{"1": {"fulltext": "F 73\\n.5\\n.C97\\nCopy 1\\nA MODEL OF THE\\nMETROPOLITAN DISTRICT\\nOF BOSTON\\nMASSACHUSETTS\\nU. S. A.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS\\nA Description\\nOF THE\\nTOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL\\nOF\\nMETROPOLITAN BOSTON\\nG. C. CURTIS, Sculptor\\nWITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS\\nPUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF PARIS\\nEXPOSITION MANAGERS OF THE COM-\\nMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS\\nBOSTONj,\\nWRIGHT POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS\\nIS Post Office Square\\n1900", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "THE MODEL OF THE METROPOLITAN DISTRICT OF BOSTON Bird s-eye View from the East. [G. C. Curtis. Sc]", "height": "1476", "width": "3791", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "54641\\nWl COhti KtttlvEO\\nOCT 1 1900\\nCofyrijfhl wtry\\nH..lt:^. r7r.\\\\.^3...\\nSECOND COPV.\\nOellkfci^ In\\nOHDER DIVISION,\\nOCT 22 ISOO\\nCOPTBIOHT, 1900,\\nBT\\nG. C. Curtis.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A Description of the Topographical Model of\\nMetropolitan Boston.*\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThe Model.\\nThe relief showing the topography included within the Metropolitan\\nDistrict of Boston, exhibited at Paris, 1900, is a solid piece of plaster,\\nthirty feet in circumference, weighing about a ton. The scale is approxi-\\nmately five inches to the mile, 1 14000, and a vertical multiplication of\\nsix, the area included being nearly five hundred square miles, with a\\ndiameter of twenty-five miles. Sea level is shown at mean low water,\\nthus revealing the beaches, marshes, flats and tidal streams.\\nBoston proper is the centre, and the region within a radius of twelve\\nand a half miles is included. It embraces the Middlesex Fells, Wakefield\\nand Reading, with parts of Burlington, Lynnfleld and Peabody, on the\\nnorth parts of Salem and Marblehead, all the islands in the harbor, with\\nNahant and Nantasket, on the east; the Blue Hills, Dedham, Quincy,\\nBraintree and Hingham on the south, including portions of Cohasset,\\nEandolph, Canton and Norwood and on the west, Needham, Eiverside,\\nWaltham and Lexington, with parts of the towns of Dover, Wellesley,\\nWeston and Lincoln.\\nThe model is best viewed from the east, as in the frontispiece, looking\\nfrom the open ocean up through the harbor to Boston proper. The season\\nis supposed to be summer, the time of day morning. The coloring, though\\nnecessarily conventional, is founded on a natural classification and treat-\\nment, with values approximating those found under natural conditions.\\nThe model is based on the most accurate and detailed map yet produced\\nof the area, compiled by the author from about three hundred of the latest\\nmaps, including the United States Coast Survey, United States Geological\\nSurvey, Metropolitan Park Commission, town, city, private and original\\nsurveys, photographically reduced or enlarged from the manuscript.\\nIn August, 1899, the model was begun, a two years task being com-\\npleted by working double hours. Twenty-one people averaged to help,\\nincluding modellers, sculptors, painters, draughtsmen and engravers.\\nIn reading, open out frontispiece and map in back. A magnifying glass will improve detail.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Though skilled with their hands, they had previously done none of this\\nwork, and all iiad to be trained.\\nThe size and detail distinguish the model, it being the largest of the kind\\nyet jiroduced in the United States, and by far the most accurate. Such\\nnovel features of detail as houses, railroads, trees, bridges, towers and\\nrocks are located precisely as mapped, and modelled in most cases with the\\nadditional aid of original photographs. The detail can be judged from\\nthere being some 2; 0 miles of railroad, with cuts, double and single tracks,\\nbridges, embankments, carefullj modelled to scale and graded 300 miles\\nof stream, modelled and painted; and 200,000 trees, each separate, and\\nlocated from the best maps and original surveys, the pine trees being dis-\\ntinguished by both form and color from deciduous. There are 26,000\\nblocks, correctly located according to the maps, and 2,750 miles of streets,\\nmodelled to scale in both form and location, making a network over all\\nthe model, all the streets in Boston, as well as throughout the suburbs and\\ncountry, having been similarly reproduced. Dwelling-houses to the number\\nof 157,000 are located and built up from their mapped ground plans. It\\nis believed that a method for the accurate location and modelling of trees,\\nhouses, streets, railroads and rocks has heretofore not been employed in\\nAmerica.\\nAs the foundation for the model a huge marble-top table was built iu a\\ncircle ten feet in diameter, upon which was scratched with a steel point the\\nmeridians and parallels of longitude and latitude at intervals of one minute.\\nThis gave a true and unchangeable foundation, without which, accuracy on\\nsuch a model could not have been maintained.\\nThe construction of the map was an undertaking in itself. Access was\\ngranted by the government departments at Washington to their manu-\\nscripts and several hundred separate photographs were made. These were\\nfitted to the longitude and latitude on the table, thus forming a huge\\nmap, briuging together the Coast and Goedelic Survey charts, the Metro-\\npolitan Park Commission maps, the Geological Survey revised town work,\\nand private surveys. These were all coutoui-ed to twenty feel, and iu\\nmany of the reservation maps, contours with an interval of two feet were\\nused.\\nA wax model was then constructed, based on an exact tracing of all the\\nfeatures from the maps. This was the longest part of the work, and took\\nsix months of constant labor from seven in the morning until ten in the\\nevening. The wax model was adjusted to the surface of the marble table,\\nwhich represented sea level, and moulds made from it. From these ten\\nplaster casts were taken. It took two men to handle each of these pieces.\\nThe sections were remodelled and then put together on a large iron frame,\\nand formed into one solid piece, weighing about a ton. The iron frame was\\nmade in the form of a reversed arch, of two and one-half inch steam pipe", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "for the rim aud smaller pipe as ties. Over this was stretched a netting of\\nthree-sixteenth inch galvanized iron wire, upon which the pieces were set\\nin a bed of plaster and tied to the frame with burlap aud excelsior.\\nThe next process was to dry the casts, and then came the painting\\nthis, though seemingly a large undertaking, since every road and house\\non the entire five hundred square miles had to be outlined, the roofs colored,\\nthe streams lined in and trees and fields painted, while the sea-shore line\\nwas cut out in blue, being one of the shortest parts of the work.\\nThe packing of this model presented a somewhat novel problem. Its\\nsurface was first protected by a strong wooden cover, about which a water-\\nproof bag was placed, the whole being lifted by derricks into a packing case\\nforty-two feet in circumference, and set within a system of car springs.\\nThis proved a successful method.\\nFew will realize the amount of work necessary to produce such a model,\\nbut a careful study reveals some of it. The city of Boston, with the gilded\\ndome of the State House, its principal buildings, the Common frog pond,\\nand the Public Gardens, with lake, bridge and even the walks, are shown.\\nThe suburban towns, whose location is described in chapter III., with\\nchurch spires and clustered villages, stand up as light spots against the\\ngreen fields and darker trees.\\nThe Blue Hills, with heavily timbered slopes and granite cliffs and the\\nobservatory on the summit, loom up on the south-west edge highest of all.\\nThe Charles River winds in and out across the model, and the population is\\nseen to cluster within\\nits wide valley in\\nBoston, Cambridge,\\nSomerville, Brook-\\nline, Water town,\\nNewton, Waltham,\\nDedham, Needham,\\net al. On the north\\nthe Middlesex Fells\\nstands upon the plateau, studded with ponds aud reservoirs, aud covered\\nwith rocks, along whose sides is a good sprinkling of trees. Nahant s\\nbeautiful rocky shores and sandy beaches are plainly shown in natural\\ncolors, eveu the low seaweed-covered rocks along the water s edge are\\naccurately modelled. The tidal flats have been located from the latest\\ncharts and painted a halftone between land and sea. Lynn Beach, the\\nLynn Woods (full of glens and ponds), the rocky shore of Swampscott\\nand Egg Rock, come in on the north-east. The islands in the harbor,\\nthe Brewsters, the barren Graves, and the Shag Rocks, stand out\\nlight against the deep blue ocean. On the south lies Nantasket Beach,\\nalong which Atlantic and Point Allerton are prominent hills. Hingham\\nCot 2. Blue Hills Range from the Eaet.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "harbor, with its rocky islands, the Weymouth Back River (east) and the\\nWeymouth Fore River, west of which is the Hough s Neck peninsuha,\\nwith broad Quincy Bay on its inner side, may be carefully studied, as\\nthey lie near the edge of the model. Egg Rock Light on the island one\\nmile east of Nahant, Boston Light with its tall white tower on Lighthouse\\nor Little Brewster Island, the Narrows or Bug Light on the end of Great\\nBrewster Spit, Deer Island Light (a red iron cylinder standing out of the\\nwater on the bar east of Deer Island), Long Island Light on the north\\nend of Long Island, eighty-four feet above the sea, two low-range lights\\non the north end of Spectacle Island, sliowing a safe channel to the inside\\nharbor, are the beacons. Buoj s, painted correctly, red on the right,\\nblack on the left of the ship channel on entering, and spindles, iron rods\\nsupporting a ball, are placed in position, as are all other charted day\\nmarks. By these a navigator can readily fmd his way.\\nThe planning and construction of the model were left largely to the\\nsculptor, a geologist trained at Harvard University, and the size and\\ncharacter of the work brought mauj novel problems to be studied. AYith\\nno precedent to follow, and a very short time to complete the model, many\\ndifficulties had to be overcome. However, the work progressed as fast as\\nthe maps could be compiled.\\nIt is advocated by several prominent educators that the model be perma-\\nnently installed in some public building, such as the Boston Public Library,\\nwhere it would form an interesting map for public instruction, especially\\nfor the schools, and a liandy reference for all residents of Greater Boston.\\nCut 3. South-east Shore of Nahant.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTopography of the Metropolitan District.\\nThe Metropolitan region of Boston contains an assemblage of topo-\\ngraphic forms, increased in interest by the entrance of a division of the\\nAtlantic Ocean into its very midst.\\nSituated between 40\u00c2\u00b0 10 and 42\u00c2\u00b0 31 north latitude, and 71\u00c2\u00b0 49 and 71\u00c2\u00b0 19 west longitude.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "The present surface of the land Is founded ou the underlying geological\\nfoundation, and in the Metropolitan region this includes a good variety\\nof representatives plutonic rocks, once existing as intensely heated\\nmasses deep below the surface, exemplified by the granitoid rock of the\\nBlue Hills aqueous and stratified rocks, composed of sediments laid down\\nin ancient seas, as the Braintree shales, the Roxbury conglomerate, and\\nthe rocks of Nahant (seen in cut No. 3), which contain some of the earliest\\nknown organic forms eruptive rocks, formed of the ejectments from\\nvolcanoes, as the volcanic rocks in Nantasket and Quiney metamorphic\\nrocks, due to alterations of older rocks through heat, the subjection to\\nburial and pressure, and to changes brought about by the atmospheric\\nagents, found in the felsite of the Middlesex Fells and the Somer-\\nville slates. In addition to this instructive geological assemblage is the\\ngreat mass of unconsolidated material brought about through action of the\\nglaciers at the time of the ice invasion, which formed a covering of debris\\nover a great portion of the hard rocks, appearing sometimes as isolated\\nhills, though more frequently as large irregular masses of sand and gravel.\\nThe ice plucked boulders from ledges, and in some localities dug basin-\\nlike hollows in the bed rock. The transported material rock waste\\npicked up by the ice, known as glacial drift blocked up many of the\\nold valleys, thereby producing the lakes, ponds and swamps which are\\nto-day so numerous throughout the region. The drift filled the channels\\nof many rivers, turning them out of their old courses, and by thus divert-\\ning them inaugurated, when they chanced upon the hard rocks, the falls\\nand rapids in our streams. The upper falls of the Charles in the narrow\\nHemlock Gorge will serve as an illustration of this sort of glacial innova-\\ntion.\\nThe present topography descends from the external land forms which\\ndeveloped during earlier periods, some conception of which is of such\\nimportance that without it no rational idea of the meaning of the present\\nsurface can be obtained. When looking over the region about Boston,\\nthe feature which appeals strongest to the trained observer is the hilly\\nupland, below which lie the broad, thickly-populated lowlands and the\\nnarrow valleys of the small streams. Above the level sky line of this\\nplateau rises the range of the Blue Hills, as may be seen in the sea level\\nview on the last page. This upland, whose continuity is so much broken\\nby the great valley lowlands of the Charles and Neponset that it is likely\\nto be unremarked save when especially sought for, is in fact a part of the\\ngreat slanting highland which slopes from less than a hundred feet at the\\nvery seacoast, as at Nahant, Swampscott and Nantasket, to elevations of\\nfrom 1,500 to 2,000 feet in Vermont and Western New Hampshire near\\nthe Massachusetts line. The rock structures are not in sympathy with the\\nupland surface, but stand at all angles with it in fact, they are contorted", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8\\nand deformed in true mountain form, both in mass and in minute internal\\ncharacteristics, for this region was once a range of high mountains, which\\nnow through the gradual process of weathering has been lowered to its\\nvery roots. The mountaiu-levelliug forces thus eventually produced a\\ngreat lowland worn down close to the sea, with streams of feeble current,\\nwinding through a vast level region, without falls or rapids, the monot-\\nonous plain broken only by a few of the resisting hard rock hills. A\\nlowlanti of this kind has been termed a peneplain; the isolated hills\\nrising above it called monadnocks, from Mount Monadnock in New Hamp-\\nshire. The Blue Hills are a good illustration. The old peneplain is now\\nthe slanting upland, which was upraised bodily so as to tilt gently to the\\nsouth-east. By this elevation the streams were given opportunity to cut\\ndown into the old lowland, through which, powerless to deepen their chan-\\nnels, they had previously flowed, and to open out wide valleys in the softer\\nrocks.* The broad expanse of the lower courses of the Charles, Mystic\\nand JIalden rivers is a local example of such a valley lowland. On this\\nlowland the great body of the Metropolitan population lives, the upland\\nbeing more sparsely settled, and in the case of the Middlesex Fells and\\nLynn Woods is reserved for parks, while the monadnocks which rise above\\nit, like the Blue Hills, are devoid of habitations.\\nCut 4 An Esker Cut for Iload-ballast King Oak Dill, Weymouih.\\nOlacfatioH. After the general dissection of the upland had been ac-\\ncomplished, the streams having cut down their channels and extended\\ntheir ramifying branches so as to break the once continuous upland into\\nseparate hills, the region was invaded by a great glacier. This ice sheet\\ncovered the north-eastern portion of the continent, and in New England\\nwas thick enough to bury the highest hills. It descended the general slope\\nof the upland toward the south-east, scraping along the loose soil, breaking\\noff projecting ledges, and giving the surface a general scouring. The\\nlarger part of the material thus gathered was dragged along and spread\\nout irregularly as gravel, boulders and clay, known as drift. In some\\ninstances the bed rocks were left bare, as in the Fells, but frequently the\\nSee Monograph on the Physical Geography of New England, by Prof. W. M. Davis,\\nNational Geographical Society, No. 9, vol. 1, p. 284.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "9\\ndrift was collected iu large quantities, and iu special localities assumed the\\nrouuded form of drumlins (smooth lenticular mounds of drift simulating\\nthe form of an egg sliced above its longer axis see cut 16) so common\\nin the Metropolitan District, the State House and Bunker Hill Monument\\nstanding on such hills. As the ice sheet melted away, saud, gravel and\\nclay were washed forward from its retreating front. Some of the glacial\\nplunder was laid down iu lakes which were formed at that time, and ap-\\npears to-day in sand plains, common in the region about Weymouth,\\nQuincy and Newtouville. In places the drift took shape as serpentine\\nridges, called eskers, from tunnels under the ice (see cut 4), as at\\nAuburndale and along the western border of the Weymouth Back River.\\nThe eskers furnish valuable road material, the sketch showing a cutting\\nacross one of these ridges made for such use. The drift also assumed the\\nform of mounds and pits near the edge of the ice, which are known as\\nCut 5. Kamee aud Kettles Point of Holes, Quincy.\\nkames and kettles, and are of frequent occurrence in this vicinity,\\nbeing exemplified especially well at the Point of Holes, Town Eiver\\nBay, as shown in the drawing above.\\nSuhmerrjence. The event associated with the glacial invasion, and one\\nwhich played perhaps the most decisive part in the location of Metropolitan\\nBoston, was the depression of the land resulting in the drowning of the\\nlower parts of the river valleys, changing them into bays, their old chan-\\nnels into estuaries, and producing a neighboring sea bordered by an\\nirregular line of shore fretted with inlets and projecting points of land\\nand dotted with reefs and islands. The harbor of Boston was thus made\\nout of the old lower valleys of the rivers now entei ing its confines the\\nCharles, the largest or master stream of the region, opening the deepest\\nchannel, and thus affording the best protection for ships, and hence its shores\\nthe most attractive site for tiie early settlers. Outlying hilltops became sea-\\ngirt islands, as Egg Rock, Nahant, Little Nahant and Outer Brewster.\\nRidges rose above the water as narrow and broken reefs, like the Graves,\\nthe Shag Rocks and the Roaring Bulls, and projecting portions of the\\nhard highlands appeared, as the buttress headlands of Swampscott and\\nAtlantic Hill. Since these larger geologic events, ceaseless action of the\\nweather, resulting in a slow though general decay of the surface rocks,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10\\nLas been at work on the land, and during the same time the activities of a\\npowerful sea have brought about numerous modifications.\\n^JUi\\nCut 6. Points of Rock jutting into the 8ea Nahant East Shore.\\nShore Action. Along the shore the most exposed portions have been\\nvigorousi} attacked by waves, those being least able to resist having\\nsuccumbed. The hard headlands have been eaten back, cliffs and sea\\ncaves hollowed out, and softer portions etched away, leaving projecting\\npoints of rock jutting into deep water (see cut 6).\\nRock Islands. The Rock Islands, the now half-drowned hilltops, being\\na peculiarly distinctive feature in contrast to the drift islands in Boston\\nharbor, the principal occurrences will be noted. Nahant and Little Na-\\nhant, though formerly separate rocks over a mile from the mainland, have\\nCut 7. Egg Rock a Monhegan.\\nnow been connected by beach growth with the shore. The best example\\nof the lone sea island, a high isolated rock, rising abruptly at a consider-\\nable distance from the mainland is Egg Rock (cut 7) a drowned monad-\\nnock or a monhegan (from Monhegan Island, off the- coast of Maine).\\nThis lighthouse island lies about two miles from the main and rises to a height\\nof 67 feet. The outermost of the rocks which reach above low-water sur-\\nface of the sea are the Graves (cut 8) a narrow chain of low-lying crags,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "11\\nonce the top of an old land ridge, now swept by the seas in hard gales.\\nTo the southward is a lower and more detached group, the Roaring Bulls,\\nLi \u00c2\u00bbi i.ji i iiiii.j;J !ri i i!L.. j4[^L l j|\\nCdt 8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Graves.\\nbarely visible at high water, and completely overwhelmed by surf in storm\\nand behind them a more substantial cluster, known as the Green Islands,\\nconnected at low water. The Calf Islands, on whose western end a few\\nhouses have been built, also joined at low tide, form a landward side to\\nthis collection of rocks. The largest rock islands the Nahants having\\nbeen attached to the main lie to the eastward of the Calf Islands,\\non the very outer limits of the harbor these are the Brewsters, high\\nbarren rocks trending in a north-easterly direction. On the Middle Brew-\\nster, the inner one, about a dozen summer cottages have been built the\\nOuter Brewster rises to over 60 feet, commanding an excellent view of the\\nharbor. The islands are composed of rocks formed deep within the earth,\\nwhich, after ages of erosion had exposed them, rose as hilltops above the\\nsurrounding land and now having been half submerged, lie in this greatly\\nexposed situation, eaten back into steep sea cliffs and under-cut with sea\\ncaves (see cut 11). Connected at low water and contrasted by its low-\\nlying, dark and ragged rocks, with the high and smooth slopes and light-\\ncolored glacial drift of Great Brewster, is Little Brewster, or Lighthouse\\nIsland (cut 9). Here is Boston Light, marking the north side of the main\\nentrance to Boston harbor. To the eastward of Light-house Island, and\\nparallel with the Outer Brewsters, is a chain of jagged ledges, the Shag,\\nor Egg Rocks. Hardiugs Ledge and the Bare Rocks, lying about two\\nmiles off the Nantasket shore, is a low reef on which a spindle or day-\\nmark warning is placed. The inner harbor has a number of smaller\\nrock islands. Hiugham harbor holds three of them. Slate Island lies\\nat the mouth of the Weymouth Back River, Raccoon at the mouth of\\nthe Weymouth Fore River, with Rock Island to the west, surrounded by\\n~r^f^^i^~~7;i\\nCut 9. LlghtbouBe Island Qreat Brewatet beblad.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12\\na growth of marsh. Hangman s Island and the Quarantine rocks appear\\nnear the middle of Qiiincy Bay. It will be noticed that these detached\\nportions of the mainland do not lie in sympathy with the trend of the\\ndrnmlins.\\n-J^.-^^^^t^^Si::;;^\\nOFF ATlANITiC MILU\\nCCT 10.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Skerries.\\nSkerries. Detached portions of ledges lying close to the shore from\\nwhich they have been severed, illustrated by the examples drawn, are\\ncalled skerries. They abound along the Swampscott shore, Dread Ledge\\n(see cut 21) being an example. The eastern and southern sides of\\nXahant have also a goodly sprinkling, and they are common about the\\nrock islands forming the Brewster group, and off Atlantic Hill, Xan-\\ntasket.\\nSea Cliffs and Caves. Sea cliffs and caves, which are formed in the\\nprocess of marine consumption of the land, ocear throughout the harbor,\\nCut 11. Sea Cliffs and CsTes, Outer Brewster\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cliff in Drift, Long Island.\\nand are strongest in expression where the highest land meets the greatest\\nexposure to the most powerful waves. The Outer Brewster (cut 11) has\\nsome fairly good caves. Xahant (see cuts 3 and G) offers cliffs 60 feet\\nhigh, and the south side of Atlantic Hill is a good example of a cliff head-\\nland. AVinthrop Head (see cut 12) is a remarkably fine type of the sea", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "13\\ncliff in soft drift; Great Brewster (cut 14), Point Allerton (cut 13) and\\nLong Island (cut 11) are further illustrations.\\nSea Erosion on Glacial Drift. The action of the sea on drumlins is so\\nwell illustrated in Boston harbor that it is considered the best field known\\nfor such study, for which reason the following account is given.\\nCut 12. WjDthrop Great Head\\na Half-eroded DramliD.\\nThe yielding glacial drift has been variously attacked according to its\\nexposure and relation to the transporting abilities of waves and currents,\\nand large quantities of this material have been removed. To-day a number\\nof the loosely consU-ucted hills stand in what are apparently perilous\\nplaces, so that it seems that the sea must wash them away in the next\\nstorm, but some protecting influence is usually at work. Point AUerton\\n(cut 13), on the end of Nantasket Beach, boldly confronts the open At-\\nlantic, yet its face is nearly grassed over, as seen in the sketch below,\\nwhich shows that the hiU is not retreating so fast as some within the har-\\nbor. Two natural methods of preservation are common the breakwater\\nof boulders left from the retreat of the clifiE or the destruction of a fellow\\ndrumlin, and the forward growth of a beach, shutting in the cliff from the\\nsea. The great drumlin of Point Allerton is protected on the north by\\nthe reef of boulders from the little drumlin, whose stomp alone remains,\\nas may be seen from the sketch below, and on the east by not only its own\\nboulders but those from similar hills now destroyed. These erratics receive\\nthe brunt of the sea, and further protection to the cliff is given by a narrow\\nbeach. Grovers Cliff is likewise fronted by a long reef of boulders, which\\nstretches about a mile into the sea before its sc^irp. The Great Brewster\\n(cut 14) which owes something to the shelter from the rock islands about it,\\nCcT 13. The Point Allerton Sea-cnt Dnimlins.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14\\nhas been preserved in its exposed position by both its own boulders and\\nthe waste of the surrounding islands formed into a connecting bar. The\\neast and south sides, protected by a brealtwater, are now much grassed\\nover, but the erosion on the nortiiern side has taken on new activity\\nand is cutting away at an old grassy slope, which had previously lain\\nimmune.\\nWhen the soft material composing the drumlins is entirely carried away\\nthrough the action of the sea, boulders of various sizes, which were col-\\n^^S\\nCut 14. Great Breweter from the Norlh-east.\\nlected in the glacial hill, are left behind, and these, since they bear\\ntestimony to the former location and existence of the drumlin which con-\\ntained them, maybe termed witnesses. Such witnesses have been\\nnoted in connection with Winthrop Head, Point AUerton and other sea-\\ncut drumlins. They predominate at Point Allerton, and in Nix Mate\\nthey are the sole survivors (see cut 16). At Ocean Pier, as m.iy be\\nseen in the sketch below, they have out-lived the drumliu, which is said to\\nhave disappeared almost within the recollection of the oldest inhabitant.\\n^m^i^\\nCut 15. Ocean Pier, Revere the Witness of a Lost Drumlin.\\nThe bar of boulders south of Winthrop Head, the Great and Little Faun\\noff Deer Island, are of similar origin.\\nA series of natural examples of the stages of drumlin erosion may be\\nselected from Boston harbor, with intermediate illustrations of the process\\nof destruction between the intact lenticular hill and the skeleton of bould-\\ners left on its disappearance. In the series shown below (cut 16), Orient\\nHeights on Breed s Island has been taken for the perfectly preserved drum-\\nlin, and though some little cutting has doubtless taken place on its flanks,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "15\\nit serves well as a type. Bumkin Island, off Hingham harbor, illustrates\\nthe first stages of cliff cutting, the waves having nipped both ends and\\neaten away about a fifth of the drumlin. Governor s Island, in the upper\\nharbor, the location of Fort Winthrop, could have been substituted.\\nWinthrop Head is a most ex-\\ncellent specimen of the drum-\\nlin half eroded its perfect\\ncontour, the height and the\\nfronting reef of boulders,\\nmake it a type example.\\nPrince s Head, on the southern\\nshore of Peddock s Island, is\\nan illustration of the drumlin\\nmore than half destroyed,\\nabout three-fifths. Great\\nBrewster (cut 14) is perhaps\\nbeyond this stage. Point\\nAUerton, with one-fifth left,\\nillustrates the remains of a\\nnearly vanished druniliu.\\nThe boulder reef at Nix Mate\\nmarks the finale of a drumlin,\\nand its former existence is\\nalso established by the ap-\\npearance on the Admiralty charts of the year 1\\nIsland, a drumlin about one-quarter of a mile long.\\nThe most effective protection for the seaside drumlin is, while it endures,\\na beach formation growing in front of the cliff, broad and high enough to\\ncompletely shut out waves from its base. Strawberry Hill (cut 17), the\\nhalf-eroded drumlin in the middle of Nautasket Beach, is an excellent illus-\\ntration. The base of the cliff, between which and the sea half a mile of\\nbeach h.as grown, is now somewhat\\nCut 16. DeBtmotlon of BoBton Harbor DrnmliDB.\\n81 of Nick s Mate\\nclogged with debris, but the surf has\\ngS=fe^sUi.- jS.T-ai^ -i-^ ^.^tel^^\\nCut 17. Drumlins protected from the Sea.\\nnot long ceased to break at its foot, for the face is not completely grass\\ngrown, and much of the sharpness given through the former activity of the\\nwaves is still retained. The cut above permits a comparison with the\\ndrumlin of Orient Heights, and the positions of their respective water", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16\\ntowers is suggestive of the history of the two. At Breed s Island they\\nhave placed the stand-pipe in the middle of the hill, while on Strawberry\\nHill the edge of the cliff had to be resorted to as the highest point. On\\nthe southern and beach-protected side of Strawberry Hill, as well as on the\\nharbor side, there is a low, grassy cliff which must have been cut before\\nthe completion of the Nantasket Beach barrier. A portion of the sea work\\nin the inner harlwr is doubtless likewise due to the more powerful action of\\nwaves and currents before it became so sheltered by beaches on the north\\nand south.\\nBeaches. The beaches have played an important part in the modifica-\\ntion of Boston harbor they may be regarded as highways along which\\nshingle from the shore and bottom is transported by waves ami currents.\\nThe pocket beach, numerous pretty illustrations of which occur along the\\nrocky sliore of Lynn aud Swanipscott and at Nahant, lies in le-entraut\\nk^. ^^i ^-u.\\nCdt 18.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a Pocket Beach Swanipscott.\\ncurves between protruding headlands, a collector of along-shore waste (see\\ncut above) The travelling beach, which serves as a transport for shore\\nmaterial, is found in the district in two varieties one connects islands with\\nthe mainland, the other forms a narrow barrier along the shore, tending to\\nshut in the drainage from the land. Lynn Beach is an excellent example\\nof the island tying variety, and in Little Nahant the process is repeated.\\nNantasket Beach is of similar nature, though instead of connecting rocks\\nwith the mainland, it has linked druralin to drumlin and tied this long chain\\nto the rock headland at Atlantic Hill. Revere Be.ach Illustrates the second\\nvariety. It nearly encloses the waters of the Saugus River, having been\\nthrown across the old bay, forming a lagoon, now filled with the sediments\\nwhich have built the L3 nn marshes. Throughout the harbor numerous\\nshort beaches have utilized the waste from glacial drift in joining neighbor-\\ning islands thus have the hills which make up Paddock s Island been\\nbrought together, the two drunilins of Spectacle Island joined, and numerous\\nsmaller coalitions brought about. The earlier stages of this process may\\nbe seen in bars covered by high water, as between Nut Island and Hough s\\nNeck, Great Brewster aud its neighbor, or Prince s Head and the main\\nisland.\\nSpits. Reefs attached at one end, called spits, are exemplified by the\\npebbly reef stretching southward from the boulders of Nix Mate (see cut 19)", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "17\\nCut 19.- a Hook Spit Nix Male.\\nand terminating in a hook-like point, and the Great Brewster spit, trailing\\nwestward from the island to which it is attached. Windmill Point,\\nPemberton, is a spit raised above high tide.\\nTidal Flats. Another form of transported deposit occurs in the silts and\\nsands which have collected along the borders of the mainland and islands.\\nAt a glance, the infringement of these muddy shoals on nearly every shel-\\ntered place in the\\nharbor will be per-\\nceived. Only in the\\nmouths of streams\\nwhere the current is\\npowerful, in narrow\\npassages with strong tides, or about exposed positions where the waves\\nare too active to allow the deposition of fine sediment, have these flats\\nbeen excluded. In the upper harbor a lee from the strong ebb tides has\\nallowed the mud to collect along the outer sides of Governor s and Apple\\nislands, while at Deer Island, Winthrop and Nantasket it appears on the\\ninner side. Though a portion of the sediment is brought from the land by\\nrivers, much has been derived from the sea, and especially in the wasting\\nof the glacial drift. Thus the construction of sea walls along the bases\\nof the most rapidly degrading cliffs has aided in the preservation of the\\nharbor.\\nTidal Marsh. The tidal marsh is a prominent feature in the Metro-\\npolitan region of Boston. Most frequently it represents the fillings of\\nancient estuaries and bays by deposits derived both from land and sea\\norganic matter, such as grass and seaweeds, adds to the process, and\\nwind-blown sand is frequently an important contributor. The rivers also\\nbring their loads of fine sediment from the land, dropping them in their\\nquiet estuaries as deltas. By such processes have the extensive marsh\\nlands which border the many miles of shore come into existence. The\\nmouths of the Saugus, Maiden, Mystic, Charles, Nepouset (see cut 20)\\nand Weymouth rivers contain thousands of acres of such land.\\nGut 20. Marehee in the Neponeet Estuary,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18\\nCHAPTER III.\\nLocation of Towns.*\\nThe cities, towns and villages included within the area of the model (the\\npopulation being stated, since it bears a certain definite relation to the dis-\\ntribution of buildings) have been classified in four divisions\\n1. Northern border and Fells plateau.\\n2. Maritime.\\n3. Blue Hills and Neponset River.\\n4. Western border and Charles Eiver.\\nNorthern Border and Fells Plateau Towns.\\nHeading.\\nOn the extreme northern border is the town of Reading, with a popula-\\ntion of 4,417.t It lies on a flat divide or watershed, between north and\\nsouth flowing drainage, at the head waters of the Mystic, Saugus and\\nIpswich rivers. The northern division of the Boston Maine Railroad\\npasses through the western part of the town. Reading Highlands is a\\nvillage about a mile west from the centre of Reading.\\nWaJcefield.\\nWakefield, lying about a mile and a half south of Reading, between\\nQuannapowitt and Crystal lakes, is on comparatively high land, about 140\\nfeet above sea level, at the head waters of the Maiden and Saugus rivers.\\nIt has a population of over 8,000. There is a junction of three divisions\\nof the Boston Maine Railroad in the town, the Northern, Newburyport\\nand Wakefield branches. Gi-eenwood is a village a mile south, on the\\nnorthern division of the Boston Maine Railroad.\\nStoneham.\\nStoneham lies about a mile and a half south-west of Wakefield, somewhat\\nisolated, on the comparatively high plateau of the Middlesex Fells, 160\\nfeet above the sea. It is the terminus of a special division of the Boston\\nMaine Railroad, the Stoneham branch. Population, 6,284.\\nWoburn.\\nWoburn lies two miles west, above the shore of Horn Pond, which is\\nthe uppermost lake of the Mystic chain. It is on the southern division,\\nRefer to map, last page. t Census, 1895.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "19\\nof the Boston Maine Railroad, having a population of 14,178. North\\nWoburn two miles north, Montvale one and a half miles east, and Cum-\\nmiugsville a mile west are outlying villages.\\nBitrlington.\\nThe eastern portion of the town of Bui lington (population, 574) comes\\nin on the north-western circumference, west of Woburn. Burlington lies on\\nhigh land, at the head waters of the drainage which reaches the Merrimac,\\nthe Ipswich and Mystic rivers.\\nLexington.\\nLexington, 200 feet above sea level, lies on the highlands which divide\\nthe drainage ilowing into the Concord and Shawshine rivers on the north,\\nand to the Charles River on the south, through Hobbs Brook. The town\\nlies on the Arlington branch of the Boston Maine Railroad, with a popu-\\nlation of 3,498. North Lexington, composed of a few scattered houses,\\nlies close to the boitler of the model, being on the same railroad a station\\neast from Lexington.\\nWinchester.\\nWinchester is built along the steep western slope of the Middlesex Fells,\\non the shores of Wedge, Abbajona and Judkins ponds, which belong to\\nthe chain of lakes in the Mystic valley, and empty into the Upper Mystic\\nLake, through a small, strait-like brook called the Abbajona River.\\nWinchester is on the southern division of the Boston Maine Railroad.\\nPopulation, 6,150.\\nArlington.\\nThree miles south of Winchester, on the edge of the plateau, lies the\\ntown of Arlington, situated between the Mystic lakes and Spy Pond, with\\nArlington Heights one and a half miles west on the top of the plateau from\\n200 to 300 feet above sea level. On the Arlington Branch of the Boston\\nMaine Railroad. Population, 6,515.\\nBelmont.\\nBelmont lies two miles further west, along the escarpment, or the steep\\nedge of the hills, frequently alluded to as the Rim of the Boston Basin.\\nPopulation, 2,843. On Massachusetts Central and Fitchburg railroads.\\nWaverley is a village one mile south-west from Belmont, on the same\\nrailroads.\\nMelrose.\\nReturning again to the towns in the Middlesex Fells a low, amphitheatre-\\nlike depression may be seen in the very heart of the rocky heights. This\\nholds the city of Melrose, in the upper valley of the Maiden River, of", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nwhich Crj stal Pond, in the northern part of the town, is a small expansion.\\nMelrose Highlands is a village one mile north and AVyoming a station one\\nmile south from the centre of the town on the western division of the Boston\\nMaine Railroad. Population, 11,965.\\nSaugus.\\nDirectly east of Melrose, among the irregular groups of rocky hills, dis-\\nsections of the Middlesex plateau, is Saugus, on the Saugus branch of the\\nBoston Maine Railroad. Population, 4,497. North Saugus is a mile\\nabove, and East Saugus a mile below on the river passing through the\\nentire length of the town, and bearing its name. Prankers Pond is a\\nwidening of the stream, about a mile in length, just above Saugus.\\nLi/nnjield.\\nAt the head of the Saugus River the southern portion of the town of\\nLynnfield population, 818 comes just within the circle of the model;\\nPilliug s Pond, lying about three-quarters of a mile south-east, falling on\\nthe circumfereuee. South Lynnfield, on the eastern division of the Boston\\nMaine Railroad, is just south of Suntaug Lake, the circular sheet of\\nwater, containing a small island, just inside the area.\\nPeabody.\\nThe outlying southern portion of Peabody comes in just east of Lynn-\\nfield, Needham Corner being represented by a score of buildings on the\\nnorth-eastern limits. Bartholomew and Brown s ponds the larger are\\nsmall bodies of water within the town of Peabody. Spring Pond, the\\nlargest of the three, at the corner of the towns of Peabody, Salem and\\nLynn, is fed by Tapley Brook, which crosses the edge of the model.\\nSalem.\\nThe outskirts of Salem stretch for nearly three miles along the wild and\\nbroken country of the border. This swampy, irregular land is difficult\\nfor habitation, few roads appear, and scarcely a house.\\nMaritime Towns.\\nThe maritime towns come next in order, including those connected by\\ntidal waters, as well as those on the sea-coast.\\nMarblehead.\\nMarblehead obtains just a small corner, -Beach Bluff, where the\\nland meets the ocean on the north-east.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "21\\nSwampscott.\\nJust south, the bold, rocky headlands (between which lie the short re-\\nentrant beaches poclvet beaches see cut 18) of Swampscott protrude\\ninto the open sea, making 4\\na firm buttress at the en-\\ntrance of Boston Bay. ~-i \u00c2\u00a3^i-^\\nOff this headland is a\\nsmall rock island, Dread\\nLedge, on which the gov-\\nernment has placed a day\\nCut 21. Dread Ledge Swampscott.\\nmark, shown in the cut above. Swampscott lies on the Marblehead branch\\nof the Boston Maine Railroad, with a population of 3,259.\\nLynn.\\nNext southward along the coast comes the city of Lynn. Population,\\n62,354. With its clustered houses, blocks, factories and numerous tall\\nchimneys it is a distinctive feature in the landscape. Directly behind, or\\nnorth-west of the town, lies a much diversified country, full of steep,\\nrocky hills, deep glens and over a score of lakes, known as the Lynn\\nWoods. This is a natural park of over 2,000 acres. Lynn Beach\\nstretches southward from Red Rock and forms a barrier behind which lies\\nLynn harbor, which, with the exception of a narrow channel leading to\\nthe wharves, is mostly bare at low water. The eastern division of the\\nBoston Maine Railroad and the Revere Beach Lynn Railroad run\\ninto the city.\\nNahant.\\nIt is a mile and a half along the ribbon of sand, from the inner base of\\nLynn Beach, Red Rock, to its junction with the rock again in Little\\nNahant. Here the cliffs become more steep and rugged as they face the\\nCut 22. South-east End of Little Nahant, Lyon in the Distance.\\nopen sea. A short stretch of boulder, pebble and sand connects the rock\\nof Little Nahant with that of Nahant proper.\\nThis sea-girt island of rock, now connected by thread-like beaches to the\\nmainland, presents more variety of form than any other piece of shore in\\nthe Metropolitan District. It maintains an average height of about 60 feet", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22\\naloug two miles of coast, and in places rises above this elevation. The\\nshore increases in irregularity from the north toward the east, and at a\\npoint nearest Egg Rock skerries begin to appear, re-entrants make scallops\\nin the shore, and bold and ragged points of rock jut into the sea (see cut\\n6). The East Point, as it is named, is the most wave-exposed head-\\nland in the region, and its remarkable rocks present forms of marine\\naction whose carving is unequalled by any other in the District if not\\non our Atlantic coast. The south side, facing Boston harbor, is lower\\nand has the form of a bay, one mile across and half a mile wide, between\\nPea Island and Bayley s Hill. The shore of the bay itself is divided into\\nfive pocket beaches between low headlands of rock. The southernmost\\nof these beaches shuts in the land drainage, forming a sheet of water,\\nBear Pond. The rocky shore contiimes from Bayley s Hill to the western-\\nmost headland, Bass Point, where the western shore, bordering on Lynn\\nharbor, takes a north and south direction. A wharf, at which steamboats\\nland, is shown on this side. Nahant has a population of 865.\\nMevere.\\nRetui-ning to the mainland proper, and passing southward along the\\nextensive Lynn marshes, the mouth of the Saugus River, in which the\\nPines River, a tidal creek, is confluent, is met. The Point of Pines lies\\ni IT. J\\nCut 23. The Revere DrumliDa.\\nat the mouth of the Saugus on the blunt end of the barrier beach, of which\\nRevere Beach the State reservation is a part.\\nA group of drumlius (cut 23) rising in Revere directly from the marshes\\nfrom 160 to 200 feet, and all trending in a north-west, south-east direc-\\ntion, is now met. The Revere Beach Lynn and the eastern division\\nof the Boston Maine Railroad pass through Revere. Revere Beach\\nstation is two-thirds of the way along the beach from the Point of Pines.\\nCrescent Beach is at the southern end, at the foot of the first drumlin.\\nBeachmont occupies the next hill, or drumlin, south. The population\\nof Revere is 7,423.\\nWinthrop.\\nThe Revere group of drumlins extends eastward into Winthrop, where\\nnearly all meet the sea. The action of the sea on these peculiarly\\nshaped yielding gravel hills has produced the rare topography included", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "23\\nwithin this town, and the forms themselves are remarkably typical of their\\nkind. Grover s Cliff is the headland south from Beachmont. This cliff\\nis cut in the larger hill of a somewhat irregular group of drumlins,\\nand is over 60 feet in height. The escarpment is iu the compact yet\\nyielding materials sand, clay, enclosing pebbles and boulders of\\nwhich the drumlin is composed. The hill has been worn back nearly\\none-half of its former extension, being attacked both on its northern\\nflank and eastern end, though the carving which the sea and weather\\nhave sculptured into the cliff has now been largely destroyed by dump-\\nings. A mile and a half further south along the beach, of boulders\\nand pebbles near the cliffs, grading into fine sand near its middle, is\\nanother headland, an isolated hill rising abruptly to over 100 feet above\\nthe sea. This hill has the general form one of the Revere drumlins would\\npresent were it cut in two in the middle, i.e., on its shortest diameter.\\nThis is precisely what has taken place at Wiuthrop Head the outline of\\nthe hill rising from near the western base continues upward on the reg-\\nular curve of the neighboring hills to the usual level top, then suddenly\\nbreaks off, pointing into the sky (see cuts 12 and 16).\\nA short sand beach bending into crescent shape connects Winthrop Head\\nwith a small hill a mile south. Point Shirley, a truncated drumlin, pro-\\ntected by a quarter of a mile of beach foreland. About half a mile\\nbeyond the hill the line of beach breaks its continuity, the tides main-\\ntaining a narrow passage about 100 yards across, known as Shirley Gut.\\nWinthrop has a population of 4,102, and is connected by the Winthrop\\nbranch of the Revere Beach Lynn Railroad. Deer Island forms the\\nend of the Wiuthrop peninsula, being composed of hills trending similarly\\nto those of the Revere group, the northernmost being sliced off along its\\nlonger axis, the larger at the southern end presenting a smooth, nearly\\nperfect drumlin. Penal institutions and the sewerage pumping station\\nare to be seen on Deer Island the outlet of the North Metropolitan\\nSewer is abreast of Deer Island Light.\\nChelsea.\\nDirectly behind Breed s Island (see cuts 16 and 17), across the estuary\\nknown as Chelsea River, is an extension of the Revere group of drumlins\\nrising from surrounding marsh land, on which is situated the city of Chel-\\nsea. Population, 31,264. A division of the Boston Albany and the\\nEastern division of the Boston Maine Railroad pass through Chelsea.\\nEverett.\\nAcross the tidal creek Island End River a broad lowland rises from\\nthe marshes which merge into the drumlins on the east. Several thousand\\nsmall, detached houses are located on the slopes of this swelling ground,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nin the city of Everett. Mount Wasliiugton is the name of the high drura-\\nlin which borders on the line between the towns of Everett and Chelsea.\\nThe eastern division of the Saugus branch runs into the town. Population\\nof Everett, 18,573.\\nMaiden\\nNorth-west from Everett, near the head of tidal water on the stream\\nwhich cuts its narrow valley through the Middlesex Fells, is Maiden.\\nPopulation, 29,708. It lies on the edge of a plateau, stretching forward\\nupon the valley lowland and back a short distance into the hills. The\\nSaugus branch and the western division of the Boston Maine Railroad\\npass through Maiden. Oak Grove and Edgeworth are stations north and\\nsouth, respectively, of Maiden Maplewood and Linden being two villages\\nalong the foot of the highlands at the head of the Pines River.\\nMedford.\\nThe town west of Maiden has a location at the head of n.ivigation on the\\nMystic River, distinguished by its tortuous meanderings, along its course\\nthrough the marshes. Medford is likewise built along the southern escarp-\\nment of the Fells, and has grown back into the hills by following up the\\nvalleys of small, south-flowing streams. Wellington is the village and sta-\\ntion where the western division sends off the Medford Branch Railroad.\\nWest Medford lies at the foot of the Mystic Lakes, on the Lowell division\\nof the Boston Maine Railroad. Population of Medford, 14,474.\\nSo7nerviUe.\\nMedford extends along both banks of the Mystic River as far as the first\\nbridge below the Medford bridge, where Somerville earns her right in the\\nmaritime group by a little over a mile of frontage on the Mystic estuary.\\nSomerville is situated among a group of drumlins more irregular and mingled\\nthan those of the Revere hills, yet trending in the same general direction.\\nCollege Hill, -holding the Mystic Reservoir, on the Somerville and\\nMedford line, is one of the most distinct drumlins of the group. Prospect\\nHill lies further east. Mount Benedict is a small hill at the south end of\\nFellsway Road. Winter Hill is the western station on the Lowell division,\\nwhich runs between this and Central Hill, adjoining which to the west is\\nSpring Hill. West Somerville is half a mile south of College Hill, on the\\nArlington branch. The Fitchburg Railroad runs through the southern part\\nof the town. Population, 52,200.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "25\\nCambridge.\\nTo the south of the hills of Somervillc, on a nearly flat plain, bordering\\non the left bank of the Charles estuary, is Cambridge. Old Cambridge,\\nwith its many steeples, the buildings of Harvard Univer-\\nsity, Memorial Hall the most prominent (see cut 24),\\nlies near the head of the last southern bend of the Charles\\nNorth Cambridge is near the Somerville line West Cam-\\nbridge, a station at the branching of the Fitchburg Railroad\\nCambridgeport lies along the north shore of the Charles River\\nbasin, being built largely of warehouses and manufactories\\nwith numerous chimneys. Here is the broad Esplanade Memorial Halt\\nmade from the sediments dredged from the river. The town Tower,\\nextends as far east as the basin known as Miller s River, where the\\nbroad system of railroad tracks crosses the Charles, and the Charles-\\ntown district of Boston begins.\\nDistricts of Boston.\\nCJiarlestoion. The flat terminal yard of the Boston Maine and Fitch-\\nburg railroads lies between Somerville, Cambridge and Charlestown, being\\na prominent feature in the topography another lies to\\nthe north-east, across which runs a bridge into Chelsea.\\nThe larger part of Charlestown is situated on two coa-\\nlesced drumlins, extensions of the Somerville group, on\\nthe top of the easternmost of which stands the Bunker\\n.-il^af ;-;^-;n^ Hill Monument (cut 25). The clustered blocks cover-\\n--^.aithf iug the hills, the church spires and the docks, with the\\nCIJT25.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bunker navv yard occupying two- thirds of the eastern side, form\\nHill Monument. J J i J o i\\nthe prominent features of the place.\\nEast Boston. Across the inner harbor lies the East Boston district,\\nthe closely built portion being situated for the greater part on three drum-\\nlins. The wharves on the north-west and south sides of the East Bostou\\npeninsula show prominently, as do also the roads diked across the tidal\\nflats ou the eastern side. The Boston Maine, eastern division, and the\\nBoston Albany railroads run through the middle of East Boston the\\nRevere Beach Lynn along the eastern water front.\\nBoston Proper.\\nNext comes Bostou proper, composed of small drumlins, extensions from\\nthe Somerville group, the most prominent of which are Beacon Hill on\\ntop of which stands the State House and Copp s Hill, at the North\\nEnd. The greater portion of the city proper is composed of made", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26\\nCut 26. State\\nHouBe Dome.\\nlaud, aud a fair conception of the original dry laud may be derived by\\nnoting where the streets begin to turn, or by eliminating everything on the\\nflat portions of the model where the streets are below the\\ntwenty-foot contour. This cuts out nearly all the Back\\nBay section and the South End, except a narrow neck\\nalong Washington Street, probably of the nature of drift\\nand barrier beach, and takes awaj the entire present\\nwharf location, cutting out a cove about half a mile\\nacross from this district on the east (as far back as\\nFaneuil Hall) and another of about the same area on the North End\\n(reaching nearly as far south as Hanover Street).\\nThe prominent topograpliical features shown in Boston may be stated as\\nfollows the Common, its hill with the Soldiers Monument, and the Frog\\nPond, trees aud walks, separated by Charles Street from the Public Gar-\\ndens, with its trees, walks, ponds, bridge and flower beds in the north-\\nwest part of the city, along the Charles River, Charlesbank Park Com-\\nmonwealth Avenue with its double row of trees the Fenway stretching\\nsouthward from the Back Bay to Jamaica Pond, with drives aud bridges.\\nOf the dozen or more bridges shown,\\nthe Harvard bridge, with its arches,\\ncounectiug the Back Bay with the Es-\\nplanade at Cambridge, is most readily\\nnoted (cut 27). Next below is the\\nWest Boston bridge, from the Charlesbank to Maiu Street, Cambridge;\\nnext Craigie s bridge then the railroad bridges of the Boston Maine and\\nFitehburg systems; below the last two, the Warren aud Charles River\\nbridges, running from the north end of Boston into City Square, Charles-\\ntown. The drawbridges and their piers are modelled. Following around\\nthe water front to the south the order of bridges is respectively, Congress\\nStreet, South Terminal, Mount Washington, Broadway and Dover Street,\\nconnecting the city with South Boston.\\nThe wharves with their warehouses extend from the north- A\\neast end to South Boston, the most prominent\\nbeing Battery, Lincoln, Lewis, Commercial, T,\\nLong, Central, India and Rowe s.\\nOf the buildings, the State House, with its\\ngilded dome (cut 26), stands on tlie top of the\\nhighest hill, first in prominence just east is the\\ntall Ames building a little south, at the head of\\nthe Common, stands the high steeple of the Park New ou South\\nStreet Church (cut 28) on the opposite corner Tower,\\nthe tower of the Park Square station at the south-west end of the Pu))lic\\nGardens the steeple of the Arlington Street Church continuing down\\nCot 27. Harvard Bridge.\\nm\\nf^^\\\\\\nOut 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSteeple Park\\nStreet Church.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "27\\nBoylston Street, Trinity Cliurcb, witli its pyramidal roof (cut 20) next\\nthe Museum of Fine Arts and across Cople} Square tlie Public Library,\\nopposite which is the bell-tower of the New Old South Church,\\n248 feet high (cut 30). Other steeples, to the number of\\nforty-flve, were modelled.\\nAll the railroads coming in from the south can be followed\\nto their terminus, the South Union Station all from the\\nnorth, except those connecting with the East Boston Ferry,\\nare obliged to come together in Charlestown and Cambridge, Tower Trinity\\nand to cross the bridges, as shown, to the North Union Station.\\nSouth Boston.\\nSouth Boston, lying south-east from the city proper, is built upon an\\nextension of the Somerville group of drumlins and artificial land, similar to\\nBoston. The reservoir appearing at the top of the highest hill, Dorchester\\nHeights, is being replaced by a school-house. On the north-eastern end\\nlies a broad expanse of flat, made land, terminal grounds of the New\\nYork, New Haven Hartford Railroad, and the site of the new Common-\\nwealth dock. On the eastern end of South Boston, or City Point, the\\nMarine Park, with its crescent-shaped Pleasure Bay, is very prominent.\\nOn the northern end of the crescent. Castle Island, a small drumlin, on\\nwhich stands Fort Independence, has been joined by a wooden bridge, and\\non the south the Marine Pier completes the artificial bay three small ponds\\nhave been constructed in the park. The broad Columbia Road reaches from\\nCity Point, along the northern reconstructed shore of Old Harbor on its\\nway through Dorchester to Franklin Park.\\nOut-lying Districts of Boston.\\nDorchester. The leading out- lying districts of Boston are considered\\nto be as follows Dorchester, west from Dorchester Bay, the mouth of\\nthe Neponset River, the irregular glacial hills of which, averaging about\\n120 feet in altitude, extend westward into the higher lauds of Roxbury.\\nBetween the two districts runs the Midland division of the New York\\nNew England Railroad.\\nBo.vbunj. Parker Hill is a high drumlin (over a rock core), on the\\neastern border of the Fens on which, at 200 feet, is the Parker Hill Reser-\\nvoir. Between Dorchester and Roxbury lies Franklin Field, the broad,\\nlevel play ground, and across the Blue Hills Parkway a continuation of\\nthe Columbia Road Boston s largest park reservation, Franklin Park, in\\nwhich the roads, ponds, trees and rocks have been modelled from a very\\nelaborate map.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28\\nCut yi. a CharacterlB{ic Rock Hill tii Btony Brook Reservation.\\nJamaica Plain. TVest of the park, iu the valley of Stony Brook, along^\\nthe east shore of Jamaica Pond, lies Jamaica Plain, on the Boston\\nProvideuce division.\\nSouth of Jamaica\\nPond, connected\\nboth with Franklin\\nPark and the Fen-\\nway by a park road,\\nare the hills of the\\nArnold Arboretum,\\nthe tallest nearly 200\\nfeet in height. This preserve connects with the Stony Brook Eeservatiou of\\n460 acres, whose rocky topography (see cut 31) is shown along the head\\nwaters of Stony .Brook.\\nRoslindale and West Roxbury. On the eastern side of this connecting^\\nroad, the West Roxbury Parkway, is Roslindale, on the West Roxhury\\nbranch of the New York, New Haven Hartford Railroad on the west-\\nern side, reaching to the Charles River and on the same railroad, is West\\nRoxbury.\\nMattapan. Mattapau lies about two miles east of Roslindale, at the\\nUpper Falls, on the Neponset River. It is on the Midland branch railroad,\\nand the terminus of the Milton branch. A metropolitan parkway passes,\\nthrough Mattapan to the Blue Hills Reservation.\\nLower Mills is situated at the lower falls of the Neponset. Below the\\nlower fails the river meanders for about two miles through tidal marshes\\n(see cut 20) where on tlie northern side of its estuary lies the district of\\nNeponset. The Old Colony and Milton Railroad branches joint here.\\nBrighloa and Allston. Turning back once more to the Charles River,\\nthe Brighton district is seen along the rigiit bank, just west of the lower\\nbend the Chestnut Hill reservoirs lying to the south. Allston is on the\\neastern side of the bend, in the flat lowland country, both districts being\\non the Boston Albany Railroad.\\nThe population of Boston in 1895 was 496,920, and is figured in 1900\\nat 560,892.\\nBrooMine.\\nBrookline, though hot a port of entry, comes so near the basin of tlie\\nCharles that it has been included iu the maritime group. The town is\\nsituated on one of the highest districts in the vicinity of Boston, a large\\nportion being over 200 and a number of hills reaching more than 300 feet\\nin altitude. It is thus the head waters of a number of streams flowing in\\nseveral directions, and a natural divide to drainage running north and west\\ninto the Charles, south into the Neponset and east into the harbor. The\\ntwo basins of the Chestnut Hill Reservoir lie on the western border, Jamaica", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "29\\nPoud and the Fenway on the eastern, and the Brookline Reservoir half-way\\nbetween. The villages are Long wood on the eastern border near the Fen-\\nway, Cottage Farm, and Reservoir Station on the western line near the\\nChestnut Hill Reservoir. The principal Hills are Walnut, near the southern\\nline, over 300 feet, Aspinwall and Corey on the north-western end, the\\nlatter a fine specimen of the drumlin type. The population of Brookline\\nis 16,164.\\nQuincy.\\nContinuing southward along the shore of Boston harbor, and crossing the\\nmouth of Nepouset River, one comes to the confines of (Quincy. The town\\nis irregular in outline, lying between the Neponset on the north and Wey-\\nmouth Fore River on the south, with a very long coast line of 20 miles on\\nthe east, and the rocky elevations of the Blue Hills rauge on the west. A\\nbroad reach of marsh land extends into the Neponset estuary between the\\nmouth of the Nepouset River and broad Quiuey Bay. At the base of this\\nlies the village of Atlantic, on the Old Colony Railroad. On the outer end\\nof the eastern extension of this marsh is Squantum, rising to over 100 feet,\\nbeing made up of glacial drift and much rock. The rocky shore is irregular\\nand interesting. From near the northern part a road has been built across\\nthe tidal flats to Moon Island, carrying the main Boston drainage sewer,\\nwhich has its outlet reservoirs at Moon Head.\\nSouthward comes the low Wollaston shore, sandy drift fronted by broad\\nflats. The Half Moon is a detached portion of this shore surrounded by\\nmud flats whose grassy top is covered at high water. Wollaston is a settle-\\nment stretching back into the group of hills between Sachem and Blacks\\ncreeks a station on the Old Colony Railroad.\\nQuincy Centre is the next station south. It is at the head of Town River\\nBay on Town Brook.\\nAnother peninsula three miles south of Squantum, extending two miles\\ninto the harbor, forms the southern limit of Quincy. This is Hough s\\nNeck, composed of rock and glacial drift. Nut Island is a small drumlin\\nhalf eaten away by the sea, connected to the hill at the end of Hough s\\nNeck -a drumlin 100 feet high by a bar of pebbles. At bigh water\\nthe outer hill is an island. Rock Island is an isolated rock surrounded\\nby salt marsii, which connects it with Hough s Neck and the main land.\\nRaccoon Island is a small rock island just east of Rock Island Head, the\\neasternmost point of Hough s Neck.\\nAcross the shallow bay indenting the eastern shore of Hough s Neck\\nRock Island Cove is the small hamlet of Germautown, on a flat, sandy\\nplain.\\nTlie lower point on the opposite side of Town River Bay is (Juiucy Point.\\nThe hilly ridge jutting into the bay above Quincy Point is called the Point\\nof Holes, its significance being in the bowl-like depressions or glacial kettle", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30\\nholes witli which it is filled the sketch (cut 5) is from the section of these\\nmounds and hollows, Ij ing along the river.\\nSouth Quincy is on Hayward s Creek the second above the bridge.\\nWest Quincy lies back on the eastern foothills of the Blue Hills Range, on\\nthe Granite branch of the Old Colony Railroad. Quarry excavations will\\nbe observed in this portion of the town. Population of Quincy, 20,712.\\nWeymouth\\nWeymouth and Weymouth Landing lie at the head of tide-water on\\nWeymouth Fore River. The long, irregular peninsula between Weymouth\\nFore and Weymouth Back rivers includes several of the villages of the\\ntown of Weymouth, whose population is 11,291. North Weymouth is\\nsituated on a sandy plain, about one mile east of Quincy Point, directly\\nbehind Weymouth Great Hill, the high, roundish drumlin showing a cliff\\nalong the Weymouth Fore River. Grape Island two glacial hills (one\\n80 feet) and Slate, a rock island, lie at the mouth of the Weymouth\\nBack River. The collection of buildings at the lower sharp bend in the\\nriver is the Phosphate Works. Between Great Hill and East Weymouth,\\nwhich lies at the head of Back River, and at the foot of Whitman s Pond,\\non the South Shore brauch of the Old Colony Railroad, is a very irregu-\\nlar, wooded country. A steep and narrow ridge extends from East\\nWeymouth down the western side of the Back River; this winding serpen-\\ntine gravel ridge, or esker, the bed of an old glacier stream, belongs to the\\nassemblage of concomitant glacial forms, sand plains, kettle holes, and\\nkames which predominate in this locality.\\nHingliam.\\nAnother peninsula lying between the Fore River and the wide re-entrant\\nnorth-east Hingham Harbor includes the lower portion of the town\\nof Hingham. It is hilly and sparsely populated. Crow Point, the north-\\neastern hill, is the location of the Downers Lauding steamboat wharf;\\nand continuing south-west, Otis Hill, about 220 feet, Squirrel, 144 feet,\\nand Bakers Hill, 198 feet, are the most prominent heights.\\nWest Hingham is a small settlement on the South Shore branch of the\\nOld Colony Railroad, on the lowland about one mile east of East Wey-\\nmouth. Hingham harbor is broad and shallow, a narrow, tortuous chan-\\nnel winding in among its rock islands, Langley, the outer. Ragged, the\\nwestern, and Sailors, the eastern. Button Island is a small lump in the\\nupper part of the harbor, behind which lie the wharves of the town.\\nHingham is on the South Shore brauch of the Old Colony Railroad.\\nPopulation, 4,819. A peninsula consisting of several hills forms the\\neastern side of the harbor. AVorld s End, two coalesced drumlius, is a", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "31\\nnorth-eastern extension, a narrow beach connecting it with Planters Hill,\\nwhich is 120 feet above low water. On the eastern side of this neck of\\nland is the estuary of the Weir Eiver, which heads some half dozen miles\\nback into the country.\\nHull.\\nThe eastern extension of the Weir River is the channel leading to the\\nsteamboat lauding at Nantasket Pier, which is included in the town of Hull.\\nThe settlement on Atlantic Hill lies just on the border of the model, where\\nthe land meets the sea. This rocky headland, over 60 feet in altitude,\\ngives a firm support to the southern limit of Boston Baj to which is tied\\nthe dozen yielding glacial hills included in the long Nantasket spit. From\\nAtlantic Hill to Point Allertou, the northern limit, there extends for over\\nthree miles the cleanest aud most interesting sand beach in the metro-\\npolitan area, a portion of which belongs to the metropolitan reservations.\\nNo rocks outcrop on the spit north from its base at Atlantic Hill, and the\\nbeach is composed mainly of materials selected from the included drift\\nhills, being for the most part of quartz sand, ground fine by the powerful\\naction of the waves on this fully exposed coast. Nantasket is the beach\\nsettlement, with hotels and pavilions, between Atlantic and the next hill\\nsouth, Sagamore Head. The latter, 80 feet in altitude, is now pro-\\ntected from the waves by the beach before it. Directly behind, in the\\nlagoon-like waters of Weir River, extends Hampton Hill, connected by\\nmarsh growth. The next hill south is White Head, likewise protected by\\na foreland of beach growth directly west a narrow neck of glacial drift\\nextends into the inner harbor. Bumkin Island (see cut 16), a small drum-\\nlin of over 60 feet altitude, with a cliff about it where it has been slightly\\nnipped by waves, lies less than one-half mile north-west of the inner end\\nof White Head. Continuing along Nantasket Beach, which now broadens,\\nincluding on the inner side a considerable portion of marsh and a few salt\\nwater ponds (the earlier stage of marsh filling) enclosed by a narrow beach\\nthrown up by waves sweeping across the inner harbor, comes Strawberry\\nHill. A water tower stands on the edge of the cliff of this half-destroyed\\ndrumlin. The base of the cliff has been shut in from the sea by half a\\nmile of beach growth. Sand dunes appear both on the south side of\\nStrawberry Hill, along the open sea, aud on the northern, following close\\nalong the shores of the harbor. It will be noticed that the roads built\\nup across this flat land run in nearly straight lines, a characteristic of\\nhighways on lands of similar nature. A mile further south, at the end of\\nNantasket Beach, is another hill of the same kind as Strawberry Hill,\\nPoint Allerton (see cut 13), a well-formed drumlin over 100 feet high, with\\na cliff of about 80 feet, cut back about a third of its length.\\nFrom Point Allerton the shore takes a sudden bend to the westward\\nalong a barrier of pebbles, known as Stony Beach, the railroad passing", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32\\nbehind Point Allerton and in front of Nantasket Hill, on whose top forti-\\nficalions are shown. Joined to this hill is another drumlin, about 20 feet\\nlower, around which is th^ main settlement of Hull. Behind these two\\nhills lies Little Hog Island, a low patch of glacial drift. Windmill Point\\nis the westernmost extension of the Nantasket strip. It is a low spit made\\nmostly of marine shingle, on whose inner side is the steamboat landing at\\nPemberton and the terminus of the Nantasket Beach Railway. Hull has a\\npopulation of 1,044.\\nBlue Hills and Neponset River Towns.\\nBraintree.\\nTurning to the towns of the Blue Hills range, Braintree appears on a\\nplain under the south-east slope of Blue Hill, and for the greater part be-\\ntween the upper courses of Weymouth Fore River and Town Brook, in\\nwhose drainage basin lies the chain of lakes including Great and Little\\nponds. Braintree Centre is at the junction of the Old Colony, South Shore\\nGranite branches of the New York, New Haven Hartford Railroad.\\nAbout a mile and a quarter south, on the Old Colony branch, is South\\nBraintree; East Braintree being about an equal distance east of the junc-\\ntion, where the South Shore branch crosses the Fore River. Population,\\n5,311.\\nIiandol2)h.\\nRandolph lies on a comparatively flat plain, which abuts against the\\nsteep southern slope of the Blue Hills. The land is relatively high, about\\n200 feet above mean sea level, being the source of streams flowing west\\ninto the Charles and east into Weymouth Fore River. Ponkapoag is the\\npond about a mile long lying along the western border of the town,\\nHoosicwhisick or Houghton s Pond is a small body of water on the plain\\njust below the steep escarpment of Houghton s Hill, a peak of the Blue\\nHills 430 feet high, being the source of Monatiquot stream, which re-\\nceives the southern drainage of the Blue Hills. The village of Randolph\\nfalls just without the model, on the Taunton division of the Old Colony\\nRailroad. Population, 3,694.\\nCanton.\\nA triangular portion of the northern part of Canton comes upon the\\narea, consisting of the western slope of the Randolph plain, which\\ncarries the drainage to the Neponset River, here consisting of tortuous\\nmeanderings through the flat marshes which extend about half a mile on\\neither side, the Fowl Meadows, takings of the Metropolitan Park Com-\\nmission. This portion of the Neponset River, modelled from the elaborate\\nBoard of Health maps, is one of the best examples of a stream meander-", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "33\\ning iu its low flood plain afforded by tLie Metropolitan District. The flat\\nplain allows the construction of tiie straight line of railroad, built up\\nseveral feet above the marsh. Canton has a population of 4,636, but the\\nprincipal villages are not within the limits of the model.\\nMilton.\\nThe town of Milton, containing the highest land in the Metropolitan\\nDistrict, lies between the northern slope of Blue Hills (see cut 2), includ-\\ning the crest of the range, Great Blue Hill, and the Neponset River.\\nIt thus includes not only the greatest elevation above sea level, 640 feet,\\nbut the maximum topographic relief as well, since it reaches low tide level\\nin the Neponset estuary. More than this, the location is of geographic\\nimportance, since it is the highest peak so near our Atlantic coast south\\nfrom Mount Desert, Me.\\nThe Blue Hills form an isolated range of hard, crystalline rocks, about\\nfive miles long, and from one to two miles broad, rising abruptly from the\\nplain on the south, and sloping gradually to the Neponset River on the\\nnorth and west, and on the east to the sea. The steeper slopes of these\\nlittle residual mountains are of bare rock, especially on the southern side,\\nwhere there is little soil and the formation out-crops in steep faces which\\nsupply the lower slopes with a talus of heavy angular boulders. Numerous\\nstreams course down the gullies, and the frequent notches are obstructed\\nwith ponds and swamps. While the tops of the higher hills are generally\\nbare, the slopes to a large extent are heavily wooded with deciduous and\\nevergreen trees. The principal hills are as follows Great Blue Hill, the\\nextreme western limit and the summit of the range, on which stands the\\nBlue Hill Observatory and continuing eastward along the crests, Walcott\\nHill, 470 feet high, Houghton Hill, 431 feet, above Hoosicwhisick Pond,\\nnorth of which is Hancock Hill, 510 feet, with its steep rocky eastern\\nface across the pass through which runs the road, Hillside Street, Tucker\\nHill, 449 feet. The next prominent hill directly east is Buck Hill, 500\\nfeet. Randolph pass at 250 feet cuts across a range at the foot of this\\nheight, being the route followed by the street cars. On the opposite side is\\nHawk Hill, 436 feet. Chicatawbut, the second highest peak in the metro-\\npolitan area, is the large hill north-east. Rattlesnake Hill lies on the\\neastern end of the range, the last five hills being within the boundaries of\\nQuincy. The Blue Hills range and adjacent lands, an area of about 5,000\\nacres, belong to the metropolitan park system, and its remarkably detailed\\nmap of the Blue Hills Reservation scale 1 6,000, contour interval 5 feet,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with individual rocks and trees was used on this section. The Milton\\nBranch Railroad comes into the northern part of the town along the\\nNeponset River. Milton Mills, situated on this road, is at the lower falls\\nof the Neponset. East Milton lies on the Granite branch of the Old\\nLffc.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nColony Railroad. Milton Centre is on Pine Tree Brook, near Ice Pond,\\nBlue Hills post-office near the head of the same brook, on the Blue\\nHills Parkway. Milton has a population of 5,580.\\nHyde Park.\\nHyde Park lies north of Milton, in the valley of the Neponset, at its\\njunction with Mother Brook. The stream has by artificial trenching been\\nmade to tap the waters of the Charles and to carry a regulated amount\\nthrough the lower Neponset on a shorter course to the sea, an inter-\\nvention of the natural methods of river piracy. The southern half of the\\nStony Brook Reservation showing the woods and a considerable amount of\\nrock exposure, lies near the western border of Hyde Park. Brush Hill,\\n240 feet, stands on the southern town line, with a reservoir and stand pipe\\non its top. Clarendon Hills is the settlement among the rolling lands in\\nthe northern part of the town, Fairmount the village near the junction\\nof Mother Brook. Readville lies between the Neponset River and Mother\\nBrook, at the junction of the Providence and Midland divisions and the\\nDedham branch of the New York, New Haven Hartford Railroad. On\\nthe northern border of the Neponset River flood plain, the large elliptical\\nrace track of the New England Association is readily distinguished. The\\npopulation of Hyde Park is 11,826.\\nDedham.\\nThe town of Dedham lies on the south-western border of the model,\\nbetween the Charles and Neponset rivers, and includes the great bend of\\nthe Charles, where, meandering in its flood plain, the river flows some four\\nmiles to gain one-eighth of that distance, as can be judged by the cut-\\noff ditch trenched across the marsh at the head of the bend. Near the\\nsouthernmost portion of the bend the Mother Brook channel has been dug\\nback to the Charles River in order to increase the water supply for the\\nmills of the lower Neponset. A considerable portion of Dedham is\\ncovered with evergreen and hard-wood growth. Nearly a score of iso-\\nlated villages are distributed throughout the town. Dedham village lies\\nnear the southernmost turn of tiie Charles on the Boston Providence\\nRailroad East Dedham about a mile east on Mother Brook Oakdale and\\nEndicott within the large triangle made by the railroads. Green Lodge,\\nthe second crossing from the edge of the model, on the Boston Provi-\\ndence Railroad Islington, a village on the Midland branch, a little over\\na mile from the edge and West Dedham on the western slope of Fox\\nHill, 323 feet high, on the very circumference, are outlying settlements\\nwhich come within the limits of the model. The estimated population is\\n7,211.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "35\\nN oriuood.\\nThe central portion of Norwood lies just outside the area, near the head\\nof the brook which empties into the Neponset. Ellis Station, on the\\nMidland branch of the New England division, a little over half a mile\\nfrom the border, is the only village which appears within the area under\\nconsideration. The population of Norwood is 4,574.\\nWestern Border and Charles River Towns.\\nNeedham.\\nNeedham lies north-west of Dedham, occupying the big bend between\\nthe west and north banks of the Charles, the drainage all flowing into this\\nriver. The village of Needham is situated on the Woonsocket division,\\ntwo miles from the edge of the model. Highlaudville is on the same rail-\\nroad one mile nearer Boston. Charles River village lies at the falls where\\nthe Charles River first comes upon the area. The greater portion of the\\nriver which lies in this town is modelled from very detailed maps, of five\\nfeet and less contour intervals, including those of the Brookline Water\\nReservation, the Newton Water Reserve, and the Hemlock Gorge Reserva-\\ntion. Trees, both evergreen and deciduous, are quite evenly distributed\\nthroughout the town. The population is 3,511.\\nWellesleif.\\nThe eastern half of the town of Wellesley lies north of Dedham on the\\nwestern border of the model, its eastern boundary being the Charles\\nRiver, and Wellesley village, on the Boston Albany Railroad, is cut by\\nthe circumference. Wellesley Hills is about one mile further east, on the\\nsame railroad, at the foot of Maugus Hill, 320 feet high. Wellesley\\nFarms is another mile further east of the latter station. The population\\nof Wellesley is 4,229.\\nNewton.\\nOn the opposite bank of the Charles from Wellesley is Newton, the\\nUpper Falls occurring where the river has been turned upon the hard\\nrocks in the narrow Hemlock Gorge a metropolitan park reservation.\\nA carriage road crosses the river just above the falls, and a short distance\\nbelow is Echo bridge, whose central arch of 130 feet span carries the\\nSudbury aqueduct. Newton borders the Charles River for some sixteen\\nmiles, the stream being on its western and the greater part of its northern\\nborder. With its fifteen villages Newton occupies one of the largest areas\\nof any town in the Metropolitan District. Newton Upper Falls is the\\nvillage (with several tall chimneys) just above the Hemlock Gorge, on the", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nWoonsocket division. Newton Lower Falls appears as a cluster of mills\\nabout two miles below the Upper Falls, the terminus of a branch of the\\nBoston Albany Railroad. Riverside is the next station below on the bank\\nof the Charles. Auburndale lies a half mile further east, near the pond-\\nlike expansion of the river, where it is fretted with irregular coves, iu\\nwhich lie Auburndale and the River parks. West Newton is on the same\\nrailroad, one mile east, on the side of a 200-foot hill, on Cheesecake\\nCreek. Newtouville is situated still a mile further east, on Laundry\\nBrook, and the village of Newton ou the lower reach of the Charles.\\nNonantum is on the Charles west of Newton, between Laundry aud\\nCheesecake brooks. Chestnut Hill lies just west of the Chestnut Hill\\nReservoir ou the eastern border of the town. Newton Centre stands ou\\nthe highlands near Crystal Lake, in the ceutral portion, about a mile west,\\non the Circuit Railroad.. Newton Highlands is the next station west, at\\nthe junction of the Circuit road. Bald Pate Hill, 318 feet, and Oak, the\\nwestern hill, 240 feet, are prominent heights iu the southern part of the\\ntown. The population of Newton is 27,590.\\nWeston.\\nThe eastern portion of the town of Weston comes on the border of the\\nmodel west of Newtou, the drainage flowing eastward into the Charles.\\nThe Cambridge water reserve basin lies along the eastern border of the\\ntown, receiving the water of Stony Brook and Hobbs Brook. Near by\\nstands Norumbega Tower. Doublet Hill, 360 feet, lies south-west of this\\nlocality. The three villages included are Riverside, Stony Brook, a sta-\\ntion on the Fitchburg Railroad near the head of the Cambridge water\\nreservation, and Kendal Green, one mile west, on the same road between\\nCat Rock, a hill 300 feet high, north-west, and Bear Hill, Waltham, which\\nis 340 feet. The population of Weston is 1,710.\\nWaltham.\\nWaltham is the next town on the Charles, below Weston and Newton.\\nThe closely built portion is situated along both banks of the river, in the\\nvicinity of the falls, where numerous factories aud chimneys are located.\\nThe great Hobbs Brook storage basin, the largest reservoir in the Metro-\\npolitan District, lies among the hills in the valley of the brook, on the\\nwestern edge of the model. Meal or Hardy s Pond, from which Beaver\\nBrook empties into the Charles, lies about a mile east of this large sheet\\nof water. Prospect Hill, with two peaks, the elevations next in altitude\\n482 feet in the Metropolitan District to the Blue Hills Range, lies iu\\nthe western aud thickly wooded portion of the town. Prospectville is a\\nsmall settlement under the western slope of the hill. Riverview is a station", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "37\\nou the Fitchbiug Railroad. Tlie population of the city of Waltham is\\n20,876. It is situated between the Massachusetts Central and the Fitch-\\nburg railroads.\\nLincoln.\\nThe uortheru portion of the Hobbs Brook basin lies in the town of\\nLincoln. The population of the town is 1,111.\\nWatertoiun.\\nWatertown lies along the north bank of the Charles, east of AYaltham.\\nThe bridge crossing the Charles from Newton runs into the town proper,\\nwhich is on the Watertown branch of the Fitchburg Railroad. Directly\\nnorth, on White s Hill, 160 feet, is the water tower, and at the north-\\nwestern corner of the town, in Mount Auburn Cemetery, stands the Mount\\nAuburn observatory. The United States Arsenal grounds lie along the\\nriver bank at the second bridge. Bemis is a village at the western end of\\nthe town, on the same railroad and river. Union Market Station is one\\nmile east of the centre of the town, to the west of which may be seen the\\nBoston Union Stock Market sheds. East Watertown station is about a\\nhalf mile further east. The population of Watertown is 7,788.\\nMetropolitan park reservations occur along the banks of the Charles\\nRiver throughout the town, except where the government or towu has\\ntaken land. In fact, both banks of the Charles, from Dedham south,\\nwith a few small exceptions, are devoted to public parks.\\nGEO. CARROLL CURTIS.\\nBoston, Mass., U. S. A., May, 1900.", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nThe following are maps used in the construction of the model:\\nU, 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey,\\n22ol!fv!-!!2Tu^iir2ui lu POSraphio BhcetB, Nob. 2190, 2197, 2180, 2155, 2116,\\nU. 8. Qeologicai, Surtet.\\nPhotographic reductions from revised and recontoured maps of the tollowing towns and places\\nBe mont, Boston (Dorchester portion), Cambridge, Everett, Hyde Park, Lynn, Medford Melrose\\nNewton. Kevere Somerville, Wallham, Winchester (uncontoured). Woburn (uncontiured) Watertown\\nArlington. Brookline, Maiden, Milton. Neponset River (Walpole to Milton Lower MilU)RosbuTv\\nSaugus and Lynn (uncontoured), Wakedeld, West Roxbury. Belmont Reservoir. Lexington Swamn\\nscott, Lynn Woods, Milton and Quinoy. Three Bheets. including parts of Dedham and Randolph\\nMetkopolitan Reservation Maps from Olmsted Brothers.\\nPortions of Brookline ^f^;\\nPeter s Hill, 1?X\\nAlewife Brook\\nCharles River. Brookline Water Works to Spri ng Street\\nCharles River. Nahanton Street to Hemlock Qoi\\nCharles Kiver. Spring Street to Mother Brook.\\n40\\n00\\n100\\nCharles River. Nahanton Street to Hemlock Gorge Reservation. inn\\njj,^,^ ^Z j ^y }\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0J ^S.^^^^^ ^i^^^^ i 100\\nCharles River, Moody Street Bridge to Watertown Line, inn\\nHemlock Gorge Rei-ervalion (two topos). one, jn\\nHemlock Gorge Reservation, one,\\nFurnace Brook Parkway, Adams Street to Blue Hills Reservation,\\nrkway, Paul s Bridge to Blue\\narkway. Weld Street to Anaw:\\nrkway, Charles River to Stony\\nNeponset River Reservation, Gulliver s Creek jqq\\nBolster Brook ParkwayVPaui s Bri dge tJrBluTHnirRr87rva\u00c2\u00b0ion!\\nu est Roxbury Parkway, Weld Street to Anaw.in Street,\\nMother Brook Parkway, Charles River to Stony Brook Reservation, inn\\nW\u00c2\u00ab9_t Roxbuj^y parkway ,^Weld S^reet^o jrn aw.io^ 40\\nNeponset River Reservation, Glenwood Avenue to Mattapan Station, inn\\nNeponset River Reservation, Mattapan Station to Milton Station, inn\\nNeponset River Reservation, Neponset Station to Milton Station foo\\nNeponset River Reservation, Milton Station to Atlantic Station, ion\\nNeponset River Reservation, Mother Brook to Neponset River, Stony Brook Reservation, JoO\\nW fist K.OT nilrv Port von tt A pti Ii4 A -Kr. .h\u00c2\u00bb TXT.,! i,: .ivw\\n^eetRosbury Parkway, Arnold Arboretum to WeM Street, 40\\nCbares Kiver Parkway, Extension of Esplanade to Brookline street. inn\\nWest Roxbury Parkway, Washington Street to Anawan Street, 40\\nJ^!;?!,!!S:\\\\ ^_\u00e2\u0084\u00a25 .S:P aii_Magazine Street to Brookline Street, lo\\nn^?I \u00e2\u0096\u00a0i^ \u00c2\u00b0S P i 0 \u00c2\u00ab8 a Captain s Island Playground, 40\\nFurnace Brook Parkway, yuincy Shore to Adams Street. im\\nNeponset River Reservation, Paul s Bridw to Walpole Line. 100\\nCharles River Reservation. Nahanton Street to .Spring Street, 100\\nCharles River Reservation, Auburndale Park to Weston Bridge, 100\\nCharles River Reservation, Moody Street to Auburndale Park, Joo\\nCharles River Reservation, Weston Bridge to Newton Lower Falls 100\\nBlue Hills Parkway, Canton Avenue to Reservation, jn\\nSquantum Shore\\nMystic River Reservation, Boston Avenue to Craddock Bridge, inn\\nMystic River Reservation, Craddock Bridge to Feilsway, ?nn\\nCambridge Common, oj:\\nFresh Pond, ;j9\\nCotymore Lea n.\\nHltchmes Field, V^\\nRindge Field In\\nDorchester Park, 1 jn\\nKing s Beach,\\nCraddock Field 30\\n40\\nThe following lithographs\\nPublic Reservation Charles River, onn\\nFells Reservation\\nPark System, Boston Common to Franklin Park, 7,n\\nStony Brook Reservation, Topo\\nBlue Hills Reservation, Topo., ITi\\nWood Island Park,\\nCharlestown Heights,\\nCopp s Hill Terraces 5x\\nGeneral Plan Franklin Park, -Si\\nFranklin Field. Topo 30o\\nCharles River Speedway. t\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nCambridge Field\\nMystic Valley Parkway, i\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\nBlue Hills Parkway\\nFells Parkway\\nCharles River Embankment 100\\nOne hundred feet to the Inch.\\nMystic Valley Parkway North, Walnit Street to Fells Reservation,", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "OUI 1 1900", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Cut 32._OutlIne Map or the Metropolitan District", "height": "1646", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "0\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS\\n014 078 132", "height": "2793", "width": "1775", "jp2-path": "descriptionotop00curt_0050.jp2"}}