{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3774", "width": "2455", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "GopyrightN\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.", "height": "3704", "width": "2330", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3704", "width": "2330", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "GOAT\\nISLAND", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Digitized by the Internet Archive\\nin 2010 with funding from\\nThe Library of Congress\\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/goatislandOOport", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "GOAT ISLAND\\nBasil Han\\n^3C0", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "52944\\norar y \u00c2\u00bbf Congress\\nf -?Plf S Keceivfd\\nSEP 28 1900\\nCop) right entry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nDelivered to\\nORDIR DIVISION,\\nOCT 18 1900\\nI have endeavored, in this article,\\nto bring together a number of the\\nopinions that have been expressed\\nabout Goat Island, in its various as-\\npects. These expressions are mainly\\nthose of persons to whom the world\\nhas given a hearing, because of their\\nabilities and prominence in their re-\\nspective spheres. And joined to,\\nand interwoven with these expres-\\nsions, I have added such a chronol-\\nogy of the Island as I have been able\\nto collect.\\n%Xi!\\nCopyright\\nBy Peter A. Porter\\n1900.", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3694", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "NIAGARA.\\nAuthor Unknown.\\nGreat Fall, all hail:\\nCanst thou unveil\\nThe secrets of thy birth;\\nUnfold the page\\nOf each dark age,\\nAnd tell the tales of eartli\\nWhen I was born\\nThe stars of morn\\nTogether sang twas day:\\nThe sun unrolled\\nHis garb of gold\\nAnd took his upward way.\\nHe mounted high\\nThe eastern sky\\nAnd then looked down on earth;\\nAnd she was there,\\nYoung, fresh, and fair,\\nAnd I, and all, had birth.\\nThe word of power\\nWas spoke that hour\\nDark chaos felt the shock;\\nForth sprung the light,\\nBurst day from night,\\nUp leaped the living rock.\\nBack fell the sea\\nThe land was free,\\nAnd mountain, hill, and plain\\nStood forth to view,\\nIn emerald hue,\\nThen sang the stars amain.\\nAnd I oh thou:\\nWho taught me how\\nTo hymn thy wondrous love\\nDeign to be near\\nAnd calm my fear,\\nO Holy one above.\\nI caught the word\\nCreation heard,\\nAnd by thy power arose;\\nHis goodness gave\\nThe swelling wave\\nThat ever onward flows.\\nBy his command\\nThe rainbow spanned\\nMy forehead and his will\\nEvoked the cloud\\nMy feet to shroud,\\nAnd taught my voice to trill.\\nAnd who is he\\nThat questions me\\nFrom whom hast thou thy form,\\nThy life, thy soul\\nMy waters roll\\nThrough day, night, sunshine, storm.\\nIn grateful praise\\nTo him, I raise\\nA never ceasing song\\nTo that dread one,\\nTo whom stars, sun,\\nEarth, ocean, all belong.\\nThou too adore\\nHim ever more\\nWho gave thou all thou hast;\\nLet time gone by\\nIn darkness die\\nDeep buried in the past.\\nAnd be thy mind\\nTo him inclined\\nWho made earth. heaven and thee\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThy every thought\\nTo worship wrought,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis lesson learn of me.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "GOAT ISLAND.\\nGoat Island, as the words are ordinarily used, means the group\\nof islands and islets situated between the American and Canadian\\nrapids, at the Terge of and just above the Falls of Niagara.\\nThis group consists of Goat Island, which is half a mile long\\nand a quarter of a mile broad, running to a point at its eastern\\nend, comprising 70 acres; and 16 other islands or masses of rock,\\nvarying in size from an average of 400 feet to 10 feet in diameter.\\nFive of these islands and the Terrapin rocks are connected\\nwith Goat Island by bridges. Many years ago the two small\\nislands above Green island were also thus accessible. As Goat\\nIsland divides the Falls themselves, so it divides with them the\\ninterest of visitors; for it is the one spot at Niagara. If only\\none point here were to be visited, that one spot, beyond all ques-\\ntion, should be Goat Island.\\nFrom it, with the one exception of the grand general view to\\nbe obtained from the Canada shore, are to be seen all the best\\nviews of Niagara, including both falls, both rapids, the gorge\\nand the rainbows. And of Niagara, the Terrapin rocks, access-\\nible only from Goat Island, are the scenic, as they are the geo-\\ngraphical center, its very epitome. To Goat Island have been\\napplied numerous epithets, among them the Temple of Nature,\\nthe Sacred Isle, the Fairy Isle, the Enchanted Isle, the Isle of\\nBeauty, the Shrine of the Deity, and less poetic, but perhaps\\nmost truthful of all, the words quoted on the title page. the\\nmost interesting spot in all America.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 Goat Island.\\nIt is interesting to consider that many of the trees now\\nstanding on Goat Island looked down on the first recorded visit\\nof a white man to the Falls, and have remained the only living\\nwitnesses of those important scenes in the drama of European\\nconquest in America, which were enacted at this all-important\\nportage in the great water route to the heart of the continent.\\nThe savage chiefs and conquering generals, the tribes and armies\\nthat moved along this well-known track from Ontario, and\\nlaunched their vessels on the river above Goat Island, are gone,\\nbut the trees that shadowed the flashing stream still remain to\\nmake the past real and bring vividly to memory our wonder-\\nful progress.\\nThe Island embraces over two-thirds of the acreage, and by\\nreason of its location is by far the most important part, of the\\nNew York State Reservation at Niagara.\\nIt is a paradise; I do not believe there is a spot in the world\\nwhich within the same space comprises so much grandeur and\\nbeauty. This expression by a Boston divine, 70 years ago, is\\nbut a condensation of what many others since then have verbally\\nexpressed, in longer, but certainly in no more forcible, words.\\nThe purchase of this property by the Empire State in 1885, was\\nthe tangible fulfillment of the following opinion, uttered half a\\ncentury before, that Niagara does not belong to Canada or\\nAmerica. Such spots should be deemed the property of civilized\\nmankind; and nothing should be allowed to weaken their efficacy\\non the tastes, the morals and the enjoyments of all men.\\nIt is a group, or speaking collectively, a spot, wondrous in\\nmany aspects; wondrous from its location, wondrous from its\\ngeology, wondrous from its botany, wondrous from its scenery,\\nand famous, if not wondrous, from its history.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "ITS GEOLOGY.\\nDuring the last 75 years geologists have written a great deal\\nabout Niagara, and from it speculatists have deduced theories\\nas to the antiquity of the earth, trying to prove\\nThat He who made it, and revealed its date\\nTo Moses, was mistaken in its age.\\nIn early geological days this entire section was covered by the\\nsalt waters of the Devonian seas, which is proved by the shells\\nof the Conularia Niagarensis, found in the shale underlying Goat\\nIsland and along the gorge; this shale having once been the\\nmuddy bottom of these seas, and this shell being found only in\\nsalt water.\\nAt a later geological period, on top of what is now this shale,\\nat the bottom of a warm ocean, still covering all this land, grew\\na vast, thick and solid bed of coral, of which ancient life the\\nNiagara limestone of today is a monument.\\nSubsequently these two ancient and contiguous sea bottoms,\\nthen solid stone, were uplifted and by the configuration of the\\nearth hereabouts the original Niagara river was formed. In\\ngeneral terms its course was similar to that of the present river\\n(though its volume was not as great) as far north as the Whirl-\\npool, from whence it ran, in a broadening channel, to St. Davids,\\nwesterly from its present outlet; and prior to the coming of the\\nice age it had cut this channel back certainly to the Whirlpool,\\nand perhaps even farther south.\\nNext came the glacial period, when this part of the country\\nwas enveloped with a covering of ice, (working down from the\\nnortheast) similar to that now covering Greenland, though hav-", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "8 Goat Island.\\ning a depth of perhaps a mile or more. This ice age, as approxi-\\nmately determined, lasted 50,000 years and closed about 200,000\\nyears ago.\\nThis ice sheet as it moved forward and southward broke off\\nall the projecting points of rock, and scraped all the rocks them-\\nselves bare. Its presence and power are attested by the scratch-\\nings and markings on the smoothed surfaces of the top layer\\nof rock wherever it is laid bare today, as far south as the Ohio\\nriver, and is apparent on Goat Island. This ice sheet brought\\ndown in its course not only boulders from the far north and\\nnortheast, but its own vast accumulations and scrapings and\\nebrasions, which we call drift, it being of a marine derivation\\nand with this drift the ice sheet filled up (and with its enormous\\nweight pressed compactly) all valleys, gorges and indentations\\nof the earth in its course, among them the old outlet or bed of\\nthe Niagara river from St. Davids to the Whirlpool.\\nThe sectional view of Goats Island s rocky substrata shows\\nwhat enormous grinding force must have been exerted on the\\ntop rock above the present western end of Goat Island, (for of\\ncourse there was no gorge west of the Island then), so much of\\nthe limestone having been gouged out by the ice. In this ex-\\ncavated cavity, drift was deposited by the ice. Many of the\\nboulders brought here in the ice age, carried perhaps hundreds\\nof miles, have been collected in this section and used in the con-\\nstruction of the handsome stone bridges that have been built\\non the Reservation, on the main shore opposite Goat Island.\\nOn the recession of the ice sheet a second Niagara river came\\ninto existence.\\nThe weight of this vast ice sheet had canted or tilted the land ^o\\nthe northeast, so that at its recession the waters of the present\\nthree great northern lakes flowed east by the Ottawa and later,", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "i 80 FT. 80\\ni ilii:! 1\\nFT.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 9\\nas the land rose, by the Trent valley. As this second Niagara\\nriver drained only the Lake Erie basin, and as Lake Erie was\\nvery much smaller than at present, it worked at first in a small\\nchannel, was of small volume and had but small rock cutting\\npower to take up the work or erosive process of the earlier\\nNiagara river, which had drained only this same Lake Erie basin.\\nThis is the period, again referred to, when the present chan-\\nnel to the south and west of Goat Island (the Canadian Channel)\\nwas made.\\nIt should be noted that the land to the northeast is even yet\\nrising, or slowly regaining its former level. This bears on our\\nsubject in that in time, in the upper lake region the present\\nslight slope to the southeast will be entirely overcome, and then\\nthe waters of the three great upper lakes will find their dis-\\ncharge to the westward, and the Niagara river will again drain\\nonly the Lake Erie basin and as a result will enormously de-\\ncrease in volume.\\nIf when this time comes the two falls shall have eaten their\\nway back past Goat Island they will have left it an elevated\\nand isolated Island, or more probably a promontory, whose little\\nforest will be perched on a rocky base over 200 feet above the\\nrapids, below the fails. The Island itself will be narrower than\\nat present on account of the action of the elements.\\nIf, however, when that time shall come the American Fall\\nshall not have receded far (and judging from its recession during\\nthe last 200 years, it is improbable that it will have), its channel,\\nby the great lessening of the flow of the river will become dry\\nand Goat Island, and the American channel, between it and the\\nmain shore, will become once more a part of the American main-\\nland, and there will be but one small fall in the Canadian chan-\\nnel.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "10 Goat Island.\\nThe second Niagara river gradually merged itself into a vast\\nfresh water lake, formed by the melting ice and heavy rainfalls,\\nand covering all the Lake Erie basin, and gradually rose in level\\nuntil it stood fully 100 feet above the present rocky bed of Goat\\nIsland.\\nIts northern boundary was the escarpment or ridge whose\\nlowest point was just above the present village of Lewiston,\\nwhich point is 32 feet above the present level of Lake Erie.\\nHere the rising waters first broke over the dam and here Niagara\\nFalls were born.\\nFrom here they cut their way back to the Whirlpool, for the\\nwaters found it easier to cut a new channel back through the\\nsoft rock from this point in the embankment than to scour out\\nthe old drift filled channel (which was at the very bottom of the\\nlake) from the Whirlpool to St. Davids.\\nThe flow of the lake set towards the falls and brought down\\nfrom the Erie basin fluviate deposits in large amounts during\\nthe succeeding years, depositing them all along the bottom of\\nthe lake. It is of these fluviate deposits, consisting of sand, and\\nloam (excepting a comparatively small layer of drift next to\\nthe top rock) that the soil of Goat Island is formed.\\nThis Goat Island soil, more than any surface in this section is\\nthe geologists paradise. While some lands and forests near\\nhere may not have been cultivated by man, the western end of\\nGoat Island is an absolutely unique piece of virgin forest.\\nMost of the time it has been, in general terms, inaccessible to\\nman; and since accessible by bridges, no cutting of the trees, no\\nclearing of the land nor cultivation thereof, no pasturing of\\ncattle, in fact no disturbance of the soil, has been permitted.\\nHere then is the original drift, with the subsequent overlying\\nalluvial deposits and accumulations, undisturbed by man. And", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "w\\nQ\\nO\\ng\\nH\\nw\\nt\u00c2\u00bb\\na a\\n5", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 11\\nwhen, as in this case, in this undisturbed fluviate deposit are\\nfound fresh water shells, it proves that the Niagara river to-day\\nflows through what was once the bottom of a vast fresh water\\nlake that covered all this section.\\nAs the falls cut their way back to the Whirlpool, so their\\nheight diminished and the level of this fresh water lake fell\\nuntil finally there came a time when the land of what is now\\nGoat Island, rose above the waters. That this lake existed at a\\ncomparatively recent geological period is proven by the fact that\\nthese shells now found on Goat Island are identical in species\\nwith those found inhabiting the Niagara river and Lake Ontario\\nto-day. According to the most accurate calculation, the concen-\\nsus of geological opinion is that 35,000 years have elapsed since\\nthe falls were at Lewiston, which is seven miles away; and that\\nthe fluvial deposits on the Island began as soon as the river rose\\nover the moraine at the foot of Lake Erie, can scarcely be\\ndoubted.\\nThat in 35,000 years there is no specific difference between the\\nancient shells found in the soil of Goat Island, and their existing\\nrepresentatives and progeny in this locality is wonderful indeed.\\nAs geologists differ by thousands of years as to how long it\\ntook the falls to cut their way from Lewiston ridge to their\\npresent location it would be impossible to say when in the his-\\ntory of this section the waters had so far drained off, that the\\nmuddy deposits overlying the rocky bed of what is now Goat\\nIsland, first appeared above the slowly receding waters of the\\nlake, unless we adopt some length of time for this work as a\\nbasis.\\nBut it is not so difficult, by noting the elevation of the land,\\nthe trend of the rocks and the depth of the overlying drift,\\nto locate approximately where the falls were when this occurred.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12 Goat Island.\\nAt that time, judging from the present levels of the land, the\\nfalls must have been at a point nearly a mile north of the present\\nlocation of the Horseshoe Fall. And if we accept, as above, one\\nfoot a year as a fair average estimate of the recession of Niagara\\nfrom Lewiston Heights in the more recent geological time, say\\nsince the Christian era, it must have been between four and five\\nthousand years ago that the soil of Goat Island, then a part of\\nthe mainland, first appeared; and probably it is nearly as long\\nsince it became an island.\\nIn speaking of the recession of Niagara, I refer to the recession\\nof the Horseshoe Falls, for they recede several hundred times\\nas fast as the American Falls; for in the time that the Horseshoe\\nhas receded from Prospect Point, at the lower or northern\\nedge of the American Falls, across the width of these American\\nFalls and across the width of Goat Island to their present posi-\\ntion, the American Fall has receded but a very few feet.\\nHence on these deductions, Goat Island has existed as an\\nisland from about the time of the Flood, or from about 2300\\nB.C.\\nThis proves the statement that In a scientific sense the\\nisland is of trifling antiquity, in fact it would be difficult to\\npoint out in the western world any considerable tract of land\\nmore recent in its origin.\\nAs the Canadian Fall is lower in level than the American\\nFall, and as the main body of water and deepest channel apper-\\ntain to this Canadian Fall, it is certain that the channel of the\\nsecond Niagara river, which of course, after the lake was drained\\noff, was at the lowest level of this old lake bed, was practically\\nidentical with the Canadian channel of the river just above the\\nfalls today; that is to the south and west of Goat Island.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Pi\\n3\\n3\\nn\\nI\\nfca\\nO\\n0)\\ne\u00c2\u00a7\\ne\\nc\\nc\\n*d\\nOi\\nr\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o\\nOQ\\nX\\nc\\ncu\\na\\ns\\nm\\nu\\nj\\nC3\\nO\\n1\\nh\\nrf\\nJ\\n5\\nK\\no\\n2\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baj\\noo\\ncd\\n5\\n5=\\no\\ncd\\nE\\nbe\\nPS\\nw\\np4\\n1=1\\nX", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 13\\nThen Goat Island was a part of the American mainland, and\\nthe rocky bed of the river between the Island and the shore,\\nwhere to-day are the American rapids, was also part of the main-\\nland and covered with soil like that on Goat Island.\\nThen came a time, perhaps some hundreds of years afterwards,\\nwhen, in the steady rerising of the land at the northeast towards\\nthe elevation that it had before it was depressed by the ice, the\\noutlet of the three upper lakes to the east was cut off; and the\\nwaters seeking a new outlet found it by what is now the St.\\nClair river into Lake Erie.\\nBy this means the volume of the Niagara river was suddenly\\nand enormously increased. This permanently raised the level\\nof the river, and part of this increased volume of water poured\\nover the lowest point of the mainland near where Goat Island\\nis to-day, this point being in the present channel of the American\\nrapids and along the American shore up stream, and this rush\\nof waters cut and swept away the soil down to the rock, leaving\\nand thus forming Goat Island.\\nProbably at the same time and in the same manner were cut\\noff and formed the small islands that now lie on both sides of\\nGoat Island, though they were at the first larger and being joined\\ntogether, fewer in number than at present.\\nCertainly up to the time of the cutting of the channel of th\\nAmerican Fall, the river shore of what is now Goat Island ex-\\ntended very much farther up stream, and probably after the\\nIsland itself was formed its upper end extended much farther\\neastward; for at its eastern end, now called the parting of the\\nwaters, a sandy bar extends some hundreds of yards up stream.\\nOn this bar and south of it the depth of water is to-day less than\\nthree feet, and in the winter its whole length is covered with", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "14 Goat Island.\\nice that lodges there. This entire bar was no doubt at one time\\ncovered with soil and was a part of Goat Island, the land being\\ngradually washed away by the water, aided in its work by frost\\nand ice.\\nOne author says One of the early chronicles states that the\\nisland contained 250 acres of land, but I have been unable to\\nfind that chronicle.\\nITS BOTANY AND FOREST BEAUTY.\\nThe groves were God s first temples.\\nSir Joseph Hooker, the noted English botanist, has said that\\nhe found on Goat Island a greater variety of vegetation within a\\ngiven space than he had found elsewhere in Europe or east of\\nthe Sierras in America, and Dr. Asa Gray, the greatest of Ameri-\\ncan Botanists, confirms that statement.\\nThe man today most familiar with the botany of Goat Island\\nis David F. Day, who at the request of the Reservation Commis-\\nsioners recently prepared a list of the Flora of the islands and\\nReservation. From his report to them and from his other writ-\\nings, I quote:\\nThe vegetation of the island is that which might be expected\\nto luxuriate upon a deep calcareous soil, enriched with an abun-\\ndance of organic matter.\\nThe Flora of Goat Island presents few plants which may be\\ncalled uncommon in Western New York.\\nGoat Island is very rich in the number of its species.\\nIts vernal beauty is attributable, not merely to its variety of\\nplants, conspicuous in flower, but also to the extraordinary", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "o o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05 C a B\\na\\nT3\\nT3\\na\\ncS\\nJO\\nQJ\\nH\\n3\\nw\\nA\\nCD\\na\\no\\nJ\\nM\\nJ\\nCO\\n3\\no", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14 Goat Island.\\nice that lodges there. This entire bar was no doubt at one time\\ncovered with soil and was a part of Goat Island, the land being\\ngradually washed away by the water, aided in its work by frost\\nand ice.\\nOne author says One of the early chronicles states that the\\nisland contained 250 acres of land, but I have been unable to\\nfind that chronicle.\\nITS BOTANY AND FOREST BEAUTY.\\nThe groves were God s first temples.\\nSir Joseph Hooker, the noted English botanist, has said that\\nhe found on Goat Island a greater variety of vegetation within a\\ngiven space than he had found elsewhere in Europe or east of\\nthe Sierras in America, and Dr. Asa Gray, the greatest of Ameri-\\ncan Botanists, confirms that statement.\\nThe man today most familiar with the botany of Goat Island\\nis David F. Day, who at the request of the Reservation Commis-\\nsioners recently prepared a list of the Flora of the islands and\\nReservation. From his report to them and from his other writ-\\nings, I quote:\\nThe vegetation of the island is that which might be expected\\nto luxuriate upon a deep calcareous soil, enriched with an abun-\\ndance of organic matter.\\nThe Flora of Goat Island presents few plants which may be\\ncalled uncommon in Western New York.\\nGoat Island is very rich in the number of its species.\\nIts vernal beauty is attributable, not merely to its variety of\\nplants, conspicuous in flower, but also to the extraordinary", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "h\\n(D\\ny\u00c2\u00b0\\nii o\\nUJ\\no o\\nA o\\nP o\\na\u00c2\u00b0\\nc\\nH\\n2\\n55\\n02\\n5\\nw\\nJ\\n02\\na\\n__\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\n1-1\\nps\\nO\\no\\na\\ng\\n^j\\nq_,\\n_\\no\\na:\\nK\\n3\\no\\n*o\\nz\\nfl\\no:\\n\u00c2\u00a31\\no\\n5\\no\\n!h\\neg\\nS\\nB\\nc3\\nJ\\nd\\nM\\nd\\nM\\nm\\nM\\n2\\nz\\nJ\\nS\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0g\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s\\nT3\\ng\\na\\n5\\nX\\nj\\nX\\nS\\nr\\nH S\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 b", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 1- j\\nabundance in which they are produced. Yet it seems; likely that\\nthere was a time, probably not long ago, when other species of\\nplants of great beauty, were common upon the island, but which\\nare not now to be found there. It is hardly possible that several\\norchidaceous plants and our three native lilies did not once em-\\nbellish its woods and grassy places. Within a little while the\\nharebell has gone and the Grass of Parnassus is fast going. This\\nis undoubtedly due to careless flower gatherers, who have plucked\\nand pulled without stint or reason. The same fate awaits others\\nthat do so much to beautify the island, unless the wholesale\\nspoliation is soon arrested.\\nMr. Day then suggests that pains be taken to re-establish on\\nthe Island the attractive plants which it has lost, stating that\\nthe success of the effort would be entirely certain and thereby\\nthe pleasure of a visit to the Island would be greatly enhanced\\nto many visitors. And he rightly adds it would surely be a\\nstep and not an unimportant one in restoring the island to the\\nstate in which nature left it.\\nNo doubt many of the seeds from which started the first foliage\\nand forest, as well as many succeeding species were planted by\\nthe river at its inception and in subsequent decreasing levels.\\nIn another article Mr. Day says: The tourist who takes enjoy-\\nment in the shadows of a forest, almost unchanged from its\\nnatural condition, in the stateliness and symmetry of individual\\ntrees planted by the hand of nature herself: in the beauty and\\nfragrance of many species of flowers growing without cultivation\\nand in countless numbers; in the ever varying forms and hues\\nof foliage and in the constantly shifting panorama of the ani-\\nmated creation so near the scenes of human activity and occupa-\\ntion and vet so free from their usual effects, will find on the", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "16 Goat Island.\\nislands which hang upon the brink of the great Cataract, an\\nabundant gratification of his tastes and an exhaustless field for\\nstudy.\\nA calcareous soil enriched with an abundance of organic mat-\\nter like that of Goat Island would necessarily be one of great\\nfertility. For the growth and sustentation of a forest and of\\nsuch plants as prefer the woods to the openings it would far\\nexcel the deep and exhaustless alluvians of the prairie states.\\nIt would be difficult to find within another territory so re-\\nstricted in its limits so great a diversity of trees and shrubs and\\nstill more difficult to find in so small an area such examples of\\narboreal symmetry and perfection as the island has to exhibit.\\nThe island received its Flora from the mainland, in fact the\\nbotanist is unable to point out a single instance of tree, shrub or\\nherb, now growing upon the island not also to be found upon the\\nmainland. But the distinguishing characteristic of its flora is\\nnot the possession of any plant elsewhere unknown, but the\\nabundance of individuals and species, which the island displays.\\nThere are to be found in Western New York about 170 species\\nof trees and shrubs. Goat Island and the immediate vicinity of\\nthe river near the falls can show of these no less than 140.\\nThere are represented on the island four maples, three species\\nof thorn, two species of ash, and six species, distributed in five\\ngenera, of the cone-bearing family. The one species of bass-\\nwood belonging to the vicinity is also there.\\nMr. Day s catalogue of plants, in his report to the Reservation\\nCommissioners, gives 909 species of plants to be found on the\\nEeservation, of which 758 are native and 151 are foreign. Mar-\\ngaret Fuller Ossoli wrote: The beautiful wood on Goat Island\\nis full of flowers, many of the fairest love to do homage there.\\nThe wake robin and the May apple are in bloom, the former", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 17\\nwhite, pink, green, purple, copying the rainbow of the falls, and\\nfit to make it garland for its presiding Deity when he walks the\\nland, for they are of imperial size and shaped like stones for a\\ndiadem. Of the May apple I did not raise one green tent without\\nfinding a flower beneath.\\nFrederick Law Olmstead wrote: I have followed the Appal-\\nachian chain almost from end to end, and travelled on horse-\\nback in search of the picturesque, over 4,000 miles of the most\\npromising parts of the continent without finding elsewhere the\\nsame quality of forest beauty which was once abundant about\\nthe falls and which is still to be observed on those parts of Goat\\nIsland where the original growth of trees and shrubs has not\\nbeen disturbed, and where from caviDg banks trees are not now\\nexposed to excessive dryness at the root.\\nAll these distinctive qualities, the great variety of the in-\\ndigenous perennials and annuals, the rare beauty of the old\\nwoods, and the exceeding loveliness of the rock foliage I believe\\nto be a direct effect of the falls and as much a part of its maj-\\nesty as the mist cloud and the rainbow. They are all as it ap-\\npears to me to be explained by the circumstance that at two\\nperiods of the year, when the Northern American forest else-\\nwhere is liable to suffer actual constitutional depression, that of\\nNiagara is assured against ills and thus retains youthful luxuri-\\nance to an unusual age.\\nFirst the masses of ice which every winter are piled to a\\ngreat height below the Falls and the great rushing body of ice\\ncold water coming from the northern lakes in the spring, pre-\\nvent at Niagara the hardship under which trees elsewhere often\\nsuffer through sudden checks to premature growth. And sec-\\nond, when droughts elsewhere occur, as they do every few years,\\nof such severity that trees in full foliage droop and dwindle", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "18 Goat Island.\\nand even sometimes cast their leaves, the atmosphere at Niagara\\nis more or less moistened by the constantly evaporating spray\\nof the Falls, and in certain situations bathed by drifting clouds\\nof spray.\\nIn 1785, years before the island was bridged, St. John de\\nCrevecoeur in a long letter describing Niagara wrote: You then\\ncome to an island covered with trees and shrubs, whose foliage\\nand situation have a very happy effect amidst the turbulent\\nscenes around.\\nAnd nowhere else is to be found a more beautiful piece of\\nvirgin forest, where nature protected it from man s encroach-\\nment by its insular position; where a rich alluvial soil furnished\\nthe trees with food, and nature s bounty provided them with\\ndrink from the ever-present spray. And, lastly, luckily when\\nman acquired occupation and possession, the Island and forest\\nbecame the property of those by whom its soil was not disturbed,\\nbut was left as nature herself for hundreds of years had pre-\\nserved it. Truly we can say with Longfellow\\nThis is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks,\\nBearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,\\nStand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic.\\nITS HISTORY.\\nIndian Ownership, 1600-1764.\\nIn taking up its history chronologically, let us start with Goat\\nIsland, in the very early pre-Columbian days, when this section\\nwas inhabited or certainly visited by those unknown Indians to\\nwhom we refer as Aborigines.\\nWe do not know the name of the tribe that inhabited this\\nsection prior to about 1600, but at that time the Neuter nation\\ndwelt on both sides of the Niagara river. In 1651 the Senecas,", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Path on Goat Island.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 19\\nthe nearest neighbors of the Neuters on the east, and them-\\nselves the westernmost tribe of the Iroquois, suddenly attacked\\nthe Neuters and annihilated them; and by reason of the con-\\nquest claimed their lands. And this claim was recognized as\\nvalid by the other Indian tribes, and therefore later on by the\\nwhite man. In this way Goat Island passed into the hands of\\nthe Senecas, who held it for over 100 years. To the Senecas,\\nas well as to the Neuters and the Aborigines, Goat Island was\\na sacred spot. To them it was the abode of the Great Spirit of\\nNiagara. In the spray they saw the manifestation of their\\nDeity, in the thunder of the cataract they heard his voice\\nAnd the poor Indian whose untutored mind\\nSees God in clouds and hears him in the wind\\nbelieved that he could sometimes even see, in the ever shifting\\nclouds of mist, the outlined figure of Him whom he worshiped.\\nThe Island s use to the Aborigines appears to have been as a\\nburial ground, and tradition says that in its soil rest the remains\\nof many an Indian warrior, interred there hundreds of years ago;\\nover whose mounds to-day stand trees of great age. Here, says\\nthe same untraceable tradition, was interred the body, when re-\\ncovered, of the fairest maiden of the tribe, who was annually\\nsent over the Falls, in a white canoe decked with flowers, as the\\nnoblest possible sacrifice to the Great Spirit.\\nThere is no written nor published record, that I know of, of\\nany Indian burial taking place on the Island. Hennepin makes\\nno mention of this use of it, as he would in all probability have\\ndone had the Senecas, or even had their immediate predecessors,\\nthe Neuters, buried their warriors here. But he says the island\\nis inaccessible. Hence we can only assume that these graves\\nlong antedate his visit, and are the graves of Aborigines.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "20 Goat Island.\\nIn 1834, the skeleton of a young female that had been dug\\nup on Goat Island shortly before, was in the Museum of the\\nBoston Medical College. This may possibly have been the skele-\\nton of that heroine of the Legend of the White Canoe, who\\nwas the last fairest maiden to be sacrificed to Niagara s\\nDeity. It was found interred in a sitting posture; and it is said\\nthat the graves on the island were in a sandy spot, each body\\nin a separate grave, always in a sitting or squatting posture,\\nand without ornaments. Can this position of burying their\\ndead be any aid in tracing the tribe or stock to which the\\nAborigines about Niagara belonged? It has been further ad-\\nvanced as possible that these Indian burials on the Island took\\nplace when the Island was a part of the mainland, but this seems\\nto me to be improbable.\\nGoat Island, practically as it is to-day, has existed for many\\nhundred years, and its insular position, so difficult of access,\\nadded to its sacred character as the home of Deity, must have\\nbeen one of the main reasons for its selection by the Indians\\nas their warriors burying ground.\\nTradition tells us that the Indians of long ago made annual\\npilgrimages to Niagara, often coming great distances, to offer\\nto the Great Spirit sacrifices of the spoils of the chase, of war,\\nand of the crops. Further, the chiefs and warriors, invoking\\nblessings for the future, used to cast into its waters offerings of\\ntheir weapons and adornments. We must assume that at least\\nthese offerings were made from Goat Island, as no brave\\nwould have been considered worthy of the name who could not\\nreach the insular abode of the Great Spirit, from thence to offer\\nup his invocation.\\nWhile there are references to Niagara Falls, though not by\\nname, in works published from 1604 on in Champlain, in the", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 21\\nJesuit Relations, in De Creuxius, etc.- I know of no reference to\\nGoat Island until Hennepin, who first saw it in December, 1678,\\nmentions it, saying of Niagara: Its fall is composed of two\\nsheets of water and a cascade with an island sloping down, and\\nin the English edition of his works, he tells of This wonderful\\ndownfall with an isle sloping along the middle of it.\\nAnd in the same work, when he again saw Niagara on his\\nreturn from the West, he says: After it has run thus violently\\nfor six leagues it meets with a small sloping island about half\\na quarter of a league long and near 300 feet broad, as well as\\none can guess by the eye, for it is impossible to come at it in\\na canoe of bark, the waters run with that force. The isle is full\\nof cedar and firr, but the land of it lies no higher than that on\\nthe bank of the river. It seems to be all level even as far as the\\ntwo great cascades that make the main fall. The two sides of\\nthe channel which are made by the isle, and run on both sides of\\nit, overflow almost the very surface of the earth of said isle,\\nas well as the land that lies on the banks of the river to the\\neast and west, as it runs south and north. But we must ob-\\nserve that at the end of the isle on the side of the two great\\nfalls there is a sloping rock which reaches as far as the Great\\nGulph into which the said waters fall; and yet the rock is not\\nat all wetted by the two cascades which fall on both sides, be-\\ncause the two torrents which are made by the isle throw them-\\nselves with a prodigious force, one towards the east and the\\nother towards the west, from off the end of the isle where the\\nGreat Fall is.\\nLa Hontan, who saw Niagara in 1687, when he accompanied De\\nNonville in the expedition to build Fort Niagara, wrote of the\\nIsland: Towards the middle of the water-fall of Niagara we", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "22 Goat Island.\\ndescry an island that leans toward the precipice as if it were\\nready to fall.\\nThese remarks of Hennepin and La Hontan show that 200\\nyears ago the upper portion of the western end of Goat Island\\nprojected out over the gorge, and, as the softer shale at the base\\nof the cliff above the debris slope had then crumbled away, it\\nmust have given to this end of the island that sloping or about-\\nto-fall appearance mentioned.\\nAll of this overhanging cliff has, since 1790, tumbled into the\\ngorge below.\\nIn speaking of the beasts that try to cross the river just above\\nit La Hontan calls it that unfortunate island. He published\\nno view of Niagara. He was a soldier and possible sites for forts\\ninterested him more than wonderful scenery.\\nFor seventy years after Hennepin published his, the first\\nknown picture of Niagara Falls, and therefore of Goat Island,\\nnumerous pictures of them appeared, mostly in geographies and\\nbooks of travel, published in many languages and in several\\ncountries of Europe. All of these pictures, while varying in de-\\ntails, were based mainly on Hennepin s; all showing Goat Island\\nas extending far up stream; but some of them represented it as\\nvery narrow at the cliff and throughout its length, while others\\nbroadened it even more than Hennepin did.\\nBetween 1719, when Joncaire established his cabin or ware-\\nhouse at Lewiston, with French attendants, and 1725, when the\\nFrench built and garrisoned their second Fort Niagara, some\\nof these men may have and probably did visit the Island; indeed\\nthere is no one to whom we can, with more probability of being\\ncorrect, ascribe the honor of having been the first white man\\nto set foot on Goat Island than to Joncaire. He was an adopted", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "-.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a01\u00c2\u00ab,IX-.J\u00c2\u00bb,. 1\\nThe Legend op the White Canoe.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 23\\nchild of the Senecas, and the man to whom Charlevoix refers\\nas speaking with all the good sense of a Frenchman and with all\\nthe eloquence of an Iroquois.\\nAs the garrison at Fort Niagara, from 1725 to 1759 was usually\\na large one, it is more than probable that a number of these\\nadventurous French officers and soldiers were at various times\\npiloted to the Island in the canoes of the Senecas, who lived in\\nthis section and who were the firm friends of the French. In\\nJanuary, 1751, there appeared in London, in the Gentlemen s\\nMagazine, a picture of Niagara Falls and a letter from the\\nSwedish Naturalist Peter Kalm, who had visited the Falls the\\nyear before.\\nThis picture, without the ladders on the Goat Island cliff, was\\na fair sample of the pictures of Niagara up to that time, and is\\nreproduced herewith. In the letter, Kalm tells of two Indians\\nwho, twelve years before (that is in 1738), had gone in a canoe\\non the river above the falls, but having some brandy with them,\\nbecame intoxicated, and lying down to sleep in the canoe, were\\ncarried down stream so far that the noise of the falls awakened\\nthem. By great effort they reached Goat Island, but their canoe\\nseems to have been carried over the falls. After some time,\\ntwo or three days probably, being nearly starved, and seeing\\nno other possible way of escape they made ladders of the long\\nvines that grew on the Island, and fastening the ends at the\\nbank above, let them down the cliff and descended by them to\\nthe water s edge below. Here they tried to swim across the\\nriver, but the waves repeatedly beat them back, bruised, onto\\nthe Island s base. Discouraged, they ascended their ladder and\\nfinally attracted, by their cries, the attention of two Indians on\\nthe main shore. These, seeing the situation, hastened to report\\nit to the commandant at Fort Niagara.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "24 Goat Island,\\nHe caused four poles to be shod with sharp irons. As the\\nwaters that ran by the Island were then shallow, two Indians took\\nupon them to walk thereto by the help of these poles, to save\\nthe other poor creatures, or perish in the attempt. They took\\nleave of their friends as if they were going to death. Each had\\ntwo poles in his hands to set to the bottom of the stream to\\nkeep them steady. So they went and got to the Island, and\\nhaving given poles to the two poor Indians there, they all re-\\nturned safely to the main shore. Those two Indians who in this\\nabove mentioned manner were first brought to this Island are\\nstill alive. They were nine days on the Island.\\nNow, since the road to this island has been found, the In-\\ndians go there often to kill deer, which have tried to cross the\\nriver above the falls and were driven upon this island by the\\nstream. But, Kalm adds, If the king of France were to give\\nme all Canada, I would not venture to go to this island; and\\nwere you to see it, Sir, I am sure you would have the same senti-\\nment. Kalm also in this letter,, makes the first mention I find\\nanywhere of small islands adjacent to Goat Island, saying,\\nOn the west side of this island are several small islands or\\nrocks of no consequence.\\nAnother account of evidently this same story, tells how the\\nrescuers were provided by the blacksmith at Fort Niagara with\\nlong stilts shod with iron points, on these they walked to the\\nIsland, carrying two extra pairs of stilts, and all four Indians\\nstilted back to safety. While the inventor of this last story\\navoided the incongruity of having men walk on foot across a\\nchannel where the water now at least is ten or twelve feet deep,\\nhis stilt story is almost as absurd.\\nLater on a traveler heard the story in this way By making\\nlong bark ropes and carrying them a considerable distance up", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 25\\nthe stream, they succeeded in floating one end against the Island\\nby which means they were enabled to rescue the poor wretches\\nfrom certain death. The inventor of this story evidently did\\nnot know that the current would carry the end of the rope away\\nfrom, not towards, Goat Island. In 1759 the English captured\\nFort Niagara and secured complete control of all this section.\\nIn 1763 the Senecas planned and executed the Devils Hole mas-\\nsacre, from which only one man of the English escort escaped,\\nJohn Stedman by name. Amid a shower of bullets and arrows\\nhe spurred his horse and dashed in safety to Fort Schlosser,\\nnearly five miles away. He subsequently claimed that the\\nSenecas, marvelling at his escape, and believing the Great Spirit\\nhad given him a charmed life, gave him all the land between the\\nNiagara river and the line of his flight, some five thousand acres\\nin all. The Senecas do not appear to have paid any attention\\nto his claim, although during his lifetime Stedman seems to\\nhave occupied unmolested, such lands in his claimed grant as\\nhe chose, but only a small part thereof. When his descendants\\nset up their claim, under this Seneca grant, they could produce\\nno deed nor proof of one. They claimed that Stedman gave the\\ndeed to Sir William Johnson for safe keeping, and that it was\\ndestroyed when Sir William s residence, Johnson Hall, was\\nburned.\\nThey kept up the fight until about 1823, when the State of\\nNew York, after their claim had been declared worthless, ejected\\nthem from such lands as they occupied under the claim.\\nIn 1764, at the great treaty held at Fort Niagara, between\\nGreat Britain and nearly all the Indian tribes of North America,\\nSir William Johnson obtained for England from the Senecas all\\nthe land along the Niagara river, four miles wide, averaging two", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "26 Goat Island.\\nmiles in width on each side thereof, from Lake Ontario to Lake\\nErie. The diplomatic Senecas specially excepted from this grant\\nall the islands in the river.\\nOnly the year before that nation had attacked the English,\\nin the Devils Hole Massacre, and had then been obliged to sue\\nto Sir William Johnson for peace and reconciliation. And even\\nat this great treaty gathering they had not kept their promise\\nto him of being present, and had come to it only after he had\\narrived at the fort and finding them unrepresented, had sent\\na special messenger to them and threatened to send Bradstreet s\\narmy to punish them if they did not at once appear and fulfil\\ntheir former promises. These they had just fulfilled, and now\\nthey begged Sir William Johnson personally to accept from them\\nall the islands in the Niagara river as a token of their regard\\nfor him, and in remembrance of the trouble they had from time\\nto time given him.\\nJohnson s influence with the Indians was unbounded. He had\\nbeen married to a sister of the great Mohawk warrior Brant,\\nhe was England s Indian agent, and so far as dealing with In-\\ndians of all tribes was concerned, he was the most influential\\nwhite man that ever trod the continent of North America. Such\\na man s friendship was worth having at any time, especially to\\nthe Senecas at that time, even if paid for by the gift of many\\nislands, Goat Island included.\\nSir William Johnson accepted the proffered gift, fearing a\\nloss of influence with the Senecas if he refused. But the Eng-\\nlish military law of that period forbade officers to accept pres-\\nents, and certainly in cases of gifts of land, which could not be\\nkept secret, the law was obeyed. So Sir William at once pre-\\nsented all these islands to the English Crown.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 27\\nAnd thus in 1764, this wondrous, though as yet unnamed\\nIsland, passed from the possession of the Senecas and into the\\npossession of the Crown of England.\\nSOVEREIGN OWNERSHIP.\\n1764-1816.\\nIn 1764 there came to Fort Niagara, in Bradstreet s army, in\\nthe British service, a man destined in after years to be a con-\\nspicuous figure in Colonial history, Israel Putnam. He was lieu-\\ntenant-colonel of a Connecticut regiment, and tradition says that\\nduring the month that Bradstreet s army lay encamped at that\\nfort he visited Goat Island on a wager; being the first white man\\nto set foot thereon. A long rope was fastened to a boat, its other\\nend being secured on the shore, and it was paid out as the boat\\nwas swiftly paddled, by its Indian guides, to the Island. The\\nboat and its occupants were later hauled back to the mainland.\\nThe story in itself is by no means improbable, for it is easily pos-\\nsibly to-day to go to Goat Island by boat, starting well up stream\\nand keeping over the bar that extends far easterly from the\\nIsland, and it has been very frequently done during the past 100\\nyears. Stedman, referred to later on, is reported to have gone\\nto the Island on horseback, and by swimming his horse out to the\\nsandy bar well up stream and letting the animal walk to the\\nIsland on the bar, on which the water is always shallow, it might\\neasily be accomplished. It is much more than probable, how-\\never, that white men had been on the Island before 1764.\\nIn 1768, an English officer, Lieut. Wm. Pierie, then stationed\\nat that same fort, made, from the Canadian side, a sketch of Niag-", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "28 Goat Island.\\nara Falls, which was engraved and issued the next year. While\\ncontaining inaccuracies, this view of the Falls stood forth to the\\nworld as the first picture of them ever published that had the\\nmerit of approximate truthfulness of delineation, and at the same\\ntime any artistic pretensions.\\nPrior to 1770 John Stedman, before referred to, as claiming\\nunder a deed from the Senecas all the land on the American side\\nnear Niagara Falls, had construed this claim so as to include\\nGoat Island, and had cleared a portion of the upper end thereof\\nand raised thereupon a fine crop of turnips. In the fall of that\\nyear he placed on the Island a number of animals, among them a\\nmale goat. His expressed object in putting these animals there\\nwas to get them out of the reach of the bears and wolves which\\nthen prowled, practically unmolested, about his home on the main\\nshore, some two miles further up stream. That winter was a\\nvery severe one. Why he left the animals uncared for is un-\\nknown, but by spring all but the goat were dead.\\nHis tenacity of life gave hie name to his Island prison, and\\nGoat Island it has been called ever since. Whether the goat died\\non the Island is not known. So thoroughly has this name become\\nattached to the Island that it would seem impossible now to\\nchange it, were it so desired, which it is to be hoped it will not\\nbe. In 1819, when the Commissioners under the treaty of Ghent\\nwere engaged in determining the boundary line between the\\nUnited States and Canada, Gen. Porter, one of the Commissioners,\\nand also an owner of Goat Island, proposed to call it Iris\\nIsland, and it was so designated in the minutes of, and on the\\nmaps published by, the Commissioners.\\nBut the traveling public of the world would have none of it;\\nGoat Island it was; Goat Island it should remain. So they called", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 29\\nit; so they continued to call it; and so it is known even until to-\\nday, in literature and in cartography; and that is why the title\\nof this pamphlet reads, not Iris Island, but Goat Island.\\nAt the close of the Revolution, in 1783, by the treaty of Paris\\nEngland relinquished all claim over her American colonies, and\\ntheir lands. Thus Goat Island passed into the possession of the\\nState of New York. That treaty provided that the line of division\\nbetween Canada and the United States should run along the\\nmiddle of the communication [between Lake Erie and Lake On-\\ntario] into Lake Erie.\\nUnder this wording the State of New York most naturally\\nclaimed Goat Island, and subsequently the Commissioners, under\\nthe treaty of Ghent, fixed the following boundary line at this\\npoint, which is still in force: Thence [from a point in Lake On-\\ntario opposite the mouth of the Niagara river] to and up the\\nmiddle of the said river to the Great Falls; thence up the Falls\\nthrough the point of the Horseshoe, keeping to the west of Iris\\nor Goat Island, and of the group of small islands at its head,\\nthus fully sustaining New York s contention. It was not until a\\nyear and a. half after the signing of the treaty of Ghent, which\\nwas signed March 24, 1814, that the State of New York parted\\nwith the title to Goat Island; and not until 1822 that the Com-\\nmissioners under said treaty signed their decision and thus fixed\\nour northern boundary line.\\nIt is also certain, with the large English garrison at Fort\\nNiagara from 1759 until after the Revolution, and even until\\n1796 (until which date England held Fort Niagara) that many\\nadventurous Englishmen visited Goat Island, and of this we have\\nmore substantial proof than we have of the earlier visits of\\nFrenchmen.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "30 Goat Island.\\nIsaac Weld, who visited the Falls in 1796, says, The Commo-\\ndore of the King s vessels on Lake Erie, who had been employed\\non that lake for upwards of thirty years, informed me that when\\nhe first came into the country [that would be in 1776], it was\\na common practice for young men to go to the island in the\\nmiddle of the Falls; that after dining there they used frequently\\nto dare each other to walk into the river towards certain large\\nrocks in the midst of the rapids not far from the edge of the\\nFalls; and sometimes to proceed through the water even beyond\\nthese rocks. No such rocks are to be seen at present; and were\\na man to advance two yards into the river from the island, he\\nwould be inevitably swept away by the torrent.\\nChataubriand, who saw the Falls in 1790, says, Between the\\ntwo Falls there is an island, hollow underneath, and which hangs\\nwith all its trees over the chaos of the waves, thus proving\\nHennepin s statement of the island sloping down.\\nP. Campbell, in 1793, relates a curious story about the Island\\nhaving been so overrun with rattlesnakes that it was dangerous\\nfor a person to walk on it until a parcel of swine were put on it\\nand which nearly rooted them out.\\nThe title to Goat Island was not involved in the dispute, at\\nthe commencement of this century, between Massachusetts and\\nNew York regarding the ownership of the western part of the\\nlatter state.\\nJudge Augustus Porter first visited Goat Island in 1805, going\\nby canoe. He found at its upper end the clearing of a few acres\\nmade many years before by Stedman.\\nHe also found carved on the trees thereon the dates 1769,\\n1770, 1779, 1783; which is pretty substantial proof of visits to\\nthe Island having been made by Englishmen as before claimed.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Cave op the Winds and Rock of Ages.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 31\\nOf course, since the Island was bridged, thousands and thou-\\nsands have visited it; so that an early date now readable on any\\ntree thereon, may have been carved by a visitor of much more\\nrecent years.\\nIn 1811 Augustus Porter, in behalf of his brother and himself,\\napplied to the State of New York for the purchase of the Island.\\nHis petition read as follows:\\nTo the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York,\\nin Senate and Assembly convening; the petition of the subscriber\\nhumbly showeth, that your petitioner is an inhabitant of the\\ntown of Cambria, in the County of Niagara. That his place of\\nresidence is surrounded by a large body of unsettled lands, which\\nare likely to remain so for a long time, which afford a shelter\\nfor wolves and other wild animals, owing to which the raising of\\nsheep is rendered extremely difficult. That, in the Niagara river,\\ndirectly opposite to the residence of your petitioner there is a\\nsmall island owned by the people of the State, called Goat Island,\\ncontaining as your petitioner believes, about 100 acres, where\\nsheep might be with great safety kept. Your petitioner there-\\nfore prays that your honorable body will pass a law authorizing\\nthe commissioners of the land office to sell to your petitioner\\nthis said island at a fair price, to be determined by appraisal, or\\nin such other way as your honorable body in your wisdom may\\ndeem proper, and your petitioner will ever pray.\\nAUGUSTUS PORTER.\\nFebruary 23, 1811.\\nThe petition was referred to the Surveyor General, who re-\\nported as follows: The surveyor general, on the petition re-\\nspectfully reports, that the petitioner is settled on the shore of\\nthe Niaraga river opposite to an island of about 100 acres called\\nGoat Island, which he is desirous of obtaining for the purpose", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "32 Goat Island.\\nof keeping sheep free from wolves and other wild animals, which?\\non account of the country it is difficult to do. This island is\\nabout 7 chains from the east shore, with its lower end butted\\non the precipice over which the Niagara river falls at the great\\nCataract. On account of the great velocity of the current which:\\ndescends to the island and sweeps its sides, the passage to and\\nfrom it is difficult and considered so dangerous that few have\\nattempted it. The petitioner, however, thinks that by means\\nof projections from the shore he can lessen the difficulty and\\ndanger of the passage, and is willing for that privilege he prays\\nfor, to pay the State a reasonable addition to what is appraised\\nas its fair value. From the circumstances stated it must be\\nevident that the value of the island must very materially depend\\non its being an appendage to the estate on the shore directly\\nopposite it. Should the Legislature judge proper to authorize a\\ngrant of it to the petitioner, it ought to be with the proviso that\\nthe Indian title to it be first extinguished.\\nRespectfully,\\nSIMEON DE WITT.\\nFebruary 22, 1811.\\nIt would appear from the dates that the Surveyor General had\\nmade out a not unfavorable report on the petition, the day before\\nthe latter was signed.\\nThe Legislature declined to authorize the sale however, stat-\\ning as its reason that it expected to use the Island itself, erecting\\nthereon in the near future either a State prison or a State\\narsenal.\\nJudge Porter still kept on raising sheep, and still wanted\\nGoat Island, and he finally outwitted the State, and obtained it.\\nIn 1814 he found out that Samuel Sherwood, a prominent lawyer,\\nowned an instrument called a float, given to him by the State\\nof New York, in consideration of a failure of title to some lands", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 33\\nhe had purchased of it. This float authorized the bearer to\\nlocate 200 acres on any of the unsold or unappropriated lands\\nof the Coinnionwealth. For himself and his brother, Augustus\\nPorter bought this instrument from Sherwood, and with it duly\\nassigned and attested, he started east. As soon as the stagecoach\\ncould land him in Albany, he hastened to the office of the Land\\nCommissioners, and stepping up to the desk laid down the float,\\nremarking, perhaps in a tone of exultation, There, damn it, I\\nwant Goat Island; stating at the same time that he located a\\nsufficient acreage of the float to cover that and the adjacent\\nislands.\\nHe got them, but necessary formalities took nearly two years.\\nIn October, 1815, the necessary survey was completed, and it was\\nonly a few weeks before that the State extinguished the Indian\\ntitle to the islands, and could give a good title to them. This\\ncession from the Senecas was dated at Buffalo September 12th,,\\n1S15, and under it these Indians reserved the right of hunting,\\nfishing, and fowling in and upon the waters of the Niagara river\\nand of encamping on the said islands for that purpose, which\\nrights, in law, did they care to exercise them, the Senecas still\\npossess. The compensation paid by the State of New York to\\nthe Senecas for the cession of all the islands in the Niagara\\nriver within the jurisdiction of the United States (which included\\nGoat Island) was f 1,000 in cash and $1,500 a year in perpetuity.\\nIt was not until November 16th, 1816, that Daniel D. Tompkins,\\nGovernor of the State of New York, signed the patent or deed,\\ntransferring these islands to Augustus Porter, of which inter-\\nesting document (now in the possession of the author) a copy\\nis given in this pamphlet. Augustus Porter at once deeded a half\\ninterest in the Goat Island group to his brother, Gen. Peter B.\\nPorter.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "PRIVATE OWNERSHIP.\\n1816-1885.\\nThe Porter brothers immediately made arrangements to get a\\nbridge to Goat Island, and in the spring of 1817 a wooden\\nstructure (of which a reproduction is given) was erected, at a\\npoint some 50 rods up stream from the present bridge. When it\\nwas completed every visitor to Niagara was glad to pay toll in\\norder to get on to the Island, and by the end of the year 1817 it\\nwas evident that Goat Island was worth more as a pleasure\\nresort than it ever could be worth as a sheep pasture.\\nSo the proverbial idea of separating the sheep from the goats\\n(in this case putting the sheep on the Island and leaving the\\ngoats on the mainland) was abandoned. The small island above\\nthis first bridge, shown in the engraving, if it ever existed, has\\nlong since been washed away.\\nSo bold was this enterprise of bridging the rapids considered,\\nthat years afterwards Margaret Fuller Ossoli suggested that the\\nGreat Spirit of Niagara had punished General Porter s temerity\\nwith deafness, which must have come upon him when he sunk the\\nfirst stone into the rapids,\\nThe heavy masses of ice coming down the river in the early\\nmonths of 1818 struck against the unprotected piers of the bridge\\nwith such force as to carry them away. Promptly with the com-\\ning of spring, 1818, the Porter brothers erected a second but a\\nmore substantial wooden bridge. They selected a site further\\ndown stream and built it from the mainland to Bath, or as it is\\nnow called Green Island, and from that island they built another\\nbridge to Goat Island. These were built on the sites of the\\npresent bridges, their builders correctly assuming that by reason", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Second Bridge to Goat Island. 1818.\\nThird Bridge to Goat Island. 1855.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 35\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of the descent of the river over the rocks, in the space between\\nthe destroyed and the new structure, the huge cakes of ice would\\nbe so broken up that comparatively little damage would be done\\nto the new piers.\\nThese two bridges (a cut of the one leading from Green Island\\nto the main shore is given) with ordinary repairs stood till 1855,\\nwhen they were replaced by the iron structures that to-day af-\\nford access to the Island.\\nIn reply to the oft asked question how were these bridges\\nbuilt, let me answer; two giant trees about 80 feet long were\\nfelled in the vicinity, and hewed square on two opposite sides.\\nA level platform, protected on the river side by cribbing, was\\nbuilt on the main shore. The two logs, parallel and some 8 feet\\napart, were laid on rollers, and with their shore ends heavily\\nweighted with stone, were pushed out over the rapids. On each\\nlog a man walked out to the end, carrying with him a sharp iron\\npointed staff. A crevice in the rocky bed of the river having\\nbeen found under the end of each of these logs, the staff was\\ndriven down into it, and to it the end of the log was firmly\\nlashed. Plank were then nailed on these logs, and on this bridge\\nstones were dragged out and laid in a pier, around these staves\\nand under the end of either log, until a rocky foundation sup-\\nported both timbers. Each succeeding span was then built in a\\nlike manner. While the bridge was in process of construction,\\nRed Jacket, the famous Seneca, was on the bank an interested\\nspectator. As the first span was successfully completed, and\\nthe erection of the bridge thus assured, some one asked him what\\nhe thought of it. Rising majestically, and drawing his blanket\\nclose about him, he muttered: Damn Yankee, and stalked away.\\nThus Goat Island was accessible to the public; and in 1818,", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "30 Goat Island.\\non the completion of the bridge, was made the first road around\\nit. On the western and southern sides of the island it was built\\nout beyond the upper edge of the land of to-day; for since that\\ndate some four rods in width on the western side and nearly 10\\nrods in widlli on the western linlf of I he southern side of the\\nIsland have been washed away.\\nHere on the Island of Iris, at the Falls of Niagara, Friday, the\\n4th day of June, 1819 (so read the minutes), when their survey\\nhad reached the mouth of the Niagara river, met Gen. Peter B.\\nPorter, commissioner on the part of the United States of\\nAmerica, and John Ogilby, commissioner on the part of his\\nBritannic Majesty under the treaty of Ghent, with their secre-\\ntary and attendants, in regular session. Among other things\\naccomplished at this session, they resolved that on the arrival\\nof the surveyors, who were daily expected from Lake Ontario,\\nwhere they had been engaged in completing some unfinished\\nbusiness of Insl year, they proceed to the survey of the Niagara\\nriver and its islands and on the completion I lienor continue the\\nsurvey of the [boundary] line between the United States and\\nCanada.\\nAmong the illustrious visitors to the island in 1825 came the\\nMarquis of Lafayette, then the guest of the United States; who\\nafter a delightful walk of two hours left the Island, which ap-\\npeared to him like an aerial garden sustained by clouds and\\nsurrounded by thunder, regretting that its distance from\\nFrance would not permit him to purchase it as it would make a\\ndelightful residence.\\nLafayette s secretary, M. La Vasseur, added to his account of\\nthe visit The surrounding currents of water offer an incalculable\\nmoving power for machinery, which might be easily applied to\\nall sorts of manufactories.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 37\\nThe owners of trie Island were then power users and power\\ndevelopers, but were opposed to any such uses of this Island.\\nThey did develop power and erect mills on the main shore; and\\nthe one mill (a paper mill) whose erection was later permitted on\\none of the smaller islands, was allowed solely to enable one of\\nthe sons of Augustus Porter to start in business.\\nAbout 1826 a few deer (which had been plentiful in the vicin-\\nity) were placed on the Island, but the visitors of that day took\\nsuch a delight in chasing them that, in their fright the animals,\\none by one, fled into the river and were carried over the falls.\\nThe great attraction on the Canadian side at this time was Table\\nRock, a projecting ledge just at the edge of the. Horseshoe Fall,\\nand. as an offset to that, in 1827 a bridge was built from Goat\\nIsland out to what is now known as Terrapin Rock. It was\\nabout 300 feet long, and the end of the bridge projected about 10\\nfeet beyond the edge of the falls, forming an absolutely unique\\nand dangerous point of observation. The heavy timbers of the\\nbridge projected out some feet beyond the end of the bridge\\nitself.\\nThe next attraction built on the Island was the Biddle Stairs,\\nenabling people to reach the slope below the island. They were\\nerected in 1829, at the suggestion of Nicholas Biddle, of United\\nStates Bank fame, and he contributed a part of the expense of\\ntheir erection. These stairs, after a period of 60 years of unin-\\nterrupted use, still afford the only means of descent to the debris\\nslope below and to the Cave of the Winds.\\nSoon after their erection in the same year, there appeared at\\nNiagara that man whose name is yet a synonym of high jumping,\\nSam Patch. The cliff of Goat Island appealed to him and his en-\\ntreaties gained him permission to erect on the slope below the", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "38 Goat Island.\\nIsland and north of the Biddle Stairs, a platform from which he\\nmade, successfully, two leaps, 95 feet high, into the deep waters\\nbelow. The platform from which he jumped was supported by\\n(and also reached by) two enormous ladders whose lower ends\\nrested upon the huge rocks at the waters edge, the ladders them-\\nselves leaning far out over the waters. Their upper ends were\\nfastened by ropes to the top of the rocky slope on which the\\nlower end of the Biddle Stairs rest. Midway of their length\\nthey were also fastened to the bank by ropes. Guy ropes, ex-\\ntending respectively up and down stream, kept the ladders from\\nswaying sideways.\\nIn the same year there came to Niagara Capt. Basil Hall, of the\\nRoyal British Navy; an extensive traveller and a voluminous\\nwriter. He admired and criticized Niagara; wrote learnedly and\\nentertainingly about the pressure of the atmosphere behind the\\nsheet of water, and left in his works his approbation of the de-\\ncision of the owners of the Island to retain it in its natural state;\\nand also took credit that his expressed views in favor of this\\ncourse may have contributed in some degree to the salvation of\\nthe most interesting spot in all America.\\nThe same summer there appeared at Niagara that remarkable\\nstranger, Francis Abbott, whose name will always be associated\\nwith this locality as The Hermit of the Falls. Young,\\nlearned, cultivated, and versed in the arts, he sought solitude\\nand communion with nature. English relatives supplied him\\nwith ample money for his simple needs. Intending on his arrival\\nto spend a week here, he passed the remaining year and a half of\\nhis life close to the great Cataract. He wanted to build a cabin\\non the first Sister Island which he proposed to reach by means of\\na drawbridge, but to this the owners of the Island could not", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CAVE OF THE WINDS.\\nBIDDLE\\nSTAIRS FROM BELOW.\\nBIDDLE\\nSTAIRS FROM ABOVE.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 39\\nconsent. Obtaining permission to occupy an unused hut that\\nstood on the northeasterly side of Goat Island, he lived there for\\na year in solitude, save for his dog and his cat; preparing his\\nown meals, writing much, but promptly destroying everything\\nthat he wrote, playing often on his flute and guitar; at all hours,\\nbut chiefly at night, when he would meet no human being, walk-\\ning about the Island. He bathed daily, the year around, in the\\nriver, usually in the pool below the little fall between Goat Island\\nand the first Sister Island, which thus has received the name of the\\nHermit s Cascade. On the timbers that projected out beyond\\nthe edge of the bridge at Terrapin Rock, and which extended out\\neven over the gulf, he would venture, walking rapidly right out\\nto the end, and then turning quickly and fearlessly, retrace his\\nsteps. From the ends of these timbers he would hang by his\\nhands, his body suspended in mid-air over the abyss, exhibiting\\nabsolute fearlessness and strength of will.\\nThe increasing number of visitors induced him to leave the\\nIsland, and to occupy a hut on the mainland. Here he lived for\\nsix months, and one morning was drowned while bathing near the\\nfoot of the American Fall. He is buried in the cemetery at Niag-\\nara Falls; and his life remains as a wonderful example of the all-\\npervading influence that Nature at Niagara can exert on an over-\\nsensitive soul.\\nIn the winter of this same year, a remarkable one in the Island s\\nhistory, it is stated that the cold was so intense, and the ice in\\nthe river and in the rapids above so thick, that persons were able\\nto cross to Goat Island without using the bridges; a remarkable\\nfact, if true, and a condition which Nature has never vouchsafed\\nus since; although during the intervening seventy years there\\nhave been some remarkably cold periods, notably in recent years,", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "40 Goat Island.\\nin 1874 and 1896. In the latter year, save for one wide break,\\nover the deepest channel, a solid mass of ice accumulated, below\\nthe bridge to Green Island, and between the main shore and the\\nsmaller islands and Goat Island, on which many persons walked\\ndaily for nearly a week. And one man drove one afternoon from\\nBath Island down almost to the edge of the American Fall.\\nIn 1833 was built of the stones of this immediate vicinity the\\nTerrapin Tower, close to the edge or brink of the Horseshoe Fall\\nand quite a distance out from the Island. This tower was the one\\nobjective point of all visitors, the Mecca of all pilgrims. Of\\nrude architectural design and construction, it stood for over\\nforty years, a unique and not inharmonious adjunct to the great\\nCataract.\\nAs the old Terrapin bridge was replaced with the present struc-\\nture a few years afterwards, and as elderly visitors of to-day\\nregret the disappearance of the old tower, a landmark of a past\\ngeneration, I reproduce an old engraving of them as they were\\nin 1834.\\nFamiliar as the trip to-day is to many visitors, the first entrance\\nof the Cave of the Winds, or ^Bolus s Cave, as it was first called,\\non July 15, 1834, marked an epoch at Niagara. For several years\\nbefore that date visitors had penetrated a few feet behind the\\nsheet of water below Table Rock on the Canadian side, but the\\npassage behind the small sheet of water that flowed between\\nGoat and Luna islands, and out beyond amidst the waters dash-\\ning and plunging in the sunlight, and the journey from rock to\\nrock, and over rushing torrents, in front of this fall and back to\\nGoat Island, was a new trip, with new sensations and new views.\\nThe trip is an experience which has been extolled by all who have\\never enjoyed it, and it is a trip whose attractiveness has not", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 41\\nt een dimmed, but lias increased, as the years have gone by; for the\\nrushing, eddying spray and the sheets of water driven with great\\nforce against the face of the cliff have year by year eaten into the\\nrocky back of the cave, making it larger and more wonderful\\nwith each succeeding summer.\\nOn March 29, 1848, for that day only, persons walked in\\nthe bed of the rocky channel of the American rapids between Goat\\nIsland and the mainland and from Goat Island out in the bed of\\nthe main channel towards Canada. But the river was not ice\\nbound; its flow was diminished, not entirely cut off, its supply\\nat Lake Erie having been temporarily blocked. Lake Erie was\\nthen full of floating ice, crowding to its outlet, the source of the\\nNiagara river. During the previous afternoon a strong north-\\neast wind had driven the ice back into the lake. During the\\nnight the wind veered suddenly and blew a gale from the west.\\nThis forced the ice floe sharply, in a mass, into the narrow chan-\\nnel or source of the river, quickly blocked it up, and the still ad-\\nvancing ice sealed up this source with a temporary barrier, pushed\\nsome feet into the air. It did not take long for the water north\\nof this barrier to drain off, and in the morning, the Niagara river,\\nas men knew it, was not. The American Falls were dry. The\\nCanadian Falls were a mere shadow of their former selves, a few\\nthreads or streams of water only falling over the edge. People,\\nfearful every moment of an onrush of water from up stream,\\nwalked in the channels, where, up to that time, the foot of man\\nhad never trod, and where it has never trod since.\\nThe roar of Niagara was reduced to a moan; the spray, and\\ntherefore, the rainbows disappeared. All day this phenomenon\\nlasted, but by night the sun s rays and the pressure of Lake\\nErie s waters had made inroads on the icy dam, and during the\\nnight the barrier was swept away. By the next morning the", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "42 Goat Island.\\nriver again rushed by in its might, and its roar once more pro-\\nclaimed that Niagara had resumed its sway.\\nIn 1860 two visitors of special note came to Niagara; Blondin,\\nthe man of iron nerve, and Albert Edward, heir apparent to the\\nBritish Throne. The former wanted to stretch a rope from Goat\\nIsland s southwestern end to the Canadian shore opposite, and\\nbalance pole in hand to cross the gorge, where the column of\\nspray might envelop him in its folds and shut him out of the\\nview of the thousands who would throng the banks to see him\\nrisk his life. But Goat Island s owners refused to be parties to\\nsuch an exhibition, and Blondin stretched his rope across the\\ngorge about half a mile below, and there, in the presence of the\\nPrince of Wales on one occasion, and in the presence of multi-\\ntudes of people on others, several times crossed the gorge from\\nside to side in safety.\\nNew scenes of great beauty were opened up to visitors by the\\nerection of the bridges to the Three Sister Islands in 1869; but\\nthe one point of vantage, the grand old Terrapin Tower, was\\nneedlessly torn down in 1873 in order that it might not prove an\\nadverse attraction to the interests of a company which had\\nbought and were about to fence in the last spot of land on the\\nAmerican shore from which a near view of the Falls could be\\nobtained a point which so long as it remained in the possession\\nof the owners of Goat Island had been left free to the world.\\nIn 1877 the idea of the great hydraulic tunnel had been matured\\nby Thomas Evershed. His plan and proposition was to have the\\noutlet of this tunnel at the base of the slope directly under Goat\\nIsland, extending the tunnel eastwards under the Island and then\\nunder the bed of the river; placing the mills on the main shore\\nand connecting their wheelpits with the main tunnel by lateral\\ntunnels.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 43\\nThe passage in 1879, by the Legislature of the State of New\\nYork, of the preliminary act for the establishment of the State\\nReservation at Niagara precluded the adoption of that route,\\nand necessitated the change thereof to its present location, a\\nchange that resulted financially to the benefit of the gigantic en-\\nterprise.\\nThe next year Leonard Henkle advanced the idea of generating\\nan electric current at Niagara that should supply New York city\\nand intermediate points with light and power. A balance wheel,\\n100 feet in diameter, was to be fastened on, and parallel to, the\\nface of the Goat Island cliff; and the induction coils, composed\\nof miles and miles of wire, were to be strung across the gorge be-\\ntween Goat Island and the Canadian shore. No progress was\\nmade in carrying this scheme into operation and the establish-\\nment of the New York Reservation has rendered its consumma-\\ntion, if ever feasible, impossible.\\nIn 1885 an international sentiment in favor of State owner-\\nship of the land immediately surrounding the Falls and rapids,\\nand their restoration to a state of nature, and preservation for\\nall time, free to mankind, took tangible form in the purchase by\\nthe State of New York, under its power of eminent domain, of\\n118 acres of land, including Guat Island, and a tract of land along\\nthe river on the American shore, Goat Island being the main\\nfeature of the reservation.\\nThis land was bought under appraisal, $525,000 being paid for\\nthe Goat Island group; and on July 15, 1885, all the property so-\\npurchased became free forever to the world.\\nSo after a family ownership of nearly 70 years the direct heirs\\nof the original purchasers of this property from the State, ceded\\nit back to it. Save for the one desecration of Bath Island, al-", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "44 Goat Island.\\nlowed, as stated before, purely for family reasons, the property\\nwas returned to the State in its original and natural condition.\\nOn all the other islands the owners had preserved the original\\nforest beauty.\\nSince 1885 the plan has been to consistently restore, on the\\nReservation, the natural scenery. On Green Island all traces of\\nthe old mill have been removed.\\nAnd thus the islands remain, as nature intended them to be,\\nand as they are destined to exist for all time, for a thing of\\nbeauty is a joy forever.\\nITS SCENERY.\\nTo him who in the love of Nature holds\\nCommunion with her visible forms, she speaks\\nA various language.\\nThe scenery of Goat Island is of a two-fold nature; that on\\nthe island and that from the Island. The scenery from the Island\\nis the scenery of Niagara Falls, and I know of no reasonable\\nway of describing that scenery, other than to quote the expressed\\nthoughts of the master minds who have recorded their impres-\\nsions of the great cataract. But to thus quote sufficiently, to\\neven partially treat of the subject, would be to fill an entire\\nvolume. And so confining myself strictly to my subject, I feel\\nconstrained thus to leave out any material description of the\\nscenery, from the island.\\nThe walk about Goat Island at Niagara Falls is probably\\nunsurpassed in the world for wonder and beauty, wrote Charles\\nDudley Warner, and the judgment of the world agrees with him.\\nAnd possibly, especially to that large number of persons who\\nprefer the scenery of the rapids to that of the falls themselves,\\nL", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": ";vr\\na-", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 45\\nthere is no more wondrous view about Niagara than that from\\nthe Terrapin Rocks, where the visitor, looking up the Canadian\\nchannel, sees before him naught but the upper line of the rapids\\nmeeting the sky.\\nIt is of this view that the Duke of Argyle wrote, The river\\nNiagara above the falls, runs in a channel very broad, and very\\nlittle depressed below the level of the country. But there is a\\ndeep declivity in the bed of the stream for a considerable dis-\\ntance above the precipice, and this constitutes what are called\\nthe rapids. The consequence is that when we stand at any point\\nnear the edge of the falls, and look up the course of the stream,\\nthe foaming waters of the rapids constitute the sky line. No\\nindication of land is visible; nothing to express the fact that\\nwe are looking at a river. The crests of the breakers, the leap-\\ning and the rushing of the waters are still seen against the\\nclouds, as they are seen on the ocean when the ship from which\\nwe look is in the trough of the sea. It is impossible to resist\\nthe effect on the imagination. It is as if the fountains of the\\ngreat deep were being broken up, and that a new deluge were\\ncoming on the world. The impression is rather increased than\\ndiminished by the perspective of the low wooded banks on either\\nshore, running down to a vanishing point, and seeming to be\\nlost in the advancing waters. An apparently shoreless sea,\\ntumbling towards one is a very grand and a very awful sight.\\nForgetting, then, what one knows, and giving oneself to what\\none only sees, I do not know that there is anything in nature\\nmore majestic than the view of the rapids above the Falls of\\nNiagara.\\nTo many others the view of the rapids, as one stands on and\\nlooks up stream from the bridge leading to Green Island, is the", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "46 Goat Island.\\nmost beautiful at Niagara. Let me quote Margaret Fuller s de-\\nscription of these views: At last, slowly and thoughtfully I\\nwalked down to the bridge leading to Goat Island, and when I\\nstood upon this frail support, and saw a quarter of a mile of\\ntumbling, rushing rapids, and heard their everlasting roar, my\\nemotions overpowered me, a choking sensation rose to my\\nthroat, a thrill rushed through my veins, my blood ran rippling\\nto my fingers ends. This was the climax of the effect which\\nthe falls produced upon me neither the American nor the\\nBritish fall moved me as did these rapids. For the magnificence,\\nthe sublimity of the latter I was prepared by descriptions and\\nby paintings. When I arrived in sight of them I merely felt,\\nAh, yes, here is the fall, just as I have seen it in picture.\\nWhen I arrived at the Terrapin bridge, I expected to be over-\\nwhelmed, to retire trembling from this giddy eminence, and gaze\\nwith unlimited wonder and awe upon the immense mass rolling\\non and on, but, somehow or other, I thought only of comparing\\nthe effect on my mind with what I had read and heard. I\\nlooked for a short time, and then with almost a feeling of disap-\\npointment, turned to go to the other points of view to see if I\\nwas not mistaken in not feeling any surpassing emotion at this\\nsight. But from the foot of Biddle s stairs, and the middle of\\nthe river, and from below the Table rock, it was still barren,\\nbarren all. And, provoked with my stupidity in feeling most\\nmoved in the wrong place, I turned away to the hotel, determined\\nto set off for Buffalo that afternoon. But the stage did not go,\\nand, after nightfall, as there was a splendid moon, I went down\\nto the bridge and leaned over the parapet, Where the boiling\\nrapids came down in their might. It was grand, and it was also\\ngorgeous, the yellow rays of the moon made the broken waves", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 47\\nappear like auburn tresses twining around the black rocks. But\\nthey did not inspire me as before. I felt a foreboding of a\\nmightier emotion rise up and swallow all others, and I passed\\non to the Terrapin bridge. Everything was changed, the misty\\napparition had taken off its many-colored crown which it had\\nworn all day, and a bow of silvery white spanned its summit.\\nThe moonlight gave a poetical indefiniteness to the distant parts\\nof the waters, and while the rapids were glancing in her beams,\\nthe river below the falls was black as night, save where the re-\\nflection of the sky gave it the appearance of a shield of blued\\nsteel. No gaping tourists loitered, eyeing with their glasses, or\\nsketching on cards the hoary locks of the ancient river god. All\\ntended to harmonize with the natural grandeur of the scene. I\\ngazed long. I saw how here mutability and unchangeableness\\nwere united. I surveyed the conspiring waters rushing against\\nthe rocky ledge to overthrow it at one mad plunge, till, like top-\\npling ambition, o erleaping themselves, they fall on t other side,\\nexpanding into foam ere they reach the deep channel where they\\ncreep submissively away. Then rose in my breast a genuine ad-\\nmiration, and a humble adoration of the being who was the ar-\\nchitect of this and of all, Happy were the first discoverers of\\nNiagara, those who could come unawares upon this view and\\nupon that, whose feelings were entirely their own.\\nThe scenery on the Island is its forest scenery, and by reason\\nof its numerous flora and their abundance is wonderfully attract-\\nive at all seasons; in the spring, when the natural forest blooms\\nin its vernal foliage, and when the profusion of wild flowers\\ncarpet the ground; in the summer, when amidst the shaded\\nwalks and retreats on the little islands, fanned by the ever-\\nstirring breezes created by the rapids, one wanders entranced;", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "48 Goat Island.\\nin the fall, when the gorgeous coloring of the leaves, changed\\nby the frost into all the colors of the rainbow, delight and dazzle\\nthe eye; in winter, when the glorious ice scenery covers every\\ntree and twig, and Nature\\nWasteful decks the branches bare,\\nWith icy diamonds rich and rare.\\nNot one in 500, we are persuaded, knows anything about the\\napocalypse which is vouchsafed to him who in these glorious\\nwinter nights seeks the isle, not of Patmos,but of the Goat, wrote\\nDavid Gray, and were one to have his choice of seeing Niagara\\nbut once, it would be hard to decide whether it should be in\\nwinter or summer, but probably in winter.\\nThe scenery of Goat Island by moonlight, at any season, once\\nseen is never to be forgotten. One might paraphrase and say\\nIf you would see this Isle aright,\\nGo visit it by pale moonlight.\\nIt were useless to attempt a description of it. From the\\nTerrapin Rocks and from Luna Island, the Lunar Bow is to be\\nseen best in its glorious indistinctness, and it is to these points\\nThat many a Lunar belle goes forth,\\nTo meet a Lunar beau.\\nAnd from the Terrapin Rocks and Luna Island each morning,\\nwhen the sun is not obscured, one gazes entranced into the rising\\nclouds of spray, from which the bow of promise, like\\nAn arch of glory springs,\\nSparkling as the chain of rings,\\nRound the neck of virgins hung.\\nAnd when, on a bright afternoon, one stands among the rocks at\\nthe base of and in front of the Luna Island Fall, he is the centre\\nof a complete rainbow circle.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": ",A\\n/I\\ni-X", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "1 THE PEOPLE of the State of New York, r,, r ^pa^^j^uJ.% u* \u00c2\u00abu\\n7 Know Ye. .Wat\\n,1,1./ \u00e2\u0096\u00a0///a.,k I, fit. a, I. /..A\\nIfiHiuiuf /A\\nSaid fa. j MieMtl mM Jtt\u00c2\u00abL,i/\\nJfiHUibtt //r/n MeJauu\\nI, i.: hi i in //u (ufat//eM/ flat\u00c2\u00ab n -n 1 1 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ir/t /ji\\nJtr/l et,; tt.i(rJ nv/A trffyui/vu l foe/iff) il.n-in:\\n:/cr n\u00e2\u0080\u009e7,y..!,-/ lev/ -In f, A J\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e/ tn V,^k/,,,/ fit,/\\ni i-tn/ii,,,,,,,: h-Lt, ,\u00e2\u0080\u009eaa f/l\\n/iii.w/ ///fast; c-// //cr /f/K/vi rr/, /S fy rlud nae in {/it lit /At 7, ./fn Arc act -/_\\nTogether old affand T U itc y\u00c2\u00a3b, UMmmH i^^^MMd, I, defrme Uyiip 7 ojgataim y.\\nv,r,M h,\u00c2\u00bb To have and to hold d- J r tXcfctJeMptfuj firU^ Au\\n,fi ....J \\\\J!i\u00c2\u00abM*,i \\\\fiaU ,J,u; a nc,j,r or, Hpi Il fimditiol., IK S BrthelfSS, Wat jk\\n_ __ .:_-_ i H-h\\nffltt$*eft\u00c2\u00abum8 wfcwof; m) I,,-, s^\u00c2\u00ab, Vain, mU *,Jd p,\\ntovfiu n/\u00c2\u00bb/tf\u00c2\u00bbi/ cX^r.aO -J tJnuA-kiMj :y \u00c2\u00ab.r oj our f,mi\\n\u00c2\u00abn\u00c2\u00ab Jfar,/ /ti/kmJ, aim, ?g\u00c2\u00aby tfMfny. Jcc^.Jf. _ _\u00c2\u00ab%\\nfi\\nrhnjnf I tntmfa t A 81 6\\nPasse hhc Sccrdanj s-Ojjice the ffi\\nhMmul U.\\n/fa\\n\u00c2\u00bbJ u/ our J\u00c2\u00a3o:d ate\\nPATENT TO GOAT ISLAND FBOM STATE OF NEW YORK.", "height": "2253", "width": "2590", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 49\\nByron s description of Velino may properly be applied to\\nNiagara:\\nA matchless Cataract\\nHorribly beautiful! but on the verge,\\nFrom side to side, ben eath the glittering morn\\nAn Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge\\nLike hope upon a deathbed, and unworn\\nIts steady dyes, while all around is torn\\nBy the distracted waters, bears serene\\nIts brilliant hues, with all their beams unshorn\\nResembling, midst the torture of the scene\\nLove watching madness with unalterable mien.\\nAnother likens the Island to Love in the clasp of madness,\\nwhile Tom Moore, who gazed at it from across the gorge in\\n1804, makes the Spirit say:\\nThere amidst the island s sedge\\nJust above the Cataract s edge\\nWhere the foot of living man\\nNever trod since time began,\\nwhich was poetic, but not founded on fact.\\nAnd still another wrote of\\nThe isle that linked in wild Niagara s firm embrace,\\nStill wears the smile of summer on its face.\\nITS OWNERS.\\nThe ownership of the islands may be summarized as follows:\\nThe Aborigines 1600\\nThe Neuters 1600-1651\\nThe Senecas 1651-1764\\nSir William Johnson 1764\\nThe English Crown 1764-1783\\nState of New York 1783-1816\\nThe Porters 1816-1885\\nState of New York .1885-1900", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "ITS LITERATURE.\\nMuch has been written about Niagara by thousands. Its\\ndescription has been attempted by many who are well known in\\nthe literature of the world; and by many more who are unknown.\\nThe shortest, perhaps the most eloquent, probably the most sug-\\ngestive, certainly the most non-descriptive description of Niagara\\never penned was that by Fanny Kemble, whose journal tells of\\nher approach to the brink of the abyss and closes with the words,\\nI saw Niagara,\\nO God! who can describe that sight.\\nBut while much has thus been written, a great deal of prose\\nthat is worth reading and a very little poetry that is worth re-\\nmembering, it is of Niagara as a whole, as a unit, in its gener-\\nality, in its comprehensiveness; treating the water, the Falls,\\nthe rapids, the gorge, the sky line of the river as seen from the\\nbrink of the Horseshoe, the spray, the rainbow, and the islands\\nare component parts of one absorbing whole, that almost all\\nwriters treated it.\\nSome of them specially mention Goat Island; others, and they\\nare in the vast majority, refer to it only as an incident. Neither\\nGoat Island nor even Niagara Falls have ever elicited a strong\\npoem from any poet of the first rank.\\nSome men, like Dore have pictured Niagara without ever hav-\\ning seen it; some men, like Brainard, have written poetic effu-\\nsions about it without ever having gazed upon it; but no im-\\nportant description of Niagara has ever been penned by one who\\nhas never gazed upon it and who has not known the sensation\\noccasioned by the first view thereof; and certainly no one has\\never written anything about Goat Island who has not visited\\nit, studied it in all its varied aspects, and been held enthralled\\nby its spell.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ITS VISITORS.\\nPerhaps no one spot in the world has been visited during the\\nlast four score years by so many people, of both sexes, of so\\nmany varied occupations and of so many nationalities, as Goat\\nIsland.\\nLovers of nature and of its unique and glorious scenery, trav-\\nellers and tourists, scientists and artists, writers of prose and\\nof poetry, divines and lawyers are numbered among its admireFS\\nand students.\\nPotentates and princes, rulers and statesmen, warriors and\\ndiplomats, adventurers and mountebanks and the leaders in every\\nbranch of science, knowledge and art have trod its paths.\\nAnd from its associations many of these have drawn inspira-\\ntions that led them to higher and nobler aims. But in antith-\\nesis, from its edges men and women have leaped to self-\\ndestruction, while others have profaned its sanctity by availing\\nthemselves of the chances afforded by its solitude for murder.\\nITS PROPOSED USES.\\nMany are the uses to which the ingenuity of man has, during\\nthe past 90 years, desired to turn the Island.\\nIt was desired originally for a sheep pen.\\nThe State Legislature designed to use it for a State prison or\\na State arsenal.\\nLafayette as well as many others would have liked to have it\\nfor a residence park.\\nP. T. Barnum wanted to buy it for a circus ground.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "52 Goat Island.\\nCornelius Vanderbilt, Sr., tried to buy it for use as a pleasure\\nground in connection with his railroads.\\nJim Fiske wanted it for use as a picnic ground and as a ter-\\nminal of the Erie railroad.\\nAnd among the many propositions which were made to its\\nowners for its use were, as the site of a mammoth hotel, as a race\\ntrack, as a botanical garden, as a rifle range, and as a site for a\\ncollection of manufacturies to be located along the shores of the\\nIsland and the power to be furnished by running tall piers out\\ninto the river and thus collecting the waters; and again by cutting\\na canal through the center of the Island from east to west and\\nlocating the factories along its banks.\\nDeWitt Clinton in 1810, noted its value for hydraulic works,\\nand that use was suggested oftener than any other until the\\nestablishment of the State Reservation in 1885. And ever since\\nthen, plans have been urged with this object in view; some men\\nseeming to be unable to realize (when they think they see a dollar\\nfor themselves) that the State s purchase was for the sole purpose\\nof forever retaining the natural scenery, which private owners\\nhad happily preserved.\\nADDENDA.\\nTo give, even partially, reproductions of the best views from the\\nIsland would be to add so many illustrations of the scenery at\\nNiagara, as to too greatly enlarge the bulk of this article. Hence,\\npractically no views of the many sided modern scenery as seen\\nfrom Goat Island have been reproduced.\\nIn 1889 a hurricane blew down many trees on Goat Island,\\namong them the Botanic Monarch of the Isle, a cross section", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "^3 jm^mmmm m\\niP^^ j^f a\\nThe Botanic Monarch of the Isle.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "Goat Island. 53\\nof whose trunk may be seen at the Niagara Falls Public Library.\\nOn it is inscribed: I grew on Goat Island, and for over 400\\nyears, stood sentinel over its Indian graves. I was a sturdy sap-\\nling when Columbus landed at San Salvador. I was 150 years\\nold when the first white man gazed upon Niagara. I saw and\\nknew this first white man, but cannot reveal his name. I was\\nover 200 years old when La Salle and Hennepin visited Niagara.\\nI was blown down in 1889, the oldest and largest tree within\\nthe sound of Niagara s roar.\\nOn Luna Island is an embedded rock, whose top projects above\\nthe surface, and on this many years ago a cunning hand carved\\nthe words, still decipherable,\\nAll Is change\\nEternal progress\\nNo death.\\nWho carved them no one knows, and where he lies entombed\\nis a mystery; but here, in full view of thousands of annual visit-\\nors, stands his epitaph, and the ceaseless roar of Niagara sings\\nhis everlasting requiem.\\nIn regard to all of Nature s handiwork, there are always men\\nwho think that certain parts of it would have been more effect-\\nively and better done if they could only have been consulted\\nabout it, and the case of Goat Island is no exception.\\nPerhaps one of the least objectionably worded of such criticisms\\non Goat Island, which is conceded to be one of the loveliest and\\ngrandest spots on earth, was written less than 40 years ago, in\\nthese words:\\nIt would be considered rather presumptious in any one to\\nthink of improving upon Niagara, but I cannot help thinking that\\nthe effect would be increased immensely if the island which\\ndivides the cataract into the Horse Shoe and the American Falls", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "54 Goat Island.\\nand the rock which juts up in the latter and subdivides it un-\\nequally, were moved or did not exist; then the river, in one grand\\nfront of over 1,000 yards, would make the leap en masse.\\nFortunately the idea is now impracticable, and Goat Island\\nexists because such is the will of the Creator.\\nGoat Isalnd and Niagara, for they are synonymous terms, once\\nseen can never be forgotten, nor will the influences derived from\\na leisurely visit to them ever be entirely lost.\\nTheir impression on an appreciative mind was beautifully ex-\\npressed many years ago, in the following poetic prose:\\nNiagara, when once we become acquainted with it, is capable\\nof exercising a strange power of fascination over the mind; and\\nthe imaginative individual should not be surprised if he find\\nmere water, earth and air, changing in its conceptions, into a\\ncreature of life. No wonder that the savages adored it, and\\npeopled it with invisible beings, and imagined it the abode of the\\nGreat Spirit. With me it will always remain a vision of beauty,\\nclosely associated with that glory with which, in my notion, I\\nshadow and imagine the Supreme. I loved it as a fellow; I left\\nit with regret. Its form still lingers before my eyes, its rushing\\nvoices still hymn in my ears. And often still, sleeping or waking\\nam I, in heart, among the cedars of Iris Island.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "Ice Scenery. Cave of the Winds. Winter 1896.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ORIGINAL SKETCHES\\nC. Breckinridge Porter.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2V*.\\nan", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S fVSlWiS\\n*!\u00c2\u00ab**Ji.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "The Great Spirit op Niagara.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "4-\\n_\\nAn Island, Hollow Underneath.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "-V\\nm.\\nmm\\nOdd Terrapin Tower.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Sam. Patch s Leap. 1829.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "V.,\\nt", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "r-i\\n^z\u00c2\u00abr i* **-jl\\nWhen Niagara Ran Dry, March 29, 1848.", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "SEP 28 1900\\nLbJa 16", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3715", "width": "2352", "jp2-path": "goatisland00port_0154.jp2"}}