they\\nthus extricated they drew off out of the way,\\nand threw them into the river.\\nSeeing this, young Acrotatus, the prince\\nwhom Areus his father, now absent, as the\\nreader will recollect, in Crete, had left in com-\\nmand in Sparta when he went away, hastened\\nto interpose. He placed himself at the head\\nof a small band of two or three hundred men,\\nand, crossing the city on the other side, he\\nwent unobserved, and then, making a circuit,\\ncame round and attacked the Gauls, who were\\nat work on the wagons in the rear. As the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "278 PYRRHUS.\\nGauls had already a foe in front nearly strong\\nenough to cope with them, this sudden assault\\nfrom behind entirely turned the scale. They\\nwere driven away in great confusion. This\\nfeat being accomplished, Acrotatus came back\\nat the head of his detachment into the city,\\npanting and exhausted with the exertions he\\nhad made, and covered with blood. He was\\nreceived there with the loudest applause and\\nacclamations. The women gathered around\\nhim, and overwhelmed him with thanks and\\ncongratulations. ^^Go to Chelidonis, said\\nthey, and rest. She ought to be yours. You\\nhave deserved her. How we envy her such a\\nlover!\\nThe contest continued all the day, and\\nwhen night came on Pyrrhus found that he\\nhad made no sensible progress in the work\\nof gaining entrance into the city. He was,\\nhowever, now forced to postpone all further\\nefforts till the following day. At the proper\\ntime he retired to rest, but he awoke very\\nearly in the morning in a state of great ex-\\ncitement and, calling up some of the officers\\naround him, he related to them a remarkable\\ndream which he had had during the night,\\nand which, he thought, presaged success to\\nthe efforts which they were to make on the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 279\\nfollowing day. He had seen, he said, in his\\ndream, a flash of lightning dart from the sky\\nupon Sparta, and set the whole city on fire.\\nThis, he argued, was a divine omen which\\npromised them certain success; and he called\\nupon the generals to marshal the troops and\\nprepare for the onset, saying, We are sure\\nof victory now.\\nWhether Pyrrhus really had had such a\\ndream, or whether he fabricated the story for\\nthe purpose of inspiring anew the courage\\nand confidence of his men, which, as would\\nnaturally be supposed, might have been some-\\nwhat weakened by the ill success of the pre-\\nceding day, can not be absolutely ascertained.\\nWhichever it was, it failed wholly of its in-\\ntended effect. Pyrrhus s generals said, in re-\\nply, that the omen was adverse, and not pro-\\npitious, for it was one of the fundamental\\nprinciples of haruspicial science that light-\\nning made sacred whatever it touched. It\\nwas forbidden even to step upon the ground\\nwhere a thunder-bolt had fallen and they\\nought to consider, therefore, that the descent\\nof the lightning upon Sparta, as figured to\\nPyrrhus in the dream, was intended to mark\\nthe city as under the special protection of\\nheaven, and to warn the invaders not to mo-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "280 PYRRHUS.\\nlest it. Finding thus that the story of his\\nvision produced a different effect from the\\none he had intended, Pyrrhus changed his\\nground, and told his generals that no import-\\nance whatever was to be attached to visions\\natid dreams. They might serve, he argued,\\nvery well to amuse the ignorant and supersti-\\ntious, but wise men should be entirely above\\nbeing influenced by them in any way. You\\nhave something better than these things to\\ntrust in, said he. You have arms in your\\nhands, and you have Pyrrhus for your leaden\\nThis is proof enough for you that you are des-\\ntined to conquer.\\nHow far these assurances were found effect-\\nual in animating the courage of the generals\\nwe do not know; but the result did not at all\\nconfirm Pyrrhus s vain-glorious predictions.\\nDuring the first part of the day, indeed, he\\nmade great progress, and for a time it ap-\\npeared probable that the city was about to fall\\ninto his hands. The plan of his operations\\nwas first to fill. up the ditch which the Spar-\\ntans had made; the soldiers throwing into it\\nfor this purpose great quantities of materials\\nof every kind, such as earth, stones, fagots,\\ntrunks of trees, and whatever came most read-\\nily to hand. They used in this work immense", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 281\\nquantities of dead bodies, which they found\\nscattered over the plain, the results of the con-\\nflict of the preceding day. By means of the\\nhorrid bridging thus made, the troops at-\\ntempted to make their way across the ditch,\\nwhile the Spartans, formed on the top of the\\nrampart of earth on the inner side of it,\\nfought desperately to repel them. All this\\ntime the women were passing back and forth\\nbetween them and the city, bringing out water\\nand refreshments to sustain the fainting\\nstrength of the men, and carrying home the\\nwounded and dying, and the bodies of the\\ndead.\\nAt last a considerable body of troops, con-\\nsisting of a division that was under the per-\\nsonal charge of Pyrrhus himself, succeeded in\\nbreaking through the Spartan lines, at a point\\nnear one end of the rampart which had been\\nthrown up. When the men found that they\\nhad forced their way through, they raised\\nloud shouts of exultation and triumph, and\\nimmediately rushed forward toward the city.\\nFor a moment it seemed that for the Spartans\\nall was lost; but the tide of victory was soon\\nsuddenly turned by a very unexpected inci-\\ndent. An arrow pierced the breast of the\\nhorse on which Pyrrhus was riding, and gave", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "282 PYRRHUS.\\nthe animal a fatal wound. The horse plunged\\nand reared in his agony and terror, and then\\nfell, throwing Pyrrhus to the ground. This\\noccurrence, of course, arrested the whole\\ntroop in their progress. The horsemen\\nwheeled suddenly about, and gathered around\\nPyrrhus to rescue him from his danger. This\\ngave the Spartans time to rally, and to bring\\nup their forces in such numbers that the Ma-\\ncedonian soldiers were glad to be able to make\\ntheir way back again, bearing Pyrrhus with\\nthem beyond th^ lines. After recovering a\\nlittle from the agitation produced by this ad-\\nventure, Pyrrhus found that his troops, dis-\\ncouraged, apparently, by the fruitlessness of\\ntheir efforts, and especially by this last mis-\\nfortune, were beginning to lose their spirit\\nand ardor, and were fighting feebly and fal-\\nteringly, all along the line. He concluded\\ntherefore, that there was no longer any pros-\\npect of accomplishing his object that day,\\nand that it would be better to save the remain-\\ning strength of his troops by withdrawing\\nthem from the field, rather than to discourage\\nand enfeeble them still more by continuing\\nwhat was now very clearly a useless struggle.\\nPie accordingly put a stop to the action, and\\nthe army retired to their encampment.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN.\\n283\\nBefore he had opportunity to make a third\\nattempt, events occurred which entirely\\nchanged the whole aspect of the controversy.\\nThe reader will recollect that Areus, the\\nTh\u00c2\u00a3 Cbabge.\\nking of Sparta, was absent in Crete at the\\ntime of Pyrrhus s arrival, and that the com-\\nmand of the army devolved, during his ab-\\nsence, on Acrotatus, his son for the kings of\\nthe other line, for some reason or other, took\\na very small part in the public affairs of the\\ncity at this time, and are seldom mentioned in\\nhistory. Areus, as soon as he heard of the\\nMacedonian invasion, immediately collected\\na large force and set out on his return to", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "284 PYRRHUS.\\nSparta, and he entered into the city at the\\nhead of two thousand men just after the sec-\\nond repulse which Aerotatus had given to\\ntheir enemies. At the same time, too, an\\nother body of re-enforcements came in from\\nCorinth, consisting of the alHes of the Spartans,\\ngathered from the northern part of the Pelo-\\nponnesus. The arrival of these troops in the\\ncity filled the Spartans with joy, and entirely\\ndispelled their fears. They considered them-\\nselves as now entirely safe. The old men and\\nth women, considering that their places were\\nnow abundantly supplied, thenceforth with-\\ndrew from all active participation in the con-\\ntest, and retired to their respective homes, to\\nrest and refresh themselves after their toils.\\nNotwithstanding this however, Pyrrhus\\nwas not yet prepared to give up the contest.\\nThe immediate effect, in fact, of the arrival of\\nthe re-enforcements was to arouse his spirit\\nanew, and to stimulate him to a fresh deter-\\nmination that he would not be defeated in his\\npurpose, but that he would conquer the city\\nat all hazards. He accordingly made several\\nmore desperate attempts, but they were whol-\\nly unsuccessful and at length, after a series\\nof losses and defeats, he was obliged to give\\nup the contest and withdraw. He retired, ac-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 285\\ncordingly, to some little distance from Sparta,\\nwhere he established a permanent camp, sub-\\nsisting his soldiers by plundering the sur-\\nrounding country. He was vexed and irritat-\\ned by the mortification s and disappointments\\nwhich he had endured, and waited impatient-\\nly for an opportunity to seek revenge.\\nWhile he was thus pondering his situation,\\nuncertain what to do next, he received one\\nday a message from Argos, a city in the\\nnorthern part of the Peloponnesus, asking\\nhim to come and take part in a contest which\\nhad been opened there. It seems that a civil\\nwar had broken out in that city, and one of\\nthe leaders, knowing the character of Pyrrhus,\\nand his readiness to engage in any quarrel\\nwhich was offered to him, had concluded to\\napply for his aid. Pyrrhus was, as usual, very\\nready to yield to this request. It afforded him,\\nas similar proposals had so often done before,\\na plausible excuse for abandoning an enter-\\nprise in which he began to despair of being\\nable to succeed. He immediately commenced\\nhis march to the northward. The Spartans,\\nhowever, were by no means disposed to allow\\nhim to go off unmolested. They advanced\\nwith all the force they could command, and,\\nthough they were not powerful enough to en-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "286 PYRRHUS.\\ngage him in a general battle, tihey harassed\\nhim and embarrassed his march in a very\\nvexatious manner. They laid ambushes in the\\nnarrow defiles through which he had to pass;\\nthey cut off his detachments, and plundered\\nand destroyed his baggage. Pyrrhus at length\\nsent back a body of his guards under Ptolemy,\\nhis son, to drive them away. Ptolemy attack-\\ned the Spartans and fought them with great\\nbravery, until at length, in the heat of the con-\\ntest, a celebrated Cretan, of remarkable\\nstrength and activity, riding furiously up to\\nPtolemy, felled him to the ground, and killed\\nhim at a single blow. On seeing him fall, his\\ndetachment were struck with dismay, and,\\nturning their backs on the Spartans, fled to\\nPyrrhus with the tidings.\\nPyrrhus was, of course, excited to the high-\\nest pitch of phrensy at hearing what had oc-\\ncurred. He immediately placed himself at the\\nhead of a troop of horse, and galloped back\\nto attack the Spartans and avenge the death\\nof his son. He assaulted his enemies, when\\nhe reached the ground where they were post-\\ned, in the most furious manner, and killed\\ngreat numbers of them in the conflict that en-\\nsued. At one time, he was for a short period\\nin the most imminent danger. A Spartan,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 287\\nnamed Evalcus, who came up and engaged\\nhim hand to hand, aimed a blow at his head,\\nwhich, although it failed of its intended effect,\\ncame down close in front of his body, as he\\nsat upon his horse, and cut off the reins of the\\nbridle. The instant after, Pyrrhus transfixed\\nEvalcus with his spear. Of course, Pyrrhus\\nhad now no longer the control of his horse,\\nand he accordingly leaped from him to the\\nground and fought on foot, while the Spar-\\ntans gathered around, endeavoring to rescue\\nand protect the body of Evalcus. A furious\\nand most terrible contest ensued, in whicn\\nmany on both sides were slain. At length\\nPyrrhus made good his retreat from the scene,\\nand the Spartans themselves finally withdrew.\\nPyrrhus having thus, by way of comfort for\\nhis grief, taken the satisfaction of revenge,\\nresumed his march and went to Argos.\\nArrived before the city, he found that there\\nwas an army opposed to him there, under the\\ncommand of a general named Antigonus. His\\narmy was encamped upon a hill near the city,\\nawaiting his arrival. The mind of Pyrrhus\\nhad become so chafed and irritated by the op-\\nposition which he had encountered, and the\\ndefeats, disappointments, and mortifications\\nwhich he had endured, that he \\\\Yas full of\\n20\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pyrrhua", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "288 PYRRHUS.\\nrage and fury, and seemed to manifest the\\ntemper of a wild beast rather than that of a\\nman. He sent a herald to the camp of Antig-\\nonus, angrily defying him, and challenging\\nhim to come down from his encampment and\\nmeet him in single combat on the plain. Antig-\\nonus very cooly replied that time was a wea-\\npon which he employed in his contests as well\\nas the sword, and that he was not yet ready\\nfor battle; adding, that if Pyrrhus was weary\\nof his life, and very impatient to end it, there\\nwere plenty of modes by which he could ac-\\ncomplish his desire.\\nPyrrhus remained for some days before the\\nwalls of Argos, during which time various ne-\\ngotiations took place between the people of\\nthe city and the several parties involved in the\\nquarrel, with a view to an amicable adjust-\\nment of the dispute, in order to save the city\\nfrom the terrors attendant upon a contest for\\nthe possession of it between such mighty ar-\\nmies. At length some sort of settlement was\\nmade, and both armies agreed to retire. Pyr-\\nrhus, however, had no intention of keeping\\nhis agreement. Having thrown the people ot\\nthe city somewhat ofif their guard by his prom-\\nise, he took occasion to advance stealthily\\nto one of the gates at dead of night, and there.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 289\\nthe gate being opened to him by a confederate\\nwithin the city, he began to march his sol-\\ndiers in. The troops were ordered to keep\\nsilence, and to step noiselessly, and thus a\\nlarge body of Gauls gained admission, and\\nposted themselves in the market place with-\\nout alarming or awakening the inhabitants.\\nTo render this story credible, we must sup-\\npose that the sentinels and guards had been\\npreviously gained over to Pyrrhus s side.\\nThe foot-soldiers having thus made theii\\nentrance into the city, Pyrrhus undertook\\nnext to pass some of his elephants in. It\\nwas found, however, when they approached\\nthe gate, that they could not enter without\\nhaving the towers first removed from their\\nbacks, as the gates were only high enough to\\nadmit the animals alone. The soldiers ac-\\ncordingly proceeded to take off the towers,\\nand then the elephants were led in. The tow-\\ners were then to be replaced. Th work of\\ntaking down the towers, and then of putting\\nthem on again, which all had to be done in\\nthe dark, was attended with great difficulty\\nand delay, and so much noise was unavoid-\\nably made in the operation, that at length the\\npeople in the surrounding houses took the\\nalarm, and in a very short period the whole", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "290 PYRRHUS.\\ncity was aroused. Eager gatherings were im-\\nmediately held in all quarters. Pyrrhus press-\\ned forward with all haste into the market-\\nplace, and posted himself there, arranging his\\nelephants, his horse, and his foot in the man-\\nner best adapted to protect them from any at-\\ntack that might be made. The people of Ar-\\ngos crowded into the citadel, and sent out im-\\nmediately to Antigonus to come in to their\\naid. He at once put his camp in motion, and,\\nadvancing towar4 the walls with the main\\nbody, he sent in some powerful detachments\\nof troops to co-operate with the inhabitants\\nof the city. All these scenes occurring in the\\nmidst of the darkness of the night, the people\\nhaving been awakened from their sleep by a\\nsudden alarm, were attended, of course, by a\\ndreadful panic and confusion; and, to com-\\nplete the complication of horrors, Areus, with\\nthe Spartan army under his command, who\\nhad followed Pyrrhus in his approach to the\\ncity, and had been closely watching his move-\\nments ever since he had arrived, now burst in\\nthrough the gates, and attacked the troops\\nof his hated enemy in the streets, in the mar-\\nket-place, and wherever he could find them,\\nwith shouts, outcries, and imprecations, that", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 2^1\\nmade the whole city one vv^idespread scene of\\nunutterable confusion and terror.\\nThe general confusion and terror, however,\\nproduced by the assaults of the Spartans were\\nthe only results that immediately followed\\nthem, for the troops soon found that no real\\nprogress could be made, and no advantage\\ngained by this nocturnal warfare. The sol-\\ndiers could not distinguish friends from foes.\\nThey could not see or hear their commander,\\nor act with any concert or in any order. They\\nwere scattered about, and lost their way in\\nnarrow streets, or fell into drains or sewers,\\nand all attempts on the part of the officers to\\nrally them, or to control them in any way,\\nwere unavailing. At length, by common con-\\nsent, all parties desisted from fighting, and\\nawaited all in an awful condition of uncer-\\ntainty and suspense\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the coming of the dawn.\\nPyrrhus, as the objects that were around\\nhim were brought gradually into view by the\\ngray light of the morning, was alarmed at\\nseeing that the walls of the citadel were cov-\\nered with armed men, and at observing var-\\nious other indications, by which he was warn-\\ned that there was a very powerful force op-\\nposed to him within the city. As the light in-\\ncreased, and brought the boundaries of the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "292 PYRRHUS.\\nmarket-place where he posted himself into\\nview, and revealed the various images and\\nfigures which had been placed there to adorn\\nit, he was struck with consternation at the\\nsight of one of the groups, as the outlines of\\nit slowly made themselves visible. It was a\\npiece of statuary, in bronze, representing a\\ncombat between a wolf and a bull. In seems\\nthat in former times some oracle or diviner\\nhad forewarned him that when he should see\\na wolf encountering a bull, lie might know\\nthat the hour of his death was near. Of\\ncourse, he had supposed that such a spectacle,\\nif it was indeed true that he was ever destined\\nto see it, could only be expected to appear in\\nsome secluded forest, or in some wide and un-\\nfrequented spot among the mountains. Per*\\nhaps, indeed, he paid very little attention to\\nthe prophecy, and never expected that it would\\nbe literally realized. When, however, this\\ngroup in bronze came out to view, it remind-\\ned him of the oracle, and the dreadful fore-\\nboding which its appearance awakened, con-\\nnected with the anxiety and alarm naturally\\ninspired by the situation in which he was\\nplaced, filled him with consternation. He\\nfeared tlhat his hour was come, and his only\\nsolicitude now was to make good his retreat", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 293\\nQs soon as possible from the fatal dangers by\\nwhich he seemed to be surrounded.\\nBut how to escape was the difficulty. The\\ngate was narrow, the body of troops with him\\nwas large, and he knew that in attempting to\\nretire he would be attacked from all the streets\\nin the vicinity, and from the tops of the houses\\nand walls, and that his column would inevita-\\nbly be thrown into disorder, and would choke\\nup the gateway and render it wholly impass-\\nable, through their eagerness to escape and the\\nconfusion that would ensue. He accordingly\\nsent out a messenger to his son Helenus, who\\nremained all the time in command of the main\\nbody of the army, without the walls, directing\\nhim to come forward with all his force, and\\nbreak down a portion of the wall adjoining the\\ngateway, so as to open a free egress for his\\ntroops in their retreat from the city. He re-\\nmained himself at his position in the market-\\nplace until time had dapsed sufficient, as he\\njudged, for Helenus to have received his or-\\nders, and to have reached the gate in the exe-\\ncution of them-; and then, being by this time\\nhard pressed by his enemies, who began early\\nin the morning to attack him in all quarters,\\nhe put his troops in motion, and in the midst\\nof a scene of sihouts, uproar, terror, and confu-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "294 PYRRHUS.\\nsion indescribable, the whole body moved on\\ntoward the gate, expecting that, by the time\\nthey arrived there, Ilelenus would have ac-\\ncomplished his work, and that they should\\nfind a broad opening made, which would allow\\nof an easy egress. Instead of this, however,\\nthey found, before they reached the gate, tha:\\nthe streets before them were entirely blocked\\nup with an immense concourse of soldiers thai\\nwere pouring tumultuously into the city. It\\nseems that lielenus had, in some way or other,\\nmisunderstood the orders, and supposed tha\u00c2\u00ab;\\nhe was directed to enter the city himsdf, to\\nre-enforce his father within the walls. The\\nshock of the encounter produced by these op-\\nposing currents redoubled the confusion. Pyr-\\nrhus, and the officers with him, shouted out\\norders to the advancing soldiers of Helenus\\nto fall back but in fche midst of the indescrib-\\nable din and confusion that prevailed, no\\nvociferation, however loud, could be heard.\\nNor, if the orders had been heard, could they\\nhave been obeyed, for the van of the coming\\ncolumn was urged forward irresistably by the\\npressure of those behind, and the panic which\\nby this time prevailed among the troops of\\nPyrrhus s command made them frantic and\\nfurious in their efforts to force their way on-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 295\\nward and get out of the city. An awful scene\\nof confusion and destruction ensued. Men\\npressed and trampled each other to death, and\\nthe air was filled with shrieks and crys of pain\\nand terror. The destruction of life was very\\ngreat, but it was produced almost entirely by\\nthe pressure and the confusion men, horses,\\nand elephants being mingled inextricably to-\\ngether in one vast living mass, which seemed,\\nto those who looked down upon it from above,\\nto be writthing and struggling in the most hor-\\nrible contortions. There was no fighting, for\\nthere was no room for any one to strike a\\nblow. If a man drew his sword, or raised his\\npike, his arms were caught and pinioned im-\\nmediately by the pressure around him, and\\nhe found himself utterly helpless. The injury,\\ntherefore, that was done, was the result al-\\nmost altogether of the pressure and the strug-\\ngles, and of the trampling of the elephants\\nand the horses upon the men, and of the men\\nupon each other.\\nThe elephants added greatly to the confu-\\nsion of the scene. One of the largest in the\\ntroop fell in the gateway, and lay there for\\nsome time on his side, una ble to rise, and\\nbraying in a terrific manner. Another was ex-\\ncited to a phrensy by the loss of his master,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "296 PYRRHUS.\\nwho had fallen off from his head, wounded by\\na dart or a spear. The faithful animal turned\\naround to save him. With his trunk he threw\\nthe men who were in the way off to the\\nright hand and the left, and then, taking up\\nthe body of his master with his trunk, he\\nplaced it carefully upon his tusks^ and then\\nattempted to force a passage through the\\ncrowd, trampling down all who came m his\\nway. History has awarded to this elephant\\na distinction which he well deserved, by re-\\ncording his name. It was Nicon.\\nAll this time Pyrrhus was near the rear of\\nhis troops, and thus was in some degree re-\\nmoved from the greatest severity of the pres-\\nsure. He turned and fought, from time to\\ntime, with those who were pressing upon his\\nline from behind. As the danger became more\\nimminent, he took out from his helmet the\\nplume by which he was distinguished from the\\nother generals, and gave it to a friend who\\nwas near ihim, in order that he might be a less\\nconspicuous mark for the s hafts of his en-\\nemies. The combats, however, between his\\nparty and those who were harassing them\\nin the rear were still continued and at length,\\nin one of them, a man of Argos woun3e3 fiim,\\nby throwing a javelin with so much force that", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 297\\nthe point of it passed ithrough his breast-plate\\nand entered his side. The wound was not\\ndangerous, but it had the effect of maddening\\nPyrrhus against the man w^ho had inflicted it,\\nand he turned upon him with great fury, as\\nif he were intending to annihilate him at a\\nblow. He would very probably h ave killed\\nthe Greek, had it not been that just at that\\nmoment the mother of the man, by a very\\nsingular coincidence, was surveying the scene\\nfrom a house-top which overlooked the street\\nwhere these evenits were occurring. She im-\\nmediately seized a heavy tile from the roof,\\nand with all her strength hurled it into the\\nstreet upon Pyrrhus just as he was striking\\nthe blow. The tile came down upon his head,\\nand, striking the helmet heavily, it carried\\nboth helmet and head down together, and\\ncrushed the lower vertebrse of the neck at\\ntheir junction with the spine.\\nPyrrhus dropped the reins from his hands,\\nand fell over from his horse heavily to the\\nground. It happened that no one knew him\\nwho saw him fall, for so great had been the\\ncrowd and confusion, that Pyrrhus had got\\nseparated from his immediate friends. Those\\nwho were near him, therefore, when he fell,\\npressed on, intent only on their own safety,", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "298 PYRRHUS.\\nand left him where he lay. At last a soldier\\nof Antigonus s army, named Zopyrus, com-\\ning up to the spot, accompanied by several\\nothers of his party, looked upon the wounded\\nman and recognized him as Pyrrhus. They\\nlifted him up, and dragged him out of the\\nstreet to a portico that was near. Zopyrus\\ndrew his sword, and raised it to cut off his\\nprisoner s head. At this instant Pyrrhus\\nopened his eyes, and rolled them up with such\\na horrid expression as to strike Zopyrus with\\nterror. His arm consequently faltered in\\ndealing the blow, so that he missed his aim,\\nand instead of striking the neck, only wound-\\ned and mutilated the mouth and chin. He\\nwas obliged to repeat the stroke again and\\nagain before the neck was sundered. At\\nlength, however, the dreadful deed was done,\\nand the head was severed from the body.\\nVery soon after this, Halcyoncus, the son\\nof Antigonus, rode up to the spot, and after\\nlearning what had ccCurred, he asked the sol-\\ndiers to lift up the head to him, that he might\\nlook at it a moment. As soon as it was with-\\nin his reach, he seized it and rode away, in\\norder to carry it to his father. He found his\\nfather sitting with his friends, and threw down\\nthe head at his feet, as a trophy which he sup-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 299\\nposed his father would rejoice to see. Anti-\\ngonus was, however, in fact, extremely shock-\\ned at the spectacle. He reproved his son in\\nthe severest terms for his brutality, and then,\\nsending for the mutilated trunk, he gave to\\nthe whole body an honorable burial.\\nThat Pyrrhus was a man of great native\\npower of mind, and of extraordinary capacity\\nas a military leader, no one can deny. His ca-\\npacity and genius were in fact so great, as to\\nmake him, perhaps, the most conspicuous ex-\\nample that the world has produced of the\\nmanner in which the highest power and the\\nnoblest opportunities may be wasted and\\nthrown away. He accomplished nothing.\\nHe had no plan, no aim, no object, but obey-\\ned every momentary impulse, and entered,\\nwithout thought and without calculation, into\\nany scheme that chance, or the ambitious de-\\nsigns of others, might lay before him. He\\nsucceeded in creating a vast deal of turmoil\\nand war, in killing an imimense number of\\nmen, and in conquering, though temporarily\\nand to no purpose, a great many kingdoms.\\nIt was mischief, and only mischief, that he\\ndid; and though the scale on which he per-\\npetrated mischief was great, his fickleness and\\nvacillation deprived it altogether of the dig-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "300\\nPYRRHUS.\\nnity of greatness. His crimes against the\\npeace and welfare of mankind did not arise\\nfrom any peculiar depravity he was, on the\\ncontrary, naturally of a noble and generous\\nspirit, though in process of time, through the\\nDeath of Pyrrhus.\\nreaction of his conduct upon his heart, these\\ngood qualities almost entirely disappeared.\\nStill, he seems never really to have wished\\nmankind ill. He perpetrated his crimes\\nagainst them thoughtlessly, merely for the\\npurpose of showing what great things he\\ncould do.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "AIvTEfs^US\\nYoung People s Library.\\nPrice, 50 Cents Each.\\nROBINSON CRUSOE His Life and Strange Surprising\\nAdventures. With 70 beautiful illustrations by Walter\\nPaget. Arranged for young readers.\\nThere exists no work, either of instruction or entertainment,\\nwhich has been more generally read, and universally admired.\\nWalter Scott,\\nALICE S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. With 42\\nillustrations by John Tenniel.\\nThis is Carroll s immortal story. AthencBu.\\nThe most dehghtful of children s stories. Elegant a..- ieli-\\ncious nonsense. Saturday Review.\\nTHROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AND WHAT\\nALICE FOUND THERE. (A companion to Alice in\\nWonderland.) With 50 illustrations by John Tenniel.\\nNot a whit inferior to its predecessor in grand extravagance of\\nimagination, and delicious allegorical nonsense. Quarterly\\nReviezv,\\nBUNYAN S PILGRIM S PROGRESS. With 50 full-page\\nand text illustrations.\\nPilgrim s Progress is the most popular story book in the\\nworld. With the exception of the Bible it has been translated into\\nmore languages than any other book ever printed.\\nA CHILD S STORY OF THE BIBLE. With 72 full-page\\nillustrations.\\nTells in simple language and in a form fitted for the hands of\\nthe younger members of the Christian flock, the tal^ of God s\\ndealings with his Chos n People under the Old Dispensation,\\nwith its foreshcdowings of the coming of that Messiah who was\\nto make all mankind one fold under one Shepherd.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE* S LIBRAkY.\\nA CHILD S LIFE OF CHRIST. With 49 illustrations.\\nGod has implanted in the infant s heart a desire to hear of Jesus,\\nand children are early attracted and sweetly riveted by the won-\\nderful Story of the Master from the Manger to the Throne.\\nIn this little book we have brought together from Scripture every\\nincident, expression and description within the verge of their com-\\nprehension, in the effort to weave them into a memorial garland of\\ntheir Saviour.\\nTHE FABLES OF ^.SOP. Compiled from the best ac-\\ncepted sources. With 62 illustrations.\\nThe fables of y^sop are among the very earliest compositions of\\nthis kind, and probably have never been surpassed for point and\\nbrevity, as well as for the practical good sense they display. In\\ntheir grotesque grace, in their quaint humor, in their trust in the\\nsimpler virtues, in their insight into the cruder vices, in their inno-\\ncence of the fact of sex, y^sop s Fables are as little children and\\nfor that reason will ever find a home in the heaven of little chil-\\ndren s souls.\\nTHE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON, or the Adventures of\\na Shipwrecked Family on an Uninhabited Island. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nA remarkable tale of adventure that will interest the boys and\\ngirls. The father of the family tells the tale and the vicissitudes\\nthrough which he and his wife and children pass, the wonderful\\ndiscoveries they make, and the dangers they encounter. It is a\\nstandard work of adventure that has the favor of all who have\\nread it.\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY\\nOF AMERICA. With 70 illustrations.\\nIt is the duty of every American lad to know the story of Chris-\\ntopher Columbus. In this book is depicted the story of his life\\nand struggles of his persistent solicitations at the courts of Eu-\\nrope, and his contemptuous receptions by the learned Geographical\\nCouncils, until his final employment by Queen Isabella. Records\\nthe day-by-day journeyings while he was pursuing his aim and his\\nperilous way over the shoreless ocean, until he gave to Spain a\\nNew World. Shows his progress through Spain on the occasion\\nof his first return, when he was received with rapturous demon-\\nstrations and more than regal homage. His displacement by the", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nOdjeas, Ovandos and Bobadilas his last return in chains, and the\\nstory of his death in poverty and neglect.\\nTHE STORY OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY\\nIN AFRICA. With 80 illustrations.\\nRecords the adventures, privations, sufferings, trials, dangers\\nand discoveries in developing the **Dark Continent, from the\\nearly days of Bruce and Mungo Park down to Livingstone and\\nStanley and the heroes of our own times.\\nThe reader becomes carried away by conflicting emotions of\\nwonder and sympathy, and feels compelled to pursue the story,\\nwhich he cannot lay down. No present can be more acceptable\\nthan such a volume as this, where courage, intrepidity, resource\\nand devotion are so pleasantly mingled. It is very fully illustra-\\nted with pictures worthy of the book.\\nGULLIVER S TRAVELS INTO SOME REMOTE RE-\\nGIONS OF THE WORLD. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn description, even of the most common-place things, his power\\nis often perfectly marvellous. Macaulay says of Swift Under\\na plain garb and ungainly deportment were concealed some of the\\nchoicest gifts that ever have been bestowed on any of the children\\nof men rare powers of observation, brilliant art, grotesque inven-\\ntion, humor of the mo^t austere flavor, yet exquisitely delicious,\\neloquence singularly pure, manly and perspicuous,\\nMOTHER GOOSE S RHYMES, JINGLES AND FAIRY\\nTALES. With 300 illustrations.\\nIn this edition an excellent choice has been made from the\\nstandard fiction cf the little ones. The abundant pictures are well-\\ndrawn and graceful, the effect frequently striking and always deco-\\nrative Critic.\\nOnly to see the book is to wish to give it to every child one\\nknows, Queen.\\nLIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. Compiled from authoritative sources. With\\nportraits of the Presidents and also of the unsuccessful\\ncandidates for the office as well as the ablest of the\\nCabinet officers.\\nThis book should be in every home and school library. It tells,\\nin an impartial way, the story of the political history of the United\\nStates, from the first Constitutional convention to the last Presi-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\ndential nominations, it is just the book for intelligent boys, and it\\nwill help to make them intelligent and patriotic citizens.\\nTHE STORY OF ADVENTURE IN THE FROZEN\\nSEA. With 70 illustrations. Compiled from authorized\\nsources.\\nWe here have brought together the records of the attempts to\\nreach the North Pole. Our object being to recall the stories of the\\nearly voyagers, and to narrate the recent efforts of gallant adven-\\nturers of various nationalities to cross the unknown and inacces-\\nible threshold and to show how much can be accomplished by\\nindomitable pluck and steady perseverance. Portraits and numer-\\nous illustrations help the narration.\\nILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY. By the Rev.\\nJ. G. Wood. With 80 illustrations.\\nWood s Natural History needs no commendation. Its author\\nhas done more than any other writer to popularize the study. His\\nwork is known and admired overall the civilized world. The sales\\nof his works in England and America have been enormous. The\\nillustrations in this edition are entirely new, striking and life-like.\\nA CHILD S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Charles\\nDickens. With 50 illustrations.\\nDickens grew tired of listening to his children memorizing the\\nold fashioned twaddle that went under the name of English his-\\ntory. He thereupon wrote a book, in his own peculiarly happy\\nstyle, primarily for the educational advantage of his own children,\\nbut was prevailed upon to publish the work, and make its use gen-\\neral. Its success was instantaneous and abiding.\\nBLACK BEAUTY; The Autobiography of a Horse. By\\nAnna Sewell. With 50 illustrations\\nThis NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION is sure to command attention.\\nWherever children are, whether boys or girls, there this Autobiog-\\nraphy should be. It inculcates habits of kindness to all members\\nof the animal creation. The literary merit of the book is excellent.\\nTHE ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. With\\n50 illustrations. Contains the most favorably known of\\nthe stories.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for the young. It\\nforms an excellent introduction to those immortal tales which have\\nhelped so long to keep the weary world young.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. 5\\nANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES. By Hans Christian An-\\ndersen. With 77 illustrations.\\nThe spirit of high moral teaching, and the delicacy of sentiment,\\nfeeling and expression that pervade these tales make these won-\\nderful creations not only attractive to the young, but equally accept-\\nable to those of mature years, who are able to understand their\\nreal significance and appreciate the depth of their meaning.\\nGRIMM S FAIRY TALES. With 50 illustrations.\\nThese tales of the Brothers Grimm have carried their names into\\nevery household of the civilized world.\\nThe Tales are a wonderful collection, as interesting, from a lit-\\nerary point of view, as they are delightful as stories.\\nGRANDFATHER S CHAIR; A History for Youth. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 60 illustrations.\\nThe story of America from the landing of the Puritans to the\\nacknowledgment without reserve of the Independence of the\\nUnited States, told with all the elegance, simplicity, grace, clear-\\nness and force for which Hawthorne is conspicuously noted.\\nFLOWER FABLES. By Louisa May Alcott. With colored\\nand plain illustrations.\\nA series of very interesting fairy tales by the most charming of\\nAmerican story-tellers.\\nAUNl MARTHA S CORNER CUPBOARD. By Mary\\nand Elizabeth Kirby. With 60 illustrations.\\nStories about Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Rice and Chinaware, and\\nother accessories of the well-kept Cupboard. A book full of in-\\nterest for all the girls and many of the boys,\\nWATER-BABIES; A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby. By\\nCharles Kingsley. With 94 illustrations.\\nCome read me my riddle, each good little man\\nIf you cannot read it, no grown-up folk can.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 70 illustrations.\\nA graphic ard full history of the Rebellion of the American Col-\\nonies from the yoke and oppression of England, with the causes", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nthat led thereto, and including an account of the second war with\\nGreat Britain, and the War with Mexico.\\nBATTLES OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION. By\\nPrescott Holmes. With 80 illustrations.\\nA correct and impartial account of the greatest civil war in the\\nannals of history. Both of these histories of American wars are\\na necessary part of the education of all intelligent American boys\\nand girls.\\nYOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH\\nSPAIN. By Prescott Holmes. With 89 illustrations.\\nThis history of our war with Spain, in 1898, presents in a plain,\\neasy style the splendid achievements of our army and navy, and\\nthe prominent figures that came into the public view during that\\nperiod. Its glowing descriptions, wealth of anecdote, accuracy of\\nstatement and profusion of illustration make it a most desirable\\ngift-book for young readers.\\nHEROES OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. By\\nHartwell James. With 65 illustrations.\\nThe story of our navy is one of the most brilliant pages in the\\nworld s history. The sketches and exploits contained in this vol-\\nume cover our entire naval history from the days of the hone.Nt,\\nrough sailors of Revolutionary times, with their cutlasses and\\nboarding pikes, to the brief war of 1 898, when our superbly ap-\\npointed warships destroyed Spain s proud cruisers by the merci-\\nless accuracy of their fire.\\nMILITARY HEROES OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Hartwell James. With 97 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the brave lives and heroic deeds of our military\\nheroes, from Paul Revere to Lawton, are told in the most captiva-\\nting manner. The material for the work has been gathered from\\nthe North and the Sou.h aUke. The volume presents all the im-\\nportant facts in a manner enabling the young people of our united\\nand prosperous land to easily become familiar with the command-\\ning figures that have arisen in our military history.\\nUNCLE TOM S CABIN; or Life Among the Lowly. By\\nMrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. With 90 illustrations.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nThe unfailing interest in the famous old story suggested the need\\nof an edition specially prepared for young readers, and elaborately\\nillustrated. This edition completely fills that want.\\nSEA KINGS AND NAVAL HEROES. By Hartwell\\nJames. With 50 illustrations.\\nThe most famous sea battles of the world, with sketches of the\\nlives, enterprises and achievements of men who have become fam-\\nous in naval history. They are stories of brave lives in times of\\ntrial and danger, charmingly told for young people.\\nPOOR BOYS CHANCES. By John Habberton. With\\n50 illustrations.\\nThere is a fascination about the writings of the author of\\nHelen s Babies, from which none can escape. In this charm-\\ning volume, Mr. Habberton tells the boys of America how they\\ncan attain the highest positions in the land, without the struggles\\nand privations endured by poor boys who rose to eminence and\\nfame in former times.\\nROMULUS, the Founder of Rome. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn a plain and connected narrative, the author tells the stories\\nof the founder of Rome and his great ancestor, JEuea,s. These\\nare of necessity somewhat legendary in character, but are pre-\\nsented precisely as they have come down to us from ancient times.\\nThey are prefaced by an account of the life and inventions of Cad-\\nmus, the Father of the Alphabet, as he is often called.\\nCYRUS THE GREAT, the Founder of the Persian Empire.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 40 illustrations.\\nFor nineteen hundred years, the story of the founder of the an-\\ncient Persian empire has been read by every generation of man-\\nkind. The story of the life and actions of Cyrus, as told by the\\nauthor, presents vivid pictures of the magnificence of a monarchy\\nthat rose about five hundred years before the Christian era, and\\nrolled on in undisturbed magnitude and glory for many centuries.\\nADVENTURES IN TOYLAND. By Edith King Hull.\\nWith 70 illustrations by Alice B. Woodward.\\nThe sayings and doin2:s of the dwellers in toyland, related by\\none of them to a dear little girl. It is a delightful book for chil-\\ndren, and admirably illustrated.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nDARIUS THE GREAT, King of the Medes and Persians.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 34 illustrations.\\nNo great exploits marked the career of this monarch, who was\\nat one time the absolute sovereign of nearly one-half of the world.\\nHe reached his high position by a stratagem, and left behind him\\nno strong impressions of personal character, yet, the history of his\\nlife and reign should be read along with those of Cyrus, Caesar,\\nHannibal and Alexander.\\nXERXES THE GREAT, King of Persia. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 39 illustrations.\\nFor ages the name of Xerxes has been associated in the minds\\nof men with the idea of the highest attainable human magnificence\\nand grandeur. He was the sovereign of the ancient Persian em-\\npire at the height of its prosperity and power. The invasion of\\nGreece by the Persian hordes, the battle of Thermopylae, the burn-\\ning of Athens, and the defeat of the Persian galleys at Salamis are\\nchapters of thrilling interest.\\nTHE ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss\\nMulock, author of John Halifax, Gentleman, etc. With\\n18 illustrations.\\nOne of the best of Miss Murlock s charming stories for children.\\nAll the situations are amusing and are sure to please youthful\\nreaders.\\nALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 51 illustrations.\\nBorn heir to the throne of Macedon, a country on the confines\\nof Eurqpe and Asia, Alexander crowded into a brief career of\\ntwelve years a brilliant series of exploits. The readers of to-day\\nwill find pleasure and profit in the history of Alexander the Great,\\na potentate before whom ambassadors and princes from nearly all\\nthe nations of the earth bowed in humility.\\nPYRRHUS, King of Epirus. By Jacob Abbott. With 45\\nillustrations.\\nThe story of Pyrrhus is one of the ancient narratives which has\\nbeen told and retold for many centuries in the literature, eloquence\\nand poetry of all civilized nations. While possessed of extraordi-\\nnary ability as a military leader, Pyrrhus actually accomplished\\nnothing, but did mischief on a gigantic scale. He was naturally", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nof a noble and generous spirit, but only succeded in perpetrating\\ncrimes against the peace and welfare of mankind.\\nHANNIBAL, the Carthaginian. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n37 illustrations.\\nHannibal s distinction as a warrior was gained during the des-\\nperate contests between Rome and Carthage, known as the Punic\\nwars. Entering the scene when his country was engaged in peace-\\nful traffic with the various countries of the known world, he turned\\nits energies into military aggression, conquest and war, becoming\\nhimself one of the greatest military heroes the world has ever\\nknown.\\nMIXED PICKLES. By Mrs. E. M. Field. With 31 illus-\\ntrations by T. Pym.\\nA remarkably entertaining story for young people. The reader\\nis introduced to a charming little girl whose mishaps while trying\\nto do good are very appropriately termed Mixed Pickles.\\nJULIUS CtESAR, the Roman Conqueror. By Jacob Ab-\\nbott. With 44 illustrations.\\nThe life and actions of Julius Caesar embrace a period in Roman\\nhistory beginning with the civil wars of Marius and Sylla and end-\\ning with the tragic death of Caesar Imperator. The work is an\\naccurate historical account of the life and times of one of the great\\nmilitary figures in history, in fact, it is history itself, and as such is\\nespecially commended to the readers of the present generation.\\nALFRED THE GREAT, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 40 illustrations.\\nIn a certain sense, Alfred appears in history as the founder of\\nthe British monarchy his predecessors having governed more like\\nsavage chieftains than English kings. The work has a special\\nvalue for young readers, for the character of Alfred was that of an\\nhonest, conscientious and far-seeing statesman. The romantic\\nstory of Godwin furnishes the concluding chapter of the volume.\\nWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 43 illustrations.\\nThe life and times of William of Normandy have always been a\\nfruitful theme for the historian. War and pillage and conquest\\nwere at least a part of the everyday business of men in both Eng-", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "lO ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nland and France and the story of William as told by the author\\nof this volume makes some of the most fascinating page^ in his-\\ntory. It is especially delightful to young readers.\\nHERNANDO CORTEZ, the Conqueror of Mexico. By\\nJacob Abbott. With 30 illustrations.\\nin this volume the author gives vivid pictures of the wild and\\nadventurous career of Cortez and his companions in the conquest\\nof Mexico. Many good motives were united with those of ques-\\ntionable character, in the prosecution of his enterprise, but in\\nthose days it was a maUer of national ambiUon to enlarge the\\nboundaries of nations and to extend their commerce at any cost.\\nThe career of Cortez is one of absorbing interest.\\nTHE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mulock. With\\n24 illustrations.\\nThe author styles it A Parable for Old and Young. It is in her\\nhappiest vein and delightfully interesting, especially to youthful\\nreaders.\\nMARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n45 illustrations.\\nThe story of Mary Stuart holds a prominent place in the present\\nseries of historical narrations. It has had many tellings, for the\\nmelancholy story of the unfortunate queen has always held a high\\nplace in the estimation of successive generations of readers. Her\\nstory is full of romance and pathos, and the reader is carried along\\nby conflicting emotions of wonder and sympathy.\\nQUEEN ELIZABETH, of England. By Jacob Abbott.\\nWith 49 illustrations.\\nIn strong contrast to the story of Mary, Queen of Scots, is that\\nof Elizabeth, Queen of England. They were cousins, yet im-\\nplacable foes. Elizabeth s reign was in many ways a glorious one,\\nand her successes gained her the applause of the world. The\\nstirring tales of Drake, Hawkins and other famous mariners of\\nher lime have been incorporated into the story of Elizabeth s life\\nand reign.\\nKING CHARLES THE FIRST, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 41 illustrations.\\nThe wel] -known figures in the stormy reign of Charles T. are\\nbrought forward in this narrative of his life and times. It is his-\\ntory told in the most fascinating manner, and embraces the early", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "ALTEMUS YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY. IT\\nlife of Charles the court of James I.; struggles between Charles\\nand the Parliament the Civil war the trial and execution of the\\nking. The narrative is impartial and holds the attention of the\\nreader.\\nKING CHARLES THE SECOND, of England. By Jacob\\nAbbott. With 3S illustrations.\\nBeginning with his infancy, the life of the Merry Monarch\\nis related in the author s inimitable style. His reign was signal-\\nized by many disastrous events, besides those that related to his\\npersonal troubles and embarrassments. There were unfortunate\\nwars naval defeats dangerous and disgraceful plots and con-\\nspiracies. Trobule sat very lightly on the shoulders of Charles II.,\\nhowever, and the cares of state were easily forgotten in the society\\nof his court and dogs.\\nTHE SLEEPY KING. By Aubrey Hopwood and Seymour\\nHicks. With 77 illustrations by Maud Trelawney.\\nA charmingly-told Fairy Tale, full of delight and entertain-\\nment. The illustrations are original and striking, adding greatly\\nto the interest of the text.\\nMARIA ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. By John S. C.\\nAbbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe tragedy of Maria Antoinette is one of the most mournful in\\nthe history of the world. Her beauty dazzled the whole king-\\ndom, says Lamartine. Her lofty and unbending spirit under\\nunspeakable indignities and atrocities, enlists and holds the sympa-\\nthies of the readers of to-day, as it has done in the past.\\nMADAME ROLAND, A Heroine of the French Revolution.\\nBy Jacob Abbott. With 42 illustrations.\\nThe French Revolution developed few, if any characters more\\nworthy of notice than that of Madame Roland. The absence of\\nplaymates, in her youth, inspired her with an insatiate thirst for\\nknowledge, and books became her constant companions in every\\nunoccupied hour. She fell a martyr to the tyrants of the French\\nRevolution, but left behind her a career full of instruction that\\nnever fails to impress itself upon the reader.\\nJOSEPHINE, Empress of France. By Jacob Abbott. With\\n40 illustrations.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "12 ALTEMUS* YOUNG PEOPLE S LIBRARY.\\nMaria Antoinette beheld the dawn of the French Revolution\\nMadame Roland perished under the lurid glare of its high noon\\nJosephine saw it fade into darkness. She has been called the\\nStar of Napoleon and it is certain that she added luster to\\nhis brilliance, and that her persuasive influence was often exerted\\nto win a friend or disarm an adversary. The lives of the Empress\\nJosephine, of Maria Antoinette, and of Madame Roland are\\nespecially commended to young lady readers.\\nTALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By Charles and Mary\\nLamb. With 80 illustrations.\\nThe text is somewhat abridged and edited for young people, but\\na clear and definite outline of each play is presented. Such episodes\\nor incidental sketches of character as are not absolutely necessary\\nto the development of ^the tales are omitted, while the many moral\\nlessons that lie in Shakespeare s plays and make them valuable in\\nthe training of the young are retained. The book is winnmg, help-\\nful and an effectual guide to the inner shrine of the great\\ndramatist.\\nMAKERS OF AMERICA. By Hartwell James. With 75\\nillustrations.\\nThis \\\\olume contains attractive and suggestive sketches of the\\nlives and deeds of men who illustrated some special phase in the\\npolitical, religious or social life of our country, from its settlem nt\\nto the close of the eighteenth century. It affords an opportunity\\nfor young readers to become easily familiar with these characters\\nand their historical relations to the building of our Republic. An\\naccount of the discovery of America prefaces the work.\\nA WONDER BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. By\\nNathaniel Hawthorne. With 50 illustrations.\\nIn this volume the genius of Hawthorne has shaped anew\\nwonder tales that have been hallowed by an antiquity of two or\\nthree thousand years. Seeming never to have been made they\\nare legitimate subjects for every age to clothe with its own fancy\\nas to manners and sentiment, and its own views of morality. The\\nvolume has a charm fo old and young alike, for the author has\\nnot thought it necessary to write downward in order to meet\\nthe comprehension of children.", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "msT^^Fms, M^ ms.\\n^^m:-:w^^\\n^mmi\\n^/-iV\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0mL ^m^mi ms.\\nynS", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "^^ms^.\\nmm", "height": "3990", "width": "3096", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4246", "width": "3272", "jp2-path": "historyofpyrrhus01abbo_0344.jp2"}}